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U. S. UEPARTMl.X 1 (U- AGRICULTURE.
BUREAU OF FORESTRY- BULLETIN Mo. 35.

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Fores^^r.

EiJCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE
UNITED STATES.

ALFRED JAMES McCLATOHIE, M. A.,

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Asmtant Forester— OvEnro'S W. Price.

Assistant Forester— Geoug-b B. Sudworth.

Chief Clerk— Ot-yo J. J. Luebkert.

Superintendent of Tree Planting — ^^'ILLIA.M L. Hai,l.

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35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agncultur

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Inteirior of Eucalypt Grove.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

BUREAU OF FORESTRY— BULLETIN No. 35.

GIFFORD PINCHOT, Forester.

EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE
UNITED STATES..

ALPEED JAMES McCLATCHIE, M. A.,

Ayriculturist and Ilorticulturisl of the Arizona Experiment Station,
Phoenix, Arizona.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1 9 (J 2 .

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Bureau of Forestry,
Washington, D. C, June Ji., 1902.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith, and to recommend for
publication as Bulletin No. 35 of the Bureau of Forestry, a report
. entitled "Eucalypts Cultivated in the United States," by Prof. A. J.
McClatchie, agriculturist and horticulturist of the Arizona Experi-
ment Station, Phoenix, Ariz. Professor McClatchie has had excellent
opportunities for studying the Australian Eucalypts, which are now
extensively grown in the Southwest for ornament, for wind-breaks,
and for their useful timber. The phenomenallv rapid growth of the
Eucalypts, and the special adaptation of man}' species to dry climates,
render these trees of peculiar economic importance to the Southwest.
The descriptions and illustrations of species, with the information
upon their requirements of soil and climate, and upon the character
and uses of their wood, together form a practical guide for the tree
planter.

Very respectfully, Gifford Pinchot,

Foreste?'.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.
2

NTRODUCTION.

The Eucalypts arc now grown in America, especiall}^ in the South-
western United States, more extensively than any other exotic forest
tree. During- the past forty years they have been planted here and in
other parts of the world for ornament, for sanitary improvement, for
shade, for wind-breaks, for fuel, for oil, and for timber; and incident-
ally they have been useful in many other ways. In fact, they have
probably served more esthetic and utilitarian purposes than any other
forest trees that have been planted on this continent.

These trees have been studied and extolled alike by botanists, gar-
deners, and foresters. The}" are worthy of all the attention that has
been given them and deserve to be still better known. The late Baron
Ferdinand von Mueller, Government botanist of Victoria, Australia,
the most renowned student of the great Australian genus Eucal3'ptus,
prophesied in his scholarly Eucalj'ptographia that ''The Eucalypts
are destined to pla}" a prominent part for all times to come in the
silvan culture of vast tracts of the globe; and for hard-wood supplies,
for sanitar}' measures, and for beneficent climatic changes all countries
within the warmer zones will with appreciative extensiveness have to
rely on our P^ucalypts during an as yet uncountable period.'' All who
have lived where Eucalypts grow can realize fully the force of the
prophecy and the great value of the genus to mankind, both present
and prospective.

In the following pages the Eucalypts are \iewed mainly from the
standpoint of their usefulness, only incidentally l)eing treated as orna-
mentals. No attempt is made to present an exhaustive botanical trea-
tise of the Eucalypts. The botanical features introduced are intended
to be subservient to the interests and purposes of the forester.

Only the large arboreal species are discussed — that is, species attain-
ing a height of over 4U to .50 feet and a diameter of over 1 foot. Many
of the species consisting of smaller trees are very interesting to the
botanist and gardener, but they are of comparativel v little interest to
the forester.

This publication is not a general treatise on the genus Eucalyptus,

3

4 INTRODUCTION.

but ha^ to do more especially with the genus as it behaves in North
America. Only those species that have fruited and bv this means
have been ideutitied are treated. This treatise is based mainly upon
ten 3'ears' observation and study of the genus in California and Ari-
zona and three 3'ears of experimental work in the latter region.
Besides the data obtained as a result of this personal work, very
nuich of value concerning the genus has been learned through cor-
respondence with students and growers of Eucalypts in the various
regions where they grow naturalh' or have been introduced. In this
connection I wish to acknowledge especial indebtedness to the follow-
ing persons for valuable assistance rendered: Hon. Abbot Kinney,
Los Angeles; Hon. Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara; Mr. J. H. Maiden,
F. L. S., government botanist, Sydne3% Australia; Mr. F. Manson
Bailey, F. L. S., colonial botanist, Brisbane, Australia; Prof. L.
Trabut, Alger-Mustapha, Algiers; E. R. Holmes, Paris; Nathan W.
Blanchard, Santa Paula, Cal.; and Col. G. H. Norton and A. K.
Sanders, Eustis, Fla.

The purpose of this l)ulletin is to give information concerning the
characteristics of the Eucalypts, their climatic requirements, and their
uses; to give directions and suggestions as to their propagation and
culture; and to furnish a means of identifying seedlings and mature
trees, so that as the Eucalypts growing throughout the Southwest
become identified, such trees may become sources of information con-
cerning the species they represent, and sources of seed for propaga-
tion. This Australian group of trees now serves ver}^ many useful
purposes in the Southwest, and gives promise of great future useful-
ness in the semiarid portions of our continent. It is believed that
when the merits of these trees are fully understood, and information
concerning their climatic requirements and their propagation is readily
available, they will l^e planted more extensively and with increasing
intelligence and discrimination. The covering of the now untillable,
treeless portions of the semitropic section of America with such trees
as Eucalypts, which will yield fuel, timber, and other useful products,
and also furnish protection from the sun, from winds, and from floods,
or otherwise ameliorate existing climatic conditions, is certainly an
achievement greatly to be desired.

The illustrations are from photographs made b}^ the writer during
the past six years. Photographs of most of the seedlings in pots were
made at a nursery in South Pasadena, Cal., the proprietors of which
were extensive American growers of Eucalypts. The remainder were
taken at the experiment station farm near Phoenix, Ariz. Seedlings 4
to 8 months old, as nearly typical of the respective species as possible,
were selected for subjects. It is believed that these illustrations will
prove useful to growers and purchasers in identifying seedlings of these

INTRODUCTION. 5

trees. The photographs of the branches bearing- leaves, buds, flowers,
and seed cases were taken in each instance from a specimen fastened to
the trunk of the tree upon which it had grown, by this means showing
fairly well the nature of the bark of the tree. It is thus attempted
in each of these latter photographs to illustrate the principal features
upon which the species are based, and it is hoped that they will be
found helpful in identifying trees the names of which are unknown
or doubtful.

CONTENTS,

PART I.

Page.

The native home of the Eucalypts 1-^

The Eucalypts as exotics 1"^

Introduction over the globe 1"*

In southern Europe l'^

In Africa ^'_

In southern Asia 1 '

In South America 18

In North America ^^

Writers upon Eucalypts 20

Foreign..
American

As a source of fuel .

PART II.

Characteristics of the genus Eucalyptus 25

General characteristics 25

The trunk - 26

The foliage 27

The bloom - 27

The seeds 28

Relation of the Eucalypts to climate 29

General climatic requirements - 29

Climatic areas in North America 29

Uses of I^ucalypts ^^

As a forest cover ^^

As wind-breaks ^'^

As shade trees "^_

As a source of timber *^''*

36

As a source of oil ^°

As a source of honey

As improvers of climate ^^

Propagation and care of Eucalypts ^

Difticulties in growing seedlings 44

Planting the seed ^'^

Transferring to fresh soil ^'"^

Setting in the field "^'j

Subsequent care ■*'

CONTENTS.

PART III.

Prijicipal species of Eucalypts gi'own in America, discussed as to ciiaracteristics,

climatic adaptations, and nses 49

Eucalyptus amygdalina 51

Eucalyptus botryoides 53

Eucalyptus calophylla 53

Eucalyptus citriodora 54

Eucalyptus coriacea 55

p]ucalyptus cornuta 56

Eucalyptus corymbosa 56

Eucalyptus corynocalyx 57

Eucalyptus crebra 59

Eucalyptus diversicolor 59

Eucalyjitus eugenioides 60

Eucalyptus globulus 61

pAicalyptus gomphocephala 63

Eucalyptus goniocaly x 63

Eucalyptus gunnii 64

Eucalyptus ha?mastoma 64

Eucalyptus hemiphloia 65

Eucalyptus leucoxylon 66

Eucalyptus longifolia 66

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha 67

Eucalyptus marginata 68

Eucalyptus melliodora 68

Eucalyptus microtheca 69

Eucalyptus obliqua 70

Eucalyptus occidentalis 70

Eucalyptus paniculata . . , 71

Eucalyptus pilularis 71

Eucalyptus piperita 72

Eucalyptus polyanthema 73

Eucalyptus populifolia 73

Eucalyptus punctata 74

E^ucalyptus resinifera 74

Eucalyptus robusta 75

Eucalyptus rostrata 76

Eucalyptus rudis 78

Eucalyptus saligna 79

Eucalyptus siderophloia 79

Eucalyptus sideroxylon 80

Eucalyptus stuartiana 81

Eucalyptus tereticornis 81

Eucalyptus viminalis 82

Grouping of species according to characteristics, climatic adaptation, and uses. . 84

PART IV.

Identification of Eucalypts 89

Systematic position of the Eucalypti 90

Botanical description of genus 90

Determination of species 91

Artificial keys to species 92

Botanical description of species 94

Bibliography of the genus Eucalyptus 99

Index 103

ILLUSTRATIONS,

Page.
Interior of Eucalyp grove Frontispiece.

USES OF EUCALYPTS.

Plate I. A. Eucalypts as forest cover for parks, East Lake Park, Los Angeles,

Cal 16

B. Eucalypts as wind-breaks. Eucalyptus globulus protecting an

orange orchard near Los Angeles, Cal 16

II. Eucalypts as avenue shade trees near Santa ]Monica, Cal.:

A. Eucalyptus cornuta 16

B. Eucalyptus corynocalyx 16

III. Public road near Alhambra, Cal 16

IV. The Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) as a timber tree:

A. View in a grove twenty years old near Los Angeles, Cal 16

B. Cabin near Los Angeles. (Eucalyptus viminalis in fore-

ground ) 16

V. Eucalypts as a source of fuel :

A. Wood cut from a Blue Gum grove near Los Angeles, Cal 20

B. Wood cut from Red Gum (Eucalyptus rostrata) grove upon

ranch of EUwood Cooper, near Santa Barbara. (Young

growth from stumps in background) 20

VI. A. Logs ready to be cut by steam sawing machine, visible in back-
ground -0

B. Four-foot wood, recently cut from grove of Blue ( ium ( Eucalyptus

globulus) '. -0

VII. Blue Gums (Eucalyptus globulus) growing from stumps of trees cut
for fuel:

A. One year's growth -0

B. Three years' growth 20

VIII. pAicalypts growing spontaneously under parent trees:

A. Eucalyptus rostrata at Cooper ranch, Santa Barbara, Cal ... 20

B. Eucalyptus rudis at INIinnewawa ranch, Fresno, Cal 20

IX. Eucalypt seedlings in propagation boxes:

A. Ready to transfer to fresh soil 24

B. Ready to set in field 24

GKOWI.VG TREES.

X. Eucalyptus amygdalina. East Lake Park, Los Angeles, Cal 24

XI. Eucalyptus botryoides. Trees three years (jld 24

XII. Eucalyptus botryoides. Tree fifteen years old 24

XIII. Eucalyptus calophylla, East Lake Park, Los Angeles, Cal 28

XIV. Eucalyptus citriodora, tall form. Tree fifteen years old, Cooper

ranch, near Santa Barbara, Cal 28

9

10 ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XV. Eucah'ptus citriodora, spreading form. Trees twenty years old,

Cooper ranch, near Santa Barbara, Cal 28

XVI. Eucalyptus corymbo.sa. State Forestry Station, Santa Monica, Cal. 28

XVII. Eucalyptus corynocalyx, showing trunks suitable for fence posts. . 32

XVIII. Eucalyptus crebra, Court-House Grounds, Fresno, Cal 32

XIX. Eucalyptus diversicolor, near South Pasadena, Cal 32

XX. Eucalyptus eugenioides. State Forestry Station, Santa Monica, Cal. 32

XXI. Eucalyptus globulus, Santa Barbara, Cal 36

XXII. Eucalyptus globulus on ranch of Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara,

Ca\ 36

XXIII. Eucalyptus globulus. Timber cut from trees in the background

being used to build fence 36

XXIV. Eucalyptus gomphocephala. Grove 24 years old on the Cooper

ranch 36

XXV. Eucalypts on ranch of Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara, Cal. :

A. Eucalyptus goniocalyx. Trees 24 years old 40

B. Eucalyptus tereticornis. Trees 22 j'ears old 40

XXVI. Eucalyptus hemiphloia. Tree 4 years old, Experiment Station

Farm, Phoenix, Ariz 40

XXVII. Eucalyptus hemiphloia. Trees 24 years old. Cooper ranch, Santa

Barbara, Cal 40

XXVIII. Eucalyptus leucoxvlon. State Forestry Station, Santa Monica,

Cal '. ' 44

XXIX. Eucalyptus leucoxylon. Tree 10 years old, Capitol grounds.

Phoenix, Ariz 44

XXX. Eucalyptus longifolia, Pasadena, Cal 44

XXXI. Eucalyptus nielliodora. State Forestry Station, Santa Monica, Cal . 44

XXXII. Eucalyptus microtheca, Montecito, Cal 48

XXXIII. Eucalyptus occidentalis, near Santa Monica, Cal 48

XXXIV. Eucalyptus paniculata. State Forestry Station, Santa Monica, Cal. 48
XXXV. Eucalyptus pilularis, near Santa Monica, Cal 48

XXXVI. Eucalyptus polyanthema, on grounds of George C. Roeding,

Fresno, Cal 52

XXXVII. Eucalyptus robusta, near South Pasadena, Cal 52

XXXVIII. Eucalyptus rostrata. Trees 8 years old, East Lake Park, Los

Angeles, Cal 52

XXXIX. Eucalyptus rostrata. Trees 24 years old, near Ocean Bluff, Santa

Barbara, Cal 52

XL. Eucalyptus rostrata ( Red gum ), near Glendale, Ariz 56

XLI. Eucalyptus rostrata ( Red gum ) , Phoenix, Ariz 56

XLII. Eucalyptus rudis, on grounds of Minnewawa ranch, Fresno, Cal. . 56

XLIII. Eucalyptus rudis, on Minnewawa ranch, Fresno, Cal 56

XLIV. Eucalyptus siderophloia. Trees 8 years old, East Lake Park, Los

Angeles, Cal 60

XLV. Eucalyptus sideroxylon, Montecito, Cal 60

XLVI. pAicalyptus yiminalis. Tree 24 years old, Pasadena, Cal. ; diam-
eter of trunk over 5 feet 60

XLVII. Eucalyptus yiminalis. South Pasadena, Cal. Trees 12 years old. 60

XLVIII. Eucalyptus yiminalis, Montecito, Cal. Trees 20 years old 64

XLIX. Eucalyptus yiminalis, Montecito, Cal. Trees 20 years old grow- 64

ing among native shrubs and trees 64

ILLUSTRATIONS. 11

LEAF, FLOWER, SEED-CASE, BARK.

Page.

Plate L. Eucalyptus amygdalina - . - 64

LI. Eucal yptus botryoides 64

LII. Eucalyptus calophylla 64

LIII. Eucalyptus citriodora 64

LIV. Eucalyptus cornuta 64

LV. p]ucalyptus corymbosa 68

LVI. Eucalyptus corynocalyx 68

LYIl. Eucalyptus crebra 68

LVIII. Eucalyptus diversicolor 68

LIX. Eucalyptus eugenioides 68

LX. Eucalyptus globulus 68

LXI. Eucalyptus gomphocephala 68

LXII. Eucalyptus goniocalyx 68

LXIII. Eucalyptus gunnii 72

LXIV. Eucalyptus hemiphloia 72

LXV. Eucalyptus leucoxylon , 72

LXVI. Eucalyptus uiacrorhyncha 72

LXVII. Eucalyptus nielliodora 72

LXVIII. Eucalyptus microtheca 72

LXIX. Eucalyptus obliqua 72

LXX. Eucalyptus occidentalis 72

LXXI. Eucalyptus jiolyanthema 76

LXXII. Eucalyptus resinifera 76

LXXIII. Eucalyptus robusta 76

LXXIV. Eucalyptus rostrata 76

LXXY. Eucalyptus rudis (tree 12 years old) 80

LXX VI. Eucalyptus rudis (tree 6 years old) 80

LXXVII. Eucalyptus siderophloia 80

LXXVIII. Eucalyptus sideroxylon 80

LXXIX. Eucalyptus tereticornis 80

LXXX. Eucalyptus viminalis 80

SEEDLINGS.

LXXXI. A. Eucalyptus calophylla 80

B. Eucalyptus corymbosa 80

C. Eucalyptus corynocalyx 80

D. Eucalyptus citriodora 80

LXXXII. A. Eucalyptus coriacea 80

B. Eucalyptus eugenioides 80

C. Eucalyptus occidentalis 80

D. Eucalyptus cornuta 80

LXXXIII. A. Eucalyptus siderophloia 84

B. Eucalyptus diversicolor 84

C. Eucalyptus globulus 84

D. Eucalyptus gomphocephala 84

LXXXIV. A. Eucalyptus rudis 84

B. Eucalyptus goniocalyx 84

C. Eucalyptus stuartiana 84

D. Eucalyptus gunnii 84

LXXXV. A. Eucalyptus paniculata 84

B. Eucalyptus h;vniastoma 84

C. Eucalyptus hemiphloia 84

D. Eucalyptus crebra 84

12

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page.

Plate LXXXVI. A. Eucalyptus leucoxylon 84

B. Eucalyptus sideroxylou 84

C. EucalyiJtus robusta 84

D. Eucalyptus longifolia 84

LXXX VII. A. Eucalyptus melliodora 90

B. Eucalyptus polyanthenia 90

C. Eucalyptus obliqua 90

D. Eucalyptus pilularis 90

LXXXVIII. A. Eucalyptus resinifera 90

B. Eucalyptus punctata 90

C. Eucalyptus tereticornis 90

D. Eucalyptus rostrata 90

LXXXIX. Young Eucalypts at Experiment Station Farm, Phoenix,

Ariz.:

A. Eucalyptus rudis (1 year old) 96

B. Eucalyptus polyanthema (2 years old) 96

XC. Eucalyptus fruits 96

XCI. Eucalyptus fruits 96

EUCALYPTS C('i;n\'ATEI) IX THE IXlTEl) STATES.

PART I.
THE NATIVE HOME OE THE EUCALYPTS.

The native home of the Eucal3"pts is Australia and some of the adja-
cent islands, including- Tasmania, New Guinea, Timor, and one of the
Moluccas, All but a very small per cent of the species are found on
the continent of Australia itself. A small number o-row both on Tas-
mania and in Australia, one of these being the Blue Gum, Eucdlypim
(/lohiJus, the species that has been cultivated most widely throughout
other parts of the world.

The Eucalypts constitute a considerable part of the forests of Aus-
tralia, and are said to give a characteristic appearance to the landscape
of the regions in whioh they j^row. They are known in their native
home as Gum trees, Mahogany trees, Box trees, Stringy barks, and l)y
quite a number of other names, the first being the most common
appellation. Notwithstanding- the general use of the term "Gum
tree,"' the name is not an entirely appropriate one, as the exudations
from the trees are in most cases not gums, but resins. The name
"Eucalypts,""' proposed by Baron A^on Mueller, and used in this publi-
cation, is more suitable and euphonious. The only Australian common
names that have been generally adopted in America are "Blue Gum
tree'" for E. (jJohulns^ and "Red Gum tree"' for E. rostrata and several
other species, indiscriminately. In Australia several species are known
as Blue Gums and several as Red Gums. This confusion of names,
due to the great number of the species, and to the application to the
same species of different common names by the inhabitants of the
various colonies of Australia, makes it impractical)le to designate a
Eucalyptus tree by a common name. Tor distinctness it is necessary
to use the botanical names almost entirely. It will probably be some
time, even in their native home, before these trees have well established
popular names for each of the 150 or more species.

In Australia the different .species occupy situations varying from
deserts or dry mountainous regions to low, swampy, and moist moun-
tainous ones. On account of the great diversity of species and their
wide distribution in their native home, it has been possible to select

13

14 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

species suitable to a great variety of semitropic situations; and there
are undoubtedly greater future possibilities along this line. Each
3'ear one or more additional promising species finds its way from Aus-
tralia to our continent, the usefulness of the genus being thus continu-
ally extended to new regions. As Americans become better acquainted
with the Eucalypts in their native home the possibilities for the useful-
ness of these trees upon our continent will be increased.

THE ETICALYPTS AS EXOTICS.

INTRODUCTION OVER THE GLOBE.

From Australia the Eucalypts have been carried to many parts of
the earth having a similar climate. The dissemination began on an
extensive scale about the middle of the past century, largely through
the labors of Baron von Mueller in Australia and of M. Ramel in
Australia and in Europe. To be sure, small plantings had been made
in Europe and in Africa earlier in the centuiy , but we are indebted to
these men for an adequate appreciation of the real merits of the genus.
Prof. J. E. Planchon, one of the students and disseminators of Euca-
lypts in France, says of these men in his paper upon the Eucalyptus
glohulus^^'' that their memory should be associated with the name
Eucalj'ptus ''wherever this tree thrives as a source of public wealth
and salubrity;" and then adds: *

In the history of the future naturalization of the Eucalyptus, ^Mueller is the savant
who justly calculated the future of the tree, traced it in its [prospective] itineracy,
and predicted its destiny. Ramel is the enthusiastic amateur who has thrown body
and mind into the mission of propagating it. Both have faith, but one is a prophet,
the other an apostle; and, in the noble confraternity of services, public gratitude
will not separate the names that are bound together by friendship.

Others took up the good work in various parts of the 'svorld, and,
during the quarter of a century that followed, the genus became
widely distributed. It is said that more trees of thi.s genus have
been planted away from its original habitat than of all other forest
trees combined. As an indication of how extensively they were being
planted a quarter of a century ago, the following statement from a
seed catalogue published in Sidney in 1875 is of interest:

To give our friends some idea of the demand: We have sold nearh' half a ton of
seed during the past year. One pound weight should produce many thousand plants.

The present generation is reaping the benefit of the extensive plant-
ing of that period.

The Eucalypts are now grown successfully in southern Europe, in
northern and in .southern Africa, in southern Asia, in pai'ts of South
America, and in the Southern part of North America. Thus, a por-

a Revue des Deux Mondes, January, 1875. Translated and published by Depart-
ment of Agriculture, May, 1875.

THE EUCALYPTS AS EXOTICS. 15

tion of each continent of the globe is receiving the benefit of the
distribution of this useful genus from its native home. In man}- of
the above regions the Eucal3'pts are a conspicuous feature of the
country, the aspect of the landscape having in some cases been com-
pletely changed by the planting of these trees. There are undouV)tedly
many other parts of the earth 3'et to l)e benetited l)y the introduction
and extensive planting of species adapted to the climatic conditions.
The tests of various species made in Arizona b\' the writer, during
the past three years, indicate that there are species of Eucalypts
adapted to many regions where they have not been tried. These
experiments indicate also that in localities where it has been supposed
they could not be grown successfully as forest trees suitable varieties
have not been tried. There is need of a careful study of these trees
in their native habitats, in order to determine what species ma}^ be
introduced into regions with climate and soil similar to those of the
districts in which the respective species grow naturally.

IN SOUTHERN EUROPE.

According to Baron von Mueller Eucalypts were tirst planted in
Europe in the botanic garden of Naples, in the early part of the last
century. But their value as forest trees was not recognized any-
where in southern Europe until after the middle of the century, and
in Italy not until 1870. During the past forty years their culture has
increased rapidly. Claude M. Thomas, American consul at ^Marseilles
in 1894, states, in Consular Reports No. 168, that '* the cultivation of
the Eucalyptus is receiving much attention from thoughtful men,
wherever in Europe climate and soil are of a character adapted to its
growth."

The French botanists and gardeners were pioneers in studying
Eucalypts and in distributing them throughout southern Europe.
Their interest seems to have continued unabated for nearly half a
century, more publications on the culture and uses of the Eucalypts
having appeared in the French language in that time than in any
other, and probably more than in all other languages in which such
treatises have l)een written. The Eucalypts were introduced into
France during or before 1851, and during the succeeding (juarter
century were planted extensively. Planchon said in 1875:

Now the entire region from Cannes to Monaco displays to the traveler * * *
the aspiring branches of the Eucalyptus, with their scythe-shaped leaves treml)ling
beneath the sUghtest breeze, and wfthstanding the repeate<l ami violent winds from
the east.

M. Henri Carreron, in an article in a recent number of the Journal
de Geneve, makes the following statements concerning the present
prevalence of Eucalypts in southeastern France:

A Proven^'al who has not seen the Cote d'Azur for tlu- last forty years would not

16 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

recognize it, so changed is the aspect of its vegetation. No more there of those
characteristic, stunted, grayish bushes. They have been replaced on at least one-
fourth of the surface of the land by cooling and fragrant fore jts of huge Eucalypts,
which tower high above the thousand-year-old Olive and Mastic trees. Australia is
invading the ancient Provence; the antipodean forest is gradually taking the place of
the indigenous species of the Old World.

Felix Sathut states in his Les Eucalj^ptus, published in 1888, that —

The Eucalyptus * * * is certainly of all the exotic trees thus transplanted the
one which excites the most astonishment by the rapidity of its growth, its gigantic
proportions, and the very great diversity of its appearance and foliage. It is already
so abundant that it is encountered at every step in the public places, in all the
gardens, and it is already being iised as a forest sort.

In France, Eucal3'ptus culture is still confined almost exclusivel}' to
the Mediterranean coast region, no species having been generally
introduced that will withstand the frosts that occur at most points to
the north of this favored maritime district. From that country cul-
ture has extended into most of the region about the Mediterranean,
including its islands. On the island of Corsica these trees have been
grown with special appreciation of their value, several publications
having been written concerning their culture there.

In Italy, Eucalypts were grown previous to 1870 simply as botanical
or ornamental specimens. During that year the}" were lirst set in
large numbers for the sanitar}' improvement of a locality. The most
extensive planting made that year was by the Trappist monks at
Tres Fontane in the Campagna Romana, where malaria was very
prevalent. Charles Belmont Davis, American consul at Florence in
1894, writes, in Consular Reports No. 168, that —

A few monks used to go to this place from Rome every morning after the sun had
cleared away the fog, plant as many of the Eucalyptus globulus as they could during
the day, and return to the city in the evening. * * * Over 55,000 Eucalyptus
trees are planted at this place to-day. * * * At present Italy has at least 100,000
Eucalyptus under successful cultivation, 30,000 of Avhich are due to the railway com-
panies and 70,000 to private enterprise.

According to a report made by Herbert W. Bowen, American
consul at Barcelona, in 189-1, Eucalj'pts were introduced into Spain
in 1865, where Eucaly])tiis glohulus became known as the ''fever
tree," "because it is believed to purif}^ bogg}' and aqueous regions
that engender fevers." Mr. Bowen writes:

The French are the most active and intelligent (if we leave our own Californians
out of the question) in propagating the tree. Hardly less sanguine than the French
a^j-y * * * tj^g Spaniards, who hope by cultivating the Eucalyptus to eliminate
from the atmosphere the noxious exhalations of their soil, and to secure an ample
supply of woodland and wood.

In Portugal and in Greece Eucalypts are grown successfully, but
have not yet been planted on so extensive a scale as in other parts of
southern Europe.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate I.

A. EucALYPTS AS Forest Cover for Parks, East Lake Park, Los Angeles, Cal

B. Eucalypts as Wind-breaks. Eucalyptus globulus Protecting an Orange Orchard
near Los Angeles, Cal.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. 5ept. of Agriculture.

A. Eucalyptus cornu

B. Eucalyptus corynocalvx.
EUCALYPTS AS AVENUE SHADE TREES NEAR SaNTA MoNICA, CaL.

Jul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate 111.

Public Road near Alhambra. Cal.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U, S. Dept. of Agricuitu

A. View in a Grove 20 Years Otn near Los Angeles, Ca

B. Cabin near Los Angeles. ' Eucalvptus viminalis in Foreground. I

The Blue Gum ^ Eucalyptus globulus' as a Timber Tree.

THE EUCALYPTS AS EXOTICS. 17

IN AFRICA.

About the same time that the Eucalypts were introduced into France
the}' were carried into the French colonics in northern Africa. The
Blue Gum {Eiiealyptioi glohulus) i.s reported to have been introduced
into Alg'eria in 1854, a little over half a centur}- after the discover}- of
the species in Tasmania by La Billardiere. By the year 1875, accord-
ing to Planchon, it had been planted in northern Africa '"by hundreds
of thousands, in groves, in avenues, in groups, in isolated stalks, in
ever}' section of three provinces; and the foreigner who does not know
the exotic origin of the P^ucalyptus would suppose it to be an indigen-
ous tree," He adds: "No tree has in so short a space of time intro-
duced into the forest vegetation of Algeria so picturesque an element,
or is as useful and as promising for the future."

Prof. Louis Trabut, Government botanist of Algeria, wrote to the
author as follows, under date of October 14, 1900:

Relative to the Eucalyptus, this tree has been ijlanted in Algeria since 1870.
Only E. globulus was planted for several years. Lately they have planted E. rostrata.
These are the only species that have been generally planted. Among amateurs 100
other species may be found. The Eucalyi)tuK has rendered great service to the
country in quickly growing wood for the timbers of sheds and other farm buildings.

Eucalyptus culture has continued to spread, now extending through-
out other parts of the continent, more especially in the English and
Dutch colonies of southern Africa. James Bryce, in his Impressions
of South Africa, published in 1897, says, concerning the planting of
Eucalypts in the latter region:

The want of forests in South Africa is one of the greatest misfortunes of the coun-
try, for it makes timbercostly. * * * Unfortunately, most of the South African trees
grow slowly; so where planting has been attempted it is chiefly foreign sorts that are
tried. Among these the first place belongs to the Australian gums, because they
shoot up faster than any others. One finds them now everywhere, mostly in rows
or groups around a house or a hamlet, but sometimes also in regular plantations.
They have become a conspicuous feature in the landscape of the veldt plateau,
especially in those places where there was no wood, or the little that existed has
been destroyed. * * * If this goes on, those Australian immigrants will sensibly
affect the aspect of the country, just as they have affected that of the Riviera in
southeastern France, of the Campagna of Rome, of the rolling toi)s of the Xilghiri
hills in South India.

IN SOUTHERN ASIA.

It is reported that the Eucalypts were introduced into soutiiern
India as early as 1813. Several thou.sand acres are now covered with
these trees, principally upon the Nilghiri and Palui hills. In parts
of India a great variety of Eucalypts thrive, while in other sections
only a limited number of species can be grown. Some large planta-
tions there are now 10 years old. In the consular report for Sep-
27719— No. 35—02 2

18 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

tember, 1894, \. L. Polk, then consul-general at Calcutta, remarks
concerning the Blue (nnn {EucaJyjjtus glohulus): '"It may be said gen-
eralh' that the growth of this species is an unqualified success.'-

IN SOUTH AMERICA.

The Eucalypts have been grown in parts of South America for over
thirty years. Interest in them in the Argentine Repul^lic was aroused
b}^ the careful work of Dr. Ernest Aberg, who conducted cultural
experiments with the genus and in 1871 published a work upon the
importance of these trees for a wood supply. They are grown to some
extent in Peru, in Venezuela, and in other parts of the continent.

IN NORTH AMERICA.

