SMITHSONIAN BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY BULLETIN 56 ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS BY JUNIUS HENDERSON AND JOHN PEABODY HARRINGTON WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1914 Lib i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL THE SCHOOL OF AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, Santa Fe, N. Mex., November 1, 1912. DEAR SIR: I herewith transmit the manuscript of a paper entitled • 'Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians/' by Junius Henderson and John P. Harrington. I am authorized by the managing committee of The School of American Archaeology to offer this work for publication by the Bureau of American Ethnology as a part of the results of the coop erative work of our respective institutions during 1910 and 1911. I am, very truly, yours, EDGAR L. HEWETT, Director, The School of American Archseology . Mr. F. W. HODGE, Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of American Ethnology, Washington, D. C. in 502 UO LETTER OF SUBMITTAL SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, Washington, D. C., November^, 1912. SIR: I have the honor to submit, with the recommendation that it be published as a bulletin of the Bureau of American Ethnology the manuscript of a memoir bearing the title " Ethnozoology of the Tewa Indians," by Junius Henderson and John P. Harrington. This "memoir embodies a part of the results of the joint researches conducted in New Mexico by the Bureau of American Ethnology and The School of American Archaeology during 1910 and 1911. Very respectfully, F. W. HODGE, Ethnologist in Charge. Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. CONTENTS Page Phonetic key ix General considerations 1 Classification of animals 9 Annotated list of animals 12 Mammals 12 Birds 33 Reptiles 46 Lizards 47 Snakes 50 Turtles 52 Amphibians (Batrachians) 52 Salamanders, frogs, toads 53 Fishes 54 Insects 56 Crustaceans, myriapods, and arachnids 60 Mollusks 61 The lower invertebrates 67 Coral 68 Bibliography 69 Index 73 vn PHONETIC KEY It is necessary to preface this memoir with a key to the Tewa sounds and the symbols adopted to represent them. 1. Orinasal vowels, pronounced with mouth and nose passages open: a (Eng. father, but orinasal), se. (Eng. man, but orinasal), g (moderately close e, orinasal), \ (Portuguese sim), a (French pas, but orinasal), o (moderately close o, orinasal), y, (Portuguese atura). 2. Oral vowels, pronounced with mouth passage open and nose passage closed by the velum: a (Eng. father), e (moderately close e), i (Eng. routine), o (moderately close o), u (Eng. ride). An inverted period after a vowel symbol indicates that the vowel is long. A superior vowel symbol indicates that the vowel is very short and grating (knarrstimmig) . The vowels are breathy, and unless followed by the glottal stop, a glottalized stop, or a voiced sound, an aspiration is distinctly heard toward the end. 3. Semi-vowels: j (Ger. ;/a, but very fricative), w (Eng. way). 4. Laryngeal consonants: h (laryngeal 7i)j ' (glottal stop, lenis). 5. Dorsal consonants: Ic (voiceless lenis), lew (voiceless lenis labialized, Latin aids), & (glottalized), Y (aspirated), g (Eng. firmer, voiced inflative g preplosively nasal), g (Castilian aboaado), qw (Castilian juez), y (Eng. singer), yw (Eng. Lar^worthy). In absolute auslaut y is somewhat palatal, also before ' and h. Before frontal consonants y is assimilated to n, before labial con sonants to m. 6. Frontal consonants: n (Castilian ma^ana), t (voiceless lenis), I (glottalized), /' (aspirated), $ (Eng. lading, inflative d preplosively nasal), d (Japanese roku), ts (Ger. sehn, but very lenis), ts (Ger. 2, glottalized), s (Eng. saw), tf (Eng. c/iew, but lenis), (f (Eng. chew, glottalized), / (Eng. ship) (/ is the capital of /), n (Eng. now). 7. Labial consonants: p (voiceless lenis), p (glottalized), p, (aspirated), b (Eng. lambent, voiced inflative b preplosively nasal), & (Castilian ca&allo), m (Eng. man). The sound of I is heard in some words of foreign origin, and in San Ildef onso polamimi, ' butterfly' . The consonants may also be classified as follows: Voiced constringents : 7, w. Voiceless fricatives : 7i, s, f. Voiceless fricatives labialized : qw, IX X BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL 56 Voiceless lenis sonoplosive clusives, labialized : lew. Voiceless glottalized clusives: &, I, p. Voiceless lenis aftricative clusives : ts, if. Voiceless glottalized affricative clusives: ts, if. Voiceless aspirate clusives: F, t\ p\ Voiced inflative clusives, preplosively nasal: <7, d, b. Voiced levis clusives : g, d, ft. Voiced nasals: y, n, n, m. The following phonems are consonant diphthongs : qw, lew, ts, ts, if, ff, c> A number of names of introduced animals which have been bor rowed from the Spanish are supplanted by additional names for these animals, of Tewa derivation, when speaking in the presence of Mexi cans, lest they understand. The same is also the practice in the case of 'watermelon' and some other plant names. ANNOTATED LIST OF ANIMALS MAMMALS fowa. Homo sapiens. fowa means human being, person, folks, people, clan. Unlike the Tewa names of other animals Iowa is never coupled with sex-age nouns, being regularly omitted when these are applied to human beings. Thus tseJcwi', 'female dog in prime' (tse, dog; Jcwi', female in prime), but merely Icwi'j 'human woman in prime.' Human beings are not considered by the Tewa to be essentially different from other animals. The races of man are called Iowa. The word towa often refers especially to Indian people as distin guished from other people. Americans are called Medikanu towa, 'American people' (Medikanu, American, rairie-dog; mahy,y, owl). Speotyto cunicularia Jiypogsea (Bonaparte). Burrowing Owl. McCall 3 found it occasionally along the Rio Grande, from Valverde to Santa Fe. It doubtless occurs northward in the valley, especially about prairie-dog colonies. 'Oyowi'. Geococcyx calif ornianus (Lesson). Road-runner. The Mexicans of New Mexico call this bird paisano. Some Ameri cans have called it chaparral cock. This long-tailed, long-legged bird seeks safety by running rather than by flying. Judge Abbott says he has seen it occasionally on the mesas within a few miles of the Rito de los Frijoles. 1 A. C. Fletcher, The Hako: A Pawnee Ceremony, Twenty-second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Efhn., pt. 2 p. 21, 1904. 2 F. H. Cushing, Zuni Breadstuff, The Millstone, x, no. iv, April, 1885, p. 59. 3 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 214, 38 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 The footprints of the road-runner resemble a letter X. They are called by the same term as the foot itself: 'ogCttPi*'tffj 'road-runner foot or footprint' ('ogowi', road-runner; '$??, foot, footprint). Hodge gives as Road-runner clans of various pueblos: Laguna, Shidslca-Jidnoch; Acoma, Shdslc'-hdnoqch; Sia, CJiosh'Tca-hdno ; San Felipe, Sdsh'ka-hdno; Zuni, Poye-lcwe. The Handbook of Ameri can Indians (following Fewkes) gives " Hosboa" as the Road-runner or Pheasant clan of the Hopi. FH'o. Dry abates villosus monticola Anthony. Rocky Mountain Hairy Woodpecker C?).1 Black above, with white stripe down back, white stripes about head, white spots on wings, white outer tail-feathers, white beneath, and male with red spot on back of head. Common throughout the region— in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. The alpine three-toed woodpecker (Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird) occurs in the high mountains of northern New Mexico .2 Williamson's sapsucker (Sphyrapicus tliyroideus [Cassin]) ranges southward as far as central New Mexico and winters in the territory. The northern pileolated woodpecker (Phlceotomus abieticola [Bangs]) extends into the forest area of northern New Mexico. If the red-headed woodpecker (Melanerpes eryihrocephalus [Linn.]) occurs, it is accidental. Lewis's woodpecker (Asyndesmus lewisi Riley), black above, reddish beneath, with a gray collar, should occur here. Colaptes cafer collaris Vigors. Red-shafted Flicker. Very common in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. Our Indian informants, in describing its habits, told of its boring into trees for " worms" and for nesting sites, but had never observed its very pronounced habit of alighting on the ground and searching for ants, which was a daily sight at the Rito. Phalsenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Aud.). Poor-will. We heard the mournful calls of this bird only in the Jemez Moun tains, a few miles beyond the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles, August 18 and 19, 1910. CJiordeiles virginianus Jienryi Cassin. Western Nighthawk. On a cloudy day (August 2) hundreds of these useful birds were circling over the mesa between Santa Fe and Buckman. At the Rito there seemed to be very few of them. 1 The Hairy Woodpecker of Arizona and New Mexico has been described as a new subspecies: Dryobates villosus leucothorectis Oberholser. See Oberholser, II. C., A Revision of the Forms of the Hairy Wood peckers (Dryobates villosus [Linnaeus]), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XL, pp. 608-09, 1911. » A. 0. U. Check-List of North American Birds, p. 190. SAR^NGT^] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 39 Aeronautes melanoleucus (Baird). White-throated S\vift. Common on the rim of Rio Grande Canyon below the mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles. Kohe. T*q'ylcolie, ' sun hummingbird' (Vq'y, sun; Tccihe, hummingbird). Selasphorus rufus (Gmelin). Rufous Hummingbird. Very abundant at Rito de los Frijoles Canyon, dozens of them hovering over the patches of "waco," or " bee-plant" (Cleome ser- rulata Pursh.). Specimens taken were identified by Dr. Ridgway. Our Indian informants correctly distinguished the males and females when shown specimens, noticed that they were found mostly about the Cleome, and said they were not found in the Rio Grande Canyon. The broad-tailed hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus [Swainson]), calliope hummingbird (Stellula calliope [Gould]), and black-chinned hummingbird (Archilochus alexandri [Bourc. & Mul.]) are likely to be found in this region. Hodge gives Mi'itsr-liano as a Hummingbird clan of San Felipe. Pica pica Jiudsonia (Sabine). Magpie. This conspicuous bird is well known to the Tewa and is mentioned L in their mythology. Ssz, 'spruce magpie' (tse", Douglas spruce; ~kw%'se, mag pie). A kind of magpie. No particulars could be learned except that this bird is a kind of magpie which frequents tse' trees. 