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TOWARDS atti

NATURAL HISTORY

O Bact, HE

CORALLINES,

AND OTHER
MARINE PropuctTions of the like Kind,
Commonly found
On the Coafts of Great Britain and IRELAND.

To which is added

The Description of a lage MARINE POLYPE taken
near the North Pole, by the Whale-fithers, in the Summer 1753.

By JOHN ELLIS, F.R.S.

ON DO V.:
Printed for the AUTHOR;

And Sold by A. Minvar, in the Strand; J. and J. Rivincron,
in St. Paul's Church-Yard ; and R.and J. Dopsuxy, in Pall- Mail.

M.DCC.LV.

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HER ROYAL HIGHNESS

THE, *;

Princefs Dowager of WALES.

MAD AM, |
egress NIMATED by the Attention

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Your Royal Highnefs conde-
ALAS {cended to beftow, on many of
were ee the Subftances defcribed in the
~~? enfuing Pages, [have purfued my
Fnquiries concerning them, with an Ardour
that only fuch an Influence could infpire.

The minuteft Works of Creation are not
always the leaft wonderful: And though
the Element, of which thefe are Natives,

a2 prohibits

1V

DEDICATION.

prohibits an exact Enquiry, yet enough of
Order, Contrivance, and Regularity, ap-
pear in their Structure, to convince us,
they are the Workmanthip of that Almighty
Power, whom, exalted as you are in Dig-
nity of Sentiment, as well as Station, you
think it your higheft Honour to reverence
and obey.

As every Attempt, however humble, to
explore the Works of the Moft High, and
to manifeft his Care and Kindnefs to the
whole Creation, meets with your Appro-
bation, accept, Moft Iluftrious Princzss,
with a favourable Afpect, thefe Endea-
vours ; and, at the fame time, my fervent
Prayers, That you may long continue a Blefi-
ing to thefe Kingdoms, and your Royal O#-
{pring to late Pofterity. I am, with the ut-
moft Refpect, |

Your Royal Fiighnefs's
Moft obedient and

Londom Des. 15 Moft humble Servant,

Joun E tis.

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Ce eee
(eS

INTRODUCTION.

cee HAT the Reader is to expect in this Fflay,
fgeey will perhaps be learned, with moft Satis-
faction, from the following Account, of the
Author’s Inducements to engage in fuch
Difquifitions, the Difficulties that attended
them, and the various Suecefs.

In the Autumn of the Year 1751, I received a curious
Colleétion of Sea-plants and Corallines from the Ifland of
Anglefey, in North Wales, and another from Duélin. In
order to preferve fome Specimens of the moft rare Kinds,
particularly thofe that were remarkable for their Colours, I
expanded them on Paper in frefh Water, laying out their
fine Ramifications with fome Exaéinefs ; for which Method,
with many ufeful Hints in Botany, I am indebted to that
excellent Botanift Mr. Buztner, of Berlin.

Thefe, when properly dried, I difpofed on thin Boards
covered with clean white Paper, in fuch a manner as to
form

INTRODUCTION.

form a kind of Landfcape, making ufe of two or three Sorts
of the Ulva marina, or Sea-Liverwort of different Colours,
in defigning a Variety of Hills, Dales, and Rocks, which
made a proper Ground-work and Keeping for the little
Trees, which the expanded Sea-plants and Corallines not
unaptly reprefented.

My ingenious and Reverend Friend Doétor Stephen Hales,
paying me a Vifit, was pleafed to exprefs great Pleafure in
viewing thefe natural lively Landfcapes ; and defired me to
make fome of the fame Kind for her Royal Highnefs the
Princefs Dowager of Wales, that the young Princefles might
amufe themfelves, in difpofing thefe beautiful Produdtions in
the like piurefque Manner. And for that Purpofe, further
requefted me, to collect all the Varieties our Sea-coafts af-
forded ; which I did, by the Help of my worthy Friend
George Shelvocke Efquire, Secretary to the Poftmafter-general,
and fome of my Acquaintance in Ireland.

I had the Honour, through my Reverend Friend, to pre-
fent fome Pieces of this Kind to her Royal Highnefs, who
was pleafed to accept them with her ufual Condefcenfion.

The great Variety, that came through my Hands, deter-
mined me to feparate all the different Species, and to difpofe
them in proper Clafles. To aflift me in this Part of my La-
bour, I had Recourfe to the learned Ray, who, in his Sy-
nopfis Stirpium Britannicarum, has given the beft Account
we have yet had of thefe Produétions, as well as of the in-
digenous Plants of Great Britain and Ireland.

In order to diftinguifh their proper Characters with the
oreater Accuracy, I found it neceflary to examine them in
the Microfcope ; by which I foon difcovered, that they dif-
fered not lefs from each other, in refpect to their Form, than

they

INTRODUCTION.

they did in regard to their Texture; and that, in many of
them, this Texture was fuch, as feemed to indicate their be-
ing more of an animal, than vegetable Nature.

This put me on feparating fuch as had thefe apparent In-
dications, from thofe, which, from their Form of growing,
I ftill took to be Sea-plants; placing thofe in a third Clafs,
which feemed to partake of the Nature of both.

The firft Divifion comprehended all thofe, that were evi-
dently the Vidus’s, or Cells of Animals.

The fecond took in the curioufly branched Corallines.

The laft confifted of the ftony articulated Corallines and
Keratophyta.

Thefe were regularly difpcfed in four Pi@tures, which I
had the Honour to produce before the Royal Society, about
Fune 1752, with a Defcription of their Contents, as they
then appeared to me.

As I was convinced, from my own Obfervations of the
Subjects themfelves, that feveral, which had hitherto been
confidered by Naturalifts, as Marine Vegetables, were in
Reality of animal Production : So from the Opinions of {e-
veral Gentlemen then prefent, my Sufpicions were increafed,
that others likewife, which I had taken for Vegetables,
might in Reality be of an animal Nature.

To determine how far thefe Sufpicions were juft, it
feemed the moft expedient to examine the Subjects, when
recent, with Attention. And accordingly, in Augu/? 1752,
I went to the Ifland of Sheppey, on the Coaft of Kent; and
took with me Mr. Brooking, a celebrated Painter of Sea-
pieces, to make the proper Drawings for me, Here we had

an

Vii

Viil

INTRODUCTION.

an Opportunity of feeing thefe difputed Beings called branched
Corallines, alive in Sea-water, by the Help of a very com-
modious Microfcope, of Mr. Cuff’s the Optician in Fleet/freet,
which I had altered for that Purpofe ; and was fully con-
vinced, that thefe apparent Plants were ramified Animals,
in their proper Skins or Cafes, not loco-motive, but fixed to
Shells of Oyfters, Muffels, &c. and to Pucus’s. ,

The firft Coralline that occurred to me, was that which
is exprefled in Plate II. at N°. 3. A Part of it, as it ap-
peared alive, is defcribed magnified at Letter 4: This, to-
gether with other Proofs, that then occurred, induced me to
withdraw the Paper I had laid before the Royal Society ;
and to purfue with Attention my Enquiries concerning this
Subje@ ; both with a View to my own Satisfaction, as well as
to afford thofe, who yet doubted, the Means of ample Con-
viction.

In the Beginning of Sune laft, 1754, I prevailed on Mr.
Fbret, a Gentleman univerfally known to the learned Bota-
nifts of Erope, for his exquifite Manner of defigning and
painting Plants and Flowers, to accompany me to the Sea-
fide at Brighthelmftone, in Suffex ; there to draw from Na-
ture, whatever the Microfcope prefented him of thefe extra-
ordinary Beings. An Account of this Journey, with his cu-
rious Drawings, the Royal Society have honoured with their
Acceptance. Here we faw, amongft others, the Coralline,
N°. 14. Plate IX, Letter 4, with all its minute capillary
Branches expanded. —

Letter C, fhews one of thefe Branches magnified, as it
appeared in the Sea-water through the Microfcope, with its
Polypes united together, repofing in their Sockets, and with
their Arms extended.

We

INTRODUCTION.

We had alfo an Opportunity of feeing thofe Corallines in
Motion, whofe Polypes are contained in Cups, fupported by
a long Stem that appears full of Rings, or as if they were
twifted in Form of a Screw (See Fig. C, Plate XII). In

the Middle of the tranfparent Stems or Cafes, we could eafily
diftinguith the Thread-like tender Part of the Animal, united
to the Bottom of each Polype.

As we were obferving this, we accidentally difcovered the
Figure of the Polype, that fpreads its Cells over Fucws’s, and
other Marine Subftances. The Figures of the Cells are ex-
prefled in Plate XXIX, at Letter D. And the Animal in
its Cell at D 1.

On feveral Parts of thefe Corallines there are little Bodies,
which, through the Microfcope, appear to be fo many Ve-
ficles or Bladders: To the Ufe of thefe I was altogether a
Stranger till this Journey: But now I difcovered that they
were Matrices, or Habitations of young Polypes, which are
produced here and there, on the Sides of the Parent, as in
the Frefh-water Polype, only in the marine ones they are
protected with this veficular Covering. Thefe Veficles ap-
pearing at a certain Seafon of the Year, according to the
different Species of Corallines, and then falling off, like the
Bloffoms or Seeds of Plants, has made fome curious Perfons,
who have not had an Opportunity of feeing the Animals alive
in the Veficles, conclude them to be the Seed-veflels of Plants ;
and into this Miftake I was led myfelf, in the Account laid
before the Royal Society in 1752. In which Account I had
taken fome Pains to point out the great Similitude between
the Veficles, and denticulated Appearance of fome of thefe
Coraliines ; and the Tooth-fhaped Leaves and Seed-vefiels
of fome Species of Land-mofies, particularly of the Hypnum

b and

1X

INTRODUCTION.

and Brywm. One of which Corallines is exhibited at B,
Plate III. and another at B, Plate V.

And for want of examining thefe Corallines, as I may hy,
alive in their proper lcment the Sea-water, others likewife
had formed erroneous Opinions concerning them, as well as
myfelf : Some imagining thefe little Veficles only to ferve as
fwimming Bladders, like thofe in the Acimaria or Gulph-
weed, oa the Quercus Marina or Sea-Oak.

There are two of thefe Veficles, with the larger Polypes .
in them expreffed, magnified near the Middle of the Fig. 4,
in Plate V.

Thofe are called Denticles, that look like Teeth, and are
placed oppofite to each other on the Sides of the Stem and
Branch of the fame Figure.

Thefe larger Polypes are united below by a tender thread-

dy Line, to the flefhy Part that occupies the Middle of the
whole Coralline.

In fome Inftances, we may obferve, that thefe Animals
are wrapt quite round in their Veficles, during their Embryo
State, like thofe in Plate XI. Fig. C. As thefe advance in
Size, and grow towards Maturity, the Top of the Veficle
begins to open, the Animal ftretches itfelf out, and dif-
plays its Arms about in Search of Food ; and ee it is in
the leaft difturbed, it fuddenly contraéts itfelf to the Bottom
of the Veficle, deh clofes after it at the Top.

Some Species of Corallines have little elaftic Opercula or
Covers to their Veficles, to fecure the Mouth or Entrance
of the Veficle upon the Animal’s Retreat to the Bottom of it,
asin Plate III. Fig. B.

Thefe

INTRODUCTION.

Thefe veficulary Polypes, as foon as they arrive at Matu-
rity fall off, and with them moft of the Veficles difappear.

In fome of the celliferous Corallines, which branch out
in an elegant Manner, we obferve, that the {mall Polypes in
the Cells acquire a teftaceous Covering, like little Snails, as

at Fig. Z and B, in Plate XVIN. and at Fig. 4, in Plate
XIX.

Thefe little Shell-fith, we may fuppofe, grow larger ; and,
in their mature State, may depofite on Rocks, Fucus’s, and
Shells, fuch curioufly implicated Matrices or Ovaries, which,
in time, may unfold and extend themfelves into thofe many
beautiful Tree-like Forms that we find them in.

The Matrices of fome Kind of Shell-fifh are fo remark-
able for their Plant-like Form, that many People have taken
them for Vegetables at farft Sight. See Fig. 2, Plate XX XIII.

In order therefore to be more fully fatished, in refpect to
the Nature of a Species of Beings hitherto almoft unknown,
I took a Journey in Auguft laft 1754, along the Northern
Shore of the County of Kent, in Company with Doétor Oeder,

a very curious and ingenious Phyfician, Profeffor of Botany
to the King of Denmark.

At Whitftable, 1 employed fome Fifhermen to collec
what Varieties they could of thefe fubmarine Bodies. Among
many other things they brought me feveral irregular Pieces
of a fle(fhy Subftance, fticking to Shells, called by them,
Deadman’s Toes. It is defcribed in Ray’s Synopfis, by the
Name of Alcyonium ramofo-digitatum molle afterifcis undiqua-
que ornatum. A {mall Piece of it is reprefented in its natu-

ral Form, at Letter a4, Plate XXXII. and a Part of it mag-
nified at Letter 7.

b 2 Thefe

X1

Xl

INTRODUCTION.

Thefe the Fifhermen brought me, with the other Sea-
Produétions, in Buckets of Sea~water; we left them undi-
fturbed for fome time, till the Polypes had extended them-
felves out of their ftarry Cells, in which their Tails were fix-
ed; and then took them fuddenly out of the Salt-water, and
inftantly plunged them into Brandy, whereby many of their
Bodies were kept from fhrivelling up, and fhrinking back
into their ftarry Retreats. By this Means I preferved not
only thefe, but feveral other Marine Productions, with their
Animals, in their natural Form ; particularly the A/cyonium,
like the Lobes of the Lungs, defcribed Plate XVII. at 4,
called by the Fifhermen the Sea Fig, from its having many
yellow Seed-like Particles in the Infide. ‘The Outfide of
this, when magnified, appeared full of {mall Stars, as de-
{cribed at B, C, and D, in the fame Plate.

It was here I farft obferved the Animal alive in the Sea-
briftle Coralline, as defcribed at Plate XI. Letter_4 And
that of the Herring-bone Coralline, at Plate X. Letter 4;
with thofe on the branched tubulary Coralline, Plate XVII.
Letter 4, where they are magnified. Here we faw the Ani-
mals on the Celliferous Coralline, as magnified in Plate XX.
in Letter C. Several of thefe Animals I found well preferved
in the Spirits after my Return, notwithftanding they were
crouded into the Bottle with many other Sorts of a coarfer

Texture, fuch as Star-fifh, A/cyoniums on Shells, &c.

Finding upon my Arrival, that I could diftinguifh the
true natural Appearance of many Species of Corallines, with
their Animals, by being preferved in Spirits, I thought it
might be fatisfactory to know the Method I had fallen upon
for this Purpofe; and, accordingly, recommend the follow-
ing to thofe, who are defirous of obtaining Varieties of thefe

7 Corallines,

InTRODUCTION. XE

Corallines, and other Sea-produtions, from their Friends on
the Sea-coafts, in great Perfection.

The greateft Variety of Corallines are to be found on
what are generally called Rock-Oyfters, or upon thofe Beds
of Oyfters that have been for fome time difufed or negleed.
Upon fuch I have feen them grow, as it were in little Groves,
As foon as the Fifhermen take thefe Oyfters out of the Sea,
let them immediately put them into Buckets of Sea-water ;
for the Animals are of fo tender a Nature, that the Air foon
fhrivels them up: As foon as they can conveniently, let them
be brought on Shore, and ftripped off the Shells with a
Pair of Pincers, taking hold of them near where they adhere
to the Shells: Then put them gently into white earthen
Plates full of clear Sea-water; and in_about an Hour, or
perhaps lefs, they will begin to recover from this rough Treat-
ment; and many of the Animals will begin to extend them-
felves; this you may obferve by a magnifying Glafs of about
Two Inches Focus. Thofe that you perceive extended, and
alive, may be fuddenly taken out with the Pincers, and in-
ftantly immerfed in any kind of Spirits, which you muft have
by you in an open Veflel for that Purpofe. This will fix the
Animals in fuch a Manner, that, when they are put into
wide-mouthed ftrong Glafs-Bottles full of the fame Spirits,
and well corked, many Varieties may be fent together to a
great Diftance, without Prejudice to the Figure of the Ani-
mals, as I have experienced.

Or this Method may be tried ; that is, to place the Oyfters
with the Corallines on them, in broad earthen or wooden
Veflels, with as much Sea-water over them as will barely co-
ver them ; let them reft an Hour, and then pour boiling
Water gently by the Side of the Veffel, to about the fame
Quantity that there was of cold Water in the Veflels.

Immediately

XiV

INTRODUCTION.

Immediately afterwards pluck the Corallines off the Shells,
and put them in Bottles of Spirits as before. When they
are received, in order to be examined, you muft provide
long narrow Bottles of Chryftal-glafs to put the different
Sorts in; thefe muft have wide Mouths, and be filled with
the cleareft Spirits, but not ftronger than Proof-Brandy ;
and of fuch a Diameter as fhall be agreeable to the Focus of
the Glafs you propofe to examine them by. If thefe Bottles
are properly ftopped to prevent the Spirits evaporating, it
will be the beft Method I know of keeping thefe extraordi-
nary Plant-like Animals in a Condition capable of convince-
ing the moft incredulous of their Nature and Origin.

It will be neceflary to inform the Curious, that Experi-.
ments of this Kind fucceed beft in warm Weather; the

Animals being generally found contracted and torpid during
the Winter-Seafon. |

The foregoing Obfervations, on the Nature of the Veficu
lated and Celliferous Corallines, gave me the firft Hints into
the Formation of the Keratophyta ; which was the more fa-
tisfactory to me, as this Clafs of Beings {till paffes among very
fenfible and curious Naturalifts for mere Vegetables, but in-
crufted over by Accident, like many other Plants, with the
Nefts of certain Species of Infe&ts peculiar to fuch particular
Kind of Plants.

In the Cabinets of the Curious, we meet with Specimens
of fome Species of thefe Keratophyra, fo nearly allied to fome
of our veficulated’ Corallines, with large Denticles, that they
{eem to claim an Alliance to both Claffes. One of thefe is
defcribed in Plate XXVI. at Fig. S.

The reft of this Clafs of Keratophyta, I found to corre-
{pond with the Veficulated and Celliferous Claffes, in fuch
material Points, as left me no Room to doubt, but that, if

one

~

IN TRODUCTION.

one was of an animal Nature, which ocular Demonftration
had already convinced me of, then the other muft be {0 too,

And, Iam perfuaded, that whoever compares them to-
gether, and views attentively the Succeflion of rifing Tubes,
that change infenfibly into Ramifications of Cells in the Ke-
vatophyton, and, at the fame time, examines the Structure
of that Veficulated Coralline, called the Herring-bone Co-
ralline, Plate X. Fig. a, &c. will be of my Opinion. How
the woody or horny Part of the Stem and Branches are form-
ed, feems to be the great Difficulty to the curious Enquirer
toaccount for, unlefs he is allowed to fuppofe it a Vegetable.

But, during thefe Obfervations, I fortunately received from
America, a curious Specimen of a Sea-Fan, Part of which
is delineated in Plate XXVI. Fig. C, O, D, K, which plainly
demonftrates, that Animals of the Polype-kind are the Fa-
bricators both of the horny or woody, as well as the calca-
rious, Covering of this curious and numerous Plant-like Co-
lony of Infeéts.

The next Clafs, which is the E/chara, deferves our No-
tice, and a nicer Scrutiny. ‘There appears a great Probabi-
lity of fome of thefe being the Matrices or Ovaries of certain
Species of Shell-fifh, perhaps of the Bivalve Kind.

So little Enquiry has yet been made into the Origin of
Shell-fith, that we feem {till ignorant of the Production, or
firft Beginning even of the moft common Sorts among us,

fuch as Oyfters, Cockles, and Muffels.

Many of the A/cyoniums, or thofe mifhapen Sea-produc-
tions called fo, deferve our Attention. If we could examine
thefe Bodies carefully, at different Seafons of the Year, I
do not in the leaft doubt, but they would amply reward our
Curiofity with a Fund of new Difcoveries,

As

xV

*

XVi

INTRODUCTION.

As we fhall frequently have Occafion, in the enfuing
Work, to make Ufe of the Term Polype, it will be necef-
fary to give the Reader, who may be unacquainted with
thefe Subjects, fome Idea of it; which, perhaps, may be
done the moft fatisfa@torily, by defcribing the Frefh-water
Polype, whofe extraordinary Properties have been fo fully
enquired into by the ingenious Mr. Trembley, F. R. S.

In Plate XXVIII. at Fig. C, is exhibited a long-armed
Frefh-water Polype of this Author: From this Reprefenta-
tion the Reader will eafily know what is intended, when we
{peak of the Marine Polype, its Arms, Claws, Gc.

This Animal then is, firft, of a Worm-{fhaped Figure, and
of the fame Kind of tender Subftance with the Horns of the
common Snail: It adheres by one End, like a Sucker, to
Water- plants and other Subftances. ‘The other End, which
is the Head, is furrounded by many Arms or Feeders, placed
like Rays round a Centre; this Centre is its Mouth ; and
with thefe tender Arms, which are capable of great Exten-
fion, particularly in this Species, it feizes minute Worms,
and various Kinds of Water-Infects, and brings them to its
Mouth; and often {wallows Bodies larger than itfelf ; hav-
ing a furprizing Property of extending its Mouth wider, in
proportion, than any other Animal. After its Food is di-
gefted in its Stomach, it returns the Remains of the Animals

it feeds on through its Mouth again, having no other ob-

fervable Emundtory.

In a few Days there appear {mall Knobs, or Papilie, on
its Sides: As thefe increafe in Length, little Fibres are feen
rifing out of the Circuniference of their Heads, as in the Pa-
rent Animal, which Fibres, they foon begin to ufe, for the
Purpofe of procuring Nourilhment, &’c, When thefe are

arrived

INTRODUCTION.

arrived at mature Size, they fend out other young ones on
their Sides in the fame Manner; fo that the Animal branches
out into a numerous Offspring, growing out of one common
Parent, and united together and difpofed in the Manner re-

refented in Plate before-mentioned, Fig. C: Each of thefe
provides Nourifhment not only for itfelf, but for the whole
Society ; an Increafe in the Bulk of one Polype by its feed-
ing, tending to an Increafe in the reft.

Thus a Polype of the Frefh-water Kind becomes like a
Plant branched out, or compofed of many Bodies, each of
which has this fingular Charaéteriftic, that if one of them is
or cut in Two in the Middle, the feparated Part becomes a
complete Animal, and foon adhering to fome fixed Bate,
like the Parent from whence it was feparated, produces a
Circle of Arms, a Mouth is formed in the Centre ; it in-
creafes in Bulk, emits a numerous Progeny, and is, in every
Refpect, as perfect an Animal as that from which it was fe-
vered,

Much after the fame Manner, fo far as hath hitherto been
difcovered, the marine Polype, however different in refpect
to Form, is nourifhed, increafes, and may be propagated ;
having often found, in my Enquiries, that fmall Pieces cut
off from the living Parent, on account of viewing the {e-
veral Parts more accurately, foon give Indications, that they
contain not only the Principles of Life, but likewife the Fa-
culty of increafing and multiplying into a numerous Ifiue.

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TRANSLATION of the Latin Defcriptions,
with References to the Contents of
Spite PLATES.

Veficulated Corallines.

1 ae I ESICULATED Coralline, with alternate

Branches thinly difpofed, and Denticles of a

cylindrical Shape, placed oppofite to one another, with open
and fcolloped Apertures. Plate I. page 4.

N’. 2. Sea Coralline, in the Shape of a Fir-tree, or Sea Mo/;,
like a Fern Leaf. 1d. 1b.

N’. 3. Coralline with few Branches, having its Denticles al-
ternately placed, and bearing Veficles that are wrinkled
acrofs. Plate II. p. 5.

No. 4. Mo/s-like Coralline, with its Stem furrounded by many
minute tufted Branches, and its Denticles placed alter-
nately. Id. p. 6.

N°. 5. Coralline like a Cyprefs-tree, with blunt Denticles not
exactly oppofite, having many minute loofe Branches proceed-
ing from its Stem, and bearing Veficles with two Points.
Plate III. p. 7.

N°. 6. Trailing moffy Coralline, having very flender Stalks
_ with oppofite Denticles. Id. p. 8.

2 bas

COMTEN TS

N°. 7. Small feathered Coralline, with white, tender, and .
oppofite Denticles, bearing Veficles refembling the opening
Flowers of the Lily or Pomegranate. Plate IV. p. 8.

N°. 8. Little creeping Coralline, having but few Branches,
and the Denticles united in Pairs. Plate V. p. Q.

N’. 9. Vefculated Coralline, with a ftiff indented Stem end-
ing in a Tuft of forked Branches at the Top, and with Den-
ticles lying flat upon the Branches. Id. p. 10.

