oy the hs WORLD CONSERVA . N % Le ay aa oe f EUROPEAN PLANTS IN PERIL A Review of Threatened Plants in the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Compiled by the WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE 1989 Prepared with financial support from the European Commission, Brussels and the Council of Europe, Strasbourg Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2010 with funding from UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge http://www.archive.org/details/europeanplantsin89wcmc WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) was formerty the Conservation Monitoring Centre of the International Union for Conser- vation of Nature (IUCN ). Today, it is a joint venture between the three partners in the World Conservation Strategy: IUCN —The World Con- servation Union, WWF — the World Wide Fund for Nature, and UNEP — the United Nations Environment Programme. Its mission is to sup- ~~ port conservation and sustainable development through the provision fa 5 of information on the world’s biological diversity. Major IUCN publica- bl tions prepared in close collaboration with WCMC include tne IUCN Red Data Books and IUCN Protected Areas Directories. For more information about WCMC please write to: The Information Officer World Conservation Monitoring Centre 219c Huntingdon Road Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK © World Conservation Monitoring Centre Text compiled by Sue Everett, Christine Leon and John Akeroyd Camera-ready copy by Tne Nature Conservation Bureau, 122 Derwent Road Thatcham RG13 4UP, UK Cover illustration Primula allionii, a threatened plant found only in ftaly and France The views expressed in this document by the authors do not necessarily refiect tnose of IUCN, WWF, UNEP or other participating organtsations. The designation of geographical entities in this document, and the presentation of tne material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN, WWF, UNEP or other participating organisations concerning the legal status of any country, termory or area, or of tts authorities, or conceming the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. i my Pf: af uA) pr Biv SiiaeM KorrayNatro aso ght yherrnal coe GROW) ere? —s Hd Kaoecmenad ny eat eee gl redid immer) uM Ka see Qeiye rene) _ oe pean a Tae een” i Woun nase ‘3. Out bt Pca is. artic Dea mg DRM 2 nowt dienes caoaune! SPENT Racer ee Det ew | x cope spie Aira a bes joes canes 105 BE = hy orale vig [ , Site Ry IeeS seis 7 bros moe j paren ple eee A Feet WO es pico ois we Pediatrie ins noterceird sow W?t yn () catia pby Bima) giintne 10 =/reril) agaee ayy Z sas | \eogQrere A) JCS “a? ene Stil Ors ferns pmoal eS see 3 awe i cathe genes oat! it aueion eerie rae ee. rar Ge yes. CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements iv The Authors iv Foreword Vv Introduction vi Key to Symbols xiii Plant Species Conservation Summaries Higher Plants 1 Lower Plants 49 Index 52 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The production of this report would not have been possible without the help of many botanists and conservationists throughout Europe. To all those who have contributed we extend our grateful thanks. In particular, we wish to thank: D and Z Bramwell, P Creed, T Curtis, P Devillers, L Farrell, M Fernandez Molina, S Gardner, C Gomez-Campo, P Goriup, | Hepburn, V Heywood, C Jermy, S Jury, M King, A Machado, J V Malato-Beliz, V Morgan, D Phitos, S$ Pignatti, R Press, T Rich, R Schumacker, E Sérusiaux, W T Stearn, A Strid, H Synge, J Willison. We are equally indebted to the staff of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, particularly the library staff, and J Cowley, K Ferguson, M Fothergill, B Mathew, E Nic Lughada and D Pegler. Thanks also go to colleagues in the Threatened Plants Unit of WCMC, particularly Judith Sheppard for her secretarial support, as well as Steve @vis and Robert Madams. The research done for this document has greatly benefitted from a co ‘current project being undertaken for the Council of Europe to revise Ai:..endix | of the Berne Convention. THE AUTHORS Sis Everett has been deeply involved in plant conservation projects for m.ny years. She served as Chairperson o* the British Association of Nature Curiservationists between 1985 and 1987 and most recently helped to dev2lop and taunch Plantlife, a new voluntary body devoted to plant conser- vation. She is currently a Director of the Nature Conservation Bureau. Christine Leon has been managing the Threatened Plants Unit of WCMC sinu2 January 1988 and has almost ten years experience with IUCN pro:ioting plant conservation in Europe and developing a data base of Eur. 9e’s threatened plants. She has prepared the Council of Europe's List of R::re, Threatened and Endemic Plants in Europe published in 1983 and is a joint author of a recent reference work entitled Plants in Danger: What Do We !‘now? published by IUCN. John Akeroyd is a freelance botanist who was formerly revising Volume | of Flora Europaea. He has travelled widely in the Mediterranean region and has published over fifty papers on its flora. aTAam 1otacwvous Sel aaiales ‘linidipund ype nr Wr eter jet to wotsdianeantt ee SewE ‘Maoiyect Rare eer ne aearn } a | ee ue AEE hoes) 0 trishm: aw Demcwo evenlionit: - sat? etl’) gates site T al | wena Ste (eee ae eerie ord ne® > ow a @ zal My e amereanee V2. oss ret aM chy @ oma ee oe VT WN leaden B.wekc 9." 8S T aT ea wa - pt UF va 'SintO8 Seo eit tare vl! 1 Dextehen (fale oa ai fore? iA. 28) SM amie A yrabines) L, te Nheesa stsulers oat yal eae ss ’ 4 ; a nite anew 7 a & ae MDW fens ‘9 poopius? sdb iharpie mn wl ag Cue ' Pie NES RE. oe babe meaner peony °°" a. a 3 Gian —* view der WasrGah sk ~~! aah . pate a Y) alive on 2008814 SIT on & Beye econ ae am 7 a 4 p> ara ht IVR 8 Oe bn 5 fil FOREWORD Professor Vernon H Heywood* The European Community is rich in plant life. Within its frontiers it houses some of the world's most spectacular habitats and rich assemblages of plant species. Unfortunately many of these habitats have been encroached upon by the unrelenting march of human activity over the centuries. Indeed, many of the landscapes in the European Community are an artificial conse- quence of deforestation, agriculture (both small and large scale) and other changing kinds of land use. In recent years, reafforestation by exotic species not only changes the traditional landscape but diminishes the plant diversity. This booklet draws attention to the problems of habitat loss or degradation within the territory of the European Community and presents a selection of those plant species which are, as a consequence, under threat. It explains in uncomplicated language the nature of the different kinds of threat and gives an outline of the measures that are needed to ensure the conservation of the plant species that are at risk. Although only a small sample of the European Community's approximately 2,000 threatened plants are covered by this bookiet, it will, | believe, serve its purpose in focusing the attention of the responsible authorities and decision-makers on the urgent need to conserve habitats and with them plant species threatened throughout the Community. If we are not to suffer further losses of our natural heritage, powerful instruments like the pro- posed ‘Habitats Directive’ will be needed. All those who have been involved in the compilation of this booklet are to be congratulated on producing such an urgent and persuasive publication. *Chief Scientist, Plant Conservation IUCN — The Word Conservation Union The IUCN Plants Office Kew, England, UK INTRODUCTION This booklet covers a small, though representa- tive, sample of the 343 plant species which have cies are themselves only a fraction of the total of at least 2,000 threatened higher plants found in the European Community. Unfortunately, the informa- tion available for the far more numerous lower plants was not sufficient to prepare a similar range of species accounts as has been done for 50 or so higher plants included in this booklet. Neverthe- less, a short section on lower plants has been in- cluded to draw attention to their particular needs which are no less urgent than those of higher plants. Each species account in the booklet aims to provide the reader with a ‘flavour’ of the types of species which are threatened, the range of threats Plants of the European Community Tne European Community is estimated to contain between 9,000 and 10,000 species of ‘higher’ plants. These are plants with vascular systems, and include herbaceous plants, grasses, ferns, sedges, rushes and trees. Today, in north-west Europe, It is an unusual event for a new species to be discovered - the floras of countries such as the Netherlands, Brit- ain and Denmark are very well known and not par- ticularly high in species (Figure 1). In contrast, the fioras of the southern states, particularly Spain and Greece, are less well known, are much richer in spe- cies, and new species continue to be discovered. The Community contains about 4% of the world’s 250,000 higher plants. Some of these species have tiny populations, often confined to only one or two Member States (Figure 2). The conservation needs of lower plants are often forgotten. The lower plants include algae, fungi, lichens, mosses and liverworts. Relatively few scien- tists are interested in them compared to the higher plants, yet they play a very important role within been proposed for listing on Annex 1b of the pro- measures which are needed to protect them. posed ‘Habitats Directive’. Even these 343 spe- Maps showing the general distribution of each vi posed by damage and destruction of their habi- tats, and an indication of broad conservation species are also shown. These, unless otherwise stated, do not show individual localities or their surface area, more the general location of one or more sites. Most of the plants described herein are glob- ally Endangered or Vulnerable as well as being threatened within the Community's own territory. The Community therefore has as much a special responsibility to ensure their conservation as have the countries supporting tropical rain forests to conserve their diminishing plant resources. As threats mount from every quarter, as ranges de- cline and numbers grow fewer, the future flora of Europe looks increasingly forlorn. natural and seminatural ecosystems and many are important to humans. For example, seaweeds and fungi are still eaten throughout the Community and lichens are of increasing interest due to their relative sensitivity to air pollution: some are important indi- cators of atmospheric quality. There are far more lower plants in Europe than higher plants - perhaps as many as 50,000 species! Though Red Data Books and Red Lists are being drafted for some groups of lower plants, at present there is practically no infor- mation for many groups and it is not yet possible to assign conservation priorities or develop conserva- tion strategies for them. Threats to Plants of the European Community The main threat to European plants is the loss or degradation of their habitat. In northem Europe. there has been a dramatic decline of most natural and seminatural habitats over the past 40 years or so. Much of this damage and destruction has oc- curred in recent years as an indirect consequence of Community policies, notably the financial encour- nomoucoxTus ae ery ore me as tered, anvils vo teens — 9 > ew , me j ee , une = nae | mi ied & OR, ‘ a t ) ‘- ia oe 7 ys 7 . : 0 ay 2 ah aad 5 r _ ite. Poely 7] ~< - _ = eh —_ ip : - ii a Pa i 2 Ly J. eae! Tet J oo = | , oo iat a wrige o : i. “ in oe oe ; : aa — . " i ih a : i, eT ee pe > ee ee. - ~ i oe : : ap tan b a Z - Ca. — 7 ; 7 7 j a j al - = e ; ' 7 _ SG 2 Ys — a \\\\ oe merg- = a —o Tn ss <= — Ss Ve AQAA KG Webb, DA 1978 Flora Euopaea: a retrospect. Taxon: 27(1): 3-14. Figure 1: Numbers of native plant species in Member States and islands of the European Community. Sources: Davis et a/. 