The Eucalypts were introduced into North America only a few
3^ears after their introduction into France and Algeria, the merits of
the genus being earh' recognized by Californians. It is reported that
they were introduced into California in 1856 by Mr. "Walker, of San
Francisco, and in that year 11 species were planted. In 1860 Mr.
Stephen Nolan, a pioneer nurseryman of Oakland, being greatly
impressed with the rapid growth of these first trees, and also with their
evident adaptability to the climate, commissioned a sea captain sailing
for Australian ports to secure an}- Eucalyptus seed he could, at the
same time furnishing money with which to make the purchase. A
large supply of seed of several species, including Eucalyptus vlminalis^
was received from this source, and sown in 1861. Mr. Nolan continued
to import seed in quantit}^ for several 3'ears, distributing the seedlings
widel}^ through the State.

The country is especially indebted to Hon. Ellwood Cooper for call-
ing attention to the merits of the Eucalypts. For many years he was
very active in bringing the genus to the attention of the citizens of
California. Under date of May 28, 1900, he writes:

There were Blue Gum trees growing in the State during my first visit in 1868. I
saw a few specimens in private gardens from 10 to 20 feet high ; was attracted to
their beauty; so that when I located in Santa Barbara, in 1870, I at once conceived
the idea of forest planting.

In 1875 he delivered in Santa Barbara a lecture in which his enthu-
siasm for the genus found expression. This was probably the first
address on the subject in America. His interest in these trees (and,
incidentally, the rapidit}" of their growth, wdiich is one of the causes
of their I'apid introduction) is shown by the following statement made
by him upon that occasion:

At my home I have growing about 50,000 trees. The oldest were transplanted
three years ago. A tree three years and two months from the seed, transplanted two
years and ten months ago, is 9i inches in diameter and 42 feet 6 inches high.

THE EUCALYPTS AS EXOTICS. 19

During the interv'^ening quarter century Mr. Cooper has continued
the extensive planting of Eucalypts. He has set them in canyons
and on steep hillsides, has utilized them for a forest cover, for wmd-
breaks, for shade on avenues, for sources of timber and wood, as
well as for ornament, thus furnishing the countr}- an object lesson
of what the tree will do for an appreciative planter. He now has
about 200 acres of his ranch north of Santa Barbara covered with for-
ests of these trees. Here is the best place in America to see a large
variety of Eucal3'pts grown as forest trees. Several varieties to be
seen only as botanical or ornamental specimens elsewhere can be seen
here growing by the acre. Mr. Cooper's groves have been and will
continue to be valuable sources of information as to the behavior,
when growing in forests, of several species not yet generally Dlanted
in America.

A great impetus has been given the planting of Eucalypts in the
southwestern United States by the labors of Hon. Abbot Kinney, of
Los Angeles. As chairman of the California Board of Forestry from
1886 to 1888 he rendered a great service to the State in causing the
planting of thousands of Eucalypts within her borders. A large per-
centage of the trees of species other than Eucalyptus glohidus, now
growing in the Southwest, are from plants distributed during his
administration. Mr. Kinney has ever since been an enthusiastic stu-
dent and planter of trees of this genus, and has written more upon
Eucalypts than any other American. In southern California espe-
ciall V, and in Arizona also, the planting of these trees has been extended
very much hx his work.

During recent years the planting of Eucah'pts has been stimulated by
the labors of ]\Ir. A. Campbell-Johnston, of Garvanza, Cal., an ardent
student and admirer of these trees, who by his writings and his example
has done much to attract attention to the merits of the genus. The
tirm with which he is connected at South Pasadena, Cal., is rendering
a service of incalculable value in furnishing for planting authentically
named seedling Eucalypts. Mr. Campbell-Johnston is also conducting
at his ranch the most extensive cultural test of species of Eucalyptus
that has been made in America.

It is through the labors of such men as have been mentioned, and
of many others, that the Eucatypts have become disseminated and
recognized and very generall}' planted throughout California. The
landscape of manj^ parts of the State has been completely changed
b}' the growth of these trees. Over much of the State they are the
principal wind-break, shade, and fuel trees, and the number of useful
purposes they serve is continually increasing. Without the Eucah'pts
California would be a very different State, and their value to the Com-
monwealth is beyond calculation.

From California the planting of Eucalypts extended into Arizona,

20 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Kew Mexico, Texas, and Florida. In most cases the Blue Gum
{Eucaly2)tu8 glolmlus)^ the species that had been most successfully
grown in California, was the one first planted in these regions. The
Blue Gum is not adapted to these regions and this has led to the belief
that no Eucalypts would thrive there. In southern Arizona, for
example, the Blue Gum does not endure the dry heat of summer, while
in Florida the frosts of winter have been fatal to it. But in some of
these places more resistant species have been introduced and are grow-
ing satisfactorily. A more careful and systematic study of the genus,
accompanied by cultural tests, will undoubtedly result in the discovery
of additional and probably better species for these and other regions.

Eucah'pts have been introduced from California into Mexico also,
and their merits are being graduall}- recognized there.

The introduction of heretofore untried species is continuing in the
Southwest, and the number grown there is thus rapidly increasing.
During the past three or four j^ears especially a great man}' species
have been added to the list of those grown in America. The forty
species discussed at length in this publication comprise the species
known to the writer that have been introduced long enough to produce
seed, and thus establish their identit}-. Five years hence a large num-
ber of additional species will have fruited, and a publication covering
the sime ground that this one aims to cover would then include nearl}^
twice the number discussed in these pages. The recently introduced
species are growing mosth^ at the Universit}^ of California, at forestry
stations at Santa Monica and Chico, on the ranch of A. Campbell-
Johnston (Garvanza), in Elysian Park (Los Angeles), and upon the
experiment station farm near Phoenix. Their development is being
closel}' watched h\ those interested in their planting, and by whom
the great future possibilities in these recent arrivals from the native
home of the genus is fully realized.

WRITERS UPON EUCALYPTS.
FOREIGN.

Much has been written concerning this ver}' interesting group of
trees. Most of the publications have been in English and in French^
several score in each language. A few have appeared in Italian, a few
in German, and a few in Spanish.

The most comprehensive work on the Eucalypts is Baron von Muel-
ler's Eucalyptographia, a ten-part illustrated monograph, published
by the government printer at Melbourne, Australia, and by Trubner
& Co., London, 1879 to 1884. One hundred species are illustrated
and described, with their climatic requirements and their uses quite
fully given. Baron Von Mueller expressed in the final number a hope
that during the years remaining to him supplemental parts might be

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

A. WouD Ci

;i uE Gum Grove near Los Angeles, C -

Wood Cut from Red Gum I Eucalyptus rostrata) Grove upon Ranch of Ellwood Cooper near Santa Barbara, Cal
(Young Growth from Stumps in Background.)

EUCALYPTS AS A SOURCE OF FUEL.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultun

A. Logs Ready to be Cut by Steam Sawing Machine, Visible in Background.

TIk- JU-iuTf tract averaged so cords per acre, tlie growth of seven years, from stumps of trees previously cut
for fuel twice. Sprouts are appearing from "some of the stumps.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

B. Three Years' Growth.

Blue Gums (Eucalyptus globulusi Growing from Stumps of Trees Cut for Fuel.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate VIM.

Eucalyptus rudis at Minnewawa Ranch. Fresno. Cal.

EucALYPTS Growing Spontaneously under Parent Trees.

WRITERS UPON EUCALYPTS. 21

issued, discussing- a portion at least of the 20 to 30 species that he then
recognized as remaining- untreated in his Eucalyptographia. That he
did not. however, expect to bring the work upon the genus to a close
before his death is shown by the following: *' The author can not hope
during the remaining ])rief period of his lifetime to complete the
present work with some approach to exhaustivcness of the subject."
Though he continued working on the genus during much of the
remaining fourteen years of his life, no additional parts were issued.
The great man had deyoted, with remarkable energy and enthusiasm,
nearly half a century- to the study of the genus, without exhausting
the subject or completing a work that purported to cover it. Unfor-
tunateh' the Eucalyptographia is now out of print, and it is prac-
tically impossible to secure a copy l)y purchase. There arc probably
but live copies of the work in America, with little possibility of the
number ever being increased.

The fullest treatment of the genus Eucalyptus from the botanical
standpoint is to be found in Volume III of the Flora Australiensis,
])y Bentham and von Mueller, published in 1866 In- L. Reeve & Co.,
London. This volume contains botanical descriptions of all the species
then known, 185 in number. The common colonial names of a large
number of the species are given, and the part of Australia in which
each species was reported as growing is stated.

Rev. William Woolls, of New South Wales, is the author of two
works containing nmch information concerning the genus: A Con-
tril)ution to the Flora of Australia; The Genus E^ucalyptus, and The
Plants of New South >\^ales. J. Ednie Brown, in New South Wales;
I. G. Luehmann, in Victoria; A. W. Howitt, inGippsland, and Walter
Gill, in South Australia, have each contributed to the literature of the
subject.

Mr. Joseph H. Maidt^n, director of the botanical gardens at
Sj'dnev, New South Wales, and Mr. F. Manson Bailey, colonial
botanist, Brisbane, Queensland, are activel}^ engaged in work upon
the genus. Mr. Maiden is in a sense continuing the work of Baron von
Mueller. His papers upon the Eucalypts as timber trees in Australia
and upon the new species that he, in conjunction with Henry Deane,
has detected, are very valuable. Maiden writes that he is at present
engaged upon the manuscript of a Revisio Critica which he hopes to
publish before long. Such a publication from his pen will be of incal-
culable value to students of the Eucal3'pts, and will undoubtedh^ do
nu:ch to remove the confusion that now exists concerning the names
of many species. His descriptions already published, both botanical
and popular, are models of clearness, conciseness, and completeness.

The French have been prolific writers upon the culture and uses of
th(^ Eucalypts, but their articles are usually brief. Most of their pub-
lications treat especially of Kundyptu^ glohuJii.^; some, however, are
general, but only a few discuss the various species separately.

22 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IK THE UNITED STATES.

The late Charles Xaiidin. director of the botanical laboratorj^ at La
Villa Thuret, Antibes, was the author of two works on the Eucalypts,
the first, published in 1S83, entitled The Eucalyptus introduced into
the Mediterranean liegion;" the second published in 1891, entitled
Description and Use of Eucalyptas introduced in Europe. Besides
a discussion of the general characteristics of Eucalypts, they contain
descriptions of the species grown about the Mediterranean, 56 in num-
ber, of which 13 were established by Naudin himself as a result of his
cultural tests and his observations on the growth of Eucalypts in his
region.

The most extended g-eneral treatise on Eucalypts in the French
language is Les Eucalyptus, by Felix Sahut, of Montpelier. It
contains a discussion of this genus, principally with reference to its
geographical distribution, together with a history of its discovery;
and also gives descriptions of its forest, industrial, sanitary, and
medicinal adaptabilities, with suggestions regarding its culture.

Of the many other French writers on the Eucalypts, the following
have treated of their culture in France: Ramel, Raveret-Watel, Plan-
chon, Nardy, Certeux, Joly, and Combes; of their culture in Algeria,
Lambert, Cordier. Bertheraud, and Trottier; in the island of Corsica,
Carlotti.

AMERICAN.

A few publications treating of the Eucalypts have appeared on the
Pacific coast. The first, a compilation by Hon. Ellwood Cooper, was
published in 1876. The work consisted of a popular lecture (previ-
ously mentioned) on "Forest Culture and Australian Gum Trees,"
by Mr. Cooper; two lectures of a similar character b}" Baron von
Mueller; a paper by the latter upon "Australian Vegetation," and
descriptions of species of Eucalypts copied from the writings of Baron
von Mueller and from a seed catalogue.

The most extensive American work on the genus appeared in 1895 —
an illustrated volume of 300 pages, from the pen of Hon. Abbot Kin-
ney and the press of B. R. Baumgardt & Co., Los Angeles. This
important work treats the Eucalypts from the aesthetic, the botanical,
and the utilitarian standpoints. An unfortunate lack of system
detracts from the usefulness of the book; but it is a mine of valuable
information and suggestions. Each species that was known by Mr.
Kinney to be growing in California is discussed. The work also con-
tains directions for planting and caring for Eucalypts; the results of
cultural tests of a large number of species, and the results of the dis-
tillation of the oil from 26 species; several papers by other writers
upon the medicinal and chemical phases of the subject; and many useful
tables and other matter from Baron von Mueller's great work. Most

WKITERS UPON EUCALYPTS. 23

of the botanical portion and many of the illustrations were contri})uted
by the writer of this work.

Mr. J. Burtt Davy, of the University of California, contributes the
article upon "Eucalyptus" in Volume II of Prof. L. H. Bailey's
Cyclopedia of American Horticulture. The article contains brief
botanical descriptions of 52 species, summarized from Baron von
Mueller's Eucalyptographia, and "verified by reference to herbarium
specimens wherever these were available." Some statements in this
article concerning the propagation of Eucalypts do not agree with
experience here in the Southwest, where the growing of seedlings is
not a simple matter.

Jul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agncultun

Plate IX.

A. Reauy to Transfer to Fresh Roil.

Ready to Set is FielD-

EucALYPT Seedlings in Propagation Boxes.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Eucalyptus amygdalina, East Lake Park, Los Angeles, Cal.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XI.

Eucalyptus botryoides. Trees 3 Years Old.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Eucalyptus BOTRvuiULb. Thle 15 Years Old.

PART II.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

The genus Eucalyptus includes about 150 species. Most of them
are trees of large size; some of them among the largest in the world.
They range, however, from immense trees towering high on plains
and hillsides down to small shrubs that cover desert or alpine regions.

They grow in a great variety of soils and climates, the various native
environments having thus resulted in the development of species that
are quite different from one another. In their native home the}^ grow
both scattered and in forests.

The Eucalypts are all evergreens, a fact that should be taken into
consideration when planting them.

Many of the species are vigorous growers, a few being especially
noted for the great rapidity of their growth. The Blue Gum {Euca-
lyptus (jlohulus) is one of the fastest growing of the genus. On the
ranch of Hon. Ellwood Cooper, near Santa Barbara, Cal., trees of this
species 25 j^ears old are as large as oaks whose rings show them to be
200 to 300 years old. As to their growth in France, Prof. Charles
Naudin, in his memoir on Eucalyptus, published in 1891, says:

In a score of years they (the Blue Gums) attain at least the volume and the height
of an oak a century old. Some others, though not growing as rapidly, are moreover
remarkable for the short time in which they may be used for carpentry, for joinery,
for carriage making, for agricultural implements, for railroad sleepers, and for tele-
jj^raph poles.

It is this rapiditv of growth, enabling them to reach the stature of
trees in a few \-ears, that has been the principal cause of the popularity
of the Eucalypts where they have been introduced.

Most species if pruned, or if cut off at the ground, sprout freely,
sending up shoots that usually make a very vigorous growth. This
makes it possible to cut the trees for fuel, for timber, or for other
purposes, and in a comparatively short time to again have a forest
containing as much timber as before the trees were cut. A Blue Gum
{EucalypUis globuluH) 8 to 10 years old, if cut to the ground, will send

25

FOREST RESOURCFS
LIBRARY

26 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IJST THE UNITED STATES.

up shoots that will reach a height of 75 or 100 feet in from six to eight
3'ears. Several other species make an almost equall}' rapid growth
after being cut. The cutting maA' be repeated ever}^ few years for an
indeiinite period.

Eucalypts are propagated only from seed. To this fact is due their
comparative freedom from injurious insects and from diseases usual
to exotics which have been introduced into America by cuttings or
seedlings. Their dissemination throughout the world having been by
seeds alone, the insect enemies and the parasitic fungi of their native
home have been left behind. In America they have few insect enemies,
and they are remarkably free from disease.

THE TRUNK.

The character of the trunk varies considerably. Of many species
the trunk is erect and straight-grained; of others it is more or less
curved and twisted. In the majority of species the trunk diminishes
in size upward very gradually, being long and cylindrical. It is this
characteristic that makes many of them so admirably adapted for
masts, piles, bridge timbers, and telegraph poles.

The bark of the different species shows great variety. In some it
is very rough, while in others it is quite smooth. In many species its
character changes considerably with age. The bark of all seedlings
is smooth, that of some remaining so permanently, that of others
becoming more or less rough and furrowed as the tree grows older.
Some rough barks are fibrous and stringy on the outside, while others
are hard and lirittle. Trees having the former kind of bark are com-
monly known as stringy-barks; those having the latter, as iron-barks.
Intermediate between the above two types is a Imrk, somewhat fibrous,
but more or less scal}^ on the outside, like that of the American Ash.
Of several species the bark of the limbs is much smoother than that
of the trunk; and often, in the same species, the surface of the bark
varies considerably, l)cing modified by the soil and climate. The bark
remains permanentl}^ on the trunks and limbs of some species, while
from others the outer la^'er falls away freely in sheets or strips, leav-
ing the fresh surface smooth and lighter in color. The surface of the
bark of different species varies in color from light cream to dark brown.

The matured wood of all species is hard — of some species very
hard. Of many species it is tough and durable, resembling in this
respect the wood of American oaks and hickories. The wood of some
species is heavier than water. The wood varies a good deal in grain,
being straight-grained and easily split in some species, while in others
it is gnarled and splits with great difficulty. For this reason the
various species furnish timber adapted to a great variety of uses.
The color of the wood varies from clear white to a rich brown.

CHARACTEKISTICS OF THE CiENUS EUCALYPTUS. 27

THE FOIilAGE.

The Eucalypts present great variety in the appearance of their foli-
age. Of some species it is bluish, of others a light or grayish green,
and of still others a very dark green. Of some the foliage is dense,
but of many species it is open, affording but little shade. The foliage
and young twigs of all species possess a more or less pronounced odor,
due to the presence of oil-dots. To the majority' of people the odor
of most species is agreeable — in some cases quite fragrant.

Of many species the leaves of the 3"oung seedlings are of a different
shape from those of the adult tree. As a rule, the leaves of the seed-
ling tree are broader, shorter, and shorter-stemmed than those of the
older ones. As the tree grows older, the newly formed leaves are com-
monly successively longer and narrower, until the adult form is reached.
This change usualh' occurs during the first year or two of the tree's
growth. The leaves of some species are opposite on the stem of the
young seedlings, becoming scattered as the change to the adult leaf-
form occurs. Only a few species have permanently opposite leaves.
These marked characteristics in seedling leaves furnish one means of
identifying species. A grower or purchaser of young Eucalypts, if
he knows what the nature of the leaves should be, can distinguish the
species very earh' in their development. It is for the purpose of
furnishing assistance on this point that the illustrations of seedlings
are given in this publication. (See Pis. LXXXI to LXXXIX.)

The mature leaves of most species are comparative!}' long and slen-
der, the prevailing shape being that of a lance, or somewhat curved
like a sickle. The}' vary considerably as to texture, those of some
species being thin and papery, while those of the majority are more
or less thick and leathery. Instead of spreading horizontally and
being darker colored above than below, as is the case with most flat-
leafed trees, the leaves of the majority of species present one edge to
the sky, the two surfaces consequently having the same or nearly the
same appearance. Those species with leaves spreading horizontally
naturally furnish more shade than those whose leaves hang with one
edge skyward.

THE BLOOM.

The Eucalypts bear flowers that are more or less conspicuous. The
flowers of different species differ suflSciently to render very material
help in deciding upon the correct name of a tree. The greatest
differences are in the flower buds, which, just before they open, are
much more useful in determining the species to which a tree belongs
than the open flowers. ]Most species bloom freol}' and many bloom
ver}' profusely. The trees of most species produce flowers early in
their development, blossoms sometimes appearing on 2 or 3 year old

28 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

trees that attain, when full grown, a height of 100 to 300 feet. This
early blooming greatly facilitates their identitication and their propa-
gation from seed. The flowering periods of the difterent species vary
considerably , extending through the entire 3'ear. Some species remain
in blossom a large portion of the year, some bloom during two dis-
tinct periods of the year, while of others the flowering season is quite
limited.

The flowers usualh^ grow in clusters, which botanists call umbels,
rarely singly. The clusters are borne at the leaf axils or at the ends
of branches, usually singly; but in some species several clusters are
found arranged in what botanists call a panicle. The unopened flower
buds are hermetically' sealed l)}- a close covering that corresponds to
the outer leaves, or calyx, of most other flowers. It was this close
covering of the flowers that suggested to L'Hertier, the botanist who
discovered and named the genus, the name Eucalyptus, the word
meaning in Greek " well concealed.'' As the flower opens, the upper
part separates as a lid and. falls away, while the lower half of the
calyx remains permanently and incloses the developing seeds. At the
same time there falls awaj' a less conspicuous under covering that is
thought to correspond to the petals of other flowers. The flowers
when open, therefore, are destitute of any enveloping flower leaves.
The stamens constitute the most conspicuous feature of the opened
flowers, being usually very numerous. They difi'er considerabl}' in
color, the prevailing tint, however, being greenish or yellowish white.
Of some species the stamens are highly colored, thus causing the
flowers to be strikingl}^ beautiful, and consequently highly prized for
ornament.

THE SEEDS.

The persisting portion of the calyx becomes a Arm, tough covering
for the seed case, which endures much weathering and usually remains
on the tree for a considerable period. The seed cases of the different
species vary in size from one-eighth of an inch to 1 inch in diameter.
The shapes are various, the prevailing forms being that of a cup, a
goblet, a top, or an egg. As the seed cases mature the upper cover-
ing separates into from three to five tooth-like bodies termed valves,
and the seeds fall out between them. The valves when open either
project from the mouth of the seed case or are included in it. The
shape of the seed case and the position of the valves peculiar to each
species furnish valuable data for determining the name of a Eucalypt.

The seeds are, with a few exceptions, quite small and very numerous,
many, however, usuall}^ being infertile. The smallness of the seeds (the
usual length being 0.0-1 to 0.1 inch) makes their transportation easy
and the rearing of 3'oung plants on a large scale practicable. The
number of 3"oung plants that the seeds of a single tree would produce
per year is enormous.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate XIII.

Eucalyptus calofhylla, East Lake Park. Los Angeles, Cal.

^ul 35, Bureau o^ Forestiy, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur.

Plate XIV.

Eucalyptus citf^iodora Tall FoFiM. Tree 15 Years Old. uouhlh Ranch, near Santa
Barbara, Cal.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept of Agriculture.

Eucalyptus citriodora— Spreading Form. Trees 20 Years Old. Cooper Ranch, near Santa

Barbara. Cal.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XVI.

Eucalyptus corymbosa, State FoREbihi i.

KELATIONS OB^ THE EUCALYPTS TO CLIMATE. 29

EELATION OF THE EUCALYPTS TO CLIMATE.

GENERAL CLIMATIC REaUIREMENTS.

The Eucalypts dili'er considerably as to the cliuiatic conditions under
which the}' thrive, ])ut all the larger arboreal forms agree in requiring
a warm climate. Not only do they prefer a climate that is equable,
but other conditions must exist in order that the}' may be grown
successfully. Prof. Charles Naudin, in his memoir on the genus,
gives quite concisel}' the conditions required for the successful growth
of Eucalypts. He says:

The first condition of success in the culture of Eucalyptus is a climate appropriate
to their nature; that ia to say, for a great majority of the species, warm summers, a
moderate amount of rain, a certain atmospheric dryness, plenty of sunlight, and very
temperate winters.

While all thrive best in regions with warm summers, man}' species
do not endure the summer heat of certain sections of southwestern
North America. Regions where the midsimuner maximum tempera-
tures range from 80^ to 105° F. are best suited to the growth of these
trees. Some species thrive in regions where the maximum tempera-
tures range in summer from 100° to 120° F., but the number is lim-
ited. The various species differ very much as to the ajiiount of cold
they will endure. Some will stand minimum temperatures of 10° to
15° F., while other species will under no circumstances endure tem-
peratures much below freezing. The degree of cold that any species
will endure depends not only upon the other conditions of the atmos-
phere at the time, but upon the nature of the weather that has pre-
ceded. Low temperatures following a warm period that has stimu-
lated growth do much more injury than the same degree of cold
following a gradual fall in temperature.

AVhile most Eucalypts are benefited by occasional heavy rainfalls
that .saturate the soil thoroughly, frequent rains and a very humid
atmosphere are not conducive to their healthful growth. They have
the power of absorbing great quantities of water by means of their
roots, but the above-ground parts of most species prefer to be in quite
dry atmosphere, at least for a portion of the year. A few .species
grow in swami)y, humid regions, but the majority of them prefer
drier situations. Plenty of sunlight is quite essential to the healthy
growth of most species, few of them thriving in the shade of other
trees or in regions having nmch cloudy weather.

CLIMATIC AREAS IN NORTH AMERICA.

With regard to the eHect of climate upon the Eucalypts, Ave may
divide the United States into four sections. In the first and largest
division the winters are ordinarily so cold as to kill the Eucalypts,
and their growth there outdoors is consequently impracticable. This

80 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

region comprises all of the United States except a strip varying from
100 to 300 miles in breadth along the southern and the southwestern
border.

In the second division the winters in most 3^ears are so mild that
growth is not checked; but during some winters a cold wave passes over
the region that kills the whole, or a large part of the tree that has grown
during the years in which no unusually cold period occurred. In this
section Eucalypts never, or rarely, become dormant; and when a cold
wave comes they are unprepared for it, the result being disastrous.
This region consists of Florida and the adjacent coast region of the
south Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. In Florida the conditions
seem to be especially trying. Col. G. H. Norton, of Eustis, Fla.,
writes, under date of February 6, 1900:

All Eucalypts do well, but are killed to the ground when a very severe blizzard
comes and the mercury falls nmch below 20° F. The trouble with the climate is,
we have warm weather nearly all the time in winter, with an occasional cold wave.

Possibly there ma}' be a species as yet untried there that would
withstand the conditions described.

In the third division the minimum temperatures, while commonly
quite low during midwinter, decrease so gradually during the latter
part of autuipn that the growth of the previous year has time to
mature. It is thus able to endure a low temperature that would be
fatal in the second division, discussed above, where the weather is
alternately warm and cold. In other words, these evergreens, in
common with the others of the region, both native and exotic, become
dormant, just as native evergreens do in the colder first division. For
this reason man}^ Eucah'pts can be grown there that can not be suc-
cessfulh' grown in the second division, even though the mean tempera-
tures of the winter may be higher in the latter. This region consists
of the interior valleys of part of Texas, of southern New Mexico, of
southern Arizona, and of southern California. In much of this region
the summers are so dry and hot that many Eucalypts can not endure
them. Consequentl}^ the species that thrive in this section are those
that both endure a very dry, hot atmosphere and become sufficiently
dormant during the winter to endure the low temperatures that occur.
The species of which this is known to be true are Eu<^alyj)tus rostrata^
E. Tudis^ E. leucoxylrm, E. JieinipJdoia^ E. 2>olya^dhema^ E. mellio-
dfy)'a, E. corynoccdyx^ E. tereticornis^ and E. saluhris.

In the fourth division the climate is so equable that nearly all
species of the genus Eucalyptus will grow in it. In this region the
mercury rarel}^ falls below 25° F. during winter nor rises much
above 105° F. during summer, and the atmosphere is commonly
moderately humid. This division consists of the coast region of central
and southern California. It is the section of the United States in which
Eucalypts are grown most extensivel}' and most successfull3\

USES OF EUCALYPTS. 31

Mexico might be similarly divided into four Eucalypt areas. The
territory of these divisions would not necessarily he contiguous, but
would be determined by elevation rather than by latitude or longitude.

USES OF EUCALYPTS.

The Eucalypts probably serve more useful purposes than the trees
of any other genus grown on the globe, except, possiblv, the various
palms. Their uses are very diverse. As they grow the}^ serve as a
forest cover to mountains, hills, plains, and swamps, as wind-breaks,
and as shade trees. While growing they are also the source of many
gums and resins, and of honey. When cut, they furnish valuable tim-
ber, excellent fuel, and a very useful oil. Besides all this, many of
them are ornamental, and they have the reputation of improving the
climate of the region in which they grow. Being hardwood trees, they
serve the useful purposes that hardwood trees ordinarily serve, and
besides furnish many useful products similar to those obtained from
a variety of other trees, and from shrubs and herbs. This great
variety of uses is made available, in regions where they have but
recentl}^ been introduced, by reason of their very rapid growth, it being
possible to enjoy many of their uses while the trees are still standing,
and to obtain from them many useful products within a very few
years after planting them.

AS A FOREST COVER.

It is as forest trees that the Encalypts are most useful; planted as
ornamental or as shade trees thev are often disappointing. Planters
who have put them out as forest trees are the ones who have derived
the greatest benefit from them. (PI. I, a.) Hon. Ellwood Cooper,
of Santa Barbara, was one of the first Americans to recognize the
prospective value of Eucalypts as forest trees. He acted upon his
conviction, and has for a score of years been reaping the reward.
Besides enjoying the beaut}^ and shade of his groves, as well as the
beneficial changes they have wrought in the climate of the region, he
has for many years received from them an annual income of no incon-
siderable amount. Those who have planted them singly or in small
groups as ornamental or shade trees have received little or no financial
return, and have in some cases been disappointed in them because not
serving, as they had hoped, the purpose for which the}^ were set.

In many of the semitropic portions of the globe the Eucalypts are
the trees most suitable to plant for forest cover. Much of the treeless
land of semitropic America might be covered with these trees. As
the conditions under which the difierent Eucalypts grow in Australia
are very diverse, it is evident that, if the species are properly selected,
thev will cover nearlv all kinds of situations.

32 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

The species suited to particular localities or conditions may be ascer-
tained by reference to pages that follow. Those that g-row in Australia
on the uplands and in other dr}^ situations can be used here to cover
similar regions. In the Southwest there are large areas of hilly coun-
try, of little or no use for other purposes, that might be transformed
into useful forests by covering them with these trees. This covering
of the hills with forests will not only furnish shade, a source of honey,
and a supply of fuel and timber, but will prevent the too rapid run-
off of rain water, which results in the cutting and washing of hillsides
and in other forms of damage below. On this point Mr. Cooper, in a
letter to the writer dated June 18, 1900, says:

South of where I live, about one-eighth of a mile, is a steep hillside. I noticed
during my residence the first years that heavy rains washed down the soil, all the
rain running off. I planted Eucalyptus trees on this hillside, about 4 feet apart.
When these trees had four or five years of growth we had a tremendous rain storm,
14 inches of rain falling in four days. Nearly all this water was held by the trees,
practically none running off. There is always more moisture in the soil near these
trees than some distance off. There is no question as to the great importance of hav-
ing our mountain sides well wooded with trees and bushes to preserve the rain for
the benefit of the valley below.

The Eucalypts can be utilized as a forest cover for mountains as
well as hillsides. Several species grew naturally upon the mountains
of Australia. These will serve as a covering for bare mountain sides
in the Southwest, and the writer believes that they would prove quite
valuable for recovering those that have been denuded of their natural
forests by fire. The rapid growing species, less resistant to frost,
could be planted on the lower parts of mountains, and the somewhat
slower-growing, more hardy ones farther up the mountain sides.
Those adapted to alpine situations may be planted to a height of from
4,000 to 6,000 feet.

Lowlands, too, ma}' be covered with Eucalypts. In Australia several
species grow naturally in swamps or other low situations. These may
be utilized for covering the lowlands in warm regions in other parts
of the world, thus reducing the amount of the stagnant water, and in
other ways rendering such localities more agreeable.

Judging from observations made during the past few j^ears (the most
trying years upon vegetation that have been experienced in the South-
west since it was settled), the writer believes that much of the tree-
less desert region might be forested with Eucalypts. At the close of
the season of 1900, the driest one of which the Weather Bureau has a
record, trees of several species were observed growing without irriga-
tion in southern Arizona, antl some of them had not been irrigated
for many years. Trees of the Red Gum {Euccdijptm rodrata)^ the
Sugar Gum {E. corynocaly.r)^ and of E. tereticornis^ growing in a neg-
lected tract under desert conditions where the ground water vzas about
100 feet below the surface, endured the above trying summer. This

3ul, 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

Plate XVII.

Eucalyptus corynocalix, Showing Trunks Suitable for Fence Posts.

j|. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XVIII.