N°. 10, Ere& pennated Coralline, with Denticles lying flat
on the Branches, refembling Spleenwort or Polypody. Plate
VI. p. 11.

N*. 11. Moffy Coralline, with its Tufts and Branches bent
like a Sickle. Plate VII. p. 12.

Ne. 12. Feathered and podded Coralline, with Denticles like
the Bloffoms of the Lily of the Valley. Plate VIL. p. 13.

N°.13. Coralline, with Sickle-fhaped feathered Branches,
refembling the Feathers of a Pheafant’s Tail, with Knobs
on its Stems. Plate VIII. p. 14.

N°. 14. Coralline refembling the Horns of a Lobfter, and Co-
ralline full of Hair-like Branches. Plate IX. p. 15.

N’.15. Ereé pipy Coralline, the /mall Branches. difpofed
on the Stem like a Herring-Bone. Plate X. p. 17.

Ne. 16. Briftly Coratline jointed like a Reed, with little Hair-
like Branches proceeding alternately from each Foint, Plate
XI. p. 19.

No. 17. White gelatinous Coralline, like the Conferva or Silk-
weed, with clear tender Foints. Plate XI. p, 20.

Ne. 78,

CONTENTS. :

N°. 18. Coralline with a long trailing, thread-like, horny,
and jointed Stem, bearing Veficles with twifted Footftalks
at the Foints of the Branches.» Plate XII. p. 21.

Noe. 19. Small creeping Coralline, with knobbed and jointed
Stalks, bearing Veficles alternately difpofed on the Foints.
Plate XII. p. 22.

N’. 20. Coralline, with Branches bearing Bell-fbaped Veficles,
whofe twifted capillary Footftalks are difpofed in Whirls, like
the Florfe-tail Plant. Plate XIII. p. 23.

N°. 21. Minute climbing Coralline, bearing Bell-fbaped Ve-
ficles on the Tops of long, flender, and twifted Footftalks.
Plate XIV. p. 24.

N°’. 22. The /malleft Coralline, with Veficles difpofed fome-
times loofely in Branches, and fometimes compactly together
in Clufters. Plate XUI. p. 25.

N°..23. Small creeping Coralline, with alternate Denticles
foaped like the Seed-veffels of the Snail Trefoil. Plate XV.
p. 26.

Ne. 24. Small climbing Coralline, with a jointed Stalk, and
its Veficles fo difpofed in Rows on each Foint, that they re-
femble the Figure of Pan’s Pipe. Plate XV. p. 27.

Nx. 25. Small creeping Coralline, with oval-fhaped Veficles
adbering to Branches, like a Bunch of Grapes. Plate XV.
p: 27.

N°. 26. Coralline, like Dodder creeping over Fuci, with very
flender Branches, which grow oppofite to each other: At the
Foints of thefe Branches are fmall oval Veficles in little
Clufters together. Plate XIV. p. 28.

Tubular

CONTENTS.

Tubular Corallines.

N°. 1. Zubular Coralline, wrinkled Tike the Windpipe. Plate
XVI.'p.. 30:

N®. 2. Lubular Coralline, like Oaten Pipes. Plate XVI. p- 31.

N*. 3. Branched Tubular Coralline, with the Infertions of the
Branches twifted like a Screw. Plate XVI. and XVIL
par.

Celliferous Corallines.

NO was Upright Celliferous Coralline, with many Tufts of
very tender feathered Branches. ~ Plate XVIU. Dy, 33

Snail-bearing Coralline from America and the Mediterra-
nean Sea. Plate XIX. p. 35. with the upright and crof
Section of the Cells at B and C.

N*. 2. Upright Celliferous Coralline, with feathered Branches
bearing little teftaceous Balls on the Top, and Figures like
Birds Fleads on the Sides of its Cells. Plate XX. p. 36.

Br. Creeping Celliferous Coralline, with little Root-ljke
Tubes proceeding from different Parts of its trailing
Branches ( fome of which are haoked here and there) by
which it adheres to Fucus’s and Shells, Plate XX. pugs.

N*. 4. Creeping Celliferous Coralline, with brittle Prony
Branches, and angular fided Cells. Plate XX, Pp. 38.

N*. 5. Minute, upright, and branched, Celliferous Coralline,
with Funnel-fhaped Cells, united at the Bottom, and pro-
jetling alternately at Top, having very wide Entrances
which are befet with Hairs on the upper Part, like Eye-
lafbes.. Plate XX. p. 38.

NY:

BON LEN TY S&

N°. 6. Minute branched Tvory-coloured Celliferous Coralline,
of a brittle Texture, and bearing Veficles with Cells of a tu-
bular Form, a little bent, placed almoft oppofite to each other,
and united together. Plate XXI. p. 39.

Ne. 7. Soft and very much branched Celliferous Coralline,
with Foints formed like a Coat of Mail, Plate XXI. p. 40.

N°. 8. Minute Celliferous Coralline, with Branches compofed
of Pairs of comprefjed Cells, which refemble the little Pods
of the Plant Shepherd’s Purfe. Plate XXII. p. 4t.

N°’. 9. Very minute Celliferous Coralline, with Branches bent

like a Sickle, and compofed of fingle Cells in the Form of a
- Bull's Horn, Plate XXII. p. 42.

N°’. 10. Very minute Celliferous Coralline, with cruftaceous
Sickle-/baped Branches, compofed of fingle Cells in the Form
of Goats Horns, and bearing Veficles. Plate XXI. p. 42.

N*. 11. Very minute Celliferous Coralline, rifing from a Tube
in jingle Cells, each in the Form of a Snake. Plate XXII
PaA3°

Articulated Corallines.

N*°.1. Articulated Coralline, with long cylindrical flony
Foints, dividing as they extend in a twofold or dichotomous
Order, having their Surfaces covered on all Sides with Lo-

zenge-lbaped Cells, and united together by {mall pliant mem-
braneous Tubes. Plate XXIII. p. 46.

N’*. 2. Englith Coralline, or White Coralline of the Shops.
Plate XXIV. p. 48.

Ne. 3. Slender Englith trailing Coralline, with fhoret foints.
Plate XXIV. p. 40.

N°. 4.

CONTENDS

N°’. 4. Ere&é Englith Coralline, with Branches clofely pen-
nated, ending in the Form of a Spear; and with Foints
compreffed at the Sides. Plate XX1V. p. 49.

N°. 5. Coralline with fine Hair: like Branches of a reddifh Co-
lour, difpofed in a dichotomous Order. Plate XXIV. p. 50.

N°’.-6. Srall white Coralline, with dichotomous Branches, and
horned Foints growing upon {mall round Fucus’s. Plate
XXIV. p. 50. :

N°. 7. Dichotomous Coralline, with thick Tufts Panding erect
like a Bird's Topping, bearing little Seed-like Veficles, and
found growing on fmall round Fucus’s. Plate XXIV.
poste ,

N°’. 8. White Seed-bearing Coralline, ending in very minute
Hairs. Plate XXIV. p. 51.

Ne. 9. Minute Coralline, with fhert Plumes as white as Snow,
growing to a fmall round Fucus. Plate XXIV. p. 52.

Two Species of the Articulated Coralline of Jamaica, called
Opuntia marina, or Indian Fig Coralline. Plate XXV.
P-.53°

White Rofary or Bead Coralline of Jamaica. Plate XXV.
P. 54.

Dichotomous Tubular Coralline of the Wle of Wight, with
the Surface full of Puftules. Plate XXVIL p. 54.

Keratophyta.
Pennated Keratophyton of Sardinia, called Sea-Feather.

Plate XXVLI. p. 60.
2 Reticulated

CrOuNcTrEVN T'S.
Reticulated Keratophyton, ¢alled Venus’s Fan. Plate
XXVI. p. 61.
Spongy red Keratophyton. Plate XXVI. p. 64.

N’, 1. Keratophyton /pread like a Fan, and covered with a
aarted Bark. Plate XXVII. p. 67. |

N°. 2. Dichotomous Keratophyton, with its Stalk and Branches
fightly compreffed. Plate XXVII. p. 68.

E{chara..

N°. 1. Foliaceous milleporous Efchara, with tender narrow
Leaves, that appear cut off at the Ends, and covered on
both Sides with oblong Cells placed alternately. Plate
XXVIII. p. 69.

N°. 2. Spongy Foliaceous Efchara, covered on both Sides with
arched Cells placed alternately. Plate XXIX. p. 70.

N°. 3. Stony, foliaceous, and milleporous Efchara, growing
together irregularly here and there, and made up on both

Sides of Eyg-/baped Cells. Plate XXX. p. 71.
Stags Horn porous Coral of Imperatus. Plate XXX.
Pp: 72.
Spongy Egg-foaped Cells, growing on a Fucus, | Plate
02 SES

Stony Efchara of Imperatus, full of Holes like a Wet.
Metuate AXV. pi 72.

N*. 4. Spongy, foliaceous, and milletorous Eichara, compofed
of Cells of an inverted conical Form, and Hairs about their
Entrances. Plate XXXI. p. 73.

d Comanon

CONTENTS.

Common Sea-Infeéts Cells, “aah wane a Fucus. ao
XXXI. p. 73.

Connnen Sea-Infets Cells, magnified on the Surface of a
broad Fucus. Plate XXIX. p. 73.

The Polype of thefe Cells defcribed. Plate XXIX. p. 74.

Ns. Efchara, called Englifh /andy Millepora, or Sea
Coat of Mail of Imperatus. Plate XXV. p. 74.

N°. 6. Small cruftaceous milleporous Efchara, with pipy Cells
of a faint purple Colour, difpofed in ae equal and pa-
rallel Rows. Plate XXVII. p. 74.

N°.7. Stony milleporous Efchara, full of Pores, like a Pu-
enice-ftone. Plate XXVII. p. 75.

Englifh Corals.

Ne. 1. Swall branched Englith Coral, very near as hard as
Stone. Plate XXVII. p. 76.

2. Chalky Coral, growing in the Form of Liverwort.
Plate XXVII. p. 76.

| Sponges.
1. Branched Englith Sponge. Plate XXXII. p. 80.
N°. 2. Sponge like Crumb of Bread. Plate XVI. p. 80.
Alcyonia.
N’. 1. Alcyonium, «with Lobes like the Lungs. Plate XVIL

p. 82.
NS. 2

CON TENTS.

N°. 2. Alcyoniuin of a foft fleshy ait with its Surface
full of Stars. Plate XXXII. p. 83.

N°. 3: Alcyonium, confifting of many /mal! Bladders con-
netted together. Plate XXXII. p. 84.

Dottor Litter’s Boztle--haped Whelk-fhell-from Virginia.
Plate XXXII. p. 85.

Strings of Matrices or Ovaries of the Virginia Welk.
Plate XXXII. p. 86.

N°’. 4. Alcyontum, o7 Sea:Cup. Plate XXXII. p. 87.

Ne. 5. Alcyonium, called the knobby and Jpongy Fucus by
Mr. Ray.

Other Marine Subftances.

Sea Fucus, like a Turkey's Feather. Plate XXXII. p. 88.
Enplith tabular Jandy Coral. Plate XXXVI. p. go.

Maltefe tubular Coralline, with its Scolopendra’'s, which
are furnifbed with two Arms or Tentacles, and thefe
doubly feathered. Plate KXXIV. p.g2.

Ad Piece of the common red ftony Coral of the Mediterranean
Sea. Plate XXXV. p. 93.

A Piece of white tubular Coral from Italy. Plate XXXV.
Pp. 95>

Polar Sea Polype, confifting of many Bodies, with eight
Arms or Tentacles to each of thefe Bodies, being united

together at one common Bafe, are fupporied by a ver a long
bony Stem. Plate XXXVIL p. 96.

Errata

ERRATA.

Wherever the Word Tentaculi occurs, read Tentacula.

Page 10

It.
20.
23.
30.
. line 13. for tubulous read tubular.

. line 26. for Plate XX XV. read Plare XVH.

. line 16; for Fig. a, read Fig. a2 2.

- line to. place the Comma that follows teftaceas, after parte.

. line 16. after Colore eburneo put a Comma.

. line 18. for Fig. ‘c, read Fig. C.

» Margin, for XXII, read XXXII. and line 28. for C read ¢.

line 22. place a'Comma after Terminantibus.

line 3. for Fig. 6, read Fig. 2.

Margin, for Fig. a 4, read Fig. b B. ~ J
line 20. for Eqnifitiformibus, read Equifetiformibus.

lines 11. 12. for Larynge, read Laryngi.

By Miftake, there are two Cuap..V’s, fo that the Chapters fhould-follove
regularly to N®. XI. inftead of N®, X.

7 alias Hille. POO: eae 4

TOWARDS .A

NATURAL HISTORY

O F

ENGLISH CORALLINES, &c.

C MA Pyke

)N order to be the better underftood, in treating of
») the feveral marine Produdtions, which are the Sub-

yoapoe ject of the following Effay, I find myfelf under a
PAD kind of Neceflity to fpeak in the common Lan-
guage of thofe, who, confidering them merely as Plants or
marine Vegetables, have, as Botanifts, reduced them to certain
Claffes ; and, with the celebrated Ray, fhall divide them into
Corals, Corallines, Keratophyta, Efchara, Sponges, and Al-
cyonia. But in difpofing of the feveral Subjects, I fhall ra-
ther have Regard to the fimilar Texture of the Subftances,
and the Figure of the Animals that inhabit them, than to the
mere external Form and Appearance, which were the fole
Objects of the botanical. Writers,

B According

Natural Hiftory of

According to this Method, it might be expected that Corals
fhould be ranged and defitibed firft: But of thefe we have
fo few on the Coafts of England and Ireland, and the Tex-
ture of them fo complex, that what I fhall have to fay con-
cerning them will be better underftood, after the more fimple

Productions have been defcribed.

I fhall therefore firft proceed to the Corallines, by which may
be underftood thofe fubmarine plant-like Bodies, that confift
of many flender, finely divided, and jointed Branches, refem-
bling fome Species of Mofs, ahd under which Appellation
they have been defcribed by the Botanifts.

Thefe differ from Sea-Plants in Texture, as well as Hard-
nefs, and likewife in their chymical Produétions, For Sea-
Plants, properly fo called, fuch as the 4/ge, Fuci, &c. aftord
in Diftillation little or no Traces of a volatile Salt: Whereas
all the Corallines afford a confiderable Quantity; and in
burning yield a Smell fomewhat refembling that of burnt Horn,
and other animal Subftances: Which of itfelf is a Proof that
this Clafs of Bodies, tho’ it has the vegetable Form, yet is
not intirely:of a vegetable Nature.

In treating of thefe Corallines, in order to preferve fome
kind of Method, we fhall divide them into the Veficulated,
the Tubular, the Celliferous, and the Articulated Kinds.

All thefe are ranked by ZLzaeus under the Title of nea
tularia, in his Claffes of the coral-like Bodies.

Before we proceed, it is ee to obferve, that the De-
{criptions here given are, for the : motft part, taken from Co-
rallines which have been brought from a confiderable Di-
ftance; tho’ no Pains have been {pared to procure them as

recent

Englifh CorALLINEs.

recent as poflible from the Sea, and to examine them on the
Shores whenever Opportunity offered.

The veficulated Corallines are diftinguifhed by their horny
hollow Ramifications, which are difpofed in a Variety of ele-
gant plant-like Forms; moft of them are furnifhed with lit-
tle Denticles on their Branches, like Leaves on Mofles; and
at certain Seafons of the Year, we find on them particular-
fhap’d {mall Bodies like Bladders, that proceed from different
Parts of their Stems and Branches, each being of a peculiar
‘Form, according to the different Species.

Their Colour, when dry, is for the moft part of a yellow-
ith or pale brown.

When they are immerfed in Water, they recover the fame
Form they appeared in when frefh in the Sea; and foon
become filled with the Liquid. ‘This gives them a femi-
tranfparent Amber-colour, and makes them very claftic.
They are found adhering to Rocks, Shells, and Fucus’s, by
{mall root-like Tubes. When they are put into Vinegar they
caufe no Effervefcence.

B 2 CHAP,

Plate I.
Pig. a. A.

Plate I.
Fig. 6. By.

Natural Hiftory of

CBA) PL FF.
Of the Veficulated Corallines.
N°. .. Pa high veficulata [par fin et alternatim ramofa, den-

ticulis oppofitis cylindricis, oribus crenatis patulis.
Sea-T amarifk.

This curious Coralline was taken up in very deep Water,
near the Ifland of Dalkey, at the Entrance of the Harbour
of Dublin. Its Ramifications are irregular, but chiefly al-
ternate: Its Texture is of a thin tranfparent horny Nature:
The Denticles are large, cylindrical, open, and oppolite 5
and each Pair feems fixt in the Top of the next Pair be-
low it.

The Veficles appear to be fhaped fomething like a Heart,
with a fhort Tube at the Top, not unlike the rza, or Vena
cava cut off, as it is reprefented in the magnified Part, Fig,
A, Plate I. :

N’. 1. Fig. a, in the fame Plate, fhews the natural Size
of a Part of this Coralline: And at Fig. 4 the Denticles
are magnified by the fifth Glafs of Wilfon’s fingle Micro~
{cope.

N°. 2. Corallina marina Abietis forma. 'Tournf. 1.R.H. 5717.

Mu/fcus marinus Filicis folio. H.Ox, Vol.IIl. p. 65. Tab.

g. Fig. 1.

Sea-Fir.

This Coralline adheres to Oyfters, Mufcles, and other ma-
rine Subftances, by wrinkled tubular Roots; which rifing in-
to many ftiff, hollow, and horny Stems, throw out alternate

regular

Plate 1 §

on

Dy Aah

ort wth ~ et

as

*
:

de

Veficulated CoraLLINes.

regular Branches, that have the Appearance of the Fir-tree,
or, as fome think, of the Fern ; the Branches of this extend-
ing themfelves in the fame Direétion with the Leaves of that
Plant.

The Denticles are placed alternately, and have narrow
Mouths or Openings. On feveral Parts of this Coralline we
may obferve oval-fhap’d Veficles, or little Bladders, which
are inferted in the Stem, and have a Communication with
the internal Part, by a {mall Opening at the Bottom of each.
Their Necks are narrow near the Top, like a Pitcher ; and,
in fome Specimens colleéted in the Month of 4pri/, we have
obferved the Remains of Animals like Polypes, fixed by the
Tail to the Infide of the Neck of thefe Veficles, as in Plate
I. Fig. B. where the dead Polype may be feen hanging out
of the Veficle. Many Specimens of this Species are found of
a reddifh Colour; tho’ almoft all the Corallines are of a

fading yellow or brown Colour. We often find fome of this

Species full of white fpiral Shells, like a minute Cornu Am-

-monis , and others over-run with a {mall bell-fhap’d Coralline,

which will be defcribed hereafter.

Plate I. N. 2. Fig. 4, reprefents the natural Size and Man-
ner of the Growth of this Coralline upon a Mufcle-fhell.
Fig. B reprefents a {mall Piece of it magnified.

N’. 2. Corallina minus ramofa alterna vice denticulata, Lenti-
’

culis lineis tranfuerfis externe frriatis. R.S%. p.35. Ne
¥3.
Great Tooth Coralline.

There are two Species of this Coralline; the one upright,.
the other more branched and climbing..

Fhe

Fig.
ae

Plate IT:

a.

A;

Plate IT.
Fig. c. C.

Natural Hiftory of

The firft fort is found in Plenty, growing ere&t on Oyfters,

near Queenborough in the Mland of Sheppey. ‘This is very little
branched ; the Stem is flender, and twifted a little between
the Denticles like a Screw: The Denticles are large, pitcher-
fhaped, and placed alternately. When this Coralline was
taken out of the Sea at Queenborough, and kept immerfed a
little time in Sea-water, I obferved, through the Microfcope,
a Polype occupy the Infide of the whole, and each Denticle
filled with a Part of it, ending in Tufts of zentaculi, or fine
hair-like Claws, as expreffed in Plate II. Fig. 4 moving
about very fwiftly. The Veficle is added here, to thew its
magnified Proportion to the Denticles; but the Animal was
dead in it.

At Fig, a, N°. 3. in Plate If. isa Mufcle-thell, with feve-
ral Sprigs of this Coralline, juft as it is found adhering to it.
A {mall Piece of one of thefe little Sprigs was put into a
Watch glafs of Sea-water; and, notwithftanding the Se-
paration of its Body, in five Minutes time the Claws were
moving about in fearch of Prey.

The other Species, which is the climbing one, is more
branched, the Denticles are placed more afunder, and their
Mouths are wider : The Veficles of both Species are wrinkled.

Fig. 4, in Plate II. fhews the natural Appearance of this
climbing up another Coralline. Fig. B fhews a Piece of it
with its Veficle magnified.

N°. 4. Corallina mufcofa alterna vice denticulata, ramulis
in creberrima capillamenta fparfis. R.S. N’. 17. pag.

36.
Squirrel’s Tail.

On all the Shore to the Eaftward of Sheerne/s in the Iland
of Sheppey, this beautiful feather’d Coralline is very com-

mon ;

is

8

Plate ILI.
Fig. 2. B.

2°

Plate IV.

Fig. a. A.

Natural Hiftory of

N°. 6. Corallina mufcofa denticulata procumbens, caule tenuif-
fimo denticellis ex adverfo fitis. R.S. p. 36. N°. 13.
Sea-Hair.

This very neat and moft regularly formed Coralline con-
fifts of long trailing Branches, with very {harp Teeth, placed
in Pairs exactly oppofite: Each Pair feems to be jointed into
the next. The flender Branches grow ’in Tufts, like Bunches
of Hair. See Plate III. N. 6. Fig.4. This gives you the na-
tural Appearance of it. The Veficles of thefe are remarka-
bly large and tranfparent, with regular Covers; the whole
not unlike to China Jars.

Fig. B. Plate III. gives us the Reprefentation of a Branch
with its Veficle magnified.

The Cover to the Veficle of this Species, in Form has fome
Refemblance to the Operculum of thofe kinds of Land-Mofies,
which are called Hypuum and Bryum.

N°. 7. Corallina pumila pennata, denticulis teneris, albis, et
opprfitis;; veficulis, florem lilii, vel mali punice, fe expanden-
tem referentibus.

Lily or Pomegranate flowering Coralline.

This curious Coralline is often found on the Cyprefs Co-
ralline before defcribed, which it embraces with its zabu/i, and
from thence throws out Branches, furnifhed with flender op-
pofite Denticles, of a cylindrical Form, which, as they dry,
fink in at the upper Part.

AtN.7. in Plate IV. Fig. a, there are fome fmall Specimens
reprefented of their natural Size growing upon another Coral-
line.

The Veficles, when magnified, are fhaped like a Lily or
Pomegranate-flower juft opening ; and appear more like a

Bloffom,

2
ee A eS ee

Veficulated CoRALLINEs.

Bloffom, than any belonging to the whole Tribe of Coral-
lines.

| Fig. 4, is the magnified Appearance of a fmall Branch

of this Coralline with its curious Veficles.

In this magnified Branch, at B, we may obferve, that the
Branches of this Coralline now-and-then terminate in irregu-
larly contorted zzéu/i, not unlike thofe it begins with .

LT obferved at Brighthelmftone many Specimens of this Spe-
cies adhering to Oyfter-fhells, and growing ereét upon them;
thefe were brought to us in a recent State, juft taken out of
the Sea. I took a very minute Branch from one of them,
together with its Veficles, and plac’d it in Sea-water upon the
Stage of my Microfcope, and in a very fhort time I found the
Animal in the Branch alive, extending its rentaculi or claws
out of all its Denticles, but the Animal in the Veficle was con-
tracted, and did not appear to move.

Fig. C, gives the Appearance of this Branch in the Micro-
{cope. Here the Spines, which were folded up in the Veficles
of the Branch at Figure 4, are all extended in the Figure C.

N°. 8. Corallina pumila repens minus ramofa, denticellis bijugis. Piaev.
R.S. N’. 19. ‘p. 37. Be ie
Sea-Oak Coralline.

This little creeping Coralline arifes here and there from
{mall thready zwbu/z, which run along the Surface of the broad-
leaf’d indented Sea~Oak Fucus. This is found in great Plenty
on the Sea-fhore near Sheerne/s in the Ifland of Sheppey. The
fame Coralline is found fometimes creeping on the filiquofe or

podded Fucus.

The Denticles are blunt at the Openings, and placed in
Pairs exactly oppofite to each other ; each Pair feems to be
jointed

1O

Plate V.
Fig. &. B.

Natural Hiftory of :

jointed in the next: The Velicles are almoft globular, and |

are often found wrinkled or furrow’d acrof. Fi ig. a, N. 8.
gives the natural Appearance of it creeping on nae Sea-Oak
Fucus. Fig. 4, in the fame Plate, fhews a Branch of it with
the Veficles magnified.