1986 Plants in Danger: What do We Know? |UCN, Cambridge. vii species 8 F a Figure 2: Numbers of endemic plants in Members States and islands of the European Community. Source: WCMC, 1989. viii | No. of species -=/] Madeira Figure 3: Numbers of Endangered (E), Vulnerable (V) and Rare (R) plants (on a European scale) in Member States and islands of the European Community. Note: Only plant species threatened throughout their entire European distribution are represented. Source: WCMC, 1989. agement provided to farmers for increasing the area under crop production through the Common Agri- cultural Policy. Community funding for commercial forestry projects, such as the planting of conifers on Irish peat bogs and the planting of Eucalyptus on a massive scale in the Mediterranean region and Por- tugal, are more recent problems which are causing losses of important plant habitats in parts of Europe. Many of the Community's threatened plant spe- cies (Figure 3) are found in coastal areas in the Mediterranean or in attractive mountain regions. Such areas are under immense pressure from tour- ist developments. The construction of holiday flats, hotels and chalets, sometimes supported with funds from the Community's Integrated Mediterranean Programme, destroys important plant habitats. Piants and their habitats also suffer due to the in- creased accessibility of formerly remote areas fol- lowing tourism developments: fragile sand dune areas are trampled and sensitive mountain slopes are cleared of vegetation for ski-pistes. This booklet gives several examples of plants which are threat- ened by tourism including Curied Alkanet (Anchusa crispa), Savona Harebell (Campanula sabatia) and Sardinian Knapweed (Centaurea horrida). The widespread problem of pollution has de- graded many freshwaters in the Community with the result that formerly common water plants have dis- apoeared from many rivers and lakes. The Pillwort Fern (Pilularia globulifera) and Floating Water-plan- tain (Luronium nutans) have both significantly de- clined owing to eutrophication (nutrient enrichment) of pools and takes. The Pillwort, which has its most important strongholds in Britain, is now considered a VYuinerable plant in the European Community. The European Community’s Threatened Plants Over the last 10 years, the Threatened Plants Unit of WCMC has developed a data base containing no less than 2,000 plant species under threat through- out the European Community. However, criteria for Annex Ib of the ‘Habitats Directive’ specify that, for higher plants, only those in the IUCN categories ‘En- dangered’ or ‘Vulnerable’ (see below) at a European lev:l may qualify for listing on it. With the help of botanists and conservationists from Member States, those of the 2,000 threatened species meet ~_ criteria have now been identified and proto, s listing in Annex Ib of the ‘Habitats Directive 7 The definitions for all IUCN Red Data ca:=~ | = are available from the Threatened Placcs WCMC, 53 The Green, Kew, Middx, TW9 3A-~ Endangered species According to IUCN, Endangered species @7= -- which are “in danger of extinction and wncs= vival is unlikely if the causal factors continue =~. ., ing. Included are taxa whose numbers h@-= =..,,, reduced to a critical level or whose habre= ~.,,, been so drastically reduced that they are GO&¢S—~=-> ,,, be in immediate danger of extinction.” Many Endangered plants have probabr:. been very common and they tend to be resi™§ === tiny areas of land. Many rare endemic specics = v1 Mediterranean countries like Greece and Itai into this category, including the Mount Killin. =~=2, sy Deer Seah) ant's-eye (Adonis cyllenea) and the Sé=—.an Gooseberry (Ribes sardoum). Because © 2re geographically restricted, the pressures CT <= elr habitat mean that there is a very real possi=~- of their becoming Extinct in the near future. O<">2"- ing their habitat, therefore, is essential Th —n- agement of these tiny sites through Specie! ears tion Areas is very likely to be quite straight t<"+="0 Thus many Endangered plants could be p°=-==-2d fairly simply and for relatively small cost A number of Endangered plants were 0N7= ~ >' numerous, but never widespread. These h@-= Sut. fered declines almost to the point of extinct.o7 Dw- ing to the deterioration and destruction © -~®!" habitats. The Brittany Eryngo (Eryngium vivic2-7), for instance, has declined because of drairzz= Of damp pastures and, in some localities, co2sé> =~ i grazing. The Brittany Eryngo is a good exumy2 > 4 ge nr species which requires active management - a sure its survival, as it has become assoclat== nae traditional grazing and stock-keeping practice: zn cannot survive under modem land use syste™= Vulnerable species IUCN has defined Vulnerable species as thosé vmich are “believed likely to move into the ‘Endangered oem te + anak anime Bing & eae sagt . aig a - Te ee oa 7 SE eke a eS ot ae ecg 2 - it~ iy yon eyed ne _ 7h Gt ot mb wie one cetdet See a fare Oi) Orns ki) neem! of pooh KLE WGA MoD al) Ha noe “rq qord tat Mary SP oribewt born) bie WO tetas Ss Gril) wil! an oud : 076 HeKNiPaLs gers et Ge aod aE ACF butt tome? /inorermitibe | wa alege) ~ Crh ad foie eneidicns “ecm noes wey rneD too Mbt My seaslete| rosa ceil wed trict CoavaineTes a" yen yetuerneR ot! & nah it A Wrenn Maen ot oct we © Onires mis 2 Oe ET el, oracom Ot om A RA No nekoucceos wT ae CGT Aw Bepagyc eqceterios & category in the near future if the causal factors continue operating. Included are taxa of which most or all of the populations are decreasing because of over-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental disturbance, taxa with popu- lations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate security is not yet assured, and taxa with populations that are still abundamt but under threat from serious adverse factors throughout their range.” Vulnerable plants are chiefly found in threatened semi-natural and natural habitats like sand dunes, wetlands and ancient forests. Examples include the Bristle Ferm (Trichomanes speciosum) and Bog Orchid (Hammarbya paludosa). In general, Vulner- able plants would enjoy the greatest benefits from measures to protect, restore and enhance habitats. Endemic Plants in the European Community A significant feature of the European flora is the large number of endemic species which have al- ways been recognised as a prionty for conservation action. In particular, so-called ‘point endemics’ (species confined to a single locality or several adja- cent sites), are characteristic of the mountain ranges of central and southern Europe (e.g. the Sierra Nevada of Spain), stretches of the Mediterranean coast (e.g. Greece) and some islands (e.g. Crete). Where many endemic plants grow together, for example in north-west Sardinia and in the Gen- Nargentu mountains of east-central Sardinia, they form a ‘centre of endemism’. These centres are ob- vious first targets for designation as Special Protec- tion Areas under the proposed ‘Habitats Directive’. The Atlantic Islands Due to their remote situation and ancient volcanic origin, the Atlantic islands (Canary Isles, Azores and Madeira) support a flora so distinct from that of con- tinental Europe that they comprise their own botani- cal region. Indeed, there are so many endemic spe- cies in the islands that they provide one of the world’s best demonstrations of evolutionary proc- esses. Of special importance are the remaining up- land laurel ‘cloud’ forests (‘laurisilva’) that harbour many threatened endemic plants. xi Measures Needed to Protect Threatened Plants Conserving the Habitats of Threatened Species There are a number of relatively simple measures that individual Member States can take in order to secure the future of threatened plants. For species restricted to a few smail localities, it should be possible to establish suitable protected areas with full protection against any potentially damaging impacts. In coastal areas, for instance, public access may have to be restricted or carefully guided to reduce the effects of trampling. Else- where, the continuation of traditional land use prac- tices such as grazing, buming and low-yield rota- tional crop production may be necessary. Enforce- ment of special protection and management meas- ures like these demands trained staff who will be responsible for organising effective site manage- ment, liaising with local people, monitoring the threatened plants and carrying out other essential conservation work. In some areas, habitat restoration could be undertaken. For exampie, some former French lo- calities for Shore Dock (Rumex rupestris) have become invaded by the alien Hottentot Fig (Car- pobrotus edulis) whose clearance from coastal areas could result in the restoration of suitable habi- tat for the dock - a plant that has declined over much of its European range. Of course, for those species that may still be relatively widespread even if in continuous decline, it will not be feasible for Member States to designate all localities for such species as protected areas. Nevertheless, complementary measures relating to operation of general land use policy and practices in selected areas (perhaps designated as Environmen- tally Sensitive Areas under the Agricultural Struc- tures Directive) can be instituted. Thus, potentially damaging projects proposed in or near localities for a listed species, including agricultural intensifica- tion, tourist development or commercial forestry would be diverted. Proposal for an EC Council ‘Habitats Directive’ It is the loss of plant habitats rather than picking or uprooting that poses the major threat to most plant tatietetAT nek of Hebei eweeeet epee! Ieateo ot) veital us ; ropa | 7 : 7 Son (iw pet behure: ooiesoe suctnbl ; rye $e a CM ert QempuerA Fo wid priest oo! naTWUQo alt a on Pe werin «9 et Se BW Serie a wiete note; Se NW Se! wore ol > deere one Me wack INLD MoM gis! im! Mens niggyl gusle iw Wiel ing Ges Actos @ termine sh ni Wales vanes #7 DN ap anil ans MOE ree wR exotic orm Sion Minions caMNUENED aa griontw Wi Hout eerme Si) om be sian eta J 9S Sa isis: sere stat} or nn ‘ : mw dnlerep nf tere ogee) AON! Gori takai 8 ne OluOle ae 68d equi! te oe ee oe y Pin OD Netaou? ect A ies | > am a oat GGG), S aif w eh) 2 vy) “ SR phen gersveme civiios G i " . Pe to? yin i & On ix@innggt (Sapne - ik) eee owning ne pi Weve vo yale! ale 2 or one AGN pribgs cor tes te ae pond $y) “we mene ae oe 1% deol naatiel species. Sadly, few Member States have laws to conserve the habitats or sites of threatened species, although most have passed unenforceable laws or decrees listing them as ‘protected’ from collection, picking or uprooting. Measures to protect habitats and sites for threatened species would be far more effective, and the existence of a European Council Directive on habitat protection would serve to en- courage the development of and bolster national legislation in this regard. This is where the “Proposal for a Council Direc- tive on the protection of natural and semi-natural habitats of wild flora and fauna” of 21 September 1988 breaks new ground: Annex 1b of this proposed Directive would oblige Member States of the Com- munity to protect the habitats of listed plants by designating appropriate Special Protection Areas SO as “to ensure the maintenance of the species xii specified ... at a satisfactory level in all regions where they occur’. The protection afforded to threatened plants through the implementation of Annex 1b of the pro- posed Directive would provide a much-needed boost and encouragement to Member States to pursue the protection of threatened plant habitats. It is also hoped that practical help in the form of funds to help protect specific threatened plant localities will be made available, thus making resources pos- sible to those Member States which have particular responsibilities for plant conservation according to Annex 1b. The implications of this Directive for pro- moting rural employment, whether directly for site management, or indirectly from low intensity coun- tryside recreation, and maintaining rural cultures should not be underestimated. ” * sabiaiens a ee Tie. is 7 sai Tir hie , _ Doves spate & f, if oe a =< th . 