.YPTUS CREBRA. COURT-HOUSE GROUNDS. FRESNU, Cf

j|. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XIX.

Eucalyptus diversicolor. near South Pasadena. Cal.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Eucalyptus eugenioides, State Forestry Station, Santa Monica, Cal.

USES OF EUCALYPTS. 33

indicates that these, and probably other species, might be used as a
forest cover for similar desert regions. In order to g-ot the seedlings
started it would be necessary- to water and cultivate them a year or
two, after which they would be supported by the rainfall, especiallv
in localities where the ground water is near the surface.

AS WIND-BREAKS.

In the Southwest the Eucalypts have been found very useful as
wind-breaks. Their quick growth and varied habit make them
peculiarly adaptable for this purpose. Thus a low tree with dense
foliage may be selected where a low, close wind-break is desired, and
a taller species where a higher and less dense shelter is needed.
Owners of orchards, especially citrus orchards, have found them par-
ticularly beneficial as a break to the strong winds and a protection
during cold weather. (PI. I, b.)

On this point Mr. Nathan W. Blanchard, of Santa Paula, one of the
most extensive growers of citrus fruits in California, in a letter dated
June 11, 1900, makes the following statement:

In reference to Blue Gum wind-breaks, I prefer them to any other. They grow-
rapidly and break the force of the wind, which is what is required. A solid wind-
break like a Monterey Cypress, the wind sometimes falls over and has a twist-
ing effect on the trees, similar to wind coming from a high mountain range. With
my experience in this valley I would plant the wind-breaks about 450 feet apart.

The Limoneira orchards are laid off in sections, putting the Blue (iuiiis 40 rods
apart, but I think this distance is too great and it is too far to run the water econom-
ically. My wind-breaks are about 450 feet apart, and are so effective that one does
not feel the wind at all among the orange trees. Neither is my fruit in the least
impaired by the wind, however strong it may blow down or up the valley. My
orchard ditches are along the wind-breaks, and the trees therefore get all the water
that they need and do not draw upon the moisture of the orchard to the detriment
of the fruit trees. Indeed, I have some orange trees alive that are growing right
under the Blue (iums, bearing some good fruit. If the Blue Gums are sufiiciently
supplied with water they have no injurious effect upon the trees other than the shade,
and on the east side of the wind-breaks my trees are more thrifty, or at least bear
more fruit, than the average, while on the west side the shade is somewhat detri-
mental to the amount of fruit that I secure.

Upon the above subject Mr. Ellwood Cooper, of Santa Barbara, in
the letter previously mentioned, writes as follows:

The fruit orchards where protected have larger growth and cleaner leaves and
stems. Less fruit blows off during high winds. I know of an orange orchard at
Santa Paula where Eucalyptus trees were planted on the east and west sides — cjuite
a distance between. The trees on either side, where protected, were twii-e as large
as those in the center; in fact the orchard was sloping from the protected sides to the
center. The center rows were taken out and Eucal yi)tus trees i)lanted. The orchard
now shows a uniform appearance.

Mr. Cooper also speaks of the value of the Eucalypts as a wind-
break for grain fields. On this point he says:
In wheat and barley farming I found that in the immediate vicinity of the groves
27719— No. 35—02 3

34 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

of Eucalypti there was a much heavier crop and taller straw. Near the ocean, where
the trees protected the grain from sharp sea wind, there was certainly more than
twice as much grain and twice as nmch straw. The unprotected grain had over one-
third to one-half the heads blasted— no grains in the injured parts. The straw had a
rusty appearance. From facts actually established I have made the statement that
three-fourths of an area will produce more grain or fruit with the other fourth in
forest trees than four-fourths without the forest trees; hence the great economy in
tree planting.

The last statement would not apply to all reo-ions, but of those
swept by heavy winds it is undoubtedly true. There are large areas
in Ventura County, Cal.. that would not })e tillable but fortheEucalypts.
Part of the land is so sandy that formerly it was blown about by the
wind, and not only the crops growing in it, but those of adjoining fields
were seriously damaged. The planting of Eucalypt wind-breaks has
so moderated the wind velocity that now little damage is ever done
by it.

Many fruit growers in southern California believe that wind-breaks
of Eucalypt trees protect their orange and lemon orchards from frosts.
The question was a subject of discussion at a large horticultural meet-
ing held in that section April 29, 1901. In the Los Angeles Times's
report of the meeting is the following:

Four hundred people, representing ten farmers' clubs, met Monday at the ranch
of George Turner, near Cucamonga, to study the system of wind-breaks established
there as a protection against frosts. The visitors were seated among the Eucalyptus
trees which they had come to study. "Frosts in relation to wind-breaks" was the
subject of a paper by John Hoffman, of Cucamonga. In stating the results of his
investigations he said "the temperature is usually higher on the north side of a wind-
break than on the south side," and that, since his orchard had grown large, "the
ground had frozen but once, and that was at a distance from the wind-break."

AS SHADE TREES.

While many of the Eucalypts are not especially desirable shade trees,
the fact that they will grow well in many situations where other trees
make poor growth, or will .scarcely grow at all, gives them consider-
able value for this purpose. They are especiall}^ suitable for country
roads, for the vicinity of barns and other farm buildings, and for shade
in pastures. As road shade trees, many. species have proved ver}' use-
ful in the Southwest and have been much used for this purpose. (PI.
II, A, B.) Mr. Cooper, in the letter already mentioned, writes upon
this point as follows:

The public highway through my ranch, seven-eighths of a mile in length, has a
double row of trees on either side. There is less mud in winter and less dust in sum-
mer than on the road at either approach.

The writer observed the latter fact while there during August. In
regions where there is less sunshine and more rainfall than there is at
Santa Barbara it might be well to plant the trees farther apart on the
sunnier side of the road to permit the road to dry after rains. In many

USES OF EUCALYPTS. 35

f^ases the trees can be so set along the road as to serve both as a wind-
break against the most disagreeable winds of the region and as shade
trees during summer. (PI. III.) In all cases the fact that these trees
are evergreen, and consequentl}' shade-producing both winter and sum-
mer, must be taken into consideration. In regions where heavy win-
ter rains occur it would not be wise to plant Eucal3'pts so thickly as to
keep the road from drying.

In many parts of the Southwest the Eucalypts are utilized to advan-
tage to furnish shade in pastures. If set along the fences and along
irrigating ditches they can be made to protect the animals in the pas-
ture without at any time interfering with farming operations. In the
place of the Cottonwood and other deciduous trees, some P^ucalypts
would be an improvement, both in appearance and in usefulness.
Even during the winter, when deciduous trees are leafless, there are
many da3's when animals in the pasture need shelter from the sun,
and many more when protection against wind and rain is needed.
The Eucalypts would furnish this protection to animals. In addition
they would be a source of better fuel and timber than most deciduous
trees, and would add much to the appearance of the winter landscape.

AS A SOURCE OF TIMBER.

For Australia and the neighboring islands the Eucalypts are one of
the important sources of the general timber supply, and are the chief
source of the hard-wood timber used there. The uses made of Euca-
lyptus timber are remarkably diverse. It enters into the construction
of buildings, ships, bridges, railroads, piers, telegraph lines, fences,
paving, vehicles, agricultural implements, furniture, barrels, and a
great variety of minor articles. In his Notes on the Commercial
Timbers of New South Wales Mr. Maiden names twenty-five "special
purposes" for which the timber of Eucalypts is used in that colony.
Six species are named as valuable for bridge timbers, five as valual)le
for piles, nine for paving, eight for posts, three for railroad tics, four
for railway coaches, five for lumber and .shingles, seven for the vari-
ou.s parts of vehicles, two for barrels and casks, and two for broom
and tool handles. Eleven "special purposes" are assigned to the tim-
ber of the Spotted Gum {Eucalyptus maculata)^ ten to the timber of
the Ironbark {E. slderoxijlon)^ eight to that of Red Mahogany {E. res-
m If era) and Tallow Wood {E. m!croco)'y.s), six to that of Gray Gum
{E. pt'oj)/nqua), five to that of Red Gum {E. rostrata)^ and a lesser
number to that of seven other species. Not only in Australia is the
timber of Eucalypts used thus extensivel}', but it is exported in
large quantities, the bulk of the hard-wood lumber shipped being from
these trees. R. Dalyrimplo-Hay. in his work entitled The Timber
Trade of New South Wales, names thirteen species that furnish tim-
ber for export. He gives the annual output of lumber from the 108

36 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

luills of the colony as 59,500,000 superficial feet, a large part of which
is from Eucah'pt trees. Shipments are made to distant parts of the
globe, including" Africa and even England.

The timber of different species of Eucal3^pts differs ver}- much in
character. While that of all species is hard wood, the degree of hard-
ness, the strength, durability, flexibility, color, and many other quali-
ties are quite different. Great differences exist also in the timber of
the same species grown in different soils and climates. To these varia-
tions is due, largely, the great ^'ariety of uses that the timber of these
trees serves.

In America the Eucah^pts have not yet been grown long enough
nor extensively enough to have become a source of lumber. The
principal uses made of the timber thus far are for fuel, piles, posts,
and some of the parts of farming implements, and for pins for insu-
lators on long-distance transmission cables. The species used most
for piles in southern Australia does not thrive in the Southwest, but the
Blue Gum has been found to be a vevj durable substitute. (PL IV, a.)
The life of Redwood {Sequoia sempermrens) and of Oregon Pine {Pseudo-
Isuga taxifolia) piles is from four to seven years on the Pacific coast.
Blue Gum piles last twice as long. The piers at Santa Barbara and at
neighboring sea towns are maintained with piles of this Eucalypt.
Mr. Cooper informs the writer that he has sold from his groves nearly
$10,000 worth of piles during the past ten years. At Oceanside the
superior value of Eucalypt piles is reported to have been demonstrated
through the surreptitious acts of a contractor. Lacking a few piles
of the timber specified in the contract (Oregon Pine), he is said to have
obtained some Blue Gum timbers from the vicinity and to have ordered
the night crew to place them on the inside, where their presence would
not be detected. When it became necessary to repair the pier a few
years ago some sound piles were found among others nearly destroyed,
and upon examination the}^ proved to be the Blue Gum trees. The
demand for these piles is now greater than the existing groves of
Eucalypts can supply. It seems probable that piles may become one
of the important crops grown l)y farmers of the Southwest. As the
trees now planted become larger, and as planting becomes more exten-
sive, the Eucalypts will undoubtedly become sources of much timber
for a great variety of purposes. (PI. IV, b.)

AS A SOURCE OF FUEL.

In Australia the Eucalypts are an important source of fuel. There
the inhabitants find the tree, ready grown for use, and it matters little
to them how long they have taken to reach their present size. Hence
many species are used for this purpose. In America and other coun-
tries where the Eucalypts are grown as exotics the case is quite different.
Only a quick-growing species will yield an earl}" suppl}' of fuel, and

ireau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XXI.

EUCAL/PTUS GLOBULUS, SaNTA BARBARA, C/

r;ui.t,Mii,s; in liiamcliT from 3 to over 5 fct-'t. Thoy \
southern California.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XXII,

Eucalyptus globulus on Ranch of Ellwood Cooper. Santa Barbara, Cal.

\c-ars did. Tlic lari:c'>t Kucalx i)t lias altaiiuMi in twi-iily-lour yi'iirs tin.- diaiiR'tcT thai llic nak- liavu
' iimvtT tu" liiiii(lrr<i yoa'rs.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U, S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate XXIII.

Eucalyptus GLOBULUS. Timber Cut from Trees in the Background Being used to Build Fence.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S, Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XXIV.

Eucalyptus gomphocephala. Grove 24 Years Old on the Cooper RANce

USES OF EUCALYPTS. 37

hence the Blue Gum among the Eucah'pt.s has been most used for thi.s
purpose. (PI. V, a.)

The Manna Gum {Eiicalyptus vii/tinalis), the species approaching
the Bkie Gum most closely in rapidity of growth, has also been cut
considerably for fuel. Other species making a slower growth produce
a harder wood and better fuel. For some years Mr. Cooper has been
cutting stove wood for the Santa Barbara market from his Red Gum
{E. rostrata) and Red Ironbark {E. sideroxylon) groves, and linds the
fuel from them superior to that from the Blue Gum. (PI. V, b.)
When other species become more generall}^ known, or when plantings
now made have reached a sufficient age, undoubtedly several species
will be found better adapted for fuel than the now much-used Blue
Gum. But at present that is the fuel tree of much of the State of
California. (PI. VI, a.)

When set for fuel the young trees are conunonly planted either
8 by 8 or 6 by 10 feet apart. Rows 10 feet apart with trees 6 feet apart
in the rows give a few more trees to the acre, and leave more space
between the rows for driving with a wagon. Formerly some growers
planted closer — either 4 b}^ 1 or 4 b}" 8 feet — and cut out the trees as
the}^ increased in size, until they were left the distance apart they
desired them to be permanentl3\ But so much difficulty was experi-
enced in preventing the growth of the trees desired to be eliminated
that the practice has l)een almost entireh" abandoned. The young-
trees are commonl}^ cultivated for about two years after being set out.

In California some of the l)est agricultural land is used for growing
Blue Gum wood for market, usually in groves of from 10 to 40 acres.
Not onh^ are these groves profitable, but they add much to a landscape
which without them was c^uite monotonous. Land unsuitable for til-
lage— hillsides, ravines, and rock}' plains — is also nuich utilized. In
such cases the return from the fuel produced is j)ractically a <1cmi
gain. In July, 1900, the writer's attention was attracted to a grove
of Eucalypts near Pasadena, Cal. Sul^sequently, in response to an
inquiry as to the age of the grove, Mr. 11. F. Shorting wn-ote as
follows:

The Eucalyptus globulus grove is 12 years old, and is in the worst sort of soil, for
grapes, oranges, lemons, and barley have all failed. It is an old river bed. It was
cut one year ago, and they are far better looking trees now than they were before
being cut. (PI. VII, a.)

There is undoubtedly much land in the Southwest now considered
too poor for growing any crop that might profitably be set to fuel-
producing groves of Eucalypts.

When 5 to 7 years old, groves of Blue Gum or Manna Gum may be
cut to the ground for fuel, and they may be cut every six or eight
years thereafter. The yield from each cutting is commonly 50 to 75
cords of 4-foot wood per acre. One 17-acre grove between Los

88 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Angeles and Compton, set in 1880 and cut for the third time in June,
1900, produced 1,360 cords, an average of 80 cords of 4-foot wood per
acre. (PI. VI, b.) The price received b}^ the owner for the crop was
§2.50 per cord on the stump. It will be seen that this return fulh^
justified the using of the heaviest of agricultural land for the growth
of fuel. On poorer land the yield is only a third to a half the above
amount. The size attained in good soil a short time after being cut is
often remarkable. (PI. VII.) In a grove near Pasadena, set in 1885
and cut for fuel in 1893, there were in July, 1900, some trees 2 feet in
diameter and many over 100 feet in height.

Mr. Cooper estimates that at the rate his trees are growing he can
cut from his 200 acres of miscellaneous species, set largely in soil too
rough for tillage, 1,000 cords of wood per year indefinitely without in
any way detracting from the appearance of the groves or from their
usefulness in other wa3^s. Judged by the known rate of growth of
smaller groves, the above estimate is not high. The Eucalypt is evi-
dently destined to be the future fuel tree of the Southwest. Even
when settlement in this region began the hard-wood trees were limited
in number, and these are rapidly disappearing under the woodman's
ax. In much of the Southwest the oak has been a source of hard- wood
fuel, but in many places the supply is about exhausted, and in none
can it last indefinitely. Over a good deal of the region the Mesquite
{Prosoj)is julijiora) has been the chief source of fuel, but even these
trees are rapidly disappearing in the vicinity of the settlements. All
available timber will soon be cut, and there is no known species except
the Eucalyptus that can take its place and at the same time suppl}^ the
increasing demand for hard-wood fuel. The extensive planting of
Eucalypts in such localities would be a wise provision for the future.

Not only the wood of the Eucalypts is used for fuel, but in Calf ornia
the leaves are utilized for this purpose. A Los Angeles compan}" is
making for market bricks composed of Blue Gum leaves and twigs
mixed with crude oil, and the product is reported to be an excellent
fuel for domestic use. The entire tree is thus utilized. This new use
of P^ucalypt leaves suggests the possibility of many industries growing
out of the extensive planting of the trees in the Southwest.

AS A SOURCE OF OIL..

While the stem and branches of the Eucalypts furnish timber and
fuel, the leaves and twigs are the source of a very important oil. In
Australia many species yield sufficient quantities to enable them to be
utilized for oil production, but most of the oil produced there is
obtained from three or four species. For many years the production
of eucalyptus oil has been an important industry in that country.
One of the first investigators and producers of this oil was J. Bosisto,

USES OF EUCALYPTS. 39

of Melbourne. Bai'on von Mueller states in the Eucalyptographia
that in 1880 Bosisto was producing 6 tons of oil per year. Since then
the demand for the oil has increased very much, and a nuich larger
quantity is produced in Australia annually. During the past ten
years considerable eucalyptus oil has been produced from the Blue
Gum plantations in Algeria, it having been found advantageous to
obtain the oil from solid plantations of one species rather than from
native forests where the species grow mixed. In California consider-
able oil has been extracted from the Blue Gum during the past five
years. The principal producer is a physician in Los Angeles, who is
attempting to establish a reputation for putting up a pure high-grade
product. During the winter of 1900-1901 he extracted 9 tons of oil.
He does not distill out any eucalyptol, as he considers the oil in the
form he puts it out superior for most purposes. The residue from
the distillation of the refined oil from the crude product is put up for
a salve. From the oil he manufactures a soap and cough drops.
Hon. Ellwood Cooper has a young Blue Gum plantation on his ranch
near Santa Barbara, from which he intends to manufacture both euca-
lyptus oil and eucalyptol. He will cut the trunk and limbs into fuel,
extract oil from the twigs and leaves, and thus utilize the entire tree.

The different species vary greatly as to the amount of oil the}" will
yield, the range being from none to 500 ounces from 1,000 pounds of
fresh lea^•es and twigs. According to J. Bosisto and other Australian
authorities and S. M. Woodbridge, of Los Angeles, the Peppermint
Tree {Eucalyptus amygdalina) yields the largest amount. But in
America this tree is not grown extensive^ enough for it to be a source
of much oil. For some years yet, and perhaps always, the chief
source of eucalyptus oil here will be the Blue Gum. The yield of
crude oil from the leaves and twigs of this species ranges from 1 to
l.() per cent. Dr. Herron extracted, during the past season, 9 tons of
oil from TOO tons of leaves and twigs from this species — a yield of
1.28 per cent. H. B. Silkwood, proprietor of the California Eucah'p-
tus Works, Garden Grove, Cal., reports that he produced 1 ton of oil
from 100 tons of material during the past 3'^ear, the output being
limited by the available supply of Blue Gum leaves. The Red Gum
yields much less oil than the Blue Gum — only 10 to 30 per cent as much.

The oils from the different species of Eucalypts differ greatly. As
extracted they are all compounds or mixtures. The chief ingredient
of the oil from the Blue (jum is a colorless, transparent, camphora-
ceous liipiid called eucalyptol "or cineol; of the Peppermint Tree
{Eucaly2)tu.'< ainygddliria), a less known liquid called phellandrene; of
the Lemon-scented Eucalypt {E. cltriodora)^ a fragrant, highly vola-
tile liquid called citronellon, mixed with another fragrant licpiid called
geraniol. Several other ingredients enter into the composition of
the oils from the various species. The best known of all the ingre-

40 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

clients is euealyptol, which constitutes about 60 per cent of the oil
from the Blue Gum.

The medicinal properties of the various component parts of eucalyp-
tus oil differ widely. Hence the oils from different species have very
different medicinal values. Unless euealyptol, the chief ingredient of
Blue Gum oil, has the same effect upon the human system as phelland-
rene, the prominent ingredient of the Peppermint Tree oil, the oils
from these two trees must necessarily have different medicinal proper-
ties, and the oil from a forest of mixed species must have very uncertain
medicinal properties. The Eucalyptus oil produced in America, where
the groves from which leaves are obtained for oil are commonly of one
species, and where, with rare exceptions, a single species (Blue Gum)
is the source of all the oil extracted, will necessarily be a product
whose properties are better known and more constant than that pro-
duced from mixed native forests. Hence the importation of euealyp-
tol or Eucalyptus oil from Australia or elsewhere is both unnecessary
and a disadvantage to the consumer. As Hon. Abbot Kinney remarks
in his "Eucalyptus":

The increased use of the eucalyptus oils derived from the solid plantations of
E. globulus in California and Algiers is thus seen to rest upon reasonable gi-ounds and
must give increased reliability to medicinal preparations from the Eucalyptus.

Eucalyptus oil is so useful, and popular information concerning it is
so meager, that a few words concerning it will not be out of place here.
This oil has been used for about forty years, but only during the past
ten 3' ears has it been employed in medicine very extensively. Its use
is now constantl}^ increasing, as its properties and medicinal value
become better known. All druggists questioned on the subject stated
that the demand for Eucalyptus oil was rapidW increasing. Two
wholesale druggists of Los Angeles both stated in letters to the writer,
written in response to inquiries on this point, that theii' sales of the
oil had increased very nuich during the past few years.

The fact that it is nonpoisonous and nonirritant makes it especially
safe and valuable. As much as a fourth of an ounce has been taken
internally without injury, and it may be freely applied to the most
delicate tissue. Notwithstanding the fact that it is neither danger-
ously poisonous nor irritating to the human system, it is a very effective
antiseptic and disinfectant, and has come to be used quite extensively
for dressing wounds, ulcers, and other diseased tissues. It enters into
the composition of several antiseptic preparations. The oil is also a
well-known remedy for malarial and other fevers, and is used in treat-
ing diseases of the skin, and of the stomach, kidneys, and bladder, and
is especially valuable for affections of the throat, bronchi, and lungs.

In using Eucalyptus oil it is important that a pure article be pro-
cured. Unfortunately there is considerable adulteration of this oil
with cheaper, inert, or harmful ones. No doubt this remedy would

3ul 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultun

Plate XXV.

A. Eucalyptus goniocalyx. Trees 24 Years Old

B. Eucalyptus tereticornis. Trees 22 Years Old.

EucALYPTS ON Ranch of Ellwood Cooper, Santa Barbara. Cal.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XXVI.

Eucalyptus hemiphloia. Tree 4 Years Old. Experiment Station Farm, Phoenix, Ariz.

Bui 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S Depi, of A^ricuHure

Plate XXVII

Eucalyptus hemiphluia. Trll^ 24 Ylak^ Old, Cuuf er Ranch. Santa Bahbana, C'-l.

USES OF EUCALYPTS. 41

be a more popular one but for the fact that so much of the oil for sale
on the market is of such an uncertain nature. The safest way is to
purchase none in bulk, but buy it in bottles put up by a reliable per-
son or firm. It costs more in this form, but is far safer to use as a
remedy.

The leaves of the Blue Gum and of a few other species, on account
of the oil the}^ contain, are employed as household remedies in local-
ities where the trees grow. Among- the natives of Australia they are
said to be in common use for dressing wounds and for other pur])oses.
In California, teas and poultices are made from the Blue Gum leaves
for treating colds, wounds, and ulcers. The leaves are also steamed
for the treatment of colds, catarrh, croup, bronchitis, and other affec-
tions of the respiratory system. Some go so far as to use regularly
tea made from the leaves of Blue Gum, and, as they assert, with bene-
ficial results.

AS A SOURCE OF HONEY.

The Eucalypts generally bloom so f reelv and so early in their devel-
opment that as a group they are an important source of nectar for bees.
The fact that some species can be found in bloom any day of the year,
often during droughts when other blossoms are scarce, in many cases
in great profusion, makes them especially valuable as a constant source
of bee food. Mr. Kinney, who has made extended observations on
the blooming of the Eucah^pts. writes in his "Eucalyptus:"

Taking the sixty species and marked varieties of this genus in southern Cahfornia,
I have never seen a day that flowers could not be found on some of them. * * *
When we consider the free production of nectar by the Eucalyptus at seasons when
there is little or no other resource for bees, and also the claimed medicinal value of
honey from Eucalyptus flowers for relieving irritation from the mucous membrane,
and as a nerve sedative, the presumption is strongly in its favor. Bee men will
doubtless tind it to their interest to study the species, and plant iu waste jjlaces such
sorts as will furnish the best kinds of nectar during the most difficult season for the
l)ees. * * * I. believe that by some study of this subject species of Eucalyptus
with plenty of nectar could be so selected as to give a constant crop of flowers or
flowers at such times as these are absent in other plants.

Naudin, in his "Description and Use of Eucalyptus," s'dja of their
value as a source of honey:

Another use of the Eucalyptus * * * is supplying the bees with abundant pro-
visions for food by their flowers, from which they withdraw a perfumed honey,
endowed perhaps with peculiar hygienic properties.

Whether or not the Eucalypts give a peculiar medicinal qualit}' to
the hone}' ma}' be a question, but it is certain that the}' are a valuable
pasture for the bees.

Since Mr. Kinney wrote the above, beekeepers have become more
interested in the Eucalypts as a source of nectar. William Shutt,
foreman of the Santa Monica Forestry Station, informs the writer that

42 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

he receives many inquiries concerning the merits of certain species for
bee pasture. In a subsequent portion of this publication will be found
a list of the species useful for this purpose. Iri planting trees for
forest cover, wind-breaks, shade, timber, or fuel it would be well,
wherever the bee industrj^ is important, to select varieties recognized
as flower producers. Several species valuable for the purposes men-
tioned a))ove — notabh^ the Sugar Gum {Eucalyptus corynocalyx), the
Red Gum {E. rodratci)^ the Red Iron bark {E. sidet'oxyloii)^ E. hemi-
phloia, and E. polyanthema — are profuse bloomers and are thronged
with bees during the blooming season, which with some species is
quite protracted.

AS IMPROVERS OF CLIMATE.

The Eucalypts have the reputation of benefiting the climate of those
regions where they have been planted. Evidence upon this subject
is so conflicting, however, that the truth is ascertained with ditficulty.
Whatever the fact may be, the belief is quite general, especially in
southern Europe, that the eflect of Eucalypts upon the climate is
distinctly sanatory.

The plantation of Eucalypts at Tres Eontane, in the Roman Cam-
pagna, is the instance most generally cited by those who contend for
the beneficial influence of these trees on the climate. In fact, the general
planting of Eucalypts throughout southern Europe seems to have been
given a decided impetus by reports of the results at Tres Eontane. On
this point Charles Belmont Davis, American consul at Elorence in
189-1, writes in Consular Reports No. 168 as follows:

It is this latter quality [the property of distributing a balsamic atmosphere] which
has brought the Eucalyptus into such prominence in Italy, and has been the cause
not only of the planting of thousands of trees by private individuals and public cor-
porations, but of its receiving the indorsement of the Italian Government as well.

He adds:

Whether the plant does absolutely contain such a healthful quality as many
attribute to it has always been and still is a question in the minds of many who
have given the subject intelligent thought and systematic experiment. That the
planting of these trees has met in some districts with a degree of success in allaying
the ravages of malaria there would seem to be little doubt.

In the consular report mentioned above Wilbur B. Hall, American
consul at Nice, writes:

The Eucalyptus seems destined to revolutionize silviculture in the countries men-
tioned [France, Algeria, Italy, Spain, Corsica, Portugal, and Cape Colony], not only on
account of the many remarkable properties of the tree, its resin, its wood, and its
rapid growth, but also its great power of absorbing enormous quantities of water
from wet and swampy lands, drying them and rendering them tit for cultivation, aa
well as its tendency to thus eliminate malarial conditions from the lands whence it
grows.

M. Carlotti, who has studied Eucah^pts exhaustive!}^ on the island of

USES OF EUCALYPTS. 43

Corsica, in his "Rendering warm, unhealtli}' regions healthy by means
of the Eucalyptus," cites a large number of instances of improved
climate attributed to the planting of Eucal,vpts.

M. Lambert makes similar statements as to the effect of planting
these trees in Algeria. M. Gimbert also cites examples of the improve-
ment of climate in Algeria, as well as in Cape Colony and other parts
of Africa, due to the planting of Eucalypts. It is asserted bv many
Calif ornians that the planting of Eucalypts has diminished the amount
of malaria in central California. Others in \'arious parts of the world
have made similar claims.

On the other hand, some who have investigated the subject maintain
that the fact of the improvement of climate bj^ Eucalypts is not estab-
lished. Perhaps the ablest of those who have combated the popular
belief in the sanatory effect of Eucalypts is Prof. Tomaso Crudeli, who
has investigated the subject carefully in Italy. He insists that up
to the date of his writing (1886), "not a single instance of hygienic
improvement by the sole means of Eucalypti has been ascertained, but
the possibility of so doing is not denied."

Wallace S. Jones, American consul at Rome in 1894, writes as fol-
lows in Consular Report No. 168:

In Italy, although the newspapers had persuaded everyone that the farm of the
Tres Fontane, near Rome, had become healthful by means of the Eucalypti, it proved
a disagreeable surprise to learn of a sudden outbreak of malaria in 1882 that caused
much sickness among the farm hands, while the rest of the Campagna remained per-
fectly healthy. * * * Dr. Montechiare, a practicing physician of Rome, who for
years was physician to the penal colony at Tres Fontane, tells me that his experience
justifies him in declaring that no beneficial result against malaria has been derived
from the planting of the Eucalyptus.

Those who fail to recognize the beneficial effects of the planting of
Eucalypts also call attention to the fact that malaria prevails in manv
parts of Australia where these trees are abundant. It seems to be
admitted, how^ever, that malaria is absent, or at least not prevalent, in
those parts of Australia where the Blue Gum, the species that is
believed to have produced the beneficial result about the Mediterranean,
is native or thrives. V'hether this coincidence, if such it be. is due to
the natural climate or to the effects of these trees would be somewhat
difficult to decide.

It is probable that considerable of the change in the sanitar}^ condi-
tion of those places said to have been benefited by Eucalypts has been
due to other causes, such as the making of drainage ditches, etc., and
this will partially account for the condicting opinions on the subject.
When, however, the nature and habit of the trees are considered, it
is entirely reasonable to believe that to a certain extent they bene-
ficially affect the atmosphere in the region of their growth. The
grounds for this belief are: First, their great capacit}?^ for absorbing
moisture from the soil, and thus reducing the quantity of stagnant

44 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UJS^ITED STATES.

water in the ground at their roots; second, their corresponding power
of giving off fresh from their foliage the water thus taken up V)v their
roots; third, the exhalation from their leaves and other parts of vola-
tile oils, which affect the climate not onh' directly but by changing
the ox3"gen of the atmosphere to ozone; fourth, the purification of
germ-infested matter by the foliage dropped upon the ground or in
pools of standing water. From the combined action of these four
characteristics is seems reasonable to believe that the trees would be
beneficial to man}" climates.

It is not necessary to determine, however, before setting EucaU'pts,
whether they have a pronounced beneficial effect upon climate or not.
They certainly do not injure a climate. They serve so man}' other
useful purposes that the question as to their effect upon climate may
be waived, and the planting of them still go on from other motives.
The belief that they improve climate has served a useful purpose
regardless of the facts in the matter. The planting of trees is such a
desirable thing that it matters little what the motive for planting them
be, provided they get planted. Eucalypts may confidently be grown
for a forest cover, for wind-breaks, for shade, for timber, for fuel,
for the oil and the honey they furnish, and if, at the same time, thej"
improve the sanitary condition of the region in which they are grow-
ing, the reward of the planter will be so much the greater.

PROPAGATION AND CARE OF EUCALYPTS.
DIFFICULTIES IN GROWING SEEDLINGS.