Whilft I was on the Stuffex Coat at Brighthelmftone, 1 firlt
perceived the Polypes alive in the Veficles of the denticulated
Clafs of Corallines, and particularly 1 in this. Thefe Animals are
of a much larger Size in the Veficles than thofe in the Denti-
cles. They are protruded or grow out irregularly here and
there, with their Veficles, from the Sides of the Stem and
Branches. We can eafily diftinguifh them in the Microfcope
to be united to the Body of the Parent Polype; which feems
to confaft of Links of {mall Polypes in Pairs, each Pair con-
nected to other Pairs by a flefhy Line, that runs through the
Middle of the Coralline. Here we faw the {mall Polypes

of this Species extending their Claws in fearch of Food, as well

as thofe of the veficulated kind.

Fig. 4, defcribes them as they appliediai the Microfcope |

while recent.

N°, 9. Corallina veficulata, caule angulato rigido, ramis denfe
fipatis et bifurcatis, terminantibus dentrciateeant appreffis.
Fucus Equifeti facie, Oftree Te eftce adnafcens.

‘Sibbald. Scot, Il]. L. 1.p. 56. Tab. 12.
R.S. N°. 47. p. 50.
Bottle-brufh Coralline.

This Coralline arifes from horny ¢véuli, which Peticly ad-

here to Sea-fhells.

The Stalk is ereét, ftiff, and full of Knots, terminating the
alternate Angles, which feem to be the {Ends of Branches
broken off. It

Plate WE

>
00 arenemeran =

.
Veficulated CorRALLINES.

It is generally found with a thick Tuft of fhort Branches,
growing clofe together on the upper Part of the Stem. See
its natural Size at N. g. Fig. 6.

Each Divifion of a Branch has two Prongs or Horns. The
Denticles lie fo remarkably clofe to the Branches, as fcarce
to be diftinguifhed from them without the Help of a Micro-
fcope: But by this we difcover a fmall Hole in the Top of each,
as in moft other Denticles.

The Veficles are placed at the Bottom of the Branches ;
and appear to be of an oval Shape, with an Operculwm ot
little Cover at the Top of moft of them.

They are found on the Coaft of Scotland, and in the North
of England ; particularly about Scarborough, where the Fith-
ermen have given them the Name of Bottle-bruthes.

Fig. B, in Plate V. fhews a Part of a Branch magnified)
with its Veficles.

N°. 10. Corallina ereéta pennata, denticulis alternis cauli ap-
preffis, Lonchitis vel Polypodii facie.
Sea Spleenwort or Polypody.

This horny upright Coralline has two Rows of ftrait hollow
Branches a little compreffed, which are placed on the mid-
dle Stem oppofite to each other, in a parallel and alternately
pennated Form, like the Leaves of Polypody: Each {mall Branch
is furnifhed with two Rows of Denticles, placed alternately
oppofite, and feem funk into the Branch ; fo that they appear
as Part of it; except their Tops, which are open, and project
a very little. The main Stem is jointed here and there like
a Reed.

The natural Size is reprefented at N°. ro. Fig. a.

Cig Fig,

il

Plate VI.
Fig. a. 4.

12

Plate VII..
Fig. a. 4.

Natural Hiftory of

Fig. 4, in the fame Plate, fhews a Part of it magnified.

I have not yet received any Specimens with Veficles, fo
perfect as to be able to defcribe them.

This was lately taken up, among other Sea Productions»

by the F ihermen near the Harbour of Dublin.

Ne. xr. Corallina Mufcofa pennata ramulis & capillamen-
tis falcatis. R.S. N°. 16. p. 36.
Sickle Coralline.

This elegant feathered Coralline adheres to Rocks and

~ Shells by little wrinkled Tubes, and rifes from thence into

erect waved Stems, which are furrounded fromBottom to Top
with pennated Branches ; the fmaller Divifions of thefe have
Rows of little Denticles, or Teeth, on the Side; and bend
inward, as they become dry, in the Form of a Sickle.

Fig. a, N°. x1. reprefents the natural Appearance of
this Coralline.

*The Veficles are nearly of an inverted oval Shape, broad
at Bottom, and’narrower at Top where the Opening is; fome

‘of them appear, as if they had a Calyx like a Flower at the

Bottom of the Veficle : Moft of the dry’d Specimens, I have
yet feen, have had an Orange-colour’d vifcid Subftance in
them, which feems of the fame Nature with the Contents o

the reft. ;

| “tigi e'

Fig. 4, is Part of a Branch, with its fmaller Ramifications
hike Sickles, and its Veficles magnified.

This Coralline is common on the Coaft of Kent, near
Sheerne/s, in the Ifland of Sheppey ; and on the Shores of many
other Parts of thefe Kingdoms.

N®. 42.

“Plate VIL
~_\

Veficulated CoRALLINES, 13

N°. 12. Corallina pennata®® filiquata, denticulis florem lilium pase fae
convallium referentibus,
Pinnaria marina Imperati. Bocce. 257. N°. 6.
The Podded Coralline.

The little radical Tubes of this Coralline creep on, and ad-
here to Mufcles, and other Shells: From thefe arife little
Branches like Feathers ; each fmaller Divifion of a Branch is
curved, when dried, like a Sickle; and the Denticles, which
are fixed ina Row on the Infide, are fhaped, when magni-
fied, like the Flowers of the Lily of the Valley.

This Coralline is alfo found furrounding the Stalks of the
podded Fucus, with its tubulous Roots not adhering to, but.
inclofing it; as it is reprefented in its natural Size, at N°. 12.
Fig. 6.

From the Branches arife little Pods encompafled by feveral
ftudded Ribs: On examining thefe Pods in the Microfcope,
I have obferved fome loofe Particles, in fome of them, like
Seeds ; but, upon. diffeéting the thin membranaceous Coat
of thefe tranfparent Pods, and more minutely examining the
inclofed Subftance with higher Magnifiers, it appeared -of the
fame Kind and Confiftence with the Subftance oats in the
Veficles of other Corallines.

Fig. B, fhews the Pods and Denticles, as they appear
in the Microfcope.

This Coralline is found on feveral Coafts of this Kingdom ;
but the Specimen with Pods was taken up by the Fifhermen,
on the Coaft of Ireland near Dublin,

3 N’. 13.

14

Flae VI. N°. 13, Corallina pennata & falcata, pennas caude Phafi-.

Fig. a. A.

Natural Hiftory of

ani referens caule gibbofo.
Corallina fruticofa pennata. Barr. Palma Meine. Barrel.
Icon. 1292. n. 2.
Pheafant’s-tail Coralline,

This very rare Coralline grows to the Height of 10 or 12
Inches. The Root, or firft Beginning, confifts of an irre-
gular Tuft of extremely {mall Tubes, appearing like a Piece
of Sponge to the naked Eye: Several of thefe little Tubes,
rifing together, and uniting in clofe Contact, become a Stalk,
which appears in the Microfcope curioufly channel? d and in-
dented : On the Back of the Stalk, at nearly equal Diftances,
are formed little regular arch-like Rifings, which are com-

preffed and hollowed a hittle in the Middle.

Fig. a, N°. 13. in Plate VIII. fhews the natural Appear-
ance of this Coralline with its {pongy Root.

The main Stem is now-and-then ramified; the Branches
are pennated, and the Pema, or {mall sDeeilttes of the
Branches, turn one Way, and, when dry, are bent like
a Sickle.

The Denticles are like Cups with an even Brim, fixed in

Sockets, and placed all on the fame Side one above another ;

the Openings, or Mouths, looking upwards.

Fig. 4, fhews the microfcopical Appearance of Part of the
gibbous Stem, with the Figure and Pofition of the Denticles.
No Veficles have yet been difcovered of this curious Co-
ralline.

This was = caeebel from the Fuboenen that attend the
Dublin Market ; and was taken up in very deep Water on
that Coaft.

N°. 14,

=

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A FIIZIQ)».
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PY Se ZI3299 35
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Veficulated CoRALLINES. 15

N°. 14. Corallina aftaci corniculorum emula. R. 8. N°. 10. Plate Ix.

pag. 34. And Fig. a. 4.

Corallina ramofa cirris obfita. R. 8. N°. 11. pag. 35.
Lobfter’s horn Coralline, or Sea-beard.

Thefe two Coralline:, as mentioned by Mr. Ray, I find
to be but one Species ; It is probable, their having different
Appearances, in different States, might be the Occafion of
their being thought two diftinct Species.

As ‘to the firft, this outwardly appears to be regularly
jointed from End to End, like a Lobfter’s Horn, or rather
the Vertebre of Fifhes; each Articulation is furrounded by
fhort capillary Branches; which, when magnified, have the.
Appearance of Sickles, and ligid 3 in towards the main Stem.
Along the Infide of thefe, are regularly placed minute
Sockets which {upport {mall open Denticles of a Cup-fhape ;
which are of fo tender a Nature, that they are fcarce vifible,
but in recent Specimens: Between the minute hair-like
Branches, we have obferved, on fome Specimens, {mall egg-
fhaped Veficles, fixed on Foot- ftalks, with their Openings or
Mouths, on the Side of the Top of each, looking towards the
middle Stem ; and, in moft of them, fore of the fame kind
of yellow Subflahide that we meet with in other Veficles.
The whole Stem, Branches, and Foot-ftalks, to the Veficles
appear hollow, in fuch Specimens as we find caft on Shore;
fo that it appears as if the Water could pals freely through
them all without Interruption.

The Roots of both Species confaft, like the former, of a
fpongy Mafs of minute Tubul, itregularly interwoven toge-
ther ; but, upon feparating this Mafs from the lower Part of
the Bie ies we found them regularly entering into it, in
Whirls round the Joints, in the fame Form that the ooh
come out of the Joints of the Stem.

Fig.

16

Natural Hiftory of )

Fig. a, reprefents the natural Size of the Coralline I

have been defcribing: But I muft remark, that we often

meet with Specimens three times as long as this.

Fig. 4, isa Part of one of the Stems magnified to fhew the
Shape of the Veficles, and the Difpofition of the Branches.

Fig. B, is the lower Part of one of the Stems, fhewing the
Manner that the little radical Tubes enter into it.

Mr. Ray’s fecond Species, I take to be the fame as the
former, but in a younger State. This differs in being branched
out, and in having its capillary Ramifications much longer,

While I was on the Suffex Coaft, I met with this Coralline
adhering to an Oyfter-fhell, and in the utmoftPerfedtion, the
Animal being alive in it.

An Account of this, with a very elegant Drawing, taken
on the Spot by the ingenious Mr. E4ret, I had the Honour
to lay before the Royal Society in Fume laft.

Fig. b. N°. 14. is a Defign taken from a dried Specimen
of it. That which we viewed at the Sea-fide in Salt-water
had its little Fiérz//e along the Branches more extended, or
ftood out more, like minute Plumes of Feathers.

Fig. C. is the magnified Reprefentation of one of thefe F7-
brille, or minute fickle-fhaped Branches, as it appeared with
the Animals thrufting out their Claws from their Denticles.
Though this little Branch appears to be jointed, yet the flethy
Part of the Animal, which is here exprefled by. the dark
Shade, is conne@ed together through every joint, as Well as
to every little Polype.

This was magnified by the fourth Glafs of W7//on’s Micro-
{cope ; and the fickle-fhap’d Branches at 4, by Glafs N°. 6.

F ig.

— . f
a. a eek ee ho

Plate X

Veficulated CoRALLINES. 17

N°. 15. Corallina eretta, tubulofa, pennata, halecis fpine facie. pix. x.
Corallina ferupofa, pennata, cauliculis craffiufculis rigidis.
R. S. No. 15. p. 36.
Herring-bone Coralline.

This Coralline is often found flicking to Oyfters as they
are brought to the London Market, during the Winter- feafon.

It grows to be 6 or 8 Inches high, erect and ftiff, but very
- brittle when it is dry, The Stems confift of a great Num-
ber of fmall Tubes growing nearly Parallel to each other ;
in fome, one may count, in a tranfverfe Section, above
one hundred: Thefe feem to arife from a great Number of
the fame fort of Tubes, irregularly matted together like a
piece of Sponge ; which are fixed to Oyfter-fhells, and fup-
port the Coralline like fo many Roots.

This Coralline increafes in Size, by Detachments of thefe
tubulous Roots, which arife all round, and creep along the
Outfide of thofe that went before, to which they firmly ad-
here; and when they arrive at the Deftination, that Nature
has appointed them, they change their Appearance, and take
the Shape of Branches, placed at a regular Angle of 45 De-
grees from the Stem; and fo exaétly proportionable is the
Diftance of thefe Branches from one another, that though
they are placed alternately, with refpect to each other, yet
the whole has, at firft Sight, the Appearance of an H@ring-
bone; the Sockets on the Branches are placed alternately.
On thefe Sockets, while | was at Whit/table in Auguf? latt,
I perceived very tender tranfparent Denticles of a cylindrical
Shape, which appeared to be double; that is, one above the
other ; in thefe were Polypes, which were conneéted by their
lower Parts to a flender Hefhy Subftance of the fame Nature
with themfelves, which J could trace through the Middle of
the Branches, and Tubes of the Stem.

D I re-

1S

| Natural Hiftory of

I received fome Specimens of this Coralline, that were ga-
thered in the Month of 4pri/: Their Side-branches were co-
vered with regular Rows of Veficles ftanding upright ; thefe
were almoft full of a yellow Subftance, like many of the other
Veficles. When the Coralline is in this State, the Fifhermen
fay they are in Bloffom. The Shape of thefe Veficles is an
irregular Oval, with a Tube arifing from the Pedicle, and
pafling up on one Side to a little above the Top of each:

This Tube is open at Top, and feems clofely united to the
Veficle.

We muft here obferve, that there is a good deal of Refem-
blance, in Miniature, of this Coralline to fome of the 4me-
rican Keratophytons, or Sea-feathers, that grow in a pennated
Form, and are covered with a Cruft of regular Rows of little
Animals in their Cells, along the Edges of the Branches.

The Manner likewife of this Coralline’s increafing its
Trunk and Branches in Bulk, by a continued Succeffion of
freth Zuduli arifing all round them, and adhering firmly to
thofe that arofe before, gives us fome Idea of the Formation
of Corals, that are compofed of Tubes, which, as the Animals.
retire, are filled with a ftony Matter. For even in the Stems
and Trunks of this Coralline, we may obferve, that though
the Materials, of which it is formed, feem to be of a {pongy °
elaftic'Nature, yet the inner Tubes become firm, opaque,
and brittle, whilft the outward and more recent-formed
Tubes are thin, tender, and tranfparent.

Fig. a, N°. 15. Plate X. gives us the Appearance that this
Coralline makes in its natural State, with its fpongy Tuft of
Roots.

Fig. 4, is a fmall Sprig magnified, to fhew the Tubes of
which

ae

Veficulated CoRALLINEs.

which it confifts ; with the Form of its Veficles, and the Po-
- lypes in their Denticles.

Fig. C, fhews on the fame Sprig the alternate Order of the
Sockets, in which the tender double Denticles, containing

the Polypes, are fixed.

Fig. B, thews the Ziduli of Part of the Stem not fo highly
magnified.

N°. 16. Corallina fetacea, inftar arundinis geniculata, capil-
lamentis fingulis unicuigue geniculo alternatim difpofitis.
An Fucoides fetaceum tenuiffime alatum? R.S. N°. 6.
p. 38.
An Fucoides fetis minimis indivifis conftans 2 R.S. N°. 7.

P: 39:
Sea-Briftles.
_ This fmall Coralline grows on Mufcle-fhells, and other
marine Bodies, like ftiff Briftles. When they are found dry
on the Shore, they all bend one way, like the fmall ones de-

feribed on the Mufcle-fhell, N°. 16. Plate XI. which Re-
prefentation was taken from Nature.

Upon examining one of the Stems in the Microfcope,
it appeared jointed, like a Reed, as at 4 From the upper
Part of each Joint arifes a {mall capillary Branch ;_ thefe
are difpofed, in refpect to one another, in an alternate Or-
der: They are alfo jointed; and upon the upper Part of
thefe Joints are placed in Sockets, fmall cup-fhap’d Denticles,
in which I difcovered Polypes, like thofe defcribed in the
Lobfter’s-horn Coralline ; and here reprefented at 4 Plate
XI. The Veficles in dry Specimens appeared as in the fame
Figure 4, fhaped like an Olive. I obferved one at Brighr-

By helinftone

19

Plate XL

20

Plate XI.

CT) Fig. ee &

Natural Hiftory of

helmftone with its Animal juft contracted, as in the fame Fi-
gure under the other Velicles, the Top of which is indent-
ed, and appeared not unlike a Coronet: At Whitfadble, 1
lately colle@ted a curious Specimen of this Coralline, which

qs reprefented on the Mufcle-fhell, at Figure a, in its natural

Size.

N’.17. Corallina confervoides gelatinofa alba, geniculis craff-
ufculis pellucidis. R. 8. p. 34. N°. 7.
Silk Coralline.

This extreme fine, flender, and tranfparent Coralline, ad-
heres, by many minute tubular Threads, like fine Silk, to
Stones, and other fubmarine Subftances ; thefe Threads unite-
ing form the Stem, from which proceed many long flender
Ramifications, with a middle Stalk of a zigzag or alternately
angled Form: From the Points of thefe Angles, go off very
minute fhort Branches, whofe Divifions are always two and
two, that is, difpofed in a dichotomous Order. In thefe ap-
pear thro’ the Microfcope regular Rows of Holes on one Side,
each furrounded by a Rim like a Socket: Thefe Holes are
placed proportionably nearer to each other, as the Branches
etow lefs and lefs; which they do till they end in Points.

At N17. 4, Plate XI. is an exaét Reprefentation of
this Coralline in its proper Proportion: A {mall Branch of
this is magnified at B; and the fine tubular Threads, which
are reprefented adhering to a Stone at Fig. d, are magnified
at Figure D. |

The Veficles are of an oval Shape, and open at the Top ;
but they are fo exceeding fmall, thin, and tender, that they
cannot be preferved without the greateft Difficulty. |

In

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: a 6 c : 5
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Veficulated CoRALLINES.

In September 1753, I received fome frefh Specimens of this
Coralline in Salt-water, taken up at the /Vore, near the En-
trance of the Thames. In thefe I obferved each of thofe
{mall Holes fupplied with a Veficle, and a Polype in it, in
the manner they are reprefented at Fig. B, Plate XI. Thefe
Polypes have 8 Yentaculi or Arms; and while the Branch
was in the Watch-glafs of Sea-water, on the Stage of the Mi-
crofcope, I could plainly diftinguifh that the internal hol-
low Part of the whole Coralline was filled with the Subftance
of the Parent Polype, which appeared to be of a tender gela-
tinous Nature; and upon the leaft Extenfion or Contraction
of the young Polypes, this tender flefhy Subftance was vifi-
bly affected ; for each one was united to it by their lower
Part or Tail.

Fig. C, was drawn from a Piece of a Branch not yet un-
folded; the Ends of this are round, and the Polypes ftill in-
clofed in their Veficles, having not as yet arrived at Maturity.
Thefe Embryo Polypes were {maller and clofer as they ap-
proached towards the Extremities of the young Branch.

The Motion of the Inteftines of the young Polypes was very
diftinguifhable till the Water became putrid ; and then both
Veficles and Polypes dropped off, like blighted Bloffoms off
a Tree; and the Subftance of the Parent Polype, though
feeming to fill the whole Cavity of the Branch before, as foon
as the Water became improper for its Support, fhrivelled up
immediately fo as {carce to be vifible.

N°. 18. Corallina procumbens caule corneo, longo, filiformi, ar-
ticulato, veficulis, ramorum axillis, pedunculis contortis, in-
fidentibus.

- Sea-thread Coralline.

This Coralline has very tough, pliant, and thread-like,
3 Stalks

2I

Plate XIi.

22

Plate XII.
Fig. 6. B.

Natural Hiftory of

Stalks divided into Joints by {mall Rings; from thefe pro-
ceed little Footftalks twifted like a Screw, that fupport Vefi-
cles of an oval Shape ; fome with a {mall Opening at the Top,
and fome quite open. This is found in great Abundance on
the South-Weft Coaft of Exgland, and feems moft curioufly
contrived, from its Stru€ture, to refift the Violence of the
Waves, all its Joints being furnifhed with Springs. Its Veficles
are alfo formed fo as to yield eafily to every violent Impulfe
of the Water without Injury, from their being placed on Foot-
ftalks formed like Screws.

Fig. a, N°. 18. in Plate XII. is the Appearance they make
in their natural Size.

Fig. 4, fhews Part of a Branch magnified.

N°’. 19. Corallina minor repens caule nodofo, articulato, &
veficulis alternis inftrutto.
Knotted-thread Coralline.

This creeping Coralline is generally found adhering to the
podded Fucus, from whence it throws out little jointed and
waved tender Branches, about an Inch long: The upper Part
of the Joints appear to be knobbed ; upon thefe reft the Vefi-
cles in an alternate Order, fupported by fcrew-like Footftalks.
The Shape of the Veficles is like an Oil-Jar with a Neck to it.

This Coralline was found at Dover; and I have lately re-
ceived fome Specimens from Harwich; fo that I believe it is
not uncommon on our Coafts. .

Fig. 6, N°. 1g. Plate XII. was drawn from a {mall Piece of ©

the podded Fucus, with feveral Branches of this Coralline
growing upon it.

Fig. B, gives the Appearance of a {mall Branch of it mag-
nified,

In

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i.

mayart yp a
eee Ra Ae
i ' "

Veficulated CoRALLINES.

In September 1753, I received a recent Specimen of one of
this Species in Sea-water, and had an Opportunity to difco-
ver in the Microfeope the Form and Motion of the Polype
that poflefled the Infide of it, and of tracing the main Body
through all its undulated Cafe, as it is exprefled in the
magnified Figure at C. In the fame Plate, Fig. c, is the na-
tural Size of the Piece magnified. Since this Obfervation, I had
an Opportunity, in Hwve 1754, at Brighthelm/ftone, of fecing
this Coralline ina more perfect manner; and have had the
Honour of laying the Account of it, with a very curious

Drawing by Mr. Ehret, before the Royal Society.

The Form of the Veficles is like a Cup, in which the princi~
ple Parts of the Animals are placed: We have feen them thruft-
ing out their Claws or Yentacuii in fearch of Prey, and have ob-
obferved them at the fame time moving their Cups with their
{crew-like Stalks at Pleafure; whilft the whole Trunk of the Po-
lype in the Infide of the Stem, or horny Cafe, was at the fame
time affected with their Motions; for they appeared but as fo
many Arms united to, and of a Piece with, the Body.

N°. 20. Corallina ramofa, ramis fingulis equifitiformibus, in
Jummis capillamentis contortis et verticillatim difpofitis, ve-
ficulas campaniformes gerens.

Horfe-tail Coralline with bell-fhaped Cups.

This curious Coralline was colleéted on the Sea-coaft near
Whitehaven, in Cumberland, by that learned and eminent Phy-
fician Doctor William Brownrigg, F.R.S.; and appears thro’
the Microfcope to be of the moft fingular Strud@ure of any
yet defcribed.

It confifts of fundry Branches, and every Branch is com-
pofed of many ftrait united fmall Tubes, which, at certain
equal Diftances, fend off {mall capillary {crew-like Stalks, each

of

23

Plate XIII.
Fig. a. 4.

24

Plate XIV.
Fig. a. 4.

Natural Hiftory of
of which fupport a Cup of a bell-fhaped Figure, curioufly

indented round the Brim ; thefe are placed in fuch a man-
ner as to correfpond exaétly in Point of Situation with the
others, and to give the whole very much the Appearance of
the Plant called Horfe-tail, or Eguifetum ; the capillary Stalks
and their Cups being all difpofed in Whirls, or like Branches
for Candles,

Fig. a, N°. 20. Plate XIII. gives us the Figure of this Co-
ralline as it was received. :

Fig. 4, fhews a magnified Part of one of the Branches dif
covering 5 Tubes, which compofe the Stalk, and 5 twifted
Stalks with their Cups at equal Diftances in each Whirl.

N°’. 21. Corallina minima fcandens, veficulas campani formes
in fummo caule lineari contorto gerens.

Small climbing Coralline with bell-fhaped Cups.

This very minute Coralline arifes from {mall irregular
Tubes, which adhere to, and twine about, other Corallines,
particularly the Sickle Coralline.

Exceeding {mall twifted Stalks go out from this tubular
Stem, which fupport little bell-fhaped Cups with indented
Brims: At the Bottom of each, where they join to the Stalk,
the Microfcope difcovers to us a very minute Spherule, or little
Ball, as in fome Drinking-glafles. I had the Pleafure while
I was at Brighthelmftone in Fune 1754, of feeing the Ani-
mals of this Coralline extending their Claws, or Tentacuh, and
moving their Stems: One of thefe as it appeared to us in the
Microfcope, is defcribed at the upper Part of the Fig. 4,
Plate XIV. Their natural Size, as they adhere to the Sickle
Coralline, may be feen at Fig. a, N°. 21.