4 é 4 ¢ za 7 & 7 = T > - 7 " . 7 1 aA - 7 7 - = 7 of : = esl Y)- b; 7 ~ 4 = . ,_G = <_— Cre t ont S e na 7 > q act =, a Pier ts i Sr 7 , ‘ ie i "ah 7 = 4 fy: Quick reference key 1: Habitats of Threatened European Plants MOUNTAINS Vy \ WETLAND: Bogs, marshes, GRASSLAND and PASTURE floodiands, saltmarshes., \F =~ —= hc | COASTLAND: Sand dunes, shorelines & and intertidal areas, other habitats as | near the sea. CLIFFS, ROCKY AREAS, SCREES RIVER BANKS, RIVERS, STREAMS. SCRUB, including MAQUIS and GARRIQUE (spiny shrubland characteristic to the Mediterranean WM SIC IstSSIL ane wile tel) Region) 2: Threat status of plants in the European Community Threatened at World level (and consequently also threatened in the European Community) Threatened in the European Community (not threatened at World Level) E IUCN Category: ENDANGERED V IUCN Category: VULNERABLE Endangered species are those Vulnerable species are those in danger of extinction i.e. believed likely to move into the whose survival is unlikely if the ‘Endangered’ category in the causal threat factors continue near future if the causal factors operating. continue operating. xiii N 7 re AX AY EN 3: Threats to plants of the European Community TOURISM: Development of tourist complexes, trampling of vegetation by tourists and other tourist-related disturbances BUILDING CONSTRUCTION: Associated with urban, industrial and tourism development FIRE: Usually associated with tourist pressures or ‘management’ of vegetation for grazing purposes. OVERGRAZING: High stocking levels, causing destruction of vegetation, and in extreme cases, erosion LAND DRAINAGE: Usually associated with reclamation of land for intensive agriculture INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE: Including cultivation, land recdamation, and use of fertilisers USE OF HERBICIDES (weedkillers) INTENSIVE FORESTRY, including AFFORESTATION, the planting of non-native trees and various methods of intensive forest management PICKING, collecting, cutting or uprooting of plants . ra has a A Lag SKIING and disturbances associated with skiing, including bulldozing of vegetation for piste construction and erection of ski-lifts RECREATION, TRAMPLING and similar human disturbance QUARRYING, MINING DEFORESTATION INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT REGULATION OF RIVERS: including straightening banks, clearance of bank-side vegetation and dredging AIR POLLUTION. including ACID RAIN WATER POLLUTION: from sewage, agricultural fertilisers, industry Vine thsqow 4dr Io eel on eagulT -£ nist te shoteqown Maen i Goliqnut! seglqnag ios 7 we a Wikbeansnie canemrtow SWIC iaabdicatuesdene ox amma Peaginevoh metas CONSERVATION SUMMARIES I; HIGHER PLANTS * ek ” oa * * * * ky x A selection of threatened species from Annex I(b) of the "Proposal for a Council Directive on the protection of natural and semi-natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora" 251A MIMS2 MOTT AV AS2K!0> . )BYMAIT SAROI :1 az: _ Ps _ y's a _ wy an Cw, _ 7 Z ) WE At... 7 ot hd 7 ji ® = * * © Mount Killini: Probably extinct ® Mount Oligartos: Extant Mount Killini Pheasant’s-eye Adonis cyllenea [Ranunculaceae: Buttercup family] Mount Killini Pheasant’s-eye is a perennial plant with handsome bright yellow flowers 2-3 cm across. Discovered in 1948 on Mount Killini in the north-east Peloponnese, Greece, it was feared extinct for most of this century but in 1977 a small colony was found on Mount Pamias in the Oligartos massif south of Killini. Another botanist found a few plants in the same area in 1984, growing ina damp meadow surrounded by forest of Greek Fir at 1,340 metres. Today the Mount Killini Pheasant's-eye is known from four small sites on Mount Oligartos, each consisting Of less than 25 plants. Here it grows in damp pasture between 1,200 and 1,800 metres altitude. Its preferred habitat is thought to be in semi-shade at the base of limestone rocks which remain moist throughout the summer. The species appears always to have been rare and its future survival is threatened by the over- grazing of its habitat by sheep and goats. Killiniis also subject to growing pressure from tourists who visit the mountain in increasing numbers for skiing, walk- ing and mountaineering. Conservation measures needed for the Pheasant'’s- eye will require at least partial exclusion of grazing animals from its fragile habitat. Such an attractive spe- cies also needs protection from pliant collectors. Fortunately the survival of the species in cultivation is secure because plants have been successtuly grown and propagated in botanic gardens. The priority is therefore to protect the natural habitat of the species and the surrounding area with a view to conserving the remaining wild plants, encouraging their increase and possibly introducing some artificially propagated plants in order to augment the tiny wild populations. Apennine Adonis Adonis distorta [Ranunculaceae: Buttercup family] This small plant with white, occasionally yellow, flow- ers, grows in high mountain areas of the Apennine Mountains in central Italy, where it is endemic. It is a ‘pioneer of lime-rich soils, being able to colonise coarse gravel and other unstable rock even when there is almost no soil, providing there is a constant source of moisture. Its habitat is therefore mostly breccias and coarse gravels on northern mountain slopes near snowfields. The Apennine Adonis is a very useful plant, being of medicinal value. The whole plant is poisonous and is used as a substitute for foxglove (Digitalis) as a heart- regulator, and also as a diuretic and for inducing hypertension. The flowers are also much sought after by casual visitors. For these reasons, its harvest and trade are regulated by a Royal Decree of 1932 and subsequent Regional Laws. However, the main threat to the species is loss of its habitat. In recent times, it has declined because of road construction, the use of four-wheel drive vehicles and the development of ski resorts. The creation of ski slopes has senously altered its habitat , due to clearance of the natural vegetation and levelling of screes and mountain slopes. Some populations of this species are included in the Mount Sirente protected area but no protection has been specifically granted to the flora within this re- serve. So far, insufficient action has been taken to protect this threatened plant. Priorities for its conservation must include a full assessment of remaining popula- tions with prompt action taken to protect and manage key areas of habitat where the Apennine Adonis grows. Part of the Apennine Mountain range where Apennine Adonis occurs ainobé. onto — BSVRETD aicupa viens! quotas .dreomcourehl WNEION . sth a a wi ceo clainwoo’ pet a os » DRA pidtebrs a 1 mete yuo rao. a 1 ae pets oe aera o fave vinci eldiin onl: Sra twa eatin el erat! ORIbimog 658 OF RARE ee ome srcloreylt 0) iediter' 20 ant p aot “Merinon no seven amines Ne aesow tly al bain Res) Sa Np. i? 7. : - j . « 7 - +4) i — a at o za - , 7 ‘ t Gy» : ‘ j ; ad v 7 a 5 ‘i 7 ? 7 pie one Sardinia restrictions Pié==c 9n public access Curled Alkanet Anchusa cCrispa [Bcresmaceae: Borage family] This very rare 2="~ grows in sand dunes near tne seq and occasionai-. miand at altitudes between Se€2+eve ' and 700 metres f usually grows amongst Maram 3 Grass (Ammop/i2 arenaria) and Cotton-weed (Ozan- thus maritimus, . = ts endemic to Corsica and Sarcinia The few remairs-<3 iocalities in Corsica number ten at the most and ar¢ restricted to the southern enc o¢ tne island at Favoné. Sonifacio, Porto Vecchio anc a: tne mouth of the Frver Rizzanese. It is now extinc: at Santa Severa. 22D Corseand the beach at Portiglioic The only known: ses in Sardinia are onthe north-west coast at Golfo =aima, Capo Argentiera on La Nurra and Capo de! Fa:cone, and on the north coast near Porto Torrés, St2gno di Pilo and La Pelosa. On both islands. Surled Alkanet is greatly threatened by trampling of fs vulnerable sand dune habitat and by other activities associated with tourism, including seasonal beacn cieaning. Sand-quarrying also threat- ens the piant at one Sardinian locality. The growtn of coastal towns (iargely associated with tourism) is posing an increasing threat to this plant throughout rs range. Urgent consideration must be given to designating the remaining localities as nature reserves, with some restrictions placed on public access. Approximate area of distribution on Corsica Ze Atlantic Angelica Angelica heterocarpa [Umbelliferae:Carrot family] This plant is endemic to France, where it is restricted to scattered localities in the regions Loire-Atlantique, Charente-Maritime and Gironde-Dordogne. It grows in muddy areas along the banks of three tidal rivers and estuares on the Atlantic coast, often in beds of reea (Phragmites). Its habitats are particularly under threat in the estuary of the river Loire and in the Gironde-Dordogne region as a result of watercourse management and regula- tion. Such activities are reducing the amount of suit- able habitat for the Angelica through the destruction cf reedbeds and other areas of marginal vegetation. Cne locality for the Angelica is located in a nature re- serve which was established in 1983 over the Bruges Marshes near Bordeaux. This is one of the region’s last remaining wetlands, and was originally protected for its migratory birds. =rench botanists have recommended that all areas wwnere this rare and endangered plant grow should be Srctected, and that conservation of the plants and wiic!ife which inhabit these wetlands must take prior- ty cver development projects, financial and sporting nterests. 2? Current distribution in this estuary uncertain. In 1961 known from the banks of the rivers Gironde, Garonne and Dordogne and along banks of the canal in the region of Hure, Fontet, Castets, Barie. * 5 hy " SdllgenA sins PMB TaeN 3 TY ak) Pees every! i COnMUsAT Re byt Sor iso! ctor ist madgeit \ We ait 5 PPA ary acetaray }nitgen of at aniig th AAO Hots. Orie Sitis nS Satrigrpri)! By. i AT UN eernty te ene od) ore wenn vue a ai TOWER A AaiitS esO> A wt Caan oe i ong 0 Wistigewein! ime oles. ocd faery TY Sema ar Clee nics, Bem a) te “ahem Daye. ive eee 7) Gece ode iia totes We Oars) OL ey araiiscnheut arty MguicnG aodosns eth at it ReB IN eri cen k wicar TUK) tree aagl 5. Petite i.e bems0! 