8e\ Jay. For the species considered separately, see below. Hodge gives Se-tdoa as a "bluebird" clan of San^tldefonso. Se'. Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte). Long-crested Jay. This bird, so easily recognized by its dark blue color and long crest, or topknot, is common all over the region — in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. Strangely enough, our Indian informants, though quite familiar with the bird, had not noticed that it lowered its crest in flying, but thought the crest was always erect. Se'. Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird). Woodhouse's Jay. This and the pinon jay are readily distinguished from the long- crested jay by the lack of crests. The pinon jay is nearly uniform 69231°— Bull. 56—14 - i 40 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 bluish-gray, the head a trifle darker than the back, lighter blue below, tail shorter than whig; the Woodhouse jay not bluish below, wing shorter than tail. They are both abundant among the pinon pines and cedars of the mesas. We did not observe them in the mountains and seldom in the canyons. The name apinonero" is applied to both species by the Mexicans, who do not distinguish them apart and find both together among the pinon pines, though Coues and other ornithologists have assumed that it meant only the pinon jay. It is to these two species, probably, that Bandelier refers1 when he says: " These trees are also beset by flocks of the Picicorvus columbinus (called Pinonero in Spanish and sho-hak-ka in Queres), a handsome bird, which ruthlessly plunders the nut-bearing pines, uttering discordant shrieks and piercing cries." These two jays have always been found in large numbers in such situations and could not have escaped his notice, while Clarke's nutcracker, whose former technical name Bandelier used, was not noted by us anywhere in the pinon-cedar belt and would not be so likely to occur there. 8e. Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway. Rocky Mountain Jay. This jay, about the size of the preceding species, is very similar to the gray Canada jay or " whisky jack" of the Northeastern States, but its head is almost entirely white. Northern New Mexico is included within its range, but it would likely occur only in the highest mountains except in the winter. Wo. Corvus brachyrhyncJios brachyrliynchos Brehm. Crow. The Tewa appear to designate crow and raven by this one name. Mrs. Stevenson2 gives ukaka" as the Zuni word meaning "raven" (or crow?). Cushing 3 tells the Zuni story of the origin of the crow, in which he says "they (the crows) flew away laughing Ka-lia, Ka- ha, as they've laughed ever since." The imitated call is interesting in connection with the Zuni name for crow. In the same article Cushing tells how the Zuni keep crgws away from sprouting corn by means of scarecrows. As Crow clans at various pueblos Hodge gives: Jemez, Ryialish; Pecos, Kyid'Jd+; Sia, ScMra-Mno; San Felipe, Schirld-Mno. A number o'f crows were seen and heard in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, perhaps of this form which is reported on the Pecos, to the eastward, by Mrs. Bailey, though they may be of the western form, C. b. hesperis Ridgway. The white-necked raven (Cor- 1 Bandelier, A. F., Final Report, pt. I, Papers Archxol. Inst. Amer., Amer. Scr., iv, p. 150r1892. 2 Stevenson, M. C., The Zuni Indians, Twenty-third Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn.t p. 51, 1904. « Cushing, F. H., Zuni Breadstuff, The Millstone, May, 1884, pp. 77-78. ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 41 vus cryptoleucus Couch) may occur in this region. It was reported at Galisteo, south of Santa Fe, by Goss.1 Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson). Clarke's Nutcracker. Several were seen in the Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande, and two in Alamo Canyon, about five miles south of El Bito de los Frijoles. They were above the pinon belt. Gray, with black wings and tail, white patch on wing and white outer tail-feathers, this is a striking bird inflight. McCall 2 found it "in the high pine forests east of Santa Fe and on the Taos Mountain. " CyanocepJialus cyanocepJialus (Wied). Pinon Jay. See discussion of this species under Woodhouse's jay (pp. 39-40). McC all's 3 Cyanocorax cassinii is a synonym of this species. Xanthocephalus xantliocephalus (Bonaparte). Yellow-headed Blackbird . Described and reported in the Rio Grande Valley near San Ilde- fonso by our Indian informants, who say they use it for food and that it is seen only in the winter, associated with red- winged black birds. Agelaius phwniceus fortis Ridgway. Thick-billed Red-wing( ?). Reported in the Rio Grande Valley by our San Ildefonso Indian informants, who correctly described the differences between the male and the female, and their nesting sites and habits. They said that the birds are eaten by the Tewa. This subspecies may be A. p. neu- tralis Ridgway. Carpodacus cassini Baird. Cassin's Purple Finch. Reported by Kennedy4 on " Pueblo Creek" (probably near Taos), January 22, 1854. We have found no subsequent record, though the species probably occurs regularly in the region in the winter. The creek on which Taos pueblo is situated is called Pueblo Creek above its confluence with Arroyo Hondo; the creek north of which Picuris pueblo lies is called Pueblo Creek above its confluence with Penasco Creek. Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis (Say). House Finch. 1 Goss, Nathaniel S., White-Necked Raven ( Corvus cryptoleucus) in New Mexico, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, p. 118, 1881'. 2 McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 217. 3 Ibid., pp. 216-17. * Kennedy, C. B. R., Report on Birds Collected on the Route, Zoological Report, No. 3, p. 27, Explor. & Surv.for R. R.from Miss, to Pac. Ocean, U. S. War Dept., x, 1859. 42 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 Common in Santa Fe and probably in all other towns of New Mexico. It is found usually about houses that are surrounded by trees and near an open supply of water. This leads one to wonder whether it did not inhabit El Rito de los Frijoles when the canyon was teeming with human inhabitants. McCall reported it at Santa Fe long ago, and also reported Carpodacus obscurus Nobis and described Carpodacus familiaris from the same place.1 These may both be safely referred tofrontalis. Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say). Arkansas Goldfinch. This tiny bird was abundant especially among the sunflowers — -one of the most abundant birds in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles. CJiondestes grammacus strigatus Swainson. Western Lark Sparrow. A few were seen by us in the open fields at the foot of the Jemez Mountains, near the old Buckman sawmill. McCall 2 reported it on the plains near Santa Fe. ? Qwou,e. Spizella brevieri Cassin. Brewer's Sparrow. Very common in the canyon of El Rito de los Frijoles and elsewhere. Reported at Santa Fe by Henshaw.3 Junco phseonotus dor sails Henry. Red-backed Junco. Abundant from base to top of Jemez Mountains, near the head waters of El Rito de los Frijoles, June 19 and 20, 1910. The gray- headed junco (Junco phseonotus caniceps [Woodhouse]) probably also nests in the higher mountains of the region, and several species prob ably winter there. Our Indian informants recognized pictures and descriptions of juncoes as winter visitors, but were not aware that any species summered in the region. Melospiza melodia montana Henshaw. Mountain Song Sparrow. Probably it was this species, then undescribed, found by Kennerly 4 at Pueblo Creek, near Taos, and recorded as M. fallax. Pipilo maculatus montanus Swarth. Spurred Towhee. A few were seen in the canyon and on the mesa at El Rito de los Fri joles, but the species is not common. Recorded by Kennerly5 under 1 McCall, George A., op. cit., pp. 219-20; also Note on Carpodacus frontalis Say, with Description of a New Species of the Same Genus, from Santa Fe, N. Mex., Proc. Acod. Nat. Sci. Phila., vi, p. 61, 1854. 2 Ibid., p. 218. 3 Henshaw, H. W., op. cit., p. 280. 4 Kennerly, C. B. R., op. cit., p. 29. & Ibid., p. 30. HENDERSON HARRIXGTOK ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 43 the name P. megalonyx at Pueblo Creek. Probably also by McCall,1 P. arcticus, at Santa Fe. Zamelodia melanocephala (Swainson). Black-headed Grosbeak. A single pair raised a brood near camp at El Rito de los Frijoles Passer domesticus (Linn.). English Sparrow. Introduced into the territory since 1886. Apt to be found now in all the more important towns, but probably not in the uninhabited canyon and mesa regions; certainly unknown to the ancient inhab itants. Iridoprocne bicolor (Vieillot). Tree Swallow. Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns. Northern Violet-green Swallow. Several times birds of one or the other of these two species were seen at El Rito de los Frijoles, but we could seldom get a good view of them. Our impression is that the latter was represented, and probably both. The former was reported by McCall 2 as nesting at Santa Fe. Dendroica auduboni auduboni (Townsend). Audubon's Warbler. Common on August 20, 1910, at the foot of the Jemez Mountains, near the headwaters of El Rito de los Frijoles. ?- Geothlypis trichas occidentalis Brewster. Western Yellow-throat. Our Indian informants describe this species by its color, song, and habits, as a bird living along the Rio Grande in this region, and when shown a colored figure of it with pictures of other warblers they at once recognized it. Doubtless other species of the wood warbler family pass through in migration and probably some nest ifl this region, but no records are at hand. fag. Mimus polyglottos leucopterus (Vigors). Western Mockingbird. Reported near San Ildefonso by one of our Indian informants, who seemed quite familiar with the bird, knew the white man's name for i it, and described its song as the song of all other birds combined. The whites report it at Santa Fe. 2 Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus [Say]. Rock Wren. i McCall, George A., op. cit., p. 218. 2 ibid., p. 215. 