Eucalypts are less easily propagated in America than most other forest
trees. This is due in part to the smallness of their seeds and the infer-
tility of many of them, and in part to the fact that each species
requires, or at least prefers, cei'tain peculiar climatic conditions. Few
grow spontaneousl}" in the Southwest yet, and none do so freely. The
Red Gum and the Blue Gum are occasionally found growing spontane-
ously from fallen seed, and at Mr. Cooper's ranch near Santa Barbara
Red Gum seedlings were seen by the writer in abundance under trees
in shaded canyons, and in washes below the trees. (PI. VIII.) Mr.
Cooper also pointed out trees about a foot in diameter that had grown
from volunteer seedlings. Southwesit of Los Angeles, near the ocean,
where the temperature is even and the atmosphere more humid than
farther inland, young seedlings often appear in the groves of Blue
Gums, and this occurs in similar situations in central California, being-
very noticeable on the universit}' campus at Berkeley. On the Min-
newawa ranch, near Fresno, seedlings of Euailyptus rudis apj^ear under
the trees in abundance each spring, and are used by the owner i'or
planting. (PI. VIII, b.)

In some regions species which grow fairly thriftily when once started

Pul. i5, Bureau of Forestry, U, S. Dept of Agriculture.

Plate XXVIII.

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EUUALYPlUb LbUUUXYLUN, b I A I fc. FuHb.-:.IHT bFATluN, bAMA BAHbAHA, CaL.

Bui, 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept, of AgncultL

Plate XXIX.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon. Tree 10 Years Old, Capitol Grounds, Phoenix, Ariz.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of /^gricultur.

Plate XXX.

Eucalyptus longifolia. Pasadena, Cal.

Jul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XXXI.

EuCALYPTUb MELLIODORA. STATE FORESTRV STATION, SaNTA MONICA. CaL.

PROPAGATION AND CAEE OF EUCALYPTS. 45

are propagated from the seed with great difficultly. For example, the
Red Gum {Eucalyptus rostrata), which grows quite well in southern
Arizona from seedlings obtained from California, is propagated at
Phoenix from seed with considerable difficult}-. The case is similar
to that of the orange tree, which, though thriving in the vicinity of
Phoenix can not be easily grown there from seed. As a rule, however,
Eucalypts that are well adapted to a region and thrive in it seem to
be fairly easy to propagate there. The ease with which seedlings
can be grown in any region ma}^ often, therefore, Ije taken as an
indication of how well the adult trees will grow there.

Eucalypts are not commonly propagated in open soil, but in seed
boxes, and ordinarily they need some protection from cold and from
the sun during their early stages. Most species make a slow growth
at first and are quite delicate, but when once fairly established they
grow very ra])idly.

PLANTING THE SEED.

The usual method of starting Eucalypts is to sow the seed in shallow
boxes in especially prepared soil. A mixture of coarse sand and h^af-
mold (two parts of mold to one of sand) is the best. This is placed in
boxes a few- inches deep; the seed is strewn quite thickly over the sur-
face; a light covering of sand is placed on top, and this surface is then
kept constantly moist. The young plants commonly appear in one or
two weeks. After germination has taken i)lace the soil should be kept
moist but not wet. If kept too damp the young i)lants will be attacked
by parasitic fungi and perish I'apidly — •"damp oflV' as gardeners term
it. Applying the Avater about the middle of the forenoon, so that the
soil and plants have time to become partially dry before night, is a
precaution helpful in preventing damping off. In the experience of
the writer there is nothing better for freshly sown seed, or for young
plants, than a watering h\ a rainfall. Leaving the seed boxes out
during a light rain will often start seed that artificial watering for
weeks has failed to bring up, and young plants are very much refreshed
and invigorated by a shower of rain.

Before transplanting it is well to harden the young plants by giving
them only sufficient water to prevent wilting during the heat of the
da}'. After a week or so, when they have become more woody, water
should be applied freely for a few days, and they will then be in a
better condition for transj)lanting than if this ti-eatment is omitted.

TRANSFERRING TO FRESH SOIL.

When the young seedlings are 2 or ?> inches high, they should be
transplanted into flats of fresh soil, putting in the plants about 2
inches apart each way. (PI. IX. a.) This soil may contain less sand and
more leaf mold than the seed bed. A mixture of leaf mold, sand, and

46 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

some soil similar to that in which the}' are to be set in the lield is a
good combination. If the plants are few and choice, it is usual!}" best
to transfer them from the seed bed to pots instead of to flats. From
the pots they can ))e transplanted with less loss than from the boxes.
They still need frequent watering, l)ut the surface of the soil does not
need to be kept as moist as during the earlier stages of growth. For
a few days after being transferred they often need additional protec-
tion from drying. When they have become well established it is well
to expose them to the sun and the outdoor air sufficiently to hardea
them before transplanting to the held.

The work of propagating Eucalyptus seedlings is not always accom-
plished successfully by those without experience in gardening or
greenhouse work. Where the climatic conditions are at all trying,
unless one has had some experience in propagating evergreen plants
from small seeds, it will be better to purchase the trees of a grower.
In the dry valleys of the interior it is especially difficult to grow
young Eucalypts successfully. So many are lost from various causes,
but largely because of the dryness of the atmosphere, that it will be
found more economical to procure the plants from some grower
located in a more favorable region.

But it is important that plants be purchased of a reliable grower.
The species of Eucalypts are so numerous, the seeds so small, and the
different species so similar in the earliest stages of growth, that it is
easy for honest confusion to arise in the mind of a grower who is not
conscientiously careful. When to this is added unscrupulousness, the
danger of not getting the species desired or called for is quite great.
The Blue Gum seedlings are so well known that growers or buyers
are seldom deceived in them. But it is not safe to buy any other spe-
cies of any but a thoroughly reliable grower. Many nurserymen, if
they have not the species called for, or are so ignorant as to be
unacquainted with it, will substitute some entirely different species,
thinking the purchaser will not know the difference, at least for some
years. Last spring (1901) a Los Angeles nurseryman sold a farmer
plants of Eucalyptus rohusta for both Sugar Gum {E. corynoccdyx) and
Red Gum {E. rostrata), the former in cans and the latter in flats.

SETTING IN THE FIELD.

When the seedlings are from 4 to 8 inches high they are right for
setting in the field. (PI. IX. u.) They usually attain this size when
they are from 4 to 6 months old, but species vary considerably as
to the tune required to bring them to the given size. They bear
transplanting better, and make a better start after being set out, at
this age, than they do when older and larger. In some parts of the
South and Southwest they can ])e set out in the field almost any time dur-
ing the year. In other localities it is difficult to get them started in the

PROPAGATION AND CARE OF EUCALYPTS. 47

field except during certain seasons. In California they are commonly
set out from February' to Ma\% but may be set considerably earlier or
later in many parts of the State. Wliere heavy frosts occur during
the winter it is best to wait until the danger of their occurrence is
over, as many Eucalypts that endure frost when older are (juite sensi-
tive when 3^oung. In southern Arizona the best months for setting-
are March and April, just after the winter rains, and July and August,
during. the summer rains. They can r)e started most successfully there
Quring the latter part of March.

If tlie Eucalypts are being set primarily for shade they may be set
in singl(> or double rows, 10 to 20 feet apart in the rows, along fences
or irrigating ditches, or on each side of a road; or they may be scat-
tered about the barnyard or the stockyard. But if the}- are being set
for timber or for fuel it is best to set them 8 to 16 feet apart each way in
solid blocks. When set in this manner they grow straighter (thus
making more serviceable timber), split more readily for fuel, and are
in every way more useful than if they grow scattered about and exposed
to distorting winds. Some species, like the Red Gum, that arc slen-
der and easih^ distorted by the wind the first year or two, will grow
straighter if corn be planted among them. In regions where the sun
is trying the corn serves as a partial shade, as well as a wind-break.
But as stated before, Eucalypts thrive best in bright sunlight, and it
is not well to permit the corn to encroach too closely upon the young
plants.

SUBSEQUENT CARE.

The young plants should be given some water when set out, and in
many cases the watering will need to be continued for some time.
How long after setting the application of water should continue will
depend upon the climate, and upon the weather that follows. In the
coast region of California, where night and morning fogs are frequent,
little artificial watering is necessary. Farther inland trees need to be
watered for several weeks at least. In the dry vallej's of southern
Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas they should be irrigated at least
throughout the first season, and will make more satisfactory growth
if irrigation be continued several years. After their root system
is well established a few irrigations during winter when water is
abundant will be all they they will need in most of this region. If set
along irrigating ditches or canals it will be necessary to water them
b}^ hand only a few months, until the roots have pushed down into
the permanently moist soil.

As most of the Eucalypts are quite delicate plants when small, they
will need careful attention the first season. The}' should be cultivated
and kept entirely f r^e from weeds for from one to three years, accord-
ing to the species and the condition of the soil. In many cases they

48 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

will need some protection from animals. Rabbits and other rodents
sometimes nibble off young plants. If these animals can not be
destroyed or excluded from the field, it will be necessary to protect
each seedling from their ravages by means of a sheath of woven wire
or other suitable material.

The great usefulness of the trees and the considerable length of
time they are likely to remain where planted warrant the planter in
giving the 3'oung plants all the attention they need until they ])ecome
established. The Blue Gum is one of the easiest of the genus to start
and needs less attention than iKost species, but it should be cultivated
and protected from rodents for at least the tirst season. Any species
should be given at least as much care as would be given a field of
corn. The cost per acre for the care of the young seedlings need not
be much greater than the cost of caring for a corn crop. To set
young trees and then leave them to struggle with weeds, to suffer for
want of water, or be injured by animals is not economical. Eucalypts,
like most trees, will endure quite unfavorable conditions when once
established, but they need careful attention until they become thus
fitted to cope with such conditions.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of AgricuUun

Plate XXXII.

tiji "L, t Ti;s mic:-:'jthf.ca, Montecito. Cal.

35, Bureau of Forestry. U S Dppt nf Agricuitur.

Plate XXXIII,

Eucalyptus '---.^_-\ i --^ic;, nlak bAM ■■ M -•,--■■-. C-

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry U S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XXXIV.

i I it

/ »

\

Eucalyptus paniculata, State Forestry Station, Santa Monica, Cal.

35, Bureau of Forestry. U. S Dept of Agriculture.

Plate XXXV.

Eucalyptus pilularis, near Santa Monica. C.'

PART III.
PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA.

In discussing the following species of Elucalypts the aim has been to
use as few technical terms as possible. However, the species of the
genus Eucalyptus are so numerous (about 150), and have l)een known
to the civilized world for such a comparatively short time, that satis-
factory popular names have not yet been assigned to many of them.
Hence, it has been necessary to head the discussion of each species with
the scientific name, adding whenever practicable a common name.

To be sure, the majority of si)ecies discussed here are known to
have names applied to them by the aborigines of Australia, and the
English colonists have assigned names to most of them. But the dif-
ferent native tribes, and the colonists as well, have different names
for the same species. For example, liKcalypfKS mio'otheca has seven
known native names and six colonial ones; and E. vimhntH.s and K
ainygihdlna are each known by nine different colonial names. To add
to the confusiori, the same English name is applied to many different spe-
cies. As illustrations of this, the term '' Blue Gum " is applied to twelve
species; the term ''Flooded Gum'' is applied to seven species; the term
"Ironbark" to eight species; the name "Red Gum" to nine species;
the name "Stringy-bark" to eleven species, and the name "White
Gunr' to thirteen species. As Abbot Kinney observes in his work
"Eucalyptus," each district in Australia has a nomenclature of its own
for the Eucalypts, and thus the conunon names are, with few excep-
tions, confused and uncertain.

As there are already over fifty different species of Eucalypts grown in
America it will undoubtedly be a good many years before many of them
will be known popularly by well-established common names. In the
meantime it will be necessary to continue using the scientific names in
order to designate them accurately. EncalyptuK (/l<)huJii><, on account of
its predominance in the Southwest, has come to be well known as the Blue
Gum, but at least one of the eleven other species known by this name
in Australia, which is also a promising species for parts of America
(namely. E. leucoxylon), is entitled on account of its general aspect to
be known here by this same name. If by connuon consent the latter
could come to be known as the " White Gum,'' in reference to the white
bark and wood of the tree (the specific name, leucoxylon, meaning in
27T19— No. 35— Oi> 4 49

50 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Greek "* white wood.)"" as it is known in parts of Australia, the pros-
pective difficulty would be obviated. A name concerning which there
is considerable confusion is "Red Gum."- Probably the species most
entitled to it is E. rostrata^ but both in Australia and America the
name "Red Gum'" is applied to several additional species for which
there is no other good popular name. In America the name "Sugar
Gum"' has been applied to E. corynoccdyw alone, so far as known; and
the term "Manna Gum," so far as it has been used at all, to E. vuni-
nalis alone. E. cormda^ and this species alone, is known here to some
extent as the " Yate.'" and the name "Bloodwood"" seems to ])e applied
to E. corymbosa only. But few, if any, others of the tiftv or more
species growing- in America are yet known widel}' by any common
names.

Consequently, the reader of this publication, and growers of the
species for some years to come, will have to bear patiently with the
use of the botanical names of the species. There will be no great
hardship or inconvenience in doing this, as most of the names are quite
expressive, referring to some prominent feature of the trees. For
example. calophyUa means '"beautiful leaved;" cor/acm means "leath-
ery," referring to the leaves; corynocalyx niea,ns "club-shaped calyx;"
co?muta means "horned;" diversicolor refers to the diverse colors of
the two sides of the leaf; glohulus refers to the globular seed-cases;
goniocalyx means "angled calyx;"' /i pern as foma means "bloody or red
mouthed;" hucoxylon, "white wood;" longifolia^ "long leaved;"
e!tri(xlora, "citrus odored" (referring in this case to fhe citrus fruit,
lemon); melliodora^ "hone}' odored; " tnicrotheca, "small seed-case;"
ohlajua refers to the oblique leaves of the tree; j^olyantJiema, "manj'^
flowered;" 7>(<;icto?'«, "dotted;" reslnifera, "resin-bearing:"" rohusta
refers to the robust appearance of the tree; rostrata refers to the ros-
trate or beaked flower buds; saligna means "willow wood;" sidero-
yhloia means "iron bark;" sideroxylon, "iron wood;" tereticornis
means "round-horned," referring to the terete or cylindrical flower
buds, and vim {7iaUs inesms "osier willow." The termination "oides"
means "like," the specific name acmenoides, for example, meaning
"acmen-like;" hoti^yoides meaning botr3^s or grape like, (referring
to the clusters of the seed-cases), and eugenioides meaning "Eugenia-
like, " referring to Eugenia, a plant genus of Australia. A few spe-
cific names (and fortunately only a few of those applied to Eucalypts
generally planted) are Latinized forms of proper names, having been
assigned by the namer and describer in honor of some botanical
worker. For example, Eucalyptus gunnii is the Latin for "Gunn's
EucaWpt;" and the name s^««r?5mwa was assigned in honor of a col-
lector named Stuart. Eucalyptua^ the name of the genus, means, as
has been stated, "well concealed," referring to the complete manner
in which the essential organs of the flower are covered.

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 51

The paragraphs giving the characteristics of the several species dis-
cussed were all written or revised under typical trees of the respective
species. It is hoped that they are sufficiently accurate and explicit to
enable a planter, aided by the illustrations, to decide more or less
definitely whether a particular tree in question is what it has been
represented to be, or is supposed to be. If there is no clue to the
name of a tree, the name of which is desired, it will be necessary to
resort to the use of the keys and descriptions given in the botanical
section of this bulletin. For this work a good hand lens and some
knowledge of botanical terms are essential.

The climatic requirements of the Eucalypts described here have
been determined mainly by personal observation and experiment in
the Southwest. In some cases, where the species has been cultivated
onh' to a limited extent in America, inferences in regard to the cli-
matic requirements of the tree have been drawn from its native, hal)itat.
This is not entirely safe; but an attempt has been made to make state-
ments based on such data very g-uardedly, as it can not always be
prophesied from a knowledge of the native environment of any par-
ticulai" species just how it will behave in a foreign countrv. The max-
imum temperatures given as the degree of heat a species will endure
are those recorded in the shade 5 feet from the ground by a self-
recording thermometer.

The information given concerning the uses of the several species
is drawn largely from Baron von Mueller's "■ Eucalyptographia"
and "Select Extra-tropical Plants," Mr. Maiden's ""Useful Australian
Plants" and "Commercial Timbers of New South Wales,"' and ]\lr.
Bailey's "Queensland Woods," since most of the species have not been
grown in America long enough nor planted extensively enough to
furnish independent data concerning many of the uses of a large num-
ber of the species. A notable exception to this is the Blue Gum
{Eucalyptus glolndux)^ which has already been used for a great variety
of purposes, including wind-breaks, forest cover, shade, fencing, piling,
fuel, and oil. A few others have been used for fuel and for timbers.
The only useful purposes that many of them have yet served in America
are as shade trees, wind-breaks, and bee pasture.

Eucalyptus amygdalina.

Giant Kccalyit; Peppkkmint Tkki:.

Character ktics. — In its native country the individuals of this species
are the tallest of the genus, and pro])al)ly the tallest trees in the
world. In his "Eucalyptographia." Baron von Mueller says of this
species :

This EuealyptU!:: is uiu; <.A the most iriiuirkable and important of all the phints in

52 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

the whole creation I Viewed in its marvelous height when standing forth in its
fullest development on the slopes, or within glens of mountain forests, it represents
probably the tallest of all trees of the globe; considered as a hard-wood tree of
celerity in growth, it ranks among the very foremost; * * * and contemplated
in respect to the yield of volatile oil from its copious foliage, it is unsurpassed and
perhaps not equaled by any other tree in the whole world.

He speaks of recorded heights of over 400 feet and of diameters of
18 to 35 feet. One tree furnished a log 220 feet long, 12 feet in
diameter at the top, and 30 feet in diameter at the base — an immense
stick of hard-wood timber! While claiming that this Eucalvpt is the
tallest tree in the world, Baron von Mueller admits that in respect to
height combined with diameter '' it must cede the palm of superiority
perhaps " to the Sequoias of California. In most other countries out-
side of Australia, this Eucalypt has not attained extraordinary heights;
nor does its rate of growth prophesy great size. (PI. X.) In the
Southwest man}^ other species grow more rapidly and have attained
greater height since their introduction.

The tree is a very variable one, the size and habit depending upon
the soil and the climatic environment. The great heights mentioned
are attained in cool, moist ravines. Baron von Mueller says that in
more open country it is of much lower stature, in some cases being
comparatively a dwarf. It is the latter form that is known as "Pepper-
mint Tree." In the Southwest it is exceedingly variable, running into
forms that are evidently worthy of varietal names. The bark is also
quite variable, being either rough and persistent or flaking off and
leaving a smooth, yellowish surface. The trunk is fairly erect, but
the small branches usually droop willow-fashion. The leaves are of
medium size, varjang from very narrow to lance-shaped. They are
usually more or less curved. The narrow leaves are quite thick, the
wider ones thinner. They are equally green on the two sides, and
conmionly have a distinct odor of peppermint when crushed. The
flowers are small, in compact clusters of 8 to 15. The seed cases are
small and nearly top-shaped. (See PI. L.)

Climatic requirements. — The tree endures low temperatures, but is
injured by dry heat. It does best near the coast and at moderate ele-
vations in well-watered mountain regions. In no part of the South-
west do the requirements seem fully met.

Uses. — The timber is not so valuable as that of many other Euca-
lypts, but is said to be useful for shingles, rails, and for planking in
ships. It is comparatively light, unlike many other Eucalypts. float-
ing on water. It does not usually last well underground, nor does it
furnish fuel of good qualit3^ The leaves are a source of Eucalyptus
oil. Baron von Mueller states that the fallen leaves of this and some
other species deodorize the soil. He recommends the planting of it in
swampy fever regions, where climatic conditions are suitable.

Bui 35 Bureau cf Ft restry, U. S. Dept of Agricullur

Plate XXXVI.

Eucalyptus polyanthema, on Grounds of George C. Roeding, Fresno, Cal.

35, Bureau ot Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate XXXVII.

Eucalyptus robusta, near Suut^

Jul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate XXXVIII.

Eucalyptus rostrata. Tcll

;T Lake Park, Los Angeles, Cal.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept, of

Plate XXXIX.

Eucalyptus rostrata. Trees 24 Years Old, near Ocean Bluff. Santa Barbara. Gal.

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GKOWN IN AMERICA. 53
Eucalyptus botryoides.
Bastard Mahocaxy.

Charactefistics. — The tree reaches a fairly large size (75 to 150 feet
high when fully grown), making a vigorous gi'owth when young.
(PI. XI.) It is consequently a handsome tree during the early 3'ears
of its growth, and when fully grown is very stately in appearance.
(PI. XII.) The bark of the stem of the young tree is quite smooth, but
that of the low^er part of the trunk of the adult trees is rough, com-
monl}' persistent, and of a dark-gray or brownish color. The bark of
the branches and of the young trees flakes ofl[', leaving a smooth
greenish or yellowish surface. The leaves are horizontally placed and
are rather large and thick, having a dark-green, shiny upper surface,
with a much paler under surface, the veins spreading like the parts of
a feather. The flowers are stemless, above medium in size, in close
clusters of 4 to 10, on rather stout, flattened stalks. The seed cases
are cup-shaped or goblet-shaped, of rather large size, in compact
clusters. (See PI. LI.)

Climatic refjtiir'eiiienU. — This species thrives in a coast region, but
is not suited to regions having a dry climate. In Australia it seems
to prefer moist, sandy situations close to the seacoast, and, according
to Baron von Mueller, will thrive in a soil containing stagnant water.
In California it grows successfully in quite a variety of situations within
50 miles of the coast, having been quite extensively planted about
Santa Barbara and Montecito, where it does well.

Uses. — This tree is one that can be used as a forest cover for low-
lands in moderately humid regions where heav}' frosts do not occur.
On account of the nature of the foliage it is useful as a shade tree
in many situations. The timber is called "swamp mahogany" and
"bastard mahogany" in Australia, where the colonists of diflerent
sections hold it in diflFering degrees of esteem. Mr. Maiden thinks the
latter may be due to a confusion of names. Mr. Bailey and Baron
von Mueller both report the timber to be valuable, while Mr. Maiden
speaks of it as "an inferior hard wood, both on the score of strength
and durability." Baron von Mueller and Mr. Bailey report the timber
as tough, hard, and durable, useful for beams in large buildings, knees
of boats, for posts, for the parts of wagons, and for shingles. The
wood is of a reddish color and close-grained. Baron von Mueller
states that posts formed of it are very lasting, no decay having been
observed after fourteen years of use.

Eucalyptus calophylla.

Characteristics. — This is a moderate-sized tree, differing considera-
bly in appearance from most other Eucalypts. (PI. XIII.) The bark
is rough, and grayish or brownish in color. The broad leaves are

54 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED ITT THE UNITED STATES.

horizontalh^ placed, dark green and g-lossy above, and feather- veined,
their appearance giving- the tree its specific name calophyUa, the Greek
for "beautiful leaves." The flowers are unusually large for the genus,
commonly cream-colored, in large clusters. The urn-shaped seed cases
are the largest of an^- ILucalypt, being rivaled only by those of ?J. fici-
folia^ to which it is closely related, the most conspicuous difference
being in the bright red flowers of the latter. As the seed cases per-
sist for some time, they are a conspicuous feature of the tree. The
seeds are large and the seed leaves of the young plants consequently
unusualh" prominent. The young seedlings are hairy for some time,
the leaves diflering in a striking manner from the glossy ones of the
adult tree. (See PI. LIT.)

Climatic requirements. — Eucalyptus calophyUa thrives best in a
moist, tropical climate, enduring neither a hot, dry atmosphere, nor
low temperatures. In America it has succeeded only in the warm
coast regions, failing entirel}^ in the dry interior plains and valleys.
In no locality has the rate of its growth been such as to give promise
of much usefulness as a forest tree.

Uses. — The species furnishes a valuable timber, said to be used in
Australia much as hickory is in the United States, but the wood is
reported as not durable underground. It jdelds a large amount of kino,
and in Australia the bark is used in tanning. On account of its pro-
fuse bloom the tree is an important source of nectar for bees. In Cal-
ifornia the large seed cases have been polished and used for pipe bowls.

Eucalyptus citriodora.

LeM OX-SCENTED GuM.

Characteristics. — ^This is a handsome, fast-growing tree, soon becom-
ing tall and slender. In favorable situations in the Southwest it attains
a height of 60 to 100 feet in ten to fifteen years. The trunk is straight
and even, the foliage being confined mostl}- to the loft}- summit. (PI.
XIV.) Consequently it is necessary to cut it back severely if its
leaves and flowers are to be accessible. The bark is light-colored,
faintly mottled b}' indentations that indicate where thin patches have
flaked off'. This mottling of the trunk, together with the stately
character of the tree, the graceful foliage, the profuse bloom, and the
fragrant leaves, make this Eucalvpt one of the most attractive of the
genus. (PI. XV.)

The stems and leafstalks of the young seedlings are rough, with short,
brownish hairs, and their leaves oval or lance-shaped, with the leafstalk
attached above the roundish base. (See PI. LXXXI, u.) The leaves
of the tree are long, quite narrow, and equally shin}" green on the two
sides. The foliage possesses a pleasant odor closel v resembling that of a
lemon, giving the tree its varietal name citriodora, the Latin for '' citrus-

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GEOWN IN AMEKICA. 55

odored." The flowers are abundant and conspicuous, in compound
clusters. The flower buds are often nearly pear-shaped, the covering
being nearh^ hemispherical. The seed cases are either egg-shaped or
somewhat globular. (See PI. LI 1 1.)

Climatic reqtdremenU. — The tree thrives in the frostless coast region,
but is not suited to the dry interior valleys. It is especialh^ sensitive
to low^ temperatures. Bai'on von Mueller says of it, in his Select
Extra-tropical Plants, that it is ''particularly adapted to a tropical
jungle-clime."

Uses. — On account of the characteristics mentioned above this
tree is suited for forest planting in the lowlands of tropical and semi-
tropical regions. The wood is of a grayish, brownish, or yellowish tint;
and flexi))le, strong, and durable. According to Mr. Maiden the timber
is used for fencing, implement handles, shipbuilding, paving, railway
ties, bridge building, lum])er for inside woodwoi-k of homes, carriage
making, and for railway coaches. It is said to be replacing Ameri-
can hickory, in Australia, in coach factories along the coast. The
great value of this wood is due to its strength, elasticity, and beauty.
It has been especially useful in Australia for paving. In the South-
west, where the good hard-wood timber used is shipped from the North-
east, planters of Eucalypts would do well to consider the merits of this
excellent, fast-growing tree. Its profuse bloom makes it valuable also
for bee pasture.

Eucalyptus coriacea.

Drooping White Gtm.

CharacteiHstics. — The tree is of medium size, rarely exceeding 75
feet in height and 3 feet in diameter. It is a stately and quite hand-
some tree. The main branches are usually spreading, and the smaller
branches drooping. The bark is smooth and grayish. The twigs and
flower clusters are sometimes adorned with a bluish Avhite })loom.
The leaves are shiny, the same color on both sides, and quite thick,
giving the tree its specific name coriacea, the Latin for '' leathery."
The principal veins run lengthwise of the leaf. The medium-sized
flowers are in compact clusters. The shape of the fruits is that of the
broader part of an Ggg.

Climatic reqiuremenfs. — The tree does best in regions of moderate
temperatures, a short distance from the coast. It is resistant to frost.
In Australia it grows from the base to near the top of the highest
mountains. It will not endure drought, nor a dry, hot atmosphere,
though sui)plied with plenty of water artificially. The specimen at the
Santa Monica Forestry Station died during the recent drought in the
Southwest.

Uses.—ThQ timber is comparatively soft, splits fairly well, but is
rather brittle. It is not useful for underground purposes, but makes

56 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

a good fuel. Since, according to Baron von Mueller and ]Mr. Maiden,
it extends up the Australian alps nearl}^ to the permanent snow line,
it ought to be useful as a forest cover for some of the mountains of the
Southwest.

Eucalyptus cornuta.
Yate.

Characteristics. — The tree does not attain a great height, and is
often spreading in habit, branching low and profusely. The trunk is
likeh' to be more or less crooked. (See PI. II a.) The wood is one
of the heaviest among Eucalypts. The bark of the trunk is never
deeply furrowed, but is commonly more or less uneven, and occasion-
ally nearly smooth. It is usually persistent, but sometimes small
patches are shed. The color is a drab. The branches are unusually
smooth, from the repeated flaking ofl' of long strips or irregular
patches. The twigs are usually quite red or purplish. The foliage is
abundant and pleasing in appearance, especially on young trees. The
tree as a whole presents a more or less graceful appearance.

The leaves of the young trees are round or oval, becoming longer as
the tree increases in age. (See PI. LXXXII, d. ) They are rather thin in
texture. The flowers are large and quite conspicuous, in compact clus-
ters, giving, with the foliage and graceful twigs, an attractive aspect
to the tree. The deciduous covering of the flower buds is very long
and prominent (the characteristic to which reference is made in the
specific name cornuta, the Latin for " horned''), exposing, when it
falls off, the long yellow stamens. (See PI. LIV.)

Climatic requirements. — The Yate endures high temperatures, but
will not endure heavy frosts. It thrives on the coast, and endures the
dry hot summers of the interior valleys of California and Arizona,
provided its roots are supplied with plenty of water. It endures tem-
peratures of 110° to 116^ F., but is injured bv minimum temperatures
of 23° to 26° F. It prefers a rich, moist soil, but will make a fair
growth in poor soil. It seems to be well adapted to moist tropical
and semitropical regions, enduring more rain than many other Eucalypts.

Uses. — On account of its manner of growth and the density of its
foliage the Yate makes a very efi'ective, low wind-break and a good
shade tree, few Eucal^^pts branching freely so low as it does. The
wood is hard, tough, and elastic, being used in Australia for agricul-
tural implements, for vehicles, and for boat ribs. In California it
has been used almost wholly as a shade tree.

Eucalyptus corymbosa.

Bloodwood.

Characteristics. — The Bloodwood is a tree of moderate size, reported
from Australia as sometimes being stunted and somewhat shruliby in

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Eucalyptus rostrata (Red Gum) near Glendale, Ariz.
irs old. not having been irrigated for six yeans. Diameter of trunk at base, is inches.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XLI.

Eucalyptus rostrata (Red GuM^ Phoenix, Ariz.
Tree 8 years old. grown by irrigation. Diameter of trunk. 2U indies.

, 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate XLli.

Tree 12 years i

Eucalyptus rudis on Grounds of Minnewawa kanch

l(i. Diameter of trunk. 2 feet. This species endures more heat
in the Southwest.

•r irosts than any tree

35, Bureau of Forestiy, U. S. Dept of ,

Plate XLIII.

Eucalyptus rudis, on Minnewawa Ranch, Fresno. Cal.

Truus l-J Vfiir- n\t\. Uiaiiiclrr of Iniiiks. l.'i to ;;il inclu-.

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 57

appearance, but frequently attaining a height there of over loOfeet and a
diameter of 3 feet. The grayish or brownish bark of the entire trunk
is conniionly rough, wrinkled, and persistent; that of the upper ])ranc'hes
smooth and cream-oolored or reddish. (PI. XVI.)

The leaves are somewhat leathery. \'arying in shape from oval to
slender lance-shaped. They are paler beneath and frequently mottled
yellowish and green or red. The veins are numerous and spread like
the parts of a feather, giving the leaves quite a characteristic appear-
ance. The 3'oung leaves when torn asunder show the presence of a
rubber-like fluid by the fine glutinous threads that are drawn out.
The bloom is very profuse from an early age. The flowers are white
or creamy in color, above the average in size, in rather open, flat-
topped clusters. They contain a large amount of nectar and are con-
sequently nnich visited by bees. The large seed cases are urn-shaped
or somewhat egg-shaped, on slender, slightly flattened stems, quite
dift'erent in appearance from those of any other Eucalypts. The seed-
lings develop at an earlv age leaves similar to those of the adult tree.
(See PI. LV; PI. LXXXl, b.)

Climatic requiTeraenU, — Comparatively little is known of the parts
of America to which Bloodwood is adapted. It does well near the
coast, but does not thrive in the dry, hot interior valle3\s. Judging
from its habitat in Australia, it can not be expected to grow thriftily
far in the interior, nor where heav}" frosts occur.

UseH. — This tree furnishes a wood that is quite easilv worked when
fresh, but the wood when dry is very hard. It is ver}' durable under-
ground and is said to be resistant to white ants, this quality being due to
the large amount of kino it contains. Fence posts of it are reported to
have lasted forty years in Australia. Mr. Maiden says of the timber:
" For posts in the ground, and for use in culverts, it is all but imper-
ishable." The presence of kino renders the timber unsuita1)le for
lumber, and causes it to make poor fuel, but renders it more valuable
for paving, for posts, and for other uses in underground situations. It
is one of the sources of the kino of commerce.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx.

Sugar (iiM.

Characteristics.— Thoi tree attains a fair size and is commonly sym-
metrical and erect. (PI. XVII.) Its growth is quite rapid from an early
age. The usual height is 50 to 100 feet, and in Australia the trunk is said
to often attain a diameter of 5 or 0 feet. As a rule the trunk is straight
with only a slight taper. The bark is left smooth by the continuous
flaking ott'of patches or strips. The bark of the main stem is usually a
deep cream color, that of the branches darker before shedding, and of
the young twigs quite red.

58 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

On young trees the leaves are mostly round or oval, while those of
the mature trees are nearly lance-shaped. (See PI. LXXXI, c.) The
latter are somewhat thick, the upper surface being a shiny dark green
and the lower surface dull and lighter in color. The bloom is profuse
from an early age, and the flowers are conspicuous among the leaves.
During the blooming season the trees are visited by large numbers
of bees. It produces flowers during several months, the autumn being
the time of the year when bees frequent it most. The unopened buds
are club-shaped and the cover abruptly pointed. The fruit is oblong,
urn-shaped, with longitudinal streaks or faint grooves showing on the
face of some specimens. (See PI. LVL)

Climatic requirements. — The Sugar Gum will grow in a variety
of climates. It thrives in California within a few hundred yards of
the water of the Pacilic Ocean, and grows equally well in parts of the
dry yalleys of southern Arizona. It protits b}^ moisture, but will
endure a great amount of drought. In the interior yalleys of southern
California and Arizona it withstands both the intense heat of summer
and the frosts of most winters, enduring a maximum temperature of
110° to 115° F. , and a minimum temperature of 20° to 25° F. As illus-
trations of its adaptability to difl^erent environments, fine specimens of
these trees can be seen at Santa Monica, Cal., and near Glendale, Ariz.

Uses. — The Sugar Gum can be used as a forest coyer in hot, arid
regions where the frosts are not too severe. Baron yon Mueller says:
"For desert country this is one of the most eligible among timber Euca-
lypts," using the term ' ' timber Eucalypts'' in distinction from the smaller
species (called in Australia " mallee shrubs'') that thrive in hot, desert
regions. Among those attaining the stature of trees the Sugar Gum
is one of the best for forest culture in a desert region. It must be
understood, howeyer, that it does not endure the heaviest frosts that
occur iti winter in some parts of the arid Southwest having hot sum-
mers, nor the high temperatures of some of the hottest yalleys. Thus
far it has been used in California chiefly as an avenue shade tree, its
value as a forest and timber tree not having been realized by many.
To be sure it is a useful species for furnishing shelter and shade to
stock in desert regions, but its greater usefulness lies in other directions.
The Sugar Gum deseryes to be planted much more generally and upon
a much larger scale than it has been, it being one of the most generally
useful species of the genus. It does not grow quite as rapidly as the
Blue Gum, but is more useful for many purposes. As a source of
fence posts it is very valuable.

The Sugar Gum furnishes a timber that is very durable as railway
ties, as posts, and for other underground situations. Baron von
Mueller states that posts set in the ground fifteen years showed no
signs of decay. The wood warps very little in drying, and when dry
is very hard. It is also useful for the naves and felloes of wheels.

PEINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GEOWN IN AMERICA. 59
Eucalyptus crebra.
NARROW-LEAVED IHON-RAKK.

Character ist/cs. — This iron-l)ark is usually a slender tree of pleasinj.'
aspect, growing- al)out 100 feet high and 2 to 3 feet in diameter (PI.
XVIII). The trunk is commonly straight and even in size. Accord-
ing to Maiden, Sir William Maearthur pronounced it: '"The most
picturesque of the diflerent species of Eucalypts called iron-bark.''
The bark, like that of other iron-barks, is rough and persistent. It
is harder, darker, and more deeply furrowed than the bark of either
Eucalyptus jyaniculata or Eucalyptus slderopJdoia, approaching
closely to Eucalypytm sideroxylon in these respects. The wood is
reddish, with inlocked libers. The branchlets are slender and droop-
ing, presenting with the foliage a pleasing appearance.

The leaves are narrow, equalh' green on the two surfaces, and quite
thin; veins and oil dots not conspicuous. The flowers are very small,
in clusters of 3 to 7, usually occurring in panicles. The seed cases
are verv small, goblet-shaped or cup-shaped, with minute valves. (PI.
LVII.)'

Climatic rtqiurements. — The narrow-leaved iron-bark endures a
greater variety of climatic conditions than do the other iron-barks.
It is the only one of the group that will endure the climate of the dr}-,
hot interior valleys of the Southwest. At Fresno, Cal., it grows
vigorously, and young trees have grown well at the Experiment Sta-
tion farm near Phoenix, Ariz. It endures minimum temperatures of
18^ to 20^ and maximum temperatures of llO'^ to 118' . It is said to
be content with poor soil. Judging by experience with the species
thus far, it ought to grow in most valley and hillside situations in the
Southwest.

Uses. — Upon account of the wood ))eing so hard, tough, and elastic,
the timber is useful for a great variety of purposes. It is one of the
highly valued timber trees of Australia. Tlu> wood is durable under
ground, and is consequently much used for posts, railway ties, and
piles. It is also useful for bridge material, for wagon making, and
for a great variety of technic ])urposes.

Eucalyptus diversicolor.

Kahhi.

Cliaracterlxtlcx. — The Karri is a large and stately tree, in the South-
west growing much more rapidly than EucalyjAus amyydalhia, the
only tree that in Australia exceeds it in height. Baron von Mueller
pronounces it one of the grandest trees of the globe and "one of the
greatest wonders in the whole creation of plantsi'"' He states that he
has seen trees of this species nearly 400 feet high, and that trees with

60 UCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

a basal diameter of 20 feet have been seen. The trunks are usually
straight and even, and the grayish bark usually smooth. The latter
is commonly persistent, but occasionally irregular pieces flake off.
(PI. XIX.) ^

The foliage is attractive in appearance, the leaves of the young
seedlings being oval or roundish (See PI. LXXXIII, b), and those of the
adult tree narrower. They are dark green above and paler beneath,
the latter characteristic, although possessed in conmion with several
other Eucalypts, giving cause for its specific name diversicolo7\ The
flowers grow in clusters of -i to 8, with rather slender, somewhat flat-
tened stalks. The seed cases are egg-shaped or goblet-shaped. (See
PI. LVIII.)

Climatic requirements. — This species thrives in moderately moist
situations near the coast, but does not endure well the dry heat of the
interior. It is said to be quite resistant to frost. The best specimens
observed by the writer grow between Los Angeles and Pasadena, Cal. ,
where the atmosphere is moderately humid and the frosts light.

Uses. — In situations favorable for its culture the Karri may be
grown for a forest cover as a rival to the Blue Gum. Its growth is
fairly rapid, and its timber is superior to that of Blue Gum for some
purposes. The wood is straight-grained and is used in Australia for
lumber (for which it is especially valuable), for wheelwright work, and
for shipbuilding. The tall, straight trunks make good masts.

Eucalyptus eugenioides.

White Stringy-bark.

Characteristics. — Under favorable conditions this tree attains a good
size, reaching in Australia a height of 150 to 200 feet even in sandy
soil. It is a shapely tree when young, presenting a pleasing appear-
ance. The bark is rough and persistent, the outer surface being soft
and stringy. The fibers of the bark possess, in common with those of
other "Stringy-barks," considerable tenacity. The bark as a whole
resembles considerably that of American cedars, the color being a
mixture of dark gray and tan. (PI. XX.)

The young seedlings are clothed with soft hairs, and the leaves are
opposite and notched. Later the twigs become smooth and the leaves
regular in outline, the latter being ovate or lance-shaped, often with
unequal sides, with the two surfaces of the leaves nearly equallj^
green. The foliage is quite dense. The flowers are of medium size,
in compact clusters. The seed vessels are cup-shaped. (See PI. LIX.)

Climatic requirements. — This Stringy-bark is best adapted to a
moderately humid region with a climate not too hot. It does fairly
well near the coast of California, but does not endure the dry heat of
the interior valleys.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture

Plate XLIV.

Eucalyptus siderophloia. Trees 8 Years Old. East Lake Park. Los Angeles, Cal

3ul. 35 Bureau nf Forestry, U. S, D.-pt. of Agriculture

Plate XLV.

♦^"*:v;-^.:-^/^^ >^-:

Euv^ALtHIUt T.i.LuUAi'LUN, MONTECITO, CAL.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept of Agriculture.

Plate XLVI.

Eucalyptus viminalis. Pasadena. Cal.

Tret.' 24 years old. J)iimn.-tcT <il uuuk, over 'y feet.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XLVIl

South Pasadena, Cal. Trees 12 Years Old.

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 61

jjf^gg^ — The timber is strong- and durable, splits readily, and is not
liable to warp. It is useful for lumber, for fence rails, and for posts.
The bark is used for roofing, for mats, and for strings. The leaves
are a source of Eucalyptus oil.

Eucalyptus g-lobulus.

BlIE (4 I'M.

Character lHtics.—Th.\i^ species is the best known of the Eucalypts
and in many respects the best known tree in all the world. Baron von
Mueller says of it: "Of the more than 1,000 different species of trees
indigenous to Australia, Lucalyptm glohulus takes the first position
in importance, and among its own kind it is the prince of Eucalypts."
It is the third tallest of the species of Eucalyptus, the usual height in
Australia being 200 to 300 feet. In California, where trees can be
found 30 or more years old, many have attained the height of 150
feet, and a diameter of 3 to 6 feet during these years. One tree in
Pasadena, 25 years old, is over 5 feet in diameter. Trees set thirty
years ago along an avenue in Santa Barbara range from 3 to 5 feet in
diameter. (PI. XXI.) There are many instances of these trees attain-
ing the height of 50 or 75 feet in from five to ten years. It is without
doubt the fastest growing tree in the world. It is friendly to new
conditions, and, taking all its characteristics into consideration, it is
the best all-round Eucalypt. It has been more extensively planted
throughout the world than any other Eucalypt and probably more
extensively than all other Eucalypts combined. The tree varies as to
its habit of growth, but is usually quite erect, though not always
symmetrical in form. By a continual flaking off of its bark in patches
or long strips it is left smooth and greenish or grayish in color.
Occasionally, however, trees are seen with the bark persistent, espe-
cially near or at the base. (PI. IV, a.)

The leaves of the young seedling and of sprouts from the tree are
quite different from those of the adult trees. The earlier leaves have
a dusty, light-])luish coat, and are broad and opposite on the stems
(see pi. LXXXIII, c), while those of the adult are smooth and elon-
gated. The young twigs are four-sided, while those on the adult trees
are cylindrical, or nearly so. The flowers are large and quite con-
spicuous. They grow singly or in clusters of 1 to 3. A prominent
characteristic of the flower bud is its rough, warty protuberances.
The seed cases are large and nearly hemispherical in form. (See
PI. LX.) The seeds are larger than those of most of the species.

Climatic reqmrements.—TV\^ remarkable tree has the power of
adapting itself to a variety of climatic conditions. It thrives both in
moist, warm regions and in quite hot, dry ones. It makes a good
growth both in lowlands and in dry. stony uplands. Its powers of
removing stagnant water from low situations and of maintaining a

62 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

thriftiness in diy situations and during droughts are remarkable. In
many situations in the Southwest, where, during the three ,vears 1897
to 1900, the annual rainfall was from -1 to 8 inches only, the Blue Gum.
in most cases, maintained a thrifty growth.

These trees are resistant to both quite high and quite low tempera-
tures. While the young trees will not usuall}' endure a continued
temperature much below 27° F., the}^ will endure maximum tempera-
tures of 100° to 105° F., if the air is not especially arid; they do not,
however, endure maximum temperatures much above 105° F. in the
dr}^ interior valleys of southern California and southern Arizona. In
southern Arizona they endure minimum temperatures of 18° F., but
are severely injured by the dry winds of summer when the mercury is
above 103° to 105° F. Several species of Eucalypts endure both
lower and higher temperatures than these, but there are few species
that do so well when subjected to extremes.

Uses. — This species is the most generally useful of all the Eucalypts.
It is especiall}^ useful as a forest cover. Being adapted to such a
variety of soil and climatic conditions it can be used to cover a great
variety of lands Baron von Mueller says:

For mitigating the heat of the arid treeless regions, subject to high summer tem-
perature, Eucalyptus globulus plays a most important part also. But the culture oi'
the tree should be million fold. * * * The rearing of forests of our Blue Gum
tree can be accomplished more cheaply and more easily than that of almost any
other tree, while the return is twice or three times earlier than that of the most pro-
ductive Pine or Oak forests, and this raising of Eucalyptus forests can be extended
to regions in which most Pines and all Oaks would cope in vain with an almost rain-
less clime, although Eucalyptus culture can never advance to cold zones. * * *
Sterile land, unless it be absolute sand, will soon be transformed into a verdant and
salubrious grove, more particularly so if substrata do not consist of impenetrable
layers or outcrops of rocks. While quietly the forest advances, almost without
expenditure and care, its wood treasures increase from year to year without taxing
the patience of generations, and within less than half the lifetime of man timber of
conspicuous dimensions can be removed after fuel has been provided annually long
before, while the unpropitious original surface-soil will have been converted into a
stratum of fertility for agricultural or pastoral returns from successive storage of min-
eral aliments brought up.

In the Southwest this species has proved to be the most useful one
to plant for wind-breaks and for shade. It is also the one that has
been planted most extensively for fuel and for timber. (PI. XXIII.)
It has been used for piles in several wharves on the Pacific coast with
very satisfactory results. It is also the one that is used principally as
the source of eucalyptus oil in California.

The timber of this tree is of a rather pale color, is hard, heavy, and
very strong and durable. It is fairly straight-grained and quite easily
split. In Australia it is used for shipbuilding, for carriage making,
and in the manufacture of agricultural implements. It is also used
in In-idge building, for telegraph poles, and for railway ties. In Call-

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 63

fornia the wood is being extensively and successfulh' used for insu-
lator pins. It is also being used with success in the manufacture of
parts of agricultural implements (harvesters, etc.) and the handles of
plumbers' and carpenters' tools, for which purposes it is considered
almost, if not quite, equal to hickor3\

Eucalyptus gomphocephala.

Too ART.

Characteristics. — The tree is rather stocky and is usually symmetrical.
At Mr. Ellwood Cooper's ranch it has attained a height of SO feet in
twenty-four years. (PI. XXIV.) The bark of the trunk is dark gray,
rough, and persistent. From the branches the bark flakes oft" in strips,
leaving the surface smooth and light-colored. The twigs are reddish
yellow. The leaves are thick and shining and somewhat leathery, the
upper surface being darker than the lower. The flowers are of large
size. The stalk of the flower clusters is flattened, the flowers them-
selves being stemless. The hemispheric lid of the unopened bud is
broader than the part below, giving the buds the appearance of pegs,
the specitic name gomphocephala being the (xreek for "peg-head."
The seed cases are top-shaped, bell-shaped, or hemispherical, and are
one-half to three- fourths of an inch broad. (See PI. LXI.)

Climatic requirements. — The Tooart thrives along the coast and does
fairly well in the dry interior valleys. It has not been grown exten-
sively enough yet to determine definitely what degrees of heat and
cold it will endure in America.

Uses. — The tree furnishes a heavy wood that is very tough and
strong — one of the strongest timbers in the world. The grain is so
close and curled or twisted that it is not easily split. The timl)er is
used principally in shipbuilding and for bridges. It is very durable
in all kinds of weather and in a great variety of situations.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx.

Characteristics. — This tree commonly attains a good size, in some
situations in Australia reaching a height of 800 feet, with a diameter
of 6 to 10 feet. At Mr. Cooper's ranch the trees in a grove twenty
years old range from 8 to 18 inches in diameter. (PI. XXA', a.) The
bark is commonly persistent, but in some cases flakes ofl'; the character
of its surface also varies.

On the young tree, and on sprouts from the trunk, the leaves are
opposite, heart-shaped or kidney -shaped, and broadly oval. (See PI.
LXXXIV, B.) The leaves of the adult trees are long and quite slen-
der, the two sides being similarly colored. The flowers are nearly
stemless, in small clusters borne on flattened stalks. The seed cases
are nearly cup-shaped, and are usuallv more or less angled. (See PI.
LXII.)

64 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Climatic re<2tiirements. — This species grows well in the coast regions
of California, but, so far as known, it has not been tested in the dry,
hot valleys of the interior, or other similar situations. In Australia
it ascends to an elevation of 4,000 feet, and is therefore a promising
species for the mountains of the Southwest.

Uses. — The tree furnishes a hard, tough wood used by wheelwrights,
by boat builders, and for general building purposes. It is very dur-
able in the ground and is consequently useful for railroad ties, for
posts, and for other purposes in underground situations. It also
makes an excellent fuel.

Eucalyptus g-unnii.
Cider Eucalypt.

Characteristics.— T\iQ tree is usually not a tall one, but in some sit-
uations in Australia it is said to rise to a height of 250 feet. No trees
growing in the Southwest, however, give promise of attaining a great
height, though some of them are already 60 feet high. The trees are
sometimes crooked and irregular in growth. In alpine regions they
are said to be mere shrubs. The bark of the trunk is usuallv rough
and brownish, and is continually flaking ofi", leaving the outer part
smooth. The branches are usually smoother. The foliage is denser
and darker than that of many Eucalypts. frequently being confined to
the ends of the branches, however. The leaves of the young trees are
roundish, and opposite on the stem (see PL LXXXIV, i).), and those
of the adult tree are scattered and lance-shaped. They are usually
shiny and more or less stiff. The flowers are of medium size and the
seed cases usually nearly top-shaped. (See PI. LXIII.)

Climatic requirements. — This species grows well near the coast and
for some distance inland. It is a very hardy species, and. since in
Australia it grows to an elevation of 4,000 to 5,000 feet, it ought to
succeed in elevated regions of the Southwest. It endures fairly well
the summer heat of the interior vallej'S, and during winter grows
thriftily, even though the temperature fall to 20° F. each night.

Uses. — The tree does not furnish an especially useful timber. When
it grows straight it is used by artisans for many purposes, and it also
makes a fair fuel. It is a very promising species as a forest cover for
mountain situations not subject to high summer temperatures. The
sap of the alpine form of the tree is said to be used bv the aborigines
of Australia for making a kind of cider.

Eucalyptus haemastoma.

White (tum.

Characteristics. — This is a tree of medium size, being usually erect
and symmetrical in form. The bark is commonly smooth, but is some-
times rough and persistent. The leaves are thick, usually lance-shaped

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. De\A of Agricultun

Plate XLVIII.

Eucalyptus

20 Years Old.

35. Bureau of Forestiy, U. S. Dept. of Agric

Plate XLIX.

HM^yt

WMtjL.

mjfe?^

Pirn "^

Mwtk

wf^^L^w *9mm

' '^P#f 1

i.

-*. ' ''

Mm

m

^^^B

fe.-^

IKfc. i

" "T:***5r%^3j

M^/ J|.|^Mwi|^-'' '^^/_

p^fl

■L

r ,»■

1

Eucalyptus viminalis, Montecito, Cal. Trees 20 Years Old, Growing Among Native
Shrubs and Trees.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Aericultur

Eucalyptus amygdalina.

3ui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LI.

Eucalyptus botryoiues.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S- Dept. of Agriculture.

Eucalyptus calophylla.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestiy. U S. Dept of Agricuitun

EUCALr'--^;- CiTRlODORA,

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LIV.

Eucalyptus cornuta.

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 65

or .sickle-«haped, but occasionalh^ verging into a somewhat oval form.
(See PI. LXXXV, B.) They are shiny green on the two sides. The
flowers are of medium size, in chisters of 5 to 7, on somewhat angular,
flattened stalks. The covering of the flower buds is rounded, wnth an
abrupt point. The fruits are eup-shaped or goblet-shaped, with brown-
ish or reddish rims. The latter characteristic gives the tree its specific
ua.me hseynastom a, meaning "bloody mouth."

Climatic requirements. — This tree thri\es near the coast, but is not
suited in the dry interior valleys. It is said to thrive on sandy soil.

r.ses. — Von Mueller and Maiden state that the wood is not of anv
great value for timber or fuel, but furnishes the material for fencing
and for rough carpentering. It has not yet been grown extensively
enough in America to determine its qualities and uses.

Eucalyptus hemiphloia.
Gray Box.

Characteristics. — The individuals of this species attain a fair size, the
usual height in Australia being 75 to 150 feet, with a trunk diameter
of 1 to -i feet. At Cooper's ranch, Santa Barbara, it has attained a
height of 80 feet and a diameter of 18 inches in twenty years. (PI.
XXVII.) The bark of the trunk is persistent and rough, but never
deeply furrowed. It is usually of a grayish color. The bark of the
branches commonly flakes off in long strips, leaving them smooth.
The leaves are of a somewhat thick texture, varying in shape from
oval to lance-shaped. They are dark green on the two sides, giving
to the tree a deep green, pleasing aspect. The flowers are of medium
size, in clusters of 4 to 10, on stalks that are somethnes angular. The
covering of the flower l)uds is sharply pointed. The fruits are com-
monly nearlv goblet-shaped. (See PI. LXIV.)

Climatic requirements. — This Eucah'pt thrives at and near the coast,
on the interior foothills, and in the hot, dr}' valleys of the interior.
It grows ec^uallv well at Pasadena, Cal., and at Phoenix. Ariz. It will
endure minimum temperatures of 15° to 20 , and maxinuun tempera-
tures of 110"^ to 115°, never having been injured in the slightest by
the heaviest frosts or the hottest winds of the dr}- interior valleys of
Arizona.

Uses. — The foliage of this tree being somewhat more dense than that
of many others, it is quite useful as a shade tree. The tree furnishes
a timber that is strong, hard, and close, but not easily split. The
wood is used in Australia for wheelwright's work, for mauls, for han-
dles of various implements, and for various purposes for which a
tough, hard wood is used. It is very durable underground, and is con-
sequently useful for piles, for ties, for fence posts, and for other sim-
ilar objects. Baron von Mueller states that posts of this wood, after
27719— No. 35—02- 5

66 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

being sixteen years in use, were found almost perfectly sound in the
ground. Maiden states that it is one of the best fuel woods they have
in New South Wales.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon.
South Australian Blue Gum.

Characteristics. —Trees of this species attain fair size in a compara-
tively short time and when full grown are large. They are apt to
grow out of the perpendicular and the trunks are frequently crooked.
By giving them some attention when young, however, they may be
made to grow erect and straight. The bark is smooth and light in
color. (PI. XXVIIl.) The wood is white and quite straight grained,
the former characteristic giving to the tree its specific name leucoxylon^
the Greek for "white wood." The foliage has a pleasing bluish cast,
and is well distributed over the tree. The leaves of the young seed-
ling are broad, opposite, and stemless or short stemmed. (See PI.
LXXXVI, A.) The seedling is weak and disposed to recline on the
ground in a vine-like manner. Later it assumes an approximately
erect position. The leaves grow scattered and are long and slender on
distinct stems, the whole aspect of the tree being quite different from
that of the seedling. The flowers grow in threes on somewhat slender
stems and are abundant and qiiite showy, varying in color from white
to pink or reddish. The seed cases are somewhat egg-shaped or
globular. (See PI. LXV.)

Climatic requirements. — This tree will grow in a greater variety of
climates than most Eucalypts. In fact, there are few situations in the
Southwest in which it will not thrive. It grows vigorously on the
coast, on the interior plains and foothills, and in the dry, hot desert
valleys of the interior. It is especially thrifty at Santa Monica (PI.
XXVIIl), within a few rods of the ocean, and at Phoenix, Ariz. (PL
XXIX). It endures mininuim temperatures of 15° to 20° F. In fact,
the writer has never observed it seriously injured by the heaviest frosts
nor the highest temperatures that occur in the desert regions of Ari-
zona. It is one of the hardiest of the fast-growing forest trees from
Australia.

Uses. — On account of its adaptability to so great a variety of climatic
conditions, it can be used as a forest cover for almost all kinds of situa-
tions, and thus supply a timber useful for a large number of purposes.
It can be grown for fuel and for the other purposes that the ordinary
Blue Gum {Eucalyj>txis glolndus) serves where the latter will not grow.

Eucalyptus long-ifolia.

WOOLLY-BI'TT.

Characteristics. — The tree is usually shapely, and commonly attains
onlv a moderate size, but sometimes reaches a height of 200 feet in

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. (37

Australia. The trunk is straight, and its grayish, tan-colored bark is
rough and persistent. (PI. XXX.) The bark of the branches flakes
off", leaving them smooth. The twigs are red or yellowish. The leaves
are long (hence the specific name long! folia) and sickle-shaped, the two
surfaces being equally green. The liloom is abundant, and is present
on the tree several months of the year. The seed cases are bell-shaped
and somewhat angular, usually growing in threes. They are al)out
one-half an inch long.

Climatic requirements. — The Woolly Butt thrives near the coast,
but does not endure the dr}^ heat of some of the interior valle3\s.

Uses.—T\xe timber is durable, but is not so strong and elastic as that
of man}' of the Eucalj-pts. It is used for posts, for ties, for street
paving, and for quite a variety of similar purposes. On account of
the profuse bloom it furnishes nectar for bees, often at a time of the
year when other sources are wanting.

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha.
Victoria 8trix(;y-bark.

Characteristics. — This tree is said to attain a fair height in Australia,
but the si)ecimens growing in the Southwest do not yet give promise
of attaining great size, due probably to being planted at too low an
elevation. The tree has not proved to be a A'ery s^'mmetrical one.
The bark of the trunk and branches is thick, fibrous, and persistent,
usualh' a dark-gra}' color. The leaves of the young seedlings are
broad and oppositely placed, the 3'oung growth being covered with
short, stiff hair. The leaves of the older trees are thick and leather}',
being commonly lance-shaped or somewhat sickle-shaped. The flowers
are about medium size, on slender stalks, in clusters of 4 to 10. The
covers of the flower buds are quite distinctly conical or long-pointed.
The seed cases when fully matured are nearly spherical, with a prom-
inent rim and protruding valves. (See PI. LXVl.)

Climatic requirements. — This species thrives at the coast, and is said
to grow in Australia on comparatively sterile mountain ranges. It is
in Australia essentially a mountain species, seldom growing on the
plains. It will not endure dry. hot climates.

Uses. — The bark of the tree being rough and fibrous, it is used exten-
sively in Australia for roofing sheds, stables, and other outl)uildings.
Baron von Mueller states that for these purposes it will last for about
twenty years. The fibers are also sometimes used for strings. The
tree furnishes a wood that is hard and durable and easily split. It
is useful for lumber, for fencing, and for shingles and fuel. The
tree is a promising one for a forest cover for mountain ranges of the
Southwest.

68 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Eucalyptus marginata.

jAEKAtl.

Characteristics. — Under favorable conditions this tree grows to a
large size, being commonly straight and quite slender. Few American
specimens are over 30 feet high, however. The average height in
Australia is said to be 100 feet, and it sometimes reaches a diameter
of 10 to 15 feet there. The bark of the trunk is commonh' persistent
and somewhat fibrous, but sometimes flakes oft' in strips. The leaves
vary from ovate to lance-shaped, usually somewhat curved. They
vary from thin to leathery in consistence. The flowers are quite large,
in clusters of 3 to 12, on conspicuous, somewhat flattened stalks. The
covering to the flower bud is long and tapering. The seed cases are
globular or egg-shaped, being from one-half to three-fourths of an
inch long.

Climatic requireinents. — In California the Jarrah does not thrive at
or near the coast. In interior valleys having moderate aridity and
heat it does some better, but at no point in America where it has been
set does it grow with sufficient rapidity and vigor to warrant planting
it for commercial purposes.

Uses. — In Australia and India the tree is prized for piles and ties.
It has the reputation of being unaffected by marine boring animals
and white ants. This characteristic has been thought to be due to the
presence of a high percentage of kino — 15 to IT per cent — but is now
considered attributable to an acid principle contained in the wood.
It is also very durable under ground.

, Eucalyptus melliodora.

Yellow Box.

Characteristics. — The trees of this species are commonly of medium
size and spreading habit, l^ut are said occasionally to attain in Austra-
lia a height of 250 feet and a diameter of 6 to 8 feet. The trunks are
commonly crooked and gnarled, the outer bark of the trunk being of
a brownish-gray color and commonly persistent. (PI. XXXI.) The
inner bark is yellow, giving to the tree the name of " Yellow Box."
The branches are usuall}" quite smooth. The leaves of the young tree
are often oval or oblong (PL LXXXVII, a), but the prevailing shape
after a few years is lance or sickle shf.ped, both sides being of a dull-
green color. The flowers are of medium size and grow in compact
clusters with short stems. They emit a pleasant, honev-scented fra-
grance, a characteristic to which the name melliodora' (the Latin for
"honey odor") refers. The seed c.ises are nearly the shape of an Qgg
with the small end cut away. (See PI. LXVII.)

Climatic requirements. — This species will grow near the coast, on

Bui, 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S, Dept of Agncultur

Eucalyptus corymbos/

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept^ of Agriculture.

Plate LVI.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultun

Eucalyptus crebr/

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur.

Plate LVIII.

Eucalyptus diversicolor.

Jul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultun

Plate LIX.

Eucalyptus eugenioides.

3ul, 35, Bureau of Forest^, U. S. Dept. of Agric

Plate LX.

Eucalyptus globulus.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate LXI

i

F-,''"

W^,

1

■::^i^ .7- \ !'.'.

WL * BH

A

WM/m

'IH^'

^pS5

^Pl

WL '

IVB

HSJ" J.vT^wVJ-wfc-

^tw^^^^^^^Ftmtt^ /u^

%J'^^S!^msgW

m mml^mM:^^K^^^^^^U

w^mib--M- ^^^^^

rMff>'^ . :;"^.^^H

Eucalyptus qomphocephala.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXII.

Eucalyptus qoniocalyx.

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 69

plains iind foothills, on the sides of low mountains, and in the warm,
dry interior valleys. It will make some growth in the poor soil of
hillsides, but prefers a fairly fertile soil. In Australia, according to
Mr. Howitt and Mr. Maiden, it grows on both lowlands and highlands.
Use.^.— The timber of the Yellow Box is very hard, tough, and dur-
able, but is difficult to work and is not easil}^ split. It is used in
Australia for spokes, rollers, heav}^ framework, naves, and cogs.
It is durable underground, and is consequently useful for telegraph
poles and fence posts. It also makes an excellent fuel. On account
of its profuse, fragrant ])]oom, it is comnig to he highly prized as a
source of honey.

Eucalyptus microtheca.

C'OOI.IHAH.

Characteristics. — The Coolibah is a tree of medium size, generallv
more or less crooked, but of quite a pleasing appearance. The usual
height in Australia is 50 to 80 feet and the diameter 2 to 4 feet. The
few growing in America have quite erect trunks and give promise of
becoming fair-sized trees. (PI. XXXII.) It is one of the largest trees
of the interior desert regions of Australia. The bark of the trunk is
rough, generally furrowed, conmionly persistent, and of a ])rownish-
gray color (see PI. LXVIII); that of the branches, white and decidu-
ous. The wood is dark red or brown, and excessively hard and inlocked.
The foliage is rather dense and inclined to droop. The leaves are
long and somewhat curved, the two sides being e(|ually dull green.
The flowers are very small, in 3 to 8 flowered clusters, which usually
grow in groups. The seed cases are very small and broadly top-
shaped, w ith the valves protruding.