6) ood nora a ania Ne (20 Balt Ai art es Me now rig RO a a © 27 ma rg wee TERRE Roni “ow tats 2p Bes tiir i, = Bo katt eubartnerc sue) av aly =e : Ny Pvt evvinpeortasreag . beer ervhtyy a i eigen meth toal ae Be a niean isles saied sea if ria! never ® Astragalus aquilanus ‘0 Astragalus maritimus S Astragalus verrucosus Endemic Italian milk-vetches Astragalus spp. [Leguminosae: Pea family] Three milk-vetches which are endemic to Italy are Endangered both at European and world level. As yet, no localities for these species are subject to habitat protection measures. Astragalus aquilanus: This milk-vetch grows in grassy glades and in the edges of upland pine forest (altitude 800-1,000 metres) at four localities within 2-3 square kilometres of each other at Pineta di Roio near the town of L’Aquila (Abruzzo, central Italy). The area where the milk-vetch grows is easily accessible due to the proximity of a good road and it is also close to the town. Consequently, the pine forest habitat of the Pineta di Roio suffers from heavy recreational use. Many sections of the forest undergrowth have disap- peared asa resultt, and the area is subject to dumping of rubbish. Although the Pineta di Roio is municipal land, it is insufficiently protected. Action is particularly required to control visitor access. Astragalus maritimus: Known from only one locality on the Isola di San Pietro, an islet off southwest Sardinia, A. maritimus grows on maritime sands and in coastal vegetation over an area of only 200 x 60 metres. Building construction for the tourist industry is considered a threat. Astragalus verrucosus: Found only at one locality in southwest Sardinia in the coastal area of Arbus and south of Capo Frasca. It, grows in dry scrubby calcareous grassland near to the coast where it may be threatened by cultivation and other agricultural operations. Chouard’s Flowering Yam Borderea chouardii [Dioscoreaceae: Yam family] This is a plant which is on the way to extinction, with a total population of between 300 and 500 individuals. The sole population consists of three tiny colonies, in a tongue of land surrounded by a dam and road. In recent years, one of the colonies was almost totally obliterated due to widening of the road. Stones and other debris still threaten those that remain. Plant collectors pose an additional threat. The Borderea is endemic to a small area in the north of the Province of Huesca, north-east Spain, where it grows between 800 and 840 metres. It is dependent on shade and cool summer temperatures and is therefore found growing in rock fissues with a north or north-easterly aspect. Apart from the ever-present threat of collection, the construction of a dam in recent years has adversely affected the microclimate of its fragile habitat and it is believed that this has directly caused the local extiric- tion of several colonies. No conservation measures have been instigated to safeguard the remaining colonies of this species. Attempts have been made to propagate it in cultiva- tion, but these have not been very successful. There is a need, therefore, to continue attempts at artificial propagation. More important is the pressing need to protect the habitat of the species, by declaring the remaining colonies and their surrounding environ- ment as small nature reserves and ensuring that any future developments do not cause further damage to the plant’s habitat. Collection and picking should be prohibited, with the exception of properly regulated taking of bulbils and seed for an approved conserva- tion programme involving artificial propagation. Iberian Peninsula A ~ (i ma) a i 4 iy TR ee vd —s 7 z pet ¥ H ¥ a ‘ : 1o7 f eee ee OF’ | Puo\ t S : oa ae, _ [Wi rar cones) creer ey noth): = oS f —- RW ApeTfKn Of ew a7UaN0 0! ONW Inte Sal eiT >a Aira h O07 Go et O NOT MRO ME , “ aqme 961! etn ad Hqag toa eT be 7 Wy Snb 198 yt moun bree vigor Tenn) ARM es: _ i Seng 7 Bea? Sear! wo omwnmpw ot sae rh THN ID gel) were tite a otis i ASST te nO Oa hag een » gra Oe Heer eer amas 4 of img ha Wake lad tok ition oes tee Sibreged zg)! asian 0.5 bib NOS SOF eewrmcT? Wire Kim Bae meial ne STEPS 0 PER tet att dyes 1h Qe a 0 a ’ : 7 - pte! a) ae wl segtoelion to thunginwesd iw eh rg - (Wart. 20 cay thet mi +t WG GPW NiGert Bh on 37 Rep sa Tris “agri Goat art Vermin ‘rloaetinis +t haw @ _ Distribution of Fuerteventura Cabbage Fuerteventura Cabbage Some threatened wild cabbages [Crucite-== Cabbage family] The wild relative: 2-C ancestors of our domestic cabbages (including ==Sbages, broccoli, kale, kohi- rabiand cauliflower, == centred inthe Mediterranean region. An imponart 2 up of these plants occurs on coastal cliffs and rocx=_ =specially inthe islands of the western Mediterrane= “egion and on Crete. Coastal plant communities: 1 == European Community are increasingly threater &— Dy development of even quite remote areas for tourss—.. Asa resultt, several wild cab- bages are threatoneé= rcluding the following species: Egadi Cabbage: 2=ssica macrocarpa This rather shrubby 22rT has leafy stems upto 60 cm, yellow flowers and T13C+.. woody boat-shaped seed pods. It occurs only or <2 Egadilslands of Favianana and Marettimo off tné =3ast of western Sicily. These islands are rapidly "73 developed for tourism, re- sulting in the destruc on of coastal rocks and low cliffs where the Eg2ci ~abbage and other endemic plants grow. Areas & pe aA nites ot pad toe : ie eats taco oe a ce tthe — Savona Harebell Campanula sabatia [Campanulaceae: Bellflower family] Savona Harebell is an attractive small blue-flowered plant which grows in bare places. Its usual habitats are limestone rock crevices and coarse gravels asso- Ciated with maquis vegetation. This habitat is often shared with other endemic Italian plant species. This plant is unique to north-west Italy and is known only from a few coastal localities south-west of Savona. This includes the islets of Gallinara and Bereggi. the headland of Capo Noli and some additional localities up to 12 kilometres inland. The species may also occur in northem Bordighera. Savona Harebell is threatened due to fire, building construction, road building and collecting. Increasing pressure from tourism is of concer at Capo Noli. There have been long standing proposals to establish anumber of regional parks and reserves on the island of Gallinara and at Capo Noli but so far no sites have been adequately protected. The localities at Capo Noli, Rocca di Perti and on Gallinara island are considered top priority for habitat protection and would benefit from Special Protection Area (SPA) status. Dia Carline Thistle Carlina diae [Compositae: Daisy family] This hairy, spineless, dwarf shrub grows up to 60 cm high and has flat-topped clusters of yellow flower- heads, each 1.5-3.5 cmacross. It is found only ina few coastal localities in northern Crete. It was first discov- ered on the island of Dia off the northern coast near lraklion, and later at two coastal localities on the Sidheros peninsula and on two islets, Dragonada and Yionisadhos, on the coast of Sitia province in north- eastern Crete. The Sitia populations are not immedi- . ately endangered, but are vulnerable due to the small numbers of plants present. Goats that have been in- troduced to the islands threaten the piant’s survival. The situation with the plants on Dia is more serious. Since 1958 this island has beena refuge for the Cretan Ibex or Cri-Cri, the famous wild goat of the White Mountains. These were threatened in their native habitat and were introduced to Dia to protect them. However, they have caused considerable damage by grazing the island’s plants and only three plants of the Dia Carline Thistle could be found in 1973, although others may have survived on inaccessible ledges and cliffs. Since the goats are now surviving well in the White Mountains, it should be possible to move at least some of them back to their native range. Domestic goats should also be removed from the islands off Sitia to preserve those populations of the thistle. The Dian and Sitian plants are genetically different, and it is therefore important to protect plants in both areas in order to conserve the genetic diversity of this species, which is handsome enough to have a future as an omamental plant. 11 sisal saifas) alia ApS SF1,'NG . "2 (yard vale .eatzocy tice?) — (ae G! at eH ) duets ue papers jiert € wr Say * * Ct laut PSC a Cae | _ ie Bact wi pee rmgiae c G8.) oee 4 gisint ore; Syn rier 7) aertaliae Ot te: Bis are Mmoiten pelt ho eG he ex a 0 b af 110 aaltieno: bayeoo «Avi Se wie) bas on saerOg RS. wig bi Ao Pace gaara OE _an0n ()acritve) 232 so tendo at AO ae Ukerrty Par a Toveuioe aS, eat mats Ot T ea hy gla ph wv ened 8 ni need aghast 218 sean gi lanivnny & Mig. gir rovedet sheesh qunT oeorn @ ed onan a fg rin et 16! cat wen ea : Bier So leoy Cle uae! ort f avin Sart 9 panqrnond ww edi sees ame: ef ot ores Ewe | CL IIR I Ate > eh) heh Barveeg pba anisey et Agupcitis EVE af (wae os Simo ot tle pppoe! ekazen ua G0 Oe f : a0 ern Dose eT =e nh ig ova Gt eelielig He wi RQAeY eo as Sardinia @ = Centaurea horrida Centaurea horrida 12 Endemic Mediterranean knapweeds Centaurea spp. [Compositae: Daisy family] Knapweeds have flowers that are similar in appear- ance to thistles, but their foliage is less spiny. The flowers are attractive - usually purple, pink, yellow or white. They are an important element of the flora and vegetation in the Mediterranean region, where some 180 species, and many subspecies, occur in the European part alone. Knapweeds are a significant component of dry grasslands and are a characteristic feature of old meadows. Some species are plants of rocks, cliffs, stony ground and other disturbed or open habitats. At present we know rather little about many of the rare knapweeds of the Mediterranean. They are of great scientific interest for understanding evolution and plant geography, and their distribution is often associated with that of other endemic species. The knapweeds are genetically interesting and appear to have undergone considerable evolutionary radiation in the Mediterranean, particularly in Greece and the Balkans. Many of them are widespread and common in the region but nine of those endemic to single Member States are Endangered at country, European and World level. The populations of these Endangered species are small, confined to a few localities and mostly occupy only tiny areas (in some cases a few square metres). Despite this, no habitat protection measures have been comprehensively undertaken at any of their sites, although a number are severely threatened and some may have already been lost. oimobadt | > ae ogoneTistibsi | ~ | Sele Ny “ay ; ne eg) Pan ray Paces ‘ { ts ria eet ie anl eiirhiedinl rg ees eneui® rivhe ork hatin ye od ie : i oO t — Saleen’ o aimmeibria, sects to. uri - . J ‘ 4, ‘yt eerlt 7 4 ; : . C r) i The nine Endangered endemic species are: Centaurea balearica: Endemic to the north coast of Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) where it grows in sandy areas near the sea. Only five populations are known and all contain a small number of individuals. One of the populations has been reduced (cut in half) by the construction of a road to the beach. Uprooting of mature plants has occurred in at least one other population. This knapweed grows up to 1.5 m tall and up to2m in diameter. The survival rate of young piants is poor, so the presence of mature piants is very important to maintain a source of seed for future regeneration. The remaining sites for this rare