44 BUREAU OF AMEBICAH ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 One taken by us on the rim of the Rio Grande Canyon below the mouth of El Rito de los Frijoles. Reported abundant at Santa Fe by Henshaw.1 Gather 'pes mexicanus conspersus Ridgway. Canyon Wren. Common along all the canyon cliffs of this region. The song of the male, usually of about seven loud, ringing notes descending the scale, makes it the most noticeable of the wrens. Troglodytes aedon parkmani Audubon. Western House Wren. Common in the canyons and on the mesas. Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch. Common on the mesas and in the mountains. We saw none in the canyons cutting the mesas. I- Siita pygrnxa pygmsea Vigors. Pygmy Nuthatch. Abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. This tiny species was everywhere to be found in numbers among the pines. ? ___ Bseolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway). Gray Titmouse. Very common among the pifion pines and cedars on the mesas. Penthestes gambeli gambeli (Ridgway). Mountain Chickadee. Very abundant in the canyons, on the mesas, and in the mountains. The type locality for this species is " about one day's journey west of Santa Fe," which would be not far from El Rito de los Frijoles. We saw no long-tailed chickadees (Penthestes atricapillus septentrionalis [Harris]). I- Myadestes townsendi (Aud.). Townsend's Solitaire. Common in the canyon at Painted Cave, 5 miles or more south of El Rito de los Frijoles. 2 ___ HylociMa fuscescens salicicola Ridgway. Willow Thrush. A pair raised a brood at El Rito de los Frijoles in 1910. Recorded also from Pueblo Creek, near Taos Pueblo, in 1904, by Mrs. Bailey.2 Planesticus migratorius propinquus (Ridgway). Western Robin. Common in the canyons and in the mountains. 1 Henshaw, H. W., op. cit., p. 180. 2 Bailey, Florence Merriam, op. cit., pp. 317-18. HENDERSON HAHRINGT< NGTC?N] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 45 Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway. Chestnut-backed Bluebird. Abundant everywhere on the mesas, but none in the canyons. Our Indian informants had noted the same fact. Paloma (.'ypy,', 'tail rattle' (qw&'y, tail; pu' , rattle). Rattlesnakes of any species and also their rattles are called qw&ypy . (See below.) Crotalus sp. Rattlesnake. Several species of rattlesnake have been recorded from New Mexico, but none from the area under discussion, so far as we are aware. Two specimens have been killed at El Rito de los Frijoles within two or three years, as we are informed by Judge Abbott and Mr. Dowell, but they were not specifically identified. The Indians say rattle snakes are common in the Rio Grande Canyon not far from the Rito. C. confluentus confluentus (Say) probably occurs in this region, and perhaps other species. Any species of snake is called psenu. The following kinds are known by name : Pi'su, 'red arrow' (pi', red; su, arrow). These slender red snakes almost fly through the air, according to the natives. Tsiypzenu, 'basalt snake' (tsi, basalt rock; psenu, snake). Ng,'yp%ny,, 'earth snake' (n&'y, earth; psenu, snake). These are brownish. Po'pxnu, 'water snake' (po'} water; pxnu, snake). Any kind of water snake may be called thus. Po'ma'qwi'bcg?e (po', water; ma', (?); qwi'tied, tangled, a knot, a thicket; beg?e, low place, dell, low corner). What the name means is not clear. This is a kind of water snake, possibly a synonym of po'p%nu. 1 Usidi, a snake a yard long, "earth-colored." Nfr'q', San Ildefonso dialect na'yda'. A kind of snake longer than p*Q'ydiH, 'black snake' (p%ny} snake; p*G'y, black). A dark- colored snake species. , Qws^'ypy,', 'tail bell' (qw%'y, tail; py,', bell or rattle). This name I applies to any kind of rattlesnake, and is given above. Py,' now usually means bell of any kind; formerly it referred to anything which gave out a note when struck or made a rattling sound. Ex amine: nse'iJi pxnuncLqu?3e.'ypu'mu' qwse'ydivie, 'this snake has a rattle on its tail' (n%', this; pseny,, snake; nd, it; qw%'y, tail; py,', bell; my,', to be, to be provided with; qw%'y, tail; 'iwe} locative); ^'* 'ytei'fomy,', it has ten rattles' te'*, ten; 'y,, it, with reference to it; tsi'gij notch, narrow place; my,', to be, to be provided with) . Of snakes one says either ndm%', 'it goes' (n<%, it; mse,', to go), or 'iqwa'mse'y, 'it crawls' ('i, it; qwa'm%'y, to go crawlingly, like a man on all fours). 52 BUKEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 TURTLES Only one name for species of turtle or tortoise was obtained from the Tewa — this is 'o'lcu'. The 'o'Jcu' is common in the region. These turtles are found mostly in meadows. They are killed and the carapaces are cleaned and worn by dancers. AMPHIBIANS (BATRACHIANS) The amphibians of the region are not very important. Sala manders are rare, and the lack of water restricts frogs and toads to limited areas. Except the frogs, they are of no food value. None of them is poisonous, though it seems that the whites generally look upon the spotted salamander with fear. Having no specimens we could not determine whether the Indians had the same dread. Ainbystoma tigrinum (Green) . Tiger Salamander. Reported at Santa Fe Creek, under the name Ambystoma mavortium Baird, by Yarrow,1 and by Cope 2 under the name tigrinum. Amby- stoma trisruptum Cope was credited to Santa Fe by Yarrow,3 but Cope 4 says the only known specimen is from Ocate Creek, east of the mountains in northern New Mexico, and hence not in the Rio Grande drainage. Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope ( ?) . We found a small salamander rather common under aspen logs near Valle Grande, in the Jemez Mountains. Specimens badly injured in transit were doubtfully identified as this species by Dr. Leonhard Stejneger. The Indians to whom it was shown were not familiar with it and had no name for it. Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei (Girard). Rocky Mountain Toad. Bufo lentiginosus woodhousei was reported at Santa Fe and Plaza del Alcalde in 1874, by Yarrow,5 who remarked that it was "appa rently numerous in New Mexico." In his Check-List 6 he gives the Plaza del Alcalde record under the name americanus, does not recog nize woodhousei as a distinct form, and omits the Santa Fe record. 1 Yarrow, H. C., Check- List of North American Reptilia and Batrachia, with Catalogue of Specimens in U. S. National Museum, Bull. 24, U. S. Nat. Museum, p. 149, 1882. 2 Cope, E. D., The Batrachia of North America, Bull. 84, U. S. Nat. Museum, p. 85, 1889. s Yarrow, H. C., op. cit., p. 150. 4 Cope, op. cit., p. 86. 5 Yarrow, H. C., Report upon the Collections of Batrachians and Reptiles Made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid., v, p. 521, 1875. « Yarrow, H. C., Check-List, etc., op. cit., p. 166. ETHNOZOOLOGV OF THE TEWA INDIANS 53 Cope 1 recognizes woodhousei and records it from other localities in New Mexico, but not rom these two places or from anywhere in our area, and preserves Yarrow's americanus record at Plaza del Alcalde. Miss Dickerson2 raises americanus to a full species, and says it "is the common toad east of the Rocky Mountains from Mexico to the Great Bear Lake/' while she leaves woodhousei as a subspecies of lentiginosus and says it is "the common toad of the Rocky Mountain region,'1 having been reported from a number of States, including New Mexico. Ruthven 3 says it is the "common toad of the Great Plains and Great Basin region." Our San Ildefonso Indian informants reported "two kinds of frogs" in the region of the Rito de los Frijoles, one of which is found in the water, the other being larger and flatter and is found "jump ing " about on land. Probably the latter is a toad. As Bufo cognatus Say is reported from Colorado, Kansas, and Arizona, it may extend across New Mexico, or at least be found in the northern portion. Rana pipiens Schreber. Leopard Frog. Frogs were recorded at Taos, Abiquiu, and Santa Fe under the name Rana Tialecina berlandieri (Kami) Cope, and at Taos under the name Rana Tialecina Tialecina (Kami) Cope, by Yarrow.4 Cope after ward transferred these records to Rana virescens brachycephala Cope.5 Miss Dickerson 6 says virescens is Schreber 's pipiens, which she is unable to separate into subspecies. Further study of this variable frog, based on large quantities of fresh material from widely sepa rated and numerous localities, is desirable. We saw several frogs at El Rito de los Frijoles, but unfortunately obtained none. (See note on Rocky Mountain toad, page 52.) SALAMANDERS, FKOGS, TOADS The Tewa appear to have but one name for all species of sala manders, and but one name for all species of frogs and toads. Po'qw%' means salamander. The first syllable is clearly the word meaning l water.' is applied to frogs and toads. Tadpoles are called in the San Juan dialect, and either po'sakede or p'e_'ypu'- Jceue in the San Ildefonso dialect. The etymology of these words is not clear. It was thought by one informant that the tadpole's tail drops off. 1 Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 281-88. 2 Dickerson, Mary C., The Frog Book, pp. 03, 91-92, New York, 1906. s Ruthven, A. G., A Collection of Reptiles and Amphibians from Southern New Mexico and Arizona, Bull. Amer. Mm. Nat. Hist, xxm, p. 509, 1907. « Yarrow, H. C., Check-List, op. cit., p. 181. & Cope, E. D., op. cit., pp. 403-04. 8 Dickerson, Mary C., op. cit., p. 171. 