Climatic requirements. — The tree is indigenous to the drj', hot
deserts of Australia, doing best in gravelly, well-drained soil. Baron
von Mueller saj's of it, in his Eucalyptographia, that it will " brave a
climatic temperature as torrid and as high as any on our planet, the
thermometer rising in the shade, in places where this P^ucalyptus
grows, occasionally to 127"^ F.'' In his Select Extra-tropical Plants
he states that it " withstands unscorched a frequent heat of 156^ F."
It also endures heavy frosts. It has grown well where it lias been
tried in the Southwest.

Usex. — ^As a forest cover for excessively hot, dry regions in the
Southwest, this tree is quite a promising one. It furnishes a timber
that is valuable for bridges, railway ties, posts, and for general build-
ing purposes. On account of the color and markings of the wood
it is used for cabinetwork to some extent. The roots of this tree are
used in a novel way by the natives of Australia. In common with a
few other species of Eucalyptus this tree possesses water-yielding

70 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

roots, but the roots of this species yield more than those of any other.
They are dug out, cut in pieces, and the water expelled by blowing at
one end. According to Baron von Mueller, the aborigines depend
entirely upon this source for water in many of their hunting expeditions,
and frequently white settlers have found it convenient to obtain water
from the same source. The planting of these trees on the deserts of
the Southwest might prove a useful means of saving the lives of those
crossing' them.

Eucalyptus obliqua.
Messmate.

Characteristics. — This is a tall, straight-stemmed tree, sometimes
attaining a height of 300 feet in Australia, with a stem diameter of
10 feet. The bark is fibrous and persistent on both the trunk and
the branches, being of a somewhat grayish color. The leaves of the
young trees are commonly broad (see PI. LXXXVII, c), but they
become narrower as the tree increases in age. They are commonl}^
somewhat thick and stiff, and are conspicuously unequally sided toward
the base. The latter characteristic causes them to set in a particu-
larly noticeable manner obliquely to the stem, hence the specific name
obliqua. (See PI. LXIX.) The medium-sized flowers are very short
stemmed, the stalks of the clusters being rather slender and slighth^
compressed. The shape of the mature seed cases is that of an egg
with the smaller end cut awa}^; or, in some cases, they are nearly
hemispherical.

Climatic require7nents. — This species grows fairly well at or near
the coast, doing best, however, some distance inland, but it does not
thrive in the dry, hot vallej's of the interior. The fact that it extends
well up into the mountains of Victoria and New South Wales, Aus
tralia, indicates that it is suitable for, and worth 3^ of trial on, the
lower mountains of the Southwest. It will thrive in light, barren soil,
but does not endure severe drought.

Uses. — The timber of Eucalyptus obliqua is straight and easily split.
In Australia this tree furnishes much of the hardwood lumber used
for rough building purposes. It is also used extensively for fence
rails, palings, and shingles. However, it does not last well under-
ground. The bark has been used for paper making.

Eucalyptus occidentalis.

Flat-topped Yate.

Character hstics. — Individuals of this species vary considerably in
habit of growth. Frequently they are shrubby in form, several stems
rising from one root and growing to a height of 10 to 30 feet. (PI.
XXXIII.) Under more favorable conditions they are more tree-like,

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 71

and sometimes attain a height of over 100 feet in Australiu. The ))ark
of the trunk is in some cases smooth, in age casting off thin pieces,
and in other cases quite rough and persistent. The branches are
smooth and whitish, and are of about equal height, the characteristic
giving the tree a flat-topped appearance. The bark of the small twigs
is reddish brown. The leaves are of medium size and (juite thick and
shiny, the two sides being similar in appearance. (See PI. LXXXII, c.)
The flowers are large and (luite conspicuous. The stalks of the clus-
ters are flattened and the flower stems angled. The seed cases are
somewhat bell-shaped or pear-shaped. (See PI. LXX.)

Climatic I'tqti! rem cuts. — This species thrives at and near the coast,
where the minimum temperatures are not below 25-^ F.. and it endures
the dry heat of the valleys, l)ut is injured somewhat in the latter situ-
ations when the mercury falls below 'li) F.

Usts. — The timber of this tree is hard and strong, and is used for
fences, ties, posts, and fuel.

Eucalyptus paniculata.

White Ikox Bahk.

Chai-acteristies. — The trees of this species are usually below medium
size, the maximum height 1)eing something over 100 feet, and in
some parts of Australia growing only to a height of 25 or 30 feet.
In the Southwest it has not made a promising growth, few trees being-
yet over 6 inches in diameter. The barlj of the trunk is usually hard,
rough, and of a grayish-brown color. (PI. XXXIV.) In some cases,
however, it flakes ofl', leaving the stem smooth and grayish in color.
The leaves are of medium size, being commonly lance-shaped, or some-
what curved. The flowers are abundant, below medium size, in clus-
ters of 3 to 8, on rather slender, angled stalks. The seed cases vary
from low cup-shaped to goblet-shaped.

CJimatic requirements. — This Iron Bark grows fairly well near the
coast and in the mountains, but does not endure heat and drouth well.
At the Santa Monica forestry station it barely survived the drouth
of 1899-1900.

UseH. — This tree furnishes a timber that is hard and durable, ])eing
one of the very valua])le timber trees of Australia. It is useful
wherever strength, hardness, and durability are desirable.

Eucalyptus pilularis.

Black lUTT.

Charactrristicx.—ThiH is a shapely, good-sized tree, attaining in Aus-
tralia, under favorable circumstances, according to Baron von Mueller,
a height of 300 feet and a diameter of 15 feet. According to Maiden,
th(^ average height is 100 to 150 feet, with a diameter of 3 to 5 feet.

72 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

In the Southwest it has made a fairl}" rapid growth, but does not give
promise of reaching a great size. The trees are inclined to be tall
and slender, with little foliage near the ground. (PI. XXXV.) The
bark of the lower part of the trunk is dark gray, rough, and partially
persistent, but from most of the trunk it flakes otf in patches. The
})ark of the branches is smooth and light colored. The twigs are often
conspicuously angled. The leaves are scattered, nearly lance-shaped,
and aliout the same color on each side. The flowers are of medium
size, in clusters of -t to 16, on scattered stalks. The flower-bud cover-
ings are conical. The seed cases are nearly spherical, or the shape of
the broad part of an egg. The round form, resembling that of a pill,
suggested the specific name pilularis.

Climatic requirements. — The Blackbutt grows along the coast of
southeastern Australia, and to some extent on inland mountain slopes.
In America it grows quite thriftil}^ at and near the coast, but does
not thrive in the dr}^ hot interior valleys, enduring neither very high
nor very low temperatures.

Uses. — The strong and durable timber of the Blackbutt is used in
Australia for house carpentr}^ for bridge and ship building, for tele-
graph poles, and for railway ties. Its slender growth makes it espe-
cially suitable for telegraph poles. It is considered one of the best
all around timbers furnished by an}^ Eucalypt. Fence posts of this
timber are reported to last twenty years. The tree is an excellent
honey producer, the honey from it being reported to be of an especialh^
good quality.

Eucalyptus piperita.
White Stringy-bark.

Characteristics. — The trees of this species attain a considerable
height and are commonly erect and quite shapely. The grayish bark
of the trunk is fibrous and persistent. The leaves of the adult trees
vary in shape from a l)roadly lance-shaped and very unequally sided
to a narrowly lance-shaped and quite straight leaf. The young seed-
lings are clothed with distinct hairs. The flowers are of about medium
size, in compact clusters of 6 to 12. The flower-bud coverings are
cone-shaped or taper-pointed. The seed cases are the shape of the
broader part of an egg or are nearly spherical.

Cliinatic requirements. — This tree makes a fairly rapid growth near
the coast and in cool inland situations, but does not endure dry, hot
climates, and will not tolerate heavy frosts.

Uses.—T^e timber is readily split and is used for fencing and gen-
eral building purposes. It is one of the species eligible for planting
for a forest cover on mountain sides where it is not too dry nor sub-
ject to too heav^}' frosts.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultt

Plate LXIII.

Eucalyptus gunni

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultun

Plate LXIV.

Eucalyptus hemiphloi-

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXV.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestty, U. S. Dept. of Agncuitu

Plate LXVI.

Eucalyptus macrorhyncha.

35, Bureau of Forestry, (J. S Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXVII.

Eucalyptus melliodor/:

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur.

Plate LXVIII

Eucalyptus microtheca.

Jul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXIX.

Eucalyptus obliqua.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Oept. of Agricultu

Plate LXX.

Eucalyptus occidentali

PEINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GKOWN IX AMEKICA. 73
Eucalyptus polyanthema.
Red Box.

CharacteriMlcs.—Thiii is commonl.y a medium-sized tree, although
it is said occasionally to reach a height of 250 feet in Australia. It is
not a rapid grower, and few of the American specimens have attained
a diameter of over 1 foot. It commonly sends up a single trunk, hut
quite frequently several stems arise from the same ])ase. The tree is
of a spreading habit, and, with its characteristic foliage and profuse
bloom, presents a very pleasing appearance. (PI. XXXVI.) The
bark of the trunk and branches is persistent, somewhat furrowed, and
grayish in color.

The leaves, both of the seedlings and of the adult trees, arc roundish
or broadly egg-shaped, and of an ashy or dull green hue on both
sides. (See PI. LXXXVII. b.) The bloom is profuse and dainty, the
flowers being considerably below average size and arranged in l)ranch-
ing clusters. (See PI. LXXI.) The seed cases are somewhat top-
shaped and, with their stems, are quite distinctly goblet-shaped. The
margins are thin and often indented or split.

Climatic re<ndremenU. — This species thrives under a great variety
of climatic conditions. It grows at and near the coast, in the foot-
hills, on mountain sides, and in the hot, dry valleys of the interior.
It endures minimum temperatures of 15^ to 20^ F. and maximum tem-
peratures of 110- to 118- F. It is one of the few species tested at the
Experiment Station farm near Phoenix that has been entirely unin-
jured by either the frosts of winter or the heat of summer. There
are probably few situations in the Southwest below 3,000 feet eleva-
tion in which the tree would not grow.

U>ies. —The timber of this ti-ee is very hard, strong, and durable,
being used in Australia for railway ties, for cogs, and for the parts of
wheels. It also makes an excellent fuel. Upon account of the pro-
fuse })loom appearing at a time when sources of honey are limited, it
is a useful tree for bee pasture. Its habit of growth and pleasing
aspect render it a good shade tree. It .-an also be used as a wind-break
in localities where faster growing trees will not endure the climatic
conditions.

Eucalyptus populifolia.

Poi'LAR- LEAVED BoX.

Characti'rktics. — The tree is one of medium size, resembling con-
siderably the preceding species. The bark is wrinkled and more or
less furrowed, and is persistent. The leaves are scattered on rather
long stalks, and are roundish or somewhat egg-shaped. Thev are veiy
shiny and a deep green on both sides. The marginal vein of the leaves
is some distance from the edge. The flowers are very small, in clusters

74 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

of 3 to 12 on very short stems. The stalks of the flower clusters are
rather long and slender, being either single at the base of a leaf stem
or in branching groups. The lid of the flower bud is hemispherical.
The seed cases are ver^^ small and nearly top-shaped. (See PI. XC.)

Climatic requirements. — This tree thrives in dry situations in Cal-
ifornia, and, judging by its Australian habitat, it could be grown even
more successfully in the dr}- interior of the Southwest than its near
relative, Eacalyptus jjolyanthem a.

Uses. — This tree seems not to be sufficiently known either in Aus-
tralia or in America to justify an}^ conclusions as to its qualities or
uses. It is reported to furnish durable posts, and probably in all its
qualities closely resembles Eucalyptus j>olyantliema.

Eucalyptus punctata.

Leather-jacket.

Characteristics.- — The tree is of medium size, attaining in Australia
a height of about 100 feet. It has a spreading habit, especially when
young, not possessed hj many Eucalypts. The bark is rough and of
a dark color, and has a tendency to flake off. The leaves are lance-
shaped or sickle-shaped, and thin. (See PI. LXXXVIII, b. ) The under
surface is somewhat paler than the upper shiny one. The flowers are
above medium size, in clusters of 3 to 10 on rather stiff, flattened stalks.
The shape of the seed cases is nearly that of the broad part of an %gg.

Climatic requirements. — This species thrives at and near the coast,
but does not do as well in the dry interior.

Uses. — The wood of this tree is tough, hard, close-grained, and very
durable. It is useful for fence posts, railwa}^ ties, and for the parts
of wheels. It also makes an excellent fuel.

Eucalyptus resinifera.

Red Mahogany.

Characteristics. — This is a tree of fair size, when full grown, reach-
ing a height of 100 feet. It is usually erect and symmetrical. The
bark of the trunk is dark reddish, fibrous, and persistent, resembling
oon.siderably that of the Stringy barks. The bark of the branches is
more or less deciduous. The wood is a rich, red color resembling true
mahogany, and is very heavy. The leaves are slender and usually
somewhat curved. (See PI. LXXXVIII, a.) They are somewhat
leathery in -texture, and are considerably paler beneath than above.
The veins spread like the parts of a feather. The flowers are of about
medium size, in clusters of 4 to 10, on a somewhat compressed stalk.
The buds are distinctly cream-colored, the lids being conical, with
tapering points. The seed cases are cup-shaped or bell-shaped. (See
PL LXXIL)

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 75

Climatic requirements. — The Red Mahogany o-rows quite well in tlie
coast region of California, but does not thrive in the dry interior val-
leys. It does not resist severe frost, nor does it endure high temper-
atures in a dry atmosphere. It is well suited to moist, semitropical
climates, being contined in Australia almost exclusively to the warm
coast districts.

Uses. — The tree furnishes a timber that is very strong, hard, and
durable. It is used in Australia for piles, posts, paving, shingles, and
general building purposes. Mr. Maiden says in his ''Useful Austra-
lian Plants:'"'

This is one of the most valuable hard woods of the colony [New South A\'ales]. It
is a rich red color, resemblinf? true mahogany a good deal in appearance. It is a
grand furniture wood where its weight is not against it. * * * It is one of the
most durable timbers we have, being greatly resistant to damp and the attacks of
white ants.

This Eucalypt can be used as a forest cover, as a shade tree, and as a
wind-])reak where it is too moist and warm for other species, and will
at the same time be a source of valual)le timber.

Eucalyptus robusta.
Sw.vMi' Maikxianv.

Character i^t'icf. — This is a tree symmetrical in form and of medium
size. In the Southwest it has not yet exceeded a height of 50 feet and
a diameter of 1 foot, but in Australia it is said to attain a height of
100 feet, with a trunk sometimes 50 feet long and nearl}' -i feet in
diameter. The heav v foliage and spreading habit give the tree a stately,
robust appearance, hence its specitic name, rohmta. (See PI. XXX VI 1 . )
The rusty gray bark is persistent and is usually wrinkled and fur-
rowed. The bark of the branches frequently tiakes off, leaving them
smooth. The leaves are large and leatheiy. sometimes being tt inches
long and 2 inches wide. (See PI. LXXIII.) The upper side is dark
green, the lower a paler green color. The cream-colored flowers are
large and quite abundant, growing in clusters of 3 to 10 on stout,
usually flattened stocks. The seed cases are goblet-shaped, or some-
times urn-shaped, and occasionally slightly angled. (See PI. XCI.)

Climatic requirements. — The tree thrives at and near the coast, but
does not endure well the drv heat of the interior. In its native coun-
tr}' it grows in warm, swampy coast localities, l)ut in the Southwest
it will grow in quite a variety of situations if supplied with suflicient
water. It has been nuich planted as an avenue tree in the Southwest,
but after a few j'ears it usually makes an irregular, unsatisfactory
growth, unless the roots are kept quite moist. It ought to thrive
along the coast of the Gulf of ^Mexico, in regions free from heavy
frosts.

76 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Uses.— The wood of this tree is not in special favor with artisans;
but as it is durable underground it is very useful for posts, ties, and
similar purposes. According to Baron von Mueller it is free from the
attacks of destructiv^e insects, which is ascribable to the presence of
kino.

Eucalyptus rostrata.
Red Gr.M.

Characteristics. — Individuals of this species make fairh' rapid
growth, and are commonly above medium size. The tree varies con-
siderably in habit and appearance, in some cases being erect and
statelv. and in other cases unsymmetrical and irregular in growth.
(Pis. XXXVIII, XXXIX.) The individuals also vary as to the hue
of the foliage, that of some being a livid green, while that of others
may be yellowish or reddish.

The Red Gum is one of the leading forest trees of the Australian
continent. Baron von Mueller says of it that it is "perhaps the most
important of the W'hole genus!" Mr. Maiden says, " I do not suppose
that there is a person resident in Victoria or South Australia for six
months who does not well know what Red Gum is;'' and, in speaking
of its occurrence in Kew South Wales, adds, ''It is the tree which pro-
duces directly to the colon}^ by far the most revenue of all our trees."

The tree is commonl}- about 100 feet high in Australia, but is
reported under favorable circumstances to grow to double that height,
with a trunk diameter of 6 to 12 feet. The bark of the vounger trees
is smooth and reddish or ashy gra}-; of the older ones usually more or
less rough and furrowed. It is commonly persistent, but occasionally
patches of varying thickness flake off. The stems of the young seed-
lings and the twigs of the trees are red. The leaves are of medium
size, lance-shaped or sickle-shaped, and have the same color on the
two sides. The flowers are small, on slender stems, in clusters of 3
to 12, borne on rather slender stalks. The deciduous covering of the
flower bud is distinctly pointed or beaked, the Latin word for which
is rostratusj giving the tree its speciflc name. The seed cases are cup-
shaped, with conspicuous protruding valves. (See PI. LXXIV.)

Climatic requiremeiits. — The Red Gum grows under a great variety
of climatic conditions. It is scattered over most of the southeastern
part of Australia, growing there in a great variety of situations.
While it prefers moist river bottoms with an equable climate, it will
endure much heat, severe frost, and considerable drought. In the
southwestern part of the United States it thrives at the coast, on the
dr\' mesas, in the foothills, and in many of the dr}', hot valleys of the
interior. In the latter region it endures minimum temperatures of 15°
to 20° F., and maximum temperatures of 110° to 115° F. It thrives
in the moist, fogg}^ sections of the coast regions of the Southwest, and

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept, of Agnculturi

Plate LXXI

Eucalyptus polyanthema.

j|. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricuitu

Plate LXXII.

Eucalyptus resinifera.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U, S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXXIII.

Eucalyptus robusta.

3ul. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricuitu

Plate LXXIV.

^ 11^

Eucalyptus rostrata.

PRIKCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 77

endure.s the desert conditions of southern Arizona. Near Phoenix,
where the annual rainfall is only 7 inches, are trees that in ten years
have attained a height of 30 to -45 feet and a basal diameter of 1 foot,
with no irrigation since the first few years of their growth. (See Pis.
XL, XLI.) Besides enduring such extreme climatic conditions as
indicated, this species is also tolerant of considerable alkali.

The Red Gum seems to have become more nearly naturalized in the
Southwest than anj^ other species. As already stated, it grows spon-
taneously in considerable abundance on Mr. Cooper's ranch near Santa
Barbara, the climatic and soil conditions of the ravine that extends
through his estate seeming to reseml>le quite closely conditions under
which the tree thrives in its native land. As the species becomes more
generally planted it will, very prol)ably, come to grow spontaneously
under a variet}- of conditions.

Uses. — The Red Gum furnishes a timber tiuit is v(M'y vaUia])le for
many purposes. When freshly cut. the wood is a rich red color that
grows darker as it is exposed to the air. It is close-grained, the libers
being interlocked and thus rendering it quite difficult to split. It is
very hard and strong — Mr. Maiden sa3\s ''almost as hard as iron, when
thoroughly dry." The great usefulness of the timber is due prin-
ci]3ally to its durability, both underground and in water. Baron von
Mueller says, in his " Introduction to Botanical Teachings," that " well
matured trees of this species, cut at the season when the circulation of
the sap is least active, and carefull}^ placed for drying, have proved
one of the most durable of any timbers of the whole globe." Accord-
ing to this author and Mr. Maiden, the principal uses of the timber in
Australia are for ship building, for bridge building, for paving, for
telegraph poles, posts, piles, house blocks, and street curbing. It is
reported to l)e quite resistant to the attacks of marine animals and
white ants. Baron von Mueller sa3'S, '"The timber is one of the most
highly esteemed in all Australia among that of pAicalypts ;" and Mr.
Maiden, in speaking of this species in an address upon the forests of
New South Wales, May, 1901, states that ''there is no difficulty in
supplying a practically unlimited demand for a timber of one uniform
quality,""

In Australia the Red (xum is a source of commercial kino, the article
from this species being, according to Mr, Maid(Mi. "perhaps the best
known of all Elucalyptus kinos." Exudations are provoked V)y chop-
ping a few chips from the bark of the trunk.

In America the principal uses made of the Red (Jum have l)een for
fuel and for posts, Mr. Cooper cuts it for fuel for home use and for
market, and considers it a protital)le species for that purpose. On
account of its profuse Ijloom it is a good honey-yielding tree, l)oth in
Australia and in America. Besides the above, the species is useful as
a shade tree, as a wind-l)reak. and as a forest cover in a great variety

78 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

of situations. Owing to the great value of the tree from so many
standpoints, no mistake will be made in setting it wherever it will
thrive. It may be planted with profit as a forest cover in ravines, on
hillsides, on plains, and in quite dry desert situations. Such planta-
tions will within a decade begin to be sources of posts, fuel, railway
ties, telegraph poles, and bridge timbers, and will eventually produce
timber suitable for other important uses. If such plantings were
made along railway tracks, ties for keeping them in repair would be
available within a decade, and later the product would be sufficient for
extensions of the road into new sections. Timbers for repairing rail-
way bridges and building new ones, as well as for telegraph poles,
could also be thus supplied within easy reach of the points where they
would be needed.

Eucalyptus rudis.

Characteristics. — The trees of this species are commonly of medium
size, the usual height being 50 to 75 feet. Near Fresno, Cal., a grove
fifteen years of age contains trees 70 to 80 feet high and 18 to 2-t inches
in diameter. (Pis. XLII, XLIII.) The trees differ in habit, most
being erect and stately, while occasionally others have drooping stems
and branches. The young trees are vigorous and rapid growers,
attaining in America half the maximum height reported for them
from Australia in four or five years. The grayish bark of the trunk is
usually rough and persistent, but sometimes flakes off, leaving the
trunk smooth. The leaves of the j'oung trees are oblong, or sometimes
roundish, often with a deep red or bronze hue. (See Pis. LXXXIV, a;
LXXXIX, A.) As the tree grows older the new leaves are longer
and thinnish, finally being lance-shaped or curved. (See Pis. LXXV,
LXXVI.) The flowers are about medium size, in clusters of 3 to 8,
on rather slender stalks. The covering of the flower buds is conical.
The seed cases are cup-shaped, with prominent protruding valves.

Climatic requirements. — If supplied with sufficient water the tree
will thrive in quite a variety of climates. In Australia it grows
naturally along or near streams. In the Southwest it thrives near the
coast, on dry mesas, and in the hot valleys of the interior. At Phoenix,
Ariz., one tree has attained a height of 30 feet and a diameter of 6
inches in three j^ears, being unaffected by either the heat of summer
or the cold of winter. In the Southwest the tree has proven to be
remarkably hardy to heat and cold, enduring without injury minimum
temperatures of 15° to 18° F. and maximum temperatures of 110° to
118° F.

Uses. — Few reports on the character of the timber and its uses in
Australia are available, and the tree has not been grown extensivelj^
enough m America to obtain data on the subject here. In regions

PKINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 79

where less hardy species can not be grown the species will be useful
for shade, for wind-breaks, for fuel, and for hone}-. It ma}' also
prove useful for posts.

Eucalyptus saligTia.

Characteristics. — A loft}', straight- stennnod tree, the usual height
in Australia being 100 to 200 feet and the diameter 3 to 6 feet. No
large trees of this species are known to exist in America, and those
that have been set have not given promise of attaining great size. The
bark of the trunk is grayish in color, and is rendered nearly smooth
by the gradual flaking ofl' of the outer layers. The leaves are lance-
shaped, somewhat curved, and long-pointed, the lower side being paler
than the upper. The flowers are of medium size, nearly stemless, in
clusters of 4 to 8, on a much-flattened stalk. The covering of the
unopened flower buds is nearly cone-shaped. The seed cases are com-
monly bell-shaped, with protruding valves.

Climatic requirements. — This species has not l)een ])lantcd exten-
sively enough in America for its relation to climate to be established.
Very few^ of the trees that had been planted survived the drought of
1897-1900 in the Southwest. In Australia this species is confined to
the warmer coast regions; hence it could not be expected to endure
very severe conditions in America.

Uses. — In Australia this tree is one of the important sources of lum-
ber. The timber is reported to have great strength and durability.
It is used for piles, for large beams, for railway ties, and for other
purposes where strength and durability are important. The wood is
a pale, reddish color, is straight-grained, and is easily worked. It is
said by Mr. Maiden to be a favorite with carpenters, who use it for a
great variety of building purposes. It is also used by shipwrights
and by wheelwrights.

Eucalyptus siderophloia.

Broad-i.eafei) Ikoxbakk.

Characteristics. — The trees of this species attain in Australia a
height of 100 feet or more, with a trunk diameter of 8 to 4 feet; and in
the Southwest they give promise of growing to a fair size. As of
other Ironbark Eucalypts, the bark is persistent and rough, with (juite
deep Assures, It is of a rusty color and somewhat flaky. (See PI.
XLIV.) The leaves are large and broad, usually rather thick, often
much curved, and are of a))out the same color on th(> two sides. (See
PI. LXXXIII, A.) The flowers are of about medium size, in clusters
of 2 to 8 on more or less angled stalks. The clusters grow either singly
or in groups of 2 to 8, mainly at the ends of the twigs. (Sec PI.
LXXVII.) The long covering of the flower-bud is conical and sharp
pointed. The seed cases with their stems are goblet-shaped.

80 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Climatic requirements. — This species grows fairl_y well in quite a
variety of situations in the coast region of California, but will not
thrive in the dry, hot valleys of the interior. It will endure minimum
temperatures of 18° to 20° F,, and maximum temperatures of 110° to
112° F., but it makes very slow growth under such trying conditions.

Uses. — The timber of the Broad-leafed Ironbark, as of other Iron-
barks, is strong and durable. It is used for bridge building, for posts,
sleepers, railwav ties, and for other similar purposes where strength
and durability are desired. It makes a fair fuel, burning very slowly.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon.
Bed Ironbark.

Characteristics. — The Red Ironbark is a tree of medium to large
size. It usuallv grows erect, with an even trunk, having numerous
side branches, especially^ towards the top. It never grows to a great
height. The bark is the hardest and darkest of the Ironbarks, the
color usually being a dark red or brown. It is furrowed and cracked,
and studded with beads of the kino that exudes from it. The whole
appearance of the tree, with its rough, dark bark, its silvery, narrow
leaves, and daintily colored flowers is quite distinctive, contrasting
strongly with the smooth-barked, broader-leafed species of the genus.
(PI. XLV.) The wood is a dark red, and is very hard and heav}".
The leaves are narrowly lance-shaped, often curved, and usually have
a more or less evident silvery surface, the leaves of the seedlings being
very similar to those of the adult tree. (See PI. LXXXVI, b.) The
flowers are somewhat above medium size, in clusters of 3 to 8. In
color they vary from a light pink to scarlet. The covering of the
flower-bud is cone-shaped, often sharp-pointed. The seed cases are
nearly cup-shaped. (See PI. LXXVIII.)

Climatic requireinents. — In Austi-alia the Red Ironl)ark is most
abundant on the stony, sterile portions of gold-producing districts,
enduring considerable drought and heat. In California it thrives in>
dry soil near the coast, and on the plains and hillsides of many of the
interior valleys. It endures minimum temperatures of 16° to 20° F. ,
and maximum temperatures of 110° to 112° F., but makes a very slow
and indifferent growth under such conditions. It has proven to be
entirely unsuited to the hot, interior valleys of California and Arizona.

Uses. — The Red Ironbark is one of the very useful Eucalj^pts.
While the timber is not prized as highly in Australia as that of other
Ironbarks, it is nevertheless valuable for many purposes. Its princi-
pal uses are for bridge construction, for railway ties, for girders and
large beams in buildings, for joists, for posts, for the hubs, spokes,
and shafts of vehicles, and for a great variety of other purposes where
strength and durabilit}^ are required. On account of its shape and

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U, S. Dept. of Agrlcultur

Plate LXXV.

Eucalyptus rudis. Tree 12 years uld.

Bui. 35- Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculturi

Plate LXXVI.

Eucalyptus rudis. Tree. 6 years old.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S Dept. of Agriculture.

PLATE LXXVII.

Eucalyptus siderophloia.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dcpt of Agriculture.

Plate LXXVIII.

Eucalyptus sideroxylon.

j|. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXXIX.

Eucalyptus ^e;

Jul, 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricuitu

Plate LXXX.

Eucalyptus viminalis

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricuitu

Plate LXXXI.

Eucalyptus caloph

Eucalyptus cohymbosa.

D. Eucalyptus citriodora.

EucALYPT Seedlings.

35, Bureau nf Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricul'

Plate LXXXII.

vv)

<^)f^^

A. Eucalyptus coriacea.

B. Eucalyptus eugenioides.

C. EUCAL>i:TL - OCCIOE

EucALYPT Seedlings.

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 81

attractive aspect, it makes a desirable shade tree for main' situations.
As a wind-break it is also serviceable, and is a valuable source of
hone}'. As a forest cover for situations too stony and sterile for the
faster-growing' species, it has considerable value. Railwa}' companies
would do well to consider the planting of this tree along portions of
their lines running through moderately warm, dry regions, for the
production of timber for bridges and track repairs.

Eucalyptus stuartiana.

ApPLE-SCEXTED ErCALYPT.

Ohararf eristics. — The trees of this species never attain a very great
size, but they make a comparatively rapid growth during the tirst
ten years, in some cases reaching a trunk diameter of 1 foot and a
height of 30 to 40 feet during that period. The tree usualh' grows
quite erect, with a somewhat stocky appearance. The bark of the
trunk and main branches is rough and more or less fibrous. It is of a
gra^'ish brown color outside and is salmon colored next the wood.
The leaves of the young seedlings and of young suckers are opposite
on the stem, and roundish or lance-shaped, usually having a distinct
bloom on the surface. (See PI. LXXXIV, c.) The later leaves are
scattered, lance-shaped, or sickle-shaped, shiny, and eqvially dark green
on the two surfaces. When crushed the}' give forth a pleasant odor,
somewhat resembling that of apples. The flowers are of medium size,
usually in compact clusters of 3 to 8. The deciduous covering of the
flower buds is cone-shaped. The seed cases are rather small, and are
commonly nearly top-shaped.

Clhnatic requirements. — The species thrives at and near the coast,
but does not do well in the dr}'. hot valleys of the interior. It endures
mininuuu temperatures of 10^ to 18^ F., and it therefore may be
planted in higher latitudes and at greater elevations than most species.

Uses. — Upon account of its resistance to frost, this Eucalypt is useful
for a forest cover, for windbreaks, and for shade in ravines and on
fairly moist hillsides and mountains where, on account of too heavy
winter frosts, other species would not thrive. The tree furnishes a
timber that is hard, but, not being straight-grained, is somewhat difii-
cult to split. It is useful for fence posts and for fuel. According to
Baron von Mueller.it is employed to some extent for furniture manu-
facture in Australia.

Eucalyptus tereticornis.

Forest Red Gim.

Characteristics. — 1'he tree attains a good size under favorable con-
ditions, but it is commonly not much above 100 feet in height and 6
feet in diameter in Australia. In the Southwest it makes quite a rapid
2T7i:»— No. 35— 0:> (>

82 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

growth and gives promise of reaching ftilh' the size the trees do in
their native home. AVhen growing near together, or among other
trees, they are usually tall and straight, with even trunks, but when
growing scattered they branch more and are more stock3^ At Mr.
Cooper's ranch near Santa Barbara their rate of growth has been
about two-thirds that of the Blue Gum, the fastest-growing species.
(PI. XXV, B.) The bark is commonly smooth and grayish, frequently
flaking off in thin layers.

The leaves of the 3'oung seedlings are broad, with very short stocks,'
but as the young tree increases in size the leaves that appear are more
scattered, longer stalked, and more slender. (See PI. LXXXVIII, c.)
The flowers are above medium size, in open clusters of 4 to 8 on slen-
der stalks. The deciduous covering of the full-grown flower bud is
long, round, and usuall}^ abruptly sharp-pointed, the specific name —
tei'etlcornk (the Latin for ''round-horned") — referring to this charac-
teristic shape. The seed cases are usually below medium size, and are
top-shaped or goblet-shaped, with prominent protruding valves. (PI.
LXXIX.)

Climatic requirements. — The species thrives under quite a variety
of climatic conditions. It grows best near the coast, but endures the
dr}^ heat of the interior vallej^s. It will withstand minimum tempera-
tures of 15'^ to 20° F., and maximum temperatures of 110^ to 112^ F.
It also endures drought well.

Uses. — The trees of this species furnish an excellent red-colored
timber that is ver}^ hard, heavy, and durable. It is used for general
building purposes, for ship building, for wheelwright work, for rail-
way ties, for telegraph poles, posts, fencing, and fuel, its characteris-
tics and uses being much the same as those of Eucalyptus rostrata.
B}^ some the timber is considered more durable than that of the latter.
Mr. Maiden reports a post of this timber that remained quite sound
for fifty-five years; according to the same author, Mr. Howitt, the
eminent authority on Victorian trees, places E. tereticornis at the head
of all commercial timber trees of that colony.

Eucalyptus viminalis.

Maxxa (tI.M.

Characteristics. — Both in Australia and in the Southwest the indi-
viduals of this species make rapid growth, and commonly become trees
of large size. Baron von jVIueller states that they sometimes reach a
height of 300 feet and a trunk diameter of 15 to 30 feet. Those grow-
ing in the Southwest give promise of eventually attaining dimensions
approaching the above. It is exceeded in rate of growth by the Blue
Gum {EucalyjJtus (jlohulus) only. At Pasadena, Cal., an E. viminalis

PRINCIPAL SPECIES OF EUCALYPTS GROWN IN AMERICA. 83

tree 24: year.s old was measured that had a circumference of 16 feet
(and therefore a diameter of over 5 feet) 2 feet from the ground,
and an approximate height of 100 feet. (Sec Pis. XLVl, XLVIl,
XLVIII, XLIX.) The surface of the bark varies consideralily in
appearance. That of the trunk and main branches is commonly per-
sistent, but from some trees long-, slender, strips are shed, leaving the
trunk smooth and of a greenish or reddish creamy color. The per-
sistent bark is brownish in color, furrowed, and rough. The l)ark of
the branches in nearly all cases flakes ofi", leaving them smooth. This
tree has the peculiar characteristic of exuding a honey-like su])stance,
called ''lerp" by the natives, but better known as ''manna,'' when
the bark is punctured or wounded by insects.

The small branches, which are reddish, commonly droop considerabh^,
sometimes giving the tree a willow- like appearance. The leaves of the
young plant and of suckers are stemless, slender pointed, with broad
bases, and placed opposite on the stem. On the older trees the}' are
narrower, pointed at each end and set on stems. According to Baron
von Mueller, the sap of the leaves is rich in sugar, there l)eing over 13
per cent in them when dry. The flowers are of about medium size, on
rather slender stalks. There is considerable variation in the number
of flowers in each cluster. On some trees the flowers are quite uni-
formly in clusters of 8, but on others they are in clusters of 8 to 7.
This variation in the inflorescence in conjunction with the variation in
bark structure makes the species somewhat difhcult to recognize. The
covering of the flower buds is approximately cone-shaped, usually the
.sha]K> of a low, broad cone. The seed cases are top-shaped, or nearly
gl()l)ular, the valves of those that have dropped their seeds protruding
conspicuously. (See PI. LXXX.)

Climatic requirejnents.— This Eucalypt grows under quite a variety
of climatic conditions. In the Southwest it thrives near the coast, on
dry mesas, in the elevated valleys of the interior, and in the hot valleys
of much of the desert region. It endures minimum temperatures of
15- to 20" F.,and maximum temperatures of 110" to 115° F. Thrifty
specimens can be seen in the vicinity of San Francisco, Santa Barbara,
and Los Angeles, ('al., at Yuma, Ariz., and near Phoenix, Ariz. (See
Pis. XLVII, XLVIII, and XLIX.)

fMt'.y. — The timber of this tree is less valua])le than that of most
Eucah'pts. It is not durable underground and does not make the best
of fuel. In Australia it is used for shingles and for rough l)uilding
material. The tree can be grown for a forest cover, for wind ))reaks.
for fuel, and for shade in many localities where a species producing a
better timber can not be grown; but there are probably few situations
where this tree can be grown in which a more desirable tree, such a&
the Red Gum {Eucalyjjtus rodmta), can not also be grown.

84 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

GROUPING OF SPECIES ACCORDING TO CHARACTERISTICS,
CLIMATIC ADAPTATIONS, AND USES.

For convenience of reference, the .species discussed in the preced-
ing section are here grouped according to some prominent character-
istic, climatic requirement, or use. It is hoped that this grouping
will be helpful in determining the name of a tree in cases of ignorance
or doubt, and will aid planters in deciding what species to plant in a
particular locality, or for any special use. In selecting a species for
a particular purpose, it will, of course, be necessary to take into con-
sideration as well what species would be likely to thrive in the locality
where the planting is to be done.

CHARACTERISTICS.

Bark commonly smooth (''Gum trees'''): J^uealyj)tys cifriod(im, E.
coi'lacea^ E. corynocaly.r^ E. rosirata, E. saligna^ and ^. tereticornis.

Besides the above, some individuals of several species have smooth
bark, even when well grown; and it is to be remembered that the seed-
lings of all species have smooth bark, and that on some species the
bark remains smooth several years longer than on others.

Some forms of E. amygdalina^ E. occidentalism and E. viminalis have
quite smooth bark; and the bark of E. hotry aides and E. r?«c?/s remains
smooth until the trees are several j^ears old.

Bark distinctl}^ fibrous (" Stringy barks"): Eucaly2)tus eugenioides,
E. uiaci'(/rhynch<(, E. ohliqua^ and E. jjijperita. The bark of the fore-
going resembles quite closely that of American cedars.

Bark scalj^ and furrowed ("Box trees"): Eucalyptus calophylla^ E.
cornuta^ E. corymhosa^ E. goniocalyx^ E. gom/phocephala^ E. hemi^Jdoia^
E. longifolia^ E. microtheca^ E. j^olyanthema^ E. popidifolia, and E.
sttiartiana. The bark of those designated as "Box trees" resembles
considerabh" that of American ashes or maples. Besides this similarity
of bark, most of the trees known b}^ the above name in Australia have
close wood of interlocked libers.

Bark hard and deeply fissured ("'Ironbarks"): Eitcalyi?tus crebra. E.
jjanicidata^ E. sideropJdoiam and E. sideroxylon. The tvpical "Iron-
bark" of the four is the last species named, the bark of the others
being less pronounced as to hardness and unevenness.

Leaves of seedlings opposite and stemless or short stemmed: Euca-
ly2)tiis coriacea, E. eugenioides^ E. glohulus^ E. goniocalyx^ E. leu-
cogcylon^ E. macrorhyncha^ E. stuartiana, and E. viminalis. Seedlings
of the above species are quite marked in appearance, and, though

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXXXIII.

Eucalyptus 6IDER0PHL0IA.

Eucalyptus diversicolor.

C. Eucalyptus globulus

D. Eucalyptus gomphocephala.

EucAUYPT Seedlings.

3ul, 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Ae;riculture.

A. Eucalyptus rudis. B. Eucalyptus goniocalyx

i.

^^

■H

^

D. Eucalyptus gunnii

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate LXXXV.

Eucalyptus pamculat,

EUCALVPTUS HAEMASTOMA.

C. Eucalyptus hemiphloia.

D. Eucalyptus crebra.

EucALYPT Seedlings.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculiun

Plate LXXXVI.

t of the similarity of the (lowers ami seed

EUCALVPTUS SIDEROXYLON.

these two speeies were confusiM] in herl)aria for many years.

V

d

C. Eucalyptus ROBUi

D. Eucalyptus longifolia.

EucALYPT Seedlings.

GROUPING OF SPECIES. 85

agreeing in one characteristic, differ considerably among themselves
in other respects, especially in the shape of the leaves. None of these
species have permanently opposite or stemless leaves.

Leaves of seedlings hairy : Eucalyptus calophylla, E. citriodora, E.
coriacea^ E. eugenioides, E. macrorhyncha, and E. 2)anicidata.

Leaves permanently horizontal, darker above than below: Eucalyp-
tus hotryoides, E. caloi?hylla^ H. corymhosa^ E. diversicolor, E. resini-
fera^ E. rohusta, and E. saligna. The foregoing species being all indig-
enous to the moister regions of Australia, the characteristic placing
of the leaves vertically is not necessary. A few species, including
E. corynocalyx, E. diversicolor , E. pihdaris, and E. punctata, while
not having their leaves so distinctly permanently horizontal, have
leaves with the two surfaces more or unless unlike.

FLOWERS AND SEED CASES.

Flowers coumionly in threes: Eucalyptus leuco.ryloii, E. longlfolia^
E. lu'miiudis.

Flower clusters borne on a distinctly flattened stalk: Eucalyptus
hotryoides, E. gomphocephala^ E. goniocalyx, E. occidentalism E. punc-
tata, E. resinlf era, and E. saligna.

Flower-bud covering long and prominent: Eucalyptus cornuta, E.
marginata, E. occidentalis, E. sideropJdoia, and E. tereticornis.

Seed cases large (one-half inch to li inches in diameter): Eucalyptus
calop>hylla, E. corymlosa, E. globulus, E. gomplwcepjhala, E. longifolia,
E. marginata, and E. rohnsta.

Seed cases very small (one-tenth to one-sixth inch in diameter):
Eucalyptus crehra, E. micvotheca, E. pohjanthema, and E. populifoUa.

CLIMATIC ADAPTATION.

In the following paragraphs an attempt is made to list species espe-
cially adapted to various climatic situations. It is not claimed that all
that may l)e grown successfully in any one region are listed, but it is
thought that the more promising ones are included.

Adapted to hot, humid regions: Eucalyptus lotryoldes, E. calophyUa,
E. citriodora, E. cornuta, E. marginata, and E. resinifera. Of the
above, E. hotryoides, E. citriodoi'a, and E. resinifera are the most
likely to thrive in America and to produce useful timber.

Adapted to warm, moderately humid regions having light winter
frosts: Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. hotryoides, E. cornuta, E. corym-
losa, E. corynocalyx, E crehra, E. diversicolor, E. globulus, E. gompho-
cephala, E. goniocalyx, E. occidentalis, E. rohusta, E. rostrata, E. rudis,
E. sideroxylon, E. tereticornis, and E. viminalis. Of the foregoing, E.
hotryoides, E. diversicolor, E. glohidus, E. gomphocephala, and E. tereti-
cornis seem best adapted to American climatic conditions, and most
suitable for producing timber valuable for commercial purposes.

86 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Adapted to situations not excessively warm during summer, but
frostj^ during winter: Eucalyjptxis amygdalina, E. crehra^ E. eugeni-
oides^ E. gimnii, E. onacrorhyncha, E. oUlqua^ E. leucoxylon^ E.
jnperita^ E. polyanthema^ E. rostrata^ E. i-udls^ E. saligna, E. stuart-
iana, and E. tereticornis. Of these species E. gunnil, E. leucoacylon^
E. polyanthema^ E. rudis, and E. tereticm'nis will be most likely to
give good results in the Southwest.

Adapted to dry regions free from hea\'y frosts: Etiealyptus eoryno-
calyx, E. creh^a, E. diversicolo7\ E. glohulus, E. gomphocephala^ E.
goniocalyic^ E. leucoxylmi^ E. longifoUa^ E. pilularis, E. polyanthema^
E. rostrata^ E. rifdis, E. sideroxylon^ E. tereticornis ^SindiE. viminalis.
Of the foregoing species E. corynocalyx, E. crehra, E. diversicolor^ E.
glohidiis^ E.lencoxylon, E. polyantherna^ E. sideroxyJon, and E. tere-
ticornis should give the best results in America and produce the most
valuable timl^er.

Adapted to moderatelv moist mountain situations: Euccdyj}tus cori-
acea^ E. eugenioides, E. gimnii^ E. leiicoxylon, E. obliquely E. p>ip>erita^
E. rudis^ and E. stuartiana.

Adapted to regions dr}^ and hot during summer and frosty during
winter: Eucalyptus coryiiocalyx, E. hemiphloia^ E. leucoxylon^ E.
laicrotlieca^ E. 2>olyantherMi^ E. rudis^ E. tereticornis^ and E. viminalis.

Adapted to cultivation on alkali soils: Eucalyptus cornuta. E.
7'ohusta., and E. rostrata.

USES.

An attempt is made in the following pages to group the species of
Eucalypts growing and fruiting in America according to the useful
purposes for which they may be raised. It is not probable that all
the species useful for any given purpose are included under the
respective headings, but it is hoped that the most desirable ones have
been noted. In selecting a species to grow for any given purpose, the
question must be raised and answered as to whether it Avill be likely
to thrive in the region where it is to be planted.

Useful for forest cover: (1) For mountains: Eucalyptus coriacea,
E. eugenioides^i E. gimnii., E. leucoxylon., E. macrorhynclia, E. obliqua.,
E. piperita., and E. stuartiana. (2) For plains and hills: E. cornuta^
E. corynocalyx., E. crebra, E. diver sicolor^ E. globulus., E. leucoxylon.,
E. rostrata., E. rudis^ E. sideroxylmi., E. tereticornis., and E. viminalis.
(3) For lowlands: E. hoiryoides, E. citriodmm., E. globulus, and E.
robusta- (4) For deserts: E. corynocalyx., E.Tie'mip>hloia.,E. leucoxylon,
E. ndcrotheca, E. polyantUema, E. tereticornis ., and E. viminalis.

Useful for wind-breaks: Eucalyjytus cornuta, E. globulus, E. leuco-
xylon, E. poly anthema, E. rostrata, E. rudis, E. sideroxylon, E. tereti-
cornis, and E. viminalis.

Since rapidity of growth is an important factor to be considered in

GROin'lNG OF SPECIES.

87

setting a wind-break, Eucalyjjtm glohvlas, E. rudis, and E. mminalis
would be the most satisfactory ones of the above list. One of the
three can be grown in most situations where a wind-break would be

desired.

Useful for shade: Eueah/ptushot7'y aides, E. cornuta, E. corynocalyx,
E. diversicol(y>\ E. globidus, E. hemiphloia, E. leucoxylon, E. mellio-
dora, E. polyanthema, E. rohwia, E. rudl^, and E. vlminalh. As
there are few situations in the settled portions of the Southwest where
one or more of the above will not grow, settlers may all have the
pleasure of the shades of an evergreen wherever they may be located
in that part of the United States.

Useful for fuel: Eucalyptus lotryoides, E. coriacea, E. corynocalyx,
E. diversicolor, E. macrorhyncha, E. inelliodora, E. ohliqua, E. occi-
dentalism E. polyanthema, E. reslnifera, E. mstrata, E. stnartiana, and
E. tereticornis.

Useful for posts, railway ties, and other underground purposes:
Eucalyptus lotryoldes, E. corymhosa, E. corynocahj,v, E. crehm, E.
eugenioides, E. gonlocalyx, E. hemipldoia, E. longifolla, E. melUodm^a,
E microtheca, E. paniculata, E. pilidaris^ E. jjolyanthema, E. punc-
tata, E. resmifera, E. rohusta, E. rostrata, E rudis, E. sideropMoia,
E. sideroxylon, E. stuartiana, and E. tereticornis.

Judging from inquiries received by the writer and from statements
made by ''farmers, there are few more important purposes that the
Eucalypts are likely to serve than that of furnishing fence posts.
From the above list one or more can be selected that will thrive in
most of the various situations in the Southwest, as a reference to the
grouping according to climatic adaptations will show. Probably the
most generallv useful of the list for posts is the Sugar Gum {Eucalyptus
corynwaly.r). ' It thrives in most situations in the Southwest; makes a
fairly rapid growth; has a straight, even stem, especially when grown
in blocks; and furnishes material for very durable posts. The Forest
Red Gum {E. tereticornis) gives promise of proving nearly as useful
for the above purposes.

Useful for piles: Eucalyptus cltrlvdora, E. gh>hulux, E. hernlphloia,
E. marglnata, E. resmifera, and E. rostrata.

Useful for street paving: Eucalyptus cltrlodora, E. corymhosa,
E. lonqlfolla, E. pilularls, E. reslnlfera, and E. rostrata.

Useful for telegraph poles: Eucalyptus cltrlodora, E. pllulans,
E. rostrata, and E. tereticornis.

Useful forshipVmilding: Enndypfusdlverslcolor, E. globulus, E. pilu-

larls, E. rostrata, E. slderojMola, E. slderoxylon, and E. tereticornis.

Useful for vehicle making: Eucalyptus lotryoides, E. citriodora,

E. cornuta, E. corynocalyx, E. diverslcolor, E. glohulus, E. goniocalyx,

E. hemlphlola, E. melllodora, E. polyantliema, and E. punctata.

Useful for agricultural implements: Eucalyptus citriodora, E. cor-

88 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

nuta^ E. copynocalyx, E. diverslcoloi\ E. glohulus, E. henuphJoia^
E. pilularh^ E. rostrata^ and E. tereticornis.

Useful for furniture and cabinet making: Eucalyjytus cifriodora^
E. microtheca, and E. resinifevd.

Useful as a source of oil: Eucalyptus amygdaltna^ E. eugenioides^
E. globulus, and E. rudis.

Useful as a source of kino: Eucalyptus ccdophylla^ E. corymhosa,
E. rostrata^ E. sideropJdoia, and E. sideroxylon.

Useful as a source of honey: Eucalyptus calophylla, E. citriodora, E.
corynocalyx^E. hemiphloia^ E. leucoxylon , E. longifolia, E. melliodora^
E. lyilularis^ E. polyanthema^ E. rostrata^ E. rudls, E. sideroxyhm,
and E. tereticornis.

PART IV.

IDENTIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS.

Most of the seedling- Eueiilypts planted in the Southwest were not
labeled when set out, and the identity of the adult trees thus usually
became a matter of uncertainty. The identification of a particular
Eucalypt tree is often of great importance. It may be one that is
thriving- in the situation in which it is growing, but unless its name be
ascertained its value as a timber tree can not be known without ])'^tting
the wood to an actual test, and thus destroying the tree. Or it may be
known to he a desirable tree for some particular purpose or purposes,
but the tree may not produce fertile seed from which it may be propa-
gated. Moreover, a tree might thrive and produce fertile seed, but
without a knowledge of its name the tree could not ))e written about
or spoken of conveniently. Without knowing its name, seed or plants
of the same species could not well be ordered by one desirous of obtain-
ing them. It is also a matter of considerable interest to the possessor
of Eucalypt trees to be able to establish for himself the identity of
each of them. For the foregoing and for other reasons the identifi-
cation of individual Eucalypts is a matter of great importance. The
more thoroughly the tree is known from all standpoints, the more
rapidly will information concerning it be disseminated. And the
better the merits of the tree are understood, the more widely and
extensively will it be planted.

It being necessary that students of Eucalypts pursue a more system-
atic method of identifying specimens of the geims than would be pos-
sible through the use of the preceding pages, the following treatment
of the genus from a botanical standpoint is appended. The descrip-
tions of the family to which the genus Eucalyptus l)elongs, and also
the description of the genus and species are modified from thos(> given
in the works of Baron von Mueller, Mr. George Bentham, and Mr. J.
H. ^Maiden. Descriptions are included of only those species the indi-
viduals of which reach at least 50 feet in height and 1 foot in diameter.
Very brief descriptions are given of those species which have been
discussed more fully in the preceding pages. Somewhat fuller descrip-
tions are given of those not so fully treated previously. Brief state-
ments are also made as to the utility of these latter species. What are
supposed to be specimens of many of the 28 species described in the
botanical part only of this publication are now growing in the South-

89

90 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

west. Not until they fruit, however, will their identity be fully estab-
lished. As stated before, it was thought best to discuss in detail in
the preceding- pages only those species that have been positiveh'
identified in the Southwest by means of their flowers and seed-cases,
leaving the other arboreal species to be mentioned only in this
botanical section.

SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE EUCALYPTI.

The Eucalypti belong to the family Myrtacetv. which may be char-
acterized as follows:

Trees or shrubs; leaves opposite or alternate, usually dotted; flowers regular cr
nearly so. Calyx-tube grown to the ovary at the base or up to the insertion of the
stamens. Petals usually as many as calyx-lobes, very much imbricateji in the bud,
the external one sometimes larger than the others, but usually all nearly equal when
expanded, sometimes all concrete and falling off in a single operculum, or rarely
entirely wanting. Stamens indefinite, usually numerous, inserted in one or several
rows on a disk; filaments free or rarely united into a ring or tube at the base, or
into as many bundles as there are calyx-lobes; anthers 2-celled, versatile, or attached
by the base, the cells open in longitudinal slits, or rarely in terminal pores. Ovary
inclosed in the calyx-tube, sometimes 1-celled, with a placenta attached to the base
or adnate to one side; more frequently 2 or more celled, with the placentas in the
inner angle of each cell; very rarely 1-celled with 2 parietal placentas. Style simple,
with a small capitate or lobed stigma. Ovules 2 or more to each placenta, in 2 or
more rows, or very rarely solitary. Fruit adnate to the calyx-tube, capsular and
opening at the summit in as many valves as cells, or indihescent, dry and 1-seeded,
or succulent and indihescent. Perfect seeds usually very few or solitary in each cell,
even when the ovules are numerous, or rarely numerous and perfect.

The familj^ is divided into four tribes, the Eucalypti falling into the
tribe Leptospernife (meaning "small seeds''), the chief characteristic
of which is its 2 to 5 celled ovar}' opening at the summit bv as many
valves as there are cells. Of the genera belonging to this tribe, the
genus Eucalyptus is by far the largest, including al)out 150 known
species. This genus was first despribed by the French botanist
L'Heritier in 1788. The first species discovered and described by him
was Eucalyptus obliqua.

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF GENUS.

Eucalyptus L'Her.

Evergreen trees, scattered as well as gregarious, sometimes of enormous height,
some dwarfed shrubs, present in all parts of Australia in intratropic lowlands, in
arid desert .sands, and in alpine situations, occurring more scantily in New Guinea, in
Timor, and very rarely in the Moluccas. Mostly of rapid growth, flowering occa-
sionally at a very early age; bark either completely persistent or its outer layers
deciduous; matured wood always hard; main branches usually distant; foliage often
not dense; branches frequently pendent, usually (juite glabrous, sometimes those of
young plants rough, hairy. Leaves of old plants usually glabrous and thick in tex-
ture, usually scattered and with conspicuous stalks, in a few species opposite, and
then generally without stalks, sometimes united; leaves of young plants frequently
different in texture, position, and shape from those of older plants; the latter gener-
ally appioaching in form to lanceolar-sickle-shaped, the upper and lower surfaces

35, Bureau ot Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultur

Plate LXXXVII.

EUCAL'IPTUS MELLIODORA.

C. Eucalyptus obliqua.

D. Eucalyptus pilularis.

EucALYPT Seedlings.

35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agricultu

Plate LXXXVIII.

X

A. Eucalyptus resinifera.

Eucalyptus punctata.

v^-

y

^

1

^.

1

^

\

C. Eucalyptus tereticohms.

D. Eucalyptus rostrata.

EucALYPT Seedlings.

IDENTIFICATION OF EUCALYPT8. 91

often of the same color and one edge of the leaf being turned upward and the other
toward the ground; much less frequently considerably darker above and spreading
horizontally; oil dots pellucid or concealed; peculiarly and strongly odorous; primary
veins often numerous and much spreading. Inflorescence either axillary or terminal,
or more rarely both modes united; flowers in single or paniculated umbels, rarely in
twos, or solitary; umbel stalks and flower stalklets commonly present, the former
sometimes much dilated; umbels while very young inclosed in a pair of fugacious and
sometimes diminutive bracts; calyx very variable in size; lid often provided with a
minute early deciduous accessory outer layer.

Calyx of firm texture and separated into a lower persistent portion and a deciduous
lid. Petals none, unless represented in some few species by an inner membrane.
Stamens very numerous, inserted close to the edge of the calyx tube in several rows,
all fertile or some of the outer by absence of anthers sterile, always finally deciduous;
filaments thread-like, pointed, inflexed while in bud. or the outer or very seldom
all filaments straight Ijefore expansion; anthers dorsified, their two cells parallel or
divergent, each opening by a marginal or anterior slit or less conunonly by a pore.
Style long; stigma convex or almost flat, undivided, seldom much dilated beyond
the summit of the style. Ovary 2- to 6-celled, its lower portion grown to the calyx,
its upper portion more or less free. Ovules in each cell numerous, the majority
remaining unfertilized. Cotyledons broad, much compressed, somewhat folded,
undivided or 2-lobed, curved around the cylindrical straight, erect radicle. Fruits
for a long while persistent, form very small in some species to re iiarkably large in
others, oftener smooth than streaked or ridged, valves always -glabrous, very rarely
permanently connected by the persistent base of the style. Seeds long retained in
the persistent fruit, but soon shed on detachment of the latter; fertile seeds usually
outside, dark brown; sterile seeds mostly pale brown and smaller than the others.

DETERMINATION OF SPECIES.

To identify the species of so large a genus is a difficult task. The
system of identification adopted below is based on the structure of the
anthers, the position of the ^•alves, the shape of the lid, the form of
inflorescence, and the similarit}' or dissimilarity of the two leaf sur-
faces. The first thing to ascertain about a Eucalypt that one wishes
to identify ))y the use of the key below is the structure of the anthers.
This can usually be done with a good lens by examining anthers from
buds just ready to open. In using the key, the second thing to ascer-
tain is whether the valves of a mature seed case are inclosed within it
or project partly or wholly from the mouth. It is hoped that the
accompanying plates will aid in the work of identification. (Pis. XC
and XCI.)

It must be understood that all sjx'cimens will not plainly fall into
any particular subdivision of the genus, and can not therefore be
readily identified, especially by a beginner. But with a little patience
and wider experience it will be found that most trees can be identified
by the use of the keys and reference to the descriptions and illustra-
tions. When a specimen has been traced to the species to which it is
thought to belong, it should be a.scertained if the species has been
treated in detail earlier in the publication. If so, reference to the
description and to the illustrations of the species in question will aid

92 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

in vorifying or correcting the identitication. The descriptions that
follow apply to adult trees only.

ARTIFICIAL KEY TO SPECIES.

Anthers broader than long, usually kidney-shaped, and opening by slits that

when joined are nearly horseshoe-shaped Renantherex

Valves completely inclosed:
Lid hemispheric:

Veins running longitudinally 1

Veins spreading from midrib:

Leaves of adult trees mostly opposite 3

Leaves of adult trees alternate:

Leaves oblique, broad 9

Leaves not oblique, narrow:

Leaves equally green above and below 2, 12

Leaves paler beneath 8

Lid not hemispheric:

Leaves equally green above and below 4, 5

Leaves paler beneath 6, 7

Valves partly exserted:
Lid hemispheric:

Leaves equally green above and below:

Fruits semiovate IS

Fruits urn-shaped 16

Leaves paler beneath 14

Lid not hemispheric 15

Valves completely exserted:

Lid hemispheric 10

Lid sharp-pointed 11

Anthers not or hardly broader than long, opening by two pores Poranthereie

Valves deeply inclosed:

Leaves equally green above and below 23

Leaves paler beneath 17

Valves completely but not deeply inclosed:

Leaves of adult trees broad 21, 22

Leaves of adult trees elongated:

Umbels paniculated 23

Umbels solitary :

Flowers in threes 18

Flowers not in threes 19, 20

Umbels solitary or racemose 24

Valves barely inclosed 25

Anthers as long as or longer than broad, opening by nearly parallel slits

Parallelantherea'.
Valves completely inclosed:
Umbels solitary :

Leaves equally green above and below:

Leaves opposite 42

Leaves alternate :

Flowers mostly in threes 42, 62

Flowers 3 to 8:

Calyx angled 62

Calyx not distinctly angled 32, 51

IDENTIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS. 93

Anthers as long as or longer than broad, etc. — Contmued.
Valves completely inclosed — Continued.
Umbels solitary — Continued.
Leaves paler beneath:

Stalk broadly compressed 60, 61, 63

Stalk not broadly compressed:

Lid broader than calyx 38

Lid not broader than calyx 33

Umbels paniculated:

Leaves equally green above and l)elow:

Leaves lemon-scented 40

Leaves not lemon-scented ;)7, 39, 41

Leaves paler beneath :

Fruits less than one-half inch in length:

Stalks broadly compi-essed 55

Stalks not broadly compressed 27

Fruits over one-half inch in length:

Stalklets short or none 35

Stalklets long 34, 36

Valves partly exserted :
L'mbels solitary :

Leaves equally green above and below:

Stalklets broadly compressed, or angular:

Lid acute 51, 55

Lid not acute 56, 57

Stalks not broadly compressed :

Fruits large, 1 inch in diameter 67

Fruits small :

Leaves broad 44

Leaves narrow c 49, 53

Leaves paler beneath:

Lid hemispheric 57

Lid i)ointed .• 59

Umbels paniculated :

Stalk broadly compressed 59

Stalk not broadly compressed:

Stalklets thick and angular 30

Stalklets slender anil round 26

Valves completely exserted:
I'mhels solitary:

Leaves equally green above and below:

Lid short, below one-fourth inch in length :

Lid sharp-pointed 47

Lid blunt:

Leaves broad 44

Leaves slender:

Valv^es long and slender 31

Valves short:

Flowers in threes 46, 52

Flowers more than 3 45, 46

Lid long, above one-fourth inch in diameter:

Valves coherent 64

Valves not coherent 48, 54

94 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Anthers as long as or longer than broad, etc. — Continued.
Valves completely exserted — Continued.
Umbels solitary — Continued.
Leaves paler beneath:

Lid broader than calyx 64

Lid not broader than calyx 57, 58

Umbels paniculated :

Leaves equally green above and below 29

Leaves paler beneath 28

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

RENANTHERE/E.

L E. coriaceaA. Cunn. Leaves elongated, thick, shining, equally green a1)ove
and below, veined longitudinally; umbels solitary, lid hemispheric; fruits truncate-
ovate, border of orifice depressed, valves inclosed.

2. E. amygdalina Lab. Leaves thin, equally green above and below; veins not
much spreading, oil-dots copious, transparent; umbels solitary, flowers small, lid
almost hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed, valves inclosed.

3. E. risdoni Hook. Leaves, sometimes all, even on the flowering branches,
opposite, ovate-cordate and more or less connate, or sometimes those of the flower-
ing branches alternate, -broadly lanceolate and falcate, rather thick, with oblique
veins scarcely conspicuous, the intramarginal one at a distance from the edge.
Peduncles axillary or lateral, terete or angular, bearing each an umbel of 4 to 8
flowers. Fruit subglobose-truncate, the rim rather broad, flat; valves inclosed.
Bark smooth, coming off in regular patches, varying from whitish to dark brown.

Adapted to cool, moist regions.