species need official protection by designating their habitats and surround- ings as small nature reserves. In these localities, competition from other species needs to be reduced. Where appropriate, the remaining wild populations could also be reinforced by introducing plants propa- gated in cultivation. Centaurea heldreichii: Known only from one coastal locality on calcareous rocks in western Greece, east of Mesolongion, between the mountains Varrasova and Klokova. The population is small: part of it is threatened by quarrying and urgently requires pro- tection. Centaurea horrida: This species is endemic to rocky coastal areas in northern Sardinia where it occurs in two sites on the mainland and on three islets off the north-west coast. The maquis and garrigue habitats in which C. horrida grows are of great biological impor- tance - they also hold populations of other plants unique to the region and therefore merit special pro- tection for the purposes of both habitat and species conservation. Tourist developments are a major threat. For ex- ample, at Capo del Falcone tourism complexes and 13 Iberian Peninsula @ Centaurea baleanca new roads were being built in the 1970s, which re- sulted in the dissection of one C. horrida locality. Onthe islet of Tavolara, tourism and military construc- tions threaten another site. Tourist developments also threaten the localities at Capo Caccia and Punta del Giglio. On one occasion, vegetation was irreparably damaged when the area was used to make a film — part of the requirements of the script involved de- stroying a good deal of the vegetation. In addition, after the film was shot, the area was set on fire to destroy remnants of the scenery. The designation of key C. horrida localities has been called for by the Inchiesta del Gruppo Conservazione Natura della Societa Italica, who have recommended that nature reserves be established on Isola Asinara, Isola di Tavolara, Capo del Falcone, Capo Caccia and Punta del Giglio. 1 Sint) aired) at! =) i Ks ; earned : MW deci Rist leumets thresh onamiel) eonbaehl: | BO Biased wh WS oer of mir cs ona yong Mhulvitn! 1b schriyn tee ig “TRE La) Comer & a GOfiagigy .to@no ort co oken | TARO etc 27] 4p beri ' elrniey wraugaien Ip Cu a. L af - notieuged | rm 20a or Win 2.2 oO Wag af Aries gioy ‘> or Wo nue eT | OF INGO TH yiny 2 coeln erutort 1 aang Ferre wie ar! wo! peas fe « eV. boa eetrege pics ett: eo Tue CE araciefor! ie Jae geal | DARE OA il doe cylteqe tert mon ; ACRES Siw pimiaiie att Menqow SPIT IANS OTE TL OUT? 5 ett ni hued: get een gone voi ESS Waste ying evans \\ioltaaath VAD ent to nokta er ri! hutlus Eh HE TREN fi OKO cuereolge tigt ne avauIMmaN. WA UEM UO neeted ive. . "2 8 0'tey Tain & weiegody SAT earn ’ Ts SOE Yon oom wiyrerD WR “Ah Vang) alone «gatos uot waite A) RUDD 9 etre mide erat ream Wt Ty) teh werirno tine Grohe ade eter eupmes ten misgen gett eae One men ones ane ko ahi ewitrey: ; REDD i BHAbeluecy Bort emhh “ONT tsoeAe tNeM srotveer't fru Relies Oe MN AVA fades vitae} \ eROEET UGE Centaurea heldreichii Centaurea kalambakensis Centaurea lactifiora Centaurea megarensis Centaurea niederi Centaurea peucidanifolia Centaurea princeps 14 Centaurea kalambakensis: Endemic to two localities in Greece, on the rocks of the Meteora near Kalam- baka in central Greece (near the famous monaster- ies), and at onelocality in Pella province (Macedonia) where only 30-40 plants have been found. The Macedonian population is apparently under threat from the use of herbicides and requires urgent protec- tion. Centaurea lactifiora: Endemic to a small area near the village of Koniskos, 15 kilometres east of Kalabaka in central Greece. Its habitat is dry roadsides and field margins. Some time ago it was considered to be under threat from a road-widening scheme and may, in fact, already be Extinct. Centaurea megarensis: Endemic to the summit of Mount Gerania in western Attica, to the east of the isthmus of Corinth where it grows in small and scat- tered populations and is under considerable pressure from overgrazing by sheep and goats. Centaurea niederi: Endemic to western Greece this plant is known from calcareous rocks and cliffs on roadsides near Mount Arakinthos above Mesolongion and in the north-west Peloponnese (Achaia prov- ince). in total, less than 80 plants are known from these two localities. Centaurea peucedanifolia: Endemic to Mount Athos in northem Greece where it is restricted to two sites, one anarea of 200 metres of roadside near the port of Daphni, the other in the vicinity of the monastery of Agios Pavios, where it grows on rocks and walls. The roadside locality is vulnerable to road improvements. Centaurea princeps: Endemic to Mount Timfristos above Karpenision in central Greece where only a few plants are known, growing close to a quarry. ee ee Cretan Helleborine Cephalanthera cucullata {Orchidaceae: Orchid family] This small orchid with slender stems 15-30 cm tall bearing a loose cluster of up to 20 creamy-white to pink flowers is restricted to about six localities on Crete. The localities are situated in the south-west (Samaria Gorge National Park and White Mountains), central Crete (Psiloritis forest) and eastern Crete (Mount Dhikti range). The orchid grows at altitudes of be- tween 700 and 1,500 metres in montane forest and scrub of native cypress, Calabrian Pine and Kermes Oak. Detailed studies of three localities during the 1970s showed a decline from about 150 plants to perhaps less than 30 over seven years. Recently, three addi- tional localities for this rare species were discovered, in 1985 and 1986, one with a population of about 150 plants. In total there are probably less than 250 plants of this Endangered species. Like several Greek and Cretan endemic plants, the Cretan Helleborine has probably always been rare and could easily become Extinct. Overgrazing by sheep and goats is the principal threat, and urgent action is required to fence off plots to protect the surviving plants. This would allow the vegetation to recover and give the orchids a chance to flower and set seed. Although many of Crete’s endemic plants are wide- spread and under no threat, those that have only small populations, such as Cretan Helleborine and Cretan Catmint (Nepeta sphaciotica) are particularly susceptible to the heavy grazing pressure in the island’s mountains. Small nature reserves to protect the habitats of such species should be established, with partial or total exclusion of grazing animals. ica 1 Samaria Gorge and White Mountains 2 Psilontis Forest 3 Mount Dhikti Range FE -_ ——- | SA H x || 5a > a Fae ; é ) i ae _— el er aif se oe — — | lust Ax wal mate “ioe aiw oie Dee anit a al Shriya OP 01.10 to Wil) pet eo (wetteod ; eb - : io Soo! Mis Wwe ; pyrene a 4) } ad fu. pda: is Talkies: yeni: ate comnnnlh. genic, 4 faoyllioe oitnl biiculieates coiathe! ad? BAD daetionn( aaa? Gre OW fer otal agpeathented 7! Td) wan radia bow 2 Jnoie) nan titines > LkeUGN WOW bon naar’ ee? BASH) GSN peTtom OUST Ii OCT repowt ds io ‘ doue abana? ' seo Ste. ont nedaic? «ogy evtbert to dinar . GOAN GOI iets, ev BOSS or ooh eattine ot?) ealtaute agetbien a) ginny Ger mack oad otis and ai Winsor iosy cw Se eyO TE Tie bitawcigltgiaw ¢cinen. cin sini) pediepel ost woids Wy Ale 0 eu areey was coe . pinay 2s ksi uso yiincloyg wr eee Aa 2 Leveagrisiendl, oihaiun: pended) One ee ain feed cy awit yitecot, sdf paROcglell VE.poitorigatv® janis omonad inee tivee gry tig rer! Wp ey wet shee Be ah oekog a atoo No cow! oF Reape OP nciomesy en! were bipow SsAT eeeny bha TOW op aanerty = ebtslrey wet Gigs Shlw oe ariglg sarutas 2'eri> te ye Vin Wart fart aso aww’ Gn fale Monee’: ae clue were Tepicynewyy Iberian Peninsula Coincy’s Rock Cabbage Coincya rupestris [Cruciferae: Cabbage family] This biennial herb with yellow, violet-veined flowers, lives in north-facing crevices of vertical karstic lime- stone rocks in the Sierra de Alcaraz in the province of Albacete, Spain. It is restricted to an area of about 0.4 square kilometres at an altitude of 1,100 metres. A site survey in 1979 estimated there to be as few as 500-1,000 flowering plants plus perhaps twice as many non-flowering individuals. Present threats are from building construction coupled with collecting. There is also a possible threat from another plant species (Sisymbrium arundonum) which occupies the same ecological niche and may com- pete for space with the Endangered Coincya. Careful monitoring is therefore essential to ensure that the Coincya does not become displaced by the Sisymbnum. The seeds of Coincy's Rock Cabbage were once used locally as a kind of mustard but this use has now ceased. It is of considerable scientific interest and belongs to a small group of related endemic Spanish species. No conservation measures have yet been taken for this plant but the creation of a small reserve has been recommended. Strict vigiance wil be needed to ensure that building does not encroach on the area. Its habitat and setting are attractive and very vulnerable to development. er egeddn’ y AdoF OTSeOn Gi (ginal vote woe) wan Haris: Haak) weriay ‘tw. chase} leionaid cif Tel tae thon 15 aealetr tl yam «mit (1) pew Yo eanieeig thu Ser zh wel putt NEBR aos ®.(nigeate nate nig o: Ge itee 2) i bed oiconsla cera eT OT, FO ettiitio ne ie eeTiamoly wrawpe owen lanl qr ened tyaubyyisan ATUN cl uvase ots A — Soeitieg lis aiRks Privo! 06, 1-008 IRAE Or ONO R- fod Yrlgm ag Anitsud mga ei ata Wit eke slic & Otis alll? cottogiing aw PRS UA TCMIPRCK TRS cath) fee) bettas arfow\ non coe ory WY terpucge *> oe Malate Saalte os! ees ou! Movin? EB pniasinm Ad tendins bh artnet kat eacll weaved 1 OpeeiB® won avorioD 9 Abia oy ceca bee Ora niny teciol day sHinere Widevwhonce ‘o ki I! Leagan AY Nas dontizuern nalinvioonas OM pe CO itiow) om tart fra yr edey iat SONGS Shh wes Brittany Eryngo Eryngium viviparum [Umbelliferae: Carrot family] The eryngos are a group of distinctive plants with sharply spined leaves. The Brittany Eryngo is known from Brittany (France), around Porto (northern Portu- gal) and Spain (north-west, Galicia and Léon). In both Portugal and Spain the plant is severely Endangered and is threatened with extinction. In France, the plant probably survives at few more than ten localities distributed over a smail part of Brittany. The plant is confined to these three Member States of the Euro- pean Community. The Brittany Eryngo grows in damp pastures, in de- pressions which are subject to winter flooding. Many populations have disappeared due to the abandon- ment of pastures and the removal of grazing stock. As a consequence. such areas have become invaded by tall vegetation in which the eryngo has been unable to survive. Other localities where the eryngo used to grow have disappeared due to urban and industrial development, afforestation by pines and land drainage. Trampling is an additional problem to populations around the French town of Carnac. The creation of nature reserves for the protection of this species and its habitat is urgent. In such reserves control over the water regime will be necessary to ensure the maintenance of winter flooding. In addi- tion, the grassland must be grazed to prevent inva- sion by tall vegetation. France and the Ibenan Peninsuia ent o Ra: Ma? WG eB ga = va 18 Gomeran Spurge Euphorbia lambii [Euphorbiaceae: Spurge family] Only three small populations of this local endemic of the Canary Isles are known. As its name suggests, the Gomeran Spurge is confined to the island of La Gomera, where it lives in damp crevices or at the foot of cliffs at the lower edges of the laurel forest zone between 600 and 1,000 metres. It grows in damp shallow soils, usually in small groups of three or four plants. Over-grazing is one of its main threats throughout most of its small area of distribution, and in some places its habitat has been reduced due to the clear- ance of native laurel forest and its replacement with inappropriate forestry species. Furthermore, the immature fruits tend to suffer insect damage and many capsules develop without seeds. Populations on the north-west side of La Gomera are protected in the Lomo de Carreton park but an impor- tant population at Benchijugua is without formal pro- tection. This situation could be rectified by extending the boundaries of the Los Roques park down to 700 metres. In addition, to prevent genetic erosion, it may be appropriate to bulk up the wild population using material of wild origin that has been propagated locally. snide ngetsioW Mittin eros fetrrnad apg :eitouminren kre WD Giigbrer yon Gi io an sieycon juurre een th wie Ot Ama DUE oie Bhs sons AiR Ti er A £1 teil ga) of beniirmo a ogwGl netanod woh acid He wert reper eggevatyt mail ff qui maine) enag inated lene! ic 16 copier weGi ds 14 ND to Qmeo ni tact | dorm, OO.) Gre COS ewig Wohw went lo eqtang Wena ni Visua wdc wolw zie Negri rit 2A 4 atin 2) a iokbs yavO ARS tng j uel ieee iS ata na i piiaache oirtut etic seve nf vigaeeinen srwTe) aah octtnhat hao. cyom 4b “ge a ahaned and i gol vianin.