54 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 FISHES ^Most of the lateral canyons of the region are dry or nearly dry through most of the year, and hence contain no fishes. The Rio Grande is known to contain fishes in some portions of its course. The Rito de los Frijoles is at present a small stream, the waters of which in places sink entirely beneath the surface of the sand, leaving not even pools, and the water all along becomes very shallow at times. Limited observations make final conclusions unsafe, but so far as they go they seem to indicate that the water flowing in the creek is dependent largely on precipitation in the mountains at the head of the canyon. When frequent rains were occurring in the lower part of the valley the stream reached its lowest point, but during an exceedingly dry period at our camp, when it was raining daily in the mountains the stream kept an even flow. The absence of deep pools in which fish could survive an extended drouth seems sufficient to account for their absence. In the glaciated mountains farther north, the absence of fish is usually noted in streams whose courses present cataracts too high for the fishes to pass over in their upstream progression after the retreat of the glaciers. Two vertical falls near the mouth of this canyon, one of 60 feet, the other of 90 feet, would effectually block the attempts of fish to pass upstream from the Rio Grande. Hence any fish which may have existed in recent times must have been there before the falls were formed or have been introduced in some unusual way. The transportation of eggs attached to the feet of birds for the short distance over the falls would not be at all impossible, though such a method of dispersion is not so likely to occur as in case of fresh-water mollusks, etc. It is also possible that fish may at one time have been placed in this creek by former inhabitants, either the ancient dwellers who built the abandoned structures or by the Mexican outlaws who made the canyon their rendezvous for a century or so. At any rate, trout were found in the stream from 20 to 30 years ago, according to information gleaned from several sources. Bandelier, in The Delight Makers, causes one of the native boys who lived in the canyon during its early occupancy, to catch a trout. This would scarcely be con clusive if it were not that in his formal report he refers to the stream as a " gushing brook, enlivened by trout." * Dr. Charles F. Lummis, of Los Angeles, says he caught trout from the stream in 1891, and that there were certainly many pools then which do not exist now. Judge Abbott says he has heard the same from another visitor to the canyon a quarter of a century ago. 1 Bandelier, A. F., The Delight Makers, New York, 1890, p. 5. Final Report of Investigations Among the Indians of the Southwestern United States, Carried on Mainly in the Years from 1880 to 1885, Part II, Papers of the Archseological Institute of America, American Series, iv, p. 139, 1892. ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 55 The present absence of trout has been locally attributed to a heavy flood which is said to have washed them away. There is evidence along the bottom-lands that such a flood did occur, but that it washed the trout out is highly improbable. It seems much more probable that it may have filled the pools that once made it possible for trout to survive protracted dry seasons, though it is not impossible that the filling is due to the fact that the desiccation of the country has at last reached a point where the stream is not able to take care of the debris arising from lateral erosion of the valley. It is not at all improbable that the creek may have completely dried up during some particularly dry cycle within the last 20 years. In any event we must believe that there were trout a quarter of a century ago, and so we have no reason to doubt that they existed during the occupancy of the valley by the ancient inhabitants, though that is not a necessary conclusion. Of course we have no definite evidence as to the species, but it was almost certainly the Rio Grande Basin trout (Salmo mylciss spilurus Cope). Cope * says he saw Gila pandora Cope ( = Richardsonius pulcJiellus pandora Cope — Cockerell) in the creek below Ojo Caliente. Cope and Yarrow 2 reported the following species from nearby Rio Grande drainage localities, to which species we have applied probable modern nomenclature, placing in parentheses the names under which they were reported : Pantosteus plebeius Baird & Girard (P. jarrovii Cope). Sucker. Taos, San Ildefonso, and Tierra Amarilla. HybognatJius nuchalis Agassiz. Silvery Minnow. San Ildefonso. Richardsonius pulcJiellus pandora (Cope) (Gila pandora) . North ern Rio Grande Dace. Near San Ildefonso. Notropis simus Cope (Alburnellus simus). Rio Grande Shiner. San Ildefonso. Notropis dilectus Girard (Alburnellus jemezanus Cope). San Ildefonso. Notropis lutrensis Baird and Girard (Hypsilepis iris Cope). San Ildefonso. 1 Cope, E. D., Report upon the Extinct Vertebrata Obtained in New Mexico by Parties of the Expe dition of 1874, Gcog. Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), rv, pt. n, p. 21. See also .4 rm. Rcpt.for 1875, p. 66, 1875. J Cope, E. D., and Yarrow, II. C., Report upon the Collections of Fishes Made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, During the Years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, Geog. Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), v, pp. 635-703, 1875. See also Cockerell, T. D. A., The Nomen clature of the American Fishes Usually Called Leuciscus and Rulilus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxn, pp. 215-17, 1909; The Fishes of the Rocky Mountain Region, Univ. Colo. Studies, v, pp. 159-178, 1908; Jordan, David Starr, and Evermann, Barton Warren, The Fishes of North and Middle America, Bull. 47, U. S. Nat. Mus., 4 vols., 1896-1900. 69231°— Bull. 56—14 5 56 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 RhinicWiys cataracts dulcis Girard (R. maxillosus Cope) . Sweet- water Dace. Tierra Amarilla, Abiquiu, San Ildefonso, and Taos. Hybopsis sestwalis (Girard ) (Ceratichthys sterlelus Cope) . Horny- head. San Ildefonso. Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur) (A. tyrannus Girard). Fresh-water Eel. Near Santa Fe. They also report Salmo pleuriticus Cope from Kio Taos, Chama River, and near San Ildefonso, but as this species seems to be con fined to the Colorado River basin the record is probably a mistake. There are perhaps other fishes existing in the Rio Grande drainage of northern New Mexico, but we have found no record of them. The species are mostly small and of little food value. There are rumors of catfish, but no definite record. The Tewa have the following names for species of fish: Fi$pw> l mountain fish' (pi'y, mountain; pa', fish). This name seems to be applied to any species of trout. Pa'tsi'jo', 'knife fish' (pa", fish; tsi'jo', knife). This fish lives in the Rio Grande. It has a knife-like back, and there is also a knife- like projection at each side of its lower jaw. It reaches a length exceeding a foot. Pa'wa'p^a', 'flat-chested fish' (paf, fish; wa°, chest, breast; p*a-, flat and roundish). This fish lives in the Rio Grande and attains a length of 2 feet or more. Its underside is flat. Tsewige. This fish lives in the Rio Grande. White men in talking to our informants had called this fish a " sucker." Pa,'ty,ywsF, 'tall fish' (pa', fish; tyywse', tall). This fish lives in the Rio Grande. The Mexicans call it boquinete. Pa''e', 'little fish' (pa', fish; V, diminutive). This term is applied to any small fish, especially to minnows and the like; also to the young of larger varieties of fish, which often can not be recognized as they can when more mature. Pa''oqwi', 'phlegm fish' (pa', fish; 'oqwi', mucus from the trachea, bronchial tubes, or lungs, such as is coughed up) . This name is applied to any species of eel. The skin of the pa'' oqwi' is highly prized and is used among other purposes for leggings and moccasins. The fish lives in the Rio Grande. It is said that the kinds of fish which live in the Rio Grande would probably also be found in the Rio Chama. INSECTS Notwithstanding their average small size, when compared with vertebrates, insects are very important from the point of view of natural history. Their interesting habits, their economic relations H\RRiENc?Tox] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 57 to other animals, and the exceedingly large number of known species give them zoological prominence. Their relations to the pollenization of plants and their destructiveness to vegetation give them both botanical and economic importance. Their relation to the spread of disease and the annoying habits of some of them have a direct bearing on the comfort and happiness of the human race. From the ethnological point of view the position of insects is a minor one. They have little importance as food, except the grass hoppers, etc., during seasons of abundance. Among native peoples of the lower Colorado Valley insects have acquired considerable relig ious and mythical significance, especially the ants, but this does not require a knowledge of many species or a very minute discrimination between species. Among the Pueblos they have no such significance. A great number of insect species have been recorded from the Jemez Plateau and Santa Fe. There are doubtless hundreds of others unre corded, including many now undescribed and unknown to science. As most of the smaller species are distinguished from one another by characters which may be studied only with a good lens or a micro scope, it is obvious that in most cases the Indians can not distin guish the species or even the genera. However, the larger and more conspicuously marked species are likely given definite native names. It would be an interesting contribution to the psychology of the Indians for someone with sufficient entomological training to investi gate their knowledge of and ideas concerning the insects and the extent and accuracy of their discrimination, including the habits of insects and their relations to plants. Time did not permit us to enter into this field except in an incidental way in connection with the ethnobotanical work. Our collections of insects were accidentally almost wholly destroyed in transit, with out having been determined or recorded, so that we can not even give an account of the species found. We found many species of beetles, ants, bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, flies, and other insects. It does not seem important in this report to list the species of insects recorded from the region by Ashmead, Banks, Cockerell, Coquillett, Dunning, Fall, Fox, Gillette, Hagen, Holland, Howard, Hulst, Mead, Scudder, Thomas, Townsend, Uhler, Ulke, and Wheeler. More than 30 of Prof. CockerelTs papers report species from this region. Ulke has recorded 56 species of Coleoptera (beetles), and Uhler has recorded 34 species of Hemiptera (plant-lice, scale insects, true bugs, etc.) from San Ildefonso, Taos, Santa Fe, Abiquiu, and Tierra Amarilla. Hagen recorded three species of Neuroptera from San Ildefonso, Tierra Amarilla, and Taos. Most of the other records are from Santa Fe. Work along this line could be easily done by persons with very limited knowledge of entomology. They could collect the insects 58 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 and preserve them, number the