This

+ ive Cea awe tae) ee

Veficulated CorRALLINES.

This Species of Animals feems to be nearly allied to the
Bell-animals, adhering to the Duckweed, or Lens Paluffris,
defcribed by Mr. Lewenhoeck, and of which he has given us
a Figure in the Philofophical Tranfactions, N°. 283, 295, and
3373 only ours are much larger.

There is another Species of this creeping kind of Bell-Co-
ralline, which is found adhering to the Sea-fir Coralline.

The Difference between them is, that the twifted Stalks
of this are much fhorter, and the Cups are longer {haped,
and not indented about the Brims. See its natural Size Fig.
6, N°. 21. in the fame Plate; and Fig. B, its magnified
Appearance.

N°. 22, Corallina omnium minima, veficulis nunc ramofity, Plate xi.

nunc racematim, denfe difpofitis.
Cluftering Polype Coralline.

Fig. 6. B.c.C.

_ This is the fmalleft of all the Tribe of Corallines, appear- -

ing through the fourth Magnifier of Wil/on'’s fingle Micro-
{cope, no bigger than the Fig. Band C. The natural Size is
exprefled at 622. and c 22.

While I was obferving with Attention fome other marine
Productions in the-Microfcope, I difcovered the round Bunch
of tranfparent Globules, at Fig. C. flicking to a Branch of
one of the Corallines; this on a fudden, to my great Sur-
prize, rofe up, and expanded itfelf under my Eye, into the
Plant-like Figure at B, with regular Branches and Stalks
fupporting Pear-fhaped Veficles: Each of thefe Veficles, with
its Polype in it, appeared to act independently for itfelf ; for
I obferved each of them very bufy prowling about in Search
of Prey, fo far as the Length of their Stalk would permit
them: In lefs than a Minute, I was as much amazed to find,

E that,

26 Natural Hiftory of

that, as if by common Confent, upon fome Warning given,
the whole Company at once funk down, and contracted them-
felves into the Figure of a Mulberry or Bunch of Grapes, like
that at Fig. C. After it had continued for fome Seconds in
this Form, it again expanded itfelf as before, and in this
manner continued expanding and contraéting itfelf, during
the whole Time of Obfervation.

This Species of Polype feems to agree with Mr. Teanbiaa
Cluftering Polypes ; only his were in frefh, and thefe in Sea,
Water.

Pine 2 N°. 23: Corallina exigua repens, denticulis alterms, fruc-
‘S ¢ “ts medice cochleate emulis.
Snail-trefoil Coralline.

This very {mall but curious Coralline was found creeping
on the narrow-leafed Hornwrack of Ray’s Synop/fis, called by
him, Fuci telam lineam fericeamve textura fua enutlantis al
tera fpecies auguftior. R. 8. pag. 43. N°. 10.

From the irregular creeping tubulous Roots, by which it
adheres to the Fucus abov:-mentioned, arife little Spikes or
Branches, furnifhed with alternate Denticles, moft curioufly
furrowed, like the Seed-Veffels of the Plant called the Snail-
trefoil. |

Fig. a, N°. 23. fhews the natural Size of this Coralline,
ereeping on the Hornwrack. |

Fig. 4, reprefents the creeping Tubes with the Denticles,
and one Veficle magnified. While I was at Brighthelm/tone,
“fune 1754, 1 difcovered the Veficles of this Coralline; for
I had before apprehended the Denticles to be Veficles ; they
differ but little from the Denticles, only in the 3 Teeth that

are

r

>

ae iA Fu (fy
: ib ater & oy, Baa Pe a:
ret r rhioes oy we

Rai Be ad ab
Wises nae

¥

én ; Tk : 7, 4 43
ie wi rt

* > aj
abe ei oe "4

Veficulated CoRALLINES.

are placed in the Opening at the Top of each. See the Ve-
ficle above, Fig. 4.

N°. 24. Corallina exigua, caule geniculato, /candens, veficu-
lis ex unoguogue geniculo fic difpofitis, ut [yringam Panis re-
erent.
Fucoides Lendigerum capillamentis cufcute inffar im-
plexis. R.S. pag. 30. N’. 3.
Nit Coralline.

This extremely {mall climbing Coralline arifes from very
minute Tubes, by which it adheres to Fucvs’s, and other ma-
rine Bodies ; and is fo difpofed from its jointed Shape, that
it climbs up and runs over other Corallines and Fucus’s, as
Dodder does over other Plants.

Fig. 4, N°. 24. is the natural Size and Appearance of this
Coralline.

The Veficles, which have the Appearance of Rows of Den-
ticles, are placed in fuch a regular Order on the End of each
Joint, that when they are magnified, they reprefent the an-
tique Figure of Pan's Pipe.

Fig. B, is the exact Drawing taken from the Microfcope.

I have called it the Nit Coralline from Mr. Ray’s calling it
the Nit-bearing Fucoides. The {mall Veficles clofely joined
together, in little {peck-like Figures among the irregular ca-

pillary Branches, gives us fome Idea of that Form. See the
natural Size, Fig. 4.

Ne. 25. Corallina minima repens, veficulis ovatis, uvarum in-
frar, ramulis adberentibus.
Grape Coralline.

This exceeding {mall Coralline creeps on the broad-leafed
E2 Morn-

Plate XV.
Fig. 7 B:

Plate XV.
Fig. «. C.

28 Natural Hiftory of
Hornwrack of Ray’s Synopfis, pag. 42. N°. 9. called Fucus

telam lineam fericeamve textura fua emulans ; and fends out
Clufters of Veficles from feveral Parts of its creeping Tube,
each of which has a black Spot init, like the Spawn of Frogs:
Or rather, thefe look when they are magnified, like a Bunch
of full ripe tranfparent oval-fhaped Grapes with the Stones
in them, as is reprefented in the magnified Fig. C, Plate XV.
The natural Size of this Coralline is drawn creeping on the
broad-leafed Hornwrack, at Fig. c, N°. 25.

Among many other marine Subftances received frefh from
the Sea, in September 1753, this Object happened to prefent
itfelf under my magnifying Glafles; when, to my Surprize,
I found thofe grape-like Bodies were a Clufter of Poly-
pes, each having eight Claws or Tentaculi, very lively, ex-
tending themfelves about.in purfuit of Prey ; and upon their
dying, the Animals contracted themfelves into their Veficles,
which clofed at the Top: What we difcover as a Spot, is
only the Inteftines of the Polype with its Food in it.

Fig. D, fhews the Figure of the Polypes extending them
felves out of the Veficles, as taken from the Microfcope :
‘Thefe are placed on the fame Branch, where the dead ones
are reprefented like Grapcs, at Fig. C.

piatextv. N°. 26. Corallina cufcute forma, minima, ramofa, repens,
Pig namulis oppofitis, veficulis minutiffimis ovatis confertis, gent-
culis ramulorum infidentibus.
Climbing Dodder-like Coralline.

This very flender climbing Coralline has the Appear-
ance of Dodder when it is magnified ; and runs upon the
podded Fucus, from whence it {hoots into extreme fine

flender

Veficulated CoRALLINES,

flender Branches, which are placed conte to one an-
other. |

Fig. c, N°. 26. givcs us the true Form of this Coraliens
climbing up the Fucus.

The, Microfcope has difcovered to us the Veficles, which
are {mall and Ege-thaped, growing together, for pe moft part
at the Joints of the Branches.

Fig. C, is a Branch magnified.

CHAP,

29

30

Plate XVI.
Fig. 2.

Natural Hiftory of
CHAP, Ill.

Of the Tubular Corallines.

Y Tubular Corallines are meant fuch as are compofed

of a Number of fimple Tubes, growing up near toge-
ther ; or fuch branch’d ones as are compofed only of Tubes
without Denticles or Veficles. Thefe are of the fame horny,
elaftic Nature with the former; and like them recover their
original Form, after being fome time dry, by being put into
Water: They arife too, like the preceding Clafs, from mi-
nute worm-like Tubes; and widen a little as they advance
in Height. Some of them look wrinkled like the Windpipe,
and others like the Inteftines of {mall Animals.

N°. 1. Corallina tubularia larynge funilis.
An Fucus Dealenfis fiftulofus larynge finilis? R.S. p. 39.
Tubulous Coralline wrinkled like the Windpipe.

This Coralline is found in great Plenty in the Sea, near
the Opening of the Zdames, adhering to other marine Bodies,
and. often to the Bottoms of Ships. I have received it with
the Animals alive in Sea-water; in which State it affords a
moft agreeable Scene: The Top of each Tube bearing a
bright crimfon-coloured Polype, equal in Richnefs of Colour
to the Guern/ey Lily 5 all the Animals difplaying their Claws
or Tentaculi at the fame time, with furprizing Agility.

Fig, 4, gives the natural Size of fome of thefe Tubes.

N°. 2.

—— ——

s
SR
s
8
y
S
Sy

Plate XVI.

.
-
-

1

es )

|

7

Tubular CoraLuines, 31

‘N’. 2. Corallina tubularia calamos avenaceos referens. Plate XVI.
Adianti aurei minina facie planta marina. R.S. ane ie =
Tubular Coralline like oaten Pipes.

This is the largeft of this Tribe of Eng/i/b tubulous Coral-
lines; and is the fame that the celebrated D. Bernard Fuf-
few found on the Coaft of Mormandy, and defcribed with
its Polypes. It arifes from {mall worm-like Figures ; many of
which grow interwoven together, and look like the Guts of
{mall Animals: From this State they rife into diftinct Tubes
of 5 and 6 Inches long, full of a thick reddifh Liquor: On
the Top of thefe the Polypes appear with plumed Crefts.
Thefe Tubes in the dried Specimens have the Refemblance of

Oaten Pipes; that is, Part of an Oat-{traw, with the Joints
cut off,

Fig. C, is the natural Appearance of this Coralline, with
the Animals upon it.

Plate
N°. 3. Corallina tubularia gracilis & ramofa, axillis ramu-\ 5."
lorum contortis. Plate XVIE.
An fucus fftulofus nudus fetas erinaceas emtulans? R.§, Fs 4
pag: 39-
Small ramified tubular Coralline.
- ‘This branched tubular Coralline is found frequently on
Oyfters, and other marine Productions.

While I was at Whitfable on the Kenti/b Shore, in Au-
guft 1754, 1 found, among other Corallines, the Specimen
defcribed at Fig. a, Plate SXXVJ[with its Polypes alive:
This I drew on the Spot from the Microfcope, with all its.
Animals extending themfelves in their diferent Directions,
as they lay immerfed in a Glafs of Sea-water ; and are pretty
exactly exhibited at Fig. 4.

This:

32

Natural Hiftory of

This Inftance affords us a plain Demonftration that the
curious branched Corallines, defcribed in the Beginning of
this Effay, are of the Fabrick of Animals. From this, the
moft fimple, we may trace them back through a Variety of
Forms, up to the moft perfect of the whole Tribe.

Here the curious Naturalift may plainly difcover a Polype
branching out like the common frefh Water one of Mr.
Trembley’s, but ftrongly fortified by Nature to fupport itfelf
in its turbulent Situation ; for he will obferve this is defended
by a tough horny Covering, and fixed by its Bafe to folid
Bodies in the Sea, to fecure itfelf from the infinite Number
of Enemies, that every Moment furround it: Whereas the
freth Water one, being confined to the calm and fheltered
Situation of one andl Ditches, does not ftand in need of
fo neceflary a Provifion for its Defence.

CHAT.

“a *

S =.

> See eS
ek print _

fx ‘

Celliferous CoRALLINES. 33

CHAP. Iy.

Of Celliferous Corallines.

Y Celliferous Corallines, I mean thofe {mall plant-like

marine Bodies, which adhere to Shells, Fucus’s, &e.
of a brittle, cruftaceous, and tranfparent Subftance ; and
which appear, when magnified, to be fine thin Cells, the
Habitations of fmall Animals connedted together, and dif-
pofed in Variety of elegant Forms like Branches. All this
kind effervefce with Acids.

N°. 1. Corallina cellifera, eretta, ramofiffima, tenerrima, & riae xvi.
plumofa. Fig. a. A.
Corallina pumila ercEta ramofor. RS. p. 37. N°. 20.
Soft-feathered Coralline.

The Appearance of this Coralline in its firft or beginning
State, is fo unlike itfelf in the latter or more perfect State,
that one would be apt, at firft View, to take it for a different
Species. .

The lower Part of N. x. Plate XVIII. at Fig. a, where
it appears bare, without the feathered Branches, the Cells
not being opened, is this firft State. In this Condition we
find it, in the Hortus Siccus of Mr. Buddle, in the Collection
of the late Sir Hans Sloane, by the Name of, Fucus minimus,
birfutus fibrillis herbaceis fimilis. D. Doody. R.S. 330.

But when it is in its perfect State, thefe tubulous Stalks
rife into beautiful plant-like Figures, with feathered Branches,
F - which

34

Natural Hiftory of

which are elegantly difpofed one above another, as in the up-
per Part of the fame Figure, N°. 1. at a. When we examine.
it by the Microfcope, we find that each Branch is fubdivided
in a twofold or dichotomous manner; and each Divifion of
a Branch compofed of two Rows of Cells of a femi-cylindri-
cal Form, articulated together, and placed alternately Side
by Side, their Faces or Openings looking one Way: Each
Cell as a fharp Point on the Top, ftanding outward; and.
a black Spot in the Middle. Upon other Specimens I ob-
ferved fmall teftaceous Figures on the upper Part of each
Cell.

Fig. 4, fhews the magnified Appearance of the {mall
Tubes, pafling into the unopened Cells which form the
Stalk ; from this arife the dichotomous Branches, with the
Cells open, and black Spots in them. B, fhews the te-
ftaceous Spherules on the Top of each Cell. At C, is a crofs
Section of a Branch, to fhew the hollow Infide of the Cells.
D, fhews the upright Section of 3 Cells, with the Situation
of the black Spots.

Thefe black Spots are nothing but the dead Polypes, or -
Remains of the Animals, once inhabiting thefe Cells. Of
which I had evident Proof in my laft Journey to the Sea-coaft.
For after I had examined this Coralline, with its Polypes
alive in Sea-water (See #, Plate XVIII). I laid this Speci-
men afide; and, upon examining it again fome time after, 1
found ithe lifelefs gontraéted Animals exhibited. the Appear-
ance above-mentioned. °

Thefe Polypes turning into teftaceous Bodies, opened a
new Scene of Wonder to me. But the Minutenefs of thefe
fhelly Figures would have been pafled over, without any fur-
ther Notice, if it had not been for a Prefent I received from

my

Plate XIX.

y = ;
m7 | \\s
y ag

~

(
fs |

Vy
We

-Celliferous CoRALLines. 35

my worthy and ingenious Friend Mr. Peter Collinfon, F.R.S, Plate xx.
of a Specimen of this Clafs of Corallines, which he had fent “® “
him from America. Examining this carefully with the Mi-
crofcope, I plainly difcovered it to be the conne&ed Vidus’s,

or Matrix’s of certain teftaceous Animals, like {mall Snails

or WVerite ; an Account of which I have had the Honour

to lay before the Royal Society, in March 1753.

That thefe little Snails are perfe& Animals, no-body will
doubt, who has thoroughly examined them ; and that the
ultimate End of this curious branched Coralline, was made
fubfervient to the Purpofe of introducing thefe little Creatures
into Life: But fuppofe it is afked, How do thefe go on to
produce their Kind? This indeed will be difficult to an-
fwer, unlefs we may by Analogy fuppofe, that thefe mi-
nute Shell-fifh grow large, and become capable of {pawn-
ing the whole Coralline, in the fame manner that the Buc-
cinum of Mew York does its curious Matrices which are
like long Bunches of Hops. See Plate XXXII. Fig. a, a1,
and 3.

Or, let us fuppofe, that the teftaceous Animal, now in
its utmoft Perfection, lays its Eggs; thefe turn into vermi-
cular-fhaped Polypes, which, after they have fixed them-
felves to fome marine Subftance, rife up, and pufh forth into
Branches of {mall Polypes in their Cells, in a double Row,
alternately placed in refpect to one another ; each having its
proper Cell, which is divided from the other by very thin
Partitions: And each little Polype is fecured by an umbili-
cal Ligament. |

From this State then of being fmall Polypes, we have ob-
ferved, that they change into teftaceous Animals, connected
F 2 te

Plate XX.
Fig. a. 4.

Natural Hiftory of

to their Cells by the umbilical Ligament, till they are capable
of providing for themfelves.

But whether this Ligament depends upon the Parent-Ani-
mal, as in the Cafe of the veficular Coralline, Plate V. Fig.
A, where the young Polypes are inferted in a tender flefhy
Line, that paffes through the Middle of the Branches, we
have not been able to diftinguifh, for want of Opportuni-
ties of examining them often at the Sea-fide.

N°. 2. Corallina cellifera ereéta, ramofa F plumofa, /phe-

rulas teftaceas, Jumma parte aviumque capitum formas, a
latere cellularum, gerens.

Bird’s-head Coralline.

This curious celliferous Coralline rifes from fmall Tubes,
which unite, and pafs into Branches of femi-cylindrical
Cells difpofed in two Rows, articulated one into another:
Their Openings face the fame Way : On the Outfide of each
Cell, we difcover by the Microfcope, the Appearance of a
Bird’s Head, with a crooked Beak, opening very wide; the ©
Ufe of which is as yet unknown to us, not having yet feen this
Species recent in its proper Element.

the Balls, or little teftaceous Figures, are much the fame

as in the former Species. ‘This Coralline is of a glafly brit-
tle Nature.

Fig. a, gives us the Appearance of this Coralline, as it is
commonly found. The Specimen, from whence the Draw-
ing was taken, was received, among other marine Produétions,
from the Sea-coaft near Dublin.

Fig ‘A, fhews a Branch with its Zudu/i, Cells, and other
Parts magnified.

i WE

Celliferols CoRALLINES.

N°’. 3. Corallina cellifera minor, repens, ramofa, tubulis le- v1

vibus, interdum hamofis [parfim difpofitis, fucis teftifque al- *

ligata. |
Mujfcus coralloides pumilus ramofus. Dood. Appendix,
R.S. 330.
Creeping Coralline.

This is the moft common of al! the celliferous Corallines,
adhering to moft kinds of fubmarine Subftances..

The Branches are dichotomous, or divide into two con-
ftantly as they extend: The Cells are like inverted Cones,
and their Openings, which are round, look one Way, and
are commonly found defended by little Spines: The Or-
der of the Cells rife in two Rows joined together, fo as
to be alternately oppofite to each other. The Specimen
magnified at Figure B, was found full of black Spots
in the Cells, which, as hath been already. mentioned, are
nothing elfe but the dead Polypes. In other Specimens,
we have obferved little teftaceous Balls at the Top of each
Cell.

_ The Joints appearing in the Angles of the Ramifications,
as in the magnified Figure, at E, are connected by fome
fhort pliant Zudul/i, which ferve as fo many Hinges to the
Branches, to play to and fro freely, and comply with the vi-
olent Motion of the Sea, Thefe Hinges feem to confift of
two fhort Tubes, one to each Row of Cells; and are fo
finely united to cach Branch, that they feem infenfibly to
pafs into the Cells of each.

This Coralline differs from moft others in the Situation of
its tubular Roots, which appear as in creeping Plants, to
proceed from different Parts of their trailing Ramifications.

4. Some

37

ate XX.
ig. b, B.

Plate XX.
Fig. c. C.

Plate XX.
Fig. d. D.

» Natural Hiftoty of

Some of thefe little radical Tubes are difcovered by the Mi-
crofcope, to be full of Hooks, the better to fecure the Coral-
line, when it adheres to foft fpongy Subftances. The Hooks
on one of the Tubes are exprefied at Fig. F, in the Coral-
line, B. the natural Size of which is exhibited at Fig. 4,
It. 3:

When this Coralline is put into Vinegar, a ftrong Effer-
vefcence enfues, till the ftony or coral-like Coat is deftroyed ;
and. then the Cells, ftill keeping their Shape, appear to be
made of a thin pliable Membrane, like thofe of the Hinges
and Roots: So that Roots, Hinges, and Cells appear now to
be one continued tubulous Membrane, only modified into
different Shapes.

N°. 4. Corallina cellifera minor, repens, ramofa, & feru-
pola, cellulis alternis a latere angulatis.
: Creeping ftony Coralline.
This Coralline differs from the former in having angular
Sides to its Cells, and in being of a more ftony brittle Tex-
ture.

While I was at Ram/gate, in Auguft 1754, I obferved the
Polypes in the Cells, as defcribed at Fig. C’; which is a mag-
nified Branch of Fig. c, N°. 4. in the fame Plate.

N°. 5. Corallina cellifera minima, eretta, ramofa, cellulis
infundibuli-formibus, bafi conjunétis, oribus patentiffimis, fu-
perne ciliatis, & alternatim prominentibus.

Ciliated Coralline.

This very {mall Coralline arifes from many Zuéuli, which
unite, and fend forth Branches of Cells of a Funnel-fhape,
placed

aoe «

#
7

ae a ee
Wedkaan ie = 5
~~

ee

wr

Celliferous CoRALLINES.

placed alternately, and clofely united at the lower Part of
the Sides: Their Entrances are very wide; and the upper
Part of them, which projects, is full of fmall Hairs like Eye-
lathes. ‘Their Bafes are narrow, and feem to be jointed ;
and if we look attentively in the Microfcope, we may difco-
vera {mall white Hair, which feems to pafs through the
Middle of each Branch at the joining of the Cells. This Co-
ralline bears teftaceous Bodies on the Front of the Cells,
foewhat refembling the upper Part of an Helmet; and at
the Sides of fome of the Cells, little Figures like Birds Heads,
not unlike thofe of the fecond celliferous Coralline.

At Fig. D, we have the magnified Figure of this Coral-
line : And at d, N°. %. the natural Size of it. Of all this Clafs
of Corallines, this is one of the moft delicate and tender.

N°’. 6. Corallina cellifera minima, fragilis, ramofa, FP ve-
ficulifera, colore eburneo cellulis tubiformibus comunétis, pau-
lum arcuatis, & fere oppofitis.

Tufted Ivory Coralline.

This Coralline, carefully examined in the Microfcope, ap-
pears to arife from minute comprefled Globules, which have
been depofited on a Fucus: In the Centre of each of thefe,

. we may obferve a {mall Hole, from whence proceed very

flender jointed Tubes, which pafs into Branches confifting of
double Rows of tubular Cells placed almoft oppofite, and
united at the Sides ; but the Tops ftanding out a little: From
the Side of thefe Branches proceed here and there {mall hok
low Veficles, which are very brittle, and full of {mall Specks.
Clofe to one Side of the Veficles, we have obferved a {mall
Tube, which, no doubt, is the Entrance into them. This
Species comes very near to the Clafs of veficular Corallines ;
for in fome Specimens of this Species at the Sea-fide, we have

lately

39

Plate XXT.
Fig. a. 4,

40 Natural Hiftory of
lately difeovered dead Animals in the Veficles: But on ac-
count of their brittle ftony Nature, their having black Specks
in their Cells, and their Branches being united by fmall tu-
‘bular Hinges, they are introduced here.

Fig. a, N°. 6. is the exact Reprefentation of this Coralline,
growing to a Piece of a Fucus.

Fig. 4, gives the magnified Appearance of a Branch oe it,
as it ries froma, the Fiexs.

platexxt. N°. 7. Corallina cellifera mollis ramofiffima, geniculis ad lo-
"3°23 nice formam accedentibus.
Mujfcus coralloides mollis, elatior,gramofifimus. App.
R'S, 730:
Corallina geniculata mollis, internodiis rotundis brewiori-
bus nofiras. Pluck. Mant. 56.
Coat of Mail Coralline.

This Coralline, which grows into larger Tufts and Bunclies
than the reft, confifts of many long, fhining, foft, and flip-
pery Bees Thefe are compofed of Joints of Cells, placed
in Pairs Back to Back. The Opening of each is on a Slant
near the Top, and looks the contrary Way to the other: So
that the Pair together refembles a Coat of Mail, or Pair of
Stays; and the Entrances of the Cells look ke the Places
for the Arms to come out at. The Joints, or Pairs of Cells,
arife infenfibly from Zuwbul, by which the Coralline adheres
to its Bafe; and at certain Seafons of the Year, we may ob-
ferve fmall black Spots in the Cells, like fome of the reft of
this Clafs.

This Coralline is found in plenty Bie the Sea-coaft of the
Ifland of Sheppey ; and is frequently found creeping upon,
and invefting the filk Coralline before defcribed.

Fig,

Celliferous CoRALLINEs. 41

Fig. 6, N°. 7. reprefents the natural Appearance of this
Coralline : This Specimen is but a fmall Part of the Co-
ralline, .as it is commonly found.