> 4th 1 Lele. yo tiftodita Bete: oe: Wi 1p Bios @ 4 am Woe = ay he eon goo) vi Oaeae 1a 10 parr :: ant 7 eS Yilectionge hewie eto fag avorintsucm ee “anegiy Watson’s Lettuce Lactuca watsoniana [Compositae: Daisy family] This large white-flowered perennial grows up to 2 metres tall. It is one of Europe's rarest plants, found only ina few small sites in the Azores Archipelago, on the islands of Sao Miguel, Terceira, Faial and Pico at 500-900 metres above sea level, in sheltered places on wet ground, in ravines and old volcanic craters. In these locations Watson's Lettuce is often found grow- ing with other plant species which are endemic to the Atlantic |slands or are otherwise threatened in the Eu- ropean Community, including the ferns Woodwardia radicans and Trichomanes speciosum. Watson's Lettuce prefers locations with a permanent water supply or permanently moist ground in combi- nation with high relative humidity and is restricted to the native laurel cloud forests (‘laurisilva’) for which the Atlantic Islands are so famous. The laurisilva con- tains some of the rarest plants of the Azores as well as some endemic birds such as the Pridlo or Azores Bullfinch. In the Azores this habitat is severely threat- ened and very little now remains due to clearance of the forest for agriculture and for plantations of Japa- nese Larch (Cryptomeria japonica). For example, the forest of Caldeira da Santa Barbara on Terceira re- quires urgent protection - as recently as 1986, Cryp- tomeria was being planted at this important site, although this activity may now have stopped. Even those areas of unexplored and relatively inac- cessible laurisilva may hold populations of rare en- demic plants, and it is therefore important that the remaining laurel cloud forests are given full protec- tion. Two of the sites for Watson's Lettuce in the Caldeira da Santa Barbara (Terceira) and on north- east O’Pico (Pico) are very small. The population on O’Pico is in a small wooded gully only about 15 metres square and is completely surrounded by pasture. Urgent measures are therefore required to protect these fragile and vulnerable areas. é 25 @ Known extant localities for Lactuca watsoniana: Caideira da Santa Barbara (Terceira) North-east O'Pico (Pico) Lagoa do Canario (Sao Miguel) A tew other localities, not recently confirmed (not mapped) have been recorded for Pico, Terceira and Faial. ~ ga haw am eaves ori iy ECS We ‘ a ; € a | 7% [yierret ga amiaQn i] te ¢ of @/ ewe) are tape opie her oqel lat 49 brunt sie arn ¢ tec" ‘cand oe 8 Rel sevien- _ s Re PgR sven” artnet « e tame wolaniylag | wags Lele mca T le os3 tooteaet enang Karmic ee Mvet oe 9 cue manta OOROOR TS a3 AL. gipiane, climes ho Ore venivin 1 bewog MWg ine Woe Sao into & 220 Ot Ta. vee eno a“ asin 0 5 efht rss ciretiove txt ety Sa ege amg Wart wt aa rthencntiuwl & acubL =» chreie Ate] atamewieegN aryl att yo outor \pireranoD A } ithatinsie eanamocat bree alin + = Were Tag B fiw anoleow eee sot eg 4 a Atircs Abang Scen vib tare reey 10 Yi i ot hetsiies! 4 Ses yatimun ovurgtenrtigut a Aertel (evésual) Baer! bendy - Caaet At 7 e Succulent Birdsfoot-trefoil Lotus kunkelii [Leguminosae: Pea family] Endemic to Gran Canaria, the Succulent Birdsfoot- trefoil is Known only from a single very threatened locality at the mouth of the Barranco de Jinamar. It is a prostrate, woody-based plant with succulent leaves bearing long silky hairs. It grows in the littoral sands on the coast between 15 and 20 metres above sea level. Until the early 1960s several populations of this spe- cies occurred along the sandy areas of the coast of Gran Canaria but extraction of sand for construction, and disturbance from roadbuilding, urban develop- ment and other activities have had an enormous impact on the habitat of the plant, reducing its distri- bution spectaculany. The only surviving locality is extremely small (approxi- mately two hectares) and is situated between the coast and the main Las Palmas Airport road and alongside industrial sites containing seawater distilla- tion and electricity generating stations. Although the site where the trefoil grows has been declared a protected area by the Canarian Parliament no specific or effective habitat conservation meas- ures have yet been taken and protection against all negative activities, particularly mineral extraction, is required. Artificial propagation of the species in a botanic garden is likely to be successful if funding can be secured and this could, in turn, lead to a pro- gramme of reintroducing the species to suitably pro- tected habitats in the wild. ze A 29 : id Yo” Py ote b 2 ) i¢ e . ’ —_— ‘ - od a tant tantoietet y i : a } ‘| ‘ “. % ; ee ‘ . ye ua] J me, Sn Taitt—siwy i - ae 9) ene 1 MrT at Tiekent 1% aie safe Whats sitt > rear erly 16 ¥Rlano/ AA WVhSLWO hiociua iwory U ead Yi SISTA tH =] 20 Tied ley ar? al ewe ar yitlta 9°ot Eritned 1: un Te aia OF hy: ton egt aad ont) AGE Saver Fe i QO MSL pOGKIUGrG werer ORR? Yee iol (BOS et SPTa VW ORS St) Ce f , US EO aa! (ies (7s fod a \CMVED TPC orerhe “se , wwe aia TE 4 Be i by 1 ort a ergs 4g : ; ny ewe Hirao Mle ; y Sant Rae ‘SD chavs rm je | 2istSstins ek eye 60! ' 6 oe nT 7 (iain smi » ; tee) WV Eis Sov canoes It? YESS 5 ED a wt). A grikeusieve te STIS ifiet02 GC) Oringladi'! ec ve A MSEwOe sri ves ces Ripe Sel FIVE oYE aif fl bese & ai) ban Onis ec 31 Gru) oew ainaiq 29S IONS Hag Led w bowtienoo wore Ne Ladletario rrouversidinos. « nani Gan. wa wa Mery ; Tic taRSS, (Mot) Tedur ef? ‘cern of et emlingh O94 nil! aay Grae “Lemar i@tomedg rw Be Te CARCI to fle ary cer nee Gaertn Nw wt) ats Aeed-aruiy he Abia Umea Sew yor fingered? Federal Republic of Germany = Distribution of Elb Water Oropwort in the Federal Republic of Germany. Belgian localities not shown (data not available). Elb Water Dropwort Oenanthe conioides [Umbelliferae: Carrot family] This plant is known only from the valley of the Lower Elbe and tributaries between Zollenspieker/Howe near Hamburg and Gluckstaat in Schleswig-Holstein, Federal Republic of Germany, and two localities in Belgium. It grows with other tall wetland plants in riv- erside wetlands depenaent upon a special flooding regime. The Elb Water Dropwort has declined in all its loca- tions. In the FRG it is primarily threatened by dyking and deepening of the River Elbe. This activity has eliminated the seasonal flooding necessary for the survival of this Endangered plant. Embankment of many tidal rivers with resulting disturbance and frag- mentation of remaining populations has caused fur- ther declines. Four nature reserves have been established but the largest remaining population of 200 plants at Moor- burg is threatened by works to extend the harbour. Rhodes Peony Paeonia rhodia [Paeoniaceae: Peony family] The Rhodes Peony grows up to 40 cm tall and has large dark green leaves cut into oval segments and white flowers 7-10 cm across with orange-yellow sta- mens and a strong and fragrant smell of cloves. This most handsome plant, related to the Cretan peony (Paeonia clusii) of Crete and Karpathos, is Virtually restricted to the island of Rhodes, although scat- teered populations are found on the islands of Kos, Lesbos and Samos in the eastern Aegean. Itis known from nine localities in total, five of which are on the slopes of Mount Profitas Elias in the centre of Rhodes, where the peony is still locally frequent. How- ever, the habitat is not extensive and has suffered from severe forest fires, especially during the summer of 1987 when huge areas of the island's woodland and scrub were devastated. On Profitas Elias, the Rhodes Peony grows between 400-800 metres in small stands of a few square metres within open woodland dominated by Calabrian Pine and cypress. It provides a magnificent spectacle in April, flowering alongside several species of wild orchid including the spectacular Komper's Orchid (Comperia comperiana) at one of its few European Stations. These woods are of considerable importance, not only for their rich flora but also because they contain stands of native cypress on the steep and rocky ground. The Rhodes Peony is threatened by the destruction. of its habitat, notably through fire, the risk of which grows with the increasing numbers of tourists. The summit ridge of Profitas Elias is easily accessible by road, and the plants are therefore vulnerable to pick- ing and trampling by both tourists and villagers, espe- Cially at Easter when peonies and other striking flow- ers are used to decorate churches. Profitas Elias should be established as a nature reserve, and full protection given to its forests and diverse fiora. £8 A\ a 35 qed zobod A = aso Mm Bac 25 wi \ i¥iri ul yrue= lao Re ay tel | le aaet beye Tet md OF-O3 Glenroy yaa tod at -trter atmareien aves enh ia egvEel MuNYP ad apts! J ius waltay ones (iiwitgets ne Ot % nanan asthy tt T cewsgir in. eens Wie fe putinedageanih | - yacess iter) el} os Deteest tex) aepagonedt t= itevtaa seat nie an) tS Seen SS ae eat ahinees Ree : : —" Amo tses © a Cretan Date Palm Phoenix theophrasti [Palmae: Palm family] > Main area af distribution (Crete) e Outlying locality on Nisiros The Cretan Date Palm is one of only two species of palm native to Europe. This, together with its classical appearance and its tendency to form palm groves at isolated localities behind sandy bays along stretches of Cretan coastline, have attracted increasing interest from tourists and film-makers alike. Within the European Community, the palm is con- fined to Crete, although one outlying locality is be- lieved to occur on the Aegean Island of Nisiros. Until about two years ago, the Cretan Date Palm was Gn believed to be endemic to Greece, but new palm- groves have now been located on the Datca Penin- sula of south-west Turkey. A slender tree, up to 12 metres high, the Cretan Date Palm often has several trunks and acrown of leaves 2- 5 metres long. Its typical habitat consists of damp gullies and valleys leading down to the sea which have high water tables and are subject to seasonal