labels, obtain the ethnological data, preserving the connections by referring to the label numbers, and tjie specimens could then be determined accurately by specialists. That many of the western Indians did not formerly disdain insects as a part of their diet is well known. Hoffman's comments l are of interest in this connection : Some of the tribes will adhere to the most disgusting varieties of food. . . . Some of the Shoshonees obtain some food from the settlements, but subsist chiefly upon what game and fish they can secure in addition to lizards, grasshoppers, etc. . . . Their mode of preparing grasshoppers is in this wise: A fire is built covering an area of from 20 to 30 feet square, and as the material is consumed to coals and ashes all the Indians start out and form an extensive circle, driving the grasshoppers with blankets or bunches of brush toward the center, where they are scorched or disabled, when they are collected, dried, and ground into meal. With the addition of a small quan tity of water this is worked and kneaded into dough, formed into small cakes, and baked in the sand under a fire. . . . The Pah-Utes in the southwestern portion of Nevada, and even across the line into California, consume the larvae of flies found upon the borders of some "alkali lakes." The organic matter washed ashore is soon covered with flies, where they deposit their eggs; there being not sufficient nourish ment for all the worms, some die, when more eggs are deposited, and so on ad infinitum, until there is a belt of swarming, writhing worms from 2 to 4 feet broad and from an inch to 3 inches in depth. ... At such localities the Indians congregate, scoop up and pack all that can be transported for present and future use. When thoroughly dried, it is ground into meal, and prepared and eaten as by the Shoshonees. Where conditions of life are as hard as in many parts of the South west, it would be surprising indeed if, during times of special scarcity of food, all the Indians inhabiting the region have not been forced to rely on food which ordinarily they did not use; yet from the fact that Indians of various tribes have frequently been known to show a preference for raw entrails of large game animals and seem really fond of meat that has become somewhat tainted, one can not always feel certain that the use as food of things which are revolting to other people may not be due to choice. The following Tewa names of kinds of insects were obtained: Kun% refers to any kind of ant. Color- or size-denoting adjec tives are often added. An anthill is called Tcun%te'bi'J,\ (tcun%, ant; te-, house; bi'dl, mound of smah1 size; cf. bo-de, large mound). The Jemez, however, have two names for ant species: 'dmy, and wa'aym. Hodge gives as Ant clans at various pueblos : Nambe, Kuny'i-td6a; Pecos, Amu'+; Acoma, Sii-hanoqch; Sia, Sii-hdno; San Felipe, Sii-hdno. P%£a4a, bumblebee. These insects make honey. They are ground up and put into a dog's food in order to make him a good hunter, according to a San Ildefonso informant. 1 Hoffman, W. J., Miscellaneous Ethnographic Observations on Indians Inhabiting Nevada, California, and Arizona, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Ten. for 1876 (Hayden Survey), pp. 465-66, 1878. ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 59 For species of wasp, bee, and hornet only two names could be obtained. Qwo'debe' seems to be the honey-bee, while t'awe is some kind of wasp. Honey is called qwo'jiebe'Jqpo- , 'bee sweet water' (qwo'debe'j bee; '$, sweet, sweetness; pom, water). Cushing tells how honey was obtained by Zuni girls from a kind of burrowing hornet.1 In the Zuni country there is a kind of burrowing hornet (or carpenter bee) which drills into adobe or mud walls and there deposits its honey. On any fine day in late summer one may see little groups of girls hunting the holes of these hornets along the garden walls. Whenever they find a number of them they provide themselves with gourds of water which they dash against the adobe or spurt into the holes through straws. The hornets, disabled by drenching, soon crawl forth and are easily killed or driven away, after which the girls, with little wooden or bone picks, dig out the honey. Various species of butterfly are called at San Juan poganini, at San Ildefonso polamimi. The latter word is peculiar in that, so far as we know, it is the only native Tewa word which contains the sound of I. No wrord meaning "moth" could be obtained. The Isleta call butterfly paifirede. The introduced house-fly and many insects of similar appearance are called p^yny,. A bluish fly species was distinguished as p*y,ny, tSQ'yw&'i'*, 'blue fly' (p*y,ny,} fly; tsfryw%', blue, green). Other Taiioan languages show cognate forms: Taos, p'unuend; Isleta, p'unuude; Piro (Bartlett's vocabulary), "a-fu-ya-e, fly"; Jemez, Fwijd. Species of firefly are called tsik'owa and jpVpft'ftffcy* 'fire fly' (p*a', fire; p*yny,, fly). Dragon-flies are called Po'4&y4w9 (P°' •> water; dy,y, to buzz like a bullroarer). Gushing tells a Zuni myth of the origin of the dragon fly.2 'TV'?}* 'cricket/ 'locust.' This is the animal which the Mexicans call chichara. Po'tside, 'water bird' (po*, water; tside, bird), is not a bird, but an insect. It resembles po'dyydiLy in its habit of hovering over water. K^qwi'iy is a species of grasshopper or locust. Another species is distinguished as Je'owi'iy 'frwi'tfj 'brown grasshopper' (k'owi'iy, grasshopper or locust species; 'a', brown). Black-headed head lice are called p'e'. Body lice are known as fuwd, while bedbugs, which are still more numerous, are called t'i'i. All three terms might be carelessly applied to "lice" on plants, wood, or garbage. Notice that a small species of land snail is called p'u'p'e', l rabbit-brush louse' (p*y,'} rabbit-brush; p'e', head louse); see page 65. 1 Gushing, F. H., Zuni Breadstuff, The Millstone, x, no. 3, March, 1885, p. 42, note. 2 Ibid., pp. 35-38. 60 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 5G Mosquitoes are known as fug.o or fugo'e- (fuyo, mosquito; V, diminutive). Cf. Taos qwitolaand; Isleta tankincue; Piro (Bartlett's vocabulary) "quen-lo-a-tu-ya-e"; Jemez tiahciFwijd. The inch-long ill-smelling black beetle of the Tewa country is called p'eg.apu'sqyde'e (p'ega, to stink acridly; pu', base, buttocks, anus; say,- —?; de'e,~ — ). Po'ia'we (po'j squash, pumpkin; ia', dry 1-jWe, — - ?) are the same Bjspomp*e'j 'squash lice' (po', squash, pumpkin; p*e', head louse). The names refer to a kind of brown jumping bug seen on squash and pumpkin vines. Worms of the most diverse kinds — maggots, larvae, caterpillars, and almost any worm-like animals — are called pv&&' . A hairy, fuzzy cater pillar is spoken of as puft%' p^o'i'*, 'hairy worm' (pvftg', worm; p*o,. hairy, hair) . The larvae seen so plenteously at times on willow leaves are called jyypu!b%', 'willow worms' (ja'y, willow; pufise' , worm). Sa'pubze', 'manure worms' (sa', manure; pub%', worm) are the larvae seen in manure; tape-worms, pin- worms, and other worms infesting the intestines are also called thus. Angle-worms have a special name: nd'ysi' (nq'y, earth; si', unex plained) . CRUSTACEANS, MYRIAPODS, AND ARACHNIDS fse'kq', 'spruce brownness' (ise', Douglas spruce; &#*, buff-brown color, said to be so called because they are hairy like spruce trees, and brown) is applied to any kind of centipede, millipede, or myria- pod. Many kinds are common. It is said that one bitten by a tse'lca' will live as many years as the animal has legs, which is usually a considerable number. The legs are called &V, 'arms,' as are also the legs of a spider. Scorpions are very scarce. In the summer of 1911 Mr. K. A. Fleischer found one about half an inch long in the Rito de los Frijoles Canyon. The Tewa who have been asked do not know the name of this animal. Any kind of spider is called '$'w%'. The second syllable of the word sounds just like w%', 'tooth/ and gives the name an ugly sound to Tewa ears. A spider web is called ty'f0#*$fc, 'spider trap' ('d'wse', spider; p*e', trap, snare). Tarantulas also are called 'q,'w%', but the proper name is Jce'iu'puje, ' bear back deerskin ' (kem, bear, any species; tu', back, spinal column; puje, dressed skin of deer, elk, etc.). They are quite common. Their holes are called p*o', 'hole.' An old Indian who is usually very correct in his identifications called a green dip terous insect taken from a Populus angustifolia tree J^ws^' t 'blue or green spider' ('&w%', spider; tsq'yw%' , blue, green). §ARRIENGTC?N] ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 61 MOLLUSKS l The native Mollusca do not enter to any extent into the culture of the Indians of this region at the present time, and probably the same is true with reference to the former inhabitants. It is not unusual to find marine shells in the ruins, especially Olivella. They were probably obtained by barter with the peoples living to the south- westward. At El Rito de los Frijoles a few specimens of Olivella liplicata Sowerby and one of Erato vitellina Hinds were found. They doubtless were brought from southern California or from Lower Cali fornia. None of the native land or fresh-water shells of the region have been found in the ruins, which is not surprising. Ashmunetta, OreoJielix, Pliysa, and Lymnsea are the only species large enough to be particularly noticed, and they do not exceed three-fourths of an inch in greatest diameter. This, it is true, is as large as the marine shells commonly found in the ruins, but the land shells do not appear to have become articles of barter, perhaps because they occur through out the region and are therefore obtainable nearly everywhere and further because they are rather fragile. The shells of mollusks have been used as a medium of exchange and as ornaments, amulets, and ceremonial objects by primitive peoples everywhere. They have been used very extensively by the Indian tribes of the Pacific and Atlantic coastal regions in North America and by them introduced into the interior.2 Strings of beads made from the common Olivella biplicata of the Pacific coast, worn about the neck as ornaments and used in barter, found their way into Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Colorado, and Stearns 3 tells us that in New Mexico Dr. Edward Palmer was "witness to a trade wherein the consideration for a horse was a California abalone shell." Bracelets of Glycimeris from the Gulf of California have found their way as far north and east at least as northeastern Arizona, where they are reported, together with Turritella tigrina, Conus, and Olivella, by Hough, who says 4 they are found mostly in the pueblo ruins situated in mountain passes, probably along routes of primitive travel. i Henderson, Junius, Mollusca from Northern New Mexico, The Nautilus, xxvi, pp. 80-81, 1912. 