4. E. stellulata Sieb. Leaves small, thick, equally green above and below, veined
longitudinally; umbels solitary, flowers very small, numerous, lid semiovate-conical;
fruits truncate-globular, border depressed, valves inclosed. Bark rough, scaly and
fibrous.

Adapted to cool, moist regions.

5. E. eugenioides Sieb. Leaves equally dark green above and below, shining,
very inequilateral at the base, much transparently dotted; umbels mostly solitary, lid
semiovate; fruits truncate-globular, border depressed, valves barely fnclosed.

6. E. piperita Sm. Leaves less shining beneath, with many transparent dots;
umbels solitary, lid semiovate-conical; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed,
valves inclosed.

7. E. pilularis DC. Leaves rather less shining beneath; umbels mostly axillary,
their stalks compressed, lid semiovate-conical; fruits truncate-ovate, border depressed,
valves inclosed.

8. E. acmenoides Sch. Leaves paler beneath; umbels mostly axillary, their
stalks slender, lid hemispheric, pointed; fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed,
valves barely inclosed. Bark rough, persistent, and fibrous.

Adapted to tropical coast regions. Timber valuable.

9. E. obliqua L'Her. Leaves equally green above and below, shining, very
inequilateral at the base; umbels solitary, calyces granular-rough, lid hemispheric;
fruits truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves inclosed.

10. E. capitellata Sm. Leaves thick, elongated, rather less shining beneath,
very inequilateral at the base; umbels axillary, stalklets none, lid hemispheric;
fruits semiovate below, border broad, convex, emersed, valves much exserted.
Bark stringy and persistent.

Adapted to cool, moist regions. Furnishes a valuable timber.

IDENTIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS. 95

11. E. macrorhyncha F. v. M. Leaves elongated, equally green above and
below; umbels solitary; calyx lid concavely attenuated, sharply pointed; fruits
below hemispheric, border convex, emersed, valves much exserted.

12. E. haemastoma DC. Leaves equally green above and below, very shining;
umbels solitary, stalks somewhat compressed; outer stamens sterile; fruits semiovate,
border depressed, valves very short, inclosed.

18. E. sieberiana F. v. M. Leaves elongated, tliick, pale, erjualiy green above
and below, shining; veins thin, not much spreading; umbels solitary, their stalks
compressed, lid hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits truncate-ovate, border
depressed, valves very short, barely inclosed. Bark rough and persistent.

Grows to an elevation of 4,000 feet in Australia. Timber valuable.

14. E. microcorys F. v. M. Leaves thin, much paler beneath, much transpar-
ently dotted, veins s})reading; umbels partly paniculated, stalklets elongated, lid very
small, hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; fruits hemiellipsoid, border compressed,
valves minute, barely inclosed. Bark rough and persistent.

A large tree, furnishing a hard, durable timber. Adapted to moist semitropic
regions.

15. E. marginata Sm. Leaves paler beneath, veins sjireading; umbels solitary,
lid conical; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits globular-ovate, truncate, ])order
compressed, valveS very short, barely inclosed.

16. E. baileyana F. v. M. Leaves thin, equally green above and below, with
many transparent dots; umbels mostly solitary; lid hemispheric; fruits globular-urn
shaped, border compressed, valves barely inclosed. Bark fibrous and persistent.

Does quite well on very poor sandy ridges. Wood tough and durable.

PORANTHERE.E.

17. E. paniculata Sm. Leaves rather thin, paler beneath, umbels mostly panicu-
lated; lid thin, conical-semiovate; outer stamens sterile; anthers truncated, opening
at the summit; stigma much dilated; fruit semiovate, border of orifice compressed,
valves inclosed.

18. E. leucoxylon F. v. M. Leaves equally dull green al)Ove and below; ujnbels
solitary, mostly three-flowered, stalklets elongated; lid semiovate pointed; outer
stamens sterile, anthers truncated, opening at tlie summit; stigma much dilated;
fruits semiovate, l)order compressed, valves inclo.«ed.

19. E. sideroxylon A. Cunn. Leaves equally green above and below, narrow,
often glaucous; umbels solitary, several-flowered, stalklets elongated; lid semiovate
pointed; anthers truncate, opening at the summit; fruits semiovate, valves inclosed.

20. E. melliodora A. Cunn. Leavesequally dull green above and below; umbels
solitary; flowers small; lid conic-hemispherical; outer stamens sterile; anthers trun-
cated, opening at the summit; stigma nnich dilated; fruits truncate-ovate, border
compressed, valves inclosed.

21. E. polyanthema Sch. Leaves broad, equally dull green above and below;
umbels paniculated; lid almost hemispheric; outer stamens sterile; anthers truncated,
opening at the summit; fruit truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves inclosed.

22. E. populifolia Hook. Leaves broad, equally green above and below, shining,
long-stalked, with many transparent dots; stalklets very short; umbels paniculated;
lids hemispheric; fruit small, semiovate, border rather depressed, valves close to the
summit, barely inclo.sed.

23. E- hemiphloia F. v. ]\L Leaves thick, elongated, equally green above and
below; umbels jtaniculated; calyces somewhat angular; lid semiovate-conical; fruit
hemiellipsoid, Ixirder compressed, valves inclosed.

96 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

24. E. bosistoana F. v. 31. Leaves narrow, equally dull green above and below,
copiously dotted with translucent oil glandules, lateral veins distant and much diverg-
ent, marginal vein distant from the edge; umbels solitary or racemosely arranged,
few flowered; stalks elongated, generally somewhat compressed; calyx tube slight
angular; lid semiovate-hemispheric; fruits small, nearly semiovate, valves inclosed.
Bark rough on the lower part of the trunk, smooth on the upper.

Adapted to low lands in fairly humid regions. Timber valuable.

25. E. largiflorens F. v. M. Leaves thin, equally dull green above and below-;
umbels paniculated; lid double, the inner hemispheric, less wide than the calyx
tube; outer stamens sometimes sterile; fruit small; lid hemispheric-; fruit truncate-
ovate, border rather compressed, valves inclosed.

PAEALLELANTHERE^.

26. E. crebra F. v. M. Leaves narrow, thin, equally dull green above and below,
veins spreading; umbels mostly paniculated; flowers small; lids semiovate-conical;
stigma dilated; fruits small, semiovate, border compressed, valves short, somewhat
exserted. Bark rough and persistent.

27. E. liowittiana F. v. M. Leaves much paler beneath; umbels paniculated;
stalklets none; flowers very small; lid conical, acute, pale; fruits minute, truncate-
globular, Ijorder compressed, valves inclosed. Bark rough, somewhat fibrous, and
persistent.

Useful as a shade tree. Wood valuable. Particularly adapted to tropical regions.

28. E. raveretiana F. v. M. Leaves thin, somewhat paler beneath; oil-dots pel-
lucid; umbels paniculated; lid conical, acute; fruits minute, semiglobular beneath,
border compressed, valves much exserted. Bark usually rendered smooth by the
peeling off of the outer layer. Tree attains a gigantic size.

Promising for swampy situations in tropics. Wood very hard and durable.

29. E. microtheca F. v. M. Leaves equally dull and pale green; umbels panic-
ulated; lid semiovate; fruits small, semiglobular .beneath, border compressed, valves
much exserted.

30. E. siderophloia Benth. Leaves elongated, equally green above and below;
umbels partly paniculated; lid conical, very acute; outer stamens straight in bud;
fruits semiovate, Ixjrder compressed, valves somewhat exserted.

31. E. salmonopliloia F. v. M. Leaves equally green above and below, shining;
oil-dots numerous; umbels solitary; stalks slender, stalklets short; lid semiovate-
conical; outer stamens straight in bud; fruit small, semiovate, border compressed,
valves long-pointed, much exserted. Bark smooth.

Promising for dry interior valleys.

32. E. patens Benth. Leaves thin, elongated, almost equally dull green above
and below; umbels mostly axillary; lid nearly hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate,
somewhat streaked, border compressed, valves inclosed. Bark rough and persistent.

Timber not particularly valuable.

33. E. diversicolor F. v. M. Leaves elongated, much paler beneath; umbels
solitary; lid nearly hemispheric; fruits truncate-ovate, attenuated at the base, border
compressed, valves inclosed.

34. E. calophylla R. Br. Leaves broad, acute, much paler beneath, veins feather-
spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; lid patellar, less wide than the
calyxtube, tearing off alongan irregular suture; fruits large, smooth, ovate urn-shaped;
border compressed, valves inclosed; fertile seeds, terminating in a large membrane.

35. E. aberg-iana F. v. M. Leaves thick, broadish, acute, much paler beneath;

iu\ 35, Bureau ot Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate LXXXI^.

jl. SS. Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XC.

^

^

% *. ^

«. ^

12

13

14

15

16

17

Eucalyptus Fruits. Natural Size.

1, Eucalyptus amvgdaliim; 2, E. eugenioides; 3, E. pipL-ritii: 4, E. piliilaris; .5, E. obliqua; 6, E.
macTorhvncha;" 7, E. paniculata: 8. E. Unicoxvloii: 9, E. Mdenixylon: 10. E. melliodora: 11. E.
polvanthema; 12, E. popiilifolia: 13, E. liL-niiiihlni.i; H. K. inicrothwa; 1.5, E. siderophloia: IG,
E. crebra; 17, E. diversit-olor; l.s. K. (•iiloi)livna: I'.i. K. ((iryinhosi.

Bui. 35, Bureau of Forestry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Plate XCI.

17

\

10

^ \

^ ^ ♦

^ > ^ ^

.5 \

Eucalyptus Fruits. Natural Size.

16

19

1. Eiiciilyptnscorynocrtlyx: -2. K. citriddora; :i, K. >lu:irtiaiiii; ), K. viminalis; 5, K. roKtrata; 6, E.
tereticornis; 7, E. gnnnii; N, E. riidis: 9, E. resinifera; 10, E. punctata; 11, E. botrvoides; 12, E.
goniocalyx; 13, E. robu.»<ta: 14. E. cornuta; 15. E. oocidentalis; 16, E. loiiKifolia; 17, E. Klnbulus;
18, E. gomphopephala; 19, E. coriacea.

IDENTIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS. 97

veins feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets almost none; lid hemispheric-
tearing off along an irregular suture; fruits large, smooth, ovate-urnshape, border
compressed, valves inclosed; fertile seeds terminating in a large mem))rane. Bark
rough and persistent.

A large tree, jiromising for tropical countries.

36. E. corymbosa Sm. Leaves thick, broad to narrow lanceolate, nnich jjaler
beneath; veins feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets elongated; lid
short, tearing off along an irregular suture; fruits rather large, smooth, ovate-shaped,
border compressed, valves inclosed; fertile seeds terminating in a very short
membrane.

37. E. tessellaris F. v. M. Leaves narrow, elongated, equally green above and
below; umbels mostly paniculated; stalklets very short; lid patellar, shining; fruits
truncate-ovate, slightly urceolar; border compressed, valves inclosed; fertile seeds
almost flat, membraneous-margined. Bark rough and persistent on the lower i)art
of the trunk; remainder of trunk smooth.

Promising for hot, dry regions free from frost.

38. E. corynocalyx F. v. M. Leaves shining, somewhat paler beneath; umbels
mostly solitary; lid almost hemispheric, slightly overreaching the orifice of the calyx;
fruits urnshaped-ellipsoid, streaked; border compressed, valves inclosed.

39. E. maculata Hook. Leaves elongated, equally green above and below; veins
feathery-spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets short; lid double, hemispheric, the
inner thin, shining; fruit truncate-ovate, somewhat urnshaped, border compressed,
valves inclosed. Bark smooth, falling off in i^atches and thus giving the trunk a
spotted appearance.

Thrives on stony ridges; susceptible to frost; wood useful for paving.

40. E. citriodora Hook. Leaves long and narrow, equally shiny green above
and below, veins spreading; umbels paniculated; stalklets short; lid hemispheric;
fruit truncate-ovate, somewhat urn-shaped, border compressed, valves inclosed.

41. E. eximia Sch. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green above and below;
umbels paniculated; stalklets none; lid thin, hemispheric, shining, imperfectly dou-
ble; fruit rather large, truncate ovate, somewhat urnshaped, Iwrder compressed,
valves inclosed; fertile seeds large. Bark rough and persistent.

A medium-sized tree furnishing good fuel.

42. E. cordata Lab. Leaves opposite, sessile, mostly cordate, crenulated, equally
dull green above and below; oil-glands pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets none;
fruits semiovate, border compressed, at the edge annular, valves barely inclosed.
Bark thm, solid, slightly wrinkled.

43. E. urnig-era Hook. Leaves scattered, long-stalked, almost lanceolar, crenu-
lated, equally dark green; oil glands pellucid; umbels solitary; stalks elongated,
stalklets rather short; fruits ellipsoid-urnshaped, border compressed, at the edge
annular, valves deeply inclosed. Bark smooth, pale brown.

A small tree tliat endures low temperatures.

44. E. platyphylla F. v. M. Leaves often large, cordate or ovate roundish, long-
stalked, equally dull green above and below; umbels solitary; stalks short, stalklets
almost none; lid blunt; fruits small, semiovate, border depressed, valves exserted.
Bark smooth and deciduous.

45. E. stuartiana F. v. M. Leaves scattered, stalked, equally dark green, shin-
ing; umbels solitary; few-fiowered stalklets almost none; lid nearly hemi.spheric;
fruits small, semiovate-top shaped, border narrow, rather convex, valves very small,
exserted.

46. E. viminalis Hook. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar, equally green

27719— No. 35—02 7

98 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

above and below; umbels solitary, mostly three-flowered; stalklets almost none or
very short; lid semiovate, mostly short-pointed; fruit semiovate, border somewhat
convex, valves exserted.

47. E. rostrata Schl. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar, equally green
above and below; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks rather elongated,
stalklets conspicuous; lid from an hemispheric base sharp-pointed; fruit below
semiglobular, border convex, valves exserted.

48. E. tereticornis Sm. Leaves scattered, stalked, falcate-lanceolar, equally
green above and below; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks rather elon-
gated, stalklets conspicuous; lid mostly elongate-conical; outer stamens straight in
bud; fruits below semiglobular, border convex, valves exserted.

49. E. macarthuri D. and M. Leaves narrow, lanceolate, thickish, equally green
above and below; umbels axillary and solitary, with several flowers; stalks short,
stalklets very short or none; lid somewhat conical; fruits very small, nearly hemis-
pherical, slightly dilated at the rim, valves usually three, scarcely exserted. Bark
rough and woolly.

Prefers swampy or river-bottom land. Timber not very valuable.

50. E. quadrangulata D. and M. Leaves lanceolate, slightly falcate, usuallj- 4
to 6 inches long, scarcely paler on the under surface; umbels axillary, solitary;
stalks broadish and strongly compressed, stalklets none; lid somewhat conical; fruits
small, shining, bell-shaped, valves usually three, slightly exserted. Bark rough
and persistent, fuzzy.

51. E. acaciaeformis D. and M. Leaves lanceolate, of medium size, margins
often crenulate, equally green; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalks very
angular or flattened, stalklets short and angular; lid slightly pointed; fruits small,
elongate-hemispherical, valves scarcely exserted. Bark somewhat fibrous.

52. E. rubida D. and M. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, thickish, intramarginal vein
scarcely removed from the edge, equally dull-green above and below; umbels soli-
tary, three-flowered; stalks of medium length, stalklets very short or none; lid nearly
hemispherical; fruits top-shaped or nearly hemispherical, rim convex, valves exserted.
Bark smooth, falling off in strips.

Grows on mountain sides. Timber not valuable.

53. E. gunnii Hook. Leaves scattered, stalked, thick, broadish-lanceolar, equally
dark green above and below, shining; umbels solitary, with several flowers; stalk-
lets very short; lid shining, hemispheric, short-pointed; fruits topshaped-semiovate,
border depressed, valves small, slightly exserted.

54. E. rudis End. Leaves thin, falcate-lanceolar, equally dull-green above and
below; oil-dots pellucid; umbels solitary; stalklets short; lid broad-conical, trans-
verse edge of the calyx prominent in bud; fruits semiglobular top-shaped, border
rather convex, valves exserted.

55. E. redunca Sch. Leaves equally green above and below; umbels solitary;
stalks broadly compressed, lid conical, acute; fruit hemiellipsoid, border compressed,
valves inclosed. Bark smooth.

In good soil grows to a large size and furnishes valuable timber.

56. E. salubris F. v. 'SI. Leaves thin, equally dark-green above and below; oil-
dots numerous, pellucid; umbels solitary, stalks compres.sed; lid hemiellipsoid; fruits
semiovate, border depressed, very narrow, valves small, exserted. Bark smooth and
shining.

Promising for desert regions; endures high temperatures and considerable frost.
Timber valuable. Leaves rich in oil.

57. E. saligna Sm. Leaves much jialer beneath, veins feathery-spreading;

IDINTIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS. 99

umbels solitary; stalk compressed, stalklets very short; lid hemispheric, short-
pointed; fruit semiovate, border depressed, very narrow, valves small, exserted.

58. E. resinifera Sm. Leaves much paler beneath, veins very spreading; umbels
solitary; stalk compres^sed; lid conical, acute; fruit semiovate, border depressed,
narrow, valves exserted, pointed.

59. E. punctata DC. Leaves paler beneath, veins very spreading, oil dots
pellucid; uni])els partly paniculated; stalks broadly compressed; lid semiovate-
conical; fruit semiovate, border depressed, valves small, barely exserted.

60. E. planchomana F. v. M. Leaves elongated, shining, slightly paler beneath;
umbels solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short; lid broadish-conical,
acute; outer stamens straight in bud; fruits rather large, semiovate, streaked, border
compressed, valves inclosed. Bark rough.

Promising for hot, dry regions free from frost. Furnishes abundant shade. Tim-
ber valuable.

61. E. botryoides Sm. Leaves much paler beneath, veins feathery-spreading;
umbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets almost none; lids hemispheric;
fruit hemiellipsoid, border compressed, valves inclosed.

62. E. goniocalyx F. v. M. Leaves equally green above and below; umbels
solitary, stalk compressed, stalklet very short; lid pyramidal-hemispheric; fruit
truncate-ovate, angular, border narrow, depressed, A'alves inclosed.

63. E. robusta Sm. Leaves thick, broadish, somewhat paler beneath; umbels
solitary, stalk broadly compressed; lid semiglobular-conical, broader than the calyx
tube; fruit truncate-ovate, border compressed, valves coherent, inclosed.

64. E. cornuta Lab. Leaves lanceolate, equally green above and below; umbels
solitary; stalklets almost none, lid very long, upward cylindrical; filaments yellow,
long, straight in bud; fruit bell-shaped, semiovate, border depressed, valves exserted,
very long, awl-shaped, coherent.

65. E. occidentalis End. Leaves thick, equally green above and below; umbels
solitary; stalks broadly compressed, stalklets short; lid cylindric-conical; stamens
straight in bud; fruits bell-shaped, semiovate, border depressed; valves exserted,
pointed.

66. E. longifolia Lind. Leaves elongated, equally green above and below; umbels
solitary, flowers in threes; stalklets elongated; calyces pale; lid broad-conical, acute;
fruit rather large, bell-shaped, semiovate, angular, border ascendant, valves inclosed.

67. E. globulus Lab. Leaves thick, elongated, equally green above and below;
flowers mostly solitary, stalks and stalklets almost none; lid double, the inner crown-
shaped; fruit large hemispheric, warty-rough, angular, border broad, depressed,
valves exserteil, convergent.

68. E. gomphocephala DC. Leaves thick, shining, slightly paler beneath;
umbels solitary; stalk broadly compressed, stalklets none; lid broader than the tube
of the calyx, almost hemispheric; fruit large, top-shaped, border broad, convex,
valves exserted, convergent.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS EUCALYPTUS.

The principal papers and books upon the genus Eucalyptus are
listed below. It will be noted that the majority of the papers have
been published in French scientific journals. Many others bearing
upon pharmaceutical and hygienic questions pertaining to P^ucalypts
have appeared in European, American, and Australian periodicals.

100 EUCALYPTS CULTIVATED IN THE UNITED STATES.

Several work^^ not listed below are devoted in part only to a discussion
of some i)hase of the genus.

AiJKKc;. Irrlgacion y Eacalijptvs. Buenos Ayres. 1874.
Andhe. U Eucalyptus globvlus. Kevue horticole. 1863.
B.vii.KY. Contributions to the Queensland Flora. Brisbane. 1896.

Queensland Woods. London. 1899.

Bentham & Mueller. Fltmi Australiensi.'<. Vol. III. London.
Bertherai'd. L'' Eucalyptus an point de vue V hygiene en Algerie. Alger. 1876.
Bkixel. Sohre d Eucalyptus globulus. Kevista medico quirurgico. Buenos Ayres.

1873.
BuTOX. L' Eural)/])to. Bologna. 1875.
Carlotti. De la culture de V Eucalyptus en Corse. Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclima-

tation de Paris. 1866.

U Eucalyptus globulus. Ajaccio. 1870.

Assaini-^sement des regions rJtaudt'n insalubres par l^ Eucalyptus. Ajaccio. 1875.

L' Eucalyptus en Corse. Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation de Paris.

1877.
Certeux. Guide du planteur d' Eucalyptus. Alger. 1877.
Combes. L' Eucalyptus et ses derives. Paris. 1895.
Cooi'ER. Forest culture and Eucalyptus trees. San Francisco. 1876.
Cordier. Bes Eucalyptus. Bulletin de la Societe d'Agriculture d'Agen. 1874.

L' Eucalyptus en Algerie. Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation de Paris. 1876.

Deane & Maiden. Observations on the Eucalypts of New Soitth Wales. Proceedings

of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 1895-1902.
Fedeli. Sulle proprietd bonificante, et terapeutiche del l' Eucalyptus globulus. Forli.

1876.
Gastinel-Bey. Memoire sur rEucalyptus globulus d'Au.^iralle. L'Egypte Agricole.

1870.

Gildas. L' Eucalyptus dans la campagne rovmine. Bulletin de la Society d'Accli-
matation de Paris. 1875.

GniBERT. L' Eucalyptus globulus; son importance en agrindttire, en hygiene, en. medi-
cine. Paris. 1870.

Etude sur V influence des plantations d^ Eucalyptus globulus. 1875.

Jolly. Les Eucalyptus geants de VAustralie. Paris. 1885.
Kixney. Eucalyptus. Los Angeles. 1895.

La.mhert. Eucalyptus: culture, exploitation, et j)roduil. Bulletin de la Societe d'Ac-
climatation de Paris. 1872.

Maillard de Marafy. IJ Eucalyj)tus.: nouvel emploi industriel. L'Egypte Agricole.
1870.

Makes. Note sur l' Eucalyptus. Alger. 1870.

Maiden. Useful Australian Plants. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales.
1893-1900.

Notes on the Commercial Timber.^ of Neir South Wales. Sidney. 1895.

The Fored of New South Wales. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales.

1901.

IDENTIFICATION OF EUCALYPTS. 101

Merice. Progres et development ill' la culture di' l' Encahjptns. Bulletin de la Societe

L'Acclimatation de Paris. 1874.
MoNCHALAiT. Eucalyptus. Bulletin de la Societe L'Acclimatation de Paris. 1867.
Mueller. Fragmenta phytograpkiae Australiae. Melbourne. 1858-1875.

Anstralian vegetation, Indigenous (uid introduced. Melbourne. 1866.

Eucalyptograpkia. Melbourne. 1879-1884.

Nardy. Les Eucalyptus du littoral de la mediterranee. Journal de la Societe Centrale

d' Horticulture de France. 1875.
Naudin. Les Eucalyptus entroduits dans la region mediterraneenne. Antibes. 1883.

Description et emploi des Eucalyptus introduits en Europe. Antibes. 1891.

Pasquier. De l' Eucalyptus. Chateau-Gontier. 1873.

Phillipe. Sur I' Eucalyptus globidus. Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation de

Paris. 1862.
Pietra-Santa. Influence de r Eucalyptus en Algerie et en Corse. La Nature. 1877.
Plaxchon. L' Eucalyptus globulus an point de rue hotanique economique et medical.

Eevue des deux mondes. 1875.
Translated into English by the United States Department of Agriculture.

1875.
Polli. tSuir Eucalipto. Milano. 1876.
Ramel. Sur les Eucalyptus oleosa et globulus. Bulletin de la Society d'Acclimatation

de Paris. 1861.

L' Eucalyptus globulus de Tasmanie. Revue maritime et coloniale. 1861.

L' Eucalyptus globulus. Bulletin de la Soci6t6 d'Acclimatation ds Paris. 1862.

Raveret-Watel. L' Eucalyptus; Rapport sur son introduction, sa culture, ses propri-

etes, usages, etc. Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation de Paris. 1871, 1872.

L' Eucalyptus et son avenir. Bulletin de la Society d'Acclimatation de Paris.

1873.

Sahi-t. fjes Eucalyptus. Montpelier. 1888.

SousA-PiMENTEL. Eucalypto gldbuhis; descrip<;do, culture aproreitamento d'esta arrore.

Lisboune. 1884.
Trottieh. Boisement dans le desert et colonisation. Alger. 1869.

De V accroiscement et de la valeur progressive de V Eucalyptus. Alger. 1871.

Arbresde V Australie. Alger. 1872.

Role de V Eucalyptus en Algerie. Alger. 1876.

Woolls. a contribution to the Flora of Australia; the genus Eucalyptus. Sidney. 1867.

The Plants of New South Wales. Sidney. 1885.

INDEX

Page

Blue Gum. {See Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus ieucoxylon.)

Euca)yi>ts:

As improvers of climate 16, 42

Common names ■!•'

Dissemination 1-i

Distance apart for fuel •^"

Early blooming 28

Effect on air and soil 43

Native home 13

Rapid growth IS, 2.5

Significance of specific names ' 50

Spontaneous growth -l-l

I'ses of timber 3 1, 36

Wood 26

Yield of wood -^8

Eucalyptus abergiana, characteristics 96

Eucalyptus acacijeformis, characteristics -'S

Eucalyptus acmenoides, characteristics 94

Eucalyjitus amygdalina:

Characteristics 5 1 , 94

Great size 52

Uses - 52

Yield of oil :^9

Eucalyptus baileyana, characteristics 95

Eucalyptus bosistoana, characteristics 96

Eucalyptus botryoides:

Characteristics 53, 99

Uses 53

Eucalyptus calophylla:

Characteristics 53, 96

Uses 54

Eucalyptus capitellata, characteristics 94

Eucalyptus citriodora:

As a source of honey 55, 88

Characteristics 54, 97

Odor of foliage 54

Oil 39

Uses 55

Eucalyptus cordata, characteristics 97

Eucalyptus coriacea:

Characteristics 55, 94

Resistance to frost 55

Uses 55

103

104 INDEX.

Eucalyptus cornuta:

'1.'. 56.99

Uses

. . r ^ 56

Eucalyptus corynocalyx :

■\s a source of honev

:'.-..... Vn. 42,88

Characteristics

..Ji-!: 57,97

- 58

Eucalyptus corymbosa:

As a source of kino

57

56, 97

Uses

Eucalyptus crebra:

Characteristics ---

Sii 'po ...:nJq 59, S.'

Uses

iio ...lH'. 59

Eucalyptus di versicolor:
Characteristics

- ^ -^9,96

Uses

..i'J 60

Eucalyptus eugenioides:

.- .... 6i,94

Uses

.il

■■u -i[7

Eucalyptus globulus:

As a source of oil

...-. .--.K 40

...i.f ■ .;vti61,99

Extensive American use

General adaptability

-A. 'nJ- 5j

-. ..:U ■lf/'> 6-

.. ............. . 16

fi<\ K 01,14

Uses

: .■\...lq. '^Hyi2

Yield of wood

>'''«fr<

Eucalyptus goinphocephala:

Characteristics .

." 11. 63,99

Uses

..'. 63

Eucalyptus goniocalyx:

'I ■"■ '4)3 99

Uses

. . ' Z '■ 64

Eucalyptus gunnii:

:■.' 64, 98

J.'.;.. 64

Uses

^'- 64

Eucalyptus hfemastoma:
Characteristics .

1 'f ^•
1 . , t 64. 95

Uses

Eucalyptus hemiphloia:

As a source of honey

Characteristics .

Uses

Eucalyptus howittiana, characteristics

Eucalyptus largiflorens, characteristics

Eucalyptus leucoxylon:

,'l.*i. . . "), . !

■-a "•

1...J.' .66, ,5

J- 6()

Uses

, ti:66

INDEX. 105

Page.
Eucalyptus longifoiia:

Characteristicf-' 66, 99

Uses 67

Eucalyptus mac .hynca:

Characteii cs., , 67,95

Uses , ''"

Eucalyptus macula characteristics 97

Eucalyptus melliodora :

As a source of honey 68

Charicteristics 6S, 95

Uses 69

Eucaly s mi« / r- ^rys, cl .tracteristics 95

Eucaly,'' is n.i leca:

C .aiactf acs 69, 96

' a'sista' to he!^t 69

T^eg 69

F -ilyp' liiiua:

Chai. .istics - - "0, ^^^

Uses-. "0

I'.ucalyptu.'- occider ilis:

Chara .iteristif

Usee --

Euca r us oil, "■ d properties

Euca y fcus pa

Jl o-racter ics

Uses.. -

E' ;alyptu ' ttens, characteristics

■^ c:-lyptus ilula is

Ciiai ■ eristics

Usf

Eucah -t .s piperita:

Characteristics 72, 94

Uses 72

Euc- .y ptus lauchoniana, characteristics 99

Eucal ,'ptus platyphylla, characteristics 97

P^ucalyptus polyanthema:

Charact ristics - 73, 95

Get. ral adaptability "'^

Us( - 73

P^ucalyptas poi ilifolia:

C]>A;'acteri3t:cs 78, 95

74

ictata:

.sties 74,99

74

H ,nadrangulata, characteristics 98

■ Aualypui . raveretiana, characteristics 96

'>^' >ialypt' s redunca, characteristics 98

icalv us resinifera:

P' racteristics 74,99

3S ;!5, 75

I .ptus risdoni, characteristics 94

27719— No. 35—02 S

70, 99

70

40

71, 95

71

96

71,94

72

106 INDEX.

Page.
Eucalyptusi robusta:

Characterictics 75, 99

Uses 76

Eucalyptus rostrata:

As a source of honey 42, 88

Asa source of kino 77

As a source of stove wood 87

Characteristics 76, 98

Numerous uses 35, 77

Spontaneous growth 44, 77

Eucalyptus rudis:

Characteristics 78, 98

General adaptability 78

Spontaneous growth 44

Uses 78

Eucalyptus rubida, characteristics 98

Eucalyptus saligna:

Characteristics 79, 98

Uses 79

p]ucalyptus salmonophloia, characteristics 96

Eucalyptus salubris, characteristics 98

Eucalyptus siderophloia:

Characteristics . . 79, 96

Uses 80

Eucalyptus sideroxylon:

As a source of stove wood 37

Characteristics 80, 95

Numerous uses 35, 80

Eucalyptus sieberiana, characteristics 95

p]ucalyptus stellulata, characteristics 94

Eucalyptus stuartiana:

Characteristics 81, 97

Uses 81

Eucalyptus tereticornis :

Characteristics 81, 98

Uses 82

Eucalyptus tessellaris, characteristics 97

Eucalyptus urnigera, characteristics 97

Eucalyptus viminalis:

Characteristics 82, 97

Rate of growth 37, 82

Uses 83

Iron bark. {See Eucalyptus crebra, Eucalyptus paniculata. Eucalyptus sidero-
phloia, and Eucalyptus sideroxylon. )

3Ianna Gum. {See Eucalyptus viminalis.)

Red Gum. {See Eucalyptus rostrata and Eucalyptus tereticornis.)

Sugar Gum. {See Eucalyptus corynocalyx. )

Stringy-bark. {See Eucalyptus eugenioides, Eucalyptus macrorhyncha, and
Eucalyptus piperita.)

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