flooding. On Crete, five main populations are known, the larg- est being at Vai in the north-east extremity of the island, where it extends over an area of around one square kilometre and supports some 700 trees. Due to tourist and other human pressures in the past, this site has now been declared a nature reserve and access to the grove is by permit only. Elsewhere on the island, however, the remaining populations are small, scattered and receive no protection. At Preveli, on the south coast, the palm grove is located in a small riverine valley and is threatened by campers who cause major damage by cutting the basal fronds for use as shelters. As the palm regenerates from the base of the main trunk, this activity is very harmful and unless itis prohibited, the palm grove will become ma- ture and eventually die out from the lack of young trees. The site at Preveli has also suffered from fires started by campers and because protective Pistacia scrub has been cleared to make access easier. Even though the palm grove at Vai is protected, it is still the target of thousands of tourists who visit each year to see the palms and picnic. Potential danger from fire is therefore high. mied sie neisiD eC OB Aner! Fylrru! relat geri) rpm tartcomepey o fe neg teteno! wor mwmD wari mene aut The place name ‘Finiki’, meaning palm, is not uncom- mon in the Aegean region and this suggests that the palms remaining today may represent the fragments of a formerly much larger and more widespread population. This beautiful tree has a strong place in local culture and has now become a tourist attraction on Crete, featuring on postcards throughout the is- land and as a theme for café names. This suggests widespread support for the palm’s protection. Any conservation measures taken must therefore take into account, not only the paim’s special ecological requirements, but the needs and demands of the local community and the tourists that flock to see it each year. Of the Cretan localities, only the one at Vai is ade- quately protected. Additional conservation measures are needed atits other localities, particularly at Preveli, the second largest population on Crete. The Cretan Date Palm is related to the Cultivated Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) and could prove important in the future for breeding new hybrid cultivars, possi- bly with improved disease resistance, which may prove to be economically valuable. @ Distribution of the main localities of Cretan Date-palm on Crete (other localities consisting of scattered trees are not mapped) 37 38 Sardinian Gooseberry Ribes sardoum [Grossulariaceae: Gooseberry family] The Sardinian Gooseberry is known from only one locality on Sardinia, where it grows at Monte di Oliena in Su Prada. It is a small spineless shrub, reaching a height of 1.5 metres, which grows on calcareous rocks at an altitude of 1,200 metres in a small damp valley. There are only 30 or so gooseberry shrubs in the sole population which extends over approximately 200 square metres in a habitat of scrub and upland garrigue. Many other of Sardinia’s rare or endemic plants also grow in this area. Monte di Oliena is included in the area of the pro- posed National Park of Gennargentu but is not yet protected. The main threat to the Sardinian Goose- berry is fire and its poor regenerative capacity. Italian botanists consider that this species may be heading for extinction in the wild. Full protection of its habitat is required, together with suitable management in situ to produce better condi- tions for its survival. Such management should in- clude reducing grazing pressure, creating fire breaks and consideration to a programme of artificial propa- gation with subsequent reintroduction of plants to the wild. A study of its population biology may also shed light on why it does not reproduce well in the wild. =, aniseed Muu Aas SEC yarn Viner oon) cannes cece) om yo met Far @ yredwiows, « bie Gre) leno elm ewenn 4 ow bos miritiié, a re VAC Orie Gils aetna: lene ¢ gh ee See es Ao een fotiw Soe’! | pte Cry arr, bh eptn OOS, ? \) etal ig Hi 1S a. Oe watteang 02 wo OF YO EE eT yore wv @Ghere, foriw egy oc at Bee cio SS WA) BA ae ti tt Wc sO ow 2 rinses 6 write yA Maprty. ‘ ypeva aiggan won 'c wieia et eff oo pure ati Wi betwen a a Pel 1b arcs Wy fon a Bid Windyinrie? 90 Wis) onetiayi DetDg —9000D henite? ort oF imei} aime ori) cay ousdg nowtatl VERSO vilarany Uerrman a! Tapia 420 gewbant. act Ym werceiye Wf %i Ter Bas Abinto: Hwee eoitaritas 1 lillies him peli br AMD exiito ead dice vaned 821 ab oh Oh Ne: POWtoiy ull Sen, “fl UhIOre Inammagariam cisU liviiie 2)! 0! sel! Steet cit grime weusind prime proud” shu “qety leksiine joerrrmeirs © OL @yebeoSo bile SMaLarNa te hotouboNeA INeypartive Miw noling Certs Gute. Ya gis nolniuady atte yous & bw le Ort nt Maw qaubenqe) lof sent NW ynw nc Migl sivas © Shore Dock Rumex rupestris [Polygonaceae: Dock and knotweed family] The Shore Dock is undistinguished in appearance and might be thought to be just another wayside dock. However, it is one of the world's rarest docks, restricted to the Atlantic coasts of Europe from north Spain to Wales. It has erect, branched stems 30-100 cm tall, oblong to narrowly oval, rather bluish-green leaves, and clusters of small flowers - the fruits of which bear 3 corky floats by which they are dispersed in sea-water. This dock is known from Galicia in north-west Spain, Britanny and Normandy in north-west France, the Channel Isles, south-west England and from Angle- sey inWales. The localities are scattered and the plant is nowhere common. For example, although wide- spread in Britain at the beginning ofthis century, 1989 figures indicated that only about 13 sites remain, eight of which contain a total of less than 250 plants. The habitat of the Shore Dock is the upper part of seashores, especially where a stony beach lies adja- cent to a Cliff that is damp with fresh water seepage, but sometimes in damp places in sand dunes. The plant is Vulnerable and has declined dramatically due to pressures of tourism, including both seaside build- ing development and trampling of its unstable habitat by large numbers of visitors. Afforestation of sand dunes has also destroyed suitable habitat for it at one Welsh locality. In Finistere (France) the Shore Dock has become Extinct at many former localities due to the invasion of its habitat by Hottentot Fig (Carpobro- tus edulis), an introduced daisy-like plant originally from South Africa. It is very important that the remaining localities be protected from unrestricted public access and other pressures. Consideration should also be given to the restoration of former habitats that have become degraded by, for instance, invasion of Carpobrotus. a 39 we ity ltanig ~ NUCHING Of ¥v80 Orn Gra \x “garb Hi | deley 390 ear - Vth arty oe ti ~ 3 he etsy (ey) ——_—- Venetian Glasswort Salicornia veneta [Chenopodiaceae: Goosefoot family] The Venetian Glasswort, like all members of the genus Salicornia, is confined to shallow saline waters and has fleshy, cylindrical stems that ‘crackle underfoot’. Many species of Sa/icornia are considered a delicacy and are popular in local cuisine. The Venetian Glasswort is confined to the tidal shores of the Venice Lagoon, which is a fragile coastal environment, threatened by infilling for the construction of industry and other developments. Pollution has also altered the water quality and plant life of the lagoon. In particular, pollution from sewage and agricultural fertilisers has caused a plague of seaweed, large quantities of which have to be dredged from the lagoon each day. The ecology of the shoreline and intertidal areas is particularly threatened by accumulating piles of rotting seaweed which are stranded at high tides and by mechanical beach-cleaning operations which become necessary to clear them. The Venetian Glasswort is an example of a species where a combination of measures are required to ensure its protection. As a priority, the fragile shore- line habitat must be safeguarded, by prohibiting land reclamation and other damaging developments. In addition, there is an urgent need to curb the use of agricultural fertilisers, so that pollution of rivers enter- ing the lagoon and the consequent effects of the seaweed plague are reduced. ~~ $rowzeals) neiisna¥ gjerey Birnoots2 {yirtat rootsens. 2 satacelboeare | gating vittlo redo heretl noaant) auras ori tera 27eNew ofillec wollte Gg) Santings ci E@cucnind Sapte wldcin7' we! eenate igcivbnitys fies" eat dparetiennn mero vie eo ease vr" sanat wer io oll intact POS YBa Holzmann’s Catchfly Silene holzmannii [Caryophyllaceae: Carnation family] This small catchfly is an erect, unbranched annual plant upto 20 cmtall, with paired lance-shaped leaves and small pinkish flowers. It is a rare plant of scattered distribution through the European part of the south- ern Aegean Sea, where it is mostly restricted to very small islands. Some of these islands are remote, but many are adjacent to larger islands or mainland coasts which are becoming increasingly susceptible eitherto severe disturbance from repeated visits by tourists or, more seriously, by the use of these islands for short term grazing by goats. Holzmann’s Catchfly is thought to occur at 13 locali- ties but further investigation is needed to establish whether the plant still survives at all these sites. It is part of a unique community of small plants that has evolved on islands; its fine adaptation to this habitat is shown by its fruits which are able to float and survive in sea water and this is its major method of dispersal from one island coast to another. The often tiny islands where the catchfly grows could be granted strong protection if grazing were prohib- ited. (Apparently, even a few goats left on these islands can cause total destruction to the vegetation in a very short time.) Furthermore, careful diversion of tourists away from sensitive zones on some of the more accessible islands, especially in Attica and eastern Crete, would benefit greatly the chances of this species’ survival. 41 4 Wrists. e'nasosloHl -s a at A ' > >a bh os eae (yirewt rcnir mn ' ONMIO] J eo) i vasa hertscrmnu ») Anno. heme eat a eevee tage Weal Dewi Tm IMS OR or quanmg® 47 peestente sh M159 sito aie A 2 owed? hall: ners Ene ‘ies STE ATO PUN) eodeicy i Vw OF beriiae yen td 220i ory) alriae! we saeco Wiektan we ttre ONIN ORR arn y Chan 4G ATRL vd ote ote 201! Perit 3) sOttiele’ Geil > ae: o “gol 6? te twode of Why ortt wi yitriatad @ fioiiieme of bobeer & icitegtnevnd verte 27 cite eta) th io auviviim GH melg tar tert} ainsi) Verre to giiareneae eupir ate 2 Petiev) 8h oI novetehs oni ay: shnatel 9 Ge aun bit jeo8 ct shige soir asuvt af ye Weerscnib to Davila Milern at a oir: tra? teffinen et Ran | * Bion ewer L) yiriotan art} wart etnies? yi iY SEV HRIZBID |) NoMoNtany once new. ne Mi! lies wel a ave vie MGlisiegay ela! neitoutient) (ted pare I aes hed yows cue! newnevid Mires elkfennion 0) @1 to emo af 2 bow 20S resiae DIT ea/nA yim ivi aoigeete eit 6 Caco, aril’ = i = 1 —— + * i —2 9 - + Se ae a ‘i Bristle Fern Trichomanes speciosum [Hymenophyllaceae: Filmy Fern family] A fern with thin, membranous and highly dissected leaves some 10-40 cm long which arise froma creep- ing stem usually embedded in fissures of sandstone or similar porous rock close to streams and waterfalls. The Bristle Fern grows in situations with constant flowing water, and because of its very thin texture, is confined to highly moist, often dark, crevices and gullies in deep narrow wooded valleys in areas of high rainfall. Throughout its range it is threatened by defor- estation and the drying out of small watercourses. It : has also become established in isolated man-made Note: Bristle Fern is also scattered throughout the Atlantic : : Islands (distribution not mapped here) wells or mine-shafts in France and Ireland. This Vulnerable fernis a representative of a fast dimin- ishing ancient subtropical flora and is of high scientific interest. The Bristle Fern is scattered throughout the Atlantic Islands where it is often associated with the native laurel cloud forest, a habitat which is critically threat- ened. In northern Spain it is present in a number of localities where it is particularly threatened by encroaching Eucalyptus plantations. The few popula- tions inthe French Pyrenees are Endangered and the single Portuguese population may be Extinct. In both Britain and Ireland it islegally protected and one of the British sites is located within a National Nature Re- serve. One population is known inthe Apuane Alps of northern Italy where it requires protection. In the past this attractive fern was highly sought after for decorating the sitting rooms of Victorian England and elsewhere in Europe, and many wild populations a were completely removed as a result. CC) 42 = ; . Lo ae f wio4 shziva : i muaciogaz caratiariont = . 