2Holmes, William II., Art in Shell of the Ancient Americans, Second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn.,for 1880-81, pp. 179-305, 1883; Report on the Ancient Ruins of Southwestern Colorado, Examined During the Summers of 1875 and 1876, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Sur. Terr, for 1876 (Hayden Survey), p. 407,1878. Stearns, Robert E. C., Ethno-Conchology— A Study of Primitive Money, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1887, pp. 297-334, 1889. Powers, Stephen, Tribes of California, Contr. N. Amer. Ethn., m,pp. 335-38,1877. 3 Stearns, R. E. C., op. cit., p. 329. * Hough, Walter, Archaeological Field Work in Northeastern Arizona: The Museum-Gates Expedition of 1901, Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1901, p. 295, 1903 (see also pp. 300, 305, 338, 344). 62 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 Fewkes l mentions West Coast marine shell ornaments in Arizona, made from Pectunculus [Gli/cimeris] sp., Conus fergusoni, C. princeps. C. regularise Turritella sp., Haliotis sp., Strombus sp., Cardium sp., Melongena patula, Oliva angulata, and Oliva [Olivella] biplicata or hiatula, many of the species having also found their way into New Mexico. He says (p. 88) : It is well known that there was a considerable trade in early times in these shells, and long trips were taken by the Pueblo Indians for trade purposes. The intercourse of northern and southern peoples of Arizona through trading expe ditions continued to quite recent times, but judging from the number of specimens which were found in the ruins it must have been considerably greater in prehistoric times than it is at present. In fact, much of the decline in this traffic is probably to be traced to the modification of the southern Arizonian aborigines and the intro duction of new ornaments by the whites. From the ruins near Winslow, Arizona, the following species of Pacific coast marine shells have been reported by Fewkes: 2 Pectuncu lus giganteus Reeve, Melongena patula Rod. & Sow., Strombus galeatus Wood, Conus fergusoni Sow., Cardium elatum Sow., Oliva angulata Lam., Oliva Tiiatula Gmelin, Oliva ~biplicata Sew., Turritella tigrina Keiner. Our San Ildefonso Indian informants had a distinct name for Aslimunella, which is common along El Rito de los Frijoles, in the Jemez Mountains, and probably in favorable localities" throughout the region. They did not know Oreohelix, three specimens of which were obtained in the Jemez Mountains. Pupilla, although only 3 millimeters in height and 1.5 millimeter in width, received a special name, being distinguished from the more flatly spired shells by its high spire and cylindrical form. The flatter shells of small size (Vallonia, Zonitoides, etc.) were grouped under another name, with out distinguishing species. One of the Indian boys, who had never noticed the snails before, was shown several species under some logs. He began a search and soon found a CoMicopa, which differs markedly from the species that had been shown to him, and he at once recog nized it as another kind of snail, but our informants had no distinct name for it. The mollusks of the region have no apparent economic value. Conditions are not favorable in the Rio Grande Valley of northern New Mexico for the larger clams, which would have a food value, and none have been found. There appear to be no published records of bivalve mollusks (Pelecypoda) for the region. Calyculina and Pisidium have been found in the Rio Grande drainage in Colorado, and the latter, if not the former, probably occurs in our area in New Mexico, wherever 1 Fewkes, J.W., Two Summers' Work in Pueblo Ruins, Twenty-second Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., part i, pp. 88-93, 187, 1904. 2 Fewkes, J.W., Preliminary Account of an Expedition to the Pueblo Ruins Near Winslow, Arizona, in 1896, Smithsonian Rep. for 1896, pp. 529, 530, 535, 536, 1898. ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 63 there are perennial streams. Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell has a manu script list of New Mexico shells prepared by Rev. E. H. Ashmun, in which Pisidium is listed from Santa Fe. In El Rito de los Frijoles no aquatic shells were found, either bivalve or univalve. Indeed, the scarcity of aquatic animal life, except water beetles and "water boatmen," may indicate that the water does not always flow in that rivulet in very dry seasons. The only record of an aquatic mollusk of any kind yet published is PJiysa, though Lymnsea palustris Muller from Taos, and L. desidiosa Say (probably L. obrussa Say) and Planorbis parvus Say, both from Santa Fe, are included in Ashmun' s list. Land snails are usually to be found along the bottom lands, in the canyons, and throughout the mountains, under cottonwood and aspen logs, not often among conifers. As the species are mostly tiny, some of them smaller than an ordinary pin head, and most of them much less than a quarter of an inch in diameter, it requires close inspection to discover them. They may be packed with a little moss or some green leaves and shipped alive to conchologists for identifi cation. Ashmunella thomsoniana Ancey. This species is recorded from Santa Fe Canyon and the Pecos Valley by Pilsbry,1 the localities being all east of the Rio Grande. Two subspecies are credited to the Pecos drainage in New Mexico. Other species are recorded from south of our area. PYofoV, 'little wood shell' (p'e, stick, wood; 'ofte, shell; V, diminutive). Ashmunella asJimuni Dall. The type locality of this species is Bland, not far from El Rito de los Frijoles.2 The species is very abundant at several localities along the Rito de los Frijoles. Five immature specimens from near the top of the Jemez Mountains at Valle Grande, and four from about hall way to the base of the mountains, may be referable to this form, though probably belonging to the next. It is likely that the San Ilde- fonso Indian name given to this form would be applied to the other Ashmunella species, as they are so much alike that they would be sep arated only by a skilled conchologist looking for slight differences. Ashmunella asJimuni robusta Pilsbry. This subspecies is somewhat larger than the preceding, and was described as from the "Jemez Mountains near Bland, N. Mex., at higher elevations than A. ashmuni" 3 1 Pilsbry, Henry A., Mollusca of the Southwestern States, I: Urocoptidae; Helicidse of Arizona and New Mexico, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Lvn, p. 235, 1905. 2 Dall, William H., Report on the Mollusks Collected by the International Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico, Proc.. U. S.Nat. Museum, xix, p. 342, 1897. Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p, 233. 3 Pilsbry, Henry A., op. cit., p. 233. 64 BUEEAU OF AMEKICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 Ashmunella townsendi Bartsch. Described from Ruidoso, Lincoln County, New Mexico.1 Oreohelix strigosa depressa Ckll. Three weathered specimens which appear to belong to some form of 0. strigosa Gould were found in the Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande. Our Indian informants were not familiar with them and had no name for them, but did not confuse them with Ashmunella. Ashmun's list, hereinbefore mentioned, includes Oreohelix concen- trata Dall, from near Bland, at an altitude of 10,000 feet. Pupilla muscorum Linne. We found a single specimen at El Rito de los Frijoles. Pupilla blandi Morse. Abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles and in the Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande. Bifidaria pellucida parvidens Sterki. We found one in a canyon half-way to the top of Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande. Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Vanatta, The type locality is Bland, New Mexico.2 Vertigo concinnula Cockerell. We found two specimens of this species in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande. It was recorded from these mountains by Pilsbry and Vanatta also.3 CoMicopa lubrica Miiller. Common at El Rito de los Frijoles. Vallonm cydophorella Ancey. Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant in the can3^on at El Rito de los Frijoles. 1 Bartsch in Smithson. Misc. Coll., XLVII, pp. 13-14, 1904. 2 Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanatta, Edward G., A Partial Revision of the Pupae of the United States, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. for 1900, p. 604. 3 Pilsbry, Henry A., and Vanatta, Edward G., op. cit.. pp. 599-600. ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 65 Vitrina alaskana Dall. We found three small dead specimens in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and four at El Rito de los Frijoles. Euconulus trocliiformis alaskensis Pilsbry. Common at El Rito de los Frijoles, and one specimen found in the Jemez Mountains near Valle Grande. Zonitoides arbor eus Say. Common in the Jemez Mountains, near Valle Grande, and abundant at El Rito de los Frijoles. Pyramidula shimeki cockerelli Pilsbry. At El Rito de los Frijoles only two specimens were found at the ancient pueblo, while about two miles up the canyon from the pueblo the species was abundantly represented. Succinea avara Say. Only one specimen found at El Rito de los Frijoles. We dare suspect that Yarrow's record of S. strelchiana Bland at Tierra Amarilla * may refer to this species. PTiysa sp. Yarrow 2 recorded P. ancillaria Say from San Ildefonso, P. traskii Lea from Santa Fe, ?P. D 'Orbigniana Lea and P. warreniana Lea from Abiquiu, and P. altonensis from Pescado. It is likely that these identifications are partly or wholly wrong, but evidently one or more species of Physa occur in the region. Yarrow's record of Pyramidula perspectiva Say at San Ildefonso 3 is probably something else, possibly P. cronkhitei anthonyi. P'u'p'e', 'rabbit-brush louse' (pV, rabbit-brush; p'e', head louse). Pupilla sp. The species were consistently called thus whether found on rabbit- brush bushes or elsewhere. (See p. 59.) We have attempted to record all the Tewa names for species of Mollusca or their shells, and with this intent we have spent consider able time examining collections of shells with a number of Indians. 