Fig. B, is a Drawing from the Microfcope of a {mall
Branch, as it rifes from the Tuduli.

N®. 8. Corallina cellifera minima, ramofa, cellulis compreffis, Plate XXU.

. . . Fig. A. a
oppofitis, filicula burfe paftoris formam emulans.
Shepherd’s-purfe Coralline.

This moft beautiful Pearl-coloured Coralline adheres by
{mall Tubes to Fucus’s, from whence it changes into flat
Cells; each fingle Cell like the Bracket of a Shelf, broad at
Top, and narrow at Bottom: Thefe are placed Back to
Back in Pairs, one above another, on an extremely flender
Tube, that feems to run through the Middle of the Branches
of the whole Coralline.

The Cells are open at Top. Some of them have black
Spots in them: And from the Top of many of them, a Fi-
gure feems to iflue out like a fhort Tobacco- pipe; the {mall
End of which feems to be inferted in the Tube that pafles
through the Middle of the whole. :

The Cells in Pairs are thought by fome to have the Ap-
pearance of the {mall Pods of the Shepherd’s Purfe : By others,
the Shape of the Seed-Veflels of the Herb Veronica, or Speed-
well.

Fig. a, N°. 8. reprefents fome Branches in their natural
Size, creeping on the Stock of a Fucus,

G Fic

S*

42 Natural Hiftory of

Fig. 4, reprefents a Branch with its fmall Tubes, magni- _
fied by Number 5 of W7//on’s {ingle Microfcope.

Plate XRIT. N°’. 9. Corallina cellifera minutiffina, ramofa, &© falcata,

127. 0.D. . oe . . . . . °

Fit cellulis fimplicibus, tauri cornu facie invicem infertis.
Bull’s~-horn Coralline.

This beautiful Coralline is one of the {malleft we meet
with: It rifes trom ZYubuli, growing upon Fucus’s; and
pafles from thence into fickle-fhaped Branches, confifting of
fingle Rows of Cells looking, when magnified, like Bull’s -
Horns inverted: Each one arifing out of the Top of the other.
The upper Branches take their Rife from the Fore-part of the
Entrance of a Cell, where we may obferve a ftiff {hort Hair,
which feem to be the Beginning of a Branch.

The Opening of each Cell, which is in the Front of its
upper Part, is furrounded by a thin circular Rim; and the
Subftance of the Cells appears to confift of a fine tranfparent
Shell, or Coral-like Subftance.

Fig. 4, N°. g. is the natural Size of this minute Coral-
line adhering toa Fucus.

Fig. B, {hews the Tubes, and the falcated Rgmifications
of the Cells, as magnified by the fifth Glafs of Wi//on’s Mi-

crofcope.

PlateXxXI. N°, 10; Corallina cellifera, minutiffima, falcata, & cru-
Bee" Rata, cellulis capricorniformibus fimplicibus, veficulas ge~
res.
Goat’s-horn Coralline.

This very {mall capillary Coralline confifts of Branches
of fingle Cells, fhaped like Goat’s Horns inverted, placed

one

Celliferous CoRALLINES. 43

one above another: On the Top of each is a fmall cir-
cular Opening which inclines inward: At the Back of this
arifes a fine upright Hair near a8 Infertion of the next Cell
above it.

This Coralline bears oval-fhaped Veficles, which are
{pecked, or pointed like the celliferous Coralline, N°. 6. with
a fmall Tube at the Back.

Fig. c, N°. 10. Plate XXI. gives us the true Figure of this
Coralline adhering to a Fucus.

Fig. C, exprefles an intire Piece, with its Veficles and
jointed Tubes magnified by the fifth Glafs of Wil/on’s Mi-

crofcope.

This Coralline is nearly allied to the Sixth Coralline of this
Clafs, on account of its Veficles, only the Cells of this are
~fingle with {mall Hairs rifing out of them; and the Cells of
that are difpofed in Pairs.

N11. Corallina anguiformis minutiffima, non ramofa. Plate XXII,
Snake Coralline. ig. c.

_ This fingularly fhaped Coralline proceeds from an irregu-
lar Tube, which is found creeping on the Fucoides purpureum
eleganter plumofum. R. 8. pag. 38

From very {mall Holes in the broadeft Part of this irregu-
lar winding Tube, there arife here and there {mall teftaceous
white hollow Figures, exaétly refembling a Snake without

the lower Jaw, in the Place whereof, is the Entrance into
the Cell.

G2 Fig.

a4

Natural Hiftory of

Fig. c, N°. rr. is the natural Size of this minute Co-
ralline furrounding the Stalk of the Fucus.

Fig. C, exprefles it magnified by the fourth Glas of Wi/-
Jon's Microfcope.

The Body of this Snake-like Cell, when magnified by the
fecond Magnifier of Wil/on’s Microfcope, as at Figure D,

appears to be jointed in the Middle, and to confift of pa-
rallel Rings.

CHAP,

Articulated CoRALLINES.

Crea yr.

Of the Articulated Corallines.

S the Corallines hitherto defcribed took their Rife from

hollow, flexible, and horny Tubes, either fingle, or’

many together ; and proceeding uniformly to their Termi-
nations in Branches, confifting either of fimple Tubes, or
of fuch as are furnifhed with Denticles, or Veficles, or both,
or of connected Rows of Cells; fo thefe, which we call ar-
ticulated Corallines, are obvioufly diferent in their external
Appearance, and in their Structure; though the Ufe of all
the Kinds appear manifeftly to be the fame; v7z. the Places
of Abode of different Species of Polypes.

This Kind then, carefully examined by the Microfcope,
appears to confift of fhort Pieces of a ftony or cretaceous
brittle Matter, whofe Surface is covered with Pores, or Cells,
Thefe ftony Pieces, or Joints, are united to one another by
a tough, membranous, flexible Subftance, made up of many
{mall Tubes of the like Nature, compacted together.

When thefe are put into Vinegar, the {tony or cretaceous
Part is foon diffolved, and leaves the other Part intire, which
not only forms the ligamentous pliant Articulations; but is
likewife the Suéfratum, and even forms the Cells, of the
ftony Joints themfelves.

Among the firft of thefe I hall place ;
N°, B.

45

46 Natural Hiftory of

piate xxut.N’. 1. Corallina articulata dichotoma, internodiis fubcylin-
Fig. @ 4 dricis, cellulis rhomboideis, omnino te&tis, & tubulis mem-
branaceis exiguis, colligatis.
Corallina fflulofa fragilis crafpor, fo Bs 3. SET. Me
Hift. 65.
Mufcus coralloides polygonoides falicornie folio major.
Bar: Ic. 127 9..N% 33
Corallina fiiulofa fragilis, internodiis prelongis levibus,
albis, farciminum modo catenatis.. Pluck. Phytog.
Pl, XXVI. Fig. 2. )
Bugle Coralline.

There is a fmaller Species of the fame, which differs only
in the Diameter of the Branches; and is known by the bo-
tanic Writers by the following Names, wiz,

Corallina fiftulofa, fragilis fubtilior, J. B. 3. 811. R.
Hitt. 66.

Mufcus polygonoides falicornia folio minor, feu bifidus. Bar. -

Icon. 1275. Ne. 8.

This beautiful ftony Coralline proceeds from tranfparent
membranaceous Tubes, which enter into, and form, cylindri-
cal Joints, compofed of ftony Lozenge-fhaped Cells, with a
proper Entrance into each: Thefe furround the whole Sur-
face of the Coralline.

Fig. a, N°. 1. fhews the natural Size of the larger Bugle
Coralline. i .

Fig. 4, is a Branch of it magnified, to fhew the Appear-
ance of the Tubes, Joints, and Cells. B, is a Piece of one
of the Joints, that had been expofed to the Weather, higher
magnified, where the Form of the Entrance into the Cells may

be

- LT a ee ee

‘Articulated CorALLINES.

~ be plainly feen. C, is a crofs Section of this Piece, to fhew
the internal Figure and Difpofition of the Cells.

The Joints of the Coralline rife in a dichotomous Order ;
that is, by a conftant progreflive Divifion into two Parts,
and are connected together by fhort Zwdu/i of the fame Kind
with thofe they took their Rife from.

Thefe Tubes in the Water are exeeding pliable, which
make them move fo freely, without breaking in the violent
Agitations of the Sea.

The Shape of the Cells is not always of a Lozenge Fi-
gure: Sometimes we find them arched at Top, as at D;
and fometimes of the Shape of a Coffin, as fome of the upper

Cells at B.

When this Coralline has lain expofed for fome time on the
Shore, it grows very hard, and white; and the Partitions
between the Cells become thinner and more diftin&, as at

Fig. B.

‘Though the following Corallines differ in their Size, and
Form of their Cells, and fome other Particulars, as their
tubulous Roots; yet as they anfwer the general Definition
of this Clafs, and feem to follow in the Order of Nature, I
have connected them together: That we may perceive the
Pores, or Cells of this Clafs the more diftin@lly, it is neceflary
they fhould be viewed immediately on their being taken out
of the Sea; for as they dry, the cretaceous or coralline Mat-
ter fhrinks, and unites the pore-like Cells on the Surface,
{carcely to be diftinguifhed from a polifhed Superticies, with-
out the Help of the very beft Glafles. )

2 Nea.

47

48

Plate XXIV

Fig. 2. 4.

Natural Hiftory of !

‘N’. 2, Corallina Anglhca. R.S. p. 33-1.

Corallina alba officinarum. Park, 1298.
Coralline of the Shops.

This Coralline is fixed to Rocks and Shells by ftony Joints,
which, as they rife, are united to others by extremely fine
and flender Tubes: Thefe may be difcovered by a good Eye,
or acommon Magnifier. As the Stems extend themfelves,
they become pennated by Side-branches, which come out
oppofite to each other, and are jointed in the fame manner;
the Joints of this Species are like the upper Part of an in-
yerted Cone, but a little comprefled: The whole Surface is

covered over with very minute circular-fhaped Cells like

Pores (See Fig. B, and Fig. B 1) where they are higher
magnified,

Fig. B 2, fhews the crofs Section highly magnified.

Fig. a, N°. 2. is an exact Reprefentation of this Coralline
as it was found growing to a Rock.

If a Branch of this Coralline is put into Vinegar, thefe
Cells are diffolved with the whole cretaceous Surface, inftead
of which there appear Rows of minute Ramifications, which
feem to have communicated with each of thefe Cells (See
Fig. 4.)

Upon fome Specimens of this Coralline, we may obferve
little fmall Figures like Seed-veflels, with which the Branches
frequently terminate: They are alfo found on the Sides, as
may be feen at F ig. 4, where they are magnified.

This Branch was fteeped in Vinegar, which rendered the
whole foft, and from the little Knobs at the Ends and Sides,
were

Vamed Hith De:

Articulated CoraLuines. 49

were {queezed out little twifted Figures, like thofe at 4 1,
which are magnified higher at 4 2.

We frequently find this Coralline of different Colours, as '
red, green, afh-coloured, and white; but all of it, by being
long expofed to the Sun and Air on the Shore, becomes
white.

Ne. 3. Corailina Anglica procumbens, fegmentis brevibus, Plate XXIV
Slender trailing Exgi/b Coralline. “i eal
This Coralline feems to be a Variety of the former, which
grows ftiff and ereét, with large Joints ; whereas this hangs
down, having very, flender Branches with fmall Joints (See
Ne, 3. in Plate XXIV). The Colour of this feems to vary
according to the Situation.

N°’. 4. Corallina Anglica ereéta, ramulis denfe pennatis, lan-piate xxiv,
ceole formd terminantibus, fegmentis ad utrumgue latus pau- *'8
lulum compreffis.
Corallina fquamata. — Parkin, 1296.
Upright Exglifh Coralline, with Spear-like Heads
and flat Joints.

This Coralline I received from the Reverend Mr. William
Borlafe, of Ludgvan in Cornwall, F. R.S, a very curious and
ingenious Gentleman: To whom I am much obliged for
many other Sea-productions.

It is moft frequently found of a light-green Colour; and,
poflibly, the Copper Mines, which abound on many Parts
of the Cornifh Shore, may affe the Colour; as the ochry
Earth near Harwich does fome of the fecond Species with
an Orange Colour.

N°. 4. Plate XXIV. reprefents this Coralline in its natural
Form.

H Fig,

50 Natural Hiftory of

Fig. C, is a Branch of it magnified, to fhew the Figure
of the foints. This has.had its cretaceous Parts diflolved by
the Vinegar. Upon each Joint may be difcovered the dif-
ferent Series of Ramifications, which lead to the Cells on
the Surface: This will be more fully exemplified in fome fi-
milar foreign Sea-productions hereaiter.

Plate xxIV.N°®. 5. Corallina ramulis dichotomis, teneris, capillaribus, &

Big F pubentibus.
Corallina rubens, five mufcus marinus rubens. Park.
1290.

Reddith Hair-like Coralline. ,

This Coralline, when magnified, appears to grow in
Branches always dividing into two Parts, confifting of long
cylindrical Joints connected by very {mall Zuéuli; when
the ftony Part is diflolved in Vinegar, the fmall fibrous Ra-
mifications, that correfpond with the minute Pores on the
Surface, like the foregoing one, are eafily to be feen.

N°’. 5. Fig. e, is the natural Size, And

Fig. EZ, the magnified Appearance of a Branch of this Co- _

ralline.

eiute xxiv. N°. 6. Corallina alba exigua, ramulis dichotomis fegmentis
Fig PD.” corniculatis, fucis minimis teretibus adnafcens.
White flender jointed Coralline.

This Coralline differs from the foregoing, in having
{tronger and thicker Branches, and the Tops of the lower
Joints diverfified with two projecting Points like Horns.

Fig. d, N°. 6. exprefles a Tuft of this Coralline grow-
ing on a Fucus.

Fig.

Articulated CoraLuines. gf

Fig. D, fhews the manner of its growing, and the corni-
culated lower Jaints.

N°’. 7. Corallina dichotoma, capillis denfis, criftatis, /permopho-Pise xxiv.
ris, fucis minimis teretibus adnafcens. Ree a
Corallina criftata minima. Barrell. pag. 1328.
Mujfcus coralloides criftatus. Bar. Icon, 1296. N. 2.
Crefted or Cock’s-comb Coralline.

The Branches of this Coralline likewife go off in Pairs, or
ini a dichotomous Order; it grows in round Tufts, like
the Creft or Topping on a Bird’s Head. A Number of thefe
Branches being {pread out like a Fan, and placed flat on one
another, compofe thefe agreeable Creft-like Figures; fome
of them are of a fine red, others green, with a white Edge-
ing. They are generally found growing on a round flender
Fucus. On the upper Part of the Branches the Microfcope
difcovers fome {mall Veficles ; from the Top of each of thefe
arifes the Beginning of two other Branches, fo chat they feem
to be of Ufe in buoying up the Coralline.

Fig. f, N°’. 7. is the natural Appearance of this Co-
ralline.

Fig. F, is a magnified Branch with the Veficles.

N°. 8. Corallina alba f{permophoros, capillis tenuiffimis. Plate XXIV,
Corallina mufcofa, few Mufcus marinus tenui capillo /pernio- Peek @
pboros. Mor. Hift.Ox. PartlL.p.651. S.15.T. 1X. f 9.

Seed-bearing Coralline.

This exceeding flender white Coralline appears under the
Microfcope to bear little Veficles, in the Form of Seed-veffels,
. which feem to buoy it up in the Water ; out of each of thefe
arife two fine flender Hairs, and from each of which rife

Eni other

52 Natural Hiftory of

othér Veficles; from thefe proceed two fine pointed Hairs, 4
which -finifhes this beautiful minute Coralline. There feems }
to be a great Affinity between this and the crefted Coralline ; a:
tho’, from the whole of its Appearance, there feems jult Rea- a

fon to make it a diftint Species.

The Veficles, on the ftrifteft Examination, appear to have
no Opening into them.

IN?. 18; Fig. gs is the natural Appearance, but in general
the Tufts are fuller.

Fig. G, is a {mall Sprig, with the double Row of Veficles ;
magnified. )

Plat xxiv.N*, 9. Corallina plumofa nivea, fuco minimo, tereti adnafcens.
shoal Snow-white downy Coralline.

Among fome uncommon Corallines, which I received
from my worthy Friend the Reverend Mr. Bor/afe, near
Penzance in Cornwall, 1 met with this moft curious minute
one, adhering to a Fucus. At firft I took it for fome white
Down of Feathers; but, upon Examination, I found it to be
an articulated Coralline, with the Joints united by Zuéu/i, as
perfect as in the larger Kinds.

Fig. 4, ‘N°. 9. Plate XXIV. is the natural Size of it, ad-
hering to.a Piece of a Fucus.

Fig. H, is the magnified Appearance of feveral Pieces of *
the Coralline, faftened by fmall Globules to the Fibres of the 4
Fucus, \ikewife magnified. From thefe Globules rife 3 or 4 |
cylindrical Joints.

Fig. H 1, exprefles the Globule and Joints magnified
higher. The whole Surface appears here to be covered over
with hollow Squares.

Ob/fer-

Articulated CoRALLINES.

Obfervations on fome of the articulated Corallines of
Jamaica :

Thefe are introduced here, to fhew the Operations of Na-
ture in the warmer Climates ; and to fet before us in a clearer
Light, the curious Conftruction of the Corallines of our own.
Our articulated Gorallines, as. was obferved before, are fo
denfe, except the firft, and their Surfaces fo fmooth, that
the Microfcope can but juft difcover to us their Pores. The
WW eft-Indian Corallines are generally of a loofer Texture: The
naked Eye can eafily difcern the Pore-like Cells all over the
Surface; and at the fame time very plainly diftinguifh the
Tubes that connect the Joints.

When the cretaceous Matter is diflolved in Vinegar, we
may obferve, with the Microfcope, the Hinge-like Tubes
continued in Ramifications, that expand themfelves over the
flat Superficies of each Joint, and end in little Cups, that
are united at the Sides, fo as to form a Surface like an Ho-
neycomb: Each minute Cup has a {mall Hole at the Bottom,
by which it communicates with a particular little Tube of
one of the lefler Branches; and the Top of each Cup cor-
refponds with a Pore on the cretaceous Surface.

Fig. @ and 4, Plate XXV. fhew two Species of thefe
Corallines in their natural Size.

53

Plate XXV.
Fig. a. 6. ¢

Fig. 4, fhews the Pores of one of the Joints of Fig. ¢

magnified.

Fig. 41, fhews the regular Ramifications ending in flat
Surfaces of little connected Cups, joined together like an Ho-
neycomb, after the cretaceous Matter of the Joint, at Pig. 4,

was taken off by the Vinegar.

ite

54. Natural Hiltory of

Fig. B, and B 1, fhew the Joint and ramified Tubes of
the leffer Species at Fig. 4, magnified when the cretaceous
Surface was taken off in like manner.

I fhall introduce a third Species of articulated Coralline, |
on account of its Singularity ; it feems to be the Corallina
fifiulofa Famaicenfis candida cum internodiis brevifimis, &
guaf filo trajestis, of Plukenet. 1 fhall call it the Rofary
or Bead-Coralline of Famaica (See Fig. c, Plate XXV). }

The Fig. C, fhews one of the Beads magnified ; and on
the lower Part, where the next Bead is laid open to difcover
the Tube, we may perceive regular Rows of {mall Pipes,

that lead from the middle horny Tube, through the creta- .
ceous Subftance to the Cells on the Surface, atg. |

The Tuft of Hair-like Tubes, at C, which are to be een
at the Top of each Branch, appear to be the Ramifications,
that belong to the next Bead that is to be formed, —

—————

When the cretaceous Part is diffolved in Vinegar, we
find many Sced-like Particles difpofed among Cells of an
Heart-fhape, as at Fig. C'r.

To thefe I fhall add another Sea-production, upon ac-
count of its approaching to the articulated Corallines, in its
manner of growing.

I received it, among many other Varieties, from the Sea-
coaft of the Ife of Wight. It appears in the Microfcope to
be tubular, and different from any thing I have yet met with
from our Coafts. I have called it,

piatexxvit.Corallina tubulata tenera, dichotoma, & puftulofa.
Pig, 2. Bs Dichotomous tubular Coralline,

This appears, through the Microfcope, full of Warts and
Puftules,

Articulated CoRALLINES.

Puftules, with a fmall Speck in the Middle of each. It feems
to be of an horny tranfparent Nature. Each Pair of Joints or
Branches are inferted in the Top of the next Joint or Branch
below them, asin fome of the fmaller articulated Corallines

jut now defcribed.

Fig. 4; is the natural Size of a {mall Part of this Co-
ralline.

Fig. B, is a {mall Piece of it magnified.

CHAP,

55

56

Natural Hiftory of

CoH Aer we
Of the Keratophyta.

EXT in Order to the Corallines, may be ranked the
Frutices coralloides, or Sea-fhrubs ; now more gene-
rally known among Naturalifts by the different Appellations
of Lithophyta, Lithoxyla, or Keratophyta; Epithets intended te
convey an Idea of their Compofition, which, at firit View,
feems to confift partly of a woody or horny, partly of a
{tony or calcareous, Subftance, varioufly difpofed with refpect
to each other.

The general Form of thefe Bodies approaches to that of
Shrubs, having a Root-like Bafe, by which they adhere to
fome folid Support in the Ocean; and a Stem or Trunk,
and Branches differently difpofed ; fome rifing up in one or
more diftin&’ Twigs, and thefe fubdivided into fmaller and
feparate Ramifications ; while others have their f{maller
Branches connected in fuch a manner, as to form a curious
Net-like Structure: From this Diverfity of Figure, and ex-
ternal Appearance, they commonly borrow the Names, by
which they are known in the Cabinets of the Curious, as Sea-
Fans, Feathers, and the like.

But as it is not my Defign to write an exprefs Treatife on
this Subject, I fhall only obferve, That moft of thefe Kerato-
phyta when pertect, if their Structure is carefully examined,
exhibit the following Appearances: —

Firft, A woody kind of Bafe or Root, which either ftill
adheres, or fhews that it has adhered, to fome folid Body, as

Rocks, Corals, large Shells, or the like.

2 View

of KERATOPHYTA.

View this Bafe attentively, and it appears to confift of lon--

gitudinal Fibres lying clofe Side by Side, and conneéted in-
{eparably without Violence, running from the Circumference
of the Bafe to the rifing Trunk, along which they are dif-
pofed in like manner; and the fame Texture may by good
Glaffes be traced to the Extremities of the Branches. Thefe
Glaffes difcover, that what to the naked Eye feemed to be Fi-
bres, are indeed {mall ‘Tubes, of which the whole Shrub con-
fifts, but compreffed, and fhrunk in. /

If we cut the Trunk, or any large Branch of thefe Kerato-
phyta tran{verfely, and examine their Structure nicely, we
may plainly difcover, not only the Courfe of thefe longitu-
dinal Tubes, but, likewife, that they are circularly difpofed
about the Centre of the Trunk, fomewhat in the fame man-
ner as appears in the annual Circles of Wood, with this Dif-
ference however, that in the Keratophyta the Circles do not
adhere fo clofely to each other as in Wood; but appear
plainly to be {uperinduced, and often with fome heteroge-
neous Matter intervening.

The Part we have hitherto defcribed, is that which fome
Naturalifts have called the woody Part of the Keratophyta ;
others, from its affording when burnt a ftrong Smell like
burning Horn, the horny.

And this, in all the various Species of this kind of Bodies,
however different in Size, Figure, and external Appearance
they may be, appears almoft uniformly to be the fame, ex-
hibiting to the View a fimilar Structure, and the fame Princi-

ples, when chemically analyfed.

Upon this horny or woody Part is fuperinduced a kind of
ftony or calcarious Coat, covering both Trunk and Branches

to their very Extremities.
I The

$7

58

Natural Hiftory ~~ ,

The calcarious Coat commences thin where the Trunk:
begins, grows thicker as the Branches advance; and the
youngeft Fibres have, generally, by much the largeft Propor-
tion, if not the largeft Quantity furrounding them: This.
Part likewife, when thrown into the Fire, yields fomething,
of a marine horny Smell. If we examine this Coat attentive-
ly, even with the naked Eye, we may difcover in many

kinds, regular Orders of Pores or Cells; and, viewed by the:

Microfcope, it conftantly appears to be an organical Body,
and not the accidental Concretion of adventitious Subftances,
like the indurated Cruft upon Mofs and other Vegetables in.
petrifying Waters, but a regular Congeries,. like the Cells in.
which Animals have been formed, or exifted..

Moft of thefe kinds of Bodies, when perfeé?, exhibit the:
Appearances defcribed ; but we often fee thefe horny Shrubs.

in the Colleétions of Naturalifts, without any calcarious Co-.
vering at all. It muft not however be immediately de-
termined, that they were fo formed; fince it is more than:
probable, that they have been divefted of thefe Coverings,.
by the Violence of the Waves, and other like Accidents ; by
which they have been ftripped of a Part, that feems not.
lefs effential to thefe Bodies, than the Bark is to Trees. ‘This
accidental Change in their external Habit, has, neverthelefs,.
occafioned fome Difficulty to the Botanifts; and induced.
even Boerhaave himfelf,. to divide them into two: Families,
calling thofe that had their native calcarious Covering Titano-
Keratophyta; and thofe that were divefted of it, which om
the Sea-coaft will foon happen, only Keratophyza..

Notwithftanding thefe ftrong Circumftances, to prove the

animal Struéture of thofe fubmarine Bodies, yet as there are
many curious and ingenious Perfons, who ftill remain uncon-
vinced, it becomes neceflary for us to ferutinize into the Na--
ture of them with more Exactnefs.

Specimens

‘of KERATOPHYTA.

Specimens of a very young Growth, viz. 2 or 3 Inches high
have the Appearance of a {mall calcarious Sprig. When this
is diflected length-ways, and viewed with Attention, we find
in the Centre, a flender horny Tube, with fome whitifh
Matter in it like Pith; next to this Tube are other very {mall

Tubes of a calcarious Subftance, that adhere to it, and fur-

round it, covering over even the Pcint of the Top.

In more advanced Specimens, where they branch out,
thefe fine calcarious Tubes fend out little Cells of Animals of
the Polype kind, with proper Openings to them all. Thefe
Cells are difpofed along the Branches always in fome regular
Order, with great Exadtnefs, according to the particular
Species ; not like the Nefts of Infects on Plants, which are
accidentally placed here and there; and which many ima-
gine them to be; but in much the fame precife Form and
Manner, that we oblerve in the Cells of the Corallines.

From thefe Cells the Animals have been difcovered ex-
tending themfelves, as well to procure Food for themfelves,
as Materials for the Increafe of this fuprizing Stru@ture: But

this will be made clearer to us from fome following Obfer-
vations.

When Infe@s infeft a Vegetable, to devour its Leaves,
and build their Nefts upon its Trunk and Branchs, they are
rarely obferved to cover the whole Bark from the Bottom of
the Trunk, to the utmoft Extent of its Ramifications: But,
admitting this fhould happen to be the Cafe, I believe it will
be allowed, no-body ever faw Plants, fo totally incrufted over
with the Cells of Infeéts, live and flourifh after. It has been
generally remarked, that real Sea-vegetables, of which there
are a confiderable Variety, are as much fubject to be attacked
by different kinds of Sea-Infeéts, who build their Nefts on

re them,

59

60

Natural Hiftory

them, as the Land-Plants are to their kinds; but then, it is
as commonly obferved, that they fare much alike, that is,

they perifh and decay.

The Herring-bone Coralline defcribed at Fig. a, Plate X.
refembles thefe Kerazophyta in the Manner of its Growth very
nearly, except in the Incruftation, and is a miniature Figure’
of that pennated Species, called in the Weff-Indies the Sea-
Feather.

In order to fhew the great Affinity there is between the
Stru€ture of the pennated Keratophyta, and the veficulary
Corallines with Denticles, I fhall here give a fhort De-
{cription of a curious one from Sardinia, called the Sea-
Feather, which I lately met with in the curious Colleéions
of Mr. Baker, and Mr. Pond, Fellows of the Royal So-
ciety.

This beautiful marine Produdtion 1s about a Foot high :
The {mall Pimne, or Side-Sprigs, are placed alternately op-
pofite to each other, in a regular Order on each Side of the
main Stem. Thefe are furnifhed with feveral little Clufters
of fmall Tubercles placed at equal Diftances, and furround-
ing the Stem generally three together. When they are mag-
nified, they have much the Appearance of the bearing Buds
of Fruit-Trees. In this dry Specimen their Tops bend in to-

-wards the Stem of the Branch that fupports them.

The whole Surface is covered over with a calcarious Sub-
ftance, like moft of this Clafs.

Fig. S, in Plate XXVI. reprefents one of the Ramifications,
with the main upright Stem ; this, we may obferve, has a
very near Refemblance to the Form of the Sea-Fir Coralline,
Plate I. Fig. 6, pag. 4.

Fig,

‘
Ne
\

rn
hi
Ne.
ry
he
4
VE
“A

ae

AAU eet H
SAM ORE

r .
\ Z S mt Th /4
See ah > a
\ ee z fi Ss 4 t
a A % aS, MiCht eZm hi ¢
bie estore SS a ; LA Hi,
+ AN he ".. if (Sn 34) Ar i
b ACS ANNY Lo eg eA) “Whe
. U henene Pas t LN
‘ Yee 2 En ae ‘ NY aaa er Ba
/ oe’ 5 - > = f; fe (Mo 3
Wy) LE AS Mes 4 CB sere
rae tae)

of KERATOPHYTA. 6!

’ Fig. J, is a micrafcopical Reprefentation of two of thefe
Divifions, with their little Tubercles.

One of thefe Divifions being put into an acid Menfiruum,
the calcarious Matter was eafily diffolved, and the two Side-
‘Tubercles, at Fig. 7, were exhibited to View, divefted of
their Cruft or calcarious Covering ; and here we plainly dif
covered two Polypes with their Claws or Tentacu/i contract-
ed. Thefe, we perceived, were both united to the main
Body of the Animal, by a flender flefhy Subftance that pro-
ceeded from the Bottom of each. This flefhy Subftance, that
conftitutes the Centre of the Stem, or main Body of the
Animal, we can eafily trace through the Middle of the Stems
and Branches of the Keratophyra, when the calcarious Co-
vering is taken off.

In the fame manner, we may perceive the Polypes by
Pairs inferted into the central Mefhy Stems of the veficulary
Coralline, N°, 7. Plate IV. at Fig. C, and in N*. 8. Plate V.
at Fig. 4. |

I have now before me Specimens, that prove the horny rm
Circles, which furround and compofe the Stem and Branches, ‘Fis CD.
to be the Work of Animals; one particularly of the Kerato-
phyta, or Sea-fans, called by the celebrated Linneus, Flabel-
lum Veneris (See Plate XXVI_. Fig. 4); which, by fome Ac-
cident, has had one of the main Stems belonging to the
Branches broke quite acrofs, at Fig. B. But the broken Parts
have been kept near to one another by the fmall reticulated
Side-branches, at Fig. D. The Animals, in the Progrefs of
their Tubes upwards from the Trunk, Fig. K, as foon as
they met with this Obftruétion of the broken Stem, turned
ot to one Side, and proceeding along the reticulated Branches,
towards D, covered over the vacant Spaces with their horny

62.

Natural Hiftory

and calcarious Matter. At the dark Part near D, the cal-
carious Tubes are taken off, on purpofe to. fhew that the
horny Parts underneath, which ftill have the Appearance of
Tubes, have taken the fame Courfe and Dire@tion with the

calcarious ones, that fucceeded and covered them. After

this they made a fhort Turn, to gain the broken End of the
upper Part of the Stem of this Branch; and from thence
they continued their Progrefs along it towards the finer Ra-
mifications, as ufual.

Fig. E, reprefents two calcarious Tubes magnified: Thefe
were cut off from the cortical Part of the Trunk, near Fig. L.
The component Parts of the calcarious Matter are fo mag-
nified, that the particular Shape of them may be diftinguifh-
ed, which is not unlike that of the red Coral.

Fig, F and J, reprefent a fmall Sprig magnified, that was
taken from the Top of this Keratophyton, at Fig. O.

Fig. G, is a {mall Ramification of this Sprig, with the
calcarious Surface thinly taken off, to difcover the three
Tubes, that run juft under the Surface ; the two Side ones ap-
pear to have {mall Holes in them, as if the Animals commu-
nicated with the 2 Rows of Cells on the Sides. By cutting
another very thin Slice, we difcover both the horny Tube in
the Middle, and the two Rows of Cells; which are both ex-
prefied on the oppofite Ramification, at Fig. 7.

In each of thefe Cells we plainly difcover a {mall Polype,
of the Size of the Figures at /V, and of the fame Shape with
the magnified Figures at M. This Specimen’ was lately
brought from the We/f-Indies; the Animals were very diftin-
ouifhable, but contracted: The dark Holes on the Sides of
the Stem, and lower Branch of this magnified Sprig, # and

I ;

<oedeay

of KERATOPHYTA.

F, are the Holes from whence the Polypes extend them-
felves.

Fig. J, is the lower End cut floping off, to fhew the Ca-
yvities of the Tubes and Cells.

In the Centre of the Se&tion is the End of the comprefled

horny Tube. ‘The {mall reticulated Branches of this Kerazo--

phyton are much comprefied; and when we view them in
Front, their thin Edge ftands towards us.

Fig. K, is the horizontal Se@tion of this great Branch,
fhewing the feveral’ circular Layers of contracted ‘Tubes,,

which now look like the annular Circles of Wood.

In the fame Keratophyton, or Sea-Fan, is another remark-
able Inftance of the Animals forming the horny Part of the
Branches..

This Specimen appears to have the Progrefs of its Growth
ftopt by fome impending Rock, or other Accident; Part of
its upper Branches appearing as if cut off in a Line horizon-
tally, Fig. c. This we obferve has diverted the Courfe of
the Animals back the Way they came, fo that we find many
of the late formed Cells covered over, and confufed with an
irregular Appearance of the calcarious Matter. This we can

perceive, as far as we can trace the Animals back in their Re- -
treat ; and, upon taking off the calcarious Matter, we find,,
that the horny Subftance, which they have depofited fince

their Return, had filled up moft of the vacant Places, in that:
Past of the Reticulation..

Befides the horny and woody Subftance of the Stem and’

Branches of thefe Kerazophyta, I have lately met with one:
from South Carolina, in the Colle@tion of Mr. Peter Collinfon,,

FB. R. 8. whofe inward Parts are intirely of a fpongy Tex-

ture,,

63.

64

Natural Hiftory

ture, and the whole Subftance of it, feels as light as
Cork.

The outward Surface is compofed of a mealy friable Mat-
ter of the Colour of red Lead, not unlike the Covering of
the common red Coral, as it is brought to us, when firft
taken out of the Sea, but fuller of little ftarry Holes. The
Matter that compofes the Cells which lies immediately under
this, has fome Degree of Tenacity, and the internal Part is
{till more compact, and confifts of a faint red fpongy Sub-
flance.

The Surface of the principal Stems are furrounded by pa-
rallel Tubes: Thefe Tubes we may trace up along the
Branches, till they change infenfibly into Rows of Cells, as
we may obferve in fome of the celliferous Corallines.

Fig. P, Plate XXVI. is a Reprefentation of a {mall Piece
of this fpongy Keratophyton, in its natural Proportion.

Fig. Q, is a Piece of the Top of one of the Branches, cut
perpendicularly through the Middle, to fhew the Situation
of the Cells. Thefe Rows of Cells furround the young
Branches on all Sides; and the fpongy Parts between them
appear in the Microfcope to be full of irregular tubular Ca-
Vities,

The internal {pongy Part of this Species is more intimately
united to the cellular cortical Part, than in any other Species
we have yet feen.

Fig. R, is the horizontal Seétion of the fame Branch, to
fhew the Difpofition of the feveral Rows of Cells, furround-
ing the fpongy central Part.

I have obferved, in fome Specimens of the pennated Kera-
tophyton, or Sea-Feather, that, when the Whole, or Part of
it,

of KERATOPHYTA.

it dies, the Animal of the M:/epora Coral Kind frequently
‘incrufts its dead Branches with a white coral Matter, fo that
many Perfons have been deceived by not examining it care-
fully, and have taken it for a calcarious, inftead of a {tony,
Incruftation. But, befides the Difference of the Materials of
which thefe Coverings are compofed, the Irregularity of the
Coral is eafily to be diftinguifhed, from the great Exa@nefs
of the natural Incruftation.

Another Obfervation naturally follows this; and that is,
we never find upon one and the fame Species of Keratophy-
ton, two different kinds of calcarious Incruftations. Not-
withftanding I have feen three different Species of Kerato-
plyta adhering to one Piece of Rock-coral; and in the
fame Piece, Part of a dead Keratophyton incrufted with the
Coral.

The Particles of this cortical Cruft, which are of a pecu-
liar Figure in each Species, are often deeply impreffed into
the laft Row of Tubes, which are now become woody or
horny, from having their calcarious Parts mixed with the
glutinous Parts of the Animal, and are the prefent Surface
of the inner Part.

No Bark, Membrane, or other outfide Covering, are ever
found on this Genus of marine Produétions, except this cel-
lular calcarious Coat, which fhews it to be its natural one.

Whoever has carefully examined the upright and crofs
Sections of Trees: and Shrubs, or even the Stems of Sea-
plants, will find, that the longitudinal Veflels of the woody
Parts are always connected together by lateral Fibres, or
have lateral Tubes. But on the niceft Enquiry we could
make with the Microfcope, we could never difcover any of
thefe conneéting Fibres, or Tubes, proceeding from the Pith

K to

65

66

Natural Hiftory

to the Circumference, among the comprefied longitudinal
Tubes and Veffels of thefe Keratophyta; fo that the Vifci-
dity, derived from the Animals, feems to be the chief Caufe |
of thefe Tubes uniting fo clofely together ; for in fome par-
ticular Specimens from the hotteftClimate, they form a Body
much harder than Wood, efpecially after they are become
very dry.

If we examine the ftony red Coral of the Mediterranean
Sea, we fhall find a great Affinity between it and the Kera-
tophyta, in ‘Texture, and chemical Produétions; only the
Ramifications are very fhort, and the Tubes turn to Stone
inftead of Horn. But if we confider the Courfe of the Tubes
in each, the Manner of their furrounding the Stem, aug-
menting its Circumference and that of the. Branches, its
rough, friable, bark-like Surface, together with the ftarry
Openings of the Cells, we muft think they are not far re-
moved from each other, in the great Scale of Nature.

We frequently meet with Specimens among the reticu-
lated Keratophyta, where the Animals, in their Progrefs up
the Stems and Branches, pafs with their Tubes over, and in-
clofe, fmall Shells, and other extraneous Bodies.

Something of the fame kind is found in the Progrefs of the
Animals, that form the red Coral, the Tubes of thefe are
often found furrounding, and fpread upon a great Variety of .
Subftances. ,

As many of the Sea-plants, I mean thofe that are undoubt-
edly of a vegetable Nature, difcover fome kind of Seed-veffels,
we fhould naturally expect they would be manifeft enough on
the largeft kind of this Tribe of Sea-productions ; for we have
been informed, from very good Authority, that, upon the
Coaft of Norway, fome of thefe Species have been feen to

extend

al
Ed a)
-@ 4
of)

be

Plate XXVI. —

N38 Kirk Scalp.

of KERATOPHYTA., 67

extend themfelves 16 Feet in Length; whereas, I believe,
no-body has yet feen the leaft Tendency to Fruétification in
thefe Bodies, unlefs what appears in the cellular cortical Part
fhould by any be deemed fo; notwithftanding Obfervation,
and many Experiments, fhew us plainly that this has much
greater Affinity to the Work of Animals.

Laftly, The chemical Experiments, that have been made
on thefe Bodies, are a ftrong Proof, if there were no other
Demonftrations, of their being animal.

I need not mention any other to the curious, than the great
Quantity of volatile Salts, that may be extraéted from them,
and the ftrong Smell they yield, when burnt, of roafted
Oyfters.

We have as yet met with but two kinds of Keratophyta on
thefe Coafts, and even thefe are rare. The farft is;

N°. 1. Keratophyton flabelliforme, cortice verrucofo obduc- ee
tum. R. S. pag. 32.
Warted Sea-fan.

This was found on the Coal of Cornwa//. The Outfide
_of it is covered over with a Cruft, full of little Lumps like
Warts; which, when diflolved in Vinegar, difcover the con-
tracted Bodies of Polypes, with eight Claws.

Fig. a, N°. 1. reprefents a {mall Sprig of this Keratophyron.

Fig. 4, and 4 1, are two Views of one of the Warts
magnified.

Fig. 4 2, is the Appearance which the Polype made,
when the cretaceous Matter was diflolved.

Fig. 4 3, reprefents the Particles magnified, that compofe
the Incruftation.
K 2 Wes 2

68 | Natural Hiftory

Platexxvil.N°, 2, Keratophyton dichotomum, caule & ramulis leviter
"8 & compreffis. R.S. p. 32.
Sea-willow. .

This was found on the Coaft near Margate, and fome
Specimens of it have been lately received from Ireland.

On both Edges of the flat Branches are regular Rows of
little rifing Cells in the calcarious Part, with {mall Holes for
an Entrance to each.

Fig. g, N*. 2. is a fmall Sprig of this Keratophyton, in ,
its true Proportion.

CHAP.

Aw it '

E
ie ih.

gee Moin Se ae bas " 5 A i oA it J)
f he - c
-
’
7
: Hy
\ ‘
L
|
¢
- <
’
\
i

ZT Roberts Seugp-

of the Escwara.

Car mE ur
Of the Efchara.

HOUGH thefe Bodies properly belong to the Mil/e-

‘ pora, yet, as I have generally followed the celebrated

Ray, 1 thall keep to his Appellations; adding fuch a De-

{cription to each, as may enable the Naturalifts eafily to rank
them in their proper Places.

My Author’s Characteriftic of this Clafs is, that their Sur-
faces fhould refemble that of a Web of Cloth. And the Mi-
crofcope informs us, that they confift of Arrangements of very
{mall Cells, whofe Surfaces appear much in that Form.

‘The very near Refemblance, that the two firft of the fol-
lowing E/chara bear to Leaves of Plants, has given Occafion
to the botanic Writers to clafs them among the Fucus’s.

Ne1. LEfchara foliacea, millepora, tenera anguftior, foliolis
quaft abfciffis, & cellulis oblongis alternis utringue inftrudta.
Fucus marinus, [crupofus, albidus, anguftior, compreffus
extremitatibus guaft abjcifis. HH. Ox. TI. pag. 646.
R.S. p. 43:
Narrow-leaved Hornwrack.

The eafy Tranfition in the Order of Nature, from the laft
Clafs which was the Keratophyta, to the firft of this, is re-
markable ; for, in this Species, the Rows of Cells continue to
proceed from {mall Tubes, that unite together, and form a kind
of Stalk: This divides, as it rifes, into narrow Leaves, made
up of regular Rows of oblong Square fhaped Cells, placed
alternately by each other, and oppofite to an equal Number
on the other Side of the Leaf, like the Honeycomb: From

thefe

69

Plate
XXVIII.
Fig. a. 4,

70 Natural Hiftory

thefe Leaves proceed other ftill {maller foliaceous Ramifica-
tions, many of which feem to be connected at the lower Part
by Tubuli, asin the Corallines; by which Means they can
ply to and fro more freely in the Water.

Fig.a, N°’. 1. gives the natural Appearance of this Co-
ralline.

Fig. 4, reprefents two Leaves, with their Zidu/i and Cells
magnified.

- Fig, B, is a crofs Section of one of the Leaves at 4, fhew-
ing the Partition, and inner Form of the Cells.

Plate xxIX.N°, 2. Efchara foliacea, Millepora, fpongiofa, cellulis ar-
"8 «4 cuatis alternis utrinque inftruéta.
Fucus telam lineam, fericeamve, textura Jua emulans.,
R.S.N°.g. p. 42.
Broad-leaved Hornwrack.

This Coralline, when frefh taken out of the Sea, is of a
fpongy foft Texture, and f{mells very fifhy ; but when it has
lain for fome time on the Shore, it becomes ftiff and horny,
like fome Sort of withered Leaves, Both Surfaces, when ex-
amined by Glafles, appear to be covered with Cells; and,
when a Piece of it is cut acrofs, one may difcover the thin
Membrane that ferves as a Bafe to the Cells of each Surface.

The Form of the Cells is very remarkable, each one being
arched at the Top, and contracted a little at the lower Part
of the Sides, to make Way for the Arches of the two next
adjoining Cells, fo that, by this particular Conftruction, no
Room is loft. The Entrance of the Cells is immediately
under the Arch of each Cell, and the Walls of the Cells
feem to be fortified with Spines.

The

Ee a

—

’
— sen

Plate XXIX.

ds

B bisa

LISI Wan

mn } yy J } |
ARVARI™

= SSS SS
ss
SSSSSSSSS

» Ss
~)' |
Se

=: 2 ~@o . ,
a ee “i 7 in

i “as ae %

of the EscHARA. 71

The celebrated Do&tor Bernard Fuffiew difcovered {mall
Polypes extending themfelves out of thefe Cells, which he
has defcribed in the Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences
for the Year 174.2.

Upon examining fome Specimens lately, I difcovered, at
the Entrance of many of the Cells, a fmall teftaceous Body,
like a bivalve Shell.

The Figure of the Cell, with the Shell in it, is magnified
at H, Plate XXIX. It is of a tranfparent Amber-colour, fo
clear that one may fee the dead Animal through it, repre-
fented by the black Spot. 3

Fig. a, N°. 2. gives us the natural Appearance of a leafy
Branch of this Coralline.

Fig. 4, isa Part of a Leaf magnified to fhew the fuperfi-
cial Figure of the Cells, and the Manner in which they are

difpofed.

Fig. B, fhews a crofs Section of a Leaf, and difcovers the
feveral Partitions of the Cells.

Fig. C, fhews the fame Cells in fingle Ranges, or Sur-
faces, creeping on a Fucus, with the Cells of the common
Sea-Infeé that infefts all marine Bodies on thefe Coafts. -

N°. 3. Efchara foliacea, millepora, lapidea, extremitatibus pine xxx.
hine inde irregulariter coale/centibus, utrague fuperficie ex Fig.a. 4.
cellulis ovatis conftans.

Efchara retiformis. R.S.p.31. Reticulum marinume
J. B. HI. 809.
Stony foliaceous Coralline

This ftony Millepora was found growing to an Oyfter-thell,
on the Weft Coaft of the Ile of Wight, in April 1753; and,
when

72

ise? KXX.
Fig. b.

Plate XXX.

Fig. d. D.

Plate XXV.

Natural Hiftory

when it was received, the Infects were vifible in the Cells,
but dead. )

Fig. a, N°. 3 1 doles the exaét Appearance of it, orow-
ing on a fall Oyfter- fhell.

Fig. 4, is a Piece of the Surface, magnified to fhew the
Entrances of the Cells. :

Fig. B, is a crofs Section, and C, an upright Section, to
fhew the inward Form and Partitions of the Cells magnified.

Fig. 4, is a Piece of Italian Coral, fhaped like a Stag’s
Horn, and called by Imperatus, Porus cervinus. It is intro-
duced here to fhow, that upon magnifying it in feveral
Views, the outward and inward Form of the Cells are ex-
actly the fame with this before us.

Fi. D, is the magnified Appearance of Fig. d. This

fhews the fame fhaped Cells furrounding a Fucus ; but thefe
are made of fofter Materials. Their Entrances are guarded
by Spines ; and their Surfaces are fuller and rounder, than
thofe of the ftony Coralline, being of a fpongy Texture. For
the {tony ones, from being plump and round, when they were

quite Rothtecon the age funk almoft to a flat Surface, as

they became dry.
To this I fhall add a Defcription of that beautiful Mi/k-

"s-42- pora called, the Retepora efchara ee of Imperatus, pag.

630: becaufe this has been-takén for the Efchara retiformis,

of Ray, jult defcribed.

This is found growing to Shells and Rocks on the Italian
Shore, in irregular leafy Figures, but very often in the Form
of a Cup, or Drinking-glafs, irregularly expanded at the
Brim. As at Fig. d, in Plate XXV. it is made up of a Com-
bination of Infects Cells, the whole Subftance is regularly

pierced

.
i

inl
7

ei

poe .
<a

me
Sr

of the EscHARA.

pierced with Holes quite through, which gives it the Ap-
pearance of a Net. The Spaces between the Holes, on the
Infide of this Coral, are full of the fmall Entrances into the
Infe&s Cells, which are prefented magnified at Fig. D.

The Back or under Part of the Coral is magnified at F,
to fhew that there is no Opening to the Cells on that Side.

N°. 4. Efchara millepora, foliacea & fpongiofa, cellulis, cont
inverfi forma, oribus fetaceis.
Irregular {pongy foliaceous Coralline.

The common Sea-infeé&s Cell, with which moft marine
Bodies are over-run, is now-and-then found raifing itfelf into
a leafy Figure, like the preceding Corallines ; but the fame
great Regularity and Order is not fo ftricily obferved in the
Difpofition of the Cells.

Fig. a, N°. 4. gives us the natural Appearance of this irre-
gular fpong ry Canthing: Part of which is magnified at Fi-
cure 4.

Fig. 4, reprefents the Manner in which thefe Infec&s fur-
round and inveft fome of the Fucus’s with their Cells.

This has given many ingenious Perfons an Opinion, that
the Keratophyta are of fhe fame Natures ; that is, that they
are no more than Sea-plants, on which different Species of
Sea-Infeéts build their calcarious Nefts ; but this, we hope, has
been already explained fufficiently ; itd fome of the miftaken
Notions, concerning their Formation, removed.

73

Plate XXXI,
Fig. a. A.

Fig. D, in Plate XXIX. reprefents fome of the fame Kind plate xxrx.

SF comitton Sea-Infeéts Cells magnified, as they were found
adhering to the fame Fucus, with the arched Cells of the fe-
cond Efchara, or foliaceous Millepora ; only the Matter, of

L, which.

Fig. C. Dz

74 Natural Hiftory

which thefe are formed, is of a frmerNature; it was taken out
of the Sea, at a great Depth, near Falmouth; looks fmoother
and whiter than this now before us, and is without Hairs.

While I was at Brighthelmffone, I had an Opportunity |

of feeing the Animal, which belongs to thefe Cells. It is a
Polype with 12 Terzaculi, inclofed in a {mall Tube, in the
Middle of the Cell, as it is reprefented magnified, at Fig. D 1,
in Plate XXIX. When they are difturbed, they draw them-
{elves into their Tube or Sheath, which clofes on them ; and
fink, together with it, into their Cells.

Plate XXV. N@. 5. Efchara millepora arenofa Anglica. R. S. p. 31.
19. és e . .
Bie Lorica marina Imperati. 688.

Englifp Landy Millepora.

Upon examining this Sea-produétion in the Microfgope,
it appears to be a Collection of Sand, united by the vifcid
Matter of fome Sea-Infe&ts, and difpofed in a flat thin Sur-
face, full of {mall Cavitics, where the Infects have been.

Fig. e, in Plate XXV. is the natural Size of a Part of it.

N°. 6. Efchara millepora, minima, crufiacea, dilute-purpu-
PlateXXVII. yeq, cellulis tubiformibus, ordine fere equali, © parallelo

Fig. e. E. ‘ .
difpofitis.
Small purple E/chara.

This Incruftation is compofed of circular Rows of very
fmall, and almoft parallel Pipes, of a femitranfparent faint
purple Colour. It is found furrounding the Stalks of Fucus’s,
and the denticulated Corallines.

Fig. e, N°. 3. Plate XXVII. is the natural Appearance.

And-

of the EscHARA. 75

And Fig. £, the magnified one of this Incruftation. This
belongs properly to the Tubularia of Linneus.

N°. 7. Efchara willeara lapidea, inftar pumicis porofa. Pete XXVI
Porous Efchara. gf. PF.

This ftony Incruftation is often found on the fickle Co-
ralline, in irregular Lumps, appearing like white Sand ftrongly
united together. But in the Microfcope, it feems to confift
of an infinite Number of fmall round Cells, placed in no
regular Form, only the circular Entrance to the Cells appears
on the Outfide of each; fo that, in the Microfcope, it looks
like a Pumice-ftone.

Fig. f, N°. 4. exhibits the natural Size of the Cells, which
are magnified at Fig. & But the Incruftation itfelf is often
found much larger than the Size of the magnified Part F.

Ee Oa ACP.

"6 Natural Hiftory

EY ANP SS VIF
Of the Englith Corals.

HE Definition, that Ray gives us in his Synopfis, of

Coral, is this, that itisa kind of Plant almoft ftony,
branched like a Shrub without Leaves, and with no vifible
Pores.

PlatexXxviI.N°, 1, Corallium pumilum album, fere lapideum, ramofum.
iz. C. y : F
HE Corallium album pumilum noftras. R.S. p. 32.
Ifs. Winewi Genera. 974.

This confifts of fhort irrecular Ramifications of a chalky
Appearance, and ftony Subftance (See Fig. c, N°. 1). But,
when highly magnified, appears full of {mall Pores, not un-

like thofe in Fig. B, Plate XXIV.

Great Quantities of this Kind are dredged up near Fa/-
mouth, and ufed by the Inhabitants, with Succefs, to manure
their Land. See the Obfervations on this Coral in Ray's Sy-
nopfis, under this Article.

_I lately received fome Specimens of a faint purple, or livid
red Colour, that had been dragged up in the Nets of the
Herring-Fifhers, near the [fle of Man; as allo from Ireland,
fome Specimens of this Genus, refembling a Bunch of very
{mall Grapes of a whitifh Colour.

PlatexxviL. No. 2. Corallium cretaceum lichenoides.
Fig dD. — Corallium maritimum calcariis rupibus adnafcens. Mot.
H.. Ox. TL gp. 667.
Chalky Coral, fhaped like Liverwort.
This chalky Incruftation is found in great Plenty on the

Coatt

of the ENcLisa CorA.s..

Coaft of Cornwall, growing to Rocks and Shells. The Sur-
face of this Coral, upon a nice Examination, appears full of
{mall Pores, which almoft difappear, if they have been kept
any Length of Time from the Sea. A {mall Piece broken
off, and placed in the Microfcope, exhibits fideways a View
of feveral Stages of Cells, divided from one another, as at

Fig. D.

If a Piece is put into Vinegar, the chalky Part foon dif
folves, and the Partitions and Cells become very vifible.
The membranous Part, remaining unaffected by the. Acid,
makes it probable that it is of animal Conftruction.

Fig. d, N°. 2. reprefents a Piece of this Coral, adhering
to a Limpet’s Shell.

We often meet with Specimens of the green Cozferva, or
Silk-weed, that grows on the Rocks, with its flender Branches
furrounded by thin Incruftations of this Coral ; and fome of
the broad thin Fucus’s, with their Surfaces almoft covered
with it,

CHAP,

77

78

Natural Hiftory
CHAP. VIL
Of Sponges.

HAT this Clafs of marine Bodies is of an animal Nature,

was an Opinion that prevailed {0 early as in Ari/fotle’s

Time. For in his Hiforia Animalium, Book V. Chap. 16.
he tells us, “‘ Many People were of Opinion, that Sponges
“ were capable of Feeling, and that they would fhrink back,
“ if any one attempted to pluck them up.” Ariffotle,
however, rejected this Notion ; as did moft of his Followers :

‘Though it feems not improbable, but that thofe, who firft

broached it, had fome kind of Experience, as a Foundaticn
for their Opinion; fince, if the Sponges fhould be found to
be the Habitation, the Fabric of Polypes, or Ayimalcules of
a particular Order, no doubt but the fudden Retreat of many
thoufands of thefe together, into the Holes they refided in,
upon the Approach of Danger, would give the Perfon, who
was wrefting the whole Colony from its fixed Abode, a Senfe
of a different Species of Refiftance, from that which a Sub-
ftance, not animated, could be fuppofed to do.

There are not many Kinds of Sponges on our own Coatfts ;
and thefe, for the moft part, are minute and tender. We
feldom meet with them, till after they have been long fepa-
rated from their Places where they grew; and of courfe the
Organization greatly injured. So that, notwithftanding I
have examined with the utmoft Attention, moft of thofe
that our own Coafts afford, and likewife a great Variety of
different Species of Sponges, with which the Cabinets of fe-
veral of my Acquaintance here are furnifhed, yet I own it
is not in my Power to give fo explicit an Account of the

Structure

of SPONGES.

Stru@ure and Ufes of the feveral Parts of this Clafs of Bo-
dies, as would be fatisfatory: And, indeed, this can {earcely
be expected from any, but thofe who live near the Places
where the Sponges are found, and who have Leifure and
Abilities to confider them while recent.

If we carefully examine a fmall Part of one of thofe
Sponges, whofe Ramifications are large and diftin@, in
the Microfeope, we find that they rife from many {mall
Tubes ; thefe, as they extend themfelves upwards, fend out
Side-branches in various Directions, which inofculate, and,
uniting thus with each other, form a compound Reticulation
quite through the Infide of the whole Mafs. In viewing the
Extremities of the upper or laft Shoots, we perceive fmall
Openings at the End of their Fibres; and as we trace thefe
Fibres back from the Opening downwards, we fee a foft
whitifh Subftance, which fills the internal hollow Part of all
the Ramifications, through the whole Sponge; which Ra-
mifications have much the Appearance of tranfparent Cat-
gut of an Amber-colour ; and, doubtlefs, are the Lodgments
of Animals of a particular Clafs. For, though we cannot
- diftinguih either Veficles, or Cells; or difcover any other kind
of Organization, than that of a hollow Tube varioufly infle&t-
ed, and wrought together into a Multitude of agreeable Forms;
fome branched like Corals; fome expanded like a Fungus;
fome rifing up flrait like a Column ; others broad at Top,
a narrow Bafe, and hollowed like a Funnel, with regular Ca-
vities, Entrances, or Apertures, which are nearly alike in
all Sponges of the fame Species: Yet, from many obvious Re-
femblances to divers other Clafles of Sea-productions, which
are found to be of animal Conftru@ion, and from the che-
mical Analyfis of Sponges in general, there feems fufficient
Reafon to induce us to give them a Place here with the reft ;

though

i,

80

Natural Hiftory .

tho’, for Want of proper Opportunities to examine them while
recent, I cannot exhibit fo circumftantial an Account of them, -
as hath been done of the other Clafles of Sea-productions.

Of the feveral kinds of Sponges, found upon our Coaft, 1
fhall only mention two, as I have not been able to procure
Specimens of the reft fufficiently perfed.

PlateXXXILN® y, onota- ranola Brittanica. Park. 1304. Rina 5
Bate Nex. Spongia ramofa Br ES 304.7 IRS

pag. 29. N°. 4.
Branched Englifh Sponge.

The fibrous Ramifications of this Sponge are extremely
fine, tender, and tranfparent, of a pale yellow Colour, and
moft curioufly interwoven. ‘The Branches rife irregularly,
but upright; they frequently inofculate with one another,
and are a little comprefled along the Edges of the Sides.
At certain regular Diftances, we may obferve fmall circular
Holes, which feem regularly worked, in the Manner we find
them in the Webs of Spiders.

Fig. f, Plate XXXII. gives us the natural Appearance of
a Branch of Exglifb Sponge, with the Entrances of the Ca-
vities along the Edges, at Fig. g.

Fig. E, isa Piece of the Top of this Sponge magnified.

Platexvi. N°, 2. Spougia mmedullam panis referens.

o )
Fig. d.

Alcyoniuin ramofum molle, medulle panis intus fimile. B.S.

pag. 3).

Sponge, like Crumb of Bread.
This Sponge is of a very irregular Shape, and whitifh Co-
lour, growing often round Fucus’s and Corallines. The
whole Surface is full of Holes, vifible to the naked Eye;

and, when it is examined by the Microfcope, all the Inter-

{tices

a

of SPONGES.

{tices between thofe Holes are filled with other minute ones ;
thefe have a regular roundifh Entrance to each, and feem to
be compofed of {mall Bundles of minute tranfparent Fibres,
that crofs*one another, as if conftruéted by fome Animal:
Thefe Fibres, or rather Spicule, are fo extremely fine and
fharp, that they affect the Skin like Cow-itch.

Fig. d, Plate XVI. is the natural Appearance of a Piece:

of this Sponge ; but in general it is found branched out.

The {mall Piece, at Fig. d 1, is magnified to the Size of
Fig. D 1, to fhew the Manner in which the Bundles of mi-
nute Spicule are laid, to form the {maller Holes that cover
the Surface.

M CHAP.

SI

82 Natural Hiftory of

Song ite ule opie bo
Of the Alcyonium.

HIS Clafs of marine Bodies is, by Mr. Ray, placed

after the Sponges, and is called a kind of Plants grow-
ing in Water, formed like Fuagws’s of various Figures, and ~
with different Sorts of Covering ; fome having a gritty, and
fome a callous Skin, with a fpongy Subftance in the Infide,
Other Species are of a flefhy Subftance.

Czfalpinus was of Opinion, that this Clafs of Bodies was
compofed of the Froth of the Sea, differently modified, and
of different Colours, and grew to Rocks in the Manner of
Sponges.

At prefent, we fhall confider it as confifting of fuch ma-
rine Subftances (chiefly the Nefts and Matrices of Sea Ani-
mals) as are not reducible to any other Clafs.

platexvit. N°. 1. Alcyonium pulmonis inftar lobatum.
Fig. 8. An Pulmo marinus alter Rondeletii 132? R.S. p.3x.
Nes: ,
Sea Fig.

This Sea-produétion is of a dark Olive-colour, of a flefhy
Subftance, and {mells very difagreeably when it is opened ;
the Infide is full of little oblong yellow Particles, from whence
it borrows the Name of the Sea Fig among the Fifhermen,
from whom it was procured, with many other Things of the
like kind, at Whiteffable. As foon as I received it I put it
into Spirits, in order that I might examine it more minutely,
being thus kept from fhrinking.

The

the ALCYONIUM. 83
The natural Size is reprefented at Fig. J.

When I applied my Glafs to it, I found the whole Sur
face covered with {mall Stars of fix Rays, like {mall Polypes
of fix Claws. J

Fig. C, gives you the Appearance it made when magni-

fied.

Upon opening it, I found the Infide confifted of a great
Number of little Bags of a yellowifh Colour, full of a ‘clear
_ vifcid Liquor ; in the midft of this was a {mall Dué leading
to the Centre of the Star at the Top of each. This Seétion is
reprefented magnified at Fig. B.

In examining one of thefe Bags attentively, I difcovered {e-
veral regular Figures, like Shells, in this inner Tube or Du@,
placed upon one another. But whether they are the Food
of the Animal in the Gut or Stomach, or whether it is the
Ovary, I am not certain.

Fig. D, is the true Appearance magnified.

N°’. 2. <Aleyonium ramofo-digitatum molle, afterifcis undi- PlateXXKIL
guaque ornatum. R. S. pag. 31. N°. 2. Fig. a. 4.
Dead Man’s Hand, or Dead Man’s Toes.

This extraordinary Sea-produdtion is indebted for its Exg-
lifob Name to the Fifhermen, who often take it up in their
Nets, when they are trawling for flat Fifh. It is met with
very frequently on the Kenti/b Coatt.

The fmall Specimen reprefented at Fig. a, is exa@tly drawn
from Nature. This was taken near the Buoy of the Wore,
fticking, as it is reprefented, to a fmall Oyfter-fhell; and
fent to me in Sea- Water quite recent, which gave me the
better Opportunity of examining it carefully.

M 2 When

84 Natural Hiftory of

When it farft came, I obferved the Surface full of
{mall Papille, with a Star of eight Points on the Top of
each. After it had been fuffered to reft for fome time in the
Salt-Water, each fmall Star fent forth a Polype, with eight
Tentaculi, or Claws, in the Manner exhibited in the mag-
nified Specimen at /.-

In magnifying one of the Polypes a little higher, I obferved,
that each Zentaculum, or Claw, had, on both Sides, Rows
of minute fhort Fibres, like the Down on fome pappous
Seeds of Vegetables. This is reprefented at Fig. 4 2.

In the ftony Coral, found on the Shore near Vew York, I
obferved fomething very fimilar to this flefhy Kind of Co-
ral. A Piece of this ftony Coral is reprefented at 41. And
one of the Stars is magnified a little, to {fhew the Marks left
by the fame Kind of {mall Fibres of the Zentaculi, in the
Rays of this ftarry Figure, as at 4 3.

When the Water became putrid, the Animals in the flefhy
Coral died, and the whole Subftance {melt cadaverous. It
was afterwards dried, in which Condition it fhrunk up to a

{pongy light Subftance.

piateXxxILN’, 3. Aleyonium, feu Veficaria marina. J. Bauhin,
Fig. Be Sea Wath-balls.

This marine Production is compofed of {mall yellow Blad-
ders of a compreffed globular Shape, connected together in
Form of a Ball, and very tough. It is found very frequently
thrown up on our Shores, and ufed by the Sailors as Soap to
wath their Hands.

Upon difie@ting fome of thefe Bladders, I found them to
be the Ovaries, or Matrices, of our .common Buccinum, or
Whelk ; each diftiné: Matrix is about the Size of half a large

Pea,

the ALCYONIvUM.

Pea, and contains feveral embryo Shells; which, as they ap-
proach towards Maturity, diftend their Covering, and force
open a Valve-like Door, fituated in the front Edge of
this little Bladder, by which they creep out, and fhift for
themfelves.

Fig. 6, Plate XXXII. is the natural Size of one of thefe
Balls. °.

Fig 41, is a fingle Matrix, or Bladder, laid open, to
fhew the natural Size of the embryo Shells.

Fig. B, is the fame, a little magnified, with the Valve in
the Front.

The wonderful Care that Nature takes in the Produions
of fome of the fame Tribe of Shell-fith, is fhewn in a ftill
more furprizing Manner in that Species of Buccinum called

by Dottor Lifer ;

Buccinum ampullatum clavicula fulcata, una parte cujufgue

orbis in planum compreffa. Lifter, Plate 878, and 879.
Called by fome, the Tower of Babel Fig-thell.

This breeds in great Plenty cn fome of the Coafts of
North America, efpecially on the Shore from Wew York to
Virginia.

The Ovaries, or Matrices, are of a comprefled oval Form,

and fome of them of the Shape of the Limpet, or Patella,
but flatter at the Top.

Thefe are united on one Side to a tough pliable Liga-
ment, fo near to each other as to feem to lie on one an-
other, On the front Edge, oppofite to where they are fa-
ftened, is the arched Door, by which the young ones, when

they

Plate
9.9.4 0B
Fig. a. 4.

86

Natural Hiftory of

they are capable of providing for themfelves, make their Re-
treat into the Sea.

The Valve that covers this Door, during their minute
State, is a moft curious Contrivance, to preferve the tender
Animals from the Sea-Water, till they are able to venture
into it.

During their Confinement, they are cover€d with a Slime
like the White of an Ege; which, no doubt, nourifhes and
promotes the Growth of the young Animals. |

If we attentively confider this String of Ovaries, we fhall
be apt to conclude, that both they, as well as the Animals,
grew after they were depofited by the Parent Whelk ; for
they appear by much too large for even the largeft of this
Tribe ever to have contained. © At firft Sight, they have the
Appearance of fomething belonging ‘to the vegetable Tribe,
and are not unlike the Strings-of Secd-Veflels of the Hop
Hornbeam. %

Fig. a, Plate XXXII. reprefents one of thele Strings of
Matrices of the Virginia Whelk of | a middling Size. ‘This
appears to have been faftened to fome: Rock, or other {clid
Body, by the upper Part of the Pigimee Here we obferve
the Ovaries begin {mall; as you trace them on to the Mid-
dle, they grow larger: Afterwards they fall off in Size, till,
at the lower End, they {carce have the Appearance of Ova-
ries, but finifh in iaiperlbaFigaodl ,

Fig. @ 1, fhews the young Shells lying in one of the Ova-
rics, in their natural Size; in the front Edge of which, Fig. @ 2.
is the {mall Valve clofed.

Fig. 4, is a fmall Whelk-fhell, or Buccinum ampullatum of

Dr. Lifter, brought from Virginia.
N°.

laud

the ALCYONIU™M. $7

N°.4. Aleyonium, feu Cyathus marinus. . PlateXXXTL,
Sea Cup. tee

Thefe little Cup-like Figures are found on the Coaft of the
Tle of Sheppey, in Kent, fticking to Stones and Shells erect,
many of them together. When they are firft taken out of the
Séa, they are of a bright femi-tranfparent yellow Colour, of
a horny tough Nature, containing a vifcid Subftance, with
many Orange-coloured Seed, or Egg-like Particles, in the
upper Part of each Cup, as they are reprefented magnified at
Fig, C, Plate XXXII. Under it, at Fig. c, is exhibited the
natural Size.

While I was at Ramfgate, in Auguff 1754. I met with
fome of this Kind; which, upon raifing up the Operculusm
at the Top, I difcovered, by my Microfcope, to be full of
{mall Periwinkles completely formed. The Figures of thefe
Shells are defcribed at Fig. c, and a little magnified at Fig. C.
So that we may properly look upon this Sea-Cup as the
Ovary to the Periwinkle Shell-Gfh. |

It is recommended to the Curious, to obferve at the
Sea-fide, whether there may not be fome Animal of the Po-
lype Kind feen at the Top of each of thefe Cups; as we al-
ready find fomething fimilar to this Contrivance in the Sea-
Fig, or farft 4/cyoniwm of this Clafs (Sce Fig, D, Plate

XVII).

N*. 5. Alcyonium, feu Fucus nodofus & fpongiofus. R., S.rietexxxut,
N°. 42. p. 40. ae oie
Sea ragged Staff, called by the Fifhermen Pipe-weed,
or Pudding-weed.

This irregular-fhaped yellow fizy Subftance, reprefented

in Plate XXXII. at Fig. d, is found adhering to moft kinds
1 of

88

Plate XXIII. 7

Fig. ¢.

Natural Hiftory of

of marine Subftances, on the Coaft of Kenz, near the Iland
of Sheppey particularly ; fo that it frequently becomes trou-
blefome to the Fifhermen, by often clogging their Nets.

Upon examining a crofs Section of it in the Microfcope,
it appeared full of imall regular Specks, as it is reprefented
at Fig. D, Plate XXXII.

Since then, I have examined fome farther advanced Speci-
mens, and they appeared full of {mall regular Figures of an

Ege-fhape, like thofe reprefented in Plate XXX, at Fig. D.

This Alcyonium deferves a more critical Enquiry. It ap-
pears at prefent to me, to be the Spawn of fome numerous
Species of Shell-fith. ; -

“1 fhall now take the Liberty to add the microfcopical
Defcription of a moft elegant Sea-produétion, which carries
a great deal of the Appearance of a Plant, and, poflibly,
may be of the vegetable Tribe. But I have introduced it
here, to fhew the fingular Appearance it makes, when ex-~
amined by the Microfcope. It is called, |
Fucus maritimus, Gallopavonis pennas referens. WH. Ox. TIL

p- 645. 1b .2o8t 7

Fungus auricularis, Cef. Ej. Pin. 368. 11. RS.
N°. 14. p. 4.3-
Turky Feather. Dadle’s Hilt. of Harwich.

It has the Appearance of the variegated Agaric, from
whence poflibly it has been confidered as a Sea Fungus. It
is very thin and flat, and ftands upright, having many
Leaves rifing out of the fame Stem,

Fig. C, Plate XXXIII. gives its natural Appearance.

‘The Roots, examined in the Microfcope, appear divided
into

the ALCYONIUM.

into {mall clear Tubes, confifting of equal longifh Joints, each
containing a foft Subftance in it.

Fig. E, is the magnified Part of a {mall Piece of the
Roots, reprefented at Fig. e.

The flat Stem, and broad thin Leaves, are no more than
a Continuation of thefe jointed Tubes, rifing Side by Side,
and growing on together in fuch a manner, that the Joints
become placed alternately by each other, as at Fig. D;
which is Part of a Leaf magnified. The natural Size of
which is exprefled at Fig. d.

The whole Surface of each Leaf, feems to be covered with
an exceeding thin whitifh Skin, which receives the Impreflion
of the minute, regular, long-{quare Joints.

_ The dark curved Lines, that we obferve, at every Tenth
of an Inch Diftance, at Fig. c, in the natural Appearance
of this curious Figure, are full of brown Seed-like Particles,
Thefe, as they ripen together, or advance to Maturity, burft
thofe thin white Membranes ; which fhrink back, and leave
thefe femicircular Spaces bare, with thefe round Bodies ready

to drop off, as they are reprefented at Fig. D.

When they are magnified higher, as at Fig. F, they ap-

pear like a Grape-ftone inclofed, all but the Bafe, in a vifcid
* tranfparent Subftance.

N CB Ao,

89

go. Natural Hiftory
CHAP. X.

Of Tubular Corals, &c.

Shall here add an Account of fuch other Marine Bo-
dies, as have cafually occurred. And, firft, fhall give
a Defcription of an irregular Mafs of Sand, which appears
to have been cemented together by a particular Species of
Sea-Worms. I have called it, ;
Plate Tubularia arenv[a Anglica.

XXXVI.

Fig. 4. B.C. Englifh tubular fandy Coral.

This is found very often, in Pieces of confiderable Magni-
tude, on the Coaft near Yarmouth, about Low-water Mark,
and on the Shores near Dieppe in France ; from which laft -
Place the Specimen, Part of which is exhibited, in its full
Bignefs, in Plate XXXVI"Fig. 4, was brought to Mr. Ema-

_nuel Mendez da Cofta, F. R.S. who was {o obliging as to fend
it tome. . The whole Specimen was about fix Inches long,
five broad, and three thick, of a dark fandy Colour, brittle
Texture, rather light than heavy, porous on all Sides, but
on fome diftinguifhed by peculiar Apertures.

The upper Part of the Mafs, which is here called its
‘Front 4, is of a moft remarkable Fabric. One may com-
pare it toa Number of fmall, and fomewhat flatted, Fun-
néls, placed obliquely one above another, and {0 clofe, that
the upper Edges of every lower Tier are hid by the lower
Edge of thofe above them ; and are placed {fo obliquely, as
that the Hole at the Bottom of each, which may be called
the Tube of the Funnel, may plainly be feen: This Tube
is continued from the Bottom of the Cup of the Funnel to

about

oO
of Cora.s, &e.

about one-half deep in the Stone, not always continued in a
ftreight Line, or to the fame Depth, of the fame Diameter,
but a little flanting or curved ; and-of a larger or lefs Bore or
Depth, according to the Size of the Animal inhabiting each
Funnel. Thefe Tubes appear opened length-ways in the per-
pendicular Section at B. B. And the different Bores may be
{een in the tranfverfe one at C.

Upon moft of the Cells, we obferve a little Cover, or
Operculum of Sand ; which, it is probable, the Animals form
for their Security and Defence, when they retreat from the
open Funnel-like Part into the Tube.

Thefe Tubes, as hath been obferved above, are not of the
fame Dimenfions, nor always ftreight: But in this they all
agree, that their Bottoms are clofed up, the Animals filling
up behind, as they advance forward, by a conftant Appofi-
tion of fandy Particles, united together by a glutinous Mat-
ter ifluing from them.

The Animals that ere& thefe conneted Habitations, when
examined by the Microfcope, are remarkable.

Fig. a, 6, reprefent them in their natural Size.

Fig. c, d, the fame magnified, from whence it appears
they are of the Scolopendra Kind.

_ The Head (e, f,) confifts of three oval Rows of flat {tiff
Quills, of a fine Pearl-like Polifh. Thefe are moveable, at
the Will of the Animal, in different Directions, and for dif-
ferent Purpofes. In the longitudinal Slit, that divides thefe
three Rows, is the Mouth, towards which the inner Row is
inclined. Each Row of Quills is divided into two Parts, and
is moved by different Mutcles. .

The two Mufcles of the outward Row appear immediately
N 2 under

go!

92 . Natural Hiftory

under it, and feem inferted in the Fore-part of the Neck.
The Quills of this are hooked at the Ends, and placed fo, in
each Divifion, as if turning to meet the other in the Front.
Towards the upper Part of the Body are fix curious Feet,
three of a Side, formed like Fins, compofed of fix Quills
each in the Shape of Oars.

The {mall Feet on each Side, down to the Tail, are com-

pofed of Tufts of minute fharp-pointed fhining Quills.

In the Centre of the Body is a round Lump, which, pro- it
bably, is the Matrix, or Ovary of the Animal,

+

* The Tieliri Pag of a’TuBULAR Cor Mine frok Malta,

AS other Species of Animals, befides Polypes, ‘are the Fa- |
bricators of Tubular Corallines, I thought it might not
be improper to introduce a Defcription of fome curious Tubes,
with their Animals, brought in Spirits from the Sea-coaft of
the Ifland. of Ma/ta, communicated to me by my worthy
and i ingenious Friend, Mr. Peter Collinfon, F. R. S. and de-
{cribed in Plate XXXIV. I fhall call this Coralline,

ook Corallina Tubularia Melitenfis, feolopendris, tontacilis duce

Mig arf bus duplicato-pennatis infirutlis. — # j
An Penicilla marina ? gi ey,
Maltefe Tubular Coralline. | ~ Sle k//

When I took thefe Tubes and Animals out of the Spirits
of Wine, I perceived a fmall flimy Bag, into which the Bafes,
or firft Beginnings of feveral of thefe Tubes, were inferted,
as may be obferved at Fig. @.

The Tubes, which are built by the inclofed Animals, in-
creafe gradually in Diameter, as they oie! in Height! The
_outhide

vy

(

WL

oe

of Corars, &e. 93

outfide Coat of the Tubes is made up of circular Stripes, of
an Ath-coloured earthy Matter in different Shades, clofely
cemented together ; and the inner Lining, which is firmly
united to the outward one, is made of a tough horny tran{-
parent Subftance, with a very {mooth Surface. The Cavity
of the Tube is perfe@ly round, though the. Animal, which
inhabits it, and is of the Scolopendra Kind, is in Shape fome-
what like a Leach extended and compreffed: It appears, by
the Mark of its Feet on the Infide, that it can turn itfelf
freely about, and rife up, or retreat at pleafure, the better to
attack and fecure its Prey. ’

This Scolopendra has two very curious and remarkable
Arms, or Zentaculi ; the left much larger than the right. They
are doubly-feathered, as may be feen at the magnified Part

at. C.

The Number of Feet on each Side exceed 150, Fora —
further Explanation, 1 fhall refer to the Plate XXXIV. where
Figure 6, 1s the Belly-part of the Animal in its natural Size,
hanging out of the Tube. JB, is the Belly-part magnified.
Fig. a, is the Back-part of the Head of the Animal in its
Tube. 4, is the Back-part of the whole Animal a little
magnified. Fig, e, fhews the Infide of the Tube, with the
Shades of Afh-coloured Straza, {een through the horny infide
Lining. J
Some Obfervations on the Formation of the Rev Corar, and

Jome Species of Waite Cora.

Mak Red Coral of the Mediterranean, fo well known tate xxxy.

| among us, appears to be formed from Succeflions of, #&* ©

{mall Tubes, which rife many together, and branch out in
different

94

N atural Hifltory

different Diretions, fo as to look like Stumps, or fhort

Branches of fome marine Shrub petrified.

In fome Specimens, which I have before me, many of the
Tubuli are to be feen creeping, as it were, together over
Pieces of White Coral, and varying their Directions, accord-
ing to the Oppofition they meet with in their Progrefs.

But thefe we find comprefled and fhrunk ; and, no doubt
it is the fame on the main Branches. The Zuduli, being
compofed of cretaceous Matter, mixt with a vifcid animal
Subftance, fhrink in and become folid, as their Inhabitants
defert them; that is, thefe different component Particles,
ftrongly attracting each other, become hard like Cement
made of animal Serws and Terras.

When the Specimens are recent, we find them covered
over with a red mealy Subftance, which looks like a Bark to
the Coral; but, upon examining it narrowly, we find many
Star-like Cavities on this Surface (See Fig. a, p. 35). and,
upon raifing up the mealy Subftance, we find thefe Stars
have a Communication with the Tubes underneath. If
we view the Points of the Branches, we may fee evident
Marks of the Ends cf Tubes, as at Fig. c, Plate XXXV.

And further, if we examine the laft inclofing Series of Tu-

buli, that have rofe up, and encompafled the Coral, we thall

find them of a yellowifh Colour, and not folid like thofe in
the inner Part. Thefe the Coral-Fifhers find full of a milky
Juice, which is no more than the tender Bodies of the Ani-
mals.

The Star-like Cavities, no doubt, receive their Figure

from the Claws of certain Polypes, which, we may naturally

conclude, are the Builders, as well as the Inhabitants} of
this beautiful Fabrick.
The

ee i Od te

Plate ‘XXXv.

of CoraLs, &e.

The f{carlet mealy Subftance on the Surface, magnified by
N°, 3. the greateft Magnifier of Wil/on’s Microfcope, exhi-
bits the Figures of hollow Croffes combined together (See
Fig. 4, Plate XXXV)3 whsch, no doubt, are of fome very
material Ufe to this Fabrick and its Inhabitants ;. though
wherein, we are yet ignorant.

The Increafe of Coral by a conftant Succeflion of Tubes
rifing up, and encompafling the Trunk, and extending the
Branches, is very well illuftrated in the Inftance of the Stem
and Branches of the Herring-bone Coralline, Plate X. where
at Fig. B, the Zuéuli are magnified. But as this Coralline
is compofed of light fpongy and elaftic Materials, the Cavi-
ties do not clofe up; but, at the fame time the Stem grows
hard, it remains porous and woody, like Cane. Though
in Phyfics it is unfafe, to draw general Conclufions from
particular Inftances, yet the Texture of the fmall, elegant,
White Coral, reprefented, in its natural Appearance and Size,
at 6, Plate XXXV. is fo agreeable to the general Tenour of
Nature’s Procedure in the Formation of the marine Bodies
already defcribed, that it would almoft induce one to think,
the ftony Corals, for the moft part, are produced in like man-
ner; that is, that they are compofed of Tubes, formed by
Animals of the Polype Kind.

‘The Coral above-mentioned is fairly reprefented, as it ap-

pears magnified at B; in which Figure we may diftinaly

trace the Tubes, from the Bafe up the Ouz/ide of the Branches :

And, on the Iu/ide, their Openings are as con{picuous.

For this curious Specimen, with that of the Red Coral,
and an Opportunity of examining many rare Sponges, Co-
rals, and Lithophyza, together with his kind Affiftance in this
Work, I am indebted to my much efteemed Friend Doétor
Fobn Fothergill.

An

95

96

Natural Hiftory

An Account of aCiustERED Sea-Pouyre, found in
the North Seas, ear rhe Pole.

fe IS I fhall call after Dr. Linaeys’s Name, which he has
given the common Polypes, but very properly adapted
to this, Hydra Marina Arética, corporibus multis o€titentaculis,
bafi conjunttis, & fcapo prelongo offeo, fuftentatis.

This very uncommon Animal is here reprefented in Mi-
niature, at Fig. a, Plate XXXVII. to give us the clearer
Conception of its true Figure, as it appears in the Sea.

It was taken by Captain Adrianz, of the Britannia,
while he was on the Whale-Fifhery, in the Summer 1753,
{ticking to his Sounding-line, at the Depth of 236 Fathoms,
in the Latitude of 79 Degrees North, 80 Miles from the
Coatt of Greenland.

The upper Part of it confifts of 23 Bodies of Polypes,
united at their Tails to one common Bafe, fo as to form one
Animal, and appears in its natural Size, with Part of its
Stem, extending itfelf at Fig. 4.

Fig. B, exprefles it as it was received, after it had been
foaked in Water, and the Zentaculi, or Claws, ftretched out.
During the Time it was under Examination, it yielded a
rancid Smell like dried Fifh, tending to Putrefadtion, and
looked of a rufty Iron-colour.

The crofs Seétion at F, fhews the Situation of the feveral
different Bodies: Ten occupy the outward Circle, nine the
next, and four the Centre.

The Captain at the fame time took another of thefe Clu-
ftered Polypes, with above 30 Bodies united together; but
this, having met with fome Accident, a little below the

I uniting

of Corars, &e.
uniting’ of the Bodies, exhibited but a very confufed Ap-

pearance.

When they were firft drawn up near the Surface of the
Water, the Animals were expanded’; and looked, as the
Captain obferved, like a Nofegay of bright yellow {tarry
Flowers (See Fig. 4).

Each diftiné Polype has eight Zentacula, Claws, or Arms;
each Arm is furnifhed on both Sides with Rows of Fibres,
that feem to do the Office of Fingers.. In the Centre of the
Arms; where they unite, is the Mouth, which is furnifhed
with two erect indented or {colloped Lips.

Upon diffe&ting one of thefe Bodies length-ways, Fig. G,
I found many {mall Seed-like: Particles, in the cellular Cavi-
ties of a {trong wrinkled Mufcle, which compofed the whole
Length of the Infide. ‘Thefe were of the Size of thofe re-
prefented at Fig. /; and, upon being magnified, they ap-
peared of a uBhn preticl orbit cular Shape, as at Fig. L; and
may poflibly be the Spawn of the Animal.

From the lower Part /V (See Fig. B), the indented muf-
cular Bafe, where the Polypes all unite, proceeds a hellow
Bladder-like Membrane, Fig. M4, which is: kept extended
for about two or three Teles by the flender, arched, and
twifted Top. of the bony Stem, which is likewife inferted: in
the Middle of the fame indented mufcular Bate.

This Bladder feems calculated, as well to raife or fink
the Animal at pleafure in the Sea, like the fwimming Blad-
ders of Fifhes, as to. convey by this Chanel the neceflary
Materials, which the feveral different Bodies colle@& for the
Support and Increafe of the long bony Stem, a Part. that

O feems

97

Natural Hiftory

feems to be of the higheft Importance, to the Prefervation
and Well-being of this extraordinary compound Animal.

The Membrane, or Bladder, as you trace it downwards,
clofes round the Stem, and becomes a Cuticle to it, covering »
it the whole Length, till it ends in a Cartilage at Bottom.

This Stem, which is of an Ivory-colour, is Four-fquare,.
with a Groove on each Side ; and continues increafing very
gradually in Thicknef, from a very flender Beginning to One-
fourth of an Inch {quare, and in Length to above fix Feet,
ill it comes to within four or five Inches of the Bafe, where
it begins to contract, and come to 4 Point, as at Fig. EF.

This Part is covered with a brownifh yellow Cartilage,
which is here laid open, to thew the finifhing of the bony
or ivory Part in the Middle of it. oa

Fig. D, reprefents the lower Part of the Stem, where the
Membrane, or Cuticle, begins to grow cartilaginous; and is
the natural Appearance of the Bafe of the Stem, the fame
that is laid open at Fig. E.

Fig. J, fhews a {mall Part of the Cuticle ftript off the up-
per Part of the Stem.

Fig. €, reprefents a Part of the Stem twifted, which De-
gree of Force mutt have happened to it, when it was in a:
younger and fofter State.

Fig. H, isa crofs Seétion of the Stem magnified, fhewing
che feveral femicircular Lamina, inclofing one another in
the feveral Quarters.

Upon endeavouring to cut off a Slice of the Stem, it grated
againft the Knife, as if it were partly Stone, and partly

Evory..
2 Upon

wae TNH
thntecne

rat eee EE cose
(udtdedcecesneail

CT

.

‘ae
My
4

Tig +. lirallina alterna vice denticulata? \ scarktferly

Climbing

ance of ttalive,.wth the litle Bladder from

wy clats\ erallinas
on feeders which are curously fringed on te| Fig.3. Coral

Uf frer cite, near the tnsection of t the UYitm aus ealyculorum conleHis

pronctea at$.¢ “ve antmal fu uaa aypeat offin
1g great both CoralinePl2 7B | woetrme cach furnish with man y ee,
A She dame magnified to whew the Year 7m

tis falerttis Stchle| contracted irate Cella TEX, thece view of thebsirds —
y j; hese corlinued to move up&denna

lofi his 03 the nathara Mseze Of this reese

A20fig.d. .~G.afuicewe oft magnifiid nith ccdhering to acrdleshell, 0.2 friveeof

welling a little and pownted at the top ‘The\ chord © dome of the (nga willen the vesicle, magnified Bone magnified higher to sheu ij many vous of cells untied together niith the fed to chew theanimats inthe cella.P.
[ert which ts tn thedIhell tis lhe a leach ox. RRA littlecupd uth thelr

ies arlonding | daw yauing outof their Sheaths like adiar fpenanccfaome oft ‘the animale
londed © Shia hell fish “ found ticking themslved, - ae tes fn 7,

utr comand Be | vesicles br

| the nar verse wection of thelon'er, .

3 * ae . 4
npos it to be\ flomir this waa found. adhevinig to the Sikle thar(lla HL. the reverse ile to shew ypbachof) to discover thePartitiond, that connect the lls
found to be of t Chesane

Comaltne) 2 _______ ~~ ~~ | the lalla MN shew theamimala aclenatecl 5 bothenfecs Aogetherin the anne yagntner att Ma
"A: Wiilker Seulp . eHonry 2

B%

ee Note

fae

tay)
ier

ene

ans nah sa

es rm

MORRO IND Binge De A

isa olor.

Oe ne ae

7

l-

j a Ae vi
Ab Lee
, ; ] baie 4
' heh
4 i, '
ts *
4 \ { ¢
i j |
a

i

a pyr rbpatd
Mae Lt ea
in! i ;

of Coracs, &e.

Upon throwing a Fragment of it on the Table, it founded
like a Piece of a Tobacco-pipe. :

With fome Difficulty, I cut off a thin Slice, which I put
into Vinegar, on which a ftrong Effervefcence enfued ; and,
when the Vinegar had been changed two or three Times, |
found the cretaceous or ftony Matter was depofited, and only

- the Membranes, that inclofed the Lamine, remained ; {fo

that it appeared to me as much of the Nature of Coral, as
of Bone or Ivory.

At K, is a Figure of the Excrinos, or Lilium Lapideum a

which, whether it may not be the petrified Exwvie of this
Animal, is fubmitted to the Confideration of the Curious
in Foflils ; for they have not yet been able, I appreherid, to
fix upon any thing more probable.

The Difference that appears to me, upon confulting Ro-
finus, 2 German Author; who has publifhed a Treatife at
Hamburgh particularly on this curious Foffil, is, that the
Encrinos has rather been a Species of Star-fith, with a jointed
Stem or Tail; and the Rays of the Star, inftead of having
Tentacula, or Claws, at the End of each, like our Polype,
are furnifhed with Ranges of jointed Fibres, along the Infide
of each Ray like a Brufh; of which the fame Author has
given a curious Plate, with a particular Defcription of this
extraordinary Foflil.

So that this curious Polype, is rather, I fhould think, of
another Genus, and feems to be intirely unknown to us till
now.

99

CONCLUSION.

HE Reader hath now before him a Recital of the moft

obfervable Circumftances, that have occurred to me ine
my Enquiries into the Nature of Corallines, together with a

faithful Reprefentation of the principal Kinds, and of the Po-

lypes that inhabit them ; for of this Species of Animals, they

undoubtedly are. Accident firft threw the Subjeé&t in. my Way;
unexpected Difcoveries awakened and kept up my Curiofi-
ty; and, remote as the Nature of my Employment is from.
Refearches of this Sort, I could not avoid filling up the lei-
fure Hours my Bufinefs allowed, with attending to Objects,
minute indeed, but full of pleafing Wonder.

Many Hints I owe to the Converfation of my Friends ;
and I cannot but acknowlege, that whatever elfe may have
accrued to me from thefe Purfuits, they, at leaft, have been
the Means of procuring me many valuable Friendfhips, and
an Acquaintance with Men who do Honour to their Coun-
try, and their Species.

I have fhunned Conje€ture, as much as poffible, in this
Recital; and, if in any Place it oceurs, it is rather'with a
View to excite thofe, who have it in their Power, to demon=
ftrate the Probability or Improbability of what I advance by
Experiment, than to impofe my Opinion upon any-one.

T own, Iam led to fufpect, that by much the’ greateft
Part of thofe Subftances, which from their Figure have ‘hi-
therto been reputed Sea-Shrubs, Plants, Mofles, &c. are not
only the Refidence of Animals, but their Fabric likewife ;
and ferve for the Purpofes of Subfiftence, Defence, and Pro-
pagation, as much as the Combs and Cells fabricated by

Bees, and other Infeéts, ferve for fimilar Purpofes.
That

a

CoNCLUSION.

That many, if not all the different Species here defcribed,
are of this Kind, I think is inconteftable: But that Animals
of fo foft, fo yielding a Texture, as all the Polypes, yet
known, feem to be, fhould be capable of conftru@ing Ha-
bitations of a Texture fo united, hard, and with fo little Po-
rofity as to bear an exquifite Polifh, perhaps may appear
to fome incredible,

But what are Oyfters, and all the other Shell-fith we are
acquainted with in thefe Parts of the World ? Subftances from
which one would as little expect the Solidity, and almoft
everlafting Hardnefs of their Shells, as we fhould from a
tender pliant Polype the {tony Firmnefs of Red Coral: And
yet thofe Shells are the Fabric of the moft foft and yielding
Bodies,-as much as the Lapidefcent Corallines and Corals
are conftructed by the Polypes.

Many of the Corallines feem to confift of a fingle Tube,
containing a fingle Parent Animal. Every Branch emitted
contains an Offspring of this Parent, dependent upon it, yet
capable of producing its like in the Emiflion of a new
Branch; and fo on, as far as the Law prefcribed to each
allows.

Others confift of many fuch Tubes united, rifing up to-
gether, and Side by Side incircling the delerted ‘Tubes of
their Progenitors; whofe Exwvie become their Bafis and Sup-
port, as theirs muft, in their Turn, be the Sub/fratum of a
sifing Generation.

In fome, thefe Tubes remain empty, and a Seétion dif-
covers, at leaft the Veftiges of the Cavities comprefied, as in
many of the Keratophyta: Whilft in fome of the ftony Corals,
thefe Hollows are fo exactly filled up, as to leave no Traces.
of tubular. Cavities, except on the Outfides only ; and thefe,

had

fol

i fe)

CoNCLUSION.

had they remained longer in the Ocean, would moft pro-
bably have been equally effaced, by a fucceeding Progeny.

Tt may feem too hafty to conclude, that not only the
Subftances, defcribed in the preceding Pages, are of Animal
Production, but even that thofe more compact Bodies, known
by the common Appellations of Star-Stones, Brain-Stones,
petrefied Fung?, and the like, brought from various Parts of
the Haff and Wef? Indies, are of the fame Origin ; and yet,
there is one very ftrong Prefumption in favour of fuch an
Opinion ; which arifes from this Obfervation, That the
Ocean, in all the warmer Latitudes near the Shores, and
wherever it is poflible to obferve, abounds fo much with
Animal Lite, that no inanimate: Body can long remain un~
occupied by fome Species. In thofe Regions, the Ships Bot-
toms are foon covered with the Habitations of Thoufands of
Animals; Rocks, Stones, and every Thing lifelefs, are co-
vered with them inftantly. Even the Branches of living Vege-
tables that hang into the Water are immediately loaded with
the Spawn of different Animals, Shell-fith of various Kinds.
And Shell-fth themfelves, when they grow impotent and
old, become the Bafis of new Colonies of Animals, from
whofe Attacks they can no longer defend themfelves.

If therefore Animal Life is here fo plentifully diffufed,
that neither inanimate Bodies, nor thofe in which the
Powers of Vegetation are vigorous, nor Animals themfelves,
if declining from their natural Vigour, can be fecured
from Encroachmients; how canwe to fuppofe, that the Bo-
dies we are treating of, were they inanimate altogether,
could: remain fo free as we find them, from fuch Intruders ?
In fhort, was there no other Reafon to fupport the Allega-
tion, this alone feems to make it more than probable, that
the Polypes inhabiting the eines Corals, Star-Stones,

Brain-

CoNcLUSION. 103

Brain-Stones, and the like, are capable of defending them-
felves from fuch Invafions, whilft they continue in full Vi-
gour ; which is farther demonftrated, by what happens to
them in common with every other lifelefs Being in the Ocean 3,
when, through Accident or Age, the Vigour of the Repub-
lic fails; they then yield to fuperior Force, and become the

Bafis of fome more powerful, fortunate Succeffors. .

And now, fhould it be afked, granting all this to be true,.
to what End has fo much Labour been beftowed in the De-
monftration ? Ican only anfwer, that as to me thefe Difqui-
fitions have opened new Scenes of Wonder and Aftonilh-
ment, in contemplating how varioufly, how extenfively, Life
is diftributed through the Univerfe of Things: So it is pof-
fible, that the Faéts here related, and thefe Inftances of Na-
ture animated in a Part hitherto unfufpected, may excite the
like pleafing Ideas in others; and, in Minds more capacious
and penetrating, lead to farther Difcoveries, farther Proofs
(fhould fuch yet be wanting), that One infinitely wile, good,
all-powerful Being has made, and ftill upholds, the Whole
of what is good and perfect ; and hence we may learn, that,
if Creatures of fo low an Order in the great Scale of Nature
are endued with Faculties that enable them to fill up their
Sphere of Action with fuch Propriety ;_ we likewife, who are
advanced fo many Gradations above them, owe to ourfelves,
and to Him who made us and all Things, a conftant Appli-
cation to acquire that Degree of Rectitude and Perfection, to:
which we alfo are endued with Faculties of attaining.

Pood BD S

The Description of Mr. CUFF’s Aquatic Microscore,
ufed inthe Discoveriss made in this ESSAY.

A, The brafs Pillar, that {crews into the Top of the Box K, which
Box contains the whole Apparatus.

, The Shank, with the Semicircle carrying the Concave Mirror, that
moves on two Pivots, at J, J.

D, The fliding Pillar to adjuft the filver Dith, with. its Lens at F F, to
the proper focal Diftance.

G, Another filver Difh, with a higher Magnifier.

E, The Shank ({fupporting the filver Difh) made to flide to and fro, to
view all Parts of the Stage B

C, The plain Glafs placed on the Stage, with a black Patch on it for
opake Objects.

iM, The Watch-glafs, to be placed in the Room of the plain Glafs C,
for aquatic Objects.

I, The Pliers, pointed at one End for different Objects, or to receive on
the pointed End the ivory Cylinder N, for sem Objects.

O, Pincers to take up fmall Objects.
P, The Brubh to clean the Glaftes.

F fA RR CN ED NEP

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