4 fytodh tia yor arapccnyrianderny | a . perpen escape PME : -% 4 paren tpt ses Git Aig ae oe, seweel 1) BOD yHeL Sli sane aaenpotere Fm ony ~ ; : we. se ail wi eo YL gwar erie ath Ne saueerall ee tire par ayant eer a _ ee ee oe oe Senglih pte tele veceiece oom tl (eget Deep ear? OM Threatened tulips of Greece Tulipa spp. [Liliaceae: Lily family] Goulimy’s Tulip (Tulipa goulimyi) is a beautiful tulip which grows to about 10-25 cm tall and has brilliant orange-red flowers 4-5 cm across. It occurs only in the most south-eastern part of the Peloponnese, the adjacent islands of Elafonisos and Kithira, and at one station on the most westerly extremity of Crete. Alto- gether this tulip is known from 18 localities, but at almost all of them only a few individuals are present. Of these, even fewer actually flower each year and these are frequently picked by villagers. Reproduc- tion is principally by offsets from the bulbs, but this is threatened by the gathering of the sweet-tasting bulbs for food. Furthermore, the plant's habitat of sandy fields and stony or gravelly places amongst low scrub, often near the sea, is being eroded by ine expansion of arable cultivation and glasshouse construction and by the development of the coast for tourism. Bulbous plants, suchas the Goulimy’s Tulip, are vulnerable not only to the use of herbicides for weed control, but also to modern deep ploughing which precludes their sur- vival even on the margins of arable fields. In order to conserve this threatened plant, areas of suitable habitat should be protected against agricul- tural and building development, especially on Kithira where Goulimy’s Tulip is still locally frequent. Digging up the bulbs, mostly done by children, should be strongly discouraged, perhaps as part of a general educational campaign about the value of wild flowers. Another species, Wavy4eaved Tulip, (Tulipa undulati- folia), which grows in cultivated fields, may be even more critically threatened as a result of deep plough- ing. 50 years ago it was sold by the bucket in the Athens flower market but the main reason for its decline is changing agricultural methods rather than picking. Total known distribution of Goulimy’s Tulip Wavy-leaved Tulip uly it creas AR ste 5 < o> i eios Dsiisiedig - 4 — YIOTO Ve ai ~ : ib = r a Nat vis \amecisell ft esl vs u i: iG CR TNR Sand a at. “yer, MOG Si\\uT) Ott y Witikane). z NM tsit- tes lM tte Beery te Of ewety mini, © (7 ; r. MVIeP UA ff op ' EN ARORA Neti 40 nen cc aemarttone Nheaer ark ih APS 20S ESBS ole bys 2 Hcy iol) Neches mreomba aD - Line 4 ; ! ocha “OTA IGS CUREIAD witty tec 2 i he notte 5 Gwe GT iow wwced m led cute see JNQIAIG HAG eye rit te thy AE IORY AS ee yRance awh Hee ae as UIAREA ebay at bassin: ert wat eet. Rett Sud aay) my Vist! ein aed PON Dil teenetatiy ny Lin Na ot (llepeonatiy Sheng * ) | grit atime 4 VADeriti: Oy chailebe rt. 2, verte, SU Suing? /Bogtiss WUDA WOR ni tig oe 7G yilevin oe verte ORME Ott y6i lepucrc Yreecs-ii aus oft aan BA yo thar Ladies er NOs hoepenm PUCICNE .Teetmticet set ba . . Sort! ty eu ae ark TOE larvae he gue ligt fe Vries orifee Aoi Je PUIG IC Severe hows eg russ Sore 2h Men eae pattem WE NaH? at ipnehy Hl aisdets atigod a; i. sie y rue uss arp COU aA orth age lo aun aig tonnietnaans oh e-iaburtog ot Sty | gins Tht. Ces oct Siverie ead wig WARN nig) ¥ Mactan te Orewa ved prviteliud Bog : On Es0: snniiD sn) Cr deo) Ith a CRT Senne a FE Dhcie snagstilithe vet eceviy witseen olen galt Run 22 tay on atateg CORR Yigrg sara DIN TS ania srt yaw eataqonns Cu a t 4 * A species cf Veronica Mount Iti Speedwell Veronica oetaea [Scrophulariaceae: Foxglove family] Mount Iti speedwell is a rather hairy annual plant not more than 5 cm tall, with tiny, narrow leaves and inconspicuous flowers. Despite its diminutive stature, it is one of the most interesting plants of the Greek mountains, being restricted to the upper slopes of Mount Iti, south-west of Lamia in central Greece, where it occurs in just two temporary pools formed from snow melt in the spring. Its nearest relatives occur in western Asia. The habitat of Mount Iti Speedwell is a very special- ised one which is vulnerable and very localised through- out Europe. Not long after the discovery of the spe- cies in 1976, its only known site became threatened due to bauxite mining nearby. This brought consider- able disturbance to the general area. Ancilliary devel- opments such as the construction of mine and for- estry roads placed further pressures on the area. A site survey is now needed to determine whether the species has survived this interference as the pools themselves are very fragile, being shallow and only a few metres in diameter — they are therefore very sensitive to even quite small changes in the local environment. It is imperative that any further mining of bauxite or construction of roads be directed away from these pools and their catchment area. Indeed, the whole area of Mount Itiis of major scientific interest and has a rich flora that includes a number of species rare or endemic to Europe. It is therefore clear that Mount Iti merits special protection, and any activity likely to damage the flora (and fauna) should be prohibited. ‘ =—~< ~~ Ilbswheege itl tauel BHMHO BNO iyi? evens seman gc) fa jasly hounine hniayettin oo We;tesce tH invol! — phe eves WOR) VON Maw Meouna-2 nant aon ilies eviunlonih atl liq cower ayougenouni eres olen le Hehe ai fi o We MA OF Dayarveiy Delby enimrivorn Witte re gintes To Rawerituce Jt iin beceryt ecko OTN GW! JCheL Muieso Y ater pean Waser 6) .oneds sitet Ren: wune ap) EA Matta of itigao PA) ® pe 9 HT Wen es petiokeirt apt a he aims + ort wio cee pm ye 0M age dc re, a BEF ai ebm Mac horonrsteo yon ‘patties qeindor sub | pet iaaitarA aan tewrigg gio: esendym!s 90r (Ae re arten to nora ntarioo «tt on dae ptieemnas nO seminal Vor tx omi2 eve) ihe towbar wen siyiarwa ote A Viviparous Chain Fern Woodwardia radicans [Blechnaceae: Chain fern family] Arobust fern, with leaves up to 2.5 metres long arising from a short thick stem that remains close to the ground. The blade of the leaf comprises deeply toothed leaflets and bears near the tip a young plantlet which eventually establishes itself independently. The re- productive bodies (clusters of spore-cases) are in chain-like groups on the underside of the leaf. Woodwardia radicans, like all chain ferns must have its roots in water or moist soil and are found associ- ated with rocky streams in steep-sided valleys or in scrubby more open valley floors where natural under- ground drainage channels provide the right environ- ment. The species is therefore Vulnerable and threat- ened by schemes to remodel watercourses and other activities involving the management and canalisation of drainage channels. The main centre for the Viviparous Chain Fern is the Atlantic !slands: the Canarylsies, Madeiraand Azores, where the fern is characteristically found in gullies and ravines associated with remnant laurel forest, a criti- cally threatened habitat which has been subject to much recent clearance and replacement with forestry plantations of Japanese Larch (Cryptomeria japon- ica). Remnant populations of the Viviparous Chain Fern in north Portugal and northern Spain are threat- ened by re-afforestation and the making of extraction roads which is changing water-courses. There are only three sites in Italy, where the species is protected by provincial laws, and one in Sicily, but active man- agement is needed if it is to survive. The sole French site is in north Corsica and is unprotected. The single population in western Crete is threatened by agricul- tural development. 45 Note: Also present througnout the Atlantic Islands Ss [4a iV { . ‘ i, ~ he i ‘en. : Sreeli cit lavas ee | ~ = 2% } Ti eitsitan wit) aouwtjei5) ; . \ Ours Trot Aa ii GL <3 eal thy a tauigy A: q iT Oo) SSgio aso tet! role Rt | Hariiocnvicsco annttqies fo! ati to aad at pan ‘Soh taunplg qruny Gaal etl (en eed Sg gela) 79 a) wit ylnetwi i ‘lon euceaies Macarena © MY. ott (eee ee io "ev; SHbed as | tool Ota wy Mi equeng qbrnera ia ~+-- —-- - Team? evil iucrene: carp il6 el rai Heahial NEAR we Neon I towses omy Leen \ ‘Kosee Diuat ore op jor ‘ero Ty eee ee ’ a ow. " ¢ O10 BVEaSY. Dot Cmers 0| arr yiigy pote - [ WetrThs ares OCI WHOS VBE Td E oa. ! oy iES Wior @efl abit - eT PAs iy aa ‘seitio Soc ee elites! i Togs lei Gre ieeriegioriam au y i] e¢ 321 ae suc atte ai sTosAQ pene) A der! “nee Cris uel hed fitinvGt malay aie a> o batch iain iirwier ot tisayhey fel amit iti oe ie vicar Fin prion: Oats SOR BION VD} ITT Bf Linana algarviana Cabo St Vincente @ Thymus camphoratus © Thymus cephalotus Atlanac Ocean Cabo St Vincente Distribution of some rare and threatened endemic plants of the Algarve, Southern Portugal Some threatened plants of Portugal Wild plants of the Algarve Thymus camphoratus and Thymus cephalotos [Labiatae: Mint family] Linaria algarviana [Scrophulariaceae: Foxglove family] The Portuguese Algarve remains a wondertul place for its wealth of wild flowers, although pressure for tourism developments is constantly reducing the extent and distribution of natural and semi-natural vegeta- tion. One of the richest areas for plant life in Portugal is the ‘Berrocal’ region of the Algarve - a zone of limestone which begins at Cabo St Vincente (the south-west corner of Portugal), extending to Tavira to the east. Many interesting and colourful plants are found in this area, including a number of species which are endemic to Portugal, such as the Berrocal Thyme “Tomilho Cabegudo” (Thymus cephalotos), a distinctive aromatic dwarf shrub which grows in open stony areas. Two other plants endemic to the Algarve and of world Endangered status also grow nearby, along a short windswept stretch of coast to the east of Cabo St Vincente, between Odeceixe and Sagres. This area of spectacular limestone coast is known as the ‘Barlav- ento’. Its grazed headlands support a rich flora of herbs and aromatic dwarf shrubs including the Cam- phor Thyme (Thymus camphoratus) and Algarvian Toadflax (Linaria algarviana). 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