1 Yarrow, H. C., Report upon the Collections of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca Made in Portions of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Mend. (Wheeler Survey), v, p. 936, 1875. 2 Ibid., pp. 939,940,941. 3 Ibid., p. 932. 66 BUBEAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 56 The Tewa were familar with mollusks living in their own country, id also with shells of mollusks obtained from other tribes and used for ceremonial or other purposes. The general name for fresh-water snails is 'ofie, a word applied also to some kinds of marine mollusks and their shells. (See below.) Slugs are called puft%', a name which is applied to any worm! ike animal. (See under the discussion of insects, page 60.) Only the shells of marine mollusks are known, although our inform ants had quite a correct idea of what the living animals are like. The following terms referring to shells were recorded: 'ribe pi^i'*, 'red shell' ('obe, shell; pi', red); 'ofje fig.iyffi*, 'flat shell.' ('ribe, shell; t'iyiy, flat and roundish); 'obemapi'i'*, 'spiral shell' ('obe, shell; mapi, spiral, twisted); 'obe Jca''iH, 'thick shell' ('obe, shell; lea,', thick); 'obe lco''iH, 'rough shell' ('obe, shell; Ico' , rough); 'obe pa''iH, 'rough shell with surface cracked' ('obe, shell', tpa' , cracked, chapped); 'obe yws^''iH, 'spiny shell' ('cite, shell; yw%', spiny, spine; spiky, spike, thorny, thorn). To pectens the term 'dbe Jieg.e wigewigie'i'*, 'shell wavy with little grooves' ('obe, shell; heg.e, arroyito, rivulet, groove; wig.ewig.e, wavy, undulating, sinuous) is applied. To pectens and also to other bivalves with undulating edge the term 'obe pyywsfi sse,'ywi'iH, 'beautiful zigzagged shell' ('obe, shell; py,yw%, beautiful to look at; s%"gwi, zigzagged, zigzag) is applied. The ab alone shell is called 'eji. This is the kind of shell which the Salt Old Woman used as a handkerchief, according to a Santa Clara myth obtained by Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco. The 'eji which she had was soft as a handkerchief. A large ab alone shell is sometimes called 'ejisze'sewe, 'ab alone vessel' ('eji, abalone; s%'%we, bowl-shaped vessel) . Abalone shells are frequently referred to with accompanying color-denoting adjectives. Thus 'eji &&'i'*] 'white abalone shell' ('ejij abalone shell; is%', white) ; 'eji tsq-'yw%m'i'i, 'blue or green abalone shell' ('eji, abalone shell; tsq'ywzg', blue, green); 'eji Fse'td'aydi'*, 'yellow painted abalone shell7 ('ejif abalone shell; tse', yellow; ty'qy, painted) . A mussel shell and a razor clam shell were also called 'eji, how correctly we are not certain. Beads made of abalone shell are called 'ejikwa'a, 'abalone beads' ('eji, abalone; Icwa'a, bead). Cowrie shells, coffee shells, and the like, are called 'oga. Descriptive adjectives are often added. The term 'og.a is also applied to olivella shells, whelk shells, and the like. There is some kind of spiral univalve which is called tinini. Inspec tion of large collections of shells with the informants failed to reveal what kind of shell this may be. The tinini are described as being about an inch long. They are worn by the Kosa or Chifonetes on ETHNOZOOLOGY OF THE TEWA INDIANS 67 certain occasions. * Miss B. W. Freire-Marreco has seen them, but has not identified them. A kind of large, thick, flat shell, evidently a bivalve, is called tscuamy,. Not even all of the older people at San Ildefonso know this shell or its name. Our informants were not sure with regard to its color. A kind of white, flat shell about 6 inches across is called tsse/t'a^ 'white flat' (tsse', white; t'a-, flat and roundish). The tsse-£a- was sometimes worn on the breast of Tewa men. It was also cut up and made into beads. A kind of large spiral univalve from which beads were formerly made is called po'tsuny. A sort of shell described as white, cylindrical, 2 inches or more long and about a quarter of an inch in diameter, is called Fs^'wije. These shells, which were highly valued, were strung and worn as necklaces. Now only bone imitations of these shells are to be found at the Tewa pueblos, but these are also called tsse^wije. The name tsse'wije sounds like ' white two' (&9*, white; wije, two), but this makes no sense. Hodge gives Kwdtsei-tdoa as a SheU Bead clan of San Ildefonso. Kwa'a fjur'i1* towa means ' white bead clan' (kwa'a, bead made of any substance, not necessarily shell; &%', white; towa, person, people). THE LOWER INVERTEBRATES Very little is known of the lower forms of invertebrate life of northern New Mexico, and from an ethnological point of view such forms are mostly unimportant. While some of the pathological Pro tozoa must have had an important bearing on the health of the ancient peoples of this region, just as they affect the present population, as active agents in the spread of disease, yet such minute objects could not have been known to people who had no microscopes. It is not likely that any of the other phyla below the Mollusca are well repre sented here, if they occur at all, except the worms and their allies, and very little work appears to have been done with respect to them. Verrill 1 reported two unnamed varieties of leech, one at Taos and I/ one at San Ildefonso. We collected no specimens and so obtained neither Indian names for nor Indian lore concerning them. 1 Verrill, A. E., Report upon the Collections of Fresh Water Leeches Made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona During the Years 1872, 1873, and 1874, U. S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. H". nf 100th Merid., Final Re-port, v, p. 965, 1875. 68 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [BULL. 50 CORAL / %;, Ku'pi', 'red stone' (ku'} stone; pi' , red). Red coral. Red coral beads were obtained by the Tewa from tribes living in the south. The beads were usually already made and strung when the Tewa obtained them. The beads were called either Jcu'pi' simply, or Icu'pi'Jcwa'a, 'red coral beads' (ttr, stone; pi', red; Jcwa'a, bead). No other kind or color of coral seems to have been known to the Tewa. As Coral clans of various pueblos Hodge gives: San Juan, Kopin- tdoa; Santa Clara, Kupi-toda; San Ildefonso, Kupin-tdod; Tesuque, Kupin-tdoa; San Felipe, Ydscha-Jidno (coral ^bead). Hodge, quot ing Fewkes, also gives Kopeli-towa as a Pink Conch Shell clan of Hano. The Rio Grande Tewa know 110 such shell. 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North American Fauna, no. 29, Biol. Surv., U. S. Depi. Agr., 1909. - See HENSHAW, H. W., and NELSON. OSGOOD, WILFRED H. Revision of the pocket mice of the genus Perognathus. Ibid., no. 18, 1900. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus. Ibid., no. 28, 1909. PILSBRY, HENRY A. Mollusca of the Southwestern states. I: Urocoptidse; Helicidae of Arizona and New Mexico. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LVII, pp. 211-290, 1905; LXI, pp. 495-516, 1909; LXII, pp. 44-147, 1910. - and FERRISS, J. II . Mollusca of the Southwestern states. II. Ibid., LVIII, pp. 123-175, 1906. and VANATTA, EDWARD G. A partial revision of the Pupae of the United States. Ibid., 1900, pp. 582-611, 1901. PREBLE, EDWARD A. Revision of the jumping mice of the genus Zapus. North American Fauna, no. 15, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., 1899. RUSSELL, FRANK. The Pima Indians. Twenty-sixth Ann. Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pp. 3-389, 1908. RUTHVEN, ALEXANDER G. A collection of reptiles and amphibians from southern New Mexico and Arizona. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXIIT, pp. 483-603, 1907. Variations and genetic relationships of the garter-snakes. Bull. 61, U. S. Nat. Museum, 1908. SPRINGER, FRANK. The field session of the School of American Archaeology. Science, n. s., xxxii, 623, 1910. STEARNS, ROBERT E. C. Ethno-conchology: a study of primitive money. Ann. Rep. U. S. Nat. Museum for 1887, pp. 297-334, 1889. STEJNEGER, LEONHARD. The poisonous snakes of North America. Ibid., 1893, pp. 345-487, 1895. Annotated list of reptiles and batrachians collected by Dr. C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey on the San Francisco mountain plateau and desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona, with descriptions of new species. North American Fauna, no. 3, Biol. Surv., U. S. Dept. Agr., pp. 103-118, 1890. STEVENSON, MATILDA COXE. The Ztmi Indians. Twenty-third Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn. , pp. 1-608, 1904. VANATTA, EDWARD G. See PILSBRY, H. A., and VANATTA. VERRILL, A. E. Report upon the collections of fresh water leeches made in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona during the years 1872, 1873, and 1874. U. S. Geog. Explcr. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), v, pp. 955-967, 1875. VOTH, H. R. Hopi proper names. Pub. Field Columb. Mus., Anthr. ser., vi, pp. 63-113, 1905. WARREN, EDWARD ROYAL. The mammals of Colorado. New York, 1910. WINSHIP, GEORGE PARKER. The Coronado expedition, 1540-1542. Fourteenth Rep. Bur. Amer. Ethn., pp. 329-613, 1896. YARROW, H. C. Report upon the collections of batrachians and reptiles made in portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U. S. Geog. Explor. & Surv. W. of 100th Merid. (Wheeler Survey), v, pp. 509-633, 1875. Report upon the collections of terrestrial and fluviatile mollusca made in portions of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona during the years 1872, 1873, and 1874. Ibid., pp. 923-954. - Check-list of North American reptilia and batrachia, with catalogue of speci mens in U. S. National Museum. Bull. 24, U. S. Nat. Museum, 1882. INDEX OF ZOOLOGICAL NAMES Page A eronautes melanoleucus ( Baird) ............. 39 Agelaius phaniceus fortis Ridgway ........... 41 neutralis R idgway ....... 41 A Iburncllus jemezanus Cope .................. 55 simus ........................... 65 ALLIGATOR ................................... 50 A mbystoma mavortium Baird ................ 52 tigrinum (Green) ................ . $2 trisruptum Cope ................ . 62 AMPHIBIANS ................................ 52 A nguilla rostrata (Le Sueur) ................. 56 tyrannus Girard .................... 56 Anota modesta Girard ........................ 49 A user albifrons gambeli Hartlaub ............. 33 ANT ......................................... 58 ANTELOPE .................................. 2, 3, 15 Antilocapra americana (Ord.) Aphelocoma woodhousei (Baird) A quila chrysaetos (Linn.) ARACHNIDS Archilochus alexandri (Boure. & Mul.) 15 39 37 60 39 A shmunella ............................ 6, 61, 62, 64 ashmuni ........................ 63, 64 ashmuni Dall .................. 63 robusta Pilsbry ......... 63 thomsoniana Ancey . , ........... 63 townsendi Bartsch ............... 64 Asio flammeus (Pont.) ............. . ........ 37 wilsonianus ( Lesson) ................... 37 Astragalinus psaltria psaltria (Say) ........... 42 A syndesmus lewisi Riley ..................... 38 AUCHENIA ................................... 6 BADGER .................................... 5, 8, 24 Bseolophus inornatus griseus (Ridgway) ...... 44 BAT ....................................... 9, 10. 12 BATRACHIANS ............................... 52 BEAR ............................. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 11,24 BEAVER ..................................... 21 BEDBUGS ..... '. .............................. 59 BEETLE ..................................... 60 Bernicla brenta Steph ........................ 33 Bifidaria pdlucida parvidcns Sterki ........... 64 " BIG CHIPMUNK " ........................... 21 , 22 BIGHORN. See MOUNTAIN SHEEP. BIRDS ................................. 2, 4, 6, 10, 33 BISON ...................................... 3,4, 13 Bison bison (Linn.) .......................... 13 BLACKBIRD ............... ; ........... . ____ 5, 41 , 46 Branta bernicla glaucogaslra ( Brehm) ......... 33 canadensis canadensis (Linn.) ........ 33 Bubo virginianus pallescens Stone ............ 37 BUFFALO. See BISON. Bufo cognatus Say ......................... . _ 53 Icn'iginosus woodhousei (Girard) ........ 52 BUMBLEBEE Buteo borealis calurus Cassin. swainsoni Bonaparte . BUTTERFLY . . Page 5S 36 30 . 59 Callipepla squamata squamata (Vigors) 33 Callospcrmophilus latcralis (Say) 22 Calyculina 62 CAMEL 31 CANARY 45 Canis estor Merriam 28 nubilis Say 28 Cardium elatum Sow 62 Carpodacus cassini Baird 41 familiaris „ 42 frontalis Say 42 mcxicanvsfrontaUs (Say) 41 obscurus Nobis 42 Castor canadensis frondat or M earns 21 CAT 29 Cathartes aura septentrionalis Wied 36 Cathcrpes mcxicanus conspcrsus Ridgway 34 CATTLE 2,9, 31 CENTIPEDE 60 Ccntroccrcus urophaxianvs ( Bonaparte) 34 Ceratichthys sterletus Cope 56 Cervvs canadensis l«3 Erxl 15 merriami Nelson 16 CHAPARRAL COCK 37 Chen hypcrborcus hyperboreus ( Pallas) 33 CHICKADEE 44 CHICKAREE 22 CHICKEN 34, 35 CHIPMUNK 8, 22 Chondcstcs grammacus strigatus Swainson 42 Chordeilcs virginianus henry i Cassin 38 Cinclus mexicanus unicolor Bonaparte 46 Citellus grammurus 21 tridecemlincatus Mitch 21 pallidus Allen 21 variegatus grammurus (Say) 21 Cnemidophorus gularis Baird & Girard 50 octolincatux Baird 49 scxlinealus ( Linn. ) 49 tessellatus perplexus (Baird & Girard) 49 Cochlicopa 62 lubrica Miiller 64 Colaptes cafcr collaris Vigors 38 Conus 61 fergusoni 62 Sow 62 princeps 62 regularis 62' 73 74 INDEX Page CORAL 10, 68 Cnrvus bracliyrhynclios brachyrhynchos Brehm. 40 hesperis Ridgway 40 cryptoleucus 41 Couch 40 Corynorhinus macrotis pallescens Miller 12 COTTONTAIL 18 COUGAR 30 Cow 31 COYOTE : 5, 11, 28 CRANE 33, 46 Crotalus conflucntu$ confluentus (Say) 51 Crotaphytus collaris baileyi (Stejneger) 47 CROW 40 CRUSTACEANS 60 Cryptoglaux acadica acadica ( Gmelin) 37 Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus ( Wied) 41 Cyanocitta stelleri diademata (Bonaparte) 39 Cyanocorax cassinii 41 Cynomys gunnisoni (Bainl) 21 DEER 1,2,3,4,5,6,11,16,17 DEER-MOUSE 20, 21 Dendragapus obscurus obscurus (Say) 34 Dendroica auduboni audubon i (Townsend) 43 DIPPER 46 DOG 5,6,25 DONKEY .. 31 DOVE 4,35 Dryobates villosus leucothorectis Oberholser 38 monticola Anthony 38 DUCK > 4, 5, 33 4,6,36 56 32 . 1,2,3,4,15 21 61 18 EAGLE EEL ELEPHANT ELK Epimys norvegicus (Erxl.) Rrato vitellina Hinds Erethizon epixanthum Brandt Euconulus trochiformis alaskensis Pilsbry . ... 65 Eumeces obsoletus (Baird & Girard) 49 Eiit&nia eques aurata Cope 50 ornata Baird 50 sirtalis dorsalis Baird & Girard 50 Eutamias quadrivittatus (Say) 22 Fe Us hippolestes Merriam 30 Fiber zibcthicus osoyoosensis Lord lg paUidus Mearns 19 FINCH 41, 42 FISHES 1, 3, 10, 54 FLICKER 38 FLY 59 JFox 5, 29 FROGS 10, 52, 53 Geococcyx calif ornianus (Lesson) 37 Geothlynis trichas occiderttaUs Brewster 43 GlLA MONSTER 47 Gilo, pandora Cope 55 GIRAFFE 31 Glavcidium gnoma pinicola Nelson 37 •Glycimeris 61, 62 15 GRASSHOPPER GROSBEAK GROUSE Grus canadensis (Linn.) GUINEA PIG Gymnoqyps californianus (Shaw). GOAT GOLDFINCH .. •GOPHER , cGOOSE... Halixetus leucocephalus leucocephalus (Linn.). Haliotis sp HARE HAWK HERON Hetcrodon nasicus nasicus (Baird 0 MOUNTAIN LION , 30 MOUNTAIN SHEEP 1,3,4,14,15 MOUSE IS, 19, 20, 21 MULE 31 MUSKRAT 19 ; Mus musculus Linn 21 j -Mustela americana Turton 23 j arizonensis Mearns 23 ' streatori leptus Merriam 23 ; Myadestes townsendi (Aud.) 44 J Myotis lucifugus longicrus (True) 12 i MYKIAPODS <:0 j Xeoloma albigula Hartley 19 cinerea orolestes Merriam 20 I mexicana fallax Merriam 20 XIGHTHAWK 38 j Notropis dilectus Girard 55 lutrensis Baird and Girard 55 simus Cope 55 Nucifraga columbiana (Wilson) 41 NUTCRACKER 40, 41 NUTHATCH 4, 44 Odocoilcus americanus macrourus (Raf.) 17 hemionus (Raf. ) 16 Olii'a anyulata 62 Lam 62 biplicata Sow 62 i hiatula Gmelin 62 '> Clivclla 61 i biplicata Sowerby 61 j Oreohelix 61, 62 | concentrata Dall 64 I strigosa depressa Ckll 64 j Gould 64 OTTER 23 Otus asio aikeni ( Brewster) 37 flammeolus flammeolus (Kaup) 37 I Oils canadensis Shaw 14,15 j OWL.. 4,ii,ll,37 ; Pantosteus jarrovii (Cope) 55 j plebeius Baird & G irard 55 ! Passer domesticus (Linn. ) 43 j PEACOCK 45 J Pectunculus giganteus Reeve 62 ! Pelecypoda 62 j Penthestes atricapillusseptentnonalis (Harris). 44 i gambeli gambeli (Ridgway) 44 Perisoreus canadensis capitalis Ridgway 40 , Perognathus apache Merriam 19 j flavescens Merriam 19 ! flatus Baird 19 Peromyscus leucopus tornillo (Mearns) 20 maniculatus rufinus (Merriam). . 20 truei (Shufeldt) 20 ', Phalsenoptilus nuttalli nuttalli (Aud .) 38 : Phlcfotomus abieticola (Bangs) 38 Phrynosoma cornutum Harlan 49 doufflassii hernandesi ( Girard ) . . . 4S ornatissimum(Gir9nJi). 4S Page Physa 61 , 63 altonenxis 65 ancillaria Say 65 D'Orbigniana I^ea 65 traskii warreniana Lea Pica pica hudsonia (Sabine) Picicorvus columbinus Picoides americanus dorsalis Baird PIGEON " PINE SQUIRREL " Pipilo arcticuy maculatus montanus Swarlh Pinidium Pityophis catenifcr sayi (Schlegel) ihimeki cockerelJi Pilsbrv. . . 65 65 39 40 38 4,45 22 43 42 43 62, 63 50 50 44 63 38 18 21 25 15 34 5,30 62,65 64 64 23 65 65 65 QUAIL ....................................... 33 RABBIT .................................. 4, 5, 7, 17 RACCOON .................................... 25 Rana halecina berlandieri ( Kalm) Cope ....... 53 haledna (Kalm) Cope ......... 53 pipiens Schreber ....................... . - '-fil virescens brachycephala Cope ........... 53 RAT ................................. 8, 19, 20, 21, 32 RATTLESNAKE ............................... 46, 51 RAVEN ............... ...................... 40 REDTAIL .................................... 36 RED-WING ................................... 5, 41 46 56 56 55 37 4 44 REPTILES Rhinichthys cataract x dulcis G irard maxillosus Cope Richardsonius pulchellus pandora (Cope) ROAD-RUNNER ROBIN SAGE HEN ................................... 34 SALAMANDERS ............................ 10, 52, 53 Salmo mykiss spilurns Cope .................. 55 pleuriticus Cope ....................... 56 Salpinctes obsoletus obsolelus [Say] ........... 43 SAPSUCKER ................................. 38 Sceloporus tristichus ......................... 48 undulatus consobrinus (Baird & Girard) ......................... 48 Sciurus aberti Woodhouse ................... 22 fremonti Aud. & Bach ............... 22 ncomexicanus ............ '. . . 23 SCORPIONS .................................. 60 Selasphorus platycercus (Swainson) .......... 39 rufus (Gmelin) ................ . . 39 76 INDEX Page SHEEP 2, 14 SHELLS 61 Sialia mexicana bairdi Ridgway 45 Sitta carolinensis nelsoni Mearns 44 pygmsea pygmsea Vigors 44 SKINK 47, 49 SKUNK 24 SLUGS 66 SNAILS 59, 63,66 SNAKES 10, 46, 50 SOLITAIRE 44 SPARROW 4, 42, 43 Spelerpes multiplicatus Cope 52' Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea ( Bonaparte) 37 SPERMOPHILE, STRIPED 21 Spliyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin) 38 SPIDER 10, 60 Spilogale gracilis saxatilis Merriam 24 tennis Howe'll 24 Spizdla breweri Cassin 42 SQUIRREL 4,8,21, 22 Stellula calliope (Gould) 39 Strix occidentaiis occidentaiis (Xantus) 37 Strombus galeatus Wood 62 Succinea avara Say 65 stretchiana Bland 65 SUCKER 55 SWALLOW 43 SWEET-WATER DACE 56 SWIFT (BIRD) 39 SWIFT (LIZARD) 46, 47 SWINE 9,32 Sylvilagus auduboni. neomexicanus Nelson 18 warreni Nelson 18 nuttalli pinetis (Allen) 18 Tachycineta thalassina lepida Mearns 43 Tamiasciurus (subgenus) 23 TARANTULAS 60 Taxidea taxu-s Schreber 24 Thamnophis eques (Reuss) 50 Thomomys aureus pervagus Merriam 19 THRUSH 44 TITMOUSE 44 TOADS 10, 52, 53 TORTOISE 10, 52 TOWHEE 42 Troglodytes a'edon parkma n i Audu boil 44 TROUT... 54 Page TURKEY 1, 2, 4, 6, 34 Turritella 62 tigrina 61 Keiner 62 TURTLE 10, 52 Urocoptidx 63 Urocyon cinereo-argentateus Schreber 29 cinereoargcntcus scotti Mearns 29 Ursus americanus Pallas 24 horribilis horriseus Baird 24 Ord 24 Cta lev is Stejneger 48 ornate Baird & Girard 48, 50 stansburiana Baird & Girard 4S Vallonia 62 ci/dophorella Ancey 64 Vertigo coloradensis basidens Pilsbry & Va- natta 64 concinnula Cockerel 1 64 Vitrina alaskana Dall 65 VOLE 19 VULTURE . . 36 WAPITI WARBLER WASP WATER OUZEL WEASEL WILDCAT WOLF WOODCHUCK . . WOODPECKER . WORMS WREN . . . Xanthocephalus xanihoccphalus (Bonaparte) . 41 YELLOW-THROAT 43 Zamelodia mclanocephala (Swainson) 43 Za menis constrictor flaviventris (Say) 50 vetustum 50 Zapus lutcus 18 princeps Allen 18 ZEBRA 31 Zenaidvra macroura marginella (Woodhouse). 35 Zonitoides' 62 arbor cuts Say 65 o UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed, fhis book is DUE on the last date stamped below. NQV-91955 LI) REC'D LD WG 23 LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 Y£ 49447 YC 4944c 502143 v\ UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY