Srecnosenerese ee ee ee ~ ee ee aed - Waasr Tin J ay eh, e EE als, Vege NY as ee med ; ii a é a AK VPS 4 J IML Je JEL GAN I REVISED EDITION. EVERY HORSE OWNER'S CYCLOPEDIA. THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HORSE; GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS ; THE POINTS OF THE HORSE, WITH DIRECTIONS HOW TO CHOOSE HIM; THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING, AND THE BEST KIND TO BREED FROM; THE TREATMENT OF THE BROOD MARE AND FOAL; RAISING AND BREAKING THE COLT; STABLES AND STABLE MANAGEMENT; RIDING, DRIVING, ETC., ETC. DISEASES, AND HOW TO CURE THEM. THE PRINCIPAL MEDICINES, AND THE DOSES IN WHICH THEY CAN BE SAFELY ADMINISTERED ; ACCIDENTS, FRACTURES, AND THE OPERATIONS NECESSARY IN EACH CASE; SHOEING, ETC. Lea Paes Fe WALSH, F.R.C.S. (“SToNEHENGF”’). \ WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE VETERINARY SURGEON COMES. By GEORGE FLEMIN G, F.R.C.S. THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE,, WITH SUGGESTIONS ON THE BREEDING AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS. By ELLWOOD HARVEY, M.D. A SHORT HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN TROTTING TURF, AND ee OF TROTTING AND PACING PERFORMANCES. By HENRY T. COATES. TABLES OF BEST PERFORMANCES ON THE AMERICAN RUNNING TURF. By 8. D. anv L. C. BRUCE, : OF THE “TURF, FIELD AND FARM.” THE PERCHERON HORSE; TABLES OF PEDIGREES OF CELEBRATED TROTTERS, ETC. WITH NEARLY ONE HUNDRED FINE ENGRAVINGS ON WOOD AND STEEL. SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION. PHILADELPHIA: PORTER & COATES: ——_ — COPYRIGHT, PORTER & COATES, 1871. COPYRIGHT, HENRY T. COATES, 1880 and 1882. ya) TO JOHN H. WALLACE, THE AUTHOR OF WALLACE’S TROTTING REGISTER AND AMERICAN STUD BOOK, AND EDITOR OF WALLACE’S MONTHLY, TO WHOSE UNTIRING INDUSTRY AND LABORIOUS INVESTIGATION EVERY ONE INTERESTED IN THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE IS GREATLY INDEBTED, Ohis Work IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. SRA aati ; it ap er ba es nie } WHat eA st! CAM, i 4 ¥ ” ; ‘Se bi) id Cao iad ’ x Tia win! aor * ie * toe ap , GF OT he a oH Pl cetiirn h aty (os CONTENTS. CHAPTER L EARLY HISTORY OF THE HORSE. The Horse of Scripture—The Greek Horse—That of the Romans—The Arab of Antiquity—Egyptian, Libyan, Numidian, and Moorish Horses- ~ The original British Horse—Ancient methods of using the Horse . CHAPTER II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Fabits—External Form as indicated by Points—Proportions—Maturity— Average Age — Periodical Moulting — Mental Development — Small Stomach . . : . . : . ° . ° . ° . CHAPTER IIL THE HORSES OF THE EAST. The Barb—The Egyptian Horse—The Horses of Dongola and Abyssinia— Other African Horses—The Modern Arab—The Persian Horse—The Turkish Horse—Other Asiatic Horses—The Australian Horse 5 fs CHAPTER IV. THE HORSES OF THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. The South American Horse—The Mustang—The Indian Pony—The Cana- dian Horse—The Morgan Horse—The American Trotter—The Narragan- set Pacer—The American Thorough-bred—The Vermont Cart-Horse— The Conestoga Draught-Horse : 5 3 . (v) °aGE 13 18 36 45 ~ vi CONTENTS. CHAPTER V. THE THOROUGH-BRED HOASE. PAGE Early Maturity —Object of Encouraging the Breed—Essentials in the Thorough-bred—Purity of Blood—External Formation—Height—Color —Coat, Mane, and Tail . 5 A . 5 c ° A - - 57 CHAPTER VI. ON THE LOCOMOTIVE ACTION IN THE VARIOUS PACES. Natural and Acquired Paces—Distribution of Weight—Attitude assumed in Standing—Mode of Progression—The Walk—Trot—Canter—Hand- Gallop—Extended Gallop—The Amble—Racking, Pacing, and Running -—The Paces of the Manege—Leaping, or Jumping : a 2 2 46 CHAPTER VII. THE PRINCIPLES OF BREEDING APPLICABLE TO THE HORSE. Theory of Generation—In-and-in Breeding—Out-Crossing, Advantages and Disadvantages of each Plan—Causes of a “ Hit”—Importance of Health and Soundness in both Sire and Dam—Best Age to Breed from— Influence of Sire and Dam respectively—Choice of Sire and Dam—The kind of Horse most likely to be profitable to the Breeder—Concluding Remarks on Breeding C 4 . : : 3 - c . - 99 CHAPTER VIII. THE BROOD MARE AND HER FOAL. The Hovel and Paddock—General Management of the Brood-Mare—Treat- ment when in Foal—After Foaling—Early ie, Gua of the Foal— Weaning and After Treatment of the Foal . ° . - 117 CHAPTER IX. THE BREAKING OF THE COLT. Rarey’s Principles and Practice—Ordinary English Method of Breaking for the Saddle—Superiority of the Latter when H peDeHy carried out—Break- ing to Harness * 5 ° F ° C 2 ; - 128 CHAPTER X. STABLES. Situation and Aspect—Foundations—Stalls and Loose Boxes—Hay Cham- ber anu Granary—Materials for Floors—Doors and Windows—Drainage CONTENTS. et | PAGE and Water Supply—Ventilation and Lighting—Stable Fittings—Harness Room—Coach-House—Servants’ Rooms—Ground Plans of Stables— Necessity for Airing New Stables . 5 A 5 ° ° ° - 155 CHAPTER XI. STABLE MANAGEMENT, Theory and Practice of Feeding and Watering—Dressing or Grooming— / # Clipping, Singeing, and Trimming—Use and Application of Bandages— Management of the Feet—Daily Exercise—Proper Temperature of the Stable—Remedies for Stable Vices and Bad Habits—Preparation for Work—Ordinary Sweating—The Turkish Bath—Physic—Final Prepara- tion—Treatment after Work—Summering—Care of Saddiery and Har- ness . CRIN sith de 5 : : 6 . 6 shntanre 177 CHAPTER XIL RIDING. Mounting and Dismounting—The Seat—Management of the Reins—Modes of Starting the Horse into his Various Paces—Riding to Hounde—Out- door Vices and Bad Habits - ° 2 ° ‘ . . . - 230 CHAPTER XIII. ULASSIFICATION OF THE VARIOUS ORGANS, AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SKELETON. Classification of the Various Organs—Structure of Bone—Of the Skeleton in General—The Artificial Skeleton—Number of Bones composing the Skeleton—General Anatomy of the Spinal Column—Of the Head and Face—Of the Thoracic Arch and Anterior Extremities—Of the Pelvic Arch and Hind Extremities—Of the Tail—Of the Fore and Hind Ex- tremities considered as Organs of Support and Locomotion . ° . 248 CHAPTER XIV. «’ THE TEETH . ° 5 a . 257 Sp CHAPTER XV. OF THE JOINTS AND MUSCLE—THE TISSUES ENTERING INTO THEIR COMPOSITION. The Joints—Cartilage—Fibrous Tissue—Physiology of Muscle. . . 2664 vill CONTENTS. CHAPTER XVI. THE THORAX, PAGE Contents of the Thorax—The Blood—General Plan of the Circulation-— The Veins—Physiology of Respiration . ° ; ° . . . CHAPTER XVII. THE ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC VISCERA. The Abdomen and its Contents—Physiology of Digestion——Structure of Glands and Physiology of Secretion—Depuration, and its Office in the Animal Economy—The Stomach—The Intestines—Liver—Spleen—Pan- ereas— Kidneys— Pelvis—Bladder—Organs of Generation, Male and Female . . . ° : . : . : rest 4 CHAPTER XVIII. THE NERVES AND SPECIAL ORGANS. The Nerves—The Organ of Smell—The sty Ear—The Organ of Touch—The Foot . ° ° . , 5 3 . CHAPTER XIX. THE DISEASES AND INJURIES OF BONE. General Remarks—Splints—Ringbone and Sidebone—Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages—Bone Spavin—Exostosis of the Humerus and Scapula, or Shoulder-Joint Lameness—Fistula of the Withers, or Thiselo—Poll Evil—Caries of the Jaw—Osteo Sarcoma, or Big Head—Fractures : CHAPTER XX. INJURY AND DISEASES OF THE JOINTS, MUSCLES, AND TENDONS. Diseases of Muscle, Tendon, and Ligament—Of Cartilage and Synovial Membrane—Inflamed Tendinous Sheaths—Inflamed Dursea Mucose— Strains—Those of the Back and Loins—Of the Shoulder—Of the Knee —Of the Fetlock—Of the Coffin Joint—Of the Suspensory Ligaments— Of the Back-Sinews—Breaking Down—Strains of the Hip-Joint, Stifle, and Hock—Curb—Dislocation—Wounds of Joints . ° : A CHAPTER XXI. DISEASES OF THE THORACIC ORGANS AND THEIR APPENDAGES. General Remarks—Catarrh, or Cold—Influenza, or Distemper—Bronchitis ~—Chronic Cough—Laryngitis, Roaring, Whistling, etc.—Pneumonia and 272 278 286 297 . 311 CONTENTS. 1x PAGA Congestion of the Lungs—Pleurisy—Pleurodynia—Phthisis— Broken Wind—Thick Wind—Spasm of the Diaphragm—Diseases of the Heart— Diseases of the Blood Vessels in the Chest and Nose : P ° - 326 CHAPTER XXII. DISEASES OF THE ABDOMINAL VISCERA AND THEIR APPENDAGES, General Remarks—Diseases of the Mouth and Throat—Gastritis—Stomach Staggeers—Dyspepsia—Bots—Inflammation of the Bowels—Colic—Diar- rhea and Dysentery—Strangulation and Rupture—Calculi in the Bowels —Worms—Disease of the Liver—Of the Kidneys—Of the Bladder—OFf , the Organs of Generation ae Ae c . - : : : 350. CHAPTER XXIII. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Phrenitis, or Mad Staggers—Epilepsy and Conyulsions—Megrims—Rabies, Hydrophobia, or Madness— Tetanus, or Lock-jaw — Apoplexy and Paralysis—String Halt—Coup de Soleil, or Sun-stroke . . « 375 CHAPTER XXIV. DISEASES AND INJURIES OF CERTAIN SPECIAL ORGANS. Diseases of the Ear—Inflammation of the Eye—Cataract—Amaurosis— Buck-eye—Surfeit—Hidebound—Mange—Lice—Mallenders and Sallen-. ders—Warbles, Sitfasts, and Harness-Galls—Grubs—Bites and Stings of Insects—Swelled Legs—Chapped Heels—Grease, or Scratches—Warts —Corns — Sandcrack — False Quarter—Quittor—Thrush—Canker—La- minitis—Seedy Toe—Contraction of the Foot—Navicular Disease—Acci- dents to the Legs and Feet : : ° . A ° ° ° . 383 CHAPTER XXV. CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. Fevers —Anasarca—Glanders—Farcy ° A : : 4 ° . Al? CHAPTER XXVI. SHOEING. 6 5 5 c : . 421 / CHAPTER XXVIL OPERATIONS. Administration of Chloroform—Methods of Confining the Horse—Bleeding —Firing—Setons and Rowels—Blistering—Castration—Docking and Nicking—Unnerving—Reduction of Hernia—Administration of Physic -—Clysters—Back-Raking S 5 . : Sti 2 A » « 431 x CONTENTS. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE PRINCIPAL MEDICINES, AND THE DOSES IN WHICH THEY CAN SAFELY BE ADMINISTERED. PAGE Alteratives —Anzsthetics —Anodynes —Antacids —Anthelmintics—A peri- ents —Astringents —Blisters —Caustics—Charges—Clysters—Cordials— Demulcents — Diaphoretics — Digestives — Diuretics — Embrocations— Emulsions —Expectorants —Febrifuges —Lotions—Narcotics—Refriger- ants—Sedatives —Stimulants —Stomachics —Styptics —Tonics —Vermi- fuges, or Worm Medicines 5 “ : 4 : : Pads, CHAPTER XXIX. On SouNDNESS, AND ON THE PuRCHASE AND SALE OF HorsEs . : - 463 WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE VETERINARY SURGEON COMES , - a - 469 Tor PrercHERON HorskE A : : : ; A; 5 A . 493 A Suort History or THE AMERICAN TROTTING HorsE . : : . 503 TABLES oF TROTTING PERFORMANCES . 5 5 : 6 : = . 555 TABLES or PAcING PERFORMANCES . F ; é ‘ : A . 577 TABLE OF Brest PERFORMANCES ON THE AMERICAN RunNNING TURF . . 583 EssAy on THE AMERICAN TrotTING Horsk, AND SUGGESTIONS ON THE BREEDING AND TRAINING OF TROTTERS . 2 . : : 2 . 597 PEDIGREES OF CELEBRATED TRroTTING HorsES . A crate f - 637 InpEx . . - = : é fs 6 6 6 c “ - 657 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. GoLpsmMITH MaArIp AND AMERICAN GIRL......... dada cacaunnnanctusesunacesueesuceccess Frontispiece. MAMBEENOVEIEOT. Hromia painting by, He MR OMG. ...2....cccscsaldscstecacseaasdeassedassedests ESISIDEN Rineaseeena es atrenyedentrnc aa sacausecwernunanacenteceue cates wrsicence seas ous soiarsancdssccasaceesereensthuadestert’ LEXINGTON. From a painting by E. TROYE........s.sse0000 ENGLISH CART-HORSE ELD WENME ORVRES Ts aaretcascdteceencccsvanssescacvssencossa GOV HRNORNSPRAG UM). cvcccccveneasesdecatestessects SMUGGLER Lapy THORNE. From a photograph by SCHREIBER & SON...........:esee+ HopeFuL. From a drawing by EDWIN FORBES..............-ssscscseeccoeeres GEORGE M. PaTcHEN. From a drawing by T. C. CARPENDALE DEXxNHR Hrom) a photograph: by OCKW OOD) c..ccccnveccseacace-euse-csvssadeie¥cssancaeceencuens SKEHE TON: OMe THEMEORSE itscctccrsiiccs comers otenecec te ssnecureeetes sve saisee one zaances teascapeness FoxHALL. Winner of the Grand Prix de Paris, Cesarewitch, and Cambridge- shires esti v Ascot! Cups 1882 ...siccecccscevesatcactececccescscauscestuneeue nun nattee es ceaherbadtectes' 272 DISEASES OF THE HORSE SECTION OF THE ABDOMEN AND PELVIS, WITH INTESTINES AND LIVER RE- MOVED—LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF THE THORAKX....:-....---eccccssscessceasecsceseesnss Mac. From a drawing by RoBERT CLARKE.. 66 eae GoutpsmitH Maip. From a photograph by Secmenane & com! sotpoecente THOMAS JEFFERSON. From a photograph by SCHREIBER & SON........ tae UMbEON eer OM a Ona WAN Diy Cla DR EID Chic... -¢'sss as cneseeseecacsvsvsesaascascdcacceesesucsees Mavup §. From a drawing by KITTREDGE... eavouvataniuedesious cadledsesa.saviecevenensacatsenesa Troquois. Winner of the Derby and St. ree 1881.. coonck eRecodgaac econ ecacORcHEcacodaescacteete FLORA TEMPLE AND CoLtT. From a photograph by SCHREIBER & SON..-............. 599 HAMBLETONIAN. From a photograph by SCHREIBER & SON...........::::ccceeeeeeeseceeeee 610 MR OTUID USD rerccenevacny sector ssntcseccadereetaar ss vsct sara tseees esac ates ea tense tacdeneas eavexsetiecahccenneenees 620 IROINTS VOR! THEY ELORSH-ve.vesscestseesss3sseeesenest QERIO UE SHOULDERS coscccssadloacsc ete cstassdeaensusacee saewcstaee sectemesscetuclseve ceencuesocneters WMEPRIGHME SHOULD ER: sv tecededcanstcccaacececcn ctelcesencenaceedecuevesetdace esc actess stessucontedeasteaestestes PROPORTIONS OF THE VARIOUS POINTS itcsctacdhoecsiestateccose son seaues ore ssnstaat ccvensaoteueeaes BREGE GOD OL PELENY ARUABWAIN cca. ua scpivetteidie cues tvatsusedacaveclevsacaweneedsudaesucceseudeseaesbcrecseueaaes CHABAN, AN ARABIAN SUPA TON sak adine Ce sesteeecsee Panpdneies caste Ratsapes deledeateaesesebiaeonctarare 35 THE CANADIAN Horse. soeberck Socasonnasoccoceaee neancasssesace Ccocr erocopacanncconseécocsoapicenstneecctns 47 CoNESTOGA DRAUGHT-HORSE... daleceietnatcaes escusscesdsecsdatarasiccceev socatecaccrescaset 56 FISHERMAN—AN ENGLISH THOROUGH-BRED........ 62 SAUNTERER—AN ENGLISH THOROUGH-BRED......., 64 REAR TIN Gone OI) (TELE) (WAU Kisasecsestincedocneasessecieveuecntsnce ss gondated steebidaedsrsiers ctasecteusesscasteens 80 BECEIVnD) INTERPRETATION (ORV THE) IWiAL Kisscvccsecsscscacescssscccssrsecvss sesacetededansapersces 81 ROH PE TIONAT MODE) OR) STAR TIN Gasca ois cot oanneadqeusdace osatccvaedddcveavespavacseeaccecases ovessaces 82 ERION | ING THE (CRUE DRO Ds: scccivcssuckescnsarkesessccueecs ssesddaceuavccdsecaec cee sckuve scdvasiteneucke 88 PELE O AUNT Rae cvarntovetesvevaeawau sis soes sacetene nasa aestee neers eet nctcle tatucas doin carcevedt canacesenicedees 90 BECELVED INTERPRETATION OF THE GALLOP: .....0cescssscsccseseococcsencassoccccedacescacgecs) OL COREG DM VTE OB TEE GATT OPsvsuvsescenvaceras st ccteceatosssevenscuarseyssaavacecsssadvecnaucenetee 94 x11 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. MARE AND FOAL............ RarREyY’s LEG-STRAP, No. 1. RAREY’s LEG-STRAP, NO. 2............2- ssctaccbetedsarsccesateosscs iene spavest tars cass anehnenncsteeetommeneam CRUISER WITH THE LEG-STRAP AND SURCINGLE ON..........cseceseceeceees wearties prerceere si2. CRUISER IN THE POWER OF HIS MASTER...........scceeeceeeees wastennee oss nos casio ds esis Qow oNRENC ERMEMEIEY THE HORSE BOUNDING ON HIS HIND LEGG.............c02ccecceseceeecnscesees cas oad anceeesyeeeermanhere THE HORSE ON HIS KNEES, ABOUT TO FALL ON HIS SIDE...... apspnwewonereseeees seieeergel OD ERATE SEL ORSE ODA MIO Divesccccceseccsacleccsts cose sctaecaswecssew sons senuctvs Hon totencoeeeee ey SiecemeOS RarReEy’s HALTER OR BRIDLE FOR COLTS.. DOOR GHOR MUOOSE (DOXcs cnssasenccssacesresscaeveoncsueneese sere Saccsesstedssccesaret Poe eeeeccexecca, dz VENTILATING WINDOWS...... eechinewoasnaacsc sce ee sereneesneeaes Saab cgeasseetaienaesse ames cr oats ésevetecus'y OX SECTION OF CATCH-PIT........... douse caabestascecvaducctateesvacksncestahredeuustees Scnecusgoupoeseeeeste Ge TRON-SURFACE GUTTER....... MMOINOS. 5.6. onccaz sp sansstave cosvasectasesavans set acwake swe stasdctscsaasnesy galOD VENTILATING SHAFT. .isiiiececcccceeceee iletsvessessnscsntedeeapercsese iu ctatseccescchsccesewondesncnemnsMeen mE HEAD OF SHAFT.. THE HANGING BATE... de is......... Peas scosces TRon FITTINGS FOR STALLS AND LOOSE BOX..........:.:cceeeeeeeeeee das owssamonehunekeweeememallcn GROUND-PLAN oF A RAcING OR HUNTING STABLE.......0000000: eaeseege eae wisp ssapsuerseaeapmelnes GROUND-PLAN OF A STABLE FOR FOUR OR FIVE HORSES...........:0eceeceeeenss pee li BAR-MUZZLE FOR CRIB-BITERG....... Setsacdseneresccotsaecaceesseabpaccencss coves esrseustevtra: dese eee emcee REMEDY FOR TEARING THE CLOTHES. .«...:.cccccessesosccssvsscessscsceccaessece sss upeswcigutacsteneeeatel SECTION OR TINCISOR:...-.ccsssccsnsessases ecwasaasasaccansesacycasasadsengscasecsesiscses oceacactacanseeheaeimeeenll THREE-YEAR-OLD MOUTH...........0000000 sabseccbebesecatacansarnpsesbnecuatnvess spss sennseneennerenene nce MourTH OF THE COLT AT FOUR-AND-A-HALF YEARS.......cccceseeceeeeee desecebe 5 cuehee SCO RRECOO! UprrerR NiIpp&rRs AND TUSHES AT FIVE YEARS OLD... LOWER NIPPERS AND TUSHES AT FIVE YEARS OLD LOWER NIPPERS AND TUSHES OF A SIX-YEAR-OLD HORSE..........:ccceccesscccsesseceeee 202 UPrrrer NIPPERS IN THE EIGHT-YEAR-OLD HORSE.............00ceececeeseeeeceee sesnpsee Ascte 263 LOWER NIPPERS AND LEFT TUSH OF A VERY OLD HORSE, THE RIGHT HAVING RVATATIION) O UM cost csecschescsssessaene Season wccudussevsecesescszesese saseevasadegess Becceaaluces deeaves ne ssteee meee Oat: SECTIONAL PLAN OF THORAX AND ITS CONTENTS (THROUGHOUT ITS GIRTH-PLACE) 272 GENERAL PLAN OF THE CIRCULATION........... basceec OUT savevccosuscssensabevacsSCtetRecnD) SECTION OF THE PARTS ENTERING INTO THE COMPOSITION OF THE FooT AND THE METLOCK MAND “(PASE RN=SOINDG: sc: ccscesevecscvorscecsevesveconevesscesecests creberesesenes se OL: MPbey ED ET OO Wiwwteg ce soccotcnwane owacccstt sueesassaaesesecsdassarucstesssenanee sieseccesetsenn nee sbcasccsscebmstenp ete ee mmneer FRONT VIEW OF THE FOOT, WITH THE HOOF REMOVED..........csccsscccssscssssssceseee 292 THE UNDER SURFACE OF THE FOOT........ Solcccassebeccvusscececensratesseccasscessusendecceerte Samat VIEW OF VESSELS OF THE FOOT, INJECTED.............s0esceeeseeeeesees Son ccct ons esenucenenvensimeetel es VIEW OF THE ARTERIES OF THE FROG AND SOLE, INJECTED........... Group OF BOTS ATTACHED TO THE STOMACH... SECTION OF THE TFooT IN CONFIRMED LAMINITIS........002csec008 We Vannrnseccern steep ate rceieeUa) A SounD ForE FooT PREPARED FOR THE SHOE............c0eeeeeeeee ssewscsndessceus evlekenneen pkey SRLORING siseee cess oven tl nisae dorsaacscctscteves SSS sdabbace'e sdavedescaecetaweemestoccusockecespeasvesthencduaseneane mmEaOn SETON NEEDLES, ONE-QUARTER: SIZEL........cssccstsscacccocenstacbeesserscoescenconasenssesssensuccn CLAMS LINED WITH VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER..........+0++ THE ECRASEUR... DOCKING-KNIFE... seeeeee ARO ERR eee eee eee Ee Hes EEESE SS ESEEENEEES ERTS SORE REET R ED THoeE HORSE. CHAPTER I. EARLY HISTORY OF THE HORSE. The Horse of Scripture—The Greek Horse—That of the Romans —The Arab of Antiquity—Egyptian, Libyan, Numidian, and Moorish Horses—The original British Horse—Ancient methods of using the Horse. THE HORSE OF SCRIPTURE. =a) EH EARLIEST RECORD of the Horse which we possess is in the Old Testament, where we first find him infer- PAfe4| entially mentioned in the thirty-sixth chapter of Gen- # esis, aS existing in the wilderness of Idumea about » the beginning of the sixteenth century before Christ. Many commentators, however, render the word which is translated “mules” in our version, as “ waters,” and thus a doubt is thrown upon the correctness of the inference which is thence drawn. Moreover, in the thirty-second chapter of Genesis, camels, goats, sheep, cattle and asses are all severally alluded to, but no horses; so that it is highly probable that in the time of Jacob, whose de- parture from Laban is there narrated, horses were unknown to the {sraelites. It was not until after their arrival in Egypt that the horse is clearly alluded to. Jacob, on his deathbed, leaves us no room to doubt his knowledge of the horse, and of its being domes- ticated, for he speaks of the “horse and his rider” in the same sentence. We need, therefore, go no further for a proof of the early existence of this animal in Egypt, and may assume that there were large numbers of them there, for Pharaoh is recorded tc have taken “six hundred chosen chariots, and all the horses,” tc pursue the Israelites to the Red Sea. It is generally supposed from the omission of all mention of horses while the Israelites were in Arabia, that this country, which has since become so cele- brated for them, was at that time entirely without them. The proof, however, is entirely of a negative character, though I con- fess that it is as strong as any of that nature can well be. Indeed, (13) 14 THE HORSE. six hundred years later, Arabia could not have been remarkable in any way for her horses, for Solomon, while he resorted to her for silver and gold, mounted his cavalry from Egypt. Yet the latter country could scarcely be the native land of the Horse, not pos- sessing the extensive plains which are peculiarly suited to his ex- istence in a wild state, and it is considered probable that he was introduced from the central regions of Africa, which are undoubt- edly the native plains of the Quagga, the Zebra, and some other congeners of the Horse; but where, curiously enough, he is not now found in a wild state. Thence he would naturally find his way into Egypt, and through Arabia to Persia, Tartary and Greece ultimately reaching Great Britain; but in what century be was introduced there we are quite at a loss to conjecture. THE GREEK HORSE. OF THE PRECISE FORM of the Horse of Scripture we have no account, beyond the glowing language of Job, which will apply to almost any variety possessing the average spirit of the species. The horse of the Greeks is far better known, being handed down to us in the writings of Xenophon, and preserved in the marble friezes of the Parthenon, which are now removed to our own Na- _tional Museum. The above Greek writer, in giving his advice on the purchase-of a horse, says, ‘On examining the feet, it is befit- ting first to look to the horny portion of the hoofs, for those horses which have the horn thick are far superior in their feet to those which have it thin. Nor will it be well, if one fail next to observe whether the hoofs be upright both before and behind, or low and flat to the ground; for high hoofs keep the frog at a distance from the earth, while the flat tread with equal pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case with bandy-legged men. And Simon justly observes that well-footed horses can be known by the sound of their tramp, for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal when it strikes the solid earth. But having begun from below, let: us ascend to the other parts of the body. It is needful then, that the parts above the hoof and below the fetlocks be not too erect like those of the goat, for legs of this kind being stiff and inflex- ible, are apt to jar the rider, and are more liable to inflammation. The bones must not, however, be too low and springy, for in that ease, the fetlocks are liable to be abraded and wounded, if the horse be gallopped over clods or stones. The bones of the shanks should be thick, for these are the columns which support the body, but they should not have the veins and flesh thick likewise ; for if they have, when the horse shall be gallopped in difficult grounc¢, they will necessarily be filled with blood, and will become varicose, 30 that the shanks will be thickened, and the skin be distended and relaxed from the bone; and when this is the case, it often THE GREEK HORSE. 15 follows that the back sinew gives way and renders the horse lame. - But if the horse, when in action, bend his knees flexibly at a walk, you may judge that he will have his legs flexible when in full canter ; for all horses as they increase in years increase in the flex- ibility of the knee. And flexible goers are esteemed highly, and with justice, for such horses are much less liable to blunder or to stumble than those which have rigid, unbending joints. But if the arms below the shoulder-blades be thick and muscular, they appear stronger and handsomer, as is the case also with a man The breast also should be broad, as well for beauty as for strength, and because it causes a handsomer action of the fore-legs, which do not then interfere, but are carried wide apart. And again, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizontally from the chest, but like that of a game-cock, should be upright towards the crest, and slack towards the flexure; and the head, being long, should have a small and narrow jaw-bone, so that the neck shall be in front of the rider, and that the eye shall look down on what is before the feet. A horse thus made will be the least likely to run violently away, even if he be very high-spirited, for horses do not attempt to run away by bringing in, but by thrusting out, their heads and necks. It is also very necessary to observe whether the mouth be fine or hard on both sides, or on one or the other. For horses which have not both jaws equally sensitive, are likely to be hard-mouthed on one side or the other. And it is better that a horse should have prominent than hollow eyes, for such a one will see to a greater distance. And widely-opened nostrils are far better for respiration than narrow, and they give the horse a fiercer aspect ; for when one stallion is enraged against another, or if he become angry while being ridden, he expands his nostrils to their full width. And the loftier the crest, and smaller the ears, the more horse-like and handsome is the head rendered; while lofty withers give the rider a surer seat and produce a firmer adhesion between the body and shoulder. A double loin is also softer to sit upon, and pleasanter to look at, than if it be single; and a deep side, rounded toward the belly, renders the horse easier to sit, and stronger, and more easy to keep in condition. The shorter and broader the icin, the more easily will the horse raise his fcre- quarters and collect his hind-quarters under him in going. These points, moreover, cause the belly to appear the smaller; which, if it be large, at once injures the appearance of the animal, and ren- ders him weaker and less manageable. The quarters should be broad and fleshy, in order to correspond with the sides and chest; and, should they be entirely firm and solid, they would be the lighter in the gallop, and the horse would be the speedier. But if he should have his buttocks separated under the tail by a broad line, he will bring his hind legs under him with a wider space be- 16 THE HORSE. tween them, and, so domg, he will have a prouder and stronger gait and action, and will in all respects be the better on them.” Here we have described, in most exact terms, a cobby but spirited and corky horse, with a light and somewhat peculiar carriage of the head and neck, just as we see represented in the Elgin marbles, THE ROMAN HORSE. Or tHE Roman Horss we know far less than of that of the Greeks ; but the fact of its inferiority to those of the surrounding nations is established, for no sooner were they brought into col lision with the cavalry of Macedonia and Epirus than they suc- ecumbed. This could only be owing to the quadruped, for the Roman foot-soldier was still unmatched. Czesar depended for his eavalry upon Gallic horses, which were able to ride down the Ro man horses of his rival Pompey without the slightest difficulty. So also Crassus was unable to make head in Asia against the Par- thian horse; and from his day until British horses were trans- ported to Oriental soil, the superiority of Asiatic horses remained undisputed. THE ARAB OF ANTIQUITY. THE ARAB OF THE PRESENT DAY is said by his countrymen to be the same in form, in courage, and in endurance, with the horse which existed in Arabia before the time of Christ. I have shown that there is every reason to believe that the Israelites who dwelt in Arabia had no horses in the time of Jacob, and therefore it is scarcely likely that this variety could have arrived at its present state of excellence much before the commencement of the Chris- tian era. But beyond the traditional accounts which are preserved in the various tribes, there is no means of arriving at the truth, and they are to be regarded with considerable suspicion. Buffon comes to the conclusion, nevertheless, that Arabia is the birthplace of this animal, and his opinions are followed by a host of subse- quent writers; but I have already given the reasons for the con- trary conclusion. The dry nature of the country, and the scanti- ness of herbage, show that in a wild state the horse could hardly exist there, and that it is only by the care and superintendence of man that the Arabian horse has become so famous. EGYPTIAN, LIBYAN, NUMIDIAN, AND MOORISN HORSES. Tue Eayptran Horse is handed down to us on some of the sculptures found in the ruins of Nineveh; the carvings of which are in a high state of preservation, and are very elaborate and spirited. KHven the superficial veins are carefully rendered; and hence we may place some reliance upon the fidelity of the por- traiture. In all these bas-reliefs the animal is represented with a ANCIENT METHODS OF USING THE HORSa, 17 large and coarse head, a high crest, and a heavy, lumbering body, not very dissimilar to the Flemish horse of the nineteenth century. Or THE Lipyan, NuMIDIAN, AND MoorisH horses, which are alluded to by classic writers, we know little beyond the cursory description of A®lian, who says that they were slenderly made, and carried no flesh. THE ORIGINAL BRITISH HORSE. THE NATURE OF THE ORIGINAL STOCK which formed the found- ation of the modern European horse is extremely doubtful. In Great Britain horses’ bones are found in caves which are of ex- treme antiquity, but they do not define with any certainty the form of the original British horse, nor can we, with certainty, arrive at the exact era at which the animals to which they be- longed lived and died. It is, however, an ascertained fact that when the Romans invaded Great Britain they found the people in possession of horses, and using them for their chariots as well as for the purposes of riding. After the irruption of the Goths, and the commencement of the dark ages, we have no reliable history to guide us, and we are left to grope in the dark from the fourth century, when Vegetius wrote on the veterinary art, until the time of the Stuarts, when attention was first paid to the improve- ment of the breed of horses in this country. ANCIENT METHODS OF USING THE HORSE. THE MODE OF USING the horse adopted by the ancients was at first by harnessing him to a rude chariot, without springs. In course of time, the grooms who took care of him found that they could manage him while on his back without the aid of the saddle and bridle, which are comparatively modern inventions. Hence. we see the horse represented in the Elgin marbles as ridden with- out either the one or the other; and there is also abundant written testimony in support of this mode of equitation being practised by the early Greeks. This ingenious people, however, invented the snaffle-bridle, and both rode and drove with its aid, after the estab- lishment of the Olympian games, in which chariot races formed an essential feature. The curb-bit was invented by the Romans, or. at all events, was first used by them; but both that people and the Greeks were ignorant of the use of the stirrup, and either vaulted on their horses, or used the back of a slave as a stepping-stone, or sometimes had recourse to a short ladder for the purpose. The earliest period when it can be proved that the stirrup was in use was in the time of the Norman invasion of this country. The incidents of this event in history were recorded on the Bayeux tapestry by the wife of William the Conqueror, and on this th stirrup was depicted, according to the authority of Berenger, as a 2 18 THE HORSE. part of the trappings ur the horse. Shoemg was not practised by either the Greeks or Romans, and only in cases of lameness was the foot defended by a sandal, which, however, was sometimes tipped with iron. UNTIL SOME TIME AFTER THE INSTALLATION OF THE OLYMPIAN GAMES the use of the horse was confined to war and the chase, These games were held every four years, and are supposed to have commenced about 774 years before Christ, and as it was not until the twenty-third Olympiad that the horse was introduced in the arena, the birth of horse-racing may be fixed at about the year 680 B.C. At first the horses were ridden, and the distance was about four miles, but in the twenty-fifth Olympiad the chariot was intro- duced, and after this time became the prevailing instrument of testing the speed and powers of the Grecian horse. Here, also, the distance was about four miles, but as a pillar-was to be rounded several times, the race depended quite as much on the skill of the eharioteer as on the qualities of his horses. CHAPTER II. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS. Hahits—External Form as indicated by Pownts— Proportions—Ma- turity— Average Age—Perrodical Moulting—Mental Develop- ment—Small Stomach. HABITS. THE Hapsirts of the horse in a wild or free state, are similar to those of most of the gregarious and graminivorous animals. That is to suy, he places his safety in flight; but when compelled to make a stand against any of the larger carnivora, he fights strongly with his heels and teeth. In all countries he feeds upon grass (green, or dried as hay), straw, or grain; in addition to which articles may be placed camel’s milk, which is used occasionally in the deserts of Arabia, when the usual supply of food is altogether deficient. In a free state, where the horse has to travel far for his food, he becomes inured to fatigue, and is able to make long journeys, with- out the training which the domesticated animal requires. Thus the South American and Californian horses, immediately after being taken with the lasso, are able to carry their riders for sixty or seventy miles on end at a fast pace, suffering, of course, from the unaccustomed pressure of the saddle, but not otherwise the worse for their exertions. The walk and gallop are the only na- tural paces of the wild horse; the trot and canter being acquired, EXTERNAL FORM. 19 though to some extent exhibited by the domesticated horse before breaking, and evidently the result of the tendency which is always displayed to hand down from one generation to another habits which are not natural to the species. EXTERNAL FORM, AS INDICATED BY POINTS. THE ANATOMY of this animal will form the subject of a special division of this book, but the external form may now be discussed with propriety. By horsemen in general this is considered under certain subdivisions, which are called “ points,” and which are severally represented by figures in the outline on the following page. THE RELATIVE PROPORTIONS of, and exact shape desirable in, each of these points, vary considerably in the several breeds. Thus, when speed and activity are essential, an oblique shoulder- blade is a sine quad non; while for heavy harness it can scarcely be too upright, enabling the pressure of the collar to be more easily borne, and allowing the animal to exert his strength at right an- gles to its long axis. Many men are good judges of hunters and hacks, but are almost wholly ignorant of the qualities desirable in a coach or cart-horse. There are some elements, however, which are wanted in any horse, such as big hocks and knees, flat legs with large sinews, open jaws and full nostrils. It will, therefore, be necessary to describe the points of each breed ; but I shall here give those which are always to be attended to as being of import- ance in any kind, whether used for racing or hunting, for the road or for agricultural purposes. TAKING FIRST THE HEAD :—It should be known that the vo- lume of brain contained within it determines the courage and other mental qualities of the individual. Now as, ceteris paribus, size is power, so without a wide forehead (which part marks the seat of the brain) you cannot expect a full development of those faculties known as courage, tractability, good temper, &c. The size of the muzzle is partly regarded as an element of beauty, and partly as a sign of high breeding. Hence, in the cart-horse, a coarse jaw and thick muzzle are not regarded. to bring on a gentle action of the skin, before the horse is intro- duced to the actual sweating-box—G. The preparatory-box, H may be fitted up like a common loose-box, and may be used as — such, whenever the bath is not required, but the latter should have THE TURKISH BATH. 215 a6 manger or any other projecting body of metal, for when the heat is raised to 160°, the contact with the teeth and tongue is by no means pleasant. Tan forms the best material for the floor, or, if this cannot readily be obtained, sawdust will answer nearly as well, if the wetted parts are changed after each bath. A brick floor feels too warm to the feet, and when the bath is given very hot, it nay injure them, if uncovered by some non-conductor of heat, so that it is better to avoid all risk, by using tan or sawdust. With this apparatus in working order, and the fire lighted in the stove A, the box H is heated to 80° or 90° of Fahrenheit, by robbing G of its warm air through the open door I, and the valves in vhe wall between the two to which I have already alluded. As soon as this is prepared, the horse is brought into it with his clothing on, and allowed to remain fora short time, which may be twenty minutes, half an hour, or an hour, according to the state of his skin, and the warmth of the box. As soon as he is settled in it, the clothes may all be removed, and here he may remain, with a whisp of hay in the rack, to amuse him, and chilled water in the tank, till his skin shows evident symptoms of breaking out, and the bath is prepared, that is, until the latter is raised to a temperature of 140° at the least. To effect this the door I and the adjacent valves may have been closed, if necessary; for a small box once raised to 80° or 90°, will keep its temperature with the horse in it for the time which is required. The groom must be careful not on any account to take his charge into the bath till his skin is beginning to sweat, for if he does, the blood may be driven too forcibly to the brain, without the relief which is afforded by the natural discharge from the skin, and dangerous mischief may be produced. On being taken into the bath G, a bucket of chilled water is placed within reach, and he is tied up with his head in the corner nearest the entrance door, which must be left open, so as to allow him plenty of fresh air. In about a quarter of an hour the sweat begins to pour out in large volumes, and this should be encouraged by friction with the hand, which may be guarded with horsehair gloves. As it becomes very profuse, a scraper may be applied occasionally, but two grooms, each with horsehair gloves on, will be able to remove it by keeping up continuous, deep, ana steady pressure upon the skin, so as at once to squeeze out the watery particles from the hair, and to remove any scurf and other tenacious matters which accumulate there. According to the amount of reduction which is required to be made in the fatty de- posits, and to the action of the skin, will be the time required to be devoted to this operation, but in general it is completed in half an hour. Some horses, however, have been kept sweating fora full hour, as I am informed, without apparent injury, and have afterwards gone out to exercise as full of life as ever. Indeed, it 216 THE HORSE. is said that the effect is usually to increase the spirits and liveli- ness oi all the horses submitted to it. During the operation of the bath, the preparatory room should have had its doors and windows thrown freely open, and it should be left in this state when the horse returns to it, some grooms liking to have a strong draught through it while the horse is being cooled. In this process there is a considerable variation in the practices adopted in those stables where this novel kind of sweating is introduced. Some grooms wash the horse all over with cold water; others dash the water ever the whole body the moment he comes from the bath, while a third set content themselves with the free admission of a current of cold air to the skin. Time must determine which of these plans is the best, but I am told on excellent authority, that they have all been tried with advantage. The fact is that when the skin is sweating freely under the stimulus of heat, and before its vessels are beginning to flag in their action, cold in any shape may be ap- plied, so long as it is not continued long enough to reduce the pulse below its natural standard. Again, there are some grooms, who, after they have applied cold water, return the horse to the bath for a few minutes, the air in it being reduced to about 100° of Fahrenheit, and on bringing him out, take him at once to his box or stall, when he is dressed as usual, till he is perfectly dry, after which he is clothed and fed. AS MAY NATURALLY BE EXPECTED, “the stable mind”’ is very much agitated by this innovation on established usages. On the one hand, it is argued by the thick-and-thin supporters of the bath, that, with the aid of walking exercise alone, and without a single gallop, a horse may be got into perfect condition, either for the race-course or the hunting-field. I have been told by a gentleman whose authority is fairly to be relied on, that he has ridden a stableful of horses thus prepared, in the front ranks of the crack countries, and that he never was so well carried in his life. None of them were galloped, except by himself; and until the season (1860-1) began, not one of them had been taken off a walk, as far as he knew, and he said he had the greatest confidence in his groom. On the other hand, the opponents of the bath hold that it only removes fat and fluids of all kinds, and that fast work must be given to the same extent as without it, the additional sweat produced by the former exhausting the horse very materially, to the prejudice of his condition. As far as my own opinion goes, L am inclined to believe that the truth lies between these opposite extremes; and that though a horse may be made light and airy by means of the bath and walking exercise alone, his muscles cannot be braced and rendered bigger, as they are by actual fast work. Incredible as it may appear, I have been told on very high author- ity, that a horse sweated twice, or even three times in the week, THE TURKISH BATH—PHYSIC. PAL ly § wil] do as much work, and as fast too, as if he had not gone through the process. If the bath has removed all fat and humor, he will not sweat in his gallops; and if any of either is left, it will do him no harm to get rid of it. Indeed, after all, the difference from the old plan of sweating in the stable without exercise is not very great in principle; and that was always found to be of service when the legs or feet were unsound. Under that plan, the horse was heavily clothed, and being just gently trotted, was taken back to his box, loaded with more clothes until he sweated freely, and was thus re- lieved of his fat without being galloped. PHYSIC. IN MY PREVIOUS REMARKS I have alluded to physic as neces. sary for the purpose of getting rid of the food which the horse may have been taking, before he comes into the stable, without injury, but the effects of which are somewhat in opposition to the condi- tion required for hard work. In addition to this object, however, physic is given with several other purposes in view; but these may be said to bring it within the province of the veterinarian rather than of the groom. Thus, in the horse recently brought up from grass, it will often be necessary to expel worms; and though the experienced groom may be able to do this without risk, yet it is searcely safe to recommend the young hand to attempt the task. At all events, if he does, he must be guided by the directions given in another part of this book ; and I shall merely direct my attention to the effects of physic—firstly, in getting rid of injurious food; secondly, in cooling the stomach and general system, and thus enabling the latter to bear the increased stimulus afforded by extra food; and thirdly, to get rid of internal fat and humors in conjunc- tion with sweating. TO THE EFFECTS OF PHYSIC IN GETTING RID OF INJURIOUS FOOD, I have already alluded; but I may here mention two or three circumstances which will serve to modify the dose, or to forbid it altogether. Curiously enough, when a horse comes in from grass, his bowels being in the usual loose state which accompanies that kind of feeding, he will generally require more aloes than when fed upon dry food. The reason of this seeming paradox is simple enough: his bowels have become accustomed to the stimuius pre- sented] by grass to their lining membrane, and are not easily roused to action by aloes, which is only a vegetable, still more stimulating, it is true, but simply in degree. A man accustomed to drink, will not be so muck affected by swallowing a pint of brandy, even if he is already half drunk, as a perfectly sober man would be, if he had not previously been inured by long usage to its effects. The groom must not, therefore, fancy that a physic-ball of three drachms, or even sometimes four drachms, will be sure to act on a horse of 218 THE HORSE. average size and constitution, just up from grass; for he will find from four and a half to five and a half drachms more likely to serve his purpose. Unless he knows the constitution of the animal, he bad better content himself with the former; but generally this quantity will not have much appreciable effect beyond a very gentle clearing out of the bowels. No mash is necessary, because the grass has already prepared the bowels quite sufficiently. Of course, if the horse is already too low in flesh, no physic should be given at this time. THE COOLING POWERS OF PHYSIC are those which render it particularly vatuable in aiding the preparation of the horse for fast work. If at any time the legs become hot, a dose will carry off the plethoric condition which shows itself in this way, and the rest which must be given after it will assist in relieving them. At this time, a mash should always precede the physic; and a second on the following night will often be necessary before the dose can safely be given. The same effect would be produced by perma- nently taking away some of the corn; but this would put an end to the preparation altogether, and it is to avoid this alternative that the physic is given. The old plan was in all cases to give a course of three doses, at intervals of nine days, to every horse when first taken into work; but if plenty of walking exercise is used, and the corn is gradually increased, with an ounce of nitre in the mash every Saturday night, this routine is quite unnecessary, and a couple of doses at the intervals I have fixed will suffice. Very gross, lusty horses will, perhaps, require one, or even two addi- tional doses; and, on the contrary, light herring-gutted animals wil. do without any. The art of the groom consists in fixing upon the proper guantum, beyond or below which he ought not to go. THE THIRD OBJECT OF PHYSIC is that which is superseded by the use of the Turkish bath, with much less injury to the system. Both act by removing superfluous fluids from the body, through the agency of the blood-vessels, absorbents, and secreting organs ; all of which must co-operate in either case. The fluids lie stored up in the meshes of the cellular membrane, either in the shape of oily or watery matters. To remove them, the blood in circulation must first be called upon to part with some of its corresponding materials, which it does either through the mucous membrane of the bowels, when physic is given, or by means of the skin, when sweating is adopted. This sudden drain from the blood is then made up from the store which has been previously taken from it, and laid by in case of such an emergency; and thus, though the ex- ternal means employed are very different, the real effect is the same. Both drain the blood of large quantities of water, contain- ing certain soluble matters; and this sudden call upon the vital fluid compels its vessels to fall back upon the stored-up materials tees eee PHYSIC—FINAL PREPARATION. 219 which are lodged around the heart and other internal organs, and which it is the grand object of the training-groom to remove bur THE EFFECTS OF PHYSIC are not always'so simple and inno- cent as those to which I have alluded. A strong horse is some- times over-purged by a very mild dose, and a weak one will occa- sionally die from this cause. Hence, this agent should not be idly used ; and not only is it actually dangerous to life in some few cases, but it weakens the tone of the stomach in many more. Still, in the majority of horses, a well-mixed physic-ball, carefully given, and followed by proper management, will freshen the digestive organs rather than weaken them, and may be regarded as a most valuable addition to the resources of the groom. FINAL PREPARATION. To GET A HUNTER THOROUGHLY FIT, he must not only have gone through the preparatory work which I have described, but he must undergo a further winding up, according to the old- established rule on the subject, and irrespective of the vexed ques- tions connected with the Turkish bath, which may be considered to be yet in abeyance. Having had a gentle dose of physic at the end of his first preparation, he is proceeded with as follows :— Every day he is walked out for three or four hours, either at one or two periods of the day. If he is thorough-bred, he will bear some brisk gallops and one or two sweats, with or without clothing, every week ; but half-breeds do not stand much fast work, and are better confined to walking and trotting exercise, with an occasional .spirt of half'a mile. These low-bred animals cannot bear any liber- ties to be taken with their systems ; and I am told that with them the Turkish bath is far more effectual than with the horse of pure Eastern blood. I can easily imagine this, as I know how badly the former class bear reduction, and yet how important it is to clear their wind. The feeding should be confined to oats and hay, with a bran-mash on Saturday night. About five quarterns of oats will, on the average, suffice; but no rule can be laid down, nor can it be positively asserted that no beans should be given. In some cases the appetite is so bad, that without them enough corn will not be taken; and this is especially true with reference to those old horses which have been accustomed to beans for many years. When the feet and legs, as well as the wind, are all sound, beans may be allowed without fear; but when there is a screw loose in any of these departments, they produce inflammation there, and should be carefully avoided. Ten pounds of hay may also be laid down as the average quantity of this article suited to the hunter; but here, also, no absolute rule can be carried out. Some horses would ‘drop in two,” as the grooms say, if only allowed ten pounds of hay daily; while others would look quite lusty with that quantity A handful of chaff with each feed of corn is all that 220 THE HORSE. should be given of this article, as more than this is apt to fill the horse out in the middle of the day. ‘Towards the end of this pe- riod, which may extend to five or six weeks, the horse gradually gets into high condition, and at any time, on a day’s notice, he may be ready for the hunting-field. All that is required is to give him no hay on that morning, but to feed him twice on his usual allowance of corn, with a few go-downs of water only each time. The hunter does not require to be “set” overnight, like the race- horse, and he may advantageously be given his usual weight of hay at the bedding him up the night before; but if he has any tendency to eat his litter, it is prudent at all times, but more espe- cially then, to put a muzzle on him late at night, when he has eaten his hay. Hacks AND HARNESS-HORSES demand nearly as much time and care to prepare them for their work, especially in relation to the amount of corn which is allowed them. They seldom want so much as five quarterns daily; but whatever quantity they may re- quire, it should not be given them until they are gradually accus- tomed to its use. So also with regard to the hammering of their feet and legs on the road, it will be found that these demand sea- soning as much as their wind and muscles. If this is not attended to, the best formed legs and feet will become inflamed, and a valua- ble horse may be lamed, when, with proper care, he might be made to do his work with ease. Our own bodies, when untrained to bear the blows of the fist, show the marks of the glove clearly enough; but in the course of time, when the skin has gradually become inured to the stimulus, even the terrible right hand of Tom Sayers would fail to leave its mark upon the ribs of a well-trained opponent. This difference in the result of the application of physical force arises partly from the tendency to inflammation being subdued by temperate living and abundant exercise, and partly from the nerves and vessels of the skin becoming habituated to the blows which they receive. So also with the hack and harness-horse; when first they are brought into the stable, their vessels are full of gross hu- mors, and their feet and legs have long been accustomed only te the soft and elastic turf upon which they have been reared. They are, therefore, prone to inflammation in every way; and until their systems have been hardened by plenty of exercise, and their legs and feet have been gradually inured to our hard roads, they shtould be kept from every kind of fast work. TREATMENT AFTER WORK. AFTER WORK the horse requires to be treated according to its nature and the extent to which it has been carried. Thus the hunter may demand remedies for exhaustion, blows on the legs, thorns in the legs, overreaches, cuts, &c.; but the hack and car- ’ tad Spb: THM corte pte OSS Bae = oa By permission. of WALLACE’S Mon?HLY. ee ee TREATMENT AFTER WORK. 221 riave-horse will only need the ordinary grooming, which has been described at page 183; that is to say, provided the feet are not in pain from ill-fitting shoes. EXHAUSTION is sometimes so great that before any food can be taken a cordial must be given, in the shape either of a warm ball, or a quart of warm spiced ale. Generally, however, some gruel will suffice, when aided by a warm box and the other comforts which are afforded by the groom, including dressing, clothing, bandaging, Xe. Brows on the legs are reduced by hot fomentations, continued for half an hour at a time, and repeated at intervals of one, two, or three hours, in proportion to the severity of the mischief Cold applications are too apt to relieve the skin and cellular membrane beneath it at the expense of the joints, and I have never seen them of much service. Nothing, I believe, is so valuable in all blows received in the hunting-field as hot fomentation, but it should be thoroughly carried out, and not done by halves, as it too often is by careless grooms. It no doubt has a tendency to increase the swelling for a time, but in doing this the blood is drawn to the surface, and internal mischief is often prevented. I have had young horses come home with their knees and shins terribly bruised over timber and stone walls, but though the fomentation with hot water has enlarged the knees to a frightful size, there has been no lameness on the next day; and the swelling has gra- dually disappeared, leaving the joints as free as ever at the expira- tion of forty-eight hours. On the other hand, I have tried cold wet bandages for similar injuries, but I have invariably found that they gave present relief to a slight extent, but left the limbs stiff and rheumatic often for the next two or three weeks. The addi- tion of a little tincture of arnica to the water for fomentation is a great improvement when it is at hand, and I should always advise the hunting groom to keep a stock of it by him during the season. A wineglassful is enough for half a bucket of hot water. THORNS are most troublesome to the groom, and it is often a question of great doubt whether to persevere in the endeavor to remove them, or to leave them alone until they manifest themselves by the inflammation they produce. When the hunter comes home. his legs should be carefully examined while they are wet (that is to say, if his exhausted condition does not forbid the loss of time) ; and if the hand clearly detects any projection, search should at once be made with a view to the remuval of the foreign body. Tsually, however, the thorn has buried itself, and it is only when it has produced some considerable degree of inflamniation that attention is drawn to the spot. When lameness is shown in any of the limbs on coming home from hunting, the groom always is inclined to suspect a thorn as the cause of mischief, and I have 222 THE HORSE. known the penknife used in half-a-dozen different places to eut down upon what was supposed to be a buried thorn, which was never discovered, for the plain reason that no such matter was present in the leg. OVERREACHES must be dried up as quickly as possible, and should not be treated like common wounds, for the reason that the horny substance of the foot, when it becomes softened and decom- posed by the matter flowing from a wound near it, acts like a poison upon the ulcerated surface. It is better, therefore, to apply a little friar’s balsam, or some other astringent, such as sugar of lead, rather than to use wet bandages or bran poultices, which I have sometimes known to be applied. SIMPLE AS WELL AS CONTUSED CUTS are far better treated in the horse with hot fomentations than by any attempt to heal them at once. Unless they are very extensive or deep, the only point in which they are to be regarded is with reference to the blemish which they may leave. Sometimes the edges gape so wide, that a stitch or two must be inserted, but in such a case it is better to intrust the operation to a competent veterinary surgeon. SUMMERING. Unrtit Mr. ApPERLY first drew attention to this subject, forty years ago, at which period those horses which were not required to work through the summer, were invariably turned out to grass ; hunters, as a regular rule, were stripped of their clothing in April, and sent to grass on or about the first of May, that is, as soon as the first young blades showed themselves, this kind of food being supposed to be particularly advantageous to them, from its cooling powers. The sudden change from a warm stable to the cold nights often met with in May frequently produced inflammation of the lungs or bowels, and this alone was sufficient to cause the j lan to be looked on with great suspicion as soon as it was shown that it was by no means absolutely necessary. But not only was this danger incurred ; for even if the hunter remained in good health during the summer, -yet when he came up in August he was so fat and unwieldy from eating the succulent grasses of that season, that he was quite unfit to be ridden, and had to go through a series of severe sweats, which he was ill able to bear. Considering the slow pace at which hunting was carried on in the eighteenth century, a horse recently up from grass, if he had been allowed corn while out of doors, as was generally done, was able to go through a run, though it might be at the expense of the coat tails worn by his rider, which were liberally lathered with soapy sweat. But in the present day, when the hunter requires to be as fit as a race-horse, he must have the same amount of preparation; and we all know what sort of chance SUMMERING. 223 a horse would have of winning a race in November if he is eating nothing but grass in August. Indeed, a fast run in Leicestershire is even more trying to condition than an ordinary race, because, though the pace is not quite so good, it is more true, and lasts four or five times as long. Hence the old plan has been almost uni- versally given up, and the hunter is summered in a loose box, where he is generally “soiled” on vetches, lucerne, and clover. Moreover, it is found by practical experience, that far more geod may be done in renovating the legs in-doors than out at this season of the year.. In the winter, cold, starvation, and soft ground all combine to restore the legs to a cool and healthy state; and a run from October to May will do far more good than the same time passed in a loose box. But during the summer the ground is hard, the sun shines fully upon the legs, so as to inflame them if they have any tendency that way, and the grasses are so succulent that the body becomes heavy and the blood full of gross humors, both of which last conditions tell with double force upon the legs and feet. Again, the flies which are so tormenting to horses in June, July, and August, cause them often to gallop about in the most frantic manner, and thus not only is another obstacle presented to their improvement, but it very often causes these parts to become worse than in the season. But some will say that much of this risk may be avoided by turning the hunter out into the marshes, where the soil is always cool, soft, and moist. This is quite true; nevertheless, the gain to the legs is at the expense of the general system, which is so completely upset by moist grasses, that instead of eight or nine weeks it will require as many months to eradicate their ill effects. As far as the hunter is concerned, there can be no question in my mind that a loose box is the proper place for him during the summer; and that he should be allowed a yard to run into if it can possibly be so arranged admits of little doubt, but if this is inconvenient, the Nimrodian plan of confining him in the ordinary loose box is to be accepted in its entirety. The hack or harness horse does not receive so much injury from a summer’s run as the hunter, but if he requires rest for his legs, it is far better to turn him out in the winter season than during the opposite division of the year. Nevertheless, as there are still some advocates of the summer’s run at grass, I shall give directions for it, as well as for the soiling in the stable, as advised by “ Nimrod.” So1L1NG is conducted as follows :—At the conclusion of the hunt- ing season the horse is gradually cooled down, either by removing his clothing in the stable, and letting him first stand there naked for two or three weeks, or by putting him with it on into a moder- ately warm loose box, and after he has been there a day or two taking it away by degrees. At the same time he is deprived of his corn, and fed upon hay only ; but this change also must not be too 224 THE HORSE. sudden, demanding a month for its complete carrying out, which will bring the time on to the beginning or middle of the month of May. A large airy loose box shouid then be provided, the floor being covered with six inches of tan or sand, and the door being so arranged that in warm weather it may be left open, a chain being drawn across from post to post. Here the horse is left for a few days till he is thoroughly accustomed to his new berth, and hie goat is full of dust and scurf, when he may have a dose of physic, and while under its effects his legs may be blistered, or dressed with iodine ointment, or some of the many applications which are used for the purpose of producing absorption of the morbid de- posits which have been thrown out during the winter. AFTER THE PHYSIC IS SET, green food of some kind may be commenced, consisting of Italian rye grass, young vetches, or lucerne, or, if these cannot be obtained, of ordinary meadow grass. At first an equal quantity of hay must be allowed for old hunters, or the change from dry food to green will produce too great an effect on the bowels. Young and hearty horses will, however, be none the worse for this; and, indeed, when they are turned out, all have to bear the change in its fullest extent. Iam not fond of vetches for soiling horses, as they either purge them when they are young, or heat them too much when their seed-pods are fully developed. For working horses the latter condition is especially suited, as they have the effect of beans, and when green food is wanted merely to renovate the stomach without depending on its soiling properties, I see no objection to them. But for hunters when soiled heating food is to be avoided, and on that account I cannot see the advantage of vetches to this kind of horse. As there is no galloping over hard ground the shoes may be removed altogether, and even tips may be dispensed with. The feet should be pared out nicely, the blacksmith removing all broken fragments of horn, and inspecting them afterwards at least once a month. Now is the time to attend to any early symptoms of sand crack, seedy toe, &c., prompt measures at this season often leading to a prevention of these annoying evils. If the horse is not more than ten or twelve years old, his corn may be stopped altogether while he is eating green food in June and July, but a favorite old hunter should be indulged with a couple of quarterns daily, or he will prubably lose flesh to a great extent. The young horse is always prone to inflammation, which a cooling treatment will remove, but the old one is more seasoned, and he will get more harm from being lowered in his general system than the benefit to his legs will re- pay. By the month of August all these plans will have co- operated to produce the desired effect; the legs are cool and fine, and the lumps and bumps incidental to the hunting-field have en- tirely disappeared. If they have been very extensive, two or three SUMMERING. 225 doses of physic should have been given, but in general one dose as ordered at the beginning of the soiling, and another at the end, | when the commencement of training takes its turn, will be suffi. cient. I have now brought the horse to the middle of the month of August, at which time the preparation for work, described at page 206, et sequitur, must be commenced in earnest. TURNING OUT TO GRASS, OR PASTURING, demands some little attention, which however horses seldom receive. Hxcepting in the height of summer it is a very dangerous practice to turn a pre. viously warmly clothed and stabled animal into the fields without gradually accustoming him to the change: of climate. The aver- age temperature of our spring nights is not more than 40° of Fahrenheit, and frequently this degree of cold is united with a keen wind and sharp rain. Even if a hovel is provided, the horse is almost sure to get wet before he betakes himself to its protec- tion, and its door being necessarily open the wind can enter freely It is therefore found that at all other seasons but the summer quarter two or three weeks at least must be devoted to the harden- ing of the skin to bear the climate out of doors. This is done by first of all removing the clothes by degrees, avoiding all attempts at dressing, so as to allow the scurf to accumulate and protect the skin, and then changing the warm stable for a cooler box, which may be closed at first, and day by day left more and more open to the weather by admitting the air through its various apertures. If the horse is of a delicate constitution, and the weather is cold and wet, the turning out should be delayed till there should be a change for the better, or if it is decided on at all risks the precau- tion should be taken for the first,two or three nights to bring him under some dry shelter, avoiding, of course, a warm stable, as doubly injurious. WHEN UNSOUNDNESS OF THE FEET OR LEGS is the inducement to turn out, and the time at which it is desirable to do this is the summer season, the choice should fall upon a marsh. Hard ground will increase the mischief, and, between July and September, ai- though it may be soft just at one particular time, it cannot be expected to remain so long. In any case some precaution should he taken against the horse galloping about on his first being let luose, which, from the joy he experiences at getting his liberty, he. almost invariably does. To prevent this, the legs should be blistered a few days before, so as to seize the opportunity when they are swollen, stiff, and sore, and when, as a natural conse- quence, a gallop would be so extremely painful as to be altogether out of the question. A cradle must be kept on to prevent blem- ishes, but this is no more objectionable out of doors than in. In almost every case this application would be necessary for the dis- eased condition of the extremities, whether the horse was turned 15 226 THE HORSE. out or not; but it is better to seize the opportunity while the legs are still stiff and sore. Fetters or hobbles may be put on the fore- lees with the same object, if the feet only are the seat of mis- chief; but to inflamed joints or back sinews they are not so well suited, from the pressure they produce on the former, and the strains which they cause to the latter. After a few days’ hberty, THE HUNTER TURNED OUT TO GRASS. the tendency to gallop will be lost, and as the legs gradually re- cover their elasticity the horse is not so prone to overdo himself in his exercise, and will generally remain content with a moderate pace; or, if the legs are very unsound, the blister may be re- peated. - THE RENOVATION OF THE HEALTH, when this has been broken down by disease or hard work, is best effected on good sound up- lands. The herbage on salt marshes will sometimes agree with the horse even better than ordinary meadow grass, but this forms the exception to the rule, and is not to be relied on in general. In selecting a run in such a case care should be taken that the herbage is of the desired nature, the best proof of which is that it has agreed with horses in previous seasons. Hxperienced judges ean generally pronounce upon the probability of the desired result SUMMERING- CARE OF SADDLERY. 22% after inspecting the situation, but on the whole their opinion, however well founded, is not so much to be relied on as the fact | that horses have actually become fresh while turned out there. THE FORE FEET should always be protected by ‘tips,’ which are merely short shoes reaching only two-thirds of the way to the heels, which are then left uncovered. The object is to avoid the risk of breaking away the toes, which is incurred whenever the foot is battered on hard ground, as it often is when it is stamped continually, as horses are very apt to do, on the bare surface which is kept dry beneath a sheltering tree. Here the flies are very apt to collect around the horses, and to get rid of their annoyance the legs are constantly in motion. If the full shoe is left on, the hind toe is very apt to catch its heel in deep ground, and tear it wholly _or partially off; and, moreover, it is too often neglected, and either the heels press into the sole, producing corns, or they confine the frog, and lead to disease of that important organ. Tips may safely be left on without removal for two or three months, whereas shoes require attending to every three or four weeks. The hind shoes are always taken off, partly because the hind feet are not so liable to be broken at the toes, but chiefly because they would be dan- gerous to other animals if they were left on from the severe dam- age which is done by a kick with an armed heel. HORSES WHOSE JUGULAR VEINS have become obliterated from adhesive inflammation following bleeding, are unfit to be turned out in consequence of the difficulty which is presented to the re- turn of the blood from the head by its low position in grazing. So also those which have recently suffered from staggers should not be sent out to grass, for fear of the position causing a return of the disease. CARE OF SADDLERY AND HARNESS: THE MANAGEMENT OF SADDLERY must have a treble object. First, the groom should take care that he does nothing which shal! injure the horse. Secondly, he must have a due regard to his master’s comfort in using it. And, thirdly, he must please the eye. I must therefore show how each of these purposes can best be effected. TO AVOID INJURING THE HORSE the groom should begin when he first comes in from work, and before he removes the saddle or collar. It is ascertained by experience that if these are taken off when the skin beneath them is hot and sweating, inflammation will almost surely follow, while by leaving them loosely in their places for a short time no injurious effect is perceived. If a groom who is master of his business is watched when his horses come in, he will be seen to loosen their girths and lift the saddles from their backs for a second, replacing them loosely, and leaving them there 228 THE HORSE. while he takes off the bridles and makes his arrangements for dressing. In harness-horses everything but the collars may be taken off, and after turning them to remove the harness and traces, they may be replaced and left as near to the shoulder as the posi- tion of the horse with his head in the manger will allow. This rule should be invariably followed whenever horses come into the stable after having done any amount of work. If they have merely gone out for a short airing, and the skin beneath the saddle or collar is not even damp, there is no occasion for the precaution, and the saddle or collar may at once be removed. The next thing to be done to the saddlery in reference to the horse’s comfort is to dry the lining carefully before it is again used. Hven the lining of harness-pads should be attended to, and in the winter this cannot be done without placing each before the fire. After the serge lining is dry, it is an excellent plan to beat the stuffing with a stick, so as to remove the powdery particles left by the sweat, which soon clog up the interstices and form a matted cake with the woollen materials used if they are allowed to remain. IN ATTENDING TO THE COMFORT OF THE MASTER the groom must take care to keep all the leather which comes in contact with the hands or legs perfectly supple, yet so clean that no stain is left behind. Nothing is more annoying than to get off the saddle for the purpose of paying a morning call, and find the insides of a light pair of trousers stained all the way down. This is perfectly inexcusable, and its occurrence marks the ignorance and careless- ness of a servant in the most unmistakeable manner. The same remark applies to the reins, which never ought to soil a pair of white gloves. Whenever blacking is applied to harness it is impossible altogether to prevent the tendency to leave a stain, but if it is carefully put on, and well brushed, as long as it is kept dry it may be lightly handled with impunity. If buckles are to be altered, the gloves must suffer, and for this reason, when gentlemen drive their own horses, they generally prefer brown driving reins, which may be treated in the same way as riding reins, and kept clean accordingly. The following directions for cleaning saddles and riding bridles, and also for brown driving reins, or any other parts of the harness made of undyed leather, will serve the pur- pose extremely well. As long as the leather remains dry and - clean it needs no attention, but when it is wetted, either by rain, or by the water necessary for cleaning it from road dust, it becomes hard and stiff, and must be softened with some kind of oily matter. Neat’s-foot oil is that usually employed, but for saddles it is rather of too greasy a nature, being apt to leave a mark on the trousers if it has been liberally applied. The best application is deer’s Buet, which should be gently warmed and rubbed in before the leather is quite dry again, after being wetted ; that is to say, while CARE OF SADDLERY AND HARNESS. 229 it remains limp, for if it is held to the fire long enough, all wet leather becomes hard and stiff. A very little oil or suet will suf- fice, if it is used as soon as the leather is nearly dry, after each wetting, but when leather has been left for days in a dry place after being thoroughly wet, it becomes so stiff that nothing but a good soaking with oil will restore its pliability, and even with this it remains stiff to a certain extent, unless it is very slightly damped, in conjunction with the use of the oil. Vegetable oils, with the single exception of castor oil, are too much inclined to become hard to suit leather, and none but the latter should ever be em- ployed. Its nauseous smell is an objection to it, but otherwise it will answer the purpose almost as well as neat’s-foot. Horse-fat, if used carefully, and in very small quantities, is a capital applica- tion, but one liberal dressing with it spoils the look of leather, giving it a sodden appearance, which it never recovers. TO MAKE SADDLERY AND HARNESS LOOK WELL to the eye, several receipts, and directions for using them, are necessary ; in- cluding the following, for avoiding injury from chemical decom- position :— 1.) Do not allow brass or plated furniture to be within reach of the air of the stable ; for the ammonia given off from the urine will tarnish them. Gas, also, is prejudicial; and if it is burned in the harness-room, it should be contained within a glass chamber, which has a ventilating shaft, so as to carry off the products of combustion into the external air. (Gas stoves are particularly pre- judicial ; and, indeed, so are all stoves which allow the fumes given off by the coals to pass into the room. (2.) As-soon as possible after the harness is taken off, if the weather is fine, take a leather, kept specially for the purpose, and wipe off the dust ; sponging with a damp sponge those parts which are soiled with sweat. If the traces, belly-band, &c., are splashed with mud, wash them at once; on no account soaking them in water, or using more of it than is necessary. Dry them, as far as possible, with the leathers. If the black dye with which the leather is stained has come off to any serious extent, a little of a solution of green copperas may be used, but this is not often neccs- sary. Unbuckle the bits from the bridle, put them in clean water for a short time, then take them out, and remove every particle of dirt from them. Dry with the leather, and rub avery little neat’s- foot oil on them. Before they are used again, they must be polished with the dry leather, aided by a little silver sand, if they have become at all rusty. The curb-chain will always want rubbing loosely in the hand with a little silver sand, finishing with the leather. BLACK HARNESS must be kept constantly polished by hand- brushing it with some composition specially prepared for the pur- 20 230 THE HORSE. pose. This must be of a greasy or waxy nature, to prevent the rain from dissolving it, and washing it off upon the coat of the horse. One or other of the following compositions will answer the purpose : RECIPES FOR HARNESS BLACKING. No. 1. Spirit of Turpentine . C ° 1 pt. Beeswax 5 5 . ° 4 02. Prussian Blue : 5 1 oz. Lamp Black “ 4 OZ. Slice the wax very thin, put it in a jar and pour on the turpentine. Let it stand twenty-four hours, then grind the other ingredients together on a stone or marble slab, and mix carefully up. It must be kept in a covered tin box. No. 2. Take the above composition and add the following, which improves the polish :-— Spirit Varnish : C - 1 pt. Gum Benzoin . : . ° 2 oz. Soft Soap ; n Loz. Melt together in a water bath, and when thoroughly incorporated mix all together on a stone and cover up directly. CHAPTER XII. RIDING. Mounting and Dismounting—The Seat—Management of the Reins—Modes of Starting the Horse into hs Various Paces— Riding to Hounds—Out-door Vices and Bad Halits. MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING. THE CELEBRATED RAREY has recently given us a new light upon the subject, which is quite at variance with those directions which have hitherto been considered to be the cor- rect ones in this country. Thus, Captain Richardson, in his val- uable work on Horsemanship, advises as follows :—‘ Stand opposite the near fore-foot of the horse, place the left hand on the neck near to the withers, having the back of the hand to the MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING. 231 horse’s head, and the reins lying in front of the hand. Take up the reins with the right hand, put the little finger of the left hand between them, and draw them through until you feel the mouth of the horse; turn the remainder of the reins along the inside of the left hand, let it fall over the fore-finger on the off-side, and place the thumb upon the reins. Twist a lock of the mane round the thumb or fore-finger, and close the hand firmly upon the reins. Take the stirrup in the right hand, and place the left toe in it as far as the ball; let the knee’ press against the flap of the saddle, to prevent the point of the toe from irritating the side of the horse; seize the cantle of the saddle with the right hand, and springing up from the right toe, throw the right leg clear over the horse, coming gently into the saddle by staying the weight of the body with the right hand resting on the right side of the pommel of the saddle; put the right toe in the stirrup.” Now this is in the main applicable to a man of five feet ten inches or six feet, but to a shorter individual attempting to mount a horse of fifteen hands three inches, it is an impossibility, simply because he cannot reach the cantle from the same position which enables him to hold the stirrup in the left hand. The Captain is also wrong, in my opinion, in directing that the body should be raised into the saddle directly from the ground, with one movement. This will always bring the rider down into the saddle with a very awkward jerk; and the proper direction is to raise the body straight up till both feet are on a level with the stirrup-iron, and then with the left leg held against the flap of the saddle by the left hand on the pommel, the right leg is easily thrown over the cantle, and the body may be kept in the first position until the horse is quiet, if he is plunging or rearing. A short man can generally place his foot in the stir- rup while held in his hand, but it should be known that all cannot do this, because I have seen young riders much vexed at finding that they could not possibly do what is directed. Most of our writers on horsemanship are of the military school, and endeavor to cut every one’s cloth by their own coats. They are able to do certain things easily, and so are their men, because they are mostly of the height already specified, but as sportsmen and civil eques- trians are of all heights, I shall endeavor to accommodate my re- marks to all heights and classes. In all cases the rider should stand at the shoulder, though with a short man it is much easier to mount a tall horse from the hind-quarter, but the danger of kicking is very great; and even in mounting with “a leg,” in the jockey style, [ have known the thigh very nearly broken by a kick. If the hand can steady the stirrup it should do so, but if the person is too short, the foot can be placed in the stirrup with- out its aid; then taking the reins between the fingers, much as directed in the passage already quoted, and grasping a lock of the Zan THE HORSE. mane with the finger and thumb, the body is raised till the right foot is brought to a level with the left, when the right hand seizes the cantle, and with the left grasping the pommel, the body is steadied for a short time, which, in the ordinary mount, is almost imperceptible, but in a fidgety horse is sometimes of considerable length. The leg is now thrown gently over the saddle, and-as it reaches the cantle the hand is withdrawn, after which the body sinks into the saddle in an easy and graceful manner. The right foot is then placed in the stirrup, with or without the aid of the right hand holding it. Sucu 1s THE EnauisH METHOD. Mr. Rarey, in opposition to this plan, advises that the right hand and arm shall be thrown over the saddle, the horseman standing with his back to the quarters, and thus incurring the chance of being severely kicked. THE SEAT. THE POSITION OF THE rider in the saddle, called “ the seat,” admits of several variations according to the purpose to which he is devoted, but it is mainly influenced by the length of the stir- rups. In the military style these are so long that the weight of the body “s conveyed to the saddle by the inside of the thighs, or “fork” alone, while in that adopted in the Hast this part scarcely touches the saddle, and the breech and feet distribute the weight between them. Colonel Greenwood, who is the only military writer on horsemanship that can be taken as a guide for the road, tells us—‘‘ There is one direction which I think applies to all seats. Turn the thigh from the hip, so as to bring the hollow to the sad- dle; this places the foot straight to the front, with the heel out and the toe in. ‘Trotting without stirrups on the thigh only, with the heel down and the toe up, shoulders back, a snaffle rein in each hand like a rough-rider, is the best possible position for sit- ting.” Now the latter part of this is quite true, but the former is not quite consistent with my own experience, for if the short stirrups of the Eastern horseman are adopted, the hollow of the thigh cannot be brought to the saddle, yet this style he admits is ‘admirable in its way.” Dismissing then the military seat for which Colonel Greenwood’s directions may suffice, I may assert that, in the ordinary English style, there are four points necessary to be considered; namely, (1) the position of the weight, which will be mainly influenced by (2) the position of the knees well forward on the flap, (3) the proper length of the stirrup-leathers, and (4) the cafriage of the body. If the weight is not laid upon the middle of the saddle, which is the axis of the “see-saw” motion made in the gallop, it has to be raised at every stride, and thus additional labor is thrown on the horse. With long stirrups in the wilitary style this is of necessity done; but, with short stirrups, MANAGEMENT OF IHE REINS. 233 the knees are often placed on the flaps behind the leathers, and then the breech remains close to the cantle and sometimes almost overlapping it. To get the length of leather adapted to most men, — though there are occasionally exceptions, the rider should sit well on his fork, and then the stirrups should be taken up or let down till they just touch the ankle bone. For road riding this enables the hollow of the thigh to touch the saddle, because the ball of the foot being on the stirrup, the heel is down an inch and a half below it; whilst, in the hunting-field, as the stirrup is worn “home,” the knee is carried higher and more forward on the saddle, and the weight is distributed between it, the breech, and the foot. With regard to the carriage of the body, all the directions in the world will not make it easy, and without the supervision of a master, or a friend, to point out defects, no one can be sure that he is sitting in a good, much less an elegant style. It is not possible even to know that the shoulders are square, or that the body is not carried on one side, defects which I have known persisted in for years without the slightest consciousness of them on the part of the rider, who would gladly have rectified them if he had known of their existence. One rule may, however, be given, namely, that no effort should be made to move in any direction, and that, on the contrary, every endeavor should be directed to keep the body and legs as still as the action of the horse will allow, bearing in mind that the opposite extreme of stiffness is almost equally bad. MANAGEMENT OF THE REINS. THERE ARE THREE DISTINCT MODES of holding and managing the reins. In the first, adopted by the military school, the left hand does all, without any assistance from the right, which is occu- ied with the sword, lance, or carbine. In the second, the left hand holds the reins, aided occasionally by the right; and in the third, or ‘‘two-handed method,” the reins are permanently held one in each hand. The first of these is only needed in the manége, and I therefore shall not allude to it; while the last requires no description, further than to mention that it is the mode adopted by the colt-breaker, and that it gives far more control over the mouth than either of the others. As single and double reins are differently placed in the hand, a description of each will be necessary. THE SINGLE REIN is held by placing all the fingers but the first between the two leathers, and then, making both turn over that one, they are firmly held by pressing the thumb against it. This gives a firm grasp, and at the same time allows of either being pulled tighter than the other by turning the wrist. To shorten the grasp, the right hand has only to lay hold of the loose part of the rein, and then the left, sliding forwards towards the neck, can 234 THE HORSE. close wherever it may be desired. In order to be sure that the elbow is held against the side, the thumb should always point towards the horse’s ears; and the nearer the little finger can be carried to the pommel of the saddle the better. In using the single rein, the management of the mouth, 7f a good one, is easy enough ; nevertheless, there are various directions for the purpose adopted in different schools, which are dependent upon altogether conflicting principles. Every tyro knows that the horse turns to the left by pulling the left rein, and to the right by pulling the opposite one; and the problem to be solved is to do this by. one hand only. Now, this with the single rein is easily effected by raising the thumb towards the right shoulder, when the right rein is to be pulled, or by drawing the little finger towards the fork for the left; in both cases by a turn of the wrist, without lifting the whole hand. But over and above this action on the mouth, and in many cases independent of it, is a movement which, in trained horses, is capable of much greater delicacy, and which depends upon the sensibility of the skin of the neck for its due performance. It is effected by turning the whole hand to the right or left, without uny wrist action, so as to press the right rein against the neck, in order to cause a turn to the left, and the left rein against the neck for the opposite purpose; at the same time rather slackening the " reins, so as not to bear upon the mouth by so doing. In this way a horse may be turned with a much greater degree of nicety and smoothness than by acting on the corner of his mouth. But highly-broken horses, such as the military troop-horses, are often too much used to their bits to answer to this slight and delicate manipulation; and therefore it is eschewed by Captain Richardson, as well as by Colonel Greenwood, but, strangely enough, for oppo- site reasons, and each attempting to substitute a very different process for it. JI am well aware that some horses can never be taught it, but must always have a bearing made on the mouth before they will turn; yet, when it can be inculcated, it makes the animal so tractable and agreeable to ride, that it is a highly desira- ble accomplishment ; and I cannot, therefore, join in condemning its use, but should rejoice if it could in all cases be fully developed. THE DOUBLE REIN is usually held by those who ride for _plea- sure in this country as follows :—Begin by taking up the snaffile- rein, and place the fore and middle fingers between its two por- tions; then lay hold of the curb-rein, and either hook it loosely on to the little finger, if not immediately wanted, or draw it up to the requisite degree of tightness and turn it over the fore finger, when it will lie upon the snaffle-rein, and, together with it, will be gripped by the thumb. By adopting this plan, the curb-rein is always at the command of the right hand; and it may be shortened or let out in a moment, which is of constant oceurrence in every MANAGEMENT OF THE REINS—STARTING TO TROT. 235 day's ride. The hand is held as with the single rein, with the thumb pointing to the horse’s ears; in turning, however, there is much less power of bearing on either side of the bit by raising the thumb or lowering the little finger, because the distance be- tween the snaffle-reins is only half what it was, and therefore the mode of turning by pressure upon the neck is doubly desirable; and hence its general adoption in those cases where double-reined bridles are used, as in the field and on the road. Sometimes, to obviate this objection, the snaffle-reins are placed as in the single- reined bridle, outside the little finger, and then the curb is hooked over the ring-finger, between the snaffle-reins, so as to allow of the full manipulation of the mouth by the hand, without bearing upon the neck. But the objection to this is, that the curb cannot be shortened without releasing the snaffle; and therefore the horse must either be ridden on the curb alone while this process is be- ing effected, or his head must be loosed altogether; whereas, in the other mode, his mouth is still under the control of the snaffle all the time that the curb is being let out or taken in. THE ATTAINMENT OF ‘‘ GOOD HANDS,” by which is to be under- stood a light and delicate handling of the reins, is, or ought to be, the aim of every rider. The most delicate mouth in the world is soon spoilt by bearing heavily on it, as is too often done by grooms, and, indeed, by the average run of our horsemen. So also in hunting, if the horse is not allowed his head in making his effort, he will be almost sure to fail in exactly doing what he meant, and will hit timber, if he is put at that class of fence, or will drop his hind legs into the ditch, if there is one. Bad riders use the reins as a means of balancing themselves in the saddle, and this is especially done in the hunting-field, where they would be utterly unable to maintain their seats without the aid thus afforded to the proper grip and balance. very one in learning to ride ought to be taught to go through all the paces, and to jump the bar without any reins in his hand; and when he finds he is able to do without them, he will learn to use them only in the way for which they are intended. MODES OF STARTING THE HORSE INTO HIS VARIOUS PACES. To MAKE A HORSE start off in a quick walk, when he 1s not inclined to do so, either from being too fresh or too raw, is by no means an easy task. I have often ridden one for several days in succession, before I could make him settle down to a fair walk, and even then the slightest excitement would upset all my apparent previous progress. This is especially true of those horses pos- sessed of such elastic joints, that they could “jog” at a rate much slower than they could walk. Here restraint by the bridle is out 236 THE HORSE. of the question, and any excitement by the voice or heel increases the jog into a full trot, without passing through any intermediate stage. The difficulty consists in the fact that for a perfect walk the head must be at liberty, and when this is allowed to a generous horse, he is inclined to go off at a rate faster than suffices for the pace in question. The only plan, therefore, is to ride such horges quietly, till they are leg weary, whatever the number of hours may be required, and then it is possible to loose their heads without their taking advantage of the liberty to go off ‘at score.”’ In- deed, in the walk, the head should never be much confined, and yet the rider should not entirely leave it uncontrolled; the finest possible touch is enough, so that on any trip the hand is at once informed of it by the drop of the head, when, by a sudden jerk of the bridle, not too forcible, it rouses the horse, and prevents his falling. lt is not that he is kept up by pulling the rein, but that he is roused by it and made to exert himself, for many horses seem regardless of falls, and would be down twenty times a day if they were not stimulated by the heel and bit. Confinement of the head in the walk is absolutely injurious, and more frequently causes a fall than saves one. Faces AY “Bal[qoous, “iL ee a4 ‘qsa10 URIayJUTyIOI-qng “§ sen ae “soley JaquRyoory, “Y WinieaditModdy] sO “9F “Cy ‘Fe ‘ee BEI AND % auoy [epad Jo FurM “Ze “cindvos jo ssao0.1d ont Soa SSI ROdIEORTS Indeos jo ssad0id prooBi09 “CO atcha a ‘adR[AvO WOJISUY “NT J *eSUl[AT WA 129 *W IVNS EO "6% : qin ° USdS "87 *1Z ate oO 1» anoqg jedavovjour [Rus Jaauy "97 haere ‘9 Is 10]NQ ‘Cz ae aaae wea ‘ouo0g [udsvoRjaU OFauT "Fz HEU) ee H ia eat 1990} 1vlOW “VW ‘sauoqg tude < ‘17 ‘07 ‘6L ‘SI “SqLl OnE, “6 '6 “WNUIIIG *g ‘MAaytoa [VAFLO00, *L* ‘ ‘wnsoVg “9 “¢ ‘dSUOH FHL JO NOLATAUMS IVLWMILYVY— [| THE SKELETON. 251 time it serves the purpose of locomotion. In both these divisions of the animal kingdom the skeleton forms a series of arches or. rings, capable of moving on each other, but so firmly attached as to secure protection to the important organs contained within them. In the horse, as in all the higher mammalia, these rings or arches are double—one set, the superior, being continuous throughout the whole length of the animal from the head to the root of the tail, and containing the nervous system; while the other lying below, but closely connected to them, is interrupted in certain localities, being found to exist chiefly in three regions :—1st, where it forms the jaws and bone of the tongue; 2d, where, by means of the ribs and sternum, it constitutes the thorax and its appendages, the an- terior extremities ; and, thirdly, where, in the shape of the pelvic arch, it protects the organs of generation, and, through the poste- rior extremities prolonged from it, assists in locomotion. The superior of these arches, from containing the brain, and its pro- longation, the spinal cord, is called the neural arch. The inferior is termed the hzmal arch (aiya, blood), because it protects the heart and its large blood-vessels as the latter pass from the thorax towards the head and posterior extremities. In all the vertebrata the neural arch consists of one continuous cavity, defended from end to end by bony plates, strongly joined together; and in some of the lower forms (lizards) the heemal arch is nearly as complete, these animals having cervical ribs; while the dugong and some others are furnished with ribs in their tails. Consequently, it is fair to consider the whole skeleton in the superior forms of the animal kingdom as composed of two series of arched plates, firmly united together, but still allowing more or less motion, and serving to protect the centres of the nervous and sanguineous systems, from which they have received their names. THE ARTIFICIAL SKELETON. THE BONES of the Horse, as of the other mammalia, may be preserved with their natural ligamentous attachments counecting them in a dry state, in which condition the skeleton is called a natural one. It is usual, however, to macerate them so long that all the soft parts readily separate, leaving the bones without any of the ligaments or cartilages which are firmly fixed to them during life. They are then put together by wires, &c., the cartilages being represented by leather and cork. In this way it often happens that the proportions are not exactly preserved, and, on reference to an articulated skeleton in any museum, the inexperienced eye may be greatly misled. Thus it is very common to represent the thorax in the artificial skeleton as much shallower than it is in nature, where its lower margin is on the average about midway between the top of the withers and the ground. Again, in the 252 THE HORSE. fresh state, the intervertebral fibro-cartilage is in some parts of the spine of considerable thickness; and if the proper substance is not artificially supplied, the skeleton will be too short, or if too thick a waterial is added it will be too long. In the engraving of the skeleton occupying the opposite page, which is drawn from the skeleton in the Museum of the Veterinary College of London, the spine is correctly represented, but the thorax is too shallow, and the scapula, together with the whole tore extremity, is placed too far forward. NUMBER OF BONES COMPOSING 'YHE SKELETON. THE SKELETON is composed of two hundred and forty-seven separate bones, which are united by joints to form the spine, tho- rax, pelvis, tail, and fore and hind extremities. The spine is finished anteriorly by the head, which is divided into the cranium and face, and contains the teeth. Suspended from the head is the os hyoides, which completes the number of bones. Thus :— THE SPINE consists of 7 cervical, 18 dorsal, and 6 lumbar ver- tebre—Total . .. 31 THE THORAX is made up of the dorsal vertebree, ‘with 18 ribs on each side, and the sternum in the middle—Total . . 37 THE PELVIS comprises 2 ossa innominata (or ilium, ischium, and pubes), and 1 sacrum—Total . . . . . . 1. 3) 8 THE TAIL contains on the average 17 bones. . 17 THE FORE EXTREMITY is made up on each side of the scapula, humerus, os brachii, and 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal, os suffraginis, os corone, os pedis, os naviculare, 2 ossa sesa- moidea-—Total on both sides 40 ‘'dE HIND EXTREMITY has the femur, patella, tibia, fibula, 6 tarsal bones, 3 metatarsals, os suffraginis, os corone, os pedis, os naviculare, 2 ossa sesamoidea—Total oo a ee! BoNES OF THE CRANIUM . . . a. ae) Oe BoNES OF THE FACE AND LOWER JAW. ON ee BEDE ls 0. 2° ”0 Ga BOoNES OF THE INTERNAL BAR, Ai in ‘agers orfan’. . aes Os HYOIDES, OR BONE OF THE TONGUE, made up of five sec- EME id a ine Rs J Grind total ; . °.° 4. (9 eomae GENERAL ANATOMY OF THE SPINAL COLUMN. THE VERTEBRAL OR SPINAL COLUMN is the first rudiment of internal skeleton seen in the lower vertebrate animals. and this constitutes the type of that great division of the animal kingdom. In the horse, also, it is the portion. of the skeleton first developed in the embryo, and forms the centre around which all the other SPINAL COLUMN—HEAD AND FACE. 253 parts are framed. At its first appearance it is a cartilaginous cylinder, surrounding and protecting the primitive trace of the nervous system; but as the embryo increases in growth, points of ossification are developed corresponding to each vertebra, the whole tube being finally divided into distinct pieces called vertebre, te which the bones of the head are a prolongation, corresponding in their nature, though differing outwardly m form. The vertebrx are divisible into true and false, the former reach- ing from the head to the pelvis, and the latter extending thence backward, being respectively called the sacrum ahd coccyx. The true vertebrx comprise the 7 cervical, 18 dorsal, and 6 lum- bar vertebrae. Hach consists of a body, from which two laminz or plates project upwards, terminating in a spinous process. In addition to these are two lateral projections (transverse processes), which serve the purpose of firmly connecting the vertebre together by means of the muscles attached to them, and also to the ribs and extremities below. Lastly, each vertebra has two small surfaces before and the same number behind (articular surfaces), which form distinct joints between them. Between the body, the laminz, and the spinous process, is an opening, more or less triangular in shape, in which lie the spinal cord and its investments. The edges of this opening are attached to those before and behind by ligamentous tissues (igamenta sub- jlava), which, opposite each intervertebral space, are pierced by openings on each side to give exit to the vertebral nerves passing out to the exterior of the body and to the extremities. Opposite to these openings the bone is notched above and below, and these intervertebral notches complete the parts common to the whole series. Thus the vertebral or spinal column serves as a firmly se- cured but flexible tube for the lodgment of the spinal cord, while at the same time it gives passage to its nerves. By this formation it is far less liable to injury, and also more useful as an aid to loco- motion, than if it were made of one solid piece of bone, which, from its length, would be readily broken. OF THE HEAD AND FACE, AND OF THE HYOID ARCH. MopERN ANATOMISTS, following out the idea first suggested by Maclise and Owen, consider the head as made up of six vertebree ; the posterior one, or that nearest to the neck, being the occipital bone, the next two being made up of the temporal bone, and the ultimate vertebree consisting of the sphenoid and zthmoid bones This is a somewhat fanciful hypothesis, when worked out in detail ; hut it is obvious that the several bones of the skull subserve the same purposes as the vertebrae, and resemble those parts of the skeleton in forming a series of irregular arches to protect the 254 THE HORSE. brain, the division into separate pieces being far more secure than if the whole were in one. FIG. 1.— PROFILE VIEW OF THE HEAD AND FACE. 1 Occiput. 7. Malar bone, 2. Parietal bone. 8. Posterior maxillary bone. _ 8. Frontal bone. 9—11. Nasal bone. 4. Petrous portion of ternporal bone. 10. Anterior maxillary bone. 5. Zygomatic arch, 11. Temporal fossa. 6. Lachrymal bone. 12, 13. Lower jaw. THE BONES OF THE FACE, including the lower jaw and og -hyoides, depend from the neural arch or brain-case much in the same way as the ribs and pelvic bones posterior to them are at- tached to the vertebree, and though they enclose organs of less vital importance, yet they are perfectly analogous to these parts in their types and in the offices which they perform. OF THE THORACIC ARCH AND ANTERIOR EXTREMITIES. LYING IN THE HORSE AT SOME DISTANCE POSTERIORLY to the three first segments of the hzemal arch (the bones of the face, lower jaw, and os hyoides), and separated from them by the neck, where there is a hiatus, the thoracic arch and anterior extremities de- pend from the vertebrze corresponding to them. In many of the higher vertebrates the fore extremity is firmly united by a joint to the thorax, and may be considered with it; but in the horse it is only attached by muscles, the thorax being slung between the upper edges uf the blade-bones by means of two broad sheets of muscular fibres. Hence the collar-bone is entirely absent in this animal ; and thus, while he is free trom dislocations and fractures of that bone, to which he would be constantly subject if it were present, he is rendered more liable to strains and rheumatic in- flammations of the muscular sling, by which freedom of action is impaired. THE SKELETON. 255 IN THE ARTICULATED SKELETON it is usual to consider the thorax as made up by the eighteen dorsal vertebrze superiorly, the eighteen ribs and their cartilages on each side, and the sternum with its cartilages below. But the cavity of the thorax, as bounded by the diaphragm posteriorly, is not nearly so large as would be supposed from a consideration of the dry skeleton, for though the diaphragm is attached to the twelve posterior ribs near their car- tilages, yet its surface is sv convex towards the thoracic cavity, that a very large space within the bony thorax is really occupied by the abdominal organs. THE PELVIC ARCH AND HIND EXTREMITIES. BEHIND THE THORAX occurs a second interval corresponding to the loins, where the hemal arch is deficient; but at the pelvis the circle is completed by the bones of the ischium, ilium, and pubes, united to the sacrum above, and having the hind extremi- ties firmly articulated to them at the hip joints. The pelvis con- stitutes not only a firm and solid case for the protection of the large blood-vessels, and of the urinary and genital organs, but it is also intimately connected with locomotion, to which the posterior extremities largely contribute. . THE TAIL. THIS ORGAN appears to be intended chiefly to protect the body from insects; but it also serves to some extent as an aid in bal- ancing the body when rapidly moving in any new direction. It is made up of from fifteen to eighteen bones. THE FORE AND HIND EXTREMITIES CONSIDERED AS ORGANS OF SUPPORT AND LOCOMOTION. REGARDING THE LIMBS AS MEANS OF SUPPORT, it must be re- membered that the fore limbs are nearer the centre of gravity, and, therefore, sustain more weight than the hind. The fore quarter is suspended between the bases of the two shoulder-blades, chiefly by the serrati magni, and in such a way as to require no special muscular contraction. The four parts of which the limb itself is composed being bent at various angles, are prevented from giving way by the muscular actions of the extensors of the hu- merus and ulna, the carpus (or knee) having little tendency to yield, and the pastern being supported by the flexor muscles and suspensory ligament. The hinder limbs, though sustaining less weight, are not so favorably cireumstanced for this purpose, the angles between their several parts being generally more acute. But if these are attentively regarded, there is not so much differ- ence as is generally suppsed. Thus, the first joint, the ilio-fe- moral, forms a less acute angle than its analogue, the shoulder 256 THE HORSE. joint. Again, though the stifle joint is considerably bent, it is not more so than the elbow joint, which will be clear on comparing the two in the skeleton given at page 252. The chief disadvan- tage sustained by the hind limbs as means of support will be found in the hock, as compared with the knee, the latter being nearly straight, while the former is much bent ; ‘but as it has a long lever to assist it (the os calcis), and as this is kept in position by the powerful hamstring muscles, each of which serves its purpose far more completely than the flexor of the carpus inserted in the os pisiforme, it may readily be understood that the hind limb is not greatly at a disadvantage in supporting the weight of the body. AS AGENTS OF LOCOMOTION, the offices of the fore and hind limbs are widely different. Hach has been already described as consisting of four sections, bent at angles on each other. In the fore limb these angles are framed to serve as, springs, so that when the feet touch the ground, they are enabled to adapt themselves so as to avoid altering the line of progression of the body. In those animals which have small and short fore legs, as the kangaroo and hare, the most rapid locomotion ever consists in a series of curves; whereas, in the horse at full speed, the body progresses in one straight line, owing to this elastic structure of the anterior limbs. So, also, in descending from an extraordinary leap, the springy ac- tion of the fore limbs of the horse is so powerful that he can get off again without dwelling, whereas the kangaroo and hare must depend almost entirely upon their hind legs, and consequently stop for a second after their descent. On the other hand, the angular formation of the hind limbs is intended to enable the animal to drive its whole body forward, by first flexing all the joints, and thus drawing the feet under the belly; and then suddenly ex- tending them with the feet fixed in the ‘ground, the weight is ne- cessarily propelled. Or if the feet are not fixed they are lashed out backwards, developing the action so well known as “ kicking.” The difference between the powers displayed by the two limbs, in straightening their component parts, is well displayed in comparing kicking with the striking out of the fore foot, which is common enough among vicious horses. It is true that the latter will some- times cause a severe blow; but it could very rarely break a limb, which is the least amount of mischief to be apprehended from the full force of a lash out with the hinder limb. THE TEETH. 257 CHAPTER XIV. THE TEETH. THE TEETH are developed within their appropriate cavities or sockets, which are found exactly corresponding with their number m the upper and lower jaws, being narrower in the lower than in the upper. Before birth they are nearly all in a state of incom- plete growth, covered and concealed by the gums, but soon after- wards they rise through it in pairs, the first set, or milk teeth, being in course of time superseded by the permanent teeth as in all the mammalia. The following is the formula of the complete dentition of the horse :— Incisors §, canine 3, molars 12. HAcH TOOTH is developed within its corresponding cavity in the jaw, and is made up of three distinct substances—cement, enamel. and dentine. ‘The cement of the horse’s tooth (sometimes called crusta petrosa) closely corresponds in texture with his bone, and, like it, is traversed by vascular canals. The enamel is the hardest constituent of the tooth, and con- sists of earthy matter arranged in the animal matrix, but contained in canals, so as to give the striated appearance which it pre- sents on splitting it open. Den- tine has an organized animal ba- sis, presenting extremely minute tubes and cells, and containing earthly particles, which are partly blended with the animal matter in its interspaces, and partly con- tained in a granular state within its cells. These three substances are shown in the annexed section of an incisor tooth, see Fig. 2, Sea Sano OS ACR which is of the natural size. c. Cement on external surface. . c. Cement reflected within the cavity. In THE MOLAR teeth the ar- e. Enamel also reflected. d. Dentine. rangement of these three sub- s. Tartar, colored black by decomposi- stances is the same, except that the tion of food, contained within the cavity. cement and enamel dip down into two or more cavities instead of one, and are also reflected in a sinu- ous manner upon the sides. This inequality in the hardness of the 17 258 THE HORSE. component parts of these teeth causes them to wear away with different degrees of rapidity, and thus leaves a rough surface, which materially aids in grinding down the hard grain which forms a large portion of the animal’s food. In the upper jaw, the table presented by each molar tooth is much larger than those of the corresponding lower teeth, and therefore it is easy to distinguish the one from the other. THE TEMPORARY OR MILK INCISORS differ in shape a good deal from the permanent set. The milk teeth are altogether much smaller, but especially in the neck, which is constricted in them, whilst in the permanent set, which go on growing as they wear out, the diameter is nearly the same throughout. The former are also whiter in color, and have grooves or indentations on their outer surfaces, running towards the gum. Lastly, the mark on the table is much slighter than in the permanent teeth. The temporary molars are not distinguishable from the permanent teeth of that class. AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THIS ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS, the teeth, as they wear down, present a different appearance according to the extent to which their attrition has reached. On this fact is founded a means of arriving at a knowledge of the age of the horse after he has shed his milk teeth, which as a rule he does in pairs at certain fixed periods. In order, therefore, to be able to estimate the age of the horse from his teeth, it is necessary to ascertain, as nearly as may be, the exact time at which he puts up each pair of his milk or sucking teeth, and afterwards the periods at which they are replaced by the permanent teeth. Finally, it becomes the province of the veterinarian to lay down rules for ascertaining the age from the degree of attrition which the per- manent teeth have undergone. For these several purposes, the horse’s mouth must be studied from the earliest period of his life up to old age. In horseman’s language the incisors are called nippers, the canine teeth tushes, and the molars grinders. By THE END OF THE FIRST YEAR the colt has cut his twelve nippers and sixteen grinders, which usually pierce the gums at the following months. Before birth, the eight anterior grinders have generally shown themselves, followed about a week after foaling by the two central nippers. At the end of the first month another grinder makes its appearance all round, and in the middle of the second the next nipper shows itself. By the end of the second month the central nippers have attained their full size, and the second are about half-grown, requiring another month to overtake their fellows. Between the sixth and ninth months the corner nippers are cut, and towards the end of the first year reach their full size. This first set of nippers consists of teeth considerably THE TEETH. 259 smaller in size than the permanent teeth and somewhat different in shape. ‘They are more rounded in front, and hollow towards the mouth, the outer edge being at first much higher than thi inner. As they wear down, these two edges soon become level, but the corner nippers maintain this appearance for a long time. At six months the central nippers are almost level, with the black “mark” in their middle wide and faint; and about the ninth month the next nipper on each side above and below is also worn down almost to a level surface. DURING THE SECOND YEAR the following changes take place :— In the first month, and sometimes towards the end of the first year, a fourth grinder is cut all round, which commences the set of permanent teeth, the three first molars only being shed. Ata year and a half, the mark in the central nippers is much worn out, and has become very faint; the second is also worn flat, but isnot so faint; and the corner nippers are flat, but present the mark clearly enough. In colts which have been reared on corn and much hay, the wearing down proceeds more rapidly than in those fed upon grass alone. THE THIRD YEAR is occupied by the commencement of the second dentition, which is effected in the same order in which the Wi \ My | ih mui i Fic, 3.—THREE-YEAR-OLD MOUTH. B. Anterior maxillary bone. 8. 3. Corner milk teeth, still showing cee 1. 1 Central permanent nippers, nearly tral mark. full-grown. 4, 4, Tushes concealed within the jaw. 2. 2. Milk teeth worn down. milk teeth made their appearance. Both sets are contained within the jaw at birth, the permanent teeth being small and only yar- 260 THE HORSE. tially developed, and lying deeper than the milk tveth. As the mouth grows, it becomes too large for its first set of teeth and the roots of these being pressed upon by the growth of the permanent set, their fangs are absorbed, and allow the new teeth to show themselves, either in the places of the former, or by their sides, in which case they are known by the name of wolf’s teeth. This change proceeds in the same order as the cutting of the milk teeth, commencing with the first grinder, which is shed and re- placed by a permanent tooth early in the third year, a fifth grinder (permanent) making its appearance about the same time. Towards the end of this year the sixth grinder shows itself, but grows very slowly, and the central nippers above and below fall out, and are replaced by permanent ones, which, as before remarked, are con- siderably larger in size and somewhat different in form. AT THREE YEARS the mouth presents the appearance shown on the preceding page, the development of the permanent teeth vary- ing a good deal in different individuals. At three years and four or six months, the next nipper all round falls out, and is replaced by the permanent tooth. The corner nippers are much worn, and the mark in them is nearly obliterated. About this time also the second grinder is shed. AT FOUR YEARS OF AGE, the mouth should differ from that A. Anterior maxillary bone. of growth, with the edges of the 1. 1. Central nippers, considerably worn cavity sharp, and the mark very down. plain. 2. 2. The next pair, fully developed, with 4. 4. The tushes showing themselves through their edges slightly worn. the gum, but not ful’-grown. 8. 8. Corner permanent nippers, in a state represented in fig. 3 in the following particulars:—The central nippers begin to lose their sharp edges, and have grown con sider- THE TEETH. 261 bly in substance. The next nipper all round has grown nearly to its full size, but not quite, and its edges are still sharp, with the mark deep and very plain. The corner milk nippers still remain, unless they have been knocked out for purposes cf fraud, which is sometimes done to hasten the growth of the permanent teeth, and give the horse the appearance of being four or five months older than he is. BETWEEN FOUR AND A HALF AND FIVE YEARS, the corner nippers are shed, and the tush protrudes through the gum These shanges are shown at fig. 4. AT FIVE YEARS, the mouth is complete in the number of its teeth; and from this date it becomes necessary to study their aspect in both jaws. Tig. 5 shows the upper teeth at this age, by comparing which with fig. 4 the slight growth in the half-year " | : Fic. 5.— UPPER NIPPERS AND TUSHES AT FIVE YEARS OLD. 1. 1. Central nippers, with the mark 3. 8. Corner nippers, with the edges very still unobliterated. slightly worn. 2 2, Next nippers, with the mark still 4. 4. Tushes, well developed, and still shew: plainer. ing the groove on the outside plainly. may be traced. In the lower teeth of the same mouth, the edges of the central cavities are much more worn away, the central nipper having only a small black speck in the middle of a smooth surface, while the next is much worn, and the corner teeth, though showing the mark very plainly, bear evidence of having been used The tush is much grown, with its outer surface regularly convex, and its inner concave, the edges being sharp and well defined. ‘The 262 THE HORSE. FIG. 6.—LOWER NIPPERS AND TUSHES AT FIVE YEARS OLD. 1. 1. Centra) nippers, with their marks 3. 3. Corner nippers, with the mark plainly almost entirely worn out. seen, but the edges partially worn. 2. 2, Next nippers, showing marks par- 4. 4. Tushes. with the grooves inside almost tially worn. obliterated. sixth molar is at its full growth, and the third is shed to make room for the permanent tooth in its place. These two last-named teeth should always be examined in cases where there is any doubt about the age. After five years, no further shedding occurs in any of the teeth. oy) [ I | \ i Li Fia. 7.—THE LOWER NIPPERS AND TUSHES OF A SIX-YEAR-OLD HORSE \ The lower jaw. mark plainly enough, but with the 11. The central nippers, with the edges of the cavity considerably marks worn out. worn. 2. 2. The next nippers, with the marks 4. 4. The tushes, standing up three-quarters disappearing. of an inch, with their points only 3. 3. The corner nippers, show ng the slightly blunted. THE TEETH. 263 THE SIX-YEAR-OLD MOUTH is the last upon which any great reliance can be placed, if it is desired to ascertain the age of the horse to a nicety; but by attentively studying both jaws, a near approximation to the truth may be arrived at. It is ascertained that the nippers of the upper jaw take about two years longer to wear out than those of the lower; so that until the horse is eight years old, his age may be ascertained by referring to them, nearly as well as by the lower nippers at six. But as different horses wear out their teeth with varying rapidity, it is found that this test cannot be implicitly relied on; and in crib-biters or wind- suckers the upper teeth wear out wonderfully soon. Fig. 7 is taken from the lower jaw of a six-year-old horse, showing the marks of the central nippers almost obliterated, but still presenting con- centrie circles, of discolored brown tartar in the middle; next to which is the cement, then the enamel, and the dentine, with a thin layer of enamel outside. Up to this age, the nippers stand nearly perpendicular to each other, the two sets presenting a slight con- vexity when viewed together, as seen in figure on p. 254. After- wards the nippers gradually extend themselves in a straight line from each jaw, and, in the very old horse, form an acute angle between them. Fic. 8.—UPPER NIPPERS IN THE EIGHT-YEAR-OLD HORSE. A. Anterior maxillary bone. 3. 3. Corner nippers, showing the mask 1. 1. Central nippers, worn to a plane plainly enough. surface. 4, 4, Tushes, more worn down than in 2. 2. Next pair, still showing a slight the lower jaw of the six-year-old remnant of the cavity. mouth, AT ABOUT THE EIGHTH YEAR, the upper nippers present the 264 THE HORSE. same appearance as already described in the lower nippers at six years old. Both tushes are considerably worn away at their points, and the upper ones more so than the lower. AT NINE YEARS OF AGE the upper middle nippers are worn down completely. The next pair have a slight mark left, but their surfaces are quite level, and the corner nippers have only a black stain, without any central depression. Fig. 9.—LOWER NIPPERS AND LEFT TUSH OF A VERY OLD HORSE, THE 3IGHT HAVING FALLEN OUT. AFTER NINE YEARS the age of the horse can only be guessed at from his teeth, which gradually grow in length, and are more in a line with the jaw. ‘The section of each nipper presented to the eye becomes more and more triangular instead of being oval, as seen in figs. 7 and 8; but after about the twelfth year the triangular section disappears, and the tooth becomes nearly round. In accordance with the increase of length is the color of the tooth altered, being of a dirty yellow in very old horses, with occasional streaks of brown and black. The tushes wear down to a very small size, and very often one or both drop out. ALLUSION HAS ALREADY BEEN MADE to the practice of re- moving the milk nippers for the purpose of inducing a more rapid growth of the next set, which, however, is not materially affected by the operation; but dishonest dealers have recourse to another deception, called bishoping, by which an aged horse may be passed off upon an inexperienced person for a six-year old. The plan adopted is to cut off all the nippers with a saw to the proper length, and then with a cutting 1ustrument the operator scoops out an oval THE TEETH. 265 cuvity in the corner nippers, which is afterwards burnt with a hot iron until it is quite black. It is extremely easy to detect the imposition by carefully comparing the corner nippers with the next, when it will be seen that there is no gradation from the centre to the corner nippers, but that the four middle ones are exactly alike, while the corners present a large black cavity, without a distinct white edge to it, the dentine being generally encroached upon with- out any regularity in the concentric rings. Moreover, on com- paring the lower with the upper nippers, unless the operator has performed on the latter also, they will be found to be considerably more worn than the lower, the reverse of which ought naturally to be the case. Occasionally a clever operator will burn all the teeth to a properly regulated depth, and then a practised eye alone will detect the imposition. In the present day there is not so great a demand for six-year-old horses as was formerly the case, and pur- chasers are contented with a nine or ten-year-old mouth if the legs and constitution are fresh. -Hence bishoping is seldom attempted excepting with horses beyond the age of eleven or twelve; and the mere use of the burning-iron without cutting off the teeth will seldom answer the purposes of the “coper.” Formerly it was very common to see mouths with the corner nippers burnt to show a ‘“‘oood mark,” and nothing else done to them; but, for the reasons given above, the plan is now almost entirely abandoned. IRREGULARITIES in the growth of teeth are by no means un- common in the horse, often caused by the practice of punching out the milk teeth to hasten the growth of the permanent set. Instead of having this effect, however, the teeth are induced to take a wrong direction, and not meeting their fellows they do not wear down as they naturally should. In punching out the corner nipper it is very often broken off, and the fang is allowed to remain in the socket. The consequence is that the picking up of the food does not hasten the removal of the fang of the milk tooth, and in- stead of accelerating the growth of the permanent tooth in the natural position, it retards it and sometimes drives it to seek a passage through the gums behind its proper socket. Here, not meeting the corresponding nipper of the upper jaw, it grows like a tush, and has sometimes been mistaken for a second tooth of that kind. Some horses are naturally formed with “ pig jaws”—that is to say, with the upper longer than the lower—and in these cases the whole set of teeth grow to a great length, and interfere with the prehension of the food 266 THE HORSE. CHAPTER XV. OF THE JOINTS AND MUSULE,—THE TISSUES ENTERING INTO THEIR COMPOSITION. Fonts —Cartilage—Fibrous Tissue—Physiology of Muscle. THE JOINTS. THE JOINTS are all formed between two or more separate bones, having a soft and elastic substance interposed, whose structure varies with the amount of motion. Where this is extensive, as in the joints of the limbs, the adjacent surfaces are covered with a peculiar kind of cartilage arranged in a thin and very smooth layer upon them. In addition to this protection against friction and vibration, the bones are firmly bound together by strong bands of white fibrous inelastic tissue under the general name of ligaments, each bundle receiving a distinct appellation. In those situations where the motion is limited, a mixture of cartilage and fibrous tissue is inserted between the-ends of the bones and attached to both, as in the vertebrae, ischio-pubic symphysis, &c.; while in order to reduce the vibration and friction in certain important, joints fibro-cartilages are introduced, with both surfaces free, and in contact only with the usual layer of cartilage, as in the stifle and jaw. The vagina lies between the bladder and rectum, and is about eighteen inches in length; it is lined with mucous mem- brane, and surrounded with muscular fibres, which form the sphincter vagina. CHAPTER XVIII. THE NERVES AND SPECIAL ORGANS. The Nerves—The Organ of Smell—The Eye—The Ear— The Organ of Touch—The Foot. THE NERVES. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM may be compared to the fuel that heats the water of the steam-engine, and converts that apparently most simple and innocent fluid into the powerful agent which is capable of developing almost any amount of force. This fuel, however, is itself inactive until it is endowed with life by the agency of fire; and, in the same way, the nervous system of the animal being must be provided with the living principle, of whose nature we can only judge by its effects when present, and by the cessation of all action when absent. There are many processes NERVOUS SYSTEM~NOSE—EYE. 287 which are carried on in the animal as in the vegetable without the necessity for any direct stimulus from a nervous centre, such as the growth of each separate tissue throughout the body, which takes place in the former, just as it does in the latter, by a species of cell-development and metamorphosis independent of nervous energy; but though this growth is thus accomplished, yet it would soon be starved out for want of pabulum, were it not for the supply of food to the stomach, which requires the mandate of the nervous system for its performance, and so on with every corresponding action of the body. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM is made up of two distinct substances, one grey in color, and granular in structure, which is the seat of all nervous power; the other white and fibrous, which is the tele- zraph wire by which this power is communicated. Sometimes the zrey matter envelops the white, and at others it is enclosed within it, but in every case each has its peculiar office, as above men- tioned. Lach collection of grey matter is called a ganglion, what- ever its shape may be; but the white fibres may be either in the form of commissures for connecting the ganglia together, or they may be agents for communicating with other organs, and are then called nerves. THE ORGAN OF SMELL. THE NOSE of the horse, like all the solipedes, is endowed with a sensibility far greater than that of man; but in this respect he is not equal to many other animals, such as the dog and cat kinds, and the sole use which he makes of this sense is in the selection of his food. THE EYE. THE ORGAN OF SIGHT may be considered as consisting first of all of an optical instrument very similar to the camera obscura, now so commonly used in photography, and secondly of the parts which are employed to move, adjust, and protect it from injury. THE EYE itself consists of three transparent humors, which answer the purpose of the lens of the camera, by collecting the rays of light upon the back of the eye. These are the aqueous in front, the crystalline lens in the middle, and the vitreous humor behind. The first is a perfectly transparent and limpid fluid, secreted by the lining of the chamber in which it lies, and capable of being rapidly renewed in case of a puncture letting it out. The lens, on the contrary, has the consistence of very hard jelly, and is arranged in concentric layers, like the coats of an onion. It is merely a double convex lens, precisely like that of the camera in its action, and is the chief agent in producing the impression of an object upon the sensitive part of the eye. Behind it is the vitre- ous humor, composed, like the aqueous, of a limpid fluid, but in- 288 THE HORSE. stead of being unconfined except by the walls of the chamber in which it lies, it is bound up in a network of transparent cells, which give it the consistency and appearance of a delicate jelly. Upon the perfect transparency and proper shape of these humors depends the sight of the animal; but in addition to the risk of blindness from any defect in these parts, if the investing coats or membranes are inflamed or disorganized, their functions are not performed, and the sight is either impaired or destroyed. Thus the rays of light may be fairly collected, so as to throw the impres sion of every object within the sphere of vision upon the back of the eye, and yet the horse may be blind, because the retina or expansion of the optic nerve is disorganized by disease. When inflammation attacks the coats of the eye, it generally extends to the investments of the humors, and to the substance of the lens itself, producing cataract or opacity of that part, but it is possible to have the sight impaired from a mere defect of shape in the anterior coat, so as to make the surface too convex and thus alter the focus of the sight. This is the “ buck-eye,’’ which leads to ‘shying, and is perfectly incurable. The membranes are, first, the cornea, a perfectly transparent coat, placed in front of the eye, and inserted, like a watch glass, in the sclerotic coat covering the posterior four-fifths of the globe. The latter is a white fibrous membrane, strong and inelastic, so as to afford protection to the parts within it from external violence. This forms the white of the eye, which, however, is only occasionally visible in the horse. Beneath the sclerotic is the choroid coat, consisting of a network of blood vessels, and lined with a black pigment, which again has on its internal surface, at the part opposite the pupil, a greenish- white iridiscent lining, called tapetum lucidum, or luminous carpet. Lastly, within the whole of this surface is spread a beautiful expansion of the optic nerve, called the retina, which receives the impressions derived from the rays of light, forming a distinct figure upon it exactly similar to the objects wkich are presented to it, except in point of size, and in being inverted. Beyond these parts, there is a provision made for moderating the rays of light according to their intensity. This is effected by means of an opaque septum, pierced with an oval hole—the former being called the iris, and the latter the pupil. The substance of the iris itself is compused of contractile tissue, which has the power of expanding or contract- ing the pupil in obedience to the impression produced upon the retina, and thus, if the eye is examined in a strong light, the pupil will appear large when shaded by the hand, but contracts immedi- ately on exposing the eye. The horse’s iris is brown, varying somewhat in shade in different individuals, and at the upper part of the pupil it presents one or two little floating appendages, which serve to moderate the sun’s rays. Sometimes the brown color is THE EYE—TEE EAR. 289 absent, and the iris is either partially or entirely white, in which case it is called a “wall eye;” but though this ig considered unsightly, it does not interfere with vision. The iris is stretched across the chamber of the aqueous humor, and is thus enabled to act freely. There are many other delicate structures worthy of being examined, but want of space must prevent any further allu- sion to them. THE APPENDAGES of the eye are Ist. The conjunctiva or mem- brane protecting the exposed surface of the eye. 2d. The eyelids 3d. The membrana nictitans or haw. 4th. The muscles of the eye. Oth. The lacrymal apparatus. The conjunctiva covers the whole front of the eye, being thin, and perfectly transparent in a healthy state, but on the occurrence of inflammation speedily be- coming red and puffy. It is reflected from this face to the inside of the eyelids, and the whole membrane is extremely liable to in- flammation from any external irritation. The eyelids have nothing very remarkable about them, being merely cartilaginous shutters covered with fine skin, and lined with conjunctiva, and raised and lowered by muscles peculiar to them. The membrana nictitans or haw is a cartilage lying just within the inner corner of the eye, but capable of being thrust outwards so as to partially cover it when the muscles retract the eye, and for want of space drive it forward. This happens whenever the eye is irritated either by an insect, or by the dust or hayseeds which are so often deposi- ted upon the conjunctiva, and which, causing the eye to be drawn back, displace the fat deposited in the back of the orbit, and this again pushes forward the haw. For this reason, in all irritable states of the eye, the haw is prominent, but it by no means follows that its removal will diminish the irritation; on the contrary, the usual effect is to increase it, and the operation is not only useless, but injurious. The muscles move the eye in all directions, and have the peculiar property of keeping the long diameter of the pupil always nearly in a line parallel with the horizon. Practi- cally they are not of any great importance. The lacrymal appa- ratus consists of the lacrymal gland, situated beneath the outer wall of the orbit, and secreting the tears, which are intended to wash the conjunctiva clear of any foreign body. The secretion is thrown out upon its surface through a number of small ducts, and, traversing from the outer angle to the inner, is conducted through two small openings in the lids to the lacrymal sac, and from that by the nasal duct to the nose. THE EAR. THIS ORGAN is divided into the external ear for collecting the waves of sound, and conveying them inwards, and the internal ear which is situated within the petrous part of the temporal bone. 290 THE HORSE. The latter is a very complicated and delicate organ; but its forma- tion does not differ in any essential features from that of the other vertebrate animals, nor are the diseases attacking it in the horse of any particular importance, so that its description will be omitted. THE ORGAN OF TOUCH. THE SENSE OF TOUCH is necessary for the proper appreciation of the mechanical form and nature of the objects placed in appo- sition to the body, and of their temperature It is seated gener- ally in the terminations of the nerves of sensation on the skin; but there are certain parts specially endowed with these nerves, which in the horse are the lips and the four extremities. EVERY PART OF THE SKIN is sensible to impressions from ex- ternal objects, but the sense of touch, such as we possess in the fingers, can only be said to reside in the lips, and partially in the feet. All these parts are profusely supplied with nerves of sensa- tion, and the horse may often be observed to use them in ex- amining external objects, especially his lips, which are the most delicate of his organs of touch. Mr. Rarey has lately drawn special attention to this subject; but it has long been known to those who are familiar with the habits of the horse. The feet are also largely supplied with nerves, though not to the same extent as the human fingers, and being covered with horny matter, the sensi- bility of the surface is greatly reduced ; still there can be no doubt that the horse uses them occasionally in making out the nature of objects presented to him, and this is especially the case with the fore feet, though it will sometimes happen that the hind extremi- ties are used for the same purpose, as for instance, in ascertaining the nature of a hard body before kicking at it. THE FOOT. Ir IS NECESSARY TO EXAMINE the structure of the foot most carefully, not as an object of curiosity connected with the sense of touch, but on account of the numberless diseases and accidents to which it is subject. No part of the horse is so liable to the effects of hard work and mismanagement as this, and there is conse- quently none which more requires our care both in health and disease. THE PARTS, entering into the composition of the foot, will be better understood by a reference to the annexed section of the phalanges or fingers terminating the metacarpal or metatarsal bones, as the case may be, with their investments. It will be seen that there is very little space between the pedal bone and the erust, which, together with the sole, forms a horny case or natural shoe, for the sensible and delicate investments of the bone. So small is this space, that when inflammation takes place / THE FOOT. 291 F 1G. 12—SECTION OF THE PARTS ENTERING INTO THE COMPOSITION OF THE FOOT AND THE FETLOCK AND PASTERN JOINS. / A. Os suffraginis. H. Cleft of frog. B. Os corone. I, Side of frog cleft. C. Os pedis. J. Sole. D. Os naviculare. K. Crust. FE, E. The perforans and perforatus tendons. L. Coronary substance. G. Inferior sesamoideal ligament. there is no room for any swelling (the invariable accompaniment of that disease), and intense pain is occasioned, as well as rapid disorganization of the structure itself. The horny case is attached to the foot by a delicate membrane, which lies in folds upon the pedal bone, and it can be torn away by violence, or when putrefaction has commenced, with great ease. These parts are separately displayed. The several parts which we shall have to examine, commencing from without, are—1l. The horny case or hoof; 2. The parts which secrete it; 3. The arteries which supply it with blood; and 4. The pedal bone and cartilages, as well as the navicular bone, which it encases. T'HE HOOF consists of three distinct parts, which, though in the recent state they are inseparably united, may be readily separated after maceration for a few days. These are the external wall or erust, the sole or slightly concave surface forming the bottom or floor of the case, and the triangular central portion of this called the frog. The crust reaches from the edge of the hairy skin tc the ground, and averages about three inches and a half in depth 292 THE HORSE. The front is the toe, the back the heel, and the intermediate part the quarter on each side. It is said by Bracy Clark to be a segment of a cylinder, but it is really narrower at the top than at Fia. 13.—THE HOOF. Fig. 14.—FRONT VIEW OF THE FOOT, WITH THY A. Outer surface of crust. HOOF REMOVED. B. Inner surface of crust. A. Coronary substance. C. Upper surface of sole. B. Lamine. D. Part corresponding with the cleft of the frog. E. Coronary band. the bottom, and it should rather be described as a section of a truncated cone. When examined from the side, the anterior sur- face should form an angle of about forty-five degrees with the line of the sole, and the upper edge or coronary band should join the sole, so as to leave a moderate substance at the heel; for if too great the foot does not expand, and is liable to disease from that cause ; or if too thin and narrow, the foot is weak and gives way downwards, ending in a convexity of the sole instead of the reverse. The front of the crust is rather more than half an inch in thickness, and in a strong foot of average size gradually diminishing to the quarters, at the back of which it is generally barely a quarter of an inch thick, especially at the inner of the two. This proportion is however confined to the fore foot, for in the hind there is little difference between the toe and quarters in point of thick- ness. The superior border, or coronary band, is marked by its whitish color. On its external @1¢. 15—rHe UNDER suRFAcE op THE Foor. surface it resembles the crust A. Cleft of frog. below; but internally it differs B. B. Sole. ‘ ? ©. Cleft between heels. in being smoothly excavated. THE FOOT. 293 whilst the crust exhibits perpendicular striz, corresponding with the laminz; but this is not well shown in Fig. 13. In examining the cut of the sole, Fig. 15, it will be seen that the crust is bent inwards towards the frog at the heel on each side ; there are the bars, which in the natural foot appear as sharpened prominences, extending from the heels into the centre of the foot, between the sole and the frog, and which are useful as buttresses, supporting the crust from being crushed inwards by the superin- cumbent weight. The sole is the plate at the bottom of the foot, which should be slightly concave downwards, and is fixed to the inner edge of the crust, and the outer sides of the bars, and not to their lower surfaces. Its usual thickness is about one-sixth of an inch, but it will vary greatly in different horses, and it is thicker where it runs back between the bars and the crust. It is secreted in plates, which can readily be separated with a knife in that direction. The frog is the prominent, triangular, and elastic substance, which fills up the space between the heels posteriorly, the bars on each side, and the sole in front. In the middle is a fongitudinal fissure, called the cleft, the sides of which should form an angle of about forty-five degrees. In front of this cleft is a solid wedge of the elastic horny substance, constituting the frog, which les immediately beneath the navicular bone and has received the name of the cushion. Posteriorly it is spread out into a thin band on each side which covers the bulbs of the heels, and passes round the upper part of the wall constituting the coronary frog-band of Bracy Clark, which is continuous with the coronary substance. The structure of the horn which forms these three divisions, varies a good deal. In the crust it is fibrous, somewhat resembling whalebone in this respect, but not quite so hard ; these bristly fibres are united by a gelatinous substance, but they are arranged so as to lie in straight lines descending from the coronary circle to the ground. The wall may, therefore, be considered as composed of hairs agglutinated together, and each secreted by one of the villi, which are so thickly spread over the surface of the coronary circle. The sole is also fibrous, but not nearly so much so as the wall; and the fibres are not arranged in so parallel a manner, taking rather an oblique direction from behind forwards, and being more easily separated into scales. The frog differs from both, in possessing finer fibres and in smaller quantity, in comparison with the gelatine, which formation renders it more soft and elastic and also more prone to decomposition. The horny matter is sometimes colored a grayish brown, some- times white, and sometimes marbled by a mixture of the two colors. THE HOOF is developed by secretion, which has its seat in the coronary substance ard lamin. It consists in a pouring out on 294 THE HORSE. their surface of a plasma, in which rounded cells develop them- selves, in correspondence with the villi from which the secretion is poured out. These cells are arranged in layers, corresponding with the secretory surface. In the crust this growth takes place from the superior border to the inferior, but in the sole and frog, from the internal surface to the external. This growth is constant through the life of the animal, and it would give the hoof an excessive development if it were not either for the wear of the soil in the unshod horse, or of the action of the smith’s knife in the shod one; but the increase of the wall being solely from above downwards, it does not require any reduction on its external sur- face. The coronary substance, sometimes called the coronary liga- ment, is a fibro-cartilaginous band intervening between the skin of the leg and the hoof, covered with cuticle externally, and with villi, which form a secretory sur- face on the edge towards the hoof. It is most liberally sup- plied with blood, as we shall presently see, and is attached to the upper part of the coffin bone and extensor tendon by cellular tissue. It gradually becomes thinner as it descends upon the pedal bone, and ends in puckers ' or folds, which are continuous with those of the lamin, and are not even separable from ther by maceration. The daminz thus continuing upon the pedal bone, consist of about five hun- dred parallel folds or plaits, plentifully supplied with blova, and forming a secretory surfave, which aids the coronary sub- stance to form the horn. They lie upon an elastic substratum of fibrous periosteum, which is of great service in taking off the jar from the foot in its batter- Fie 16.-—VIEW OF VESSELS OF THE FOOT, IN- ing upon hard roads, for it ap- JECTED. ; ee ae pears that the weight of the 2. Plantar artery. body is suspended from these 3, Branches to the coronary substance and : eee plates, and not carried upon the 4. Posterior division of plantar artery. sole. The laminz are continu- 5. Perpendicular branch. : °4 6. Anastomosis with opposite plantar artery. OUS at the toe with the sensible : THE FOOT. 295 sole, which is a vascular membrane covering the floor of the pedal bone, and secreting the horny sole. In the centre of the posterior part of this is the sensible frog, which is of nearly the same shape as the horny frog, and is still more liberally supplied with blood than the sensible sole. THE ARTERIES supplying these vascular structures with blood, and the veins taking it back, are of great importance, and doubly so bécause it is in these vessels that an operation is often performed in inflammation of the foot, calculated to afford relief by a local abstraction of blood. Commencing with the large metacarpal artery, which is the continuation of the radial below the knee, we find it de- scending by the side of the tendo-perforatus under the pos- terior-annular ligament. Imme- diately above the fetlock joint it splits into three branches ; the middle one passing to the deep parts of the leg, and the two others, forming the plantar arte- ries, descend on each side the postero-lateral parts of the cor- onary substance. Here they Fig. 17.— VIEW OF THE ARTERIES OF THE FROG AND SOLE, INJECTED. divide into two leading portions, the anterior running round to meet its fellow of the opposite side, and giving off with it a A. Lower porons surface of pedal bone. B. Lateral surface of pedal bone. C. C. The plantar veins. D. D. The plantar arteries. E. Lateral cartilage contracted by drying. F. Veins of the frog, injected. complete fringe of vessels, which are displayed in the accompanying representation of an injected preparation of the foot. The branches uniting in front of the fuot and encircling the coronary ligament are called the superior cor- onary circle. The posterior division of the plantar artery gives off, opposite the pastern joint, the artery of the frog, which descends obliquely inwards through the substance of the sensible frog, and divides into two branches within it, after which it supplies the whole of that substance with numerous vessels, and then goes on to the sole, to which it gives off a number of radiating branches. After giving ‘off the artery of the frog, the plantar artery ends posteriorly in the lateral laminal branch which passes through the foramen in the ala of the os pedis, and supplies the laminew. Thus the whole of 296 THE HORSE. these structures are full of blood-vessels, for not only are the arteries above described ramifying thus extensively upon them, but the blood is returned by corresponding veins. BESIDES THE PEDAL AND NAVICULAR BONES, there are also two cartilaginous plates at the back of each ala of the pedal bone, which are of considerable importance. These have been called by the late Professor Coleman the lateral and inferior cartilages, whilst others have given them the name of the true and false. The lateral cartilages extend backwards and outwards from the posterior and upper borders of the coffin or pedal‘bone. They are united in front with the expanded terminations of the extensor tendon, and by cellular membrane with the lower end of the os corons. Posteriorly they wind upwards around the ala of the pedal bone, to which they are firmly fixed, forming the foundation for the heel. But in addition to these lateral or true cartilages, there are also two others, of a fibro-cartilaginous nature, which commence from the sides of the former and proceed forwards towards the heels of the pedal bone, and spread inwards upon the surface of the tendo-perforans. They are scarcely worthy of being described as distinct cartilages, and appear more like ordinary condensed cellular membrane. It will thus be seen that the foot of the horse is a most compli- cated structure, which is liable to derangement whenever the hoof or horny ease is interfered with, and this may occur either from mismanagement in shoeing, causing mechanical injury, or from inflammation of the secreting surface, which wili end in the for- mation of imperfect horn, or from punctures or other wounds of the foot. Perhaps in no organ does an injury so soon produce a return at compound interest, for the inevitable first result is a mal- formation of the hoof, and this again only adds to the original mischief. Hence it is that in the foot, more than in any other parc even, prevention is better than cure, for in many of its diseases it happens that a cure cannot be obtained without rest ; and yet it is also the fact that the secretion of horn will not go on perfectly without the stimulus of necessity afforded by exercise. The position of the leg is such that its veins have a hard task to perform at all times in returning the blood from the feet, but when the horse is not exercised at all they become doubly sluggish, and congestion in them is almost sure to occur. : . i - if 2s 4, ‘ ii} LS tok - Tee : th i tf ~ _ ’ z = i © = i rs « ETN pe , 4 lig Go = re “ASUOH HHL AO SHSVUSIA RLGal| ue lA “OE "yuRio-loqendy ° “10yINey ‘youor10d ayy uodn pwaty VY °L anog-sury « “IR[[O9 ay jo aimssoud Aq pac aA 13 pue Alpiq aq} JO ainssoad ! “mel JAMO AY} JO SISO} THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE, AND THE ACCIDENTS TO WHICH HEIS LIABLE WITH THEIR TREATMENT. CHAPTER XIX. THE DISEASES AND INJURIES OF BONE. General Remarks—Splints—Ringbone and Sidebone—Ossification of the Lateral Cartilages—Bone Spavin—Exostosis of the Hu- merus and Scapula—Fistula of the Withers—Poll Evil—Caries of the Faw—Osteo Sarcoma—Fractures. GENERAL REMARKS. THE DISEASES OF BONE are not commonly attended by any con- stitutional disturbance, and neither require an examination of general symptoms, nor the adoption of any but local treatment, beyond that attention to the health which is always necessary. They may all be included under the heads of,—1st. Exostosis, or increased growth of bone. 2d. Caries, or ulceration. 3d Anchy- losis, or unnatural union of two bones, in consequence of exostosis, or caries, or both. 4th. Fractures, or disunion by external force. Malignant diseases of the bone also occur very rarely in the horse, so that it will be scarcely necessary to occupy any space with their description, especially as they are perfectly ineurable. ExostTosts is the result of increased action in the nutrition of the part, and is much more prevalent in young horses than in old. Indeed, after six or seven years of age it is very rarely met with, and never attacks the bones at that age for the first time. It may be recognised by a hard swelling of the part, which in recent cases is painful on pressure; but sometimes its site cannot be reached with the finger, and the disease can then only be dete...— by its effects. A blow upon any of the bones, when unprotected by any- thing but skin, will produce inflammation followed by oo (297 298 THE HORSE. but the most ordinary cause is the over-stimulus of hard work. Heavy horses are more prone to exostosis than light ones, partly from the weight of their bodies and their high lumbering action jarring their limbs in a greater degree, but also from the more - spongy and open texture of their bones, which admit of the pres- sure of large blood-vessels within them, and are thus more liable to congestion, and consequent morbid secretion. Hxostosis is shown in the form of splints, ring and sidebone, and ossified lateral car- tilages, as well as in the growths which occur occasionally in other parts of the body which have received no distinguishing name. The vitality of the new growth in exostosis is less than that of healthy bone, and as a consequence, when excessive inflammation is set up in the part, it will often die and be separated by absorption. CARIES (ulceration) occurs as a consequence of inflammation, and in the horse either results from external injury, as in poll evi] and fistulous withers, or from mismanagement, as in navicular disease, which latter affection will be considered under the diseases of the foot. It is always attended with pain, and in severe cases with the formation of sufficient matter to require an outlet, but in very re- stricted ulcerations, such as occur in navicular disease, the pus passes into the joint, and is reabsorbed with the synovia. ANCHYLOSIS, when it is the result of caries in the two aljacent surfaces of a joint, produces union between them, but in the horse it is generally of a secondary kind, the result of bony growths (exostosis), thrown out from the surfaces of the two bones near the joint, which coalescing, unite into one mass, and thus destroy all motion. SPLINTS. THE STRICT DEFINITION of this disease is ‘an exostosis from the lower part of the small metacarpal bone, connecting it by bony union with the large metacarpal bone,” but among horsemen, any bony growth from the cannon bone is considered a splint, and the latter is almost as common as the former. The regular splint rarely attacks the outer small metacarpal bone alone, but sometimes in very bad cases both are implicated in the disease. It is difficult to give a valid reason for this greater frequency of splint on the inside than on the out, but it is commonly said that the inner splint bone receives more of the weight of the body than the outer one, and that it is more under the centre of gravity, but as it is merely suspended from the carpus, and is not supported from below (in any way, mediately or directly), this can produce no injurious effect upon it. The fact is so, however, whatever may be the cause. The symptoms of splint are generally a greater or less degree of lameness during its formation, but sometimes it may go on to attain a large size without any such result, especially if its growth is slow. SPLINTS. 299 and the horse is not severely worked. It is commonly 1emarked that a splint is of no consequence unless its situation is such as to interfere with the back sinews, or suspensory ligament, and although it is quite true, as has been asserted by learned veterinarians, that the splint is far removed from the former, and seldom interferes with the latter, yet it is almost always directly connected with the attachments of the sheath of the tendon, and this being stretched every time the leg is extended will occasion the pain which is ex- pressed by the limp in the action. The size of the morbid growth has no relation with the amount, or even with the existence of lameness, for a very small splint will often be far more productive of this symptom than a very large one. In examining a leg it is often only after careful manipulation in the flexed condition that a small bony tumor (of the size perhaps only of a garden pea) can be detected, but when once the finger presses upon it, the horse will almost invariably be found to flinch, and usually it will be thrown out just where the sheath.of the tendon is attached. Here there is no union between the small and large metacarpal bones, and the injury is confined to the inflammation produced in the sheath, which will generally go off after proper treatment and rest. These small bony growths are not yery uncommonly met with in the hind legs, but they are not recognised there as splints. No constitutional symptoms are met with in these cases, and they must be ascertained by the local symptoms alone. Unless the splint is in the way of the action of the other foot, and the skin on its sur- face is bruised by repeated blows, there is seldom any swelling of the soft parts, but when this occurs, the skin and cellular mem- brane become puffed and hot, and extreme lameness is the result, temporarily aggravated by every blow. The treatment of a splint will depend upon the state in which it exists, and upon the purpose to which the horse possessing it is destined. If no lameness exists, and the blemish is not objected to, it is far better not to meddle with it, for in the course of a few years it will disappear by absorption as a matter of course. Moreover it often happens that in attempting to remove a splint by some irritating application, extensive inflammation is set up in the fibrous strictures attached to it, and lameness, which was not previously in existence, is thenceforth a most troublesome attend- ant. If, however, the horse is for sale, in which case the exist- ence of a splint would be regarded with suspicion, or if lameness has shown itself, it will be necessary to adopt measures likely to effect the absorption of the morbid growth, and these are chiefly two :—lIst, Sub-cutaneous scarification, or without, a seton, or the seton alone; and 2d. Counter-irritation by means of some form of blister. If the soft’ parts covering the splint are much inflamed, the horse should have his corn taken away, and a dose of physic 300 THE HORSE. given him, during which a wet bandage should be kept constantly applied, and indeed, in any case of splint severe enough to require operation, the cooling remedies mentioned above should be adopted beforehand. The operation is performed with a probe-pointed narrow knife, shaped like a scimetar, with-the cutting edge on the convex side. A small opening is made in the skin about an inch below the splint, and just large enough to admit the knife, which is then introduced and pushed upwards with its flat side towards the skin, till it reaches the tumor, when the convex edge is turned towards this, and several extensive scarifications are made in the periosteum covering it, after which the knife is withdrawn and a fine seton-needle is introduced in its place, and passed upwards until it reaches above the splint, when it is pushed through, and the tape drawn out, and properly secured with a bandage. Of course the horse must be cast and properly secured before resorting to the knife. In the course of ten days or a fortnight, the tape may be withdrawn, and the splint will almost invariably disappear. Sometimes the seton is tried without the scarification, but it is not nearly so successful, and is nearly as troublesome an operation. In most cases both of these operations are unnecessary, and the application of the following blister (which has a tendency to produce absorption, independently of its counter irritative powers) will have the desired effect. Take of Biniodide of Mercury . . . ~ 1 drachm Bard His: We ts “ola. fo SL ounce. a nExe and after cutting the hair short, rub a little into the skin covering the splint, every night, until a free watery discharge is produced from the surface. To facilitate this the leg should be fomented with very hot water every morning and afternoon, and this should be continued for several days after the ointment has been dis- continued. The horse will not gnaw the skin after this applica- tion, and it is a very useful one for general purposes, when counter-irritation is required to produce absorption. If, after a week’s interval, the splint does not appear much reduced in size, the ointment should be re-applied, and repeated at similar inter- vals till the swelling is removed. When the bony growth is very extensive, neither scarification nor counter-irritation will be of much service, and the leg must be fired, and afterwards repeatedly blistered, but even with the best and most energetic treatment, the part will seldom become sufficiently sound to stand anything but slow work. RINGBONE AND SIDEBONE. RINGBONE AND SIDEBONE both consist in the throwing out of bony matter about the joints of the os coronz; the former name being given to the disease when it attacks that between it and RINGBONE--OSSIFICATION OF CARTILAGES. 301 the os suffraginis, and the latter when the seat is the parts around its union with the os pedis or coffin bone. Very often, and espe- cially in heavy cart or dray horses, ringbone and sidebone co-exist in the same leg, where the three bones are completely anchylosed, and in which, during life, the only action was in the fetlock joint. The disease attacks the hind leg as well as the fore; but it is more common in the latter than in the former. The symptoms are a greater or less enlargement of the leg, of a hard and unyielding nature, either immediately above the coronet, as in sidebone, or a little higher, as in ringbone. In the latter case, if thoroughly established, it surrounds the joint, whence the name of ringbone; but in the early stages it appears at certain points from which it spreads all round. Sidebone is seldom so extensive, and usually attacks the postero-lateral parts of the os coron, where the swelling is defined, and, except in very hairy- legged or gummy-heeled horses, can easily be felt. In the early stages the action is not impeded, but there is more or less soreness or lameness. After much bone is thrown out, the joints are either completely fixed or their movements are extremely limited. The treatment in the early stage is precisely similar to that for splint; but the operation of scarifying the periosteum requires great care and some knowledge of the anatomy of these joints, or the knife will pierce the capsular ligament, and increase the evil it was intended to relieve. A seton without the scarification will often be of service, and for sidebone, firing in the early stage will be serviceable, though it is objectionable on account of the blemish it leaves behind. The biniodide of mercury ointment already described is most useful in slight cases, but in severe ones it will rather tend to aggravate the growth, and when anchylosis has taken place, nothing but time and patience for the subsidence of the inflammation will avail. When this has taken place, and the joint is fixed, a high-heeled shoe will enable the horse to work, with some awkwardness it is true, and the addition of a leather sole, will to some extent take off the jar, which occurs in a greatly increased ratio when the elastic action of the pastern joints is destroyed. OSSIFICATION OF THE LATERAL CARTILAGES. THIS IS COMMONLY KNOWN as ossification of the cartilages, or false ringbone, no other cartilages being subject to ossification, and these being therefore known par excellence as the cartilages. In heavy cart-horses it often co-exists with ringbone and sidebone, especially the latter; but it also attacks well-bred carriage-horses, and high-actioned hacks, which are comparatively free from those diseases. The symptoms are more or less enlargement of the back of the 302 THE HORSE. eoronet, and heel, the part feeling unnaturally hard and irregu- lar or lumpy. If recent, there is generally increased heat on careful examination with the hand; but in old standing cases | there is nothing of the kind to be detected. Lameness is not always present, but if the horse is rattled over hard ground, he will be more likely to show the effects on the next day, by going short and sore, than if he were free from this disease. The treatment should be confined to recent cases, for in old standing ones, unless lameness shows itself, it is better to avoid any interference. A seton, with rest, has sometimes proved very efficacious, even in confirmed ossification, and repeated dressings with the biniodide of mercury ointment, will, in those cases where the inflammation does not run very high, afford the best chance of causing the absorption of some of the bone, for a complete cure is never effected. When there-is much heat in the part, bleeding from the foot may be adopted, and afterwards, the application of cloths dipped in cold water, with the addition of a glass of tincture of arnica to quart of water. In confirmed cases, where the parts have become callous, a leather sole to the shoe will take off the vibration, and should be used during the summer season. Scari- fication of the skin covering the enlargement with a lancet, encour- aging the bleeding by warm water, and followed by the use of cold water as soon as the bleeding has ceased, will sometimes do wonders in recent cases. The scarification should be repeated at intervals of five or six days, taking care to avoid injury to the coronary substance near the hoofs, which is sometimes followed by troublesome sores. BONE SPAVIN THIS DISEASE, so frequently the cause of lameness in those horses which use their hocks severely (as for example race-horses, hunters, carriage-horses, and more particularly cart-horses), con- sists in exostosis from the adjacent external surfaces of the tarsal bones, always showing itself at the inner side of the hock joint, on the scaphoid and cuneiform bones, and extending to the head of the internal small metatarsal bone. As in the case of splint, the occurrence of exostosis on the internal rather than on the externai side of the hock has been accounted for by the supposition that increased weight is thrown upon the internal small metatarsal bone, from the turning up of the outer heel of the shoe, which is the common practice of smiths. It appears to me, however, that the contrary is the case, and that though more stress is laid upon the foot on that side, there is less weight on the inner side of the hock, which has a tendency to spring open in that direction. This will cause a strain upon the ligaments connecting the tarsal bunes, and nature coming to their aid throws out bone, which ultimately sub- BONE SPAVIN. 803 stitutes anchylosis for ligamentous union between these bones. In all the actions of the hind leg, from the natura) shape of the hock, and more especially in those horses which are naturally “ cow- hocked,” there is a tendency to yield inwards rather than in the opposite direction. The consequence is that there is more strain upon the ligamentous fibres which connect the scaphoid with the two cuneiform and the internal metatarsal, tran upon those uniting the cuboid with the os calcis and external metatarsal bone. Hence, although exostosis does sometimes show itself in other parts of the tarsal bones, it here, as in the fore leg, is almost always confined to what is called the “spavin place,” namely, the contiguous sur- faces of the scaphoid, cuneiform, and internal metatarsal bones. In very bad cases the articular cartilage becomes involved, and there is not only an external casing of new bone, but the internal ‘surfaces absolutely coalesce or anchylose. THE SYMPTOMS of spavin are a hard substance showing itself beyond the proper level of the hock joint,. There may or may not be lameness, but if bone is thrown out the disease is established. In recent cases whenever the horse is worked he will after rest ‘hmp in his action, but the lameness soon goes off, and does not show itself again until the part has been suffered to become stiff by a rest of an hour or two. The lameness is very remarkable, and differs greatly from that shown in any other disease. The leg is drawn up with a quick catch, and yet there is a dragging of the limb, indicating not only pain in the joint, but a want of action in it. In the early stages the latter is not clearly developed, but afterwards it is so well marked that a spavin may be pronounced to exist without an examination of the joint. Where lameness is not established, great care should be exercised in pronouncing on the existence of spavin, for some hocks are naturally formed with prominent heads of the internal metatarsal bones, and the inexpe- rienced eye and hand are very apt to mistake these for exostosis. In such cases, by comparing the two hocks it will generally be seer that they are both exactly alike, while in spavin, although both joints may be the seat of mischief, yet they will seldom mani- fest che disease to the same extent. The treatment should be directed to the abatement of the inflam- mation which gives rise to the pain, and also to promote absorption of the new growth. Veterinary surgeons are very apt to assert that the disease cannot be cured, and that a spavined horse will always remain the subject of it, and therefore unsound. But prac- tically it is known that many a hock which has been the seat of undoubted spavin loses all external enlargement, and no lameness is shown in it, although tried most severely through a series of years. Still on dissection after death, the ligaments wil] not show their natural white and glistening structure, and the tarsal bones 304 THE HORSE. will be to a certain extent united by anchylosis. In very bad eases there will be also caries of the articulatory surfaces, and with it inflammation of the synovial membranes, which may and often does exist without the caries. Now as these are much more for- midable diseases than exostosis, and far more difficult either to cure or palliate, it follows that although certain remedies will be generally successful with genuine bone spavin (exostosis), yet they will fail when the above complication exists. The treatment must therefore be adapted to the exact nature and extent of the disease. Prior to the adoption of any plan the joint should be rested, the outer heel of the shoe should be lowered, the corn should be taken away, and the system cooled by appropriate treatment. After these precautions are taken, the next thing is to decide upon the remedies which will be suited to the case. They consist in—l. Blisters, which have a tendency to cause absorption ; 2. Firing; 3. Setons, with or without subcutaneous scarification ; 4. Division of the nerve. If there is simply a slight exostosis, with little lameness, and no evidence of the joint being implicated, the biniodide of mer- cury may be applied as described at page 300. Repeated dressings will be necessary, and the joint must have at least two months’ abso- lute rest, the horse being placed in a loose box. This remedy is often successful, but it will fail utterly where the exostosis is ex- tensive, or there is caries, or even severe inflammation of the synovial membrane. Arsenic, sulphuric acid, and other caustic applications, have beeu counted as infallible cures; but while they are just as certain to produce a blemish as firing, the extent to which the inflammation and sloughing, caused by them, go is far more completely beyond our control. Arsenic has been known to destroy the joint, by producing a slough of the synovial membrane, and it is said that the sulphuric acid, which, however, is often very successful, has had a similar unfortunate result; but of its being followed by serious blemishes there is abundant proof. Firing is che safest, and, therefore, the usual plan adopted for spavin, and on the first intimation of the disease it is often adopted without any necessity for having recourse to so disfiguring a process. Its chief advantage is, that while it is a certain means of establishing a strong counter-irritation, it has no tendency to cause any increase of inflammation in the structures beneath the skin, and therefore the good it does is unalloyed by any counterbalancing evil. It is now the fashion to deny its use, and horsemasters are often tempted to try some substitute for it in the hope of escaping a blemish; but too often they are compelled to submit to it at last, and probably after the disease has been aggravated by some “unfailing” remedy. If there is a strong desire expressed to avoid a blemish, the vete- rinary surgeon is perfectly warranted in doing all in his power to effect a cure without the use of the irons; but the mere fashion of SPAVIN—SHOULDER-JOINT LAMENESS. 305 the day should not induce him to decry a plan which has for so many years been proved to be successful. In human surgery the same course has been adopted, and for the last thirty or forty yeats the actual cautery has been voted “barbarous’’ in this country. Now, however, a counter current is setting in, and it is the general opinion of the first hospital surgeons of the day that, in certain diseases of the joints, no remedy is nearly so efficacious. All sorts of attempts are made to render the use of the hot ion less repugnant to the senses; but in the case of the horse it is only necessary to measure its comparative utility and the amount of pain which it gives. The former has been already considered, and as to the latter, if the irons are properly heated, I much doubt whether their action is not less painful than that of any other counter-irritant. Setons, perhaps, give less pain if skilfully in- serted, and they are admirable remedies, having nearly the same beneficial effects as firing, and leaving a far slighter blemish. They should be passed beneath a considerable track of the skin, covering the “‘spavin place,” and the tape requires to be smeared with blis- tering cerate to produce sufficient irritation. Their use by them- selves is often sufficient, but when preceded by subcutaneous scarification they seem to act even more certainly than firing. The method of operation is similar to that described for splints, but it requires more knowledge of the anatomy of the parts to avoid doing mischief by cutting into one of the joints. There is always afterwards considerable effusion into the subcutaneous cellular membrane, demanding two or three months for its removal ; but as the spavined horse requires that interval of rest, this is of little or no consequence. When the disease has gone so far that no method of treatment will remove it, the nerve above the hock may be divided, which will enable the horse to work without pain for a time, but the disease goes on the faster, and the benefit derived is only temporary. Mr. Holmes, of Beverly, has obtained great celebrity for his treatment of spavin on this plan, and undoubtedly not without foundation. Some of his cures have been very remarkable, as even old standing and extensive growths of bone have been re- duced, and the hocks have remained sound afterwards. EXOSTOSIS OF THE HUMERUS AND SCAPULA. THE HEADS OF THE BONES adjacent to most of the joints of the body are more or less subject to exostosis, though not so frequently as those of the pastern bones and tarsus. Next to these probably comes the shoulder joint, the neighborhood of which is often the seat of this disease. The left scapula and humerus of a horse are often completely anchylosed, and of course there co-exists a proportionate 20 306 THE HORSE. amount of lameness during the progress of the disease, while after the anchylosis takes place the want of action is complete. An examination by the hand of the point of the shoulder would readily detect so large a growth of bone as this; but smaller ones are often thrown out beneath the mass of muscles surrounding the shoulder joint, and consequently beyond the reach of the most accomplished finger. The treatment should be on the same principle as for spavin, omitting the subcutaneous scarification, which is not here practicable on account of the nature of the joint. Blisters, and especially with the biniodide of mercury, will be the most likely to succeed, but in most cases the cure will be only partial. FISTULA OF THE WITHERS. WHEN A SADDLE has been allowed to press upon the spinons processes of the dorsal vertebrze, it produces inflammation, which, if neglected, leads to the formation of an abscess. But the situa- tion of the part is such that the matter cannot escape, even if the skin over the points of the bones is perforated, and it has a ten- dency, by the force of gravity, to burrow down among the muscles which connect the shoulder-blade with the trunk. The conse- quence is, that there is extensive inflammation, and often lameness of the shoulder, which could readily have been prevented by using proper care before the mischief was done, or removed by the adop- tion of suitable treatment afterwards before the disease is con- firmed. The symptoms in the early stage (that is, before a fistula is established) are merely an enlargement of the ends of the spinous processes, accompanied by heat and tenderness, but these go on until an abscess forms, which may be known to the touch by the fluctuating nature of the sensation which it gives on pressure by the fingers of each hand. As soon as this is made out, an opening should be made as low down as possible on the right side, taking care that it will allow all the matter to run out as fast as it forms. The reason why the right side should be chosen is, that most horses lie down on that side; but if the subject of fistulous withers is in the habit of lying on the left side, the opening should be made there in preference. When an actual fistula has heen established, and the matter points before or behind the shoulder-blade, a sufficiently large opening should at once be made, taking care again that there is no pouch below it which will permit any accumulation. It is better to divide even important muscles than to suffer this to exist. In recent cases the establish- ment of this dependent opening will alone suffice to effect a cure ; but in those of long standing, the lining of the fistulous passage POLL EVIL—CARIES OF THE JAW. 307 or passages has become converted into a substance almost resem- bling cartilage, and refuses to throw out healthy granulations, so as to lead to adhesion of its walls. Here a stimulus must be applied to their interior, which may be either mechanical, in the shape of a seton tape passed through from end to end and lett there, or chemical, by means of injections. The latter are best composed of chloride of zine diluted with water. One drachm of this should be mixed in a pint of water, and carefully injected into every part of the sinus twice or thrice a week. POLL EVIL. PoLL EVIL is exactly similar in its nature to fistulous withers, being produced by a blow on the prominent ridge, which is situ- ated on the top of the poll. The blow is generally produced in the stable, by the horse suddenly lifting his head and striking it against a low beam or the lintel of the door. Or it may be caused by frequently straining against the halter rein, and thus producing irritation and inflammation of the part. As the ligamentum colli is attached above, and anterior to, the inflamed part, when matter forms it is confined and gives intense pain; besides which, it isa long time before it opens a passage by natural means. The symptoms are a painful swelling on the poll, of a soft nature, accompanied by the seuse of fluctuation on examination, just like that described as accompanying fistulous withers. The éreatment must be precisely similar to that described in the last section; but as the matter when formed lies very close to the spinal cord, some caution must be exercised in adopting stimulating injections, which are apt to produce severe inflammation, likely to extend to these important structures. So also in opening it, the knife should not be carried deeply into the situation of the spinal marrow, which here lies exposed, and is easily divided (as in the operation known by the name of pithing), but it should be used in a slanting manner, again selecting the right side in preference to the left. A seton is here the safest plan for promoting granulation and adhesion, and as the fistulous track is seldom very long, the tape will work its way gradually out, by which time the cure is effected. CARIES OF THE JAW. THE UPPER JAW, FROM ITS EXPOSED SITUATION, and the lower from the same cause, and also from the abuse of the bit, are liable to mechanical injury, which ends in caries (ulceration), or sometimes in necrosis (mortification) of the part. Caries of the lower jaw, between the tushes and grinders, is extremely common, owing to the barbarous punishment which is inflicted by the use of long levers to curb bits, together with light curb chains. The bony plate forming the roof of the mouth is also often injured 308 THE HORSE. by the pressure of the part when a tight noseband is employed tc keep the mouth shut. Hither may be known by the existence of a sore of a peculiar character ; there is a depression indicating a loss of substance, and in this lies a mass of unhealthy granulation (proud flesh), which is not attached to the surrounding surface, being only fixed to the bottom of the cavity, or perhaps partially on one side. A watery and offensive discharge goes on constantly, but this is lost in the saliva, and very often the only circumstance that draws attention to the disease is the constant bleeding from the mouth, on the slightest contact of the bit. When this occurs, the mouth being full of pink froth, it should be carefully examired, and the state of things here described will generally be found to exist. The treatment should consist in the adoption of a bit pressing upon another part of the mouth, changing the curb for a snaffle. The wound should be kept open by the use of caustic (lunar) daily, which should be pushed deeply into it for couple of seconds, and will destroy the unhealthy granulations. By con- tinuing these measures, taking care not to do more with the caustic than necessary to keep down the fungous growth, a cure can always be effected in course of time, without the aid of the trephine or chisel to cut away the diseased bone. OSTEO SARCOMA. THE JAWS are occasionally attacked by a malignant growth from their cellular structure of a substance partaking of the nature both of cartilage and bone. It increases sometimes to an enormous size, and forms a large irregular tumor, which interferes terribly with their functions, often growing so as to prevent the closure of the teeth. The symptoms are entirely local, and when a large, unwieldy, and irregularly hard swelling on either of the jaws is met with, it may safely be set down as belonging to this class of disease. No treatment is of any avail except excision, which can rarely be carried through without rendering the horse unserviceable for his ordinary duties. FRACTURES. Bones are not unfrequently broken in the horse; but as the accident generally occurs either during the violent exertion of the muscles of the limb, or from great external force, it follows that in most cases the injury to the soft parts is so great as to forbid the hope of a perfect reparation. When, for instance, a canna or pastern bone gives way during the shock sustained in coming down FRACTURES. 303 on hard ‘ground from a leap, either at the moment of the fracture or before the horse can be stopped, the upper end pierces the skin, and also tears or bruises the tendons which alone connect it to the part below. In surgical language, the fracture is a compound one ; and from the great tendency to contraction of the muscles, the difficulty of bringing the disunited ends into apposition (or setting them) is immense. Moreover, the horse is very unmanageable when an attempt is made to confine him, and the means which are adopted to keep the fracture set must therefore be very complete as compared with those which will serve for the restoration of the human being who has sustained a similar accident. Hence, unless the animal is wanted for stud purposes alone, or unless the fracture is a simple one, with little displacement, it will seldom be worth the attempt to procure the union of a broken bone in the horse. ‘Many cases are on record in which after a fracture of a canna or pastern bone a complete cure has been effected, but they must be considered as exceptional, and not as affording as much encourage- ment. THE SYMPTOMS OF SIMPLE FRACTURE are a greater or less degree of deformity of the limb, swelling, pain on motion, and a peculiar grating or jarring which is felt rather than heard, and which has received the name of ‘“crepitus.” The last symptom can only be made out when the broken ends of the bone can be brought together; but when this is impossible, the alteration of form is in itself sufficient to lead to a detection of the nature of the accident. In fractures of the head and spine there is no erepitus felt, and the effect upon the brain and spinal cord of pressure will be often the sole means of coming to a correct diagnosis. Fractures of the pelvis are very difficult to make out, unless the ala of the ilium is broken off, which is a common acci- dent, for here the unnatural flatness of the hip, showing itself without any great difficulty of moving the hind leg of that side, plainly marks that there is no dislocation, and that the case can only be one of fracture. It is always the result of a blow, either when the horse is cast in a stall or in passing through a narrow door-way, or from a similar cause ; and there will therefore be some swelling of the soft parts which will interfere with the examination at the time, but as nothing can be done to restore the broken portion to its place, and as there is no doubt about the diagnosis from dislocation, this is of little consequence. Fractures of the ribs cannot be readily detected; but as they almost always follow a kick on the part, and as they do not require any treatment unless their broken ends press upon the important viscera of the thorax or abdomen, it will be well to wait for the symptoms which are caused by this mechanical irritation before resorting to band: ages, &c. When a fracture occurs in any of the bones of the 310 THE HORSE. extremities, which are concealed by a large mass of muscle, the total inability to use the limb, and the loose way in which it is connected to the body, so as to allow it to be moved in any direc- tion, indicate the general nature of the case without difficulty, though a careful examination must be made by a skilful surgeon before the exact particulars relating to it can be ascertained. The treatment will depend upon the bone which is broken, and whether the fracture is simple or compound. In most cases of the latter description none will avail, and the horse had better be destroyed; but if the owner is averse to this, it will be on the whole the best surgery, though apparently not very scientific, to encase the parts with adhesive plasters and tow, and then treat it as a simple fracture. IF THE BONES OF THE SKULL are fractured, unless there are symptoms of pressure on the brain, it is advisable to leave all to nature, simply keeping the patient quiet and low, and if in a high state of plethora, bleeding and physicking. A BROKEN LOWER JAW is by no means uncommon as the result of a kick. The best treatment is to set the fracture, and then mould some gutta percha to it, which may be confined behind by strips round ‘the forehead and poll, and before by a padded strap passed through the mouth between the nippers and tushes, and beneath the tongue. The horse must be fed upon mashes and steamed food. IN FRACTURES OF THE SPINE AND PELVIS nothing can be done beyond rest and lowering, if necessary, by bleeding and physic. BROKEN RIBS, when they cause inflammation of the lungs or liver by their sharp ends pressing upon these organs, may be treated by buckling two or three ordinary rollers abreast of one another tightly round the chest, so as to prevent the natural dila- tation of the thorax, which takes place in inspiration, and which keeps up the irritation by constantly moving the ends of the ribs. The general means necessary to adopt to relieve the internal mis- chief will depend upon its extent. ’ WHEN EITHER THE SCAPULA, HUMERUS, OR FEMUR is broken, all that can be done is to sling the horse, and by bandages endeavor tv bring the limb into as natural a position as possible, and keep it there. There must of necessity be great displacement of the ends of the bones, and these cannot by any means be brought into appo- sition; but the sides in contact with one another, as they over- ride, will unite in course of time, and this is all that can be achieved by the utmost efforts of the veterinary surgeon. Fractures of the lower part of the tibia, of the radius, of the canna bones and the pasterns, if simple, must be treated by adjust- ing the ends (which is the chief difficulty, and will often require strong extension to be employed), and then adapting to the sides FRACTURES—DISEASES OF MUSCLES, ETC. 311 of the bones splints of wood or gutta percha. If, by the aid of assistants, the parts can be brought into a good position, these may ve carefully adjusted to maintain it, and may be kept in place by tapes or straps fastened moderately tightly around them. It is useless, however, to attempt a minute description of the means to be employed, which can hardly be understood without a demon- stration. Many horses have recovered a fair use of the limb by the application of splints, without slinging, as they will take care to avoid resting on that foot in consequence of the pain it gives; but under the care of an accomplished veterinary surgeon, slings will afford the best chance of recovery. CHAPTER XX. INJURY AND DISEASES OF THE JOINTS, MUSCLES, AND TENDONS. Diseases of Muscle, Tendon, and Ligament—Of Cartilage and Synovial Membrane—Inflamed Tendinous Sheaths—Inflamed Burse Mucose—Strains—Those of the Back and Loins—Of the Shoulder—Of the Knee—Of the Fetloch—Of the Coffin Foint—Of the Suspensory Ligaments—Of the Back-Sinews— Breaking Down—Strains of the Hip-Foint, Stifle, and Hock— Curb—Dislocation—W ounds of Fornts. DISEASES OF MUSCLE, TENDON, AND LIGAMENT. Musctz is subject to simple atrophy, with or without fatty de- generation. The disease shows itself by a wasting away of the part, accompanied by a flabby feel to the touch. It should be treated by friction, gentle but regular work, and steel given inter- nally, one drachm of the sulphate of iron powdered being mixed with the corn twice a day. RHEUMATIC INFLAMMATION of a muscle or muscles is one of the most common of all the diseases to which the horse is subject. Most frequently it attacks the muscles of the shoulder, or of the loins, sometimes both those parts being involved at the same time. When acute it receives the name of a chill, and is generally brought on by exposing the horse to a draught of air after work, or by im- mersing him in cold water up to his belly, with a view either to refresh him, or when the groom is lazy, to save him the trouble of cleaning. he symptoms are lameness or inability to use the part, the horse, when forced to do so, giving expressions of severe pain. If the shoulder is affected, the foot is not put to the ground, and when the leg is moved backwards and forwards by the hand, great 312 THE HORSE. pain is evidently experienced. In severe cases there is fever with accelerated pulse (70 to 80), accompanied often by profuse sweat- ing, and heaving at the flanks, the legs remaining warm. After a short time the part swells, and is excessively tender. The treat. ment should be by a copious bleeding, if the horse is of a mode- rately strong constitution; indeed, in severe cases it should be carried on till the pulse is greatly reduced, and repeated the next day, if it returns to its original hardness and fulness. The bowels should be acted on as soon as it is safe to do so, and if the dung _ is very hard, backraking and clysters should be used, to accelerace the action of the medicine. The best aperient is castor oil, of which a pint may be given with an ounce of sweet spirits of nitre. When this has acted, if the kidneys are not doing their duty, a quarter of an ounce of nitre and a drachm of camphor may be made into a ball and given twice a day. CHRONIC RHEUMATISM of the muscles is similar in its nature to the acute form, but, as its name implies, it is more lasting, and of less severity. It often flies from one part to another, attacking the ligaments and tendons, as well as the muscular fibres. It is seldom much under control, and attention should be paid rather to improve the general health than to subdue the local affection. SMALL TUMORS, of about the size of a pea, often form upon the tendons, especially the ‘‘ back sinews” of the fore legs. They may or may not occasion lameness, but they are always to be regarded with suspicion. As long as they remain indolent, they are better left alone; but when they produce inflammation and pain, the best remedy is the biniodide of mercury ointment, described at page 300. DISEASES OF CARTILAGE AND SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. CARTILAGE is subject chiefly to ulceration. When this occurs, its cells become enlarged and crowded with corpuscles, which burst and discharge their contents; the intercellular structure at the same time splits into bands, which, together with the corpuscles, form a fibro-nucleated membrane on the face of the cartilage. In old horses, the ulcerated cartilage covering the tibial surface of the astragalus is sometimes converted into a soft fibrous substance, which ultimately assumes the appearance of hard and dense bone, commonly known as “ porcellaneous or ivory deposit.” It is ac- companied by no symptoms of inflammation; the sole evidence of disease, during life, being a stiffness of the joint, and a peculiar grating or crackling noise during all attempts at movement. When caries of the head of a bone has caused a loss of substance, the cartilage dies, and is gradually broken down by decomposition ; but this cannot be said to be a disease of the cartilage itself. With the exception of navicular disease (which will be included under DISEASES OF CARTILAGE AND SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, 313 the diseases of the foot), ulceration of cartilage is not very com- mon in the horse. ACUTE INFLAMMATION OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE is seldom met with; but a chronic state, inducing an excessive secretion of synovia, is extremely common. The most usual situation is at the hock, where the swelling has received the name of bog-spavin and thoroughpin ; but they also occur at the fetlock and knee joints; in the former case being sometimes confounded with windgalls, which are inflamed bursz mucose. Boa-sPAVIN is very apt to attack young horses, when they are over-worked, before being fully seasoned ; but it may occur at all ages. It shows itself at the inner side of the joint, because here the ligaments are wider apart, and there is more room for disten- sion. Its seat is the capsule between the tibia and astragalus, which is here unprotected by any strong fibrous covering, and readily yields to the gradual pressure of the secretion from its in- ternal surface. THOROUGHPIN may be either an increased secretion of the syno- vial capsule, between the astragalus and os calcis, or between the seaphoid and cuneiform bones, or of the bursa mucosa lying be- tween the tendo Achillis and the tendo perforatus. In the first of these cases, it often coexists with bog-spavin, and the synovia may be made to fluctuate from one bag to the other, the only line of demarcation being the astragalo-calcanean ligament. Both bog-spavin and thoroughpin may exist, or either separately, without occasioning lameness; but where they are just established, there is generally some small degree of active inflammation, which causes a slight lameness on first going out of the stable, but soon disappearing. Lhe treatment should be by pressure, kept up for a long time, by means of a carefully-adjusted truss, alternated with cold affu- sion, and the use afterwards of tincture of arnica, diluted with water, as a wash. Subcutaneous scarification has succeeded in some few cases in causing the secretion to cease; but it has so often produced extensive inflammation of the joint, that the opera- tion is by no means to be recommended. Blistering with biniodide of mercury has also oecasionally answered; but no plan is so suc- cessful, on the whole, as pressure, alternating with cold affusion DELICATE YOUNG FOALS are subject to a rheumatic inflamma- tion of their synovial membranes, specially displayed in the knees and hocks, and apparently caused by exposure to cold. It seldom goes on to produce disorganization of the cartilages, but the capsu- lar ligaments are distended with thin yellow synovia, causing considerable stiffness. The cellular tissue around the joints also becomes cedematous, and the legs fill all the way down to the feet. It is commonly known among breeders as the “ joint evil,” and 314 THE HORSE. though in itself it is not dangerous, yet it marks the existence of constitutional weakness which is likely to occasion some more fatal malady. The treatment should consist in attending to the general health by strengthening the mare, which is best done by giving her a drachm of the sulphate of iron in her corn twice a day. The joints of the foal should be rubbed with equal parts of soap liniment and spirit of turpentine, and it should be assisted to stand for the purpose of sucking at regular short intervals if unable to help itself. In aggravated cases, however, the foal is not likely to recover its general strength, and it may be better to destroy it, but so long as it can stand and feeds well hopes may be enter- tained of the joints recovering. INFLAMED TENDINOUS SHEATHS. EVERY PRACTICAL HORSEMAN is aware that the sheaths in which the back sinews and other tendons are lodged are liable to inflammation and thickening, without the tendon itself being involved. By passing the hand down the leg, an irregular network may be felt surrounding the tendons, which move up and down without disturbing it; and the surrounding cellular membrane is also thickened, and becomes hard and unyielding. There may be considerable heat about the part, but often it is quite cool; and the disease may continue for months without any great lameness, and with nothing to draw attention to it (excepting a slight stiffness on leaving the stable) but the sensation communicated to the hand. At length, an unusually severe day’s work sets up active inflammation, the leg rapidly fills, and there is so much lameness as to cause the horse to be thrown by.—The treatment in the early stage, should be the use of bandages, constantly kept wet with arnica and water, and nothing but walking exercise. After the thickening is fully established, no remedy short of blistering, or a charge, will be of the slightest avail, with a rest of two or three months. INFLAMED BURS/ZE MUCOSA. THESE SYNOVIAL BAGS are liable to inflammation, either from hard work, as in windgalls and thoroughpin, or from blows, as in capped hock and elbow. The latter are said by some veterina- rians to be serous abscesses; but there is no doubt that in all horses a subcutaneous bursa exists on the cap of the elbow and hock; and these become inflamed and filled with a very thin synovia, when they are bruised. They never extend beyond a certain size, and have no tendency to burst; nor are they inclined toa healthy termination of their own accord, but go on in the same condition frow vear to year. WINDGALLS, OR PUFFS, are the most usual forms of these en- INFLAMED BURS& MUCOSA, 31h largements, and may be observed in the legs (hind as well as fore) of nearly every hard-worked horse, after atime. Great care in the management of the legs by bandaging will sometimes keep them off, and some horses have naturally no tendency to form them ; but in most cases, on examining the legs, just above the fetlock joints, of horses at work, a little oval bag may be felt on each side, between the back-sinew and the bone. If recent, it is sott and puffy; but if the work is hard, and the windgall is of long standing, it will be as tense asa drum. The synovial bag has no communication with the fetlock joint; but there is another sac in frent of the joint, and beneath the tendons of the extensors, which is often enlarged, though not so much so as the seat of the true windgall, and which is generally, though not always, continuous with the synovial capsule of the joint.—The treatment consists in pressure by means of bandages, and the application of cold lotions, if the less are hot and inflamed. Blistering and rest will remove them entirely ; but no sooner is the horse put to work again, than they return as badly as ever. There is no radical cure but subcu- taneous puncture and scarification, and this will produce too much adhesion to be advantageously applied. THE FORM OF THOROUGHPIN in which the bursa mucosa be- tween the tendo Achillis and the tendo perforatus is inflamed and filled with synovia, has been alluded to at page 313, and its treat- ment is there described. CAPPED HOCK is often the result of a bruise of the superficial bursa, which is situated on the point of the hock, immediately beneath the skin. It indicates either that the possessor has kicked in the stable or in harness; but it is more frequently caused in the former way than in the latter. The swelling is sometimes slight, being then just sufficient to show the point slightly enlarged, and to give a soft, puffy sensation to the fingers, where there ought to be nothing but bone felt beneath the skin. The bursa always rolls freely on the bone, and when large, it can be laid hold of and shaken like a bladder of water.—The treatment should be directed to abate any slight inflammation that may exist, if the case is established; but in recent ones, it is doubly necessary to apply cold lotions, which, however, there is some difficulty in doing, owing to the prominent nature of the part. A piece of stout calico or fine canvas may, however, be shaped into a cap, carefully fitting the point of the hock; and this being tied by several pieces of tape in tront of the leg, will allow not only of the application of cold lotions, but of pressure also. By this plan, continued for some weeks, considerable enlargements have been removed, but they are very apt to return on the slightest bruise. Setons through the bursa, and injections into its cavity of stimulating applications, have often been tried; but they generally do more harm than 31¢é THE HORSE. good, and nothing can be relied on but the conjoint use of pressure and cold applications. The best lotion is the following :— Take of Tincture of Arnica . . « « « «© 38 OZS Murtate Of Ammonis) 0 ve) te) ie) er veh ane Methylated Spiritof Wine ... 4 § Wister zie isiitetice (hs sberp el ome) ROMDINESS evar CAPPED ELBOW is precisely similar in its nature to capped hock, and must be treated in the same way. It is also known by the name of capulet. OF STRAINS. THE FIBRES OF MUSCLES, LIGAMENTS, AND TENDONS, AND THE FASCIA covering them, are all liable to be overstretched, and more or less mechanically injured. This is called a strain, the symptoms of which are similar to the inflammation of the part occurring ideopathically. They are heat, swelling, and pain on pressure or movement, shown by flinching in the one case, and lameness in the other. In some cases there is considerable effusion of blood or serum, the former occurring chiefly in the muscles, and the latter among the torn fibres of the tendons or ligaments. The symptoms and treatment will depend upon the part injured, which will be found described under the following heads; but in most cases an embrocation composed of equal parts of laudanum, olive oil, spirit of turpentine, and hartshorn, will be beneficial if applied after the first active inflammation has subsided. STRAIN OF THE BACK AND LOINS. WHEN A YOUNG HORSE has been hunted or ridden with hounds over any kind of fence, he is very apt to over-exert himself in his awkward attempts to clear the obstacle, and next day he will often show a stiffness of the loins and back, which is seated in the large muscles connecting the pelvis with the thorax. He is said to have “ricked his back,” in the language of the stable, and if the mis- chief is confined to the muscles alone, he may generally be per- manently cured, though he will be more liable to a return than an animal which has never suffered from any accident of the kind. [f, however, the spinal cord is injured, either from fracture of the vertebra, or from effusion of blood or serum pressing upon it, the case is different, and a perfect cure is seldom obtained. It is, lL owever, very difficult to form a correct diagnosis between the one case and the other, and the treatment may generally be conducted with the hope that the more important organ is uninjured. When there is complete palsy of the hind extremities, so that the horse can neither feel nor use them in the slightest degree, the case is hopeless. For the management of the strain of the loins, a full bleeding should be adopted, as it generally happens that the horse 3 STRAINS. at l7/ is plethoric and full of corn. Then apply a double fold of thick flannel or serge, dipped in warm water, to the whole eurface of the loins, cover this over with a layer of indiarubber sheeting, and let it remain on, taking care to renew the water if it has become dry. It generally produces a copious sweating from the part, followed by a slight irritation of the skin, both of which afford relief. In three or four days the flannel may be removed, and the embroca. tion alluded to above rubbed in two or three times a day, which will generally relieve the muscles so much that at the end of a week or ten days the horse is able to move quietly about in a loose box, and the cure may be left to time, aided by a charge cn the back. STRAIN OF THE SHOULDER. SHOULDER STRAIN was formerly very often chosen as the seat of lameness in the fore extremity, solely because the case is so ob- scure that it is beyond the knowledge of the unskilful examiner. Nevertheless, it is by no means so uncommon as is supposed by some writers, and perhaps it may be asserted that it is now more frequently passed over when it really exists, than the reverse. It generally is seated in the serratus magnus, or pectoralis transversus muscles, but it may also occur in the triceps, or, indeed, in almost any of the muscles around the shoulder joint. The symptoms are very peculiar, and cannot well be mistaken by a careful observer who has once seen a case of shoulder lameness. In all other kinds (except the knee), the limb is freely moved while in the air, and no pain is expressed until the foot is about to touch the ground; but here the lameness is greatest while the knee is being protruded, and the limb is slung forward sideways, in a circular manner, which gives an expression of great imbecility. It also occasions great pain when the foot is lifted and drawn forward by the hand, just as in rheumatism of the part (already described at page 312). When the serratus magnus has been strained by a fall from a drop leap, or the pectoralis transversus by a slip, causing the legs to be widely separated, there is often great obscurity in the case; but the history of the accident will generally assist in forming a cor- rect diagnosis. The treatment in the early stage will consist in bleeding from the plate vein, to the extent of five or six quarts of blood, followed by fomentations with hot water, if there is much heat and swelling, and giving a dose of physic as soon as the bowels will bear it. When the heat has disappeared, or at once, if there is none, apply the embrocation described at page 315; and if this does not produce relief, add to it one quarter of its bulk of tincture of cantharides. STRAINS OF THE KNEE. THE KNEE, unlike its analogue in the human subject (the wrist), 318 THE HORSE. is seldom strained in the horse, in consequence? of the strong liga. ments which bind the bones of the carpus together. Still it some- times happens that the internal lateral ligaments.are overstretched, or, in calf-kneed horses, the posterior common ligaments, or that connecting the scaphoid with the pisiform bone, or probably all these will suffer from over-extension. The accident may be re- cognised by the heat and swelling of the part affected, as well as by the pain given on using the joint. The anterior ligaments are seldom strained, but are liable to injury from blows received in various ways. The treatment should be conducted on the same principles as those of strains in the shoulder. Cold applications will seldom do anything but harm in the early stage; but after hot fomentations have relieved the active mischief, by encouraging the effusion of serum into the surrounding cellular membrane, the former may be used with advantage. When the heat and other signs of active inflammation have disappeared, the biniodide of mercury ointment may be rubbed in, avoiding the back of the joint. STRAIN OF THE FETLOCK. T1118 ACCIDENT shows itself at once, in consequence of the super- ficial nature of the joint, by swelling, heat, soreness to the touch, and lameness. It may be very slight or very severe, but in the latter case it is generally complicated by strain of the back sinews, or suspensory ligament. The treatment will be precisely on the same plan as for strain of the knee. When the anterior ligaments of the fetlock joint are strained and inflamed, as so often happens with race-horses, the condition is known as ‘‘shin sore.” STRAIN OF THE COFFIN JOINT. DISSECTION PROVES that this joint is sometimes the seat of strain; but it is almost impossible to ascertain its existence with certainty during life. The diagnosis is, however, not of much consequence, as the treatment will be the same, whether the coffin joint, or the navicular joint is the seat of the mischief. In any case, if severe, bleeding from the toe should be had recourse to, followed by cold applications around the coronet, by means of a strip of flannel or felt, tied loosely around the pastern, and kept constantly wet. Wher the heat has subsided the coronet should be blistered. STRAIN OF THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS. THE SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT not being elastic like the back sinews (which, though not in themselves extensible, are the pro- longations of muscles which have that property), is very liable to strains, especially in the hunter, and to a less degree in the race- horse. The accident is readily made out, for there is local swelling STRAINS. 319 and tenderness, and in the well-bred horse, which is alone likely to meet with a strain of this kind, the leg is rarely sufficiently gummy to prevent the finger from making out the condition of the ligaments and tendons. There is no giving away of the joints as in “‘ break-down,” but on the contrary the leg is flexed, and if the case is a bad one, the toe only is allowed to touch the ground. In ordinary cases, however, there is merely slight swelling of the suspensory ligament in a limited spot usually near its bifurcation, or sometimes in one division only close above the sesamoid bone to which it is attached. The horse can stand readily on that leg, but on being trotted he limps a good deal. Sometimes, however, there is a swelling of the feet without lameness, but in this case the enlargement is generally due to an effusion of serum into the cellular vovering of the ligament, and not to an actual strain of its fibres.—The treatment will depend greatly upon the extent of the mischief; if there is no great injury done, and the enlargement is chiefly from effusion of serum, rest and cold applications by means of bandages or otherwise will in the course of two or three months effect a cure. Generally, however, the case will last six or eight months before the ligament recovers its tone; and in a valuable horse no attempt should be made to work him before that time. Where the swelling is small, as it generally is, bandages have no power over it, as the projection of the flexor tendons keeps the pressure off the injured part. Here, dipping the leg in a bucket of water every hour will be of far more service than a bandage, and the sudden shock of the cold water will be doubly efficacious. After all heat has disappeared the biniodide of mercury may be used as a blister two or three times, and then the horse may either be turned out, or put into a loose box for three or four’ months, after which walking exercise will complete the cure. STRAIN OF THE BACK SINEWS. IN THIS ACCIDENT the position of the leg is the same as in strain of the suspensory ligament, and there is no giving way of the joints. The flexor tendons are enlarged, hot, and tender, and there is great lameness, the horse having the power to flex the joints below the knee, but resolutely objecting to extend them, by bearing what little weight is unavoidable upon his toe. The case is often confounded with a “break-down,” but it may readily be distin- enished by the fact that in the latter the joints give way on putting the weight upon them, whilst in mere strains they do not, and the tendency is to the epposite extreme. Frequently after a bad strain of the flexor tendons, the fetlock is “‘ over shot,” or beyond the upright, in consequence of the continued flexion of the joint, to prevent pressure upon the injured fibres, and in the manage- ment this result should be carefully guarded against. The injury 320 THE HORSE. is generally confined to the sheath of the tendons, which in most cases gradually puts on an inflammatory condition for some time before actual lameness is observed. In bad cases, however, the ligamentous fibres which are given off by the posterior carpal ligament to the flexor tendons are ruptured, greatly increasing the amount of inflammation and subsequent loss of strength. In any case the tendon feels spongy, and slightly enlarged, and there is more or less soreness on pressure and on being trotted, but in the latter case exercise removes the tenderness, and very often tempo- rarily causes an absorption of the effused fluid, which is again deposited during rest. ‘his state of things goes on for a time, the groom doing all in his power to alleviate it by wet bandages, ‘&e. 5 but at last a severe race or gallop brings on an extra amount of inflammation, with or without actual strain of the fibres of the tendon, and then there can be no doubt about the propriety of rest and severe treatment. It often happens that both legs are slightly affected, but one being more tender than the other, the horse attempts to save it by changing legs, the consequence of which is that the comparatively sound tendons are strained, and he returns to his stable with both legs in a bad state, but with one of them requiring immediate attention —The treatment should be by local bleeding (from the arm, thigh, or toe), followed at first by warm fomentations, and in a few days by cold lotions. Si 50 0) 0. st) 4 ounees. Linseed Oil mip Ys Welt Ese) Meu tee ret tis) Pid) )) 02 OuNees, Laudanum . . 14 ounce. Mix and give every hour till the pain ceases. 8. Aromatic Spiritof Ammonia . .. . . . 14 ounce. Laudanum . . Cerone Asa teenetn ley o's 2) OUNCUB. Tincture of Ginger simel wey Usk snshee 3 oe rd OBNCE IsOls ANG Ge Mc 6b 6 @ a Se chen Mix and give every hour. 362 THE HORSE. Hot water should also be applied to the abdomen, as described under the head of Enteritis, and if an enema pump is at hand, large quantities of water, at a temperature of 100° Fahrenheit, should be injected per awum, until in fact the bowel will hold no more without a dangerous amount of force. IN FLATULENT COLIC the same remedies may be employed, but the turpentine mixture is here especially beneficial. The use of warm water injections will often bring away large volumes of wind, which at once affords relief, and the attack is cured. Sometimes, however, the distension goes on increasing, and the only chance of recovery consists in a puncture of the caecum, as it lies high in the right flank, where, according to French veterinary writers it may often be opened when greatly distended, without dividing the serous covering. The operation, however, should only be per- formed by an experienced hand, as it is one of great danger, and a knowledge of the anatomy of the parts concerned is required to select the most available situation. THE TREATMENT OF IMPACTION must be completely a pos- terior’, for all anterior proceedings with aperient medicines will only aggravate the spasms. Injection of gallons of warm water er of gruel containing a quart of castor oil and half a pint of spirit of turpentine, will sometimes succeed in producing a passage, and at the same time the spasm may be relieved by the exhibition at the mouth of one ounce of laudanum and the same quantity of sulphuric ether. If there is any tenderness of the abdomen, or the pulse has a tendency to quicken, it will be better to resort to bleeding, which alone will sometimes cause the peristaltic action to be restored in a healthy manner. The case, however, requires great patience. and judgment, and as no great good can often be effected, it is highly necessary to avoid doing harm, which can hardly be avoided if the remedies employed are not at.once suc- cessful. WHEN THE URGENT SYMPTOMS of colic in any of its forms are relieved, great care must be exercised that a relapse does not take place from the use of improper food. The water should be care- fully chilled, and a warm bran mash should be given, containing in it half a feed of bruised oats. Nothing but these at moderate inter- vals, in the shape of food or drink, should be allowed for a day or two, and then the horse may gradually return to his customary treatment, avoiding, of course, everything which may appear to have contributed to the development of colic. DIARRHGA AND DYSENTERY. A DISTINCTION is attempted to be made between these two dis- eases,—the former name being confined to an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the small intestines, while the latter is said DIARRH@A AND DYSENTERY. 363 to reside in the large. It is very difficult, however, if not impos- sible, to distinguish the one from the other by the symptoms dur- ing life, and in ordinary practice they may be considered as one disease, the treatment depending in great measure on the exciting vause. This in most cases is to be found in the use of too violent “physic,” or in not resting the horse after it has begun to act until some hours after it has completely “set.” Sometimes it depends on the cells of the colon having long been loaded with faeces, which causes, at length, their mucous lining to inflame, the consequent secretion having a tendency to loosen them and pro- cure their dismissal, either by solution or by the forcible contrac- tion of the muscular coat. This last disease is known by the name of “molten grease” to old-fashioned farriers, the clear mucus which envelopes the lumps of feces being supposed to be derived from the internal fat that is generally plentifully developed in the highly fed horses that are especially subject to the attack. For practical purposes, therefore, we may, consider the different forms under the head of superpurgation, diarrhoea, and dysentery, meaning by the last name that condition which is brought about by and attended with a discharge of lumps of hard fecal matter enveloped in mucus. SUPERPURGATION is sometimes so severe as to place a delicate horse in great danger. When the action of the bowels has gone on for three or four days consecutively, and there is no disposition to “set,” the eyes become staring and glassy, the pulse is feeble, and the heart flutters in the most distressing manner; the mouth has a peculiarly offensive smell, the tongue being pale and covered with a white fur having a brown centre. The abdomen is gene- rally tucked tightly up, but in the later stages large volumes of gas are evolved, and it becomes tumid. The treatment should cousist in the exhibition of rice, boiled till quite soft, and if not taken voluntarily, it should be given as a drench, mixed into a thin liquid form with warm water. If the case is severe, one or two ounces of laudanum may be added to a quart of rice milk, and given every time the bowels act with vio- lence. Ora thin gruel may be made with wheat meal, and the laudanum be mixed with that instead of the rice. A perseverance in these remedies will almost invariably produce the desired effect, if they have not been deferred until the horse is very much ex- hausted, when a pint of port wine may be substituted for the laudanum with advantage. IN DIARRH@A resulting from cold, or over-exertion, the treat. ment should be exactly like that prescribed for superpurgation, but it will sometimes be necessary to give chalk in addition to the remedies there alluded to. The rice or flour-milk may be admin- 364 THE HORSE. istered as food, and the following drench given by itself every time there is a discharge of liquid faeces :— Take of Powdered Opium . .. . . . 1 drachm. Tincture of Catechu . - . . . ¥ ounce, Chalk Mixtures 94 02 oa ee ening Mix and give as a drench. During the action of these remedies the body must be kept warm by proper clothing, and the legs should be encased in flan- nel bandages, previously made hot at the fire, and renewed as they become cold. IN DYSENTERY (or molten grease) it is often necessary to take a little blood away, if there is evidence of great inflammation in the amount of mucus surrounding the feeces, and when aperient medicine does not at once put a stop to the cause of irritation by bringing the lumps away from the cells of the colon. Back-raking, and injections of two ounces of laudanum and a pint of castor oil with gruel, should be adopted in the first instance, but they will seldom be fully efficient without the aid of linseed oil given by the mouth. A pint of this, with half a pint of good castor oil, will generally produce a copious discharge of lumps, and then the irri- tation ceases without requiring any further interference. Whenever there is diarrhoea or dysentery present to any extent, rice-water should be the sole drink. STRANGULATION AND RUPTURE. MECHANICAL VIOLENCE is done to the stomach and bowels in various ways, but in every case the symptoms will be those of severe inflammation of the serous coat, speedily followed by death, if not relieved when relief is possible. Sometimes the stomach is ruptured from over-distension—at others the small intestines have been known to share the same fate, but the majority of cases are due to strangulation of a particular portion of the bowels, by being tied or pressed upon by some surrounding band. This may hap- pen either from a loop of bowel being forced through an opening in the mesentery or mesocolon, or from a band of organized lymph, the result of previous inflammation—or from one portion of the bowels forcing itself into another, like the inverted finger of a glove, and the included portion being firmly contracted upon by the exterior bowel, so as to produce dangerous pressure (intussus- ception), or, lastly, from a portion or knuckle of intestine forcing its way through an opening in the walls of the abdomen, and then called hernia or rupture, which being pressed upon by the cdges of the opening becomes strangulated, and if not relieved inflames, and then mortifies. None of these cases are amenable to treat- ment (and indeed they cannot often be discovered with certainty during life, the symptoms resembling those of enteritis), excupt CALCULI IN THE 30WELS. 365 strangulated hernia, which should be reduced either by the pres- sure of the hands, or by the aid of an operation with the knife— which will be described under the chapter which treats of the seve- ral operations. Whenever inflammation of the bowels is attended with obstinate constipation, the walls of the abdomen should be carefully examined, and especially the inguinal canal, scrotum, and navel, at which points in most cases the hernia makes its appear- ance. A swelling at any other part may, however, contain a knuckle of intestine, which has found its way through the abdo- minal parietes in consequence of a natural opening existing there. or of one having been made by some accidental puncture with a spike of wood or iron. The swelling is generally round, or nearly so, and gives a drum-like sound on being tapped with the fingers. It feels hard to the touch in consequence of the contents being constricted, but it gives no sensation of solidity, and may be gene- rally detected by these signs. None but an educated hand can, however, be relied on to distinguish a ventral hernia from any other tumor. When it occurs at the scrotum or navel the case is clear enough. CALCULI IN THE BOWELS. A STOPPAGE IN THE BOWELS sometimes obstinately persists, in spite of all kinds of remedies, and, death taking place, it is found on examination that a large calculus has blocked up the area of the canal. Sometimes one of these calculi is found in the stomach, but this is extremely rare. On making a section they are found to consist of concentric layers of bran, chaff, and other hard par- ticles of the food, mixed generally with some smal] proportion of earthy matter, and arranged around some foreign body, such as a piece of stone from tke corn, or the head of a nail. Treatment is out of the question, as it is impossible to discover the calculus during life, and even if it could be ascertained to exist, no remedy is known for it. Those who are curious about the composition of these calculi, will be pleased with the following letter by Mr. Buck- land, surgeon to the Ist Life Guards, in reply to an inquiry made in The Field as to the composition of a calculus found in a horse belonging to a correspondent :— “Mr. ©. Pemberton Carter having, in his interesting letter, re- quested me to throw some light upon this subject, I have great pleasure in giving what little information I am able to afford, with apologies for delay, as Aldershot camp is by no means a favorable spot for scientific investigations or literary pursuits. As regards the actual composition of calculi such as he has sent, we learn from the catalogue of the museum of the Royal College of Sur- geons that they are composed for the most part of the pkosphate of magnesia and ammonia, with small quantities of phosphate of 366 THE HORSE. lime. They also contain an animal and extractive matter, to which the brown color of the calculus is owing. They also contain mu- riates of soda, and various alkaline salts derived from the intestinal juices. The animal matter resembles that of all other concretions, and separates in concentric laminze when the calculus is dissolved in an acid. In more impure varieties, grains of sand, portions of hay, straw, &c., are frequently found imbedded in the calculus, and there is one specimen in the museum which contains an entire layer of vegetable hairs. Mr. Carter remarks that ‘his impression is that the calculus is made up of bran’ (chemically speaking). He is not far wrong, for we read in the College catalogue, ‘ Most authorities agree that these calculi are formed from phosphate of magnesia, contained in wheat, oats, hay, &c., and this opinion de- rives confirmation from the circumstance that they occur most fre- quently in millers’ and brewers’ horses, whizh are fed upon grains, bran, and substances known to contain a much larger proportion of magnesian salts than other vegetable matters.’ Mr. Carter has detected minute portions of wheat, oats, and hay in the calculus. which therefore may be said to consist of two substances, viz., the vegetable and the mineral. So much, then, for the composition of the calculus; now for its mechanical structure. Most decidedly it may be compared to an onion, layer being packed over layer, so as in section to present a ringed appearance. (We may also liken it to other objects. It has lately struck me to examine the struc- ture of a common cricket-ball, which combines hardness, light- ness, and elasticity in such an admirable way. Upon making a section, I found the cricket-ball to be composed of layers, one over the other, round a central nucleus. The layers are composed of leather, alternated with a vegetable fibre, the nucleus beiag a bit of cork. The caleulus in the horse is formed in a similar way. The nucleus in Mr. Carter’s specimen is a bit of flint; in a capital instance I have in my own collection, of a common shot, about No. 5 size, which has been crushed by the horse’s teeth, and sub- sequently swallowed ; in another instance, of a chair nail of brass; in another of a single oat-seed; in another of a minute bit of cinder, and so on, as it seems to be absolutely necessary that these calculi should have a commencement—a starting-point. Where is the school-boy who can make a gigantic snowball without be- ginning with a small lump of snow or a stone, as a nucleus upon which he builds all the rest ? “ Mr. Carter seems to wonder at the weight of the specimen, 5 {bs.; this is by no means a large size; in the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons we have a very fine collection of cal- culi, the largest, taken from the intestines of a horse, weighs no less than 17 lbs , and is about the size and shape of an ordinary skittle-ball. In the case where this is contained he will see many CALCULI IN THE BOWELS—WORMS. 367 other specimens, cut in sections to show the nuclei; he will ob- serve that calculi also form in the intestines of the camel and of the elephant, and even in the wild horse, for there is a good speci- men from the intestines of a Japanese wild horse. Stones, not true calculi, are sometimes found in animals, which have been actually swallowed by them, and have not been chemically formed in this walking laboratory. There is a case containing several pebbles—thirty in number—found in the stomach of a cow at Barton-under-Needwood, Burton-on-Trent. These stones belong to the geological formation of the neighborhood; it is curious to see how they have been acted on by the action of the stomach, for they are highly glazed and polished. I have seen specimens of gravel pebbles which I took from the gizzard of an ostrich, which are as highly polished as an agate marble. The bird swallowed the stones to assist its digestion; the cow out of a morbid appe- tite. I know of a somewhat similar instance that lately happened: A young lady was taken ill, and died of very strange symptoms ; it was subsequently ascertained that the stomach was quite filled with human hair, which had moulded itself into the shape of the interior of that organ. The poor girl had naturally very long and beautiful hair, and she had an unfortunate habit of catching the loose hairs with her lips and swallowing them; in time they felted together, became a solid mass, and killed her—a warning to other young ladies which should not be neglected. In the lower animals we frequently find rolled balls of hair from the creatures licking themselves. I have seen one at Bristol from a lioness; it is formed of hairs licked with her rough tongue from her cubs. Curious concretions are found in goats, &c., called ‘bezoar’ stones ; they were formerly supposed to have medicinal virtues: of this at an- other time. F. T. Buckianp.” WORMS. INTESTINAL WORMS in the horse are chiefly of two species, both belonging to the genus ascaris. Bots, as inhabiting the stomach, have already been described with that organ; and, moreover, they should never be confounded with what are called properly and scientifically, “worms.” Of these, the larger species resembles the common earthworm in all respects but color, which is a pinkish white. It inhabits the small intestines, though it is sometimes, but very rarely, found in the stomach. The symptoms are a rough, staring, hollow coat—a craving appetite—more or less emaciation— the passage of mucus with the feces, and very often a small por- tion of this remains outside the anus, and dries there. That part generally itches, and in the attempt to rub it the tail is denuded of hair; but this may arise from vermin in it, or from mere irri- tation of the anus from other causes. When these several symp- 368 THE HORSE. toms are combined, it may with some degree of certainty be sup- posed that there are worms in the intestines, but before proceeding to dislodge them, it is always the wisest plan to obtain proof posi- tive of their existence, by giving an ordinary dose of physic, when, on watching the evacuations, one or more worms may generally be discovered if they are present. When the case is clearly made gut the plan of treatment is as follows :— Takejof ‘Tartar Wmetic «os <6 «6 9 « = 1 drachme Powdered Ginger . . . 4% drachm. Linseed Meal sufficient to make into a ball with boiling water. One should be given every morning for a week, then a dose of physic; linseed oil being the most proper. Let the stomach rest a week; give another course of balls and dose of physic, after which let the horse have a drachm of sulphate of iron (powdered) twice a day with his feed of corn. There is no medicine which is so effectual for removing worms in the horse as tartar emetic, and none which is so entirely innocu- ous to the stomach. Calomel and spirit of turpentine were formerly in use as vermifuges, but they are both dangerous drugs; the. former, if given for any length of time, causing great derangement of the stomach and liver; and the latter often producing consi- derable inflammation after a single dose, if sufhciently large to vause the expulsion of the worms. Linseed oil given in half-pint doses every morning is also an excellent vermifuge, but not equal to the tartar emetic. If this quantity does not relax the bowels it may be increased until they are rendered slightly more loose than usual, but avoiding anything like purgation. The smaller species of intestinal worm chiefly inhabits the rec- tum, but is occasionally found in the colon and cecum. It pro- duces great irritation and uneasiness, but.has not the same preju- dicial effect on the health as the larger parasite. It is about one to two inches in length, and somewhat smaller in diameter than a crow quill. These worms are commonly distinguished as ascarides, but both this species and the round worm belong to the genus ascaris. The term thread worm is more correctly applied, as they are not unlike sections of stout thread or cotton. The only symp- tom by which their presence can be made out is the rubbing of the tail, when if, on examination, no vermin or eruption is found in the dock, it may be presumed that worms exist in the rectum, The remedy for these worms is by the injection every morning for a week of a pint of linseed oil, containing two drachms of spirit of turpentine. This will either kill or bring away the worms, with the exception of a few which are driven by it higher up into the DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND KIDNEYS. 369 solon, but by waiting a week or ten days (during which time they will have re-entered the rectum) and then repeating the process, they may generally be entirely expelled. The sulphate of iron must be given here, as before described. DISEASES OF THE LIVER. THE LIVER OF THE HORSE is less liable to disease than that of any other domestic animal, and the symptoms of its occurrence are so obscure that it is seldom until a post-mortem examination that a discovery is made of its existence. This unerring guide, however, informs us that the liver is sometimes unnaturally en- larged and hard, at others softened, and in others again the sub- ject of cancerous deposits. It is also attacked by inflammation, of which the symptoms are feverishness; rapid pulse, not hard and generally fuller than usual; appetite bad; restlessness, and the patient often looking round to his right side with an anxious ex- pression, not indicative of severe pain. Slight tenderness of the right side; but this not easily made out satisfactorily. Bowels generally confined, but there is sometimes diarrhea. Very fre- quently the whites of the eyes show a tinge of yellow, but any- thing like jaundice is unknown. The treatment must consist in the use of calomel and opium, with mild purging, thus :— Take of Calomel, Powdered Opium, of each one drachm. Linseed Meal and boiling water enough to make into a ball, which should be given night and morning. Every other day a pint of Linseed Oil should be administered. The diet should if possible be confined to green food, which will do more good than medicine; indeed, in fine weather, a run at grass during the day should be preferred to all other remedies, taking eare to shelter the horse at night in an airy loose-box. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. THESE ORGANS are particularly prone to disease, and are subject to inflammation ; to diabetes, or profuse staling; to hematuria, or a discharge of blood, and to torpidity, or inaction. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS (nephritis) is generally pro- duced by an exposure of the loins to wet and cold, as in carriage- horses standing about in the rain during the winter season. Some- times it follows violent muscular exertion, and is then said to be caused by a strain in the back, but in these cases there is probably an exposure to cold in a state of exhaustion, or by the rupture of a branch of the renal artery or vein, as the inflammation of one organ can scarcely be produced by the strain of another. The symptoms are a constant desire to void the urine, which is of a very dark color—often almost black. Great pain, as evidenced by 24 370 THE HORSE. the expression of countenance and by groans, as well as by frequent wistful looks at the loins. On pressing these parts there is some tenderness, but not excessive, as in rheumatism. The pulse is quick, hard, and full. The attitude of the hind quarters is pecu- liar, the horse standing in a straddling position with his back arched, and refusing to move without absolute compulsion. It 1s sometimes difficult to distinguish nephritis from inflammation of the neck of the bladder, but by attending to the state of the urine, which is dark brown or black in the former case, and nearly of a natural color in the latter, the one may be diagnosed from the other. To make matters still more clear, the oiled hand may be passed into the rectum, when in nephritis the bladder will be found contracted and empty (the urine being so pungent as to irritate that organ), while in inflammation or spasm of its neck, it will be distended, often to a large size. The treatment to be adopted must be active, as the disease runs a very rapid course, and speedily ends in death if neglected. A large quantity of blood must at once be taken. The skin must be acted on energetically, so as to draw the blood to its surface, and if a Turkish bath (see page 215) is at hand, it will be highly beneficial. If not, the application of hot water, as recommended at page 342, may be tried, and in many eases it has acted like a charm. Failing the means for carrying out either of these remedies, the loins should be rubbed with an embrocation consisting of olive oil, liquid ammoniz and laudanum in equal parts, but cantharides and turpentine must be carefully avoided, as likely to be absorbed, when they would add fuel to the fire. A fresh sheepskin should be warmed with hot (not boiling) water, and applied over the back, and the liniment should be rubbed in profusely every hour, restoring the skin to its place im- mediately afterwards. Mustard is sometimes used instead of am- monia, and as it is always at hand, it may form a good substitute, but it is not nearly so powerful an irritant to the skin as the latter, especially when evaporation is prevented by the sheepskin, or by a piece of any waterproof article. A mild aperient may be given, linseed oil being the best form, but if the bowels continue ob- stinate, and it is necessary to repeat it, eight or ten drops of croton oil may be added to a pint of the oil, great care being taken to assist its action by raking and injection, the latter being also use- ful as a fomentation to the kidneys. ‘The diet should consist of scalded linseed and bran mashes, no water being allowed without containing sufficient linseed tea to make it slightly glutinous, but not so much so as to nauseate the patient. If the symptoms are not greatly abated in six or eight hours, the bleeding must be re- . peated, for upon this remedy the chief dependence must be placed. A mild and soothing drench, composed of half an ounce of car. bonate of soda, dissolved in six ounces of linseed tea, may be given DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. 371 every six hours, but little reliance can be placed upon it. The inflammation either abates after the bleeding, or the horse dies in a very few hours. . DIABETES of late years has been much more frequent than was formerly the case, and especially among race- horses and hunters, probably owing to the enormous quantities of corn which they are allowed in the present day. But whatever may be the cause, the symptoms are clear enough, the horse constantly staling and pass- ing large quantities of urine each time. The treatment should be conducted on the principle that the cause should if possible be asvertained and removed. Mowburnt hay will often bring on dia- betes, and new oats have a similar tendency in delicate horses. In any case it is wise to make a total change in the food as far as it ean possibly be done. Green meat will often check it at once, and a bran-mash containing a few carrots has a similar chance of doing good. With these alterations in the quality of the food attention should also be paid to the quantity of the corn, which should be reduced if more than a peck a day has been given, and beans should be substituted for a part of the oats. Half a drachm of the sul- phate of iron (powdered) should be mixed with each feed (that is, four times a day), and the horse should be well clothed and his legs warmly bandaged in a cool and airy (but not cold and draughty) loose box. By attention to these directions the attack may gener- ally be subdued in a few days, but there is always a great tendency to its return. Should it persist in spite of the adoption of the measures already recommended, the following ball may be tried :— BakeomGaliie Acid ~ syle 6 6 « al. « « % drachm. @piumven. ss. te ee adlidrachm, Treacle and Linseed Meal enough to make into a ball, which should be given twice a day. HamatourgEA, like diabetes, is easily recognised by the presence of blood in greater or less quantities passed with the urine. It is not, however, of the bright red color natural to pure blood, but it is more or less dingy, and sometimes of a smoky-brown color, as occurs in inflammation. Bloody urine, however, may often be passed without any sign of that condition, and therefore unaccom- panied by pain, or any other urgent symptom. The causes are exceedingly various. Sometimes a parasitic worm (Strongylus gigas) has been discovered, after death from hzematarea, in the kidney, and was apparently the cause of the mischief. At others, this ergan has been found disorganized by cancer or melanosis— and again a sharp calculus has been known to bring on consider- able bleeding, and this last cause is by no means unfrequent. The symptoms are the existence of bloody urine unaccompanied by pain or irritation, marking the absence of nephritis. As to treatment, little can be done in severe cases, and mild ones only require rest, 372 THE HORSE. a dose of physic, and perhaps the abstraction of three or four quarts of blood. Green food should be given, and the diet should be attended to as for diabetes. If the urine is scanty, yet evidently there is no inflammation, two or three drachms of nitre may be given with the mash at night, but this remedy should be employed with great caution. INACTION OF THE KIDNEYS is so common in every stable that the groom seldom thinks it necessary even to inform his master of its occurrence. An ounce of nitre is mixed and given with a bran- mash as a matter of course, and sometimes more violent diuretics are resorted to, such as powdered resin and turpentine. Very often the kidneys are only inactive because the horse has not been regularly watered, and in those stables where an unlimited supply is allowed this condition is comparatively rare. There is no harm in resorting to nitre occasionally, but if it is often found necessary to employ this drug, the health is sure to suffer, and an alteration in the diet should be tried in preference. At all events, if it is given, the horse should be allowed to drink as much and as often as he likes, without which the stimulus to the kidneys will be doubly prejudicial, from being in too concentrated a form. DISEASES OF THE BLADDER. THE BLADDER is subject to inflammation of its coats or neck-- to spasm—and to the formation of calculi. INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER (cystitis) is not very common excepting when it is produced by irritants of a mechanical or chemi- cal nature. Thus, when the kidneys secrete a highly irritating urine, the bladder suffers in its passage, and we have the two organs inflamed at the same time. Again, when cantharides have been given with a view to stimulate exhausted nature, or when they are absorbed from the surface of the skin, as sometimes hap- pens in blistering, the bladder is liable to become inflamed. The symptoms are—a quick pulse—pain in the hind-quarter, evinced by the looks of the animal in that direction—and constant strain- ing to pass the urine, which is thick and mixed with mucus, or in aggravated cases with purulent matter. The treatment to be adopted if the case is severe will consist in venesection, back-rak- ing, and purgation with linseed or castor oil, avoiding aloes, which have a tendency to irritate the bladder. Linseed tea should be given as the sole drink, and scalded linseed mixed with a bran- mash as food. The following ball may also be given, and repeated if necessary :— Take of Powdered Opium .... . . . 2J1drachm. Tartar emetic . . . +6 « « . « I} drackm. To be made up into a ball with Linseed Meal and boiling water, and given every six hours. DISEASES OF THE BLADDER, ETC. 373 RETENTION OF URINE may be due either to inflammation of the neck of the bladder, occasioning a spasmodic closure of that part, or there may be spasm unattended by inflammation and solely due to the irritation of some offending substance, such as a calculus, or a small dose of cantharides. The treatment in either case must be directed to the spasmodic constriction, which is generally under the control of large doses of opium and camphor, that is, from one drachm to two drachms of each, repeated every five or six hours. If the symptoms are urgent, bleeding may also he resorted to, and when the bladder is felt to be greatly distended, no time should be lost in evacuating it by means of the catheter, which operation, however, should only be intrusted to a regular practi- tioner accustomed to its use. CALCULI IN THE BLADDER are formed of several eure salts, and present various forms and appearances, which may be comprised under four divisions. 1st. The mulberry calculus, so named from its resemblance to a mulberry, possessing generally a nucleus. 2d. A very soft kind resembling fuller’s earth in appearance, and being chiefly composed of phosphate of lime and mucus. 3d. Caleuli of a white or yellowish color, rough externally and easily friable. And 4th. Those which are composed of regular layers, and which are harder than the second and third varieties. The mulberry calculus, from its extremely rough surface, occa- sions more irritation than other forms, but during life it is impos- sible to ascertain the exact chemical nature of the calculus which may be ascertained to exist. These calculi sometimes attain an immense size, weighing several pounds. The symptoms are a dif- ficulty of voiding the urine, which generally comes away in jerks after great straining and groaning. The horse remains with his legs extended for some time afterwards, and evidently indicates that he feels as if his bladder was not relieved. Often there is muco-purulent matter mixed with the urine, which is rendered thick and glutinous thereby, but this only happens in cases of long standing. The treatment must be either palliative or curative. If the former, it should consist in the adoption of the means employed for subduing irritation and inflammation of the bladder which have been already described. The cure can only be effected by removing the stone. This requires the performance of a difficult and dangerous operation (lithotomy), the details of which can be only useful to the professed veterinary surgeon. and I shall there- fore omit them here. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. BALANITIS, or inflammation of the glans penis (8dédavoc, glans), is very common in the horse, being brought on by the decomposi- tion of the natural secretions, when they have been allowed to 374 THE HORSE. collect for any length of time. At first there is merely a slight discharge of pus, but in process of time foul sores break out, and very often fungous growths spring from them, which block up the passage through the opening of the sheath, and cause considerable swelling and inconvenience. ‘These are quite distinct from warts, which oceur in this part just as they do in other situations. The treatment requires some skill and experience, because mild reme- dies are of no use, and severe ones are not unattended with danger. The parts must first of all be well cleansed by syringing, or if the end of the penis can be laid hold of, by washing with a sponge. The following wash may then be applied. and it should be repeated every day :— Take of solution of Chloride of Zine . . . . . 2drachms. Weoaterpeu coke os «A pinto ene If the morbid growths are very extensive, nothing but amputa- tion of the penis or the use of corrosive sublimate will remove them. Severe hemorrhage sometimes follows both of these mea- sures, but it seldom goes on to a dangerous extent. Still it is scarcely advisable for any one but a professional man to undertake the operation. IN THE MARE THE VAGINA is sometimes inflamed, attended with a copious yellow discharge. An injection of the wash mentioned iu the last paragraph will generally soon set the matter right. At first it should be used only of half the strength, g eradually i increas- ing it, until the full quantity of chloride of zinc is employed. INVERSION OF THE UTERUS sometimes follows parturition, but it is very rare in the mare. The uterus should be at once replaced. using as little force as possible, and taking care before the hand is withdrawn, that it really is turned back again from its invertad position. N YMPHOMANIA occurs sometimes in mares at the time of being ‘‘in use,” and goes on to such an extent as to render them abso- lutely regardless of pain, for the time being, though not to make them lose their cousciousness. They will kick and squeal till they be- come white with sweat, and no restraint will prevent them from trying to continue their violent attempts to destroy everything behind them. These symptoms are especially developed in the presence of other animals of the same species, whether mares or geldings; but the near proximity of an entire horse will be still worse. If placed in a loose box, without any restraint whatever, they generally become more calm, and when the state is developed, such a plan should always be adopted. It is chiefly among highly- fed and lightly-worked mares that the disease is manifested; and a dose of physic with starvation in a loose box, away from any other horse, will very soon put an end to it in almost every instance. MAD STAGGERS—EPI1LEPSY. 375 CHAPTER XXIII. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Phrenitis, or Mad Staggers—Epilepsy and Convulstons—Megrums —Ralhes, Hydrophobia, or Madness—Tetanus, or Lockjaw— Apoplexy and Paralysis—String Halt—Coup de Soleil, or Sun stroke. PHRENITIS, OR MAD STAGGERS. PHRENITIS seldom occurs, except in over-fed and lightly-worked horses, nor among them is it by any means a common dis- ease. The early symptoms are generally those of an ordinary cold; there is heaviness of the eyes, with a redness of the con- junctiva, and want of appetite. After a day or two occupied by these premonitory signs, which will seldom serve to put even the most experienced observer on his guard, the horse becomes sud- denly delirious, attempting to bite and strike every one who comes near him, regardless of the ordinary influences of love and fear. He plunges in his stall, attempts to get free from his halter rein, and very often succeeds in doing so, when he will stop at nothing to gain still further liberty. If unchecked he soon dashes himself to pieces, and death puts an end to his struggles. The only ¢reat- ment which is of the slightest use is bleeding till the horse abso- lutely falls, or till he becomes quite quiet and tractable, if the case is only a mild one. Immediately afterwards a large dose of tartar emetic (two or three drachms) should be given, followed in an hour or two by a strong physic ball; or, if the case is a very bad one, by a drench, containing half a pint of castor oil and six or eight drops of croton oil. Clysters and back-raking will of course be required, to obviate the risk of hard accumulations in the bowels, but where there is great violence, they cannot always be employed and the case must take its chance in these respects. The diet should be confined to a few mouthfuls of hay or grass, with a plentiful supply of water. EPILEPSY AND CONVULSIONS. THESE DISEASES, or symptoms of disease, are not often met with in the adult, but in the foal they sometimes occur, and are © not unattended with danger. The young thing will perhaps gallop after its dam ronnd and round its paddock, and then all at once stop, 376 THE HORSE. stagger, and fall to the ground, where it lies, struggling with more or less violence, for a few minutes or longer, and then raises its head, stares about it, gets up, and is apparently as well as ever. It is generally in the hot days of summer that these attacks occur, and it appears highly probable that the direct rays of the sun playing on the head have something to do with it. Death seldom takes place during the first attack, but sometimes after two or three repetitions the convulsions go on increasing, and the foal becomes comatose and dies. A mild dose of linseed oil is the only remedy which can safely be resorted to, and as it is supposed that worms will sometimes produce these convulsive attacks, it is on that account to be selected. Epilepsy is so very rarely met with in the adult and of its causes and treatment so little is known, that I shall not trouble my readers with any account of them. | MEGRIMS. THIS TERM is used to conceal our ignorance of the exact nature of several disordered conditions of the brain and heart. In fact, any kind of fit, not attended with convulsions, and only lasting a short time, is called by this name. The cause may be a fatty condition of the heart, by which sudden faintness and sometimes death are pro- duced, or it may consist in congestion of the vessels of the brain, arising from over work on a hot day, or from the pressure of the cullar, or from disease of the valves of the heart. Attacks reputed to be megrims have been traced to each of these causes, and as in every case, the horse, while apparently in good health, staggers and falls, and after lying still for a minutes (during which there is seldom an opportunity of examining the state of the circulation) rises as well as before, there is no chance of distinguishing the one from the other. The most usual symptoms are the following :—The horse is perhaps trotting along, when all at once he begins shaking his head as if the bridle chafed his ears, which are drawn back close to the poll. The driver gets down to examine these facts, and observes the eyelids quivering, and the nostrils affected with a trembling kind of spasm. Sometimes the rest will allow of the attack going off, but most frequently, the head is drawn to one side, the legs of that half of the body seem to be paralyzed, and the horse making a segment of a circle goes down, lies a few minutes on the ground, and then rises as if nothing had happened beyond a light sweating, and disturbance of the respiration. Treat- ment can be of little avail, however, unless a correct diagnosis is made, for remedies which would be suited to congestion would be prejudicial to a diseased heart. If the attack has happened while HYDROPHOBIA. SUT in harness, the collar should always be carefully inspected, and if at all tight it should be replaced by a deeper one. A diseased state of the valves of the heart ought to be discoverable by auscultation, but it requires a practised ear to do this, and the directions for ascertaining its presence are beyond the scope of this book. The only plan which can safely be adopted, is to take the subject of megrims quietly home to his stable, and carefully ex- amine into the condition of all his functions with a view to im- prove the action of any organ which appears to be out of order, whatever it may be. If all seems to be going on well—if the appe- tite is good, and the heart acts with regularity and with due force, while the brain seems clear, and the eye is not either dull or suf- fused with blood—nothing should be attempted, but the horse being subject to a second attaek, as proved by manifold experience, should be put to work in which no great danger can be appre- hended from them. He is not safe in any kind of carriage, for it can never be known where the fall will take place; and as a saddle- horse he is still more objectionable, and should therefore be put to some commercial purpose, in executing which, if he falls, the only injury he can effect is to property, and not to human life. RABIES, HYDROPHOBIA OR MADNESS. ONE REASON ONLY can be given for describing this disease, which is wholly beyond the reach of art ; but as the horse attacked by it is most dangerous, the sooner he is destroyed the better; and for this reason, every person who is likely to have any control over him, should be aware of the symptoms. As far as is known at present, Rabies is not idiopathically developed in the horse, but must follow the bite of a rabid individual belonging to one or other of the genera canis and felis. The dog, being constantly about our stables, is the usual cause of the development of the disease, and it may supervene upon the absorption of the salivary virus without any malicious bite, as has happened according to more than one carefully recorded case. The lips of the horse are liable to be ulcerated from the action of the bit, and there is reason to believe that in the early stages of rabies these parts have been licked by a dog, the saliva has been absorbed, and the inoculation has taken place just as it would do from any other wound. It is difficult to prove that this is the true explanation of those cases where no bite has been known to have occurred, but as the mouth has in each instance been shown to have been abraded, there is some reason for accepting it as such. To proceed, however, to the symptoms, Mr. Youatt, who has had great opportunities for examining rabies, both in the dog and horse, describes the earliest as consisting in “a spasmodic movement of the upper lip, particularly of the angles of the lip. Close following on this, or contemporaneous with it. 378 THE HORSE. are the depressed and anxious countenance, and inquiling gaze, suddenly, however, lighted up, and becoming fierce and menacing from some unknown cause, or at the approach of a stranger. From time to time different parts of the frame, the eyes, the jaws, par- ticular limbs, will be convulsed. The eye will occasionally wander after some imaginary object, and the horse will snap again and again at that which has no real existence. Then will come the irrepressible desire to bite the attendants or the animals within its reach. To this will succeed the demolition of the rack, the manger, and the whole furniture of the stable, accompanied by the peculiar dread of water, which has already been described. Towards the close of the disease there is generally paralysis, usually confined to the loins and the hinder extremities, or involving those organs wlich derive their nervous influence from this portion of the spinal cord; hence the distressing tenesmus which is occasionally seen.” How paralysis can produce tenesmus is not very clear, but of the very general existence of this symptom there can be no doubt. The dread of water, as well as of draughts of cold air, is also clearly made out to exist in this disease (as in human rabies), and the term hydrophobia will serve to distinguish it better than in the dog, where it is as clearly absent. Whenever, therefore, these symptoms follow upon the bite of a dog, unless the latter is un- questionably in good health, rabies may be suspected, and the bare suspicion ought always to lead to the use of the bullet, which is the safest way of killing a violent horse. There is only one disease (phrenitis) with which it can be confounded, and in that the absence of all consciousness and, in milder cases, of fear, so that no moral control whatever can .be exercised, marks its nature, and clearly distinguishes it from rabies, the victim to which is con- scious to the last, and though savage and violent in the extreme, is aware of the power of man, and to some extent under his influence. TETANUS—LOCK-JAW. TETANUS, one form of which is known as lock-jaw, has its seat upparently in the nervous system, but, like many other diseases of the same class, the traces it leaves behind are extremely uncertain, and are displayed more on the secondary organs, through which it is manifested, than on those which we believe to be at the root of the mischief. Thus the muscles, which have been long kept in a state of spasm, show the marks of this condition in their softened and apparently rotten condition. They in fact have had no interval of rest, during which nutrition could go on, and have lost much of the peculiarity of structure which enables them to contract. The stomach often shows marks of inflammation, but as all sorts of violent remedies are employed, this may be due to them rather than to idiopathic disease. The lungs also are generally congested, LOCK-JAW. 379 but here, like the state of the muscles, it may be a secondary effect of the long-continued exertions of the latter, which nothing but the absence of all important lesions of the brain and spinal cord would induce the pathologist to pay the slightest attention to. TETANUS may be either idiopathic or symptomatic, but the former condition is somewhat rare. It almost always follows some operation, or a severe injury in which a nerve has been implicated. the most frequent causes being the piercing of the sole by a nail, or a prick in shoeing, or the operations of docking, nicking, castra- tion, &c. THE SYMPTOMS are a permanent rigidity of certain voluntary muscles, and especially of the lower jaw (whence the popular name, lock-jaw). The mouth is kept rigidly shut, the masseter muscles feeling as hard as a deal board. One or both sides of the neck are rigid, in the former case the head being turned to one side, and in the latter stretched out as if carved in marble. The nostrils are dilated; the eyes retracted, with the haws thrust for- ward over them; the ears erect and stiff, and the countenance as if horror-struck. At first the extremities are seldom involved, but as the disease progresses their control is first lost, and then they become rigid, like the neck and head. The patient is scarcely able to stand, and plants his feet widely apart to prop himself up, while at last the tail also becomes a fixture. The pulse varies a good deal, in some cases being quick, small, and hard, and in others slow and labored. The bowels are generally costive, and the urine scanty; but this last symptom is not so well marked as the state of the bowels alluded to. The treatment should be of a two-fold nature, partly palliative and partly curative. Since the introduction into use of chloroform we have possessed a drug which invariably enables us to remove the spasm for a time, and if it does nothing more, it gives room for other remedies to act and relieve the patient from the horrible tortures which are occasioned by the spasm, while it also allows the muscular and nervous powers to be recruited. When, therefore, a case of tetanus occurs in a horse of any value, an apparatus for applying chloroform (described under the chapter on Operations) should be procured, and the animal at once placed under its influence. This done, the whole length of the spine should be blistered with tincture of cantharides, and an active aperient should be given, consisting, if practicable, of a pint of castor oil, and six or eight drops of croton oil. This may be pumped down the throat by the usual syringe and tube, if the front teeth can be separated; but if this cannot be done, some solid cathartic must be selected, though there is often as much difficulty in forcing a ball down as in passing an elastic tube. Failing in either of these, two drachms of calomel, and the same quantity of tartar emetic should be slightly damped, and placed in . 380 THE HORSE. the mouth as far back as possible, in the hope that they may be gradually swallowed; the bowels should be raked, and copious injections of castor oil and turpentine, mixed with several quarts of gruel, should be thrown up. If these remedies fail, nature must be left to her own resources, and they will sometimes be found equal to the task, for many cases have recovered after having been iven up as beyond the reach of our art. Opium, henbane, digitalis, hellebore, and a host of other drugs have been tried, sometimes with, and sometimes without success, and perhaps it is worth while, after the bowels have been well relieved, to give a full dose of one or other of these powerful remedies, such as two drachms of solid opium; but I confess that I think little reliance is to be placed on them, and I prefer the adoption of chloroform every six hours, continued for about two or three hours and gra- dually withdrawn, leaving the cure to the action of the blister and purgatives. APOPLEXY AND PARALYSIS. UsuAtty these are only different degrees of the same disease, but there are exceptions in which the latter is produced by some chronic affection of the spinal cord or brain. As a rule both de- pend upon pressure made on the brain by an overloaded state of the vessels, commonly known as congestion, or by extravasation of blood, in which it escapes from them. APpoPLEXY, known among writers of the old school as sleepy staggers, is not often met with in the present day, owing to the improvement in the management of our stables, and specially to their better ventilation. It is marked by great sleepiness, from which the horse can be with difficulty roused, soon going on to absolute unconsciousness, attended by a slow snoring respiration, and speedily followed by death. The only treatment likely to be successful is copious bleeding, purgation, and blisters to the head and neck. PARALYSIS is marked by a loss of power over the muscles of a part, and may be confined to one limb or organ or extend to more. It is a symptom of pressure on, or disorganization of, some part of the nervous system, and must be considered as such, and nut as a disease of the affected muscles. Thus it requires a knowledge of anatomy to trace it to its seat, without which its treatment would be conducted on false principles. By far the most common form of paralysis is hemiplegia, or paralysis of the muscles of the hinder extremities and loins, generally arising from an injury to the spine. Sometimes the body of a vertebra is broken, and the parts being separated, their edges press upon the spinal cord and produce the disease. At others the vessels within the canal have received a PARALYSIS—STRING HALT. 381 shock, and the serous membrane secretes (or allows to ooze out) a bloody fluid which presses upon the cord, and produces the same effect but in a more gradual manner. In India, a disease known there as Kumree causes paralysis of the hinder extremities, and is due to inflammation of the membranes, which secrete a bloody serum. In this country, however, paraplegia is very rare except- ing as the result of accident. WHEN A HORSE FALLS in hunting, and never moves his hind legs afterwards, but lies with his fore legs in the position to get up, groaning and expressing great pain and distress, it may be concluded that he has fractured or dislocated his spine and that the case is hopeless. Sometimes, however, after lying for a few seconds, he slowly and with difficulty rises and is led to a stable, but after two or three hours lies down and cannot be got up again. Here there will be some difficulty in ascertaining whether the mis- chief is confined to a strain of the muscles or is situated within the vertebral canal. If the former is the case the pain is extreme, and generally there will be some quivering or slight spasm of one or more of the muscles of the hinder extremity, which feel natu- rally firm, while in paralysis they feel soft and are as quiet as they would be after death. By attention to these signs the two cases may be distinguished, but when the case is made out to. be true paralysis the treatment is not likely (even if successful in preserv- ing life) to bring about a useful restoration to healthy action. In valuable horses an attempt may be made by bleeding, physicking and blistering, to produce an absorption of the effused serum or blood, but the recovered animal is seldom worth the outlay, and too often as soon as he is put to any kind of work is subject to a relapse. The most humane and certainly the most economical plan is to put him out of his misery at once by a pistol ball or knife, but if it is determined to try what can be done towards effecting a cure, no better means can be adopted than those I have alluded to. STRING HALT. THIS IS A PECULIAR SNATCHING UP of the hind leg, and is supposed to depend upon some obscure disease of the sciatic nerve. It however is very doubtful whether’ this explanation is well founded, and there is evidence that in some cases the hock itself has been affected. The extensor pedis seems to be the muscle most severely implicated, though not the only one which is thrown into spasmodic action. ~ No éreatment is of the slightest avail. Horses with string halt are able to do any kind of work, but it is considered to be a form of unsoundness. 382 THE HORSE. [SUNSTROKE—COUP DE SOLEIL. THIS DISEASE of late years has become of so frequent occat- rence, that although not mentioned by previous veterinary writers, it demands a notice from us. The chief symptoms are exhaustion and stupidity, the animal usually falling to the ground and being unable to go further. To PREVENT IT, allow the horse at short intervals a few mouth- fuls of water, and fasten a wet sponge over the forehead. The sun-shades now used by extensive owners of horses, will go very far in lessening the occurrence of this affection. The following treatment, when attended to at once, in the majority of cases will prove effectual. First. Remove the horse from the harness to a cool shady place. Second. Give two ounces of sulphuric ether ; 20 drops of the tincture of aconite root and a bottle of ale or porter as a drench to sustain the vital powers, and to act as a powerful stimulant in equalizing the circulation throughout the body; whilst, Thirdly. Chopped ice is to be placed in a coarse towel, cloth or bag, and laid between the ears and over the forehead, secured in any way the ingenuity of the person in charge may suggest. If the legs be cold, bandages will be of advantage. Do not put the horse to work again until he is completely restored. Dumbness is the usual result of sun-stroke—a species of coma—for which there is no cure. Horses so affected are of little use in warm weather, but are useful in winter. INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. 383 CHAPTER XXIV. DISEASES AND INJURIES OF CERTAIN SPECIAL ORGANS. Diseases of the Ear—Inflammaton of the Eye—Cataract—Amau- rosis — Buck-eye— Surfet — Hidebound —Mange—Lice—Mal- lenders and Sallenders—Warbles, Sitfasts and Harness-Galls— Grubs—Bites and Stings of Insects—Swelled Legs—Chapped Heels — Grease and Scratches —W arts — Corns — Sandcrack — False Quarter—Quittor— Thrush—Canker—Laminitis—Seedy Toe—Contraction of the Foot—Navicular Disease—Accidents to the Legs and Feet. ’ DISEASES OF THE EAR. DEAFNESS is sometimes met with in the horse, but I know of no symptoms by which its precise nature can be made out; and with- out ascertaining the seat of the disease, it is useless to attempt to treat it. SOMETIMES FROM A BLOW on the external ear inflammation is set up, and an abscess forms; but all that is necessary is to open it, so that the matter can readily flow out as fast as it forms, without which precaution it will not readily heal. INFLAMMATION OF THE EYE. THIS IMPORTANT ORGAN is subject to three forms of inflamma- tion, to opacity of the lens, and to paralysis of the nerve, called amaurosis. SIMPLE INFLAMMATION is the most common of all the diseases to which the horse’s eye is subject, and it precedes most of the others. It is always the result of any injury of this part, or of cold; and it shows itself if there is a tendency to inflammation of this organ, whenever the horse is in a state of plethora. The symptoms are an intolerance of light, so that the eye is kept half closed, by which it looks smaller than the other; a gummy secre- tion glues the lids together at the angles; the eyelids are slightly swollen, showing a distended state of their veins; and there is more or less watering or overflowing of tears. When the lids are separated, their internal surface looks more red than natural, and the white of the eye is covered with a net-work of fine red ves- sels. After the second day the transparent cornea loses its clear- ness, and becomes muddy, sometimes over the whole surface, and at others in specks. If the disease is allowed to go on unchecked, the cornea is involved, and the lining membrane of the aqueous humor follows; a secretion of pus takes place into the chamber, or the cornea ulcerates, and the contents of the eye escape. The 884 THE HORSE. treatment should be a copious bleeding from the jugular vein, fol- lowed by a ball, such as— Take of Common Physic Ball . . . . . . 2drachms. Tartar Emetic™ =. 2s yell ls ee DInOLacume Mix and give every six hours. This not only acts on the intestines, but it keeps up a constant nausea, and so tends to lower the action of the heart. The eye should be bathed with warm water frequently; and, if the mischief be severe, a seton should at once be put into the skin covering the upper jaw, about two inches below the eye. On the next day, if “the white” still looks red, the bleeding must be repeated; and, if the bowels are much moved, the tartar emetic may be continued without the aloes, while if they are obstinate, the dose of the lat- ter may be increased. When the acute symptoms have somewhat diminished, a camel’s-hair brush may be dipped in wine of opium, and the eye gently touched with it daily, which will generally com- plete the cure. The diet must be low, corn being forbidden en- tirely, and the stable should be kept very cool and airy. PURULENT OPHTHALMIA is confined to the conjunctiva, and it may be recognised by the profuse discharge of purulent fluid which takes place. The eyelids are much swollen, and the white of the eye is covered with a puffy red membrane, which rises up above the level of the cornea, sometimes in fungoid excrescences. This form of inflammation is generally epidemic, and sometimes runs through a stable without a single exception. The treatment should be, at first, similar to that recommended for simple inflam- mation; but when it reaches the chronic stage, a more powerful stimulus is required to restore the vessels to a healthy condition. A wash composed as follows, must therefore be applied :— Take of Nitrate of Silver <8 Gy ellos pet vary SC OMOESS Distilled Waterco. J. ©) el on 6 ot eee Oae Mix, and drop a little into the eye from a quill daily. _ Irtrts, or inflammation of the iris, generally known as specific ophthalmia, is the most formidable of all the diseases to which the eye 1s subject, and, if not checked, rapidly disorganizes it; while it also, even when running an unusually favorable course, is very apt to produce opacity of the lens or its capsule (cataract). This pest of the stable is, undoubtedly, often brought on by over stimu- lation, first of the whole body, through the food, and secondly, of the eyes themselves, through the foul emanations from the acen- DISEASES OF THE EYE. 385 mulated urine and dung. But these would produce no such effect in a horse, unless he were predisposed to ophthalmia; and we fina that cattle and sheep are often fed to an enormous degree of obe- sity, in far closer and worse ventilated stalls, without any prejudi- cial effect upon their eyes. It may, then, be assumed, that these organs in a horse have a tendency to put on inflammation; but though these words are true they explain nothing of the real cause, and only serve to conceal our ignorance of it. There is another question bearing upon this subject, which is of the highest import- ance. Is the stock of blind horses more liable to blindness than that of sound ones? This has been discussed so often, that it is scarcely possible to throw any fresh light upon it, chiefly because it is so difficult to rely upon the facts adduced pro and con. Blind- ness is often the result of accident, and such cases are believed to be exceptional, and not at all likely to hand down the disease ; but, on the contrary, I am inclined to believe that many of them show a marked tendency to its development; for an accident never destroys both eyes, and when one follows the other, it is a pretty sure sign that there is a tendency to ophthalmia. On the whole, it may, I think, be assumed, that the tendency to specific ophthalmia is handed down from generation to generation, and, consequently, that the offspring of a horse who has gone blind from that cause is peculiarly prone to it. Its symptoms appear very rapidly, the eye having been quite right over night, looks contracted and almost closed next morning, and on inspecting it closely “‘ the white’ looks of a deep red, the cornea looks muddy, and the colored part of the eye (the iris) has lost its bright color, and often shows one or two white specks upon it (these must not be confounded with specks on the cornea). As the disease advances, the intolerance of light is very great, the cornea and iris become gradually more muddy, and either lymph is thrown out on the latter in the shape of white patches, or pus is secreted and fills the chamber of the aqueous humor, in part or wholly. If the treatment is sufficiently energetic, these signs abate, the pus or lymph is absorbed, and the eye recovers its trans- parency ; but there are generally some traces left behind. Bleed- ing (either from the jugular or the angular veins of the face), moderate purging, and a seton, are,the remedies best calculated to effect this object, conjoined with an airy stable and a light diet. Unfortunately, however, iritis is almost sure to return on the restoration of the usual food, and exposure to the elements; and hence it is of the utmost consequence in purchasing a horse to examine his eyes for the marks left behind by it. If the case is hopeless, it becomes a question whether or not it will be wise to put an end to the inflammation by destroying the affected eye, for it is well known that if it goes on for any length of time the other, sound eye, becomes affected. The only difficulty consists in feel- 25 586 THE HORSE. ing assured that, there is really no chance of recovery; for when once the eye is finally condemned, the sooner it is opened and its contents evacuated, the sooner will the horse return to his work, and the more chance has the other eye of escaping. The operation is very simple, and merely requires a sharp-pointed knife to be passed ito the anterior chamber from one edge of the cornea, and driven hack till it cuts into the lens, when it is to be brought out on the other side of the cornea, and the whole of the humors will escape on making pressure upon the upper eyelid. In InJuRIES of the eye, fomentation with warm water should be carried on for half an hour, and then omitted for three or four hours ; after which it may be repeated again and again, at similar intervals. Great care should be taken to remove any extraneous bodies, such as particles of dust, &c. CATARACT, or opacity of the lens, is very. commonly the result of iritis, its capsule having been coated with a layer of white lymph, deposited by the inflamed vessels ; but it also sometimes makes its appearance without being preceded by any of the signs of inflam- mation. In the former case, the early symptoms are those of iritis ; but in the latter, the opacity often goes on increasing, without the owner of the horse, or his groom, having his attention drawn to the eyes, until he finds that he is nearly “blind. This progress is generally marked by the development of an unusual timidity; the previously-bold animal is alarmed at objects advancing on the road, and covered carts and wagons, of which he formerly took no notice, occasion him to shy in the most timid manner. On examining his eyes carefully, instead of the beautifully clear pupil, with the re- flection of tapetum lucidum shining through it, there is seen either a mass of dull white, generally more opaque in the centre, or an appearance of mottled, semi-transparent soap, or, lastly, one or two distinct white spots, not quite circular, but with irregular edges. In confirmed cataract, the white pupil can been seen at any dis- tance; but in the very early stage, only a practised eye can detect the opacity, which, however, is so manifest to him that he wonders it is not visible to every one else. The reason of this difficulty of detecting the alteration of structure seems to be, that inexperienced examiners look at the eye in such a manner that they are confused by the reflection on it of their own faces, hiding all beneath. If, however, they will turn their heads a little more on one side, this will disappear, and they cannot fail to perceive the disease. When cataract is clearly proved to exist, all idea of treatment may be abandoned, as nothing but an operation can procure a removal of the opacity; and that would leave the horse in a more useless con- dition than before, since he could see nothing clearly, and would only be subject to continual alarms. In the human being, the operation is performed with great success, because the lens whizh AMAUROSIS—BUCK EYE. 387 is sacrificed can be replaced externally by means of convex glasses ; but in the horse, nothing of the kind can be done. Hence, it is useless to dream of effecting any improvement in this disease; and if both eyes are the subject of cataract, the horse is incurably blind. But supposing there is a cataract in one eye only, is the other sure to go blind, or may a reasonable hope be entertained of its remaining sound? Here the history of the disease must be examined before any opinion can be formed If the opacity fol- lowed an accident, there is no reason for concluding that the other eye will become diseased; but if it came on idiopathically, either preceded by inflammation or otherwise, there is great risk of a repetition in the sound eye. Nevertheless, instances are common enough of one eye going blind from cataract, while the other re- mains sound to the end of life; and those are still more frequent 74 which the one sound eye continues so for six or seven years. AMAUROSIS. THIS IS A PALSY of the nervous expansion called the retina, produced by some disease, either functional or organic, of the optic nerve, which is generally beyond the reach of our senses, in ex- amining it after death. The symptoms are a full dilatation of the pupil, so that the iris is shrunk to a thin band around it, and is so insensible to the stimulus of light, in confirmed cases, that, even when the eye is exposed to the direct rays of the sun, it does not contract. In the early stages, this insensibility is only partial ; and though there is such complete blindness that the horse cannot dis- _ tinguish the nature of surrounding objects, yet the pupil contracts slightly, and the inexperienced examiner might pass the eye as a sound one. The unnaturally large pupil, however, should always create suspicion; and when, on closing the lids and re-opening them in a strong light, there is little or no variation in its size, the nature of the disease is at once made apparent. The treatment of amaurosis must depend upon the extent to which it has gone, and its duration. If recent, bleeding and a seton in close proximity to the diseased organ will be the most likely to restore it. Some- times the disease depends upon a disordered condition of the sto- mach, and then a run at grass will be the most likely means to restore both the affected organs to a sound state. Generally, how- ever, an amaurotic eye in the horse may be considered as a hope- Jess case. BUCK EYE. A BUCK EYE is, strictly, rather a congenital malformation than a disease ; but practically, in reference to the utility of the animal, it matters little. It depends upon an excess of convexity in,the cornea, by which the focus of the eye is shortened too much, the image being thus rendered indistinct as it falls on the retina. No trevtment can be of the slightest use. 388 THE HORSE. SURFEIT. AN ERUPTION of the skin, which shows itself in the form of numerous small scabs, matting the hair, and chiefly met with on the loins and quarters, is known by this name. Doubtless, it has been supposed to arise from an excess of food, causing indigestion ; but it often comes on in horses which, apparently, are quite free from that disorder. The most common cause appears to be, sweat- ing the horse when he is in a gross or plethoric condition, and then exposing him to a chill. Colts are very subject to surfeit while being broken, as are horses fresh from grass during the summer, when they are usually over-fat, and require great care in reducing this plethorie condition. The usual course of the eruption is for the scabs to dry and gradually loosen, when the hair of the part is slightly thinned by being pulled out in dressing, a fresh crop of pustules forming, and, to the casual observer, keeping up the ap- pearance of a permanent state of the original scabs. Surfeit is not confined to gross horses, as it sometimes makes its appearance in those which are low in condition, exhibiting the same appear- ance to the eye; but, on examination, the secretion from the skin will be found to be thinner, and of a more purulent nature. The treatment must greatly depend upon the state of the general health. If the horse is very gross, it may be desirable to take a little blood away; but this will seldom be necessary, and never is desirable. Physic seems to do little immediate good; and, indeed, it is very doubtful whether any treatment is of much service, excepting such as will gradually bring the horse into working condition. The disease, in most cases, has its origin in obstruction of the seba- ceous and perspiratory pores; and until these are restored to their proper functions, by gradually exercising them, little good can be done. Unfortunately, the very means which will accomplish this object are apt to increase the disease for a time; but still this must be put up with, as a matter in which no choice can be made. Regular exercise and grooming must be fully attended to, using the whisp only in dressing the skin, when the eruption shows itself, and carefully avoiding the brush and currycomb. By acting on the kidneys, more good will be done than by purging physic, which seems to be of little or no service in any case but when the stomach is greatly out of order. An ounce of nitre may be given with a mash twice a week, or the following balls may be ad- ministered :— Take of Nitre, Sulphur, ofeach . . . +. + - 8 drachms. Sulphuret of Antimony . . . . . 2 drachms. Linseed Meal and Water enough to form two balls. HIDEBOUND—MANGE. 389 HIDEBOUND. ° THIS {S$ ESSENTIALLY a disorder of the skin produced by sym- pathy with the stomach. It rarely occurs in any horse but one sadly out of health from a deficiency either in the quantity or quality of the food. Sometimes it comes on in the latter stages of consumption or dysentery, without any previous mismanagement ; but in the vast majority of cases the cause may be laid to the food. The skin of a horse in health feels supple, and on his sides it may readily be gathered up by the hand into a large fold, but in hidebound it is as if it were glued to the ribs, and were also too tight for the carcase which it invests. The name, indeed, is expressive of this state, and the disease can scarcely be mistaken when once seen, or rather felt. Coincident with this condition of the skin, there is also, generally, either a distended state of the abdomen from flatulence, or a contracted and “tucked up” appear- ance from diarrhcea. The treatment should be addressed to the digestive organs, the state of which must be carefully examined, and if possible rectified. A pint of linseed, scalded, and mixed _with a bran mash every night, or scalded malt given in equal quantities with the corn; or in the spring time, vetches, clover, or lucerne, will do more than any medicine; but when there is a deficient appetite, or the bowels or stomach, or either of them, are evidently much weakened and disordered, a stomachic ball once or twice a week will do good. The remedies appropriate to these several conditions will be found under their respective heads at pages 354, and 363, 364. MANGE. MANGE corresponds with the itch of the human subject in being produced by a parasitic insect, which is an acarus, but of a different species to that of man, and of a much larger size, so as to be readily visible to the naked eye. It is generally produced by contact with horses previously affected with the same disease, but it appears highly probable that a poor, half-starved animal, allowed to accumulate all kinds:of dirt on his skin, will develop the para- site, though how this is done is not clearly made out. The whole subject of parasites is wrapped in mystery, which modern researches appear likely to fathom, but hitherto little progress has been made except in the history of the metamorphoses of the tape-worm, from the analogy of which some idea may be formed of the prob- able modes of production of other parasites. When caused by contagion, as certainly happens in the vast majority of cases, the first symptoms noticed will be an excessive itching of the skin, which is soon followed by a bareness of the hair in patches, partly causeil by constant friction. The disease usually shows itself on 390 . THE HORSE. the side of the neck, just at the edges of the mane, and on the iusides of the quarters near the root of the tail. From these parts the eruption extends along the back and down the sides, seldom involving the extremities excepting in very confirmed eases. After a time the hair almost entirely falls off, leaving the skin at first bare and smooth, with a few small red pimples scat- tered over it, each of which contains an acarus, and these are con- nected by furrows, along which the acari have worked their way to their present habitation. In process of time the pimples increase in number and size, and from them a matter exudes which hardens into a scab, beneath which, on examination, several azari may readily be seen, moving their legs like mites in a cheese, to which they are closely allied. At first the mangy horse may keep his health, but after a time the constant irritation makes him feverish ; he loses flesh, and becomes a most miserable object; but such cases of neglect are happily rare in the present day. The treatment must be addressed to the destruction of the life of the acarus, which, as in the human subject, is rapidly destroyed by sulphur, turpentine, arsenic, hellebore, and corrosive sublimate. Some of these drugs are, however, objectionable, | from being poisonous to the horse, as well as to the parasite which preys upon him, and they are, therefore, not to be employed without great and urgent necessity, in consequence of the failure of milder remedies. The following recipes may be relied on as perfectly efficacious, tbe former being sufficient in mild cases, and the latter being strong enough in any. 1. Take of Common Sulphur ..... 602. Sperm or Train Oil eoro. Oo bist, Spirit of Turpentine . . . . 3802. Mix and rub well into the skin with a flannel, or in preference with a painter’s brush. 2. Take of Compound Sulphur Ointment . . 8 oz. ‘Train ori Spermb@il | yo 0%) «pints Spirit of Durpentine |y.0) ssn re olOz Mix and use as above. One or other of the above dressings should be well rubbed in every third day for at least three or four weeks in bad cases, and two in trifling ones, when the inflammation resulting from the acari and also from the application may be allowed to subside mm the hope that all the parasites are killed, in which case the erup- tion disappears, but the hair does not always come on again as thickly as ever. All the stable fittings around the stall or box in which the horse has been standing should be thoroughly washed over with a solution of corrosive sublimate, made as follows :-— MANGE—LICE—MALLENDERS, ETC. 391 Take of Corrosive Sublimate . . . . . loz. Methylated Spirit of Wine . . . 60z2. VV LGW Means Wiech me yeas Ss Eee te) deallon: Dissolve the sublimate in the spirit by rubbing in a mortar, then mix with the water, and use with a brush, stirring it up continually to prevent its settling. The clothing should be destroyed, as it is scarcely possible te cleanse it completely from the parasites; but if it is determined to risk a return of the disease, it should ,be thoroughly washed, and when dry, saturated with spirit of turpentine. When the health has suffered from the irritation of mange. a few tonic balls may be required, but generally the removal of the cause will be sufficient. LICE. IN FORMER DAYS LICE were not uncommon in the horse, but they are now comparatively rare. Still they are occasionally met with, and their presence is readily ascertained, being of a consi- derable size, and easily seen with the naked eye. They may be destroyed by rubbing into the roots of the hair white precipitate, in powder, taking care to avoid sweating the horse or wetting his skin for some days afterwards. MALLENDERS AND SALLENDHRS. THESE ERUPTIONS are both of the same nature, differing only in the locality where they are displayed. The former shows itself in the flexure at the back of the knee, and the latter at the bend of the hock. The symptoms are shown in the appearance of a foul scurf mixed with a few thin scabs, the skin underneath being stiff and unyielding. They are generally brought on by washing the legs and leaving them undried. The treatment required is merely the application of the following ointment, which should be well rubbed in every night :— Take of Cerate of Superacetate of Lead . 2 oz. Creosote . « « « « «/ « « 10drops. Mix. If the skin continues to be very hard and stiff, a little glycerine should be brushed on two or three times a week. WARBLES, SITFASTS, AND HARNESS GALLS. WHEN THE SADDLE HAS GALLED the skin beneath it, the in- 392 THE HORSE. flammation resulting is called a “warble,” and if this is neglected, so as t) cause a troublesome sore, the term “sitfast” is applied. The effect produced is similar to a harness gall, and there is not the slightest necessity for inventing names to distinguish each stage of cruelty in the rider, for if attention is paid to the warble no sit- fast will ever mske its appearance. Prevention is better than cure, and it may almost always be effected by the adoption of the plan of always keeping the saddle on (after loosing the girths) for a quarter of an hour or twenty minutes. Sometimes, however, in spite of this precaution, the skin of the back swells, and when a heavy man has been riding for six or eight hours on a horse unac- customed to his weight, the cuticle will perhaps peel off, bringing the hair with it. When the swelling is considerable it should be well fomented for an hour, and then bathed with a lotion composed of one drachm of tincture of arnica in half a pint of water. The saddle should never be re-applied until the skin is quite cool and free from all inflammation, even if considerable inconvenience is thereby suffered. The same treatment will also apply to harness galls. Oiling the inside of the collar will often prevent the shoulder from suffering excoriation. GRUBS. THE LARVA OF SOME BEETLE, but of what species I do not know, is occasionally met with in the horse, causing’‘a small lump, about the size of a raisin, and usually on the back. This obsti- nately continues for months, if its nature is not understood, in spite of all ordinary applications. At last a white larva or grub, with a black head, and very similar in everything but size to the maggot found in the nut, makes its appearance, and either escapes to fall on the ground and become a chrysalis, or else it is squeezed out by the groom, which is easily done as soon as the head is visi- ble. When discovered previously, an opening may be made with the point of a penknife, and then the larva may be gradually squeezed out, avoiding too much haste in the operation, which will only retard the process. BITES AND STINGS OF INSECTS. HORSES ARE LIABLE TO BE STUNG by hornets, wasps, and bees. Ii there are only one or two stings made, no interference is neces- sary; but sometimes a larger number of poisonous punctures have been effected, and then the best treatment is the application of spirit of turpentine and laudanum in equal proportions. THE BITES OF THE GADFLY are so troublesome in their effects that it is sometimes desirable to prevent them if possible. This is effected by making a strong infusion of the green bark of the elder, and washing the flanks, &c., with it before going out. SWELLED LEGS. 393 SWELLED LEGS. THE SKIN OF THE LEGS AND THE CELLULAR MEMBRANE be: neath it are liable to two kinds of swelling, one of which is of an inflammatory character, while the other is solely due to a deposit of serum (cedema), owing to the non-performance of their office by the kidneys. Both kinds are much more frequent in the hind legs than the fore, but especially the former. INFLAMMATORY SWELLED LEG, sometimes called weed, is gene- rally accompanied by a certain amount of feverishness, and comes on suddenly, almost always showing itself on the inside of the hind leg, which is hot and extremely tender. It is not a very common disease, and merely requires the ordinary low treatment, by purging physic, and, if necessary, bleeding. Should it continue for more than two or three days after these are tried, an ounce of nitre may be given every night in a bran mash. ORDINARY SWELLING OF THE LEGS, OR EDEMA, occurs in every degree, from a slight ‘‘filling,” to which many horses are always subject, whether they work or stand in the stable, to an enlarge- ment extending up to the stifles and elbows, sometimes rendering the legs almost as round and as hard as mill-posts. When horses are first brought in from grass their legs almost always fill more or less, and until they are regularly seasoned to their work there is seldom that clean condition of the suspensory ligaments and back sinews which one likes to see even before the daily exercise is given. The cedema appears to depend partly upon a deficient action of the kidneys, but chiefly on the vessels of the legs not acting sufficiently without constant walking exercise, such as is natural to the horse when at liberty, and which he takes at grass. Half an hour’s walk- ing will generally produce absorption completely, so that a daily remedy is forthcoming; but as a rule, whenever there is this ten- dency to ‘filling’ of the legs, the cellular membrane is not the only tissue in fault, but the tendons and joints are also liable to inflammation. The treatment will greatly depend on the exact cause. If the swelling is only due to the change from grass to the confinement of a warm stable, time alone is wanted, taking care not to overwork the horse in the mean time. Bandages will always assist in keeping down the swelling; but they should not be used without necessity, as when once the horse becomes accustomed to them his legs can hardly be kept fine without their aid. If weak- ness is the cause, a drachm of sulphate of iron given in the corn twice a day will often strengthen the system, and with it the legs. Diuretics may be adopted as an occasional aid to the kidneys, but they should be of the mildest kind, such as nitre, or they will do more harm, by weakening the body generally, than good by their stimulus to the kidneys. ‘Indeed, they are often the sole cause of 394 THE HORSE. the legs filling, for some grooms use them so continually, whether they are wanted or not, that the kidneys become diseased and refuse to act, which is a sure forerunner of oedema. Where swelling of the legs is confirmed, bandages must be regularly applied as recom- mended at page 196. CHAPPED HEELS. WHEN A HORSE SUFFERS FROM G@DEMA of the legs, he is par- ticularly prone to an eruption of a watery nature in the cleft between the heels and behind the lesser pastern. Those also whose legs are washed and not dried are still more prone to it, especially if the hair is white. The skin cracks, and, in bad cases, is so inflamed and swollen that the leg cannot be bent without great pain, and often there is a bleeding from the cracks, caused by the action of the limb, but only to a sufficient extent to show that blood has escaped. The treatment must be local as well as general if the eruption is not entirely due to mismanagement. In any ease, the part should be dressed with cerate of acetate of lead, a little of which should be rubbed in every night. Next morning some gly- cerine should be brushed on an hour at least before the exercise, and renewed before the daily work is commenced. ‘This will pre- vent all risk of the skin cracking, while the ointment will act bene- ficially on the vessels of the part. In addition to these applica- tions, the general health should be attended to if in fault, and tonics or diuretics should be given, as the case may require. GREASE. THE ERUPTION KNOWN AS GREASE is sometimes only an aggra- vated form of chapped heels, and is often preceded by them. At others the appearance of the disease is ushered in by constitutional symptoms, such as feverishness, oedema of the limbs and hide- bound. The first local symptom is a slight swelling of the skin ot the heels and adjacent parts, which soon cracks, and from the fissures there exudes an offensive discharge which looks greasy, but is really watery, being of a serous nature. It inflames every part that it touches, and has a tendency to cause a spread of the eruption in all directions, but chiefly downwards. The legs go on swelling to a frightful extent, and are thereby rendered so stiff and sore that great lameness is produced. If this stage is neglected the whole surface ulcerates, and a fungous growth makes its appearance, chiefly from the original cracks. The discharge becomes purulent and has a most foul smell, and the leg can with difficulty be bent at all. Finally, the fungous excrescences cover the whole of the diseased skin, being of a bright red color, and slightly resembling grapes in form, from which circumstances this stage has been GREASE, OR SCRATCHES. 395 called ‘“‘the grapes.” It is now very rare to meet with grease in any of its forms except in the cart-stable, where the hairy legs of its inmates render them peculiarly prone to its attacks, from the time required to dry them when wet. They are so difficult to clean without water that the carters may well be excused for using it, but if they do they ought carefully to dry the legs afterwards. The treatment when grease is established must be founded upon the same principle as in chapped heels. The skin must be kept supple, and at the same time stimulated to a healthy action. For the former purpose glycerine is most valuable, being far more effi- cacious than any greasy dressing, such as we were obliged to employ before the discovery of this substance. In all the stages of grease, this latter agent may be employed, and as it is readily soluble in water it can be washed off and renewed as often as it may be desired. The discharge is so foul and irritating that it ought to be thoroughly removed at least once in twenty-four hours, and one of the chief advantages of the use of glycerine is that it so greatly assists this cleansing process from its solubility in water. In addition to this emollient plan, some stimulus must be selected, and none answers so well: (in all stages but the very earliest) as chloride of zinc. When, therefore, the heels are in that state that it is almost doubt- ful whether the disease is the mere chap or absolute grease, the treatment recommended for the former may be tried, but should this fail, the groom should at once proceed to cut the hair of the skin which is diseased as short as possible. Then let him take some soap and warm water and gently wash the parts with a sponge till the skin is perfectly clean and free from scab or scurf, taking care to remove every particle of soap by well rinsing it. Next dry the leg, and then with a small paint-brush rub gently into the in- flamed parts enough of the following lotion to damp them, but not to wet them thoroughly :— akeronehlorideof Zine oss) abe sie) @) «) OOCTS. WED? 59 5 6 so 6 tov Go 6 6 6 6 a phih ube A quarter of an hour afterwards apply a little glycerine over the whole, and keep the parts sufficiently supple with it. If there is much discharge the cleansing may be repeated night and morning, followed by the chloride of zinc, but in most cases once a day will be sufficiently often. If the ulcerated or inflamed skin does not put on a healthy appearance in a few days, the lotion may be in- creased in strength, using forty, fifty, or sixty grains to the pint, as required; but the remedy will be found to be almost a specific, ex- cept for the grapy form, if properly proportioned in strength. When the fungoid growths are very extensive, nothing but their removal, either by the knife or by the actual or potential cautery, will suffice. The least painful plan is to slice them off to a level with the skin 396 THE HORSE. and then just touch the bleeding surface with a hot iron, which will have the double good effect of stopping the bleeding and in- ducing a healthy action. The glycerine may then be applied, and next day the leg may be treated in the same way as for ordinary grease described above. When the disease is of long standing, local applications may cure it for a time, but either it will return, or there will be some other organ attacked, unless the unhealthy state of the blood is attended to. It must be remembered that during the existence of grease this vital fluid is called upon to supply the materials for the secretion which is constantly going on. Now if on the cessation of the demand for them the blood still goes on obtaining its supplies from the digestive organs, it becomes overloaded, a state of plethora is established, which Nature attempts to relieve in some one or other of her established modes by setting up disease. To avoid such a result arsenic may be given internally, for this medicine has a special power in counteracting this ten- dency. How it acts has never yet been made out, but that it does exert such a power is thoroughly ascertained, and if the doses are not too large it is unattended by any injurious effect. Indeed for a time it seems to act as as a tonic. The arsenic should be given in solution and with the food, so as to procure its absorption into the blood without weakening the stomach. A wine-glassful of liquor arsenicalis (13 oz.) should be poured over the corn twice a day, and continued for a couple of months, when it may be discontinued with a fair hope of its having had the desired effect. Should the skin, however, look inflamed, a second course of it may be given, and it will be found that if it is given with the corn it will not be followed by any injurious consequences. . WARTS. Warts are, generally, only to be considered as eyesores; for, unless they appear on the penis, they are not injurious to health ; nor do they interfere with work unless they happen to appear on the shoulders beneath the collar in a harness horse, which is very rare indeed. They are, doubtless, very unsightly, and, for this reason, it is often desired to remove them, which may be done by first picking off the rough outer surface, so as to make them bleed, and then rubbing in, with a stiff brush, some yellow orpiment, wetted with a little water. This will cause considerable inflam- mation, and in a few days the wart will drop off, leaving a healthy sore, which soon heals. Sometimes the whole wart does not come away on the first application, in which case a second must he made. When the glans penis is completely covered with warts, WARTS AND CORNS. 397 the best plan is to amputate it, as it requires the greatest caution and tact to remove them by arsenic or any other caustic without destroying, also, as much of the penis as is taken away by the knife. CORNS. THESE TROUBLESOME results of bad shoeimg, or subsequent neglect of the feet, make their appearance in the sole of the foot, in the angle formed between the crust and the bar (see fig. 20 (K), Chap. XXVI.). Where the foot is properly prepared for the shoe, and the smith seats the heel of the crust and the bar on a level surface, no corn will make its appearance in a healthy foot ; but if a corn has previously existed, or if the shoe is allowed to ress upon the sole at EH (see fig. 20, Chap. XXVI.), the delicate lood-vessels of the sensible sole are ruptured, and, instead of sé- ereting a sound horn, capable of bearing the slight strain upon it which is required, a fungoid growth is formed, presenting a reddish appearance, and exquisitely sensitive. This morbid substance does not at all resemble the hard corn of the human subject, which is a thickened secretion of cuticle, but it bears some comparison with the soft corns that form so often between the toes, and give so much trouble in their removal. It is, in fact, a new growth of a semi-fungoid character, partly made up of granulations and partly of horny matter, the two being closely united. The corn may arise from improper pressure made on this part of the sensible sole, either directly from the shoe, or indirectly by pressing a thin brittle crust inwards upon it. Generally, however, it is met with at the inner heel, from the shoe being overgrown by that part of the foot when kept on too long. The outer nails do not allow it to work in the contrary direction, and if there is a clip on the outer quarter this is rendered still more improbable. [f, there- fore, shoeing is properly managed, corns may always be prevented, and we shall see in the directions for shoeing, at Chap. XXVL., how this is to be managed. At present I have to consider how they are to be relieved or cured when they are already established. THE ORDINARY MODE OF TREATING CORNS is simply to cut them out, leaving the bar and heel of the crust full, and thus taking all pressure off them. This enables the horse to do his work for about ten days, but then the shoe must be removed, and the paring-out repeated, a process which weakens the already weak crust by making additional nail-holes in it. The shoe at the same time is generally “sprung,” that is, it is so bent or filed that the heel does not fully bear upon it; but this does not:last many hours, and is of little real utility. The plan answers well enough for the purposes of fraudulent sellers, as the horse runs sound for about ten days; and when he fails, and on taking off his shoe ha 398 THE HORSE. is discovered to have a corn, it is impossible to prove that it ex: isted at the time of sale by any evidence but that of the smith who shod him previously to it. Excepting, therefore, in very slight and recent cases, in which it will sometimes be followed by success, this plan of treatment is only palliative, and what is worse, it tends to increase the weakness of the foot and consequent ten- dency to the disease. FoR THE CURATIVE PLAN we must do something more than merely take the pressure off the sole; the bar and heel of the crust must also be relieved, and the sensible sole must be stimu- lated, by a proper application, to secrete healthy horn, as well as by pressure on the frog. If the horse is to be rested, this can be done easily enough by taking off his shoes, but he may be kept at work by putting on a bar-shoe, and cutting down the bar and crust, so as to throw all the pressure off them upon the frog. A double purpose is effected in this way. First, the sensible sole is relieved of the constant pressure which the crust bears upon it laterally ; and, secondly, the jar on the frog, communicated through the shoe, from the ground, induces a healthy action in the foot, and the sole has a greater tendency to secrete healthy horn. There is no doubt in my mind that all horses would work much better, and keep their feet in much sounder condition, if their frogs could be brought into use, without being guarded as they are by the ordinary shoe. This part is intended by nature to take upon itself great pressure; and if it has not its natural stimulus it becomes weak itself, and, more- over, it does not stimulate the surrounding parts to a healthy action, as it ought todo. The bar-shoe is inconvenient for many purposes, and, therefore, it is not generally applied; but as a curative agent these objections are to be dispensed with, and then it will be found to be extremely valuable, not ouly in relieving the diseased part (the corn) but in giving a healthy action to its seat, the sole. The smith should, therefore, pare down the crust at the heel, so that when the bar-shoe is applied it will allow a penny-piece to be insinuated be- tween the two surfaces. With this the horse does his work com- fortably on the road ; and in process of time, that is, in two or three months, the heel grows up, and takes its own share of pressure, or a part of it, becoming gradually accustomed to the amount which it will have to bear when the bar-shoe is discontinued. In the mean time a little of the following lotion may be applied daily to the situation of the corn by means of a feather. TakevotChiorideiof Zine . i. wl te whee lidrachur AWViSEET® *sicy Ge! wei ie \ ton Teltiked iy umkOnnN oan EOROZ. GIVCOrIM@: in ye.s fs <= sar ile, pn te» Wiehe PAROZe ae In every case, the bar-shoe must be continued until the heel of the crust and the bar grow down strongly; and then a common shoe may be applied. SANDCRACK—FALSE QUARTER. 399 SANDCRACK. IN THE ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE FOOT, at page 291, it will be seen that the crust is composed of fibres, running paral- lel to each other in a direction from the coronet to the ground sur- face. ‘These fibres are glued together firmly in a sound and strong . hoof; but, in a weak one, it sometimes happens that the gelatinous matter is not in sufficient quantity, and then the fibres separate, and leave a crack of greater or less extent, according to circum- stances. This, called a sandcrack, happens at the thinnest part, which is the inner quarter in the fore foot, and the toe in the hind. To cure it, the foot must be rested, or at least that part of it where the crack occurs, which in the fore foot may be effected by the use of a bar-shoe, throwing the pressure entirely on the frog, as recom- mended in the last section on corns, and taking care that the crust behind the crack is not in contact with the shoe. By adopting this plan, I have succeeded in curing sand-cracks during moderate work ; but if it happens in the hind foot, complete rest must be given, as the toe cannot be relieved by any possible contrivance. The next thing to be done is to open the crack slightly, so that any grit getting into it shall not cause its further expansion; and in doing this, if there is any little cellular cavity, it should be ex- posed. If the crack extends to the coronet, which it rarely does, nothing can be done until it has grown out for at least half an inch from that part, when the point of a hot iron may be applied to the angle of the crack for a second, so as to keep out water, which has the effect of causing the fibres to split by the capillary attraction which is exercised. The burn should be very slight, and should not be carried deeply into the substance of the horn. A fine nail should then be driven from below through the crust, the shoe being removed ; and when brought out at the usual place, should be left projecting. The shoe should be put on, and the innermost nail also left projecting. These two should then be firmly bound together by fine wire, so as to bring the edges of the crack together ; and the foot should be left in this state for at least a month or five weeks, when the shoe may be taken off, and the operation repeated. This is far better than binding wire or twine round the whole foot, as it acts more completely on the crack, without confining the growth of the remainder of the foot. Of course, after the wire is twisted on, the nails must be clenched, and there will be a greater projection than usual; but this is of no im- portance whatever. In cracks of the hind foot the nails in each quarter will keep the two sides from separating, but the horse can. not be worked. FALSE QUARTER. WHEN, FROM AN ACCIDENT, the coronary substance is perma- nently injured. it ceases to secrete sound horn, and a stripe of the 400 THE HORSE. crust, defective in strength, runs all the way down from the coro- net to the plantar edge. This generally happens at the inner quarter, and is owing to the horse treading on his coronet; but it may also occur on the outside, either from the tread of another horse, or from some kind of external violence. The result is simi- lar to that of a sandcrack ; there is no strength in the affected heel, and lameness is produced. The treatment is very much the same as for sandcrack. In the first place, the pressure must be taken off the quarter, and a bar-shoe applied, so as to convey the weight on the frog, as described under the head of Sandcrack. The heel of the affected quarter should be lowered, and thus further injury will be prevented. The next thing to be done is to stimulate the coronet to a healthy action by blistering it, which must be done two or three times, taking care that the blister is not of too violent a nature, and that the skin heals before a second is applied. By these means, a cure may sometimes be effected ; but it takes a con- siderable time, and until the quarter is reproduced in full strength, or nearly so, the bar-shoe should be continued. By its use, any horse with a sound frog can travel very well on the road, even if the quarter is entirely and permanently separated from the toe by inefficient horn; and without it, the chance of a cure is not to be reckoned on. QUITTOR. By THIS TERM IS UNDERSTOOD a chronic abscess of the foot, the matter always forming sinuses, from the difficulty which nature has to overcome in finding a way for it to reach the surface. Generally, the mischief is occasioned by an overreach, or a bruise of the sole, or by the inflammation resulting from a neglected thrush, or, lastly, from a nail-prick. From any of these causes, inflammation of the delicate investment of the coffin-bone is set up, pus is secreted, and, in working its way to the surface, it burrows between the horn and the bone, and forms one or more sinuses, or pipes, as these fistulous tubes are called by the farrier. A quittor is recognised by the eye and nose detecting an opening in the horn, from which a foul discharge proceeds ; and on introducing a probe, it will generally pass freely in two or three directions, some- times giving a grating sensation to the finger, showing that thg bone is denuded, and most probably carious. There is generally a considerable increase of temperature in the foot, and always more or less lameness, with, in most cases, swelling of the bulbous heels and coronet. On examining the sole carefully, some part will either show a difference of color from the adjacent horn, or there will be a yielding on pressure, owing to its being undermined. The treatment must be conducted on the same principle as for fistulous sores. In the first place, a dependent opening must be QUITTOR-. THRUSH. 401 formed, so that no matter shall be confined, but it shall be allowed to come away as fast as it forms. This can only be done by prob- ing; and if the original opening is in the coronet, the probe must be passed down as low as possible, and then the sole should be pared away till the end can be reached. In tolerably recent quit- tors, this plan alone will allow the sinus to heal; but in old ones, the internal surface has become callous, and no granulations are thrown out. Here an injection should be thrown in every day with a syringe, a saturated solution of sulphate of zinc being that generally recommended; but I have found the chloride answer still better, using one drachm of the salt to a pint of water at first, and going on up to twodrachms. By injecting this daily, and in- troducing a piece of lint, wetted with it, into the superior opening, leaving the lower one free, I have cured many bad quittors, even when there was evidence of caries of the coffin-joint. The disease requires a careful adjustment of the remedies to its extent and nature, and a theoretical description of it is of little use. THRUSH. ANY OFFENSIVE DISCHARGE FROM THE FROG is called by this name, although the cause and treatment may be as different as vossible. It varies greatly in the fore and hind feet; and, indeed, it must never be forgotten that, in every case, the cause which has produced the discharge must be clearly made out before any plan of éreatment can be carried out with any prospect of success. Sometimes thrush is merely the result of the decomposition of the horny frog, from the foot being constantly kept wet with urine, which is most common in the hind foot. Here the surface becomes soft, and is gradually dissolved; while the cleft, from its retaining the moisture, is increased in size. This state is often brought on by the too frequent use of cowdung-stopping in horses with soft frogs; and, instead of doing good by his treatment of the foot, the groom is really destroying it by encouraging the decomposition of the healthy defence which Nature has given to it. For this kind of thrush, very little treatment is required, if the cause which produced it is withdrawn. Still it is not always easy to keep the frog dry, and stop the decomposition, without the application of some astringent; and if the mere use of dry litter, and the appli- cation of tar ointment, do not seem to harden the frog at once, it may be touched with a wash composed of ten grains of bluestone to the ounce of water. This will soon dry it; or, if it fails by any chance, the chloride of zinc may be used in the same way, by dissolving five grains in an ounce of water. THE SECOND KIND OF THRUSH is that in which from a gross habit of body there is a simple inflammation of the sensible frog, and instead of sound horn being secreted, a spongy substance is 26 402 THE HORSE. deposited, which breaks away in places, and the frog looks ragged and uneven, with a greasy surface, smells very foul, and feels hot: to the touch. Here the treatment must be general as well as local. A dose of physic should be given, the food should be of a less stimulating quality, and care should be taken that regular exercise is allowed every day. The stable should be kept cool, and of course ‘attention should be paid to cleanliness both of the foot and the litter. As to local remedies, they must not be of the stimu- lating kind, which will suit the thrush from decomposition, or that presently to be described. The foot should be placed in a bran poultice, and kept in it for some days, till the united action of the local and general treatment have reduced the inflammation. After a few days it will be well to dress the frog with tar ointment, or the poultice will do more harm than good, by causing the decom- position of its horny covering, and indeed it is seldom that this wet:application should be employed for more than a week. After this time has elapsed, all the good to be derived from it has been accomplished, and the subsequent treatment may generally be effected by attention to the health, and dressing the frog with tar ointment. Sometimes it may be necessary to employ a slight stimulus, and then the solution of chloride of zinc will be found to be the best. THE THIRD KIND OF THRUSH occurs in contracted feet, and is due to the same cause, namely, chronic inflammation of the sensi- ble frog, produced by overwork, aided in many eases by neglect in shoeing. There is a tendency to the secretion of unsound horn over the whole foot, sometimes too thick and hard, and at others of a cellular structure, without sufficient strength to bear the pressure of the road. The horny frog generally looks shrunken and withered ; and in its cleft there is a foul discharge, on wiping which out a soft spongy matter may be seen at the bottom, which is the sensible frog itself, but in a diseased condition. In bad cases, the sides of the horny frog have separated, and even the toe is sometimes defi cient of its covering; but generally the horn has only disappeared in patches, and there are ragged portions remaining. The disease here is of too chronic a nature to be easily cured, ‘and if there is much disorganization of the lamina: it will be almost impossible to effect a perfect cure. The first thing to be done is to clear away all the ragged portions of horn, so as to be able to reach the sensi- ble frog. Some tow is then to be smeared with the following oint- ment ;— Take of Ointment of Nitrate of saeed ay ef} 0) fee drach Zinc Ointment . . os ine EOZe WEOSOLO., i s,s pw yey «us ete eee ARG PO pSemmmvurses and pressed into the cleft of the frog, where it can best be retained THRUSH--CANKER—LAMINITIS 408 by a bar-shoe lightly tacked on, and in this case taking its bearing on the heels and not on the frog. Sometimes a wash answers better than a greasy application, and then a strong solution of the chloride of zinc may be employed, about six grains to the ounce of water. Tow dipped in this may be applied in the same way as with the ointmepjgand either one or the other should be re-ap- plied every day. As the new horn grows, it must be kept supple by tar ointment, and until it is fully developed the bar-shoe should be kept on, applying some degree of pressure by means of the tow, which should be stuffed in so as to compress the frog, beginning with very light pressure, and, as the horn increases in substance, augmenting it in proportion. By attention to these directions a thrush of this kind may be cured, if the foot is not damaged throughout, and even the frog may be restored to a comparative state of health. CANKER. CANKER is generally an extension of the third form of thrush, the ulceration spreading to the sensible sole, and afterwards to the coffin-bone itself. At first the ulcerated surface is concealed by the old horn, but gradually this breaks away, and then the extent of the mischief may be seen. A part or the whole of the sole and the frog may be in a state of ulceration, generally depending upon the time during which the disease has been in existence, and the care which has been taken of it, or the reverse. The only treatment tc be adopted is the careful removal of every loose piece of horn, so as to expose the unsound surface to the action of remedies, and at the same time to avoid poisoning it by the decomposing horn, which has a most irritating effect. The sulphate of copper, and chloride of zine, are the best applications, and they must be used in fuil strength. These cases, however, require an experienced eye to enable the prescriber to judge of the proper amount of caustic re- quired; and beyond suggesting the kind of remedy required, no good can be done by written prescriptions. If it is impossible to obtain the advice of a veterinarian, it will be better to begin by using a mild caustic, and then increase the strength as it is found to be wanted. Pitch ointment forms the best greasy application to the adjacent sound surfaces to protect them from the irritation of the discharge. LAMINITIS. (Founder or Fever of the Feet.) THE TERM LAMINITIS is now familiar with every one at all ac- customed to horses, though it has not long been introduced into the vocabulary of the professional man. The disease, however, has been recognised for many years under the terms ‘ founder” and “ fever of the feet.”’ It consists in an inflammation (which 404 THE HORSE. may be acute o1 chronic) of the parts between the crust or wall and the pedal bone, including the lamina, whence the name by which it is now distinguished. These parts are supplied with a profusion of blood-vessels (see page 294), and when inflammation is set up in them, the progress which it makes is rapid, and the constitutional disturbance is unusually great, owing probably te the want of space for the swelling which accompanies all inflamma. tions, and especially of vascular substances. The causes are either, 1st. Localization of fever, whence the name ‘“ fever in the feet.” 2d. The mechanical irritation of hard roads upon feet not accus- tomed to them; and 3d. Long confinement in a standing position on board ship. When it is recollected that in our system of shoe- ing, the laminge are made to support the whole weight of the body in consequence of the shoe being in contact with the crust only, it can only occasion surprise that this disease is not more frequent. Nature framed the horse’s foot so that an elastic pad should inter- pose between its back parts and the ground, intending that the edge of the crust should take its share, but not a// of the weight. The laminze are therefore called upon to do far more than their structure is designed for, and when there is the slightest weakness or tendency to inflammation, they are sure to suffer. Acute lami- nitis is not very often met with, because horsemen are aware of the risks they run, and take their measures accordingly; but the chronic form is common enough, and hundreds of horses are more or less lame from this cause. Too often it is not suspected until irreparable mischief is done, the elasticity of the laminze being de- stroyed, and the foot having assumed a shape which utterly unfits it for bearing the pressure of the shoe upon hard roads. When the disease has been going on for a long time, the elastic substances between the lamine and the pedal bone, as well as the fine horny lamellze between them and the crust, lose the property of extension, and the horn of the crust is secreted by nature of a more spongy character, and much thicker in substance, than in health. On making a section of such a foot, the arrangement of parts will be such as is here delineated in fig. 19, in which 1 is the os suffraginis, 2, the os coronz, and 3, the pedal bone, with its anterior surface separated from that of the crust (7) by a wide space occupied by spongy matter. Here the toe of the pedal bone projects into the sole and renders it convex, instead of being concave, and correspond- ing with the lower surface of the pedal bone. The lamingw and elastic substances between them and their contiguous structures no longer suspend the pedal bone to the crust, but the weight falls partly upon the sole by means of the toe of the pedal bone, and partly on the frog, which descends so low that in spite of the thickness of the shoe it touches the ground | | This descent of the frog is a very _ marked feature in laminitis, and | whenever it is apparent that dis- | ease may be suspected. LAMINITIS. 405 But TO PRODUCE SUCH A MARKED ALTERATION OF FORM as is here delineated and de- scribed takes a long time, and even then it is only in a few cases that the disease reaches to this stage. It will, therefore, be necessary to trace its progress from the commencement, and the effects which are exhibited as it goes on, WHEN ACUTE LAMINITIS SETS SSN IN, there is a considerable amount Fia.19.—sEcrI0n of THE Foor IN CONFIRMED of fever, indicated by a rapid , Goan 5 ginis. pulse, usually full and hard, and 2. 0s corone. hurried respiration. There is a } £ct#! bone. 6 7 . Navicular bone. general look of restlessness from as pain, the horse stamping gently ; Wall or crust greatly thickened. with his feet, and constantly lying down and then getting up again. When, as usually happens, the fore feet only are affected, the hind feet are brought under the body to bear as much weight as possible, and the fore feet are so carried forwards that the heels support the legs rather than the toes. On examining the feet, there is great reluctance to allow oue to be picked up, on account of the necessity which is thrown upon the other of taking the whole weight of the fore quarter. The coronet and hoof feel very hot, and, when wetted, may be seen to steam very perceptibly. If this state of things is not speedily stopped, the lamin cease to secrete horn, and the connection be- tween them and the hoof ceases, causing the latter to separate, and the sensible parts to be exposed, covered with a thin scaly horn. This has happened in many cases which have afterwards secreted new hoofs; but the horn is not so strong and useful as before, and a horse with such feet is not fit for hard work on the road. If proper treatment is adopted, the inflammation either subsides entirely, leaving no mischief behind it, or there is a chronic inflammation left which induces the alterations of structure which have been alluded to. The treatment should be by first removing the shoes, and then, after paring down the sole so as to allow of the expansion of the sensible parts, a large quantity of blood is taken from the toe, making sure that a vessel. of sufficient size is opened to produce a strong shock on the heart and arteries, as well as to relieve the lucal affection. If the blood does not flow freely, the foot may be 406 THE HORSE. placed in a pail of warm water, but when the operation ts properly performed there is never any difficulty in obtaining any quantity of blood which may be required. Next tack the shoes on lightly ' again, and then give a smart dose of physic, or else, what is per- haps a better plan, give the following :— Take of Barbadoes Aloes Tartar Emetic, ofeach. . » »« + «» » 1 drachm. Powdered Digitalis . . . « « « « + 4% drachm. Syrup enough to form a ball, which should be given every six hours, until the bowels act, when the other materials may be continued without the aloes. The feet should be kept constantly wet and cool by tying a piece of felt or flannel around each pastern, and allowing it to fall over the hoof, when it is to be continually wetted. If the inflammation is not abated next day, the bleeding may be repeated, and it will be well also to act on the kidneys by adding two or three drachms of nitre to the tartar emetic and digitalis. CHRONIC LAMINITIS is generally first shown by a slight soreness or lameness, generally appearing in both fore feet, and, therefore, being often overlooked by casual observers. In coming in from work the coronets feel warmer than natural; but this goes off dur- ing the night, and, for a time, no great fears are entertained of the feet recovering their former condition, the blame being, perhaps, laid upon the shoe. In a month or two, however, the smith (who has, perhaps, been ordered to take off the shoes two or three times, by which the injury is increased) finds that his nails do not hold, and the quarters break away; while the action of the horse be- comes more shambling every day, and he cannot make a sound trot . on any hard road, especially with a weight on his back. In many cases a horse with chronic laminitis can run in hand sound enough for an ordinary observer ; but when the extra weight of a rider is placed on him the feet cannot bear the pain, and the ‘gait is sham- bling in the extreme. Such animals have a strong propensity to save their toes, and prefer (if their shoulders will allow it) bring- ing their heels to the ground first, so that, although their action is excessively low and shambling, they seldom fall. An experienced horseman at once detects this peculiar style of going, and con- demins its possessor for laminitis. Indeed, it may be assumed as a rule, that wherever the heel is put carefully down upon the ground with low action, the foot is the subject of laminitis to some extent. When the heel is naturally brought to the ground first, the knee is well bent, and the foot is raised high in the air; but in process of time work tells on it, the laminee become inflamed, and then the action is reduced in height, and the feet are moved in the manner peculiar to foundered horses, including those which before they were foundered perhaps exhibited “toe action,” or, at all events, LAMINITIS. 407 a level fall of the foot. This state of disease ought to be well studied, and compared with the remarks on sound action at page 82 et seq., which it will serve to illustrate and explain. The foot itself is changed in form, and the toe and sole have more or less altered their relations, as explained already. Sometimes there is a large space or cavity between the outer surface and the inner, shown at 7, fig. 19, page 405. This hollow in the crust is more or less cellular, and the disease is called a “seedy toe,” but for what reason I am ata lossto know. The sole, moreover, is always either flatter than natural or absolutely convex, and its horn is brittle and spongy, constituting what is termed the ‘ pumiced foot.” The frog is generally large and spongy; and on placing a straight-edge ucross the shoe, from heel to- heel, it is found to touch that part, or nearly so, indicating that the relations between it and the crust, as well as the sole, are altogether changed from a natural state. The lamin are no longer slings for the foot, but the whole pres- sure is taken by the parts lying beneath the pedal or coffin bone and the navicular bone. Such being the symptoms, the next thing is to consider what can be done. If the disease is of long stand- ing, little hope can be given of a perfect recovery. The shape of the external parts may be partially restored, but the internal deli- cate structures no longer have the power of performing their offices ; and the elastic action of the horse suffering from the effects of laminitis can seldom be restored on hard ground. After proper treatment, he may, and generally does, go on turf well; but either on hard ground or on plough (on the latter of which, though soft enough for the laminz, the sole has to bear considerable pressure) he is dreadfully sore and lame. This is shown after all inflamma- tion has ceased, the foot being as cool as possible, and sometimes exhibiting very slight evidences of previous mischief. In treating such cases, if there is no heat or other sign of in- flammation, bleeding and similar lowering measures will be of no avail. 'They may be required. soon enough, it is true, for a foun- dered foot is always in danger of inflammation when battered ; but until symptoms of this kind of mischief are exhibited it is better to avoid all depletory measures. At the same time, every- thing which will tend to keep off increased action should be avoided ; the horse should be fed on the least heating food which will serve the purpose for which he is intended, and his stable should be kept as cool as possible. Beans ought never to be allowed to the possessor of feet with the slightest suspicion of founder; and no more oats should be used than are necessary for the condition required. For horses at slow work, bran mashes and nitre,.with small doses occasionally of physic, will serve to keep down the tendency to inflammation, and by their use, joined to cold applications after work (they are of no use at other times), 408 THE HORSE. and a rool stable, the horse may be enabled to do moderately fast work. If the frog is not very prominent, a leather sole, put on in the usual way, will save the jar, and in some measure supply the place of the natural elastic tissue, destroyed in this disease. Usually, however, it only adds to the mischief by increasing the pressure on the frog, and then the leather must be introduced between the foot and the shoe, but cut to the same shape as the latter, so as not at all to bear on the frog. Many horses with slight traces of laminitis can work for years with leather applied in this way, and it may be said to be the most useful mode of treating this disease when exhibited in a mild form. Sometimes by throw- ing a horse by for six months, taking off his shoes, and blistering his coronets two or three times, a great deal of good may be done, but he must be put to stand on tan or sawdust during the whole time, and never allowed to go on hard ground, even for half a mile at a walking pace. By this plan, and by very careful and gradual increase of exercise at the end of that time, I have succeeded in restoring an elastic condition of the foot; but I have never known one so patched up bear hard work, and I should never advise the risk incurred by submitting him to it. Hunting and racing, or, indeed, any kind of work on soft ground, will do no harm; but battering on the roads, especially without leather, applied as above described, is sure to bring back the inflammation. THE SEEDY TOE. THIS TERM is so generally employed among horsemen, that though the state which it describes is one of the ordinary con- sequences of laminitis, I prefer to give it a distinct section. I have already described its nature in the preceding page, and have only now to allude to its treatment. This may generally be so conducted as to restore the shape of the foot, if the inflammation has not lowered the toe of the pedal bone, as shown at fig. 1; for if this has taken place, although it is perhaps possible to get rid of the cavities in the horn, the relative positions of the bony parts cannot be changed. When, however, as is often the case, a moderately small’ hollow has been formed between the layers cf the wall, and the foot retains a tolerably healthy shape, by cutting away all the external horny walls, exposing the parts in contact with the laming, and resting the horse in a loose box, the secret- ing surface will form a new wall, without any spongy texture, in the course of three or four months, if the coronary band is con- stantly stimulated by external applications. To effect this, the horse should be put to stand on red deal sawdust, without shoes ; and his coronets, after being gently stimulated by a mild liquid blister, should be kept dressed with tar ointment, which should also be applied to the exterior of the horn. It is seldom, how- CONTRACTION OF THE FOOT—NAVICULAR DISEASE. 409 ever, that a foot which has been thus treated is sufficiently sound to bear hard work. CONTRACTION OF THE FOOT. THIS REPUTED DISEASE has been long the bugbear of the horse- master ; but it is now discovered to be a complete mistake. Some of the most contracted feet in point of width are particularly free from all risk of disease, and on the other hand many open ones are as liable to it. The donkey, whose heels are shaped exactly like those of the contracted horse’s foot, is so seldom lame, that few can recall having seen one in that condition, and, therefore, reasoning from analogy, one would be led to doubt that this shape renders the horse prone to lameness. At the same time it is quite true that in the disease which will next be investigated, the frog withers and contracts, and the heels are thereby drawn in; but here the contraction is a consequence and not a cause of disease, and certainly cannot be considered as a disease in itself. Bad shoeing will do much to cause either laminitis or navicular disease, and it will certainly produce corns and inverted heels, but it will not waste the frog, or induce that condition of the foot where the sole is arched so high that the frog does not touch the ground when the shoe is off. Such a state of things can only be brought on either by thrush or navicular disease, and is never the result of the mechanical mismanagement of the foot, to which what used to be called contraction was generally attributed. All sorts of plans have been suggested for expanding the heels and for allow- ing them to expand; but the real truth is that so long as the frog is sound and the parts above it, allowing the proper amount of pres- sure to be communicated to the sole, bars and heel of the crust, these latter divisions of the foot have no room to contract, and of a certainty they never do. NAVICULAR DISEASE. THIS FORMIDABLE DISEASE, called also the navicular joint lameness, and navicularthritis, is the chief danger to be appre- hended from a good-looking strong foot, just as the open flat one is prone to laminitis, and is rarely subject to disease in the navicu- lar joint. The reason of this immunity on the one hand, and the contrary on the other, is this. The open foot, with a large spongy frog, exposes the navicular bone and the parts in contact with it to constant pressure in the stable, so that these parts are always prepared for work. On the other hand, the concave sole and well- formed frog are raised from the ground by our unfortunate mode of shoeing, and when the whole foot is exposed to injury from bat- tering, and in addition the tendon which plays over the navicular 410 THE HORSE. kone presses it against the os coronz, the unprepared state in _which this part is allowed to remain is sure to produce inflamma- tion, if the work is carried far enough. Thus in each case the weak part suffers, but occasionally, though very rarely, the foot with an arched sole contracts laminitis, and the flat one is attacked by navicular disease; the exceptions, however, are. so few that they may be thrown out of the calculation, and from the shape of the foot alone it may almost invariably be pronounced, when a horse is known to be subject to chronic lameness, whether its seat is in the laminz or in the navicular joint. WHEN A FOOT IS EXAMINED AFIER DEATH which is known to have been the subject of navicular disease, the parts implicated are invariably either the navicular bone, or the soft parts in con- tact with it, or often all together. Most frequently on dividing the tendon of the flexor perforans and turning it down so as to expose the back of the joint between the navicular and coronal bones, that part will be greatly thickened and inflamed, the tendon being often adherent to it. In the healthy condition there ought to be no adhesion of the fibres of the tendon to any part of the navicular bone but its postero-inferior edge, to which the tendon is fixed by some few fibres, the bulk passing on to be inserted in the os pedis. The posterior face of the navicular bone should be beautifully smooth, and lined by synovial membrane which forms a lubricating sac for it to play upon, and thus take off the friction between the tendon and the bone. Such is nature’s provision against mischief in this delicate part of the machinery of the foot, which she keeps in order by the constant supply of synovia or joint oil. But when the sac is not stimulated to a healthy action by the pressure of the frog below it in doors and out, synovia is no longer secreted in proper quantity, and as soon as the horse is put to hard work inflammation takes place for want of it. The result is some one of the consequences of inflamed joints. Hither ulceration takes place in the postero-inferior surface, where the tendon glides over it, sometimes ending in caries of the bone itself ; or adhesion takes place without ulceration of the tendon with the surface of the bone, or there are small exostoses thrown out, or iastly there is simple inflammation without either adhesion or ulceration, and in this stage the disease is amenable to treatment without leaving any trace behind. The symptoms of navicular disease are the same, whether the mischief has extended to ulceration or not; but the history will guide us in ascertaining how far it has gone. Of course they vary in degree, for there may be only a slight extent of ulceration, or a high degree of simple inflammation; but in the former case the lameness will not be so marked as in the latter, though the prospect of recovery will be much less There is always more or less lame- NAVICULAR DISEASE. 411 ness; but, in consequence of its affecting both feet, it is not so marked to the careless observer as in some much more trivial cases where only one is diseased. The distinguishing sign, though not absolutely infallible, is the pointing of the toe, and a peculiar rounding forward of the fetlock joint, so as to relieve the navicular bone of any weight. In laminitis, the object of the sufferer is te relieve all pressure as much as possible, by bringing the hind legs under the body, and by bearing the weight of the fore quarter on the heels. Here, the reverse of the latter attitude is observed— the heels are not allowed to take any pressure, and the toes alone are placed at all firmly on the ground. This is marked in the stable by the pointing of the toe (in each foot alternately, if both are diseased, but in the one only, if they are not both affected). Out of doors, the toes dig into the ground, the heel never being brought firmly down, and frequent stumbles mark the difference between this species of lameness and laminitis. The subject of navicular disease generally walks sound; but the moment he is trotted, he goes as if his legs were tied together, his stride being shortened in a remarkable manner, but without exhibiting the pe- culiar fumbling gait of the foundered animal. As in his case, soft ground suits him, and he has no fear of plough, because his sole is hard and unyielding. Many tolerably confirmed cases of navicu- lar disease may, therefore, be hunted, except when the ground is hard, supposing, of course, that they are kept off the road; but no plan of management will enable them to bear the jars incidental to harness-work or hacking. When one foot only is the subject of na- vicular disease, it often happens that it is smaller altogether than the other ; but it is somewhat difficult to say whether this is a cause or a consequence of inflammation. One thing is quite clear, that many horses are met with, still perfectly free from lameness, in which there is a difference of size in their fore feet; but whether or no these are afterwards invariably the subjects of navicular dis- ease, it is almost impossible to ascertain. It is, however, the gene- ral opinion, founded on experience, that when this variation exists, navicular disease is extremely likely to attack the smaller foot, if it is not already there; and for this reason, horses with such feet are generally avoided by the intending purchaser. The treatment of navicular disease, as before remarked, is only successful in the early stage, before either ulceration or adhesion has taken place. If a horse with strong concave soles suddenly becomes lame, points his toe, and shows other signs that his navicu- lar bone is inflamed, he should be treated in the usual way suited to inflammation, and at the same time liberty should be given te the vascular tissues to expand, by reducing the substance of the horn. Bleeding at the toe has the double good effect of abstract- ing blood, and at the same time weakening the sole, so as to allow ’ 412 THE HORSE. of the expansion which is desired. The operation should, there- fore, ac once be performed; at the same time, the whole sole may be reduced in thickness, and the heels lowered in proportion. The foot should then (after the shoe is tacked on) be placed in a cold bran poultice, which will soften the horn; and the system should be reduced by the exhibition of the medicines recommended under Laminitis, at page 406. Next day, if the pulse continues high, more blood may be taken; but, in ordinary cases, it is better at once to insert aseton in the frog (see OPERATIONS, Chap. XXV.), and trust to this for relieving the chronic inflammation remaining, by its counter-irritetion. But when the disease itself is mastered, there is still a good deal to be done to prevent the injurious effects which are so apt to follow. The horse contracts a habit of step- ping on his toes, to prevent hurting his navicular structures; and hence the frog is not used, the heels of the crust and the bars are not strained, and there being no stimulus to the soft parts which secrete them, they waste and contract in size. Jf the human hand is allowed to lie idle, the palm and the insides of the fingers are covered with a delicate cuticle, which affords so poor a protection to the cutis, that, on using it with any kind of hard work, it actu- ally separates, and leaves an exposed surface, which speedily in- flames. But by gradually exposing the same hand to pressure, a thickened and tougher cuticle is secreted; and this will bear any moderate amount of pressure or friction without injury. Never- theless, even the hand so prepared must be continually stimulated by work, or the skin returns to its original delicate state, and is then exposed to the same risk of injury as before. So it is with the horse’s foot, even in a state of health; but this is far more marked after an attack of disease. The tendency then is to pro- duce the natural horny growths of a smaller substance than before; and if the secreting surfaces are not stimulated by pressure, they become doubly idle, and the frog, as well as the adjacent parts be- neath the navicular bone, shows a wasted and shrivelled appearance. To avoid the risk of these ill consequences, the horse should be placed, for two or three hours daily, on a bed of wet clay, which will allow the shoe to sink into it, but will yet be tenacious enough to make firm and steady pressure on the frog, while its low tem- perature will keep down inflammation. No plan is of so much ser- vice in producing what is called expansion of the heels and growth of the frog as this; not, as is commonly supposed, from the clay mechanically pressing the heels out, but from the stimulus of its pressure causing the soft parts to secrete more horn, and of a sounder quality than before. SHOULD THESE REMEDIES FAIL in restoring the foot affected with navicular disease to a healthy state, recourse can only be had to the operation of neurotomy, which is perfectly efficacious ip re- ACCIDENTS TO THE LEGS AND FEET. 413 moving the lameness; and if there is no ulceration, ard merely an adhesion of the tendon to the bone, it will, by causing the horse to step more on his heels, effect an absolute improvement in the shape of the foot, and hence it has sometimes been considered to have produced a cure. Where, however, there is caries of the bone, or even ulceration of the synovial membrane, the disease progresses even faster than before the operation, and in process of time the joint becomes mechanically unfit to perform its duties. ACCIDENTS TO THE LEGS AND FEET. THESE PARTS ARE SUBJECT to a variety of accidents, trifling perhaps in the cause which produces them, but serious in their effects, from the lameness which ensues. The chief of these are ordinary cutting, speedy cutting, and pricks of the foot either from putting the sole down upon a nail or a piece of glass, or driv- ing a nail improperly in shoeing. Bruises and over-reaches also come under this head. ORDINARY CUTTING may occur either before or behind, the lat- ter being the more common. It is often met with in poor horses, where the flesh is so reduced in substance that the legs are brought nearer together than in a proper condition. Here all that is re- quired is patience, till the legs are restored to their proper relative position, taking care in the mean time that there is no permanent injury done. Usually the inside of one or both feet strikes the the fetlock joint of the other leg in passing it, but sometimes the blow is given higher up, and it may occur anywhere on the cannon bone except just below the knee, when it is called ‘speedy cut- ting,” which will be separately considered. Sometimes this blow on the side of the cannon bone is either the cause or the effect of a splint, the blow of the foot having a tendency to produce exos- tosis (See SpLints, page 298). But if a splint is thrown out on a part of the cannon bone which comes in the way of the natural action, the horse whose foot previously passed clear of that part of the other leg will hit it, and not only give pain, but cause a considerable access of inflammation in the previous enlargement. In the treatment, therefore, of cutting, it is necessary to prevent the habit being continued from the swelling produced either by a splint or by previous blows. A horse perhaps, either from weak- ness or bad shoeing, hits his leg and produces considerable swell- ing and soreness. Here, unless the swelling is reduced or pro- tected, there is no chance of preventing the cutting, because there is a projection of the swollen soft parts right in the way of the other foot. No alteration of the shoeing, and no increase of strength or flesh, will be of service until the inflammation is re- duced, and the sore, if any exists, is healed, and this can only be done either by rest or by protecting the leg with a boot. The 414 TITE HORSE. latter is the better plan, and wherever a horse cuts, it is in my opinion, advisable to let him wear a boot for some weeks, until the skin is quite sound again and reduced to its proper thickness. A piece of an old rug folded round the leg so as slightly to overlap, and then tied with a tape and turned down over the fetlock ‘joint, is quite sufficient to serve this temporary purpose, and being soft it is well calculated to protect a swollen joint; but if it is worn tor any length of time, the pressure of the tape and the friction of the grit from the road wear away the hair, and cause an un- sightly appearance, which is sometimes permanent. If, therefore, the cutting 1s not rectified completely in the course of a month or six weeks, a leather or india rubber boot should be nicely adapted to the joint and buckled round it, the flat surface of the strap not having so injurious an effect as the tape of the cloth boot. When the cutting takes place above the joint, a pad must be adapted to its inside, and fastened round the cannon bone by two or three buckles, according to the height at which the injury takes place. SUcH IS THE BEST MODE of guarding against the injury done by cutting, but we must also consider how it can be entirely pre- vented. In the first place it should be carefully ascertained by what part of the foot or shoe the blow is given. Most commonly it will be found, by chalking the inside of the foot, that a small patch is rubbed clear of chalk, about half an inch above the mid- dle of the quarter, and corresponding with the hindermost nail hole, especially when four inside nails are used. When this is the hitting point, if great care is taken to avoid driving in a nail there, the tendency to cut can never be increased as it often is by a raised clench, and at the same time the rasp may safely be used to reduce the thickness of the hoof at least the eighth of an inch, or often much more. The crust is usually here about three-eighths of an inch thick, and very often it is so sound that it will bear to be rasped down till there is only one-eighth left, provided it has not to bear the pressure of a nail near it, and that the reduction is not carried up too near to the coronet. In the hind foot the quarter is fully half an inch thick, and it therefore will bear reduction better even than the fore foot. Sometimes the blow is given by the shoe itself, which is fixed on so as to overlap the crust, and then the remedy is simple enough, for this ought never te occur, and can easily be prevented by any smith. But supposing, in spite of these precautions, the cutting still continues after the horse is restored to his natural strength and flesh, can anything be done by shoeing? In most cases this question may be answered in the affirmative, by the use of what is called a feather-edged shoe. By its aid the heels are both raised, not the inner one only (which is entirely useless and even prejudicial, for then the ground surface of the shoe is not a true plane), but both heels, the inner one be ~ ACCIDENTS TO THE LEGS AND FEET. 415 ing narrow, and having no nail holes beyond the two near the toe, so that there is no danger of the web projecting; nor is there any nail hole required, with the fear of a clench rising, or of the crust being weakened so as to prevent its being thinned to a proper de- gree. By thus raising the heels (in the hind foot especially), the fetlock is less bent, and as in horses that cut there is almost always a tendency in their fetlock joints to bend inwards as well as back- wards, this diminution of the angle will not only straighten the leg in a forward direction, but will also increase the distance between the joints, which is the object to be desired. In the fore foot the obliquity in this direction is not so frequent, and then the hich heel will be of no use; indeed, it is only when the toes are much turned out that this plan of shoeing the fore foot is ever successful. When cutting occurs before, unless there is this turn out, it is bet- ter to put the shoes on in a perfectly level manner, and trust to the reduction of the thickness of the quarter, and the absence of the third nail. If, with these precautions, the horse, when in good condition, still strikes his fore legs, it will be better to put up with the constant use of a boot. Generally, however, if the inflammation is first subdued, and the foot is shod in a perfectly true and level manner, taking care to rasp away the particular part which strikes the other leg, it will be found that the cutting is avoided. SPEEDY CUTTING is more dangerous than ordinary cutting, be- cause the pain given by the blow is generally more severe, and is often so great that the horse falls as if he were shot. On exam- ining the leg of a confirmed speedy cutter there is always appa- rent a small scab or bruise on the inside of the cannon bone, im- mediately below the knee ; but in slight cases rest may have been used to allow the skin to heal, and then no mark may possibly be left. A careful examination will, however, generally detect a small bare place, partially concealed by the growth of the adjacent hair. In bad eases the periosteum is swollen, and there is a considerable enlargement of the surface of the bone. In the management of slight cases of this kind of cutting, the action should be examined while the heof is covered with chalk, and the latter should be treated in the same way as already described. If, however, this fails, as it generally does in this form of cutting, there is no remedy but to put on a regular speedy-cut boot, in which there is a pad buckled on the inside of the leg, and reaching from the knee to the fetlock. It must be of this length, because otherwise it cannot be kept in its place, as the leg allows it to slip down until it reaches the larger circumference presented by the joint. Where there is pain and swelling caused by the contusion, it must be treated in the ordinary way, by the application of cold water and tincture of arnica, a wine-glassful of the latter in two quarts of water. PRICKS IN SHOEING occur from the want of skill in the smith, 416 THE HORSE. who drives the nail too near the laminze, and sometimes even abso- lutely wounds them. It may be that the nail in its passage upwards is not within an eighth of an inch of these delicate parts, and the horse may not have flinched during the driving of it, but when he is put to work the nail opposes a hard unyielding line to the soft parts, inflammation is established, and possibly even matter is formed which may end in quittor. When, on the day after shoeing, a horse which was previously sound, goes lame, and the foot is hot to the touch, it may generally be assumed that a nail or nails have been driven too near to the quick, unless there is evidence of laminitis from other causes. On tapping the crust with a hammer, the horse will flinch at some particular spot, and there is the nail which is in fault. Sometimes there is little inflamma- tion as yet set up, but the pressure of the nail is sufficient to cause lameness, and in either case the shoe should be taken off. Then, if there is reason to suppose that matter has formed, the opening from which the nail came out should be enlarged, and the matter allowed to escape. If, however, the foot has been merely ‘‘bound,”’ it may be either left to nature, with a shoe lightly tacked on, and a wet “swab” round the coronet, or it may be placed in a bran poultice, which is the safest plan. WHEN A NAIL IS PICKED UP ON THE ROAD, the prognosis will depend upon the part which it has penetrated. If it has entered deeply into the toe of the frog, the probability is that the navicular joint has been wounded, or probably the tendon of the flexor at its insertion into the pedal bone, either of which are very serious accidents. Ifthe wound is further back, there is less risk of permanent injury, as the bulbous heels or cushion of the frog will bear a considerable amount of injury without permanent mischief. In any case the treatment should consist in cutting away the horn round the opening, so as to allow of a free escape of matter if it forms. At the same time inflammation should be kept under by cold ‘‘swabs” to the coronet, or by putting the whole foot into a bran poultice. OVER-REACHES, when slight, may be treated by the application of friar’s balsam, or tincture of arnica in full strength, which will have a tendency to dry them up and prevent suppuration. If, however, the heel is very much bruised, a poultice must be applied, but even then a little tincture of arnica should be sprinkled on it. When the bruise is so severe that a slough or core comes away, the wound may be dressed with a piece of lint, dipped in a solution of nitrate of silver, eight grains to the ounce of distilled water, and over this a bran poultice. In most cases, however, it is better to foment the part well and then apply the tincture of arnica neat. A BRUISE on athin sole will sometimes cause matter to form, in which case the horn must be cut away, and the case treated as FEVERS. 417 for quittor. Before matter forms, the horn should be reduced, and the foot should be placed ina cold bran poultice. CHAPTER XXV. CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASES. Fevers—Anasarca—Glanders—Farcy. FEVERS. THE HORSE is very rarely subject to fever as a disease of itself, independently of inflammation, under which head I have already described catarrhal fever, both of the simple kind and when epi- demic, and known as influenza. Indeed, all the important inflam- mations of the body are attended with fever; but in them the local affections are evidently more serious than the general disturb- ance of the system, which we call by the name of fever. By many veterinarians it is doubted whether fever ever shows itself in the horse without, inflammation; but occasionally it may be observed under the form of simple fever, presenting all the symptoms which accompany ordinary inflammation, but without any such complication, and more rarely of the typhoid form, which now sometimes attends influenza and other epidemics. SIMPLE FEVER shows itself by dulness and reluctance to move, a staring coat, and cold legs and feet, with increased warmth of the body. The pulse is quick, soft, and variable—breathing a little accelerated, but not much—appetite entirely lost—bowels confined, and urine scanty. These symptoms continue for two or three days, and then either go on into the typhoid form, or they are complicated by inflammation in some organ of the body. The treatment merely consists in giving a mild dose of physic, followed by a febrituge drink, such as the following :— Take of Spirit of Nitrous Ether ot ge tee NGF Nitre . Se) GR pac Gita Chey mice Tincture of Ginger ney sneer 2 cracks. Camphor Mixture . . : 6 02. "Mix, and give twice a day. TYPHOID FEVER sometimes appears as an epidemic, occurring either as a sequel to influenza, or in its pure form, without any 418 THE HORSE. complication. The latter condition is, however, extremely rare. In its early stage, it can scarcely be recognised or distinguished from simple fever; but in the course of two or three days the strength is so much reduced, the breath is so fetid, and the mouth is loaded with such a black discharge from the tongue and gums, that the nature of the disease is clearly manifested. The pulse is very low, the languor increases, and there is often more or less delirium. The course of the disease is extremely rapid, and in five or six days a strong horse will sink beneath its powers, refusing food, and dying without any attempt to rally. The treatment should be of the most generous kind, as soon as the bowels have been gently moved, which should be effected, if possible, by injec- tion. Then give a ball two or three times a day, composed thus :— Take of Carbonate of Ammonia . . . . 4 to1drachm. Powdered Ginger . ... . ~ 1 drachm. Powdered Yellow Bark . . . . 8drachms. Syrup enough to make into a ball. This should be washed down with a quart of ale caudle, and hay tea should be allowed as the drink ad libitum; or, if there is diarrhoea, rice-water may be used in the same way. Few cases, however, will recover, in spite of every exertion and careful treat- ment on the part of the attendant. ANASARCA. ANASARGA, OR MOOR-ILM, occurs chiefly among horses turned out in marshes or low commons, and may readily be known by the general swelling of the body, increasing by gravitation in the legs during the standing posture, but showing itself chiefly in the lower side of the body in the early morning, when the horse has been lying down all night. The disease is now rare, but it occasionally appears under the circumstances above described. The treatment must be by acting on the kidneys, the following being a useful recipe for the purpose :— MakevofNitre.” (ie. We) Bele tirsteke (see eee aca nines Powdered Resin 4.0.6 «i> ojlie) o! @ /:)) Sidrachmas Gin Ger, sha) Vos well los pled det onueie Coe ee nae ras Spirit of Nitrous Ether. . . . . - 1402. Warm Water. . 2 pints. Mix and give as a drench every night. GLANDERS. THIS FRIGHIFUL CONSTITUTIONAL DISEASE appears to consist in the generation of some poisonous matter in the blood, which nature attempts to throw off by establishing a discharge in the nostrils. It is perfectly incurable, and therefore it is only neces- GLANDERS, 419 sary to study its symptoms, with a view to distinguish it from ozena, with which alone it is liable to be confounded. Its chronic character and insidious onset will serve to distineuish it from catarrh and strangles.* AT ITS COMMENCEMENT, it seems to be confined to the internal lining of the nostrils, which is not reddened, as in chronic catarrh (ozena), but presents a leaden or purple colour, sometimes of a deep shade, but at first generally very light and pale. This is accom- panied by a thin acrid discharge, transparent, and without odor. Generally, one nostril only is affected, which in this country is more frequently the left, and in France thexright; but why this should be so has never yet been even conjectured with any appear- ance of probability. This state of things usually only lasts#for a few weeks, but it may go on for an indefinite time, and is recog- nised as the first stage; during which the health does not suffer, and the horse can, and often does, go on with his ordinary work. It may be distinguished from ozena by the purple color of the lin- ing membrane, and by the transparency and freedom from smell of the discharge. IN THE SECOND STAGE, the discharge increases in quantity, and though still watery and transparent, it is slightly sticky, indicating the presence of mucus. The lymphatic glands below the jaw en- large, and become adherent to the bone, feeling hard to the touch, and almost like exostosis. Here the permanent character of the discharge and the adherence of the glands to the bone are the diagnostic signs from ozena. IN THE THIRD STAGE, the discharge increases rapidly, and be- comes yellow and opaque—in fact, it is pure pus. If the nose is carefully examined, its lining membrane will be seen to present one or more sores, with depressed centres and ragged edges, and surrounded by small varicose vessels leading to them from all directions. In proportion to the extent of the local mischief, con- stitutional disturbance is displayed. The appetite fails—the horse loses flesh and spirits—the coat is turned the wrong way—the skin is hidebound, and the legs fill slightly during the day, but go down at night—the nose is, at last, frightfully ulcerated, the sores spreading to the larynx—ulcers break out on the body—and the horse finally dies, worn to a skeleton. When the diagnosis of the disease is confirmed, as it is undoubt- edly highly contagious, both to other horses and to man himself, the patient ought to be destroyed. By the use of green food, his life may be prolonged for a time, and a certain amount of work may be got out of him; but the risk of contagion is too great to be incurred, and no man who regards his own welfare, and that of his neighbors, should keep a glandered horse. 420 THE HORSE. FARCY. THIS DISEASE appears to depend upon the development of the same poison as in glanders; but the attempt at elimination is made in the skin, instead of the mucous membrane lining the nose. A horse inoculated with glanders may exhibit farcy, and vice versa ; so that the essence of the disease is the same, but its seat is a different tissue. Farcy usually shows itself first by one or two small hard knots in the skin, called “‘farcy buds.” These soon soften, and contain a small quantity of pus; but as this is rapidly absorbed, the lym- phatics which convey it into the circulation inflame; and at a short distance another bud is formed, and then another, and another. These buds are usually met with in the thin skin cover- ing the inside of the thighs and arms, or the neck and lips. They vary from the size of a shilling to that of a half-crown; and as they increase in numbers, the skin becomes edematous. In pro- cess of time, the general system suffers, as in glanders, and the horse dies, a miserable, worn-out object. No treatment can be relied on to cure the disease; and as it is equally contagious with elanders, every farcied horse ought at once to be destroyed. The hard nature of the buds, and the thickened lymphatics extending like cords between, clearly make known the nature of the disease. SHOEING. 421 CHAPTER XXVI. SHOEING. THE art of shoeing appears to have been unknown to the ancients, although the need of it was greatly felt, especially in the rough campaigning and long marches constantly recurring in those warlike times. In several campaigns the cavalry was rendered worthless and was disbanded on account of the bad condition of their horses’ feet, and the animals themselves were relieved from duty until their hoofs were restored. The value of a horse depended more upon the soundness and strength of his hoof than upon any other qualification, and various methods of rendering it harder and more serviceable were proposed by Xenophon and other early writers. But while-acknowledging the importance of a sound, vigorous hoof, and striving to harden and preserve it, it does not seem to have occurred to them to protect it by fastening to it by nails, a band or shoe of iron, although Beckman states that horse shoes and nails have been found in the graves of some German and Vandal tribes of unknown antiquity in the northern part of Germany. To William the Conqueror tradition ascribes the introduction of the practice of shoeing into England, whence it has remained until the present time. When the delicacy of organization of the foot of the horse is considered, its extreme sensitiveness and wonderful adaptability for the purpose of locomotion, the enormous wear and tear incident upon constant use in the service of man, its liability to abuse and injury, and the consequent suffering of the dumb animal and pecuni- ary loss to the owner, it is surprising that there has been so little real improvement in the art. While the past half century has been so fruitful of results in almost every other branch of industry, it has witnessed few or none in this. This is due in great measure to the indifference of the artisan to whom the care of the horse’s' foot is committted, who, ignorant of the nature and structure of the living member before him, so recklessly handles and mutilates it, in much the same manner as his ancestors years before him. The feet of most of the horses of the present day, and especially those used for drafty purposes and heavy work in our large cities, are in bad condition, and more subjects are brought to the knack- 422 THE HORSE. er’s yard from this cause than all others combined. A healthy, vigorous foot is the exception even among horses used for lighter , work. Brittle, shelly hoofs, ridged and dished, indicating internal derangement, withered frogs with the centre arch or stay entirely absorbed, high heels bound up by hard, unyielding crust, all these deformities and many others are chargeable in some degree to bad shoeing. Sometimes injuries are attributed to the blacksmith that are due to accident or brutality of the driver, but in as far as our system of shoeing interferes with the natural functions of the foot, it will induce disease. The question then presents itself, Why not teach the mechanic the design of the structure, to the repair of which his lifetime is devoted? You may command him to treat your horse as you direct, but you must convince his judgment, if you expect obedience at all times ; as well dictate to a physician what medicines he shall give your child at some stages of disease, and depend on him at others ; he will treat the case in his own way, or not at all; the head, heart and hand must accord to make perfect work. Our public schools have been a great power in the advancement of the mechanical arts; much of the labor-saving machinery now building up great wealth in the country, is the fruit of the philo- sophical truths there disseminated, and the improved social condi- tion of the laboring classes is due to their influence. We have schools of science, and colleges for the instruction of students in the treatment and cure of horses, yet we expect those whose daily business is to perform important surgical operations upon a deli- cately organized member, to be reasonably successful, without having learned the alphabet of their profession. There are among them, individuals, intelligent and ingenious, who would be glad of an opportunity of testing the validity of their practice by an appeal to the condition of the hidden springs, levers, pulleys, cushions, and powers comprising the mechanism of the feet and legs explained by those who have made such their lifelong study. Many of these have, by long experience, discovered for themselves a fair system of shoeing, and are successful in the treatment and preven- tion of injury, but, ignorant of physiology, are unable to transmit their knowledge to others with sufficient reason to establish its truth. To such fully educated to their profession, we must look for im- provement in the art, and we hope that the day is not far distant when America may be able to boast of her veterinary colleges and schools for farriers, as of her other institutions of learning. A small proportion of the pecuniary loss annually sustained in our large cities: alone, would support such an institution, the good results of which would be incalculable. But while all thinking men admit the benetits which must result from its establishment, « » > > — . ; ‘ © i, x : ‘ae SHOEING. 423 it is too customary to regard the idea as visionary and impracticable, and maintain that the craft would not avail themselves of its advan- tages. At first, doubtless, only the most intelligent would do so, but these, applying the theoretical knowledge received there to the commonest details and every-day experience of the smithy, would convince the most unreasoning that labor, when directed by skill and judgment, is more saving of money, strength, and material, than when unenlightened and unreasoning; and soon public opinion would force their more ignorant brethren to follow their example. A great painter was once asked how he mixed his colors. “ With brains, sir,” was the apt reply. When this is the rule and not the exception, we may indeed look for decided improve- ment in the art, the dumb animal be relieved of much suffering, and the community from unnecessary loss. Veterinarians may propose theories, but lack the practical expe- rience and opportunity of observation which the workmen alone can have, while the number of the latter who have combined scien- tific education with a thorough knowledge of the details of their profession, has been too small to stamp any decided character upon it. With but very few exceptions the entire literature of shoeing is European, and to these writers the American public is indebted for all knowledge outside of that which an inquiring mind will gather from individual observation. If horse owners would resort to the books for physiological facts, study their own horses, and use their own judgment, they would in most cases discover the best style of shoeing for their particular use. Countries and sections differ greatly in the fashion of horse-shoes, and the manner of fitting them to the foot, but the general princi- ‘ples are the same. We do not pretend to advocate any particular form of shoe, nail, or system of shoeing as an ultimatum of success, but wish to draw the attention of horse owners to the importance of the subject, that they may judge for themselves, the practice best suited to their own animals, and may arrive at a more accurate conception and a better appreciation of the hazard of a sole dependence on the gene- ral ignorance of blacksmiths. A careful study of the construction of the foot, as explained in this work, will show the necessity of great caution and intelligence in its treatment; more than is usually displayed by our mechanics. This will be better understood by a reference to the member itself by dissection, which is practicable to most farmers, as they may frequently obtain specimens in their vicinity, and are possessed of the facilities for examination. 424 . THE HORSE. Sever the foot at the upper joint of the pastern bone, trave the veins, arteries and tendons, as suggested by the description ; note the principal resistant parts affected by locomotion, the position of the coronary bone and its inclination within the hoof (not as fre- quently engraved entirely without or above it, and vertical when at rest), the navicular bone and joint, the tendons and sheath, with the action of each, the elastic property of the fatty heels, the tough, springy frog, its shape and position, the structure of the coffin bone, sole, crust and bars, and their mutual relations. Let the examination be careful, and guided by reflection, with due. regard to each particular hoof, fore and hind, near and off, ana condition of health. Form no hasty conclusions from partial in- vestigations, and study for practical benefit, not for a show of wis- dom. A wooden vice, butcher’s saw, chisel, knives and nippers, are about all the instruments necessary, and after becoming ac- quainted with the natural tone of the crust, the operation may be facilitated by the use of warm water to soften the horn. If this has excited an interest in the subject, let the student ex- periment with the shoeing of his own horses, young and old; having the entire control and supervision of their working, driving, stabling, pasturing and shoeing, he must learn something, if but his own ignorance. If resident of a country of light sandy soil, and the nature of the work will allow, the hind feet, if not all, might be left unshod to illustrate natural development; we have seen such with hard glossy hoofs, that could travel over turnpike roads with a light load, without breaking the crust or flinching on the frog. The detail of horse-shoeing has been subjected to such adverse teachings by different authors (many of whom have but repeated palpable errors of their predecessors without attempt at originality), that it would be impossible to produce positive rules that will not meet with opposition, but the indications of disease, may be related without assigning their particular cause, of which there is much difference of opinion and uncertainty. The conditions of a good, sound foot as apparent, are a smooth, clossy, resilient crust, almost circular were it continued around at the bars, but fuller on the outside quarter, which difference is sel- dom seen on a foot that has been shod a dozen times; a concave sole not too dry and hard; a full frog elastic throughout, with its centre or frog stay complete; heels sufficiently low and free from crust to bear their share of the springiness of action, and full ard well developed to allow freedom to the bones and tendons in their movements. In horses the general rule is that dark hoofs are harder than light ones. The internal organization is in conformity with the external, the healthy state has been already described under the heads of bones, muscles, &c. In disease, we find within a concave, furrowed crust, the elastic process or bed of the same SHOEING. 425 Fic. 20.—A SOUND FORE FOOT PREPARED FOR THE SHOE. A. The heel of the crust. EE. The angles between the heels and bars, B. The toe. where corns appear. CC, The quarters of the crust. FF. The concave surface. DD. The burs as they should be left with GG. The bulbous heels. frog between them. H. Cleft. form, and a dished coffin bone; under a convex sole a coffin bone turned up in front by absorption and flattened like the hoof, spongy and deficient in bony matter, the sensible sole diminished and the horny sole increased in substance; in long-standing cases of con- tracted heels, the interior organizations are alike reduced. Which- ever may be the primary change, internal or external, or whether either be a result of bad shoeing, no satisfactory solution has yet heen given. Veterinarians wrangle over their favorite theories, charge one another with causing the diseases they profess to pre- vent, and are so completely antagonistic in their doctrines, that the public cannot be confident of truth, in implicit reliance upon the assertions of any. In comparing the horse’s foot with the human, we must be care- ful not to fall into error; their relations to the body are the same, but to understand the comparative structures, we must imagine ourselves upon all fours, resting upon the finger and toe nails, our 426 THE HORSE, wrist and heel corresponding to the knee and hock-joints of the horse, though the bones are of different relative lengths and shape. The crust of the hoof is secreted in much the same manner as our nails, and growing downwards, or towards the extremities, slides over a laminated and highly sensitive bed, which, when injured, produces intense pain, on account of the unyielding nature of the crust, and the swelling consequent to inflammation. We may then realize the suffering produced by the prick of a horse-shoe nail, under a horn so much thicker than our finger or toe nails. As qualifications of resistance, and ease to superincumbent structures, we have, of the human foot, the main arch of the soles (which must be taken together to establish their completeness), and the transverse arch of the ball of the foot, displayed when the toes are brought to the ground. Of the horse there is the arch of the sole, and those formed by the heels and frog. The sole and coffin bone of the mule are more concave than those of the horse. As propellers and levers, we find the same action from heel to toe, as the body moves forward in progression. The horse having two sets of levers, one for the fore part of the body and one for the hind, all working in connection, must make exactly the same length of step with each foot to avoid interference. From this fact, we account for a frequent cause of forging and stumbling. Both horse and man accustom the motion of the body to the length of step; if we then attempt to walk in a pair of shoes so much shorter than usual, as to cramp the toes and shorten the foot, we will be unable to carry the body as far with each motion from heel to toe, to correspond with our ordinary forward spring of the body ; the tendency, therefore (until we learn better), is to a short, quick, stumbling gait. Now, take a horse whose hoofs have been slowly growing in length for a month, every motion of his body trained to accord, pull off his shoes, which will be found (owing to the for- ward growth of the hoof) farther from the heels than when first applied, pare away the crust down to the sole, cut out a big notch at the toe for a clip, set the new shoe back within the front of the foot (more on the fore feet, as they are supposed to grow faster). then rasp off the outer part of the toe back to the shoes, and clench the nails as tight as possible. This is a common mode of shoeing ; his shoes are too small for him; he swings into a trot with the usual body motion, but the feet, all shortened, fail their part, while the fore feet, diminished more than the hind, are not thrown out quite as far, and the horse, unaccustomed to the change, dwells too long on them to escape a blow from behind. Weariness and laziness will also cause forging, by a tardy movement in front, and stumbling, by a failure to raise the toe sufficiently to avoid serub- bing the ground when thrown forward. It is too common, especially in cities, among draught-horses, to SHOEING. 427 use up the lower part of the crust too fast for its growth. If the human finger-nail be pierced with a fine needle in the manner of a horse-shoe nail driven through the crust of a hoof, it will be ob- served that the hole will remain, until the growth of the rail has carried it beyond the flesh; that is, the fibres of horn once sepa- rated will never unite. Horses used for heavy work are shod with heavy shoes, thick toe and quarter clips, high calks and steel toes, and either because of the severe strain on the stones, the weight ot the shoes and nails, the leverage of calks and toes, waste of crust to accommodate clips, or of all combined, they require shoeing about once in three weeks, and frequently oftener. At each shoeing, a little more crust and sole is taken off of the ground surface, a few more holes made (or nails driven into old ones, enlarging the aper- ture by working about and bending under the clenching iron). The surface of the crust is again rasped, diminishing the thick- ness, new furrows made to accommodate the clenches, ard the horn burned and softened by a hot shoe each time. The blacksmith will insist that all these operations are necessary, but the fact is, he is using up material too fast, and we leave it to horse owners to judge by experiment, how these operations may be modified. The French method of bringing the points of the nails out low down on the surface of the hoof, appears rational, as it destroys the vitality of the crust to a less degree than our custom, and leaves a greater proportion of sound foot to bear the shocks. Our practice has been, after removing the old shoes (with care not to enlarge the old holes by dragging crooked nails through them), to pare off the crust and bars well down to the outer edge of the sole, without taking a shaving from the sole, frog, or inside of the bars. If the crust has not been broken by wear, this leaves the foot as near its natural shape as possi- ble, and a shoe must be made to fit it. For road- sters, a narrow, light shoe is fitted to the crust in length and width, then made perfectly level, with- out twist or pritchell burs at the nail holes, and while paoee: sufficiently hot, slightly touched to the crust, to mark any inequalities that may have been left after paring. Six nails are used, three on each side, dividing the space from about an inch from the centre of the toe, to the centre of the quarters. The nail holes are set well back from the outside edge, and made straight through the iron; the nails are 428 THE HORSE. small, smoothed off with the hammer, and slightly bevelled on one side of the point; the position of the holes in the shoe brings the nails out low down on the surface of the crust, but care must be taken to start them in the centre of the holes, that the foot may not be cramped or forced out of its natural shape. The pro- jecting nail points are filed close to the hoof, that they may be broken off without twisting the nail, or enlarging the hole in the crust; the nails are then driven up, and the clenches turned over and hammered down. No rasp has been used, no crust wasted by mutilation for clips, and but little injury by nail holes; if the nails be of good iron, they are sufficient in number, and the light clenches on a sound foot, will hold the shoe perfectly tight, and will not cause abrasion of the legs in travelling. The foot presents what we might call a beautiful fit, the tender part of the frog is protected by the thickness of the shoe, while as it is renewed from within, the outside will be worn off by friction, and nature will keep it exactly low enough to obtain its necessary exercise ; moreover, by driving the nails straight through the mid- dle of the hole in the shoe, the foot will be free from that dis- agreeable, cramped feeling, we have imagined a horse to experience, when the nails are started at either side of the hole in the iron, forcing the more yielding fibres of horn to its centre. There have been many forms of shoes recommended by different authors, but few of which are used in this country. The French shoe has a convex ground surface, and the foot is fashioned to it, by leaving the quarters full, and the crust sloped off towards the toe and heels. Why the bearing should be taken off the heels we cannot imagine, and forcing the quarters to bear an undue amount of concussion would apparently induce quarter crack, but having had no experience with this shoe we may be wrong in our conclusions. Another fashion imitates an old shoe worn off at the toe, which is certainly an advantage to roadsters, as it would be to us, if we could buy new shoes to fit our feet exactly like the old ones. Some writers advocate nailing the shoe only upon the outside quarter, or with but two nails on the inside, toward the toe, with the idea of allowing unimpeded expansion of the crust when the foot strikes the ground. Inasmuch as nails injure the crust, the practice of using as few as possible is wise, but we have been unable to discover any expansion of the anterior half of the ground surface in hoofs that have never been shod. A careful examination will convince any one that there is no mechanical necessity for such spreading, and from the nature of the organization of the foot, it is simply impossible; all the spring needful to the front of the crust is gained by the elasticity of its fibres. The line of bearing of the lower part of the fore leg. SHOEING. 429 is directed behind the centre of the foot, and the yielding points of the framework are the pastern, coronary and navicular joints ; as the upper part of the coronary bone works backward and down- ward, it, with the action of the tendon, slightly spreads the heels laterally, and the whole crust partakes of the movement, diminish- ing in effect towards the toe; were the foot completely inelastic, the motion might be detected at the quarters, but the whole of a healthy foot is of a yielding nature; the fatty heels, in particular, may be compressed like cork, while the frog resembles a piece of india- rubber, and there is a spring in every fibre of the crust, These conditions so far distribute motion, that there is practically none in the ground surface of the crust forward of the centre. From the fact of this style of shoe allowing free expansion, its advocates proclaim it a preventive of contracted heels (which, un- fortunately, is so prevalent among shod horses); but if, as we sup- pose, there be no spreading of the front part of the crust by pressure, a shoe nailed only at, and forward of the quarters, will not interferé with any natural movement of the heels. This disease (contracted heels), which has been described on page 409, appears to be an absorption or waste of a portion of the frog and fatty heels, accompanied by an undue secretion of crust at the posterior part of the foot, encroaching upon the pro- vince of the softer tissue of the heels. Many reasons have been assigned for this disturbance of the natural nutrition of the different parts, all or none of which may be correct, for no theory has yet been so clearly demonstrated and proven, as to leaye the causes and nature of the disease beyond a doubt, but we have never known any tendency to contraction, in horses that have been shod in such manner as to allow the frog a fair amount of exercise, indicated by its position. An india-rubber shoe intended to be used as a cushion between the iron and the foot, has been designed, patented and tried, within the last two or three years, but we believe has failed to give gene- rai satisfaction. The rubber mashes out in a short time by con- cussion, and leaves a loose shoe. Good sole leather is much more durable. Until recently, the whole process of making the shoe was per- formed by hand, but now in the United States, the greater bulk is made by machinery, and at one immense establishment. The manufactory of Messrs. Burden & Sons, at Troy, New York state, with its six forging machines, turns out six shoes per second, and in four years made twenty-five thousand tons; or calculating one and a half pounds to the shoe, thirty-seven million shoes. These shoes are of the very best iron, warranted to bend double cold, and to wear as long as any made by hand; the iron used in 430 ; THE HORSE. their manufacture bearing a tensile strain of seventy-eight thousand pounds to the square inch. The power of the factory is gained by a large stream of water, with a head of seventy-two feet, acting on an overshot wheel sixty feet in diameter, with buckets twenty-two feet long and six feet four inches deep, the whole wheel weighing over three hundred tons. Connected with the establishment is a horse-shoe museum, comprising many hundred specimens of shoes of all ages and all countries, collected together at much expense with a view to im- provement upon the old types. There are now three different patterns manufactured, and they will furnish any other pattern desired, if ordered in sufficient quantities. The cost of the shoe to the blacksmith, is about a cent and a half per pound above the price of the iron. Independent of the immense curtailment of expense, the advan- tage of machinery directed by one master mind over the old sys- tem, or rather want of system of individual effort and incongruous labor, is great; and it should be the aim of the manufacturer, as self-interest will dictate, to study and experiment to attain the nost desirable pattern, in width of web, seating, fullering, position of nail holes, and quality of iron, and the mechanics will necessarily adopt his improvements. In short, it should be an aim in shoeing a horse, as in man, to make a fit as neat and easy, and of as light material as would be adapted to its use, and experience has proven, that heavy shoes with high calks and toes, are not necessary for successful hauling over our city cobble stones, or hard roadways. In this article we have given no positive directions for shoeing, judging the art in its present state too imperfect to satisfy this progressive age, but have sought rather to stimulate inquiry and experiment, that may lead to improvement in the system. ADMINISTRATION OF CHLOROFORM, 431 CHAPTER XXVII. OPERATIONS. Admimstration of Chloroform—Methods of confining the Horse— Bleeding—Firing—Setons and Rowels—Blisterng—Castration —Docking and Nicking—Unnerving—Reduction of Hernia— Administration of Physic—Clysters—Back-Raking. ADMINISTRATION OF CHLOROFORM. THE USE OF CHLOROFORM to procure insensibility to pain is a great aid to the operator on the horse, who without it acts under great difficulties, owing to the nervous twitch which the poor ani- mal gives at each touch of the knife. Under chloroform, however, he lies as if dead; and as long as its effects continue, the most elaborate dissection may be conducted with comparative ease. There is some little danger of overdoing this powerful agent, but the risk is not so great as is generally supposed, and with ordinary care it is more than one thousand to one that no injurious effects are produced. THE BEST AND MOST SIMPLE APPARATUS for the purpose of administering chloroform is a common wire muzzle, to the upper edge of which a strip of leather six inches deep is stitched, and so arranged that it may be buckled round the upper part of the jaws. This insures that all the air inspired shall pass through the wires, and by covering them with a cap of very loose flannel, in which a few holes are cut to facilitate respiration, the muzzle may be made ready for use. The horse is first cast, after which the above apparatus is put on and buckled round the jaw, when on sprinkling the chloroform over the cap of flannel, it may be applied or removed in an instant, and the amount of anzsthesia regulated accordingly. Without some guard such as the wire affords, the chloroform runs over the nostrils and lips, and blisters them to a serious extent; but when it is used, such an accident can only occur from over-saturating the flannel. The necessary quantity of this powerful agent must be employed; but when once it is found that a prick of a pin or other pointed instrument is borne without shrinking, the flannel may be withdrawn, and the operation quickly commenced, taking care to have an assistant ready to put it on again if the horse shows signs of returning sensibility to pain. Six or eight ounces of chloroform must be provided, as the quantity required is rather uncertain, the average dose being about three or four ounces. IF CASTING is objected to, either from the absence of hobbles, or from fear of injury to the horse, a soft bed of straw should be 432 THE HORSE. provided, and a strong halter must be put over the muzzle with two cords, one of which should be held by a man on each side. These will serve to guide the horse in falling; but it is extremely difficult to make sure of his going down where he is wanted to lie; and there is also considerable time lost in securing him after he is down, which the safety of the operator imperatively requires. The effect of the chloroform must therefore be kept up for a much longer time than if it is given after the horse is cast and secured. METHODS OF CONFINING THE HORSE. THERE ARE VARIOUS PLANS adopted by veterinary surgeons to bind the horse’s limbs, so that he cannot injure himself or them when undergoing an ‘operation. Even when chloroform is em- ployed, some coercion of this kind must generally be adopted, as directed in the last section ; for if it is given in the standing posi- tion, the horse is very apt to injure himself in falling, which is often accompanied by powerful convulsive motions, and moreover he cannot with certainty be placed in a suitable position. The plan adopted by Mr. Rarey is seldom suitable, because it can only be employed on subjects previously taught to go down without resistance, for the severe struggle which the untaught horse makes before he submits is calculated to produce injurious constitutional disturbance, and, moreover, it would sadly increase any of the various diseases of the limbs for which operations are so often per- formed. Sometimes, however, it might advantageously be intro- duced into veterinary surgery, as for instance in castration, when the colt will not suffer his hind legs to be touched, but even then it will be necessary to throw him two or three times, or he will be in such a state of arterial. excitement that inflammation will be likely to follow. The usual methods of confinement are: Ist. The hobbles. 2d. The side line. 3d. The trevis, or break. 4th. The twitch and barnacles. Hoss.es consist of four broad padded leather straps, provided with strong buckles, and long enough to encircle the pasterns. To each of these an iron ring is stitched, and to one of them a strong soft rope, six yards in length, is securely attached. Provided with four, or, if possible, five assistants, the operator buckles the hob- -ble with the rope attached to the near fore leg, and the remaining three to the other legs. Then passing the rope through their rings, and through the first also, it is held by three assistants, the nearest of whom stands about a yard from the horse, so as to pull upwards as well as away from him; a fourth assistant holds him by the head to keep him quiet, and to be ready to fall on it as soon as he is down, and the fifth stands at his quarters, ready to push him over on his off side. This place is sometimes occupied by the operator himself when he is short of hands. Casting should never METHODS OF CONFINING THE HORSE, 433 be attempted on any hard surface, a thick bed of sizaw being ne- cessary to prevent injury from the heavy fall which takes place. The hind legs should be brought as far forward as possible before beginning to pull the rope, and when the men do this they should do it “‘ with a will,’ but without jerking, so as to take the horse off his guard, when he will resist much less stoutly than if he is allowed more time. As soon as the legs are drawn up together, the man at the quarters is quite safe from injury, and he may lean forcibly against that part, and force the horse over to the off side, upon which he falls: the assistant at the head keeping that part down, no further struggling takes place, and he is secured by pass- ing the end of the rope under the hobble rings between the fore and hind legs, and securing it with a hitch. Something more, however, is necessary to be done before any of the usual operations can be performed, as all of the legs are at liberty to a certain extent and the scrotum cannot be reached in safety. The fol- lowing further precautions must therefore be taken, varying ac- cording to the part to be operated on. For CASTRATION the horse should be cast on his near side, with a web halter in the usual place of a collar. The rope of the halter is then passed through the ring of the hobble on the off hind leg, and using it as a pulley the foot is drawn forcibly forward beyond the arm and firmly secured to the webbing round ,the neck, and bringing it back again it may be passed round the thigh above the hock (which should be guarded from friction by a soft cloth or leather), and again secured to the webbing. By these precautions the scrotum is completely exnosed, and the hind legs cannot be stirred beyond the slight spasmodic twitch which extends to the whole body. To PERFORM ANY OPERATION ON THE FORE LEG, it must be taken out of its hobble, and drawn forward upon the straw by a webbing attached to its pastern, where it must be held by an assist- ant, the horse having little or no power over it in this position. THE HIND LEG 1S SECURED in the same way as for castration, unless the fetlock is to be fired, when webbing must be applied to the thigh above the hock only. With most horses, however, firing ean be performed without casting, by buckling up the fore leg, or by having it held by a competent assistant. WHEN THE HORSE is to be released, the hobbles are quietly un- buckled in succession, beginning with the undermost hind leg. SEVERAL IMPROVED HOBBLES have been invented, but they are suited rather for the veterinary surgeon than for the ordinary horsemaster. who will only require them for castration and minor operations. THE SIDE LINE is sometimes used for securing one hind leg thus :—the long repe and single pas only are required, the lat 434 THE HORSE. ter being buckled to the hind pastern, which is to be secured. The rope is then passed over the withers and brought beck round the bosom and shoulder of the same side as the leg to which it is secured, and then passed inside the first part of the rope. By pulling at the end of this cord the hind leg is drawn up to the shoulder, and secured there with a hitch, but the plan is not nearly so safe as casting. THE TREVIS OR BREAK consists of four strong posts driven into the ground, at the corners of a space six feet long by three feet wide. They are strongly braced together by wooden stays, three feet six inches from the ground on three sides, the fourth being left open for the horge to enter, after which this also is made good by a padded bar passed through stout iron rings fixed at three feet from the ground to the uprights. By means of this framework, to which sundry rings are bolted; the body of the horse is first - securely confined by two broad bands under the belly and two above the shoulders and croup. Thus he can neither rear nor kick to any extent sufficient to free himself, and all that is necessary is to lay hold of any limb selected for operation, and confine it to one of the uprights, or to some other convenient point. This is the best plan to be adopted for firing and other operations on the legs, and if the belly-bands are wide, strong, and secure, chloroform may be administereg in it, without the horse going down. THE TwWITcH is a short stick of strong ash, about the size of a mopstick, with a hole pierced near the end, through which is passed a piece of strong but small cord, and tied in a loop large enough to admit the open hand freely. This is passed over the upper lip close to the nostrils, and then, by twisting the stick, compression is made to a painful extent, which will keep horses quiet for any slight operation. Sometimes it is placed on the ear in preference, but in either case the effect is dependent on the pain produced. BARNACLES consist in the application of pressure by means of the handles of a pair of pincers enclosing the muzzle, and held firmly by an assistant. They are, however, not so useful as the twitch. BLEEDING. IN THE EARLY PART OF THE PRESENT CENTURY bleeding was resorted to on every appearance of the slightest inflammation, and often without the slightest necessity. Many horses were regularly bled “ every spring and fall,” to prevent mischief, as was supposed ; but at last it always happened to every horse which lived long enough, that the more frequently blood was taken the more the operation was required, and when it was absolutely wanted to lower the heart’s action, such a quantity of blood must be taken that the system was reduced to a dangerous degree. Stallions were BLEEDING. 435 constantly submitted to this treatment, and mares as long as they were worked, so that in course of time it has happened to the horse, as it has also to man himself, that the horrible abuse of the lancet for two or three consecutive generations has completely changed the type of the diseases to which they are both subject. Inflammation does not now follow the same course that it used to do, but is of a much milder type, and the attendant fever is in- clined to assume a typhoid character, if lowering measures are pushed to any great extent. An attempt has been made to account for this change in human diseases by the alteration in the habits of the present generation, which are certainly more temperate than those of the previous one; but in the case of the horse the reverse holds good, for he is now stimulated by more corn than ever. The only point, as far as I can make out, in which the horse and his master have been similarly maltreated, is in the abuse of the lan- cet, which undoubtedly may account for the change in the type of their diseases to which I have alluded, and it is, therefore, rea- sonable to refer it to this cause. But though this powerful agent has been thus abused, we must not be deterred from having re- course to it when severe inflammation occurs in the horse. Some- times there is no time to wait for the effects of a slower remedy, even if there is one which will be sufficiently powerful to control the heart’s action. The only sensible plan in such case is to choose the lesser of the two evils, and to save life, or the integrity of the organ attacked, as the case may be, by abstracting blood, always remembering that this is to be avoided as long as it is safe to do so, but that when it is decided on, a sufficient quantity must be taken to produce a sensible effect, without which there is no at- tendant good to counterbalance the evil. BLEEDING is either performed in the jugular vein, when the whole system is to be affected; or when a part of the'body only is inflamed, it may be desirable to abstract blood locally, as for in- stance from the toe or from the plate vein, in inflammation of the foot, and in ophthalmia from the vein which lies on the face just below the eye. THE INSTRUMENTS USED are either the lancet or the fleam. the former being the safer of the two, but requiring some practice to manage it properly. In bleeding from the jugular vein a string is sometimes tied round the neck below the part to be opened, which is four or five inches below the fork in the vein in the upper part of the neck. The skilled operator, however, makes pressure with his left hand answer the purpose of causing the vein to rise, and during this state either uses the lancet with his right or the fleam with the aid afforded by the blow of a short stick, called a “blood stick.” When the blood begins to flow, the edge of the bucket which catches it is pressed against the same part, and as 436 THE HORSE. long as this is continued a full stream will run until faintness , occurs. After sufficient blood has been taken, the two lips of the wound are raised between the fingers, and a sma/l common pin passed through both, when the point is cut off and some tow is twisted round, by which the edges are kept together and the pin is retained in position. In a couple of days the pin may be with- drawn without disturbing the tow, and the wound will heal with little or no deformity. Sometimes the blood continues to flow beneath the skin after it is pinned, and a swelling takes place in consequence, which is called ecchymosis. When this happens, cold water should be freely applied and the head kept up by rack- ing to the manger. THE QUANTITY OF BLOOD necessary to be taken will vary accord- ing to circumstances, and can scarcely be fixed from the appearance of the blood drawn, but a repetition of the operation may be de- cided on if the clot of the blood, after standing, is very concave at the top (cupped), or if itis very yellow (buffed), and especially if both these signs are present. In inflammation of a severe char- acter less than six quarts of blood will seldom lower the pulse sufficiently to be of much service, and sometimes seven or eight quarts even must be taken from a large plethoric animal. INFLAMMATION OF THE VEIN will sometimes supervene upon bleeding, the symptoms being a slight swelling appearing in the evening, or the next day, with a little oozing from the wound. These are soon followed by a hard cord-like enlargement of the vein, which feels hot to the touch, and the parts at the angle of the jaw swell considerably. The consequence generally is that the vein is obliterated, occasioning some disturbance to the circulation, especially when the head is held down, as it is at grass. The treatment consists in cold applications as long as there is heat, the lotion recommended at page 316 being generally useful. When the heat has subsided, and the vein remains enlarged, the binio- dide of mercury will procure the absorption of the new deposit, by rubbing it in as recommended at page 300. FIRING. THE PURPOSE for which the heated 1ron is employed is twofold ; first, to produce immediate counter-irritation, by which the pre- vious inflammation is reduced; and secondly, to cause the forma- tion of a tight compress over the part, which lasts for some months. It is the fashion to deny the existence of the latter effect of this operation ; but every practical man must be aware that it follows FIRING. 437 upon firing to a greater or less extent, according to circumstances, but always lasting for a few months, until the skin stretches to its previous condition. The blemish which it leaves, and the pain which it occasions, both during and after the application of the irons, should cause it to be avoided when any equally useful substi- tute can be employed; but, unfortunately, there are many cases where it stands without a rival, as being at once the safest and the most efficient remedy which can be adopted. Blisters and setons ean be made to cause the same amount of counter-irritation ; but the inflammation accompanying the former often extends beneath the skin, and increases the mischief it was intended to relieve; while the latter has no effect whatever in producing pressure upon the parts beneath. The pain of firing can be relieved entirely at the time of the operation by chloroform; but the subsequent smarting is quite as bad, and this is beyond the reach of any anesthetic. Independently, however, of the interests of the master, it is also to the advantage of the horse to get thoroughly cured ; for if he is not, he will either work on in misery, or he will be con- signed to the knacker’s yard; and, therefore, the adoption of the most efficacious plan of treatment, even if somewhat the most pain- ful, is the best for both. FIRING MAY BE PERFORMED STANDING, by the use of the side line for the hind leg, or by fixing up one fore leg when the other is to be operated on. There is, however, nothing like the break or trevis, where more than a slight extent of surface is to be lined. The firing-iron should have a smooth edge, about the thickness of a worn shilling; and it should be heated to the point when it shows a dull red in the dark. When the disease for which the irons are used is slight, the skin should not be penetrated ; but in bad cases, where the mischief is great, and particularly when it is wanted to have a good permanent bandage, the cauterization must be deeper ; but this requires some practical knowledge to decide. The hair of the part should be cut very closely with the scissors, or shaved ; then, having secured the leg. the iron is to be steadily but rapidly passed in parallel lines over the skin, making just the proper pres- sure which is required to burn to the requisite depth. A light brown mark should be left, which shows that the proper effect has been produced; and the color should be uniform, unless it is de- sired to penetrate deeper at certain parts, which is sometimes practised with advantage. The lines are sometimes made in ‘a slanting direction round the leg, and at others straight up and down ; but it is useless to describe the details of this operation, which can only be learned by watching its performance by another hand. Badly done firing is always an eyesore ; but when the lines are evenly drawn, and they have healed without any sloughs, caused. by irregular or excessive pressure, they show that a master- 458 THE HORSE, hand has been at work, and that the poor beast has been treated scientifically. In very severe diseases, a blister is sometimes ap- plied over the part, immediately after the firing; but this can seldom be required, and as it aggravates the pain tenfold, it should be avoided, if possible. On the following day, a little neat’s-foot oil should be gently rubbed, or brushed with a feather, over the leg; and this should be repeated daily, until the swelling which comes on has nearly subsided. Less than three months’ rest should never be allowed for the operation to have its full effect, as, if the horse is put to work before that time has elapsed, the dis- ease will almost certainly return. Indeed, it is far better to allow double this time, especially if the horse is wanted for fast work. SETONS AND ROWELS. SETONS are pieces of tape or lamp cotton, passed through and beneath the skin, leaving the two ends hanging out, either tied together or with a knot upon each. The latter is the safer plan, as the loop is always liable to be caught on a hook or other pro- jecting body. The needle with which the passage is effected has a spear point, slightly turned up, and an eye at the other end (see fig. 22), through which the tape or cotton is threaded. The Fic. 22.—SETON NEEDLES ONE QUARTER SIZE. ordinary one is about nine or ten inches long, and by its means a tape or piece of lamp cotton, smeared with blister cerate, may be passed through a long track of the cellular membrane, by pinching up the skin into a fold, and piercing this close to the body with the needle, which is then to be carried straight through. On drawing the tape out of the eye, it must be tied in a large knot at each end, which will prevent its slipping out. In three or four days, a profuse discharge will come on, and it must ke kept up, if necessary, by repeated applications of blister cerate, or digestive ointment, as may be necessary. The ends should be sponged occasionally, to remove the accumulated matter. A SMALLER CURVED NEEDLE, about five or six inches long (see lower figure, 22) is used for introducing a seton into the frog, or beneath the eye. For the former operation, a twitch is first applied, and the foot is then buckled up to the arm, as descriled at page 167 The needle then, armed with the tape, greased with ROWELS—BLISTERING. 439 blister cerate, and a little oil to lubricate the surface, is thrust in at the heel and out at the cleft of the frog, taking care not to go deep enough to wound the tendon as it passes over the navicular bone. The needle is then forcibly drawn through, and the tape knotted, as already described. The openings must be kept clean by sponging daily ; and in three or four weeks the tape will have mearly worked its way out, when it may be withdrawn. RoweELs are now seldom employed, being very unmanageable plans for causing counter-irritation. An incision, about an inch long, is made in the skin, selecting a part where it is loosely at- tached, and into this a blunt instrument, called a “cornet,” is pushed, and worked about in all directions, until the skin is sepa: rated from the subjacent parts for a circle with a diameter of from two to three inches. Into this a piece of thick leather of that diameter, with a hole in the middle, is inserted, previously having smeared it with blister cerate; and the part is then left to nature. In a few days, a discharge of matter comes on, which must be washed off occasionally; and in the course of time, the leather, if allowed, would find its way out by ulceration. Before, however, this takes place, it is generally removed. BLISTERING. WHEN IT IS DECIDED TO BLISTER any part, the hair should be cut off as closely as possible; the ointment is then rubbed in with the hand for ten minutes, leaving a good quantity smeared on the surface. If the legs are to be blistered, the heels should be pro- tected by lard. Considerable itching is caused after the first two or three days, and many horses, if allowed, gnaw the part to such an extent as to cause a serious blemish. It is therefore necessary to keep the head away, which is done by putting a “ cradle” on the neck. The irritation of loose straw is very aggravating, and the stall or box should either be bedded with tan, or sawdust, or with used litter, so damp as to lie smoothly. It is generally the practice to put the blistered horse on a bare floor; but he will often do great harm to his legs and feet (which are of course unsound. or they would not be treated in this way), by constantly stamping from the pain occasioned while the blister is beginning to rise. When the legs are stiff and sore from the swelling, he stands still enough, but at first there is nothing of this kind to keep him quiet. James’s blister, which is very mild, and useful for trifling diseases of the legs, or for bringing on the hair after “ broken knee,” can generally be used without a cradle; but even with it, horses will sometimes gnaw themselves, and it is better not to run any risk. At the end of a week, some neat’s-foot oil should be applied every morning, with a feather or soft brush, to keep the scabs as supple 440 THE HORSE. as possible. The various formulas for blisters will be given in the list of materia medica. CASTRATION. FoR REMOVING THE TESTICLES several methods of operation have been proposed; but hitherto none has been tried which is se successful as the old plan, in which the division of the cord is per- formed by a heated iron with a sharp edge. In human surgery the spermatic artery is tied, and all danger of hemorrhage is over, because the small amount of bleeding which takes place from the artery of the cord is of no consequence, as it cannot enter the cavity of the peritoneum. In the horse, on the other hand, the inguinal canal communicates with that cavity, and if the ligature is used, there is a double danger of inflammation—first, from effused blood, and secondly, from the irritation of the ends of the ligature. This plan, therefore, is now generally abandoned, though some few prac- titioners still adhere to it, and the choice rests between two methods of removal by cautery, namely, the actual and potential,—the former giving more pain at the moment when the heated iron is applied, but the latter being really far more severe, as the caustic is a long time in effecting a complete death of the nerve and other sensitive parts. Torsion of the vessels has been also tried, but it is often followed by hemorrhage, and, moreover, the pain which is caused during the twisting of the artery is apparently quite as great as is given by the heated iron. We are all inclined to fancy that fire occasions more agony than it really does, but those who have in their own persons been unfortunately able to compare the effects of the two kinds of cautery, have uniformly admitted that the actual is less severe than the potential, if the two are used so as to produce the same amount of cauterization. THE BEST PERIOD FOR PERFORMING THE OPERATION on the foal is just before weaning, provided the weather is mild. If, how- ever, his neck is very light. and the withers low, its postponement till the following spring will give a better chance for the develop- ment of these parts. The cold of winter and heat of summer are both prejudicial, and the months of April, May, September, or October should always be selected. No PREPARATION IS REQUIRED in the “sucker,” but after wean- ing the system always requires cooling by a dose of physic and light food before castration can safely be performed. Horses which have been in training, or other kind of work attended with high feeding, require at least three weeks’ or a month’s rest and lower- ing, by removing corn, mashing, &c., together with a couple of doses of physic, before they are fit to be castrated. Fork THE ORDINARY }.ETHOD OF OPERATING, a pair of clams should be provided, lined at the surfaces where the compressior CASTRATION, 44] is made, with thick layers of vulcanized india-rubber. This ma- terial gives a very firm hold without bruising the cord, and causing thereby inflammation. A large scalpel and a couple of irons will complete the list of instruments, over and above the apparatus necessary for casting the horse (see Casting, page 433). The horse being properly secured according to the directions there given, and a twitch being put on the lip ix case he should struggle much, the i UJ aes LATE AE Pe ED Fig. 28.— CLAMS LINED WITH VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER. operator, kneeling on the left side, grasps the testicle so as to make the skin of the scrotum covering it quite tense. A longitudinal incision, about three inches long, is then made down to the testicle, which, if care has been taken that there is no rupture, may be rapidly done—a wound of its surface not being of the slightest con- sequence, and giving far less pain than the slow niggling dissection of its coverings, which is sometimes practised to avoid it. The testicle can now be cleared of its coverings, and the hand laying hold of it gently, the operator raises it from its bed, and slips the clams on each side the cord, at once making the proper pressure with them, which should be sufficient to prevent all risk of the part enclosed slipping from between its jaws. Great care should be taken that the whole of the testicle, including the epididimis, is external to the clams; and as soon as this is satisfactorily ascer- tained, the cord may be divided with the ordinary firing-iron at a red heat. To make sure that no hemorrhage shall occur, some . operators sear the artery separately with a pointed iron; but if the division is slowly made with the heated iron, and avoiding any drag upon the cord, no such accident will be at all likely to follow, though very rarely it will happen in spite of every care, The clams may now be removed, and the other testicle treated in the same way ; after which the hobbles are cautiously removed, and the patient is placed in a roomy loose box, where he can take sufficient exercise to insure the gravitation of the discharge, but no more. Tur Frencu Puan, by means of caustic, requires two pieces of wood, each about six inches long and an inch square, with a notch or neck at each end, to hold the twine by which they are tied together, and a groove in the two opposite surfaces, to hold the caustic. This is composed of one part of corrosive sublimate and four of flour, made into a paste with water, and it is intro 442, THE HORSE. duced while moist into the grooves, whick 1t should completely fill The horse is then secured as before, the cord is exposed, the pieces of wood are adjusted on each side, and firmly held together with pincers by an assistant, while the operator binds their ends together with waxed string. The testicle may now be removed with the knife, if the string has been tied sufficiently tight; but unless the operator has had some experience, it is safer to let it remain on till it comes away by the ulceration of the cord. This is the uncovered operation, the covered one being performed with the same instru- ments, as follows. The scrotum is grasped, and opened, taking care to avoid wounding the tunica vaginalis reflexa, or outer serous investment, but cutting down to it through the skin, dartos muscle, and cellular membrane. These are to be carefully dissected back, until the cord can be isolated without wounding its serous invest- ment (tunica vaginalis), which is so thin that it is easy to ascertain with certainty the nature of its contents by examination with the fingers. If there is no hernia, the caustic can at once be applied to its outside in the same way as before; and if there is, it must be pushed back into the cavity of the abdomen, by a little careful manipulation. SOME VETERINARY SURGEONS operate in a similar way to one or other of the two last described plans, with the omission of the caustic, which they maintain is wholly unnecessary, for there must be sufficient pressure to cause a sloughing of the cord. There is certainly some truth in this argument, but if the pressure has not been sufficient to cause the sloughs, the caustic will assure that essential process, and thus it renders the operation safer, though it somewhat increases the subsequent local inflammation. The plan without caustic is almost precisely the same, as far as safety is concerned, as that formerly adopted by country farriers, called “twitching,” in which two pieces of wood were applied on each side the base of the scrotum, and tied firmly at each end. The pain, however, occasioned by the pressure on so large a surface of skin is intense, and the operation is on that account indefensible, . besides which it is not nearly so successful as either the ordinary English or French operations. DOCKING AND NICKING. THESE OPERATIONS ON THE TAIL are subject to the fashion of the day, the former being used for the purpose of shortening its length, which is inconvenient to the rider or driver in dirty weather, and the latter for altering its carriage, when this is too low for the taste of the owner. Nicking, is, however, very seldom practised in the present day, and never to the extent which was the fashion fifty years ago. DOCKING AND NICKING, 443 Docking is very rapidly performed by the aid of the docking- knife, which is made on the principle of the guillotine. As the tail is removed at one sudden and forcible chop, the horse need not be confined in any way beyond fixing up his fore leg, unless he Fig. 25—DocKING-KNIFE. is a very violent animal, when he must be placed in the break (see page 435). The exact length of the dock to be left being fixed upon, the hair is cut off close below, and the remainder tied back to the root of the tail. The situation of the joint, which may be ascertained from its greater prominence, is then marked, by care- fully removing the hair with the scissors, and then laying it in the rounded groove of the wooden frame in which the knife plays, so that the edge of the latter shall exactly correspond with the part to be cut, the handles are suddenly and forcibly brought together, and the end is removed at one blow. A pointed iron should have been previously heated, and then raising the tail to a level with the back, the arteries are first seared, which a very slight touch will effect, and then the point is pushed into the sheath of the tendons lying at the top of the stump, so as to cause them to adhere in that position, and effect a handsome carriage of the tail. Lastly, a little resin is melted over the end of the stump with the iron now pretty nearly cooled, and the operation is concluded by untying the hair. Nickine was formerly carried to such an extent that the poor horse could not lower his tail, but was always obliged to earry it over his back. Several deep cross-cuts were made in the under- side after being docked, and then a cord was fastened to the hair, and being carried over g pulley attached to the ceiling, the tail was kept drawn up over the back by a weight at its end. The horse could lie down by raising the weight, but by no possible means could he lower his tail, and in course of time the wounds healed by granulation filling up their spaces, and the nicking was completed. When a horse now carries his dock too low, a sub- 444 THE HORSE, cutaneous incision of the flexor tendons is made, which is generally sufficient, but if not the pulley is adopted for a few days. Some- times the tail is carried on one side, and then a similar operation by subcutaneous division of the tendons on the side to which the tail is carried will have the desired effect, always taking care in each case to keep the knife clear of a joint. UNNERVING. THE NERVES distributed to the foot are sometimes divided for navicular disease, as they lie on each side of the bone above the fetlock joint. No one, however, should attempt this operation without having previously seen it performed, as it requires cop- siderable dexterity for its due execution. I have described such operations as may be wanted in the parts of the country where a veterinary surgeon cannot always be reached, but unnerving is but seldom required, and I shall therefore omit any detailed account of it. REDUCTION OF HERNIA. HERNIA 1s sometimes strangulated; that is to say, the protrud- ing portion of bowel is confined in its situation by such pressure on its neck as to cause danger of mortification. Under such cir- cumstances, if it is found to be impossible to return the bowel by careful manipulation, an operation must be performed. This con- sists in carefully dissecting through the coverings of the bowel, and when it is exposed, a long and narrow guarded knife (Bistourt caché) is passed by the side of the intestine through the opening into the abdomen, and then making the blade prominent it is with- drawn, and the fibres causing the pressure are divided. This usually allows of the bowel being passed back again into the abdomen, when the operation is completed by bringing the parts together with one or two stitches. WHEN HERNIA OCCURS IN THE COLT either at the navel or scrotum, it is often desired to effect a cure by returning the bowel! and causing the opening to close by adhesive inflammation. [If the colt is uncut, the performance of the covered operation on the French plan (see page 443) will generally succeed, great eare being of course necessary to return the intestine before the clams are applied. In umbilical hernia a similar plan has been tried, but the adhesion is too superficial to be of much use ; and the only successful method is the passage of one or two skewers through the opposite edges of the opening, and then winding some waxed twine round them, with a moderate degree of force. This should not be sufficient to cause mortification, or the opening will only be increased in size, and the bowel will protrude without any covering ef skin; but it should be just sufficient to cause adhesive inflam- ADMINISTRATION OF PHYSIC. 445 mation ; experience in such matters alone enabling the operator to hit upon the right amount. IN ALL OPERATIONS FOR HERNIA chloroform is of great assist- ance, as it prevents the risk of a protrusion of the bowel while the knife is being used, which will otherwise sometimes happen during the struggles of the horse. THE ADMINISTRATION OF PHYSIC. MEDICINE may be given to the horse either in the solid form as a ball, or liquid, and then called a drench, or as a dry powder, when in small compass and with little taste, mixed with the corn or mash. Sometimes also a small quantity of a tasteless liquid, such as liquor arsenicalis, may be given with the food. IN GIVING A BALL, place a halter on the head with a knot, so that the jaws may be widely opened. Then turn the horse round in the stall and back him up to the manger, lay hold of the tongue and draw it out of the mouth, grasp it with the left hand, which must also hold the halter-cord so short that the strain is partly taken off the tongue, and then holding the ball in the right hand with the fingers enclosing it like a cone, and, the arm bare, it should be rapidly carried to the back of the mouth and deposited there, holding the head up till it is seen to pass down the gullet. Cautious grooms use a balling iron, which gags the mouth and protects the arm, but a handy man will have less difficulty in intro- ducing his hand than in inserting the gag, unless the horse is a determined biter, when it may be absolutely necessary. In that case the gag is insinuated with as much ease as a bit in a flat direction, and the handle being suddenly depressed, the mouth gapes and the teeth cannot be brought together. Then holding its handle together with the halter in the left hand, the right easily introduces the ball into the pharynx. IN GIVING A DRENCH, two persons are necessary, the operator standing at the right shoulder, while the assistant is ready to steady the head and aid him on the left. The operator raises the head with his left hand beneath the jaw, and with his right he forces the lip of the horn into the side of the mouth, and, raising the small end, pours the contents in. Ifthe horse is violent, a twitch must be placed on the nose, and held by the assistant. The horn must not be passed far into the mouth, or any unnecessary violence used, for fear of producing a cough; in which case, the hand must be instantly lowered. A neglect of this precaution will probably cause some of the liquid to pass into the larynx. CLYSTERS ARE MOST VALUABLE AGENTS, if properly administered. The best syringe for the purpose is Read’s, by which any quantity may 446 THE HORSE. be thrown fp; and in colic, some gallons of warm water are some- times required to produce the desired effect. For an ordinary opening clyster, a handful or two of common salt may be dissolved in five or six quarts of warm water. BACK-RAKING Is EFFECTED by passing the greased hand and arm into the rectum, and withdrawing any hardened feeces which may have accumulated there. When the quantity of these is great, the hand must be passed several times, until it cannot reach any more. Whenever physic is given to an unprepared horse, as is sometimes necessary in severe disease, this precaution should never be neglected. Mr. Gamgee, of Edinburgh, is of opinion that this operation is more safely and easily performed by the aid of instru- ments, supporting his views by the assertion that the introduction of the hand gives unnecessary pain. On one or two oceasions I have certainly seen a shoulder of mutton at the end of a human arm, and this would perhaps cause some little difficulty; but no hand of average size is nearly so large as the mass of dung usually passed ; and those who are not above doing a dirty job when duty requires it, well know by experience that the hand and arm may be passed to the shoulder without giving any pain whatsoever. In. struments are useful when they cannot be dispensed with, but they are always liable to cause laceration. ALTERATIVES, 447 CHAPTER XXVIII. THE PRINCIPAL MEDICINES, AND THE DOSES IN WHICH THEY CAN SAFELY BE ADMINISTERED :— alteratives—Anesthetics—Anodynes—A ntacids—A nthelmintics —Apertents —Astringents — Blisters —Caustics — Charges— Clysters — Cordials —Demulcents —Diaphoretics —Digestives Diuretics —Embrocations —Emulsions —Expectorants —Feb- rifuges—L otions—Narcotics—R efrigerants—Sedatives—Stim- ulants—Stomachics—Styptics— Tonics —Vermifuges, or Worm Medicines. (The Formule enclosed in [ ] are by the American Editor ) ALTERATIVES. THIS TERM IS NOT VERY SCIENTIFIC, but it is in very general use, and easily explains its own meaning, though the modus operandi of the drugs employed to carry it out is not so clear. The object is to replace unhealthy action by a healthy one, without resorting to any of the distinctly-defined remedies, such as tonics, stomachics, &e. As a general rule, this class of remedies produce their effect by acting slowly but steadily on the depuratory organs, as the liver, kidneys, and skin. The following may be found useful :— 1. In DisorDERED STATEs OF THE SKIN— Emetic Tartar . 4 - c - 5 ounces. Powdered Ginger . é 5 - 3 ounces. Opium. t : é j 1 ounce. Syrup enough to form 16 balls: one to be given every night. 2. Simpty CooLtine— Barbadoes Aloes ° : 2 - I ounce. Castile Soap. aq. 3 . 14 ounce. Ginger. : : : : - 4 ounce. Syrup enough to form 6 balls: one to be given every morning. Or, 8. Barbadoes Aloes C ° A . 14 drachm. Emetic Tartar . c ° ° . 2 drachms. Castile Soap. ° - ; - 2 drachms. Mix. 4. ALTERATIVE BALL For GENERAL UszE— Black Sulphuret of Antimony . - 2 to 4 drachms. Sulphur . : + : 2 - 2drachms. Nitre : A : C - 2drachms. Linseed meal and water enough to form a ball. 448 THE HORSE. 5. For GeneRALLY DEFECTIVE SECRETIONS— Flowers of Sulphur . : - 6 ounces. Emetic Tartar . : : : . 5 to 8 drachms. Corrosive Sublimate . ° ‘ . 10 grains. Linseed meal mixed with hot water, enough to form 6 balls, one of which may be given two or three times a week. 6. In DeBiuity or STOMACH— Calomel . : “ : - - 1scruple. Aloes é bs P : - 1 drachm. Cascarilla Bark, Gentian Root, of each in powder . 1 drachm. Ginger, Castile Soap. 3 . 8drachms. Syrup enough to make a ball, which may be given twice a week, or every other night. AN ASTHETICS. ANZSTHETICS (4, not, privative; a’cOyors, sensation) produce insensibility to all external impressions, and therefore to pain. They resemble narcotics in their action, and, when taken into the stomach, may be considered purely as such. The most certain and safe way of administering them is by inhalation, and chloroform is the drug now universally employed. The modus operandi of the various kinds has never yet been satisfactorily explained; and when the comparison is made, as it often is, to the action of intox- icating fluids, we are no nearer to it than before. With alcoholic fluids, however, the disorder of the mental functions is greater in proportion to the insensibity to pain; and if they are taken in sufficient quantities to produce the latter effect, they are dangerous to life itself. The action of anzesthetics on the horse is very sim- ilar to that on man, ANODYNES, SoMETIMES CALLED Narcotics, when taken into the stomach, pass at once into the blood, and there act in a special manner on the nervous centres. At first they exalt the nervous force; but they soon depress it, the second stage coming on the sooner accord- ing to the increase of the dose. They are given either to soothe the general nervous system, or to stop diarrhoea; or sometimes to relieve spasm, as in colic or tetanus. Opium is the chief anodyne used in veterinary medicine, and it may be employed in very large doses :— 7, ANODYNE DRENCH FOR CoLIo— Linseed Oil P F . ° - 1 pint. Oil of Turpentine . . ; - 1 to 2 ounces. Laudanum - 1 to 2 ounces. Mix, and give every hour till relief is afforded. ANODYNES—ANTACIDS—ANTHELMINTICS., 449 8. AnopyNE Batt For Corre (only useful in mild cases)— Powdered Opium “ 5 < - 4 to 2 drachms. Castile Soap. : : : . 2 drachms. Camphor . 4 : , = - : Grachms. Ginger. : - 14 drachm. Make into a ball with Liquorice powder and Teale ani give every hour while the pain lasts. It should be kept in a bottle or bladder. 9. AnopyNE Batt (ordinary )— Opium. c ° ; c % to 1 drachm. Castile Soap. 5 5 : 2 to 4 drachms. Ginger ° . . - 1 to 2 drachms. Powdered Aniseed : ° 6 - ¥% to 1 ounce. Oil of Caraway Seeds 5 : - ¥ drachm. Syrup enough to form a ball, to be dissolved in half a pint of warm ale, and given as a drench. 10. ANODYNE DRENCH IN SUPERPURGATION, OR ORDINARY DIARRH@A— Gum Arabic ° : 5 c . 2 ounces, Boiling Water . 6 - ° =) Lepint: Dissolve, and then add— Oil of Peppermint . 2 : . 25 drops. Laudanum : : - ¥ to 1 ounce. Mix, and give night and morning, if necessary. 11. In Cuoronitc DiarRH@Aa— Powdered Chalk and Gum Arabic, each 1 ounce. Laudanum : 3 ; é - #4 ounce. Peppermint Water . ° ° - 10 ounces. Mix, and give night and morning. ANTACIDS. AS THE TERM IMPLIES, these remedies are used to neutralize acids, whether taken into the stomach to an improper extent, or formed therein as products of diseases. They are often classed as alteratives when used for the latter purpose. They include the alkalies and alkaline earths, but are not much used in veterinary medicine. ANTHELMINTICS. Druas which are used to destroy worms receive this name in medical literature when the author is wedded to the Greek lan- guage. The admirers of Latin call them vermifuges, and in Eng- lish they receive the humble name of worm medicines. Their action is partly by producing a disagreeable or fatal impression on the worm itself, and partly by irritating the mucous lining of the bowels, and thus causing them to expel their contents. Failing the remedy recommended at page 511, the following may be useful : 12. Worm Batt (recommended by Mr. GAMGEE)— Asafetida ; : : : : . 2 drachms. Calomel F : 5 : c . 13 drachm. Powdered Savin . : : dj . 14 drachm. Oil of Male Fern . : ; - . 30 drops 29 450 THE HORSE. | Treacle enough to make a ball, which should be given at night, and followed by a purge next morning. 13. Mitp DrencH FoR WormMs— Linseed Oil - ‘ : : Spirit of Turpentine . ar ts Mix and give every morning. ANTISPASMODICS are medicines which are intended to counteract excessive muscular action, called spasm, or, in the limbs, cramp. This deranged condition depends upon a variety of causes, which are generally of an irritating nature; and its successful treatment will often depend upon the employment of remedies calculated to remove the cause, rather than directly to relieve the effect. It there- fore follows that, in many cases, the medicines most successful in removing spasm will be derived from widely separated divisions of the materia medica, such as aperients, anodynes, alteratives, stim- ulants and tonics. It is useless to attempt to give many formulas for their exhibition; but there are one or two medicines which exercise a peculiar control over spasm, and I shall give them with- out attempting to analyze their mode of operation. 14. In CoLic— Spirit of Turpentine. : : 33 ounces, Laudanum . . : : - : + ounce. Barbadoes Aloes . - 1 ounce. Powder the Aloes, and dissolve in warm water : then add the other ingredients, and give as a drench. 15. CiystER In CoLtic— Spirit of ee 5 : é 6 6 ounces. Aloes . ; 2 drachms. Dissolve in three quarts of warm water, and stir the turpentine well into it. 16. ANTISPASMoDIC DrencH— Gin : ‘ : : . 4 to 6 ounces, Tincture of Capsicum ; : : 2 2 drachms Laudanum . : i : : : 3 drachms. Warm Water ; 1} pint. Mix and give as a drench, when there is no inflammation. APERIENTS. (Physic Balls and Drenches.) APERIENTS, or purges, are those medicines which quicken or increase the evacuations from the bowels, varying, however, a good deal in their mode of operation. Some act merely by exciting the muscular coat of the bowels to contract; others cause an immense watery discharge, which, as it were, washes out the bowels; whilst a third set combine the action of the two. The various purges also act upon different parts of the canal, some stimulating the APERIENTS. 451 small intestines, whilst others pass through them without affecting them, and only act upon the large bowels; and others, again, act upon the whole canal. There is a third point of difference in purges, depending upon their influencing the liver in addition, whick mercurial purgatives certainly do, as well as rhubarb and some others, and which effect is partly due to their absorption into the circulation, so that they may be made to act, by injecting into the veins, as strongly as by actual swallowing, and their subse- quent passage into the bowels. Purgatives are likewise classed, according to the degree of their effect, “into laxatives acting mildly, and drastic purges, or cathartics, acting very severely. 17. OrpinaRY Puysitc BaALtts— Barbadoes Aloes z é . - 3 to 8 drachms. Hard Soap > 5 - . 4drachms. Ginger . - 1 drachm. Dissolve in as small a quantity of boiling water as will suffice; then slowly evaporate to the proper consistence, by which means griping is avoided. 18, A Warmer Puysic Batr— Barbadoes Aloes : 5 C . 8to 8 drachms Carbonate of Soda . C . « 4% drachm. Aromatic Powder . 6 : - 1 drachm. Oil of Caraway 0 “ : - 12 drops. Dissolve as above, and then add the oil. 19. Gentiy Laxative Batt— Barbadoes Aloes 5 ° 5 - 38to 5 drachms. Rhubarb Powder ; C - 1 to 2 drachms Ginger . 5 * - 2 drachms. Oil of Caraway : . c - 15 drops. Mix, and form into a ball, as in No. 1. 20. Stomacuic Laxative Bais, FoR WasHy Horses— Barbadoes Aloes 4 5 - 38 drachms. Rhubarb . 5 6 - é . 2 drachms. Ginger . : . : - 1drachm. Cascarilla Powder : 5 2 - 1 drachm. Oil of Caraway d . . 15 drops. Carbonate of Soda 14 drachm. Dissolve the Aloes as in No. 1, and then add the cther ingredients. 21. Pureine Baus, wiTH Gbees Barbadoes Aloes 6 3 to 6 drachms Calomel . : . ° . - to 1 drachm. Rhubarb . - a 5 5 - 1 to 2 drachms. Ginger . - 5 - : - % to 1 drachm. Castile Soap . . ° ° - 2drachms. Mix as in No. 1. 22. LaxaTIvE DRENCH— Barbadoes Aloes . e a . 8 to 4 drachms. j Canella Alba . e ° ° - 1 to 2 drachms. Salt of Tartar . 4 e 3 - 1 drachm. Mint Water D) : a 8 ounces. Mia. 452 THE HORSE. 93. ANOTHER LAXATIVE DRENCH— Castor Oil 6 3 to 6 ounces. Barbadoes Aloes 5 . 6 - 8to5 drachms. Carbonate of Soda . : 4 - 2 drachms. Mint Water : 3 8 ounces. Mis, by dissolving the Aloes in the Mint Water by the aid of heat, and then adding the ofher ingredients. 24, A Miip Oreninc DrencH— Castor Oil : : : - 4 ounces. Epsom Salts. = 5 - - 8 to 5 ounces. Gruel 6 5 5 C . > 2 pints. Mix, 25 A vERY Mi_p LaxatTIvE— Castor Oil : C 5 4 - 4 ounces. Linseed Oil : 5 : ; - 4 ounces. Warm Water or Gruel . ° - lpint. Mix 26. Usep IN THE STAGGERS— Barbadoes Aloes Common Salt Flour of Mustard 4 to 6 drachms. 6 ounces. 1 ounce. © ee @ © Water . 2 pints. Mix. 27. A GentLy Cootine DrencH In Suicut ATTACKS OF CoLD— Epsom Salts . ° 5 u . 6 to 8 ounces. Whey : ° . ° 5 - 2pints. Mix. 28, PurGativp ClystER— Common Salt . fe ° 6 . 4 to 8 ounces. Warm Water . : ° ° - 8 to 16 pints. ASTRINGENTS. (For Diarrhea and Dysentery.) ASTRINGENTS appear to produce contraction on all living ani- mal tissues with which they come in contact, whether in the interior or on the exterior of the body; and whether immediately applied or by absorption into the circulation. But great doubt exists as to the exact mode in which they act; and, as in many other cases, we are obliged to content ourselves with their effects, and to prescribe them empirically. They are divided into astrin- gents administered by the mouth, and those applied locally to external ulcerated or wounded surfaces. 29 For BLoopy Urtine— Powdered Catechu . é 6 A ounce. Alum 4 . ounce. Cascarilla Bark i in powder : - 1 to 2 drachms. Liquorice Powder and Treacle enough to form a ball, to be given twice a day. 30. For D1iaBeTes— Opium. 5 5 ° - $drachm. Ginger powdered : 5 : . 2 drachms. Oak Bark powdered . 5 . - 1 ounce. Alum, as much as the tea will dissolve. Chamomile Tea ; . 4 Spin te Mix for a drench. ASTRINGENTS—BLISTERS, OR VESICANTS. 453 31. ExtTeRNaL ASTRINGENT POWDERS FOR UnceratEe > SuURFACES— Powdered Alum 5 a ; - 4 ounces. Armenian Bole B . : - 1 ounce. moe White Vitriol . . e = « 4 ounces. Oxide of Zine . 5 : e - lounce. Mix. 338. ASTRINGENT Lot1ion— Goulard Extract 2 e < - 2 to 3 drachms. Water. . ° ° - ¥ pint. 34. Sulphate of Copper : ° ° - 1 to 2 drachms Water 5 : c ° - $pint. Mix 35. ASIRINGENT OINTMENT FoR SorE HEELS— Acetate of Lead : 5 - 1drachm. Lard : é : - lounce. Mix. 36. ANOTHER FOR THE SAME— Nitrate of Silver powdered : - # drachm. Goulard Extract - C ° . 1 drachm Lard - 1 ounce. Mix, and use a very small portion every “night. BLISTERS, OR VESICANTS. BLISTERS are applications which inflame the skin, and produce a secretion of serum between the cutis and cuticle, by which the latter is raised in the form of small bladders; but in consequence of the presence of the hair, these are very imperfectly seen in the horse. They consist of two kinds—one, used for the sake of coun- ter-irritation, by which the original disease is lessened, in conse- quence of the establishment of this irritation at a short distance from it; the other, commonly called “sweating” in veterinary sur- gery, by which a discharge i is obtained from the vessels of the part itself, which are in that way relieved and unloaded. ‘There is also a subsequent process of absorption in consequence of the peculiar stimulus applied. 37. Mitp Buster OrntMENT (CoUNTER-IRRITANT)— Hog’s Lard ° : : ° - 4 ounces. Venice Turpentine . 5 6 - 1 ounce. Powdered Cantharides = 5 » 6 drachms. Mix, and spread. 38. StronereR BuisteER OintMENT (CouNTER-IRRITANT)— Spirit of Turpentine . A : - 1 ounce. Sulphuric Acid, by measure = - 2 drachms. Mix carefully in an open place, and add— Hog’s Lard 5 ° ° - 4 ounces. Powdered Cantharides : c - 1 ounce. Mix, and spread. 454 THE HORSE. 39, Very Strone Buiister (CounteR-IRRITANT)— Strong Mercurial Ointment s 4 ounces. Oil of Ori iganum : : - ¥ ounce. Finely-powdered Euphorbium - - 3drachms, Powdered Cantharides C - - #4 ounce. Mix, and spread. 40. RapripLy ActTinc BuisTER (CouNnTER-IRRITANT)— Best Flour of Mustard . c - 8 ounces. Made into a paste with water; then add— Oil of Turpentine. 5 . 2 ounces. Strong Liquor of Ammonia : . 1 ounce. This is to be well rubbed into the chest, belly, or back, in cases of acute inflammation. 41, SwEatTine BuistTER— Strong Mercurial Ointment 4 - 2 ounces. Oil of Origanum : ° 5 - 2drachms. Corrosive Sublimate : ° - 2 drachms. Cantharides powdered c C . 8 drachms, Mix, and rub in with the hand. 42. Srrone SwEeaTiIne BuisTER, FoR Spiints, Rine-Bones, SPAvins, &e.— Biniodide of Mercury : : - 1 to 13 drachm. Lard : - Wiounces To be well rubbed into the legs, after cutting the hair short ; and followed by the daily use of Arnica, in the shape of a wash, as follows, which is to be painted on with a brush :— Tincture of Arnica . . C - 1 ounce. Water ; é . ° 5 - 12 to 15 ounces. Mix. 43. Liquip SwEaTING BuisTERS— Cantharides é : = . - 1 ounce. Spirit of Turpentine ° - 2 ounces. Methylated Spirit of Wine : - 1 pint. Mix, and digest for a fortnight ; then strain. 44. Powdered Cantharides : - 1 ounce. Commercial Pyroligneous ‘Acid - 1 pint Mix, and digest for a fortnight: then strain. CAUSTICS, OR CAUTERIES. (To destroy Proud Flesh in Wounds.) CAUSTICS are substances which burn away the living tissues of the body, by the decomposition of their elements. They are of two kinds, viz.: First, the actual cautery, consisting in the appli- cation of the burning iron, and called firing; and, secondly, the potential cautery, by means of the powers of mineral caustics, such as potassa fusa, lunar caustic, corrosive sublimate, &c. Frrina is described in the chapter on Operations, at page 438. The following are the ordinary chemical applications used as potential cauteries :— CAUSTICS, OR CAUTERIES—CHARGES. 455 45 Fusrep Porass, difficult to manage, because it runs about in all directions, and little used in veterinary medicine. 46. Lunar Caustic, or Nitrate of Silver, very valuable to the veterinary surgeon, and constantly used to apply to profuse granulations. 47. SULPHATE or Copper, almost equally useful, but not so strong as Lunar Caustic. It may be well rubbed into all high granulations, A as in broken knees, and similar growths. 48. CorrostvE SuUBLIMATE in powder, whieh acts most energetically upon warty growths, but should be used with great care and dis- cretion. It may safely be applied to small surfaces, but not with- out a regular practitioner to large ones. It should be washed off after remaining on a few minutes. For the mode of applying it in castration, see page 442. 49. YELLOW ORPIMENT is not so strong as Corrosive Sublimate, and may be used with more freedom. It will generally remove warty growths, by picking off their heads and rubbing it in. 50. Murtate or Antimony, called Butter of Antimony; a strong but rather unmanageable caustic, and used either by itself or mixed with more or less water. Bs 51. CHLORIDE OF ZINC is a most powerful caustic. It may be used in old sinuses in solution—7 drachms in a pint of water. MiLprer Caustics :— 52. Verdigris, either in powder or mixed with Lard as an ointment, in the proportion of 1 to 3. 53. Red Precipitate, ditto, ditto. 54. Burnt Alum, used dry. 55. Powdered White Sugar. Miup Ligurip Catsrics :— 56. Solution of Nitrate of Silver, 5 to 15 grains to the ounce of dis- tilled water. 57. Solution of Blue Vitriol, of about double the above strength. 58. Chloride of Zinc, 1 to 3 grains to the ounce of. water. CHARGES ARE ADHESIVE PLASTERS which are spread while hot on the legs, and at once covered with short tow, so as to form a strong and un- yielding support while the horse is at grass. 59. ORDINARY CHARGES— Burgundy Pitch avleiike 4 ounces. Barbadoes Tar . - . 5 6 ounces. Beeswax . 3 ‘ : 5 5 : 2 ounces. Red Lead . " i 3 F 4 ounces, The three first are to be melted together, and afterwards the Lead is to be added. The mixture is to be kept constantly stirred until sufficiently cold to be applied. If too stiff (which will depend upon the weather), it may be softened by the addition of a little Lard or Oil. 456 THE HORSE. 60. ArnicA CHARGE— Canada Balsam. 4 : . : : 2 ouncse. Powdered Arnica Leaves. : é - $ ounce. The Balsam to be melted and worked up with the leaves, adding Spirits of Turpentine if necessary. When thoroughly mixed, to be well rubbed into the whole leg, in a thin layer, and to be covered over with the Charge No. 59, which will set on its outside and act as a bandage, while the Ar- nica is a restorative to the weakened vessels. This is an excellent appli- cation. CLYSTERS, OR ENEMATA. CLYSTERS are intended either to relieve obstruction or spasm of the bowels, and are of great service when properly applied. They may be made of warm water or gruel, of which some quarts will be required in colic. They should be thrown up with the proper syringe, provided with valves and a flexible tube. For the turpentine clyster in colic, see Antispasmodics. Aperient clysters, see Aperients. 61. ANODYNE CLYSTER IN DIARRH@A— Starch, made as for washing . : 5 1 quart. Powdered Opium . , ; ; c 2 drachms. _ The Opium is to be boiled in water, and added to the starch. CORDIALS ARE MEDICINES which act as temporary stimulants to the whole system, and especially to the stomach. They augment the strength and spirits when depressed, as after over-exertion in work. 62. CorDIAL BaLLs— Powdered Caraway Seeds. - . 6 drachms. Ginger . : : 3 : 2 drachms. Oil of Cloves é : . . - 20 drops. Treacle enough to make into a ball. 63. Powdered Aniseed ‘ > é 5 6 drachms. Powdered Cardamoms . P ; é 2 drachms. Powdered Cassia . ‘ ; : 3 1 drachm. Oil of Caraway . : 5 . . 20 drops. Mix with treacle into a ball. 64. CorpIAL DRENCH— A quart of good ale warmed, and with plenty of grated ginger. 65. CoRDIAL AND EXPECTORANT— Powdered Aniseed ‘ 5 4 : 4 ounce. Powdered Squill . ° : : 1 drachm. Powdered Myrrh . : : 4 13 drachm. Balsam of Peru, enough to form a ball. 66. Liquorice Powder : : : ‘ 4 ounce. Gum Ammoniacum . c 5 f 3 drachms, Balsam of Tolu. . F 6 : 14 drachm. Powdered Squill . é é : c 1 drachm. Linseed meal and boiling water, enough to form into a mass, — _ . DEMULCENTS—-DIAPHORETICS —DIGESTIVES, 457 DEMULCENTS ARE USED for the purpose of soothing irritations of the bowels, kidneys, or bladder, in the two last cases by their effect upon the secretion of urine. 67. DeEmMULCENT DRENCH— Gum Arabic . : 3 : e # ounce. Water . Jo pint: Dissolve and give asa drench night and morning, or mixed with a mash. Linseed . c : ‘ : : : 4 ounces. Water . : 1 quart. Simmer till a strong and thick decoction is "obtained, ‘and give as above 69. MARSHMALLOW DRENCH— Marshmallows : ; : : . A double hand- Water . : : : 1 quart. [ful. Simmer, as in No. 68, and use in the same ‘Way. DIAPHORETICS HAVE A SPECIAL ACTION on the skin, increasing the perspiration sometimes to an enormous extent. 70. ORDINARY DIAPHORETIC DRENCH— Solution of Acetate of Ammonia . . 3 to 4 ounces. Laudanum . ‘ 5 : , ; 1 ounce. Mix, and give at night. Or, le Solution of Acetate of Ammonia . A 2 ounces. Spirit of Nitric ther . : - : 2 ounces. Mix, and give as above. 72. In HipE-sounp— Emetic Tartar : 4 : 13 drachm. Camphor A - . - % drachm. Ginger . . 2 ; : > 2 drachms. Opium . : 4 drachm. Oil of Caraway . 15 drops. Linseed meal and boiling water, to form a ‘ball, which is to be given twice or thrice a week. 73. Ly HipE-Bounp (but not so asa at Antimonial Powder : - : 2 drachms. Ginger . : < : - 1 drachm. Powdered Caraways - - c . 6 drachms. Oil of Aniseed . 5 A : . 20 drops. Mix as above. These remedies require moderate exercise in clothing to bring out their effects, after which the horse should be whisped till quite dry. DIGESTIVES. DIGESTIVES are applications which promote suppuration, and the healing of wounds or ulcers. 458 THE HORSE. 74, DIGEsT‘(vVE OINTMENT— Red Precipitate . Venice Turpentine Beeswax. 5 : Hog’s Lard . Melt the three last ingredients over a slow fir stir in the powder. DIURETICS. DrureETICcs are medicines which promote the secretion and dis- charge of urine, the effect being produced in a different manner by different medicines; some acting directly upon the kidneys by sympathy with the stomach, while others are taken up by the blood-vessels, and in their elimination from the blood cause an extra secretion of the urine. -In either case their effect is to diminish the watery part of the blood, and thus promote the absorp- tion of fluid effused into any of the cavities, or into the cellular membrane in the various forms of dropsy. 75. SrimuLatine Diuretic BALL— Powdered Resin = Sal Prunelle e Castile Soap. : Oil of Juniper . 76. A MORE Cootine DivRETIC BALL— Powdered Nitre : Camphor . 5 Juniper berries . ‘ Soap . e, an oe e.@ © Mix, adding linseed meal enough to form a ball. 77. Diuretic PowpER FOR A MasHo— Nitre é Resin 3 ‘ . 78. ANOTHER MORE ACTIVE PowDER— Nitre ' . . Camphor . ° . EMBROCATIONS. EMBROCATIONS, OR LINIMENTS, are stimulating or sedative external applications, intended to reduce the pain and inflamma- tion of internal parts when rubbed into the skin with the hand. 79. Mustarp EmMBrocaTION— Best Flour of Mustard Liquor of Ammonia . Oil of Turpentine Mix with sufficient water to form a thin p aste. ‘ 2 o.1nces. : 3 ounces. < 1 ounce. ; 4 ounces. d when nearly cold 3 drachms. 8 drachms. 3 drachms. ldrachm. Mix. 4 to 1 ounce. 1 drachm. 1 drachm. 3 drachms. 4 to } ounce. z to # ounce. Mix, 6 drachms. 14 drachm. Mix. 6 ounces. 14 ounce. 14 ounce. EMBROCATIONS—EMULSIONS—EXPECTORANTS. 459 80. S1imuLaTiIne EmMBROcATION— Camphor . . : . - - 4% ounce. Oil of Turpentine . ° ‘ - ¥ ounce. Spirit of Wine . 5 é = % ounce. Mix. 81. Sweating EmprocatTion For WInDGALLS, &¢.—- Strong Mercurial Ointment : . 2 ounces. Camphor . O “ F 0 + ¥% ounce. Oil of Rosemary - ° ° » 2 drachms. Oil of Turpentine . . 4 >» lounce. Mix. 82. ANOTHER, BUT STRONGER— Strong Mercurial Ointment > » 2 ounces. Oil of Bay x : . e - 1 ounce. Oil of Origanum i : : . # ounce. Powdered Cantharides 83. A most AcTIVE SWEATING EMBROCATION— % ounce. Mix. Biniodide of Mercury c - - 4to 1 drachm. Powdered Arnica Leaves . 2 - 1 drachm. Soap Liniment . : 5 : - 2ounces. Mix. EMULSIONS. WHEN OILY MATTERS have their globules broken down by friction with mucilaginous substances, such as gum arabic or yelk of egg, they are called emulsions, and are specially useful in sooth- ing irritation of the mucous membrane, of the trachea, and bronchi 84, SImpLE EmvuLston— Linseed Oil . ° 5 : 3 : 2 ounces. Honey . < ; é is F ‘ 3 ounces. Soft Water : 6 F a) lepine Subcarbonate of Potass 2 - y 1 drachm. Dissolve the honey and potass in the water ; then add the linseed oil by degrees in a large mortar, when it should assume a milky appearance. It may be given night and morning. 85. ANOTHER MORE ACTIVE EMULSION— Simple Emulsion, No. 84 < 3 . 7 ounces. Camphor : ; a . - 1 drachm. Opium in Powder . . : ° c Oil of Aniseed : Rub the three last ingredients together i in a mortar with some white sugar; then add the emulsion by degrees. EXPECTORANTS. EXXPECTORANTS excite or promote a discharge of mucus from the lining membrane of the bronchial tubes, thereby relieving in- flammation and allaying cough. 86. ExpecroRANT BALL IN ORDINARY CoUGH wITHOUT INFLAM MATION— Gum Ammoniacum ., : 5 ; $ ounce. Powdered Squill . . . : 1 drachm. Castile Soap . - : 5 “ 2 drachms. Honey enough to form a ball. 460 THE HORSE. 87. [In O_p Stanpina CoueH (StomacH)— Asafoetida 5 5 : Galbanum Carbonate of Ammonia Ginger . Honey enough to form a ball. 88. A Strone Expectorant BALL— Emetic Tartar Calomel . 3 3 ‘ c Digitalis 5 . - . ° Powdered Squills . 3 drachms. 1 drachm. " 3 drachm. : 13 drachm. ; 4 drachm. 15 grains. 3 drachm. 4 drachm. Linseed meal and water enough to form a ball, which is not to be ree peated without great care. FEBRIFUGES (Fever Balls and Powders), GENERALLY CALLED fever medicines, are given to allay the arte- rial and nervous excitements which accompany febrile action. They do this partly by their agency on the heart and arteries through the nervous system, and partly by increasing the secre- tions of the skin and kidneys. 89. Fever Batt— Nitre e e ° e e . Camphor . . Calomel and Opium, OF each : Linseed meal and water enough to form a ball. Or, 90. Emetic Tartar . - Compound Powder of Tragacanth Linseed meal as above. Or, 91. Nitre . e e e e Camphor . e e : e e Mix as above. 92. Cootinc PowpDER FoR MasH— Nitre . e e e e May be given in a bran mash. 93. Cootine DrenoH— Nitre . Sweet Spirit of Nitre Tincture of Digitalis Whey LOTIONS, OR WASHES 4 drachms. x drachm. 1 scruple. 13 to 2 drachms. 2 drachms. 8 drachms. 2 drachms. 6 drs. to 1 ounce. 1 ounce. 2 ounces. 2 drachms. 1 pint. Constst in liquids applied tc the external parts, either to coo} them or to produce a healthy action in the vessels. LOTIONS, OR WASHES, ETC. 461 94, CooLtinc SOLUTION FOR EXTERNAL INFLAMMATION— Goulard Extract c - - 1 ounce. Vinegar . : - : - 2 ounces. Spirits of Wine, or Gin . : - 38 ounces. Water . ° 3 - 1% pint. Mix, and apply with a calico bandage. 95. ANOTHER, USEFUL FOR INFLAMED LEGS, OR FOR GALLED SHOUL- DERS OR Back— Sal Ammoniac . ° 0 = - 1 ounce. Vinegar . 5 ° ° - - 4 ounces. Spirits of Wine S : 5 . 2 ounces. Tincture of Arnica . ° ° « 2drachms. e s se . Water . ° % pint. Mix. 96. Lotion ror Fount Utcers— Sulphate of Copper . ° ° - 1 ounce. Nitric Acid - ° ° . - 4 ounce. Water . ° ° ° ° - 8 to 12 ounces. Mix. 97. Lotion FOR THE EYES— Sulphate of Zine . . c - 20 to 25 grains. Water 5 > . : 5 - 6ounces. Mix, 98. Very STRONG ONE, AND ONLY TO BE DROPPED IN— Nitrate of Silver : : : . 5 to 8 grains. Distilled Water 5 5 ° . 1 ounce. Mix, and use with a camel-hair brush. NARCOTICS. A DISTINCTION is sometimes made between anodynes and narcot- ics, but in veterinary medicine there is no necessity for separating them. (See Anodynes.) REFRIGERANTS LOWER THE ANIMAL HEAT by contact with the skin, the ordinary ones being cold air, cold water, ice, and evaporative lotions. (See Lotions.) SEDATIVES DEPRESS THE ACTION of the circulatory and nervous systems, with- out affecting the mental functions. They are very powerful in their effects; and digitalis, which is the drug commonly used for this purpose, has a special quality known by the name of cumulative—- that is to say, if repeated small doses are given at intervals for a certain time, an effect is produced almost equal to that which would follow the exhibition of the whole quantity at once. Besides digi- talis, aconite is also sometimes used to lower the action of the heart, and by many it is supposed to be equal in potency to that drug, without the danger which always attends its use, 462 THE HORSE. STIMULANTS. By THIS TERM is understoud those substances which excite the action of the whole nervous and vascular systems. Almost all medicines are stimulants to some part or other, as, for instance, aperients, which stimulate the lining of the bowels, but to the general system are lowering. On the other hand, stimulants, so ealled par excellence, excite and raise the action of the brain and heart. 99. Old Ale . n > « 1 quart. Carbonate of Ammonia . ° . to 2 drachms. Tincture of Ginger . . . - 4 drachms. Mix, and give as a drench. For other stimulants, see Cordials. STOMACHICS. STOMACHICS are medicines given to improve the tone of the stomach when impaired by bad management or disease. 100. Stomacu Batr— Powdered Gentian . 4 ounce. Powdered Ginger 134 drachm. Carbonate of Soda . e . - 1 drachm. Treacle to form a ball. Or, ° e ° e e ° 101. Cascarilla, powdered - ° - 1 ounce. Myrrh. “ . . . - 13 drachm. Castile Soap. A 5 5 - 1 drachm. Mix, with syrup or treacle, into a ball. Or, 102. Powdered Colombo . e A - 4% to 1 ounce. Powdered Cassia ° e ° - 1 drachm. Powdered Rhubarb . ° ° - 2drachms. Mix as in No. 2. STYPTICS. Sryprics are remedies which have a tendency to stop the flow of blood either from internal or external surfaces. They are used either by the mouth, or to the part itself in the shape of lotions, ete.; or the actual cautery, which is always the best in external bleeding, may be employed. Sometimes, however, the part cannot be reached with the heated iron, and is yet within the influence of an injection, as in bleeding from the nostrils, for which the fol- lowing may be employed : 108. Matico Leaves : 5 4 : - ounce. Boiling Water : 3 ‘ 3 « ) daping Infuse, and when cold strain and inject into the nostrils, For internal styptics, see Astringents. TONICS, 462 TONICS AUGMENT the vigor of the whole body permanently, while stimu- lants only act for a short time. They are chiefly useful after low fever. 104. Tonto Batt— Suiphate of Tron ° ° ° - $ ounce. Extract of Camomile ° ° - 1 ounce. Mix, and form into a ball. Or, 105, Arsenic . 6 . ° ° - 10 grains. Ginger . ° - ° - 1 drachm. Powdered ‘Aniseed . - 1 ounce. Compound Powder of Tragacanth - 2 drachms. Syrup enough to form a ball. It is a very powerful tonic. VERMIFUGES, OR WORM MEDICINES, ARE DESCRIBED under the head of Anthelmintics, which see. CHAPTER XXIX. ON SOUNDNESS; AND ON THE PURCHASE AND SALE OF HORSES. THE ELASTIC CONSCIENCE OF A HORSEDEALER has become a byword; but I confess that my experience does not lead me to con- clude that the class is more open to charges of unfair dealing than many others whose proceedings have lately been exposed in the Bankruptcy and Nisi Prius law courts. Few intending purchasers of a horse will be content with anything less than what they believe to be absolute perfection in him; and if the seller tells the truth about the animal he has to dispose of, his chance of a sale would be apoorone. The dealer is, therefore, placed in the dilemma of being compelled either to give his horse a character which he does not deserve, or to forego all chance of a sale; and hence it is not sur- prising that he draws rather extensively upon his imagination. According to my experience, however, amateurs are not exempt from this failing; and if I were compelled to purchase a horse from character alone, I should far prefer relying upon that given by a re- spectable dealer. The latter class are, no doubt, more skilled in hiding defects and disease, and therefore it requires a more prac- tical knowledge of the horse to detect their artifices where they are sufficiently shortsighted to adopt them. On the whole, however, it may generally be concluded that unless a gentleman has had an ex- tensive experience in purchasing horses, he will do well to place himself in the hands of a dealer, telling him exactly what he wants, and not pretending a knowledge which he does not possess. 464 THE HORSE. In all large towns there are men of some character and standing who may be selected for this purpose; and in London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Birmingham, Liverpool, Cheltenham, and Leamington, there are repositories, where horses are sold by auction on stated days. These auction-marts save the vendor from all responsibility, whether pecuniary or moral, unless a warranty is given, either of soundness or freedom from vice, and then the stipulation only lasts for forty-eight hours. If the horse is returned within that time, accompanied by a certificate of unsoundness or vice, the auctioneer must take him back, and return the purchase-money, unless he is prepared to dispute the evidence which is forwarded to him. Under ordinary warranties there is no limitation of the time to which they shall extend, and a horse warranted sound may be re- turned at any subsequent time if the purchaser can prove that he was unsound at the time of sale. But the lapse of several weeks or months without doing so is generally considered to be a strong argument that the purchaser did not consider the animal to be un- sound until he gave notice to the vendor; and this is strong pre- sumptive evidence that the unsoundness did not exist. THE DEFINITION OF UNSOUNDNESS is, ‘the existence of dis- ease or alteration of structure which does or will impair the horse’s natural usefulness.” Wick also may be defined, on a similar prin- ciple, as ‘the prevalence of a habit which interferes with the horse’s natural usefulness.” But these definitions must be taken with some modifications, for there is not one horse in a hundred which does not possess some disease or vice likely to impair his general usefulness to some slight extent ; indeed, the proportion of strictly sound horses may be considered to be much smaller even than this. A bad feeder is so generally from a disordered state of stomach, and such a horse cannot stand work like one which will consume double the quantity of corn, yet he would not be consid- ered unsound; nor would a horse be returnable as vicious if he showed the usual symptoms of being “ fresh,” though they might impair his usefulness in carrying a timid rider. But subject to such modifications, the above definitions may be accepted as suf- ficient to make intelligible the terms, Unsoundness and Vice. THE FOLLOWING DISEASES and accidents are generally consid- ered not to render their possessors unsound :— Bo@ spavin, in a slight degree only. A BROKEN KNEE, unless the joint is injured so as to impair its functions, is not considered to be unsoundness. CAPPED HOCKS AND ELBOWS do not produce any lameness, nor do they in any way interfere with the action of the joints to which they are adjacent. CONTRACTION OF THE FOOT is no evidence of disease, and, taken by itself, is not sufficient to prove it to be unsound. Se ON SOUNDNESS. 465 CRIB-BITING was decided, in the cases of Broennenbury v. Hay- cock and Scolejield v Robb, not to be unsoundness; but Baron Parker ruled in the latter that it came within the meaning of tho word “vice.” Undoubtedly this is a habit which is generally at- tended by impaired digestion, and, as such, it comes strictly within the definition given above; but the law is as I have stated it, CurBY HOCKS, though experience may tell us they are likely to be attended by curbs, are decided not to be unsoundness. In Brown v. Ellington, the attention of the vendor was directed to the hocks by the purchaser before the sale, as likely to spring curbs ; but in the action on the warranty it was held by Lord Abinger that ‘Ca defect in the formation of the horse, which had not occasioned lameness at the time of sale, though it might render the animal more liable to be lame at some future time, was no breach of war- ranty;’’ and the Court of Exchequer confirmed this view of the law, by refusing a rule for a new trial. CurTTiNna, on the same principle, is no breach of warranty, unless the horse is lame from it at the time of' sale. A SPLINT is not, in itself, evidence of unsoundness ; but if it is so situated as neces sarily to interfere with the suspensory ligament or tendons, or if it has already produced lameness, it is to be accepted as a mark of unsoundness. THOROUGHPIN, when existing to a moderate extent, is not suf- ficient to render the horse unsound ; but this will always be a ques- tion of opinion, and a horse with thoroughpin i is, therefore, not to be warranted with safety. THRUSH, occurring from mismanagement only, and not from any defect in the horse, is clearly not to be considered as unsoundness. SorENEss of the joints from work, as it soon goes off after a short rest, is not accepted as unsoundness. WINDGALLS are also only evidences of work, and do not usually cause lameness. When this coexists, it is enupecene to produce unsoundness, without resorting to the windealls. THE FOLLOWING LIST comprises the diseases and injuries which have been settled as sufficient to entitle the purchaser to return a horse warranted sound :— Boa spavin, when it is so severe as clearly to interfere with the action of the joint; and BLOOD SPAVIN, as marking an aggravated form of the same disease. BREAKING DOWN, even though the horse is restored so as to run without lameness. BROKEN WIND. CATARACT, in any degree. Corns, unless very trifling ; but they should be discovered within a few days of the sale, or it may be alleged that they have been produced by subsequent mismanagement. 30 466 THE HORSE. Coven, as long as it lasts. A horse with chronic cough is clearly returnable. CURBS constitute unsoundness; but they must be shown to exist at the time of purchase, for a horse may throw one out immediately after he is transferred to the purchaser. DisEases of the organic kind in any of the internal viscera. Farcy. FouNDER, or LAMINITIS, whether it produces lameness or not. if it manifestly has existed, is to be accepted as unsoundness; for when there is evidence of its previous occurrence, the laminge are injured so much as inevitably to lead to lameness when the horse is put to work. GREASE, and GLANDERS. MANGE. Merarims, when the attack comes on subsequently to the sale, and can be shown to have occurred before it. A NERVED HORSE is unsound from the existence of the disease for which the operation has been performed, as well as from the division of the nerves. OPHTHALMIA, if it can be proved to have previously existed, and comes on soon after the purchase, is to be received as unsound- ness. So, also, when any of the evidences of its previous presence can be detected, and are proved by a veterinary surgeon, the horse is returnable. OssiFICcATION of any of the structures adjacent to the joints is unsoundness, and hence ossification of the lateral cartilages will be considered so, without doubt. PUMICED FooT, as evidence of laminitis. QUIDDING. (QUITOR. RiINnGBONES, and SipEBonsEs, whether large or small, are un- doubtedly sufficient to constitute a horse unsound. RoaRinG, whistling, &c., as evidence of contraction. of the rima glottidis, and therefore interfering with respiration. RUPTURES OF ALL KINDS. SPAVIN (bone), although it may not have occasioned lameness, if it is clearly the disease so named. STRINGHALT has been decided to be unsoundness ( Z’hompson v. Patterson). THICK WIND, as marking some impediment to respiration. THRUSH, when it is in one of its severe forms, and not caused by mismanagement. THICKENING OF THE BACK SINEWS, or suspensory ligament, when existing to any extent easily appreciable, is to be received as a proof of unsoundness. RETURNABLE VICES are comprehended in the following List :-— ON SOUNDNESS. 467 Birine, when carried to any unusual extent. BoLtinG or running away. CRIB-BITING. KickinG, when more than usual. RESTIVENESS, or refusal to proceed in the desired direction. REARING. SuHyina, when marked. WEAVING in the stable. WHEN A HORSE IS PURCHASED with the conditions that he is warranted sound, or free from vice, or quiet to ride and drive, the warranty must either be in writing, or given in the presence of a disinterested third person. The form of warranty is as follows, and it is better that it should be on the same paper as the stamped receipt, though this is not absolutely necessary if it is shown that the receipt is properly given. Date. Received of A. B. C. fifty pounds for a bay gelding, by Small- hopes, warranted five years old, sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride and drive. 500. x VoL, Any one or more of these points may be omitted, or the horse may simply be warranted “a good hack,” in which case he must fairly answer that description. The terms “has been hunted,” or “ has carried a lady,” are not to be trusted, as it is only necessary to prove in defence that the horse has seen hounds, and had a woman on his back. WHETHER THE HORSE UNDER EXAMINATION is to be war- ranted or not, the intending purchaser should never omit to look over every point where unsoundness is likely to occur. To do this effectually it should be done regularly, by which there is less chance of passing over any serious defect. The usual mode of proceeding is as follows. Under no circumstances, if it can possibly be avoided, should the horse be looked at immediately after having been out of doors; and if he is of necessity brought to the purchaser, let him be put in the stable and quietly rested for one or two hours at the least, by which time the effects of most of the “coping” tricks will have gone off. BEFORE THE HORSE PASSES THE STABLE-DOOR, stop him with his head just inside, and in that position carefully examine his eyes. The light is exactly suited to this, and the sensibility of the iris may be well judged of. Any specks or opacities are also here readily seen. Then let him be led to a level surface, and then pro- eeed to look over every part, beginning with that nearest the one already inspected, namely, the mouth. Then “cough” him by tightly grasping the larynx, by which some idea may be formed of 468 THE HORSE. the state of his respiratory organs, after which the usual manceuvre with the stick may be practised if there is no opportunity of ex- amining into his freedom from roaring in the saddle. When these points are satisfactorily disposed of, look to the position of the fore legs, that is, whether they are turned in or out, and if the latter feel the elbows, and see if they are confined or “tied,” that is too close to the ribs, also look for marks of cutting and speedy cutting. Pass the hand down the back sinews and suspensory ligaments, ex- amine the knees for any marks, and then carefully feel the coronets and heels for any marks of exostosis or ossification. Lastly, take a good look at the front of the foot, and then lifting it inspect the frog, heels and sole. This will complete the front half uf the body, after which the form of the middle and loins should be regarded, and then, lifting the tail, the openness or otherwise of the space round the anus will give some idea of the strength of constitution, while the resistance afforded by the dock will be a sign of the mus- cular strength of the back. Then look carefully at the hocks, ex- amine the spavin and curb places, and finish the whole by passing the hand down the hind cannon bones to the fetlocks, and feel them in the same order as in the fore legs. Now let the horse rest a minute if his groom will let him, with his head quite at liberty, and you will be able to judge of his ordinary habit of standing, when unexcited. At the conclusion of this careful examination while at rest, the action must be as minutely investigated, by first having the horse walked with a loose rein, and then trotted in the same way slowly, when if he is sound he will put his feet down regularly and firmly. Grooms, when they want to conceal defects, will not let the head be loose, nor will they trot slowly, but bustle the horse along with their hands as close as possible to the mouth, so as to prevent any nodding of the head as much as they can. A very good judge will be perhaps able to select a pleasant pack or harness horse by seeing him thus run, and afterwards ridden, but a far better test is to ride or drive him yourself, when his freedom from vice, or disease, may be ascertained, as well as his manners, and the ease of his various paces. No trouble should be spared to get this real trial, which is worth ten per cent. on the purchase- money, for many a horse which looks to go well does not fee/ so, and it is well worth that sum to be saved the trouble attending upon the possession of a horse which does not suit. When, however, after such a careful examination by a competent judge, and subsequent trial in the saddle or in harness, the horse is found to be really likely to answer all the purposes for which he is wanted, a few pounds should never prevent his being obtained. Photographed from life by ScHREIBER & Son ETHAN ALLEN. SE 2 = WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE VETERINARY SURGEON COMES. BY GEORGE FLEMING, F.R.C.V.S,, AUTHOR OF “TEXT BOOK OF VETERINARY OBSTETRICS,” “PRACTICAL HORSESHOEING,” “ ANIMAL PLAGUES,” “RABIES AND HYDROPHOBIA,” ‘‘HORSESHOES AND HORSE- SHOEING,” ETC., EDITOR OF THE VETERINARY JOURNAL. (469) WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE VETERINARY SURGEON COMES. THOSE who own or have much to do with animals of various kinds, know only too well at times how seriously accidents or dis- ease may diminish the value of these, and cause much incon- venience ; and this loss and inconvenience are all the greater in proportion to the worth of these creatures, either as food producers, servants, companions, or pets. For the treatment of casualties and maladies, when they are at all of a grave kind, the services of the veterinary surgeon are necessary, if permanent impairment, pro- tracted recovery, or even death, is to be averted. With the great advance which has been made of late years in veterinary medicine and surgery, owners of animals have benefited to a corresponding extent, while the animals themselves have had their sufferings abridged and diminished very considerably. But it is obvious that'accidents may occur, or diseases that run their course very rapidly may set in, which demand immediate at- tention to prevent serious or irreparable consequences; and as veterinary aid may not be immediately forthcoming, in the interests of humanity, not less than in their own, the owners of animals should not be altogether ignorant of what is necessary to be done in such emergencies. But while insisting upon their possessing sufficient knowledge to enable them to give such assistance as may for the time being obviate danger, we are far from advising them to dispense with the skill and advice of a competent veterinary sur- geon whenever the case appears to demand his services. Of course, it is difficult to say when these services may or may not be neces- sary, as what might seem a very trivial accident or ailment may prove to be of the gravest kind. It is, therefore, advisable in accident or disease, after rendering all the help the amateur is capable of, to consult the veterinary surgeon in good time, and not delay until it is too late and his knowledge unavailing. Great numbers of valuable animals are annually lost, not only through the carelessness or ignorance of their owners or attendants, but also through unjustifiable delay in sending for the veterinary surgeon, or dispensing with his services altogether from motives of economy. More especially is this the case with regard to such creatures as the (471) 472 WHAT TO DO BEFORE TIE sheep and pig, which are usually left to the mercy of shepherds and uneducated persons, who, however worthy they may be in other respects, yet know nothing or next to nothing of medicine or sur- gery, and are consequently far more likely to do harm than good by their interference, particularly in the matter of disease. It will therefore be understood that the following hints are not meant to enable non-veterinary people to “doctor” animals, but mercly to put them in a position to act usefully in emergencies, be- fore the veterinary surgeon comes. Wounps.—Animals, and especially horses, are very often wounded, and the seriousness of the wound will depend not only upon its extent and character, but also upon the part in which it is made, and especially on the amount of bleeding that takes place. With regard to character, wounds are incised, lacerated, contused, and punctured. Incised wounds are clean cut by some sharp body, and the parts are merely cut through, not torn or bruised; they are made by class, knife, scythe, or any other keen-edged instrument or body, and do not often contain foreign matters, as dirt, grit, &c. Imf clean, and not extensive, and the bleeding slight, they may not require anything done to them until the veterinary surgeon arrives, except keeping them clean. If there is bleeding, cold water may be ap- plied, and the edges of the wound brought as near to each other as possible by means of a bandage, by pins passed through the lips of the wound at intervals of an inch or so, and twine twisted round thom, or by stitches with a strong needle and thick thread. Should the bleeding be profuse, steps must be actively taken to check it until proper aid is procured. Pressure must be made by plugging the wound with tow, cotton-wool, lint, or a handkerchief, if there be space; if the wound be in a limb, then bandaging the part tightly with a handkerchief may check the hemorrhage for the time; if it does not, then severe pressure should be made on the course of the large vess2ls above the wound, by making a bandage or handkerchief into a firm roll, placing it over the vessels—which are always on the inside of the limb—and securing it there by another bandage. The animal should be kept quiet. Lacerated wounds are generally more serious than incised wounds, as the parts are torn and jagged. They are produced by hooks, nails, b:tes, kicks, sharp prominences, stakes in fields, &e. There is seldom so much bleeding as in incised wounds, the vessels being torn instead of cut. They are serious from their extent, the parts injured, and the after consequences. In the region of the belly they may be extremely dangcrous, especially if the skin and mus- cles are go torn that the intestines protrude, or the cavity of the abdomen be opened. Remove any foreign matters from the wound VETERINARY SURGEON COMES, 473 by the fingers, washing with cold or tepid water, and treat as an incised wound, by either bandage, pins, or stitches. ‘l'ears of the abdominal muscles should be treated by stitches, if possible; and if the bowels protrude, the veterinary surgeon should be sent for without delay. Until he arrives the intestines should be cleaned in warm water, if soiled, placed on a cloth, gently returned, and retained by a wide bandage fastened round the body. Sometimes the muscles of the belly are lacerated without the skin being torn, and the intestines make a large swelling beneath the skin. In this case also the wide bandage is most useful. Should there be bleed- ing, apply cold water or plug the wound. If the chest is opened, the body bandage is also to be resorted to, to prevent admission of air. In parts where the skin is fine and thin, as the eyelids and nostrils, the edges of the wound should be brought into apposition as soon as possible, so as to obtain adhesion quickly. ine pins or stitches, or glue or pitch plasters, will effect this. Contused wounds are the most frequent of any among the larger animals, and they are serious from the fact that the parts wounded are also much bruised and torn, so that their vitality is more or less impaired, and sloughing is apt to ensue, abscesses to form, Kc. They are produced by falls, kicks, blows, collisions, bites, &e. Very serious contused wounds are those which occur to joints, as the knees and hocks, and especially when the joints are opened. For contused wounds generally warm water fomentations are best: at any rate, until all grit and foreign matter is removed. Poultices are good supplementary agents, particularly for joints. When the contusions to limbs or joints are severe, the animal should be moved as little as possible. Some contusions and wounds are so serious when inflicted, that there is extreme depression and symptoms of collapse, manifested by cold sweats, trembling, un- steady gait, and coldness of limbs and surface of body. A quart _ of oatmeal gruel with two or three ounces of brandy, to a horse or ox, and a tablespoonful or so of brandy-and-water to a dog, will be beneficial under these circumstances. Rubbing the body and keep- ing it warm will assist in restoring strength. Punctured wounds are produced by sharp-pointed objects, and most important parts and organs may be penetrated without scarcely any external indication of the mischief done. If there is bleeding, plug the wound or apply pressure outside until the veterinary sur- geon comes. Very often the sole of the horse’s foot is wounded by sharp flints, nails, &e. The gravity of the wound will depend upon its depth and situation. A nail penetrating the sole deeply towards the point of the frog is a serious accident. Remove the nail care- fully by pulling it straight and steadily out, have the shoe taken off, all the horn removed from around the wound, keep the foot in 474 WHAT TO DO BEFORE THE a bucket of hot water for an hour or two, then immerse it in a large warm bran poultice. If the foot can be poulticed with a high-heeled shoe fastened on it, so much the better. Punctured wounds of the feet caused by the farrier driving the nails too near or into the quick in shoeing, are not uncommon. Tapping around the foot with a hammer, or pinching it with pin- - cers, will reveal the part where the injury has been inflicted. The shoe must be taken off, the horn removed all round the puncture, and the wound well opened out, to allow any matter that has formed to escape. Then immerse the foot in hot water, and afterwards poultice. Bleeding from the sole or frog, the result of wound, is easily checked by pressure with tow, lint, or a handkerchief, maintained against the wounded part by means of two pieces of hoop iron or tough wood laid across each other between the shoe and the foot. FRACTURES.—It is a somewhat popular notion that broken bones in animals, and especially those of the limbs, do not mend readily ; and it consequently happens that horses and other creatures are im- mediately destroyed, when, in many cases, with proper care and treatment, they might recover and be as valuable as ever. When the bones of the head and jaws are fractured, unless there are grave complications indeed, there is little danger, and a skillful veterinary surgeon can in the great majority of cases make a complete cure, provided he is present in good time. Until he arrives, little can be done beyond keeping the animal quiet. If the lower jaw is broken, it may be supported against the upper one and bones of the face by a bandage, and stiff pieces of leather or pasteboard placed length- ways. Broken ribs are supported by a wide bandage round the chest. Sometimes the tail is broken in horses and cattle, and in this accident a leather or pasteboard splint, or a starch bandage (made by soaking a bandage in ordinary domestic starch, and wrapping it round the part while still moist), will suffice as a tem- porary measure. It not unfrequently happens with the horse, that in heayy falls the pelvis is fractured, so that when the animal rises it drags or strikes the toe or toes of the hind feet to such an extent that it cannot travel any distance; the fetlocks double over, the limbs give way, and repeated falls are the consequence. To get the horse home to his stable, it is necessary to prevent this striking and doubling of the limb or limbs, by passing a rope or band round the pastern and pulling the foot forward in progression. If there is intense lameness and inability to walk, the animal should either be allowed to remain at the nearest stable, or conveyed home in a bul- lock wagon. Fractures of the limbs are serious, according to the nature of the fracture and the bone fractured. Fractures are simple, compound, VETERINARY SURGEON COMES. 475 and comminuted. A simple fracture is merely the bone broken into _ two portions; it is compound when the broken bones lacerate the _ soft parts around them ; and comminuted when the bone is reduced to a number of pieces. x. NSS RMON ANS MRaS x By permission of Currier & Ives. LADY SUFFOLK: AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 515 coming off victorious from both in each match of three events. In 1851 she was only moderately successful. In 1852 she trotted twelve races, and won but once, and in 1853 she appeared twice, but was defeated in both races. She died at Bridgeport, Vt., on March 7th, 1855. ‘Trotting indiscriminately races of five, four, three, two and one-mile heats, in season and out of season, wretchedly managed and driven, no distance seemed too long for her, nor any exertion too great. An honester, gamer, tougher beast never trod the earth; nothing ever daunted her noble spirit ; she never flinched or sulked, and would come up at the judge’s signal for the last heat with the same determination to do or die as at the first, and had she been more judiciously handled, would have won far more victories than stand to her credit. She was six- teen years on the turf, and trotted in one hundred and sixty-one races, Winning eighty-eight, and winning for her owner in purses alone $35,000, at a time when large purses were the exception. In the decade ending in 1853, the principal horses on the turf were Dutchman, Confidence, Ripton, Lady Suffolk, Americus, Moscow, Long Island Black Hawk, Lady Jane, Duchess, Lady Moscow, Lady Sutton, Lady Brooks, Lady Franklin, Lady Litch- field, Lady Collins, Jack Rossiter, St. Lawrence, Beppo, Washing- ton, Independence, Pelham, Zachary Taylor, Mac, and Tacony. It is curious to note the aristocratic names of the performers, the term Lady being almost synonymous with mare. The following lively sketches from Murray’s “Lands of the Slave and the Free” give a fair idea of the condition of the American Trotting Turf as it then appeared to English eyes. If the gallant Captain could revisit our shores now he would find a vast improvement, not only in the time record, but in all the sur- roundings as well. Description oF A Lona Istanp Trotrrine-Matcnu.—‘ The race-course is a two-mile distance, perfectly level, on a smooth and stoneless road, and forming a complete circle. Light trotting- wagons are driving about in the centre, taking it easy at sixteen miles an hour; outside are groups of ‘ rowdies’ making their books, ‘and looking out for greenhorns, an article not so readily found at Long Island as at Epsom. The race is to be ‘ under the saddle,’ and the long list of competitors which had been announced has dwindled down to the old and far-famed Lady Suffolk and the young and unfamed Tacony. A stir among the ‘rowdies’ is seen, followed by the appearance of Lady Suffolk. I gazed in wonder as I saw her—a small pony-looking animal, moving her legs as though they were in splints, and as if.six miles an hour were far beyond her powers. Soon after Tacony came forward, the picture of a good bony post-horse, destitute of any beauty, but looking full of 516 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE good stuff. The riders have no distinctive dress; a pair of Wel- lington boots are pulled on outside the trousers ; sharp spurs are on the heels—rough-and-ready looking prads these. The winning post is opposite the stand; the umpire is there with a deal board in his hand; a whack on the side of the stand, ‘summons to horse ;’ and another, ‘summons to start.’ The start is from the distance-post, so as to let the horses get into the full swing of their pace by the time they reach the winning-post, when, if they are fairly up to- gether, the ery ‘off’ is given; if it be not given they try again. When speaking of the time in which the mile is completed, the fact of its commencing at full speed should always be borne in mind. Sometimes false starts are made by one party, on purpose to try and irritate the temper of the adversary’s horse; and, in the same way, if a man feels he has full command of his own horse, he will yell like a wild Indian, as he nears his adversary, to make him ‘ break up,’ or go into a gallop; and, as they are all trained to speed more by voice than by spur, he very often succeeds, and of course the adversary loses much ground by pulling up into a trot again. On the present occasion there was no false start; the echo of the second whack was still in the ear as they reached the winning-post neck-and-neck. ‘Off’ was the word, and away they went. It certainly was marvellous to see how dear old Lady Suffolk and her stiff legs flew round the course; one might have fancied she had been fed on lightning, so quick did she move them, but with won- derfully short steps. Tack, on the contrary, looked as if he had been dieted on India-rubber balls. Every time he raised a hind- leg it seemed to shoot to his own length ahead of himself; if he could have made his steps as quick as the old Lady, he might have done a mile in a minute nearly. Presently Tacony breaks up, and ere he pulls into a trot a long gap is left; shouts of ‘ Lady Suffolk! Lady Suffolk wins!’ rend the air; a few seconds more and the giant strides of Tacony lessen the gap at every step; they reach the distance-post neck-and-neck : ‘Tacony wins!’ is the ery; and true enough it is, by a length. Young blood beats old blood; India- rubber balls ‘ whip’ lightning. Time,5m. The usual excitement and disputes follow; the usual time elapses, whack number one is heard—all ready—whack number two; on they come; snaffle- bridles—pulling at their horses’ mouths as though they would pull the bit right through to the tips of their tails. ‘Off! is the ery; away they go again. ‘Tacony breaks up; again a gap, which huge strides speedily close up again—Tacony wins. Time, 5 m. 5 s.” In another part of his travels in America, the same gentleman alludes to another locality :—‘‘ The race-course at Philadelphia is a road on a perfect level, and a circle of one mile; every stone is carefully removed, and it looks as smooth and clean as a swept AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 517 floor. The stand commands a perfect view of the course, but its neglected appearance shows clearly that trotting-matches here are not as fashionable as they used to be, though far better attended than at New York. Upon the present occasion the excitement was intense; you could detect it even in the increased vigor with which the smoking and spitting were carried on. An antagonist had been found bold enough to measure speed with ‘Mac’—the great Mac, who, while ‘ whipping creation,’ was also said never to have let out his full speed. He was thoroughbred, about 152 hands, and lighter built than my rawboned friend Tacony, and he had lately been sold for 16007. So sure did people, apparently, feel of Mac’s easy victory, that even betting was out of the question. Unlike the Long Island affeir, the riders appeared in jockey attire, and the whole thing was far better got up. Ladies, however, had long ceased to grace such scenes. Various false starts were made, all on the part of Mac, who, trusting to the bottom of blood, apparently endeavored to ruffie Tacony’s temper, and weary him out a little. How futile were the efforts the sequel plainly showed. At length a start was effected and away they went, Tacony with his hind legs as far apart as the centre arch of Westminster Bridge, and with strides that would almost clear the Bridgewater canal. Mac’s rider soon found that in trying to ginger Tacony’s temper he had pep- pered his own horse’s, for he broke up into a gallop twice. Old Tacony and his rider had evidently got intimate since I had seen them at New York, and they now thoroughly understood each other. On he went with giant strides; Mac fought bravely for the van, but could not get his nose beyond Tacony’s saddle-girth at the winning-post. Time, 2m. 253s. Then followed the usual race- course accompaniments of cheers, squabbles, growling, laughing, betting, drinking, &c. The public were not convinced; Mac was still the favorite; the champion chaplet was not thus hastily to be plucked from his hitherto victorious brow. Half an hour’s rest brought them again to the starting-post, when Mac repeated his old tactics, and with similar bad success. Nothing could rufile Tacony, or produce one false step; he flew round the course, every stride like the ricochet of a 32-lb. shot. His adversary broke up again and again, losing both his temper and his place, and barely saved his distance as the gallant Tacony, his rider with a slack rein and patting him on the neck, reached the winning-post. Time, 2m. 253s. The shouts were long and loud; such time had never been made before by fair trotting, and Tacony evidently could have done it in two if not three seconds less. The fastest pacing ever accomplished before was 2 m. 172 s.; and the fastest trotting, 2 m. 26s. The triumph was complete, Tacony nobly won the victorious garland; and as long as he and his rider go together, it will take, 518 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE if not a rum ’un to look at, at all events a d—1 to go, ere he be forced to resign his championship.” The clever Englishman is too enthusiastic in his estimate of Tacony. He was indeed a good horse, but capable judges of their respective merits esteem Mac the better of the two. The latter’s day was indeed a short one, but his triumphs were neither few nor far between, and were achieved over the most famous trotters of that day, Flora Temple alone excepted. Hiram Woodruff in his “Trotting Horse of America” says, ‘‘ They were very close together when in condition, but Mac had a little the best of the roan, in my judgment, until he was injured by over-driving and got ‘the thumps.’ ”’ _ One of the stoutest and best branches of the trotting family is the Bashaw, which takes its name from Grand Bashaw, who was imported from Tripoli in 1820, and stood in Bucks county, near Philadelphia. His son, Young Bashaw, out of Fancy, a daughter of old Messenger, is the real founder of the family which can boast of Andrew Jackson, and his sons, Kemble Jackson and Long Island Black Hawk, Lantern, Awful, John H., Cozette, Henry Clay, George M. Patchen, and Hopeful. Of these, Kemble Jackson was a famous trotter, and had he lived would undoubtedly have taken high rank as a long-distance trotter. He was a chestnut stallion, with a white hind foot and very game. He commenced his care:r on the Centreville Course December 12, 1850, where he was de- feated by Washington in straight heats over a heavy track. The next year, in April, he beat the Nelson colt in a three-mile race, but in the fall was defeated by Black Harry, three-mile heats, to wagon. In 1852 he trotted but one race, again three-mile heats, and was defeated by O’Blenis. In 1853 he was again defeated, and this time by Mountain Maid. In all these races his defeats were caused by his habit of throwing down his head between his knees, and breaking when he apparently had the race at his mercy, so Hiram Woodruff, who now took him in hand, invented the well-known Kemble Jackson rein to cure him of this habit. On the Ist of June, at the Union Course, he was matched to trot three-mile heats to wagon, wagon and driver to weigh 395 pounds, against O’Blenis, Boston Girl, Pet, Iola, and Honest John. This race attracted great attention, and there was an immense attendance of people to witness it. The contest was mainly between the popular favorites, Kemble Jackson and O’Blenis. The latter was by Abdallah, from whom he inherited all the fine characteristics of the Messenger stock. All the horses came on the ground in good condition, and were well started for the first trial. Kemble Jackson and O’Blenis immediately drew ahead of the others,—Kemble Jackson on the lead, which he DVN AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 519 maintained for three miles, winning the first heat in 8 m. 3 s. Though Kemble Jackson had won the first heat, O’ Blenis was still the favorite, as almost every one expected to see the son of Andrew Jackson make one of his characteristic breaks when pushed by O’Blenis; but thanks to the efficacy of the newly-invented rein and the careful handling of the master reinsman, Hiram Woodruff, to the amazement of the spectators he did not make a single break, and won the second heat and the race easily in 8 m. 42 s.; and though the time has been frequently beaten, this is generally considered one of the best three-mile races ever witnessed on Long Island. His death, which occurred from a rupture a few weeks after this event, was a great loss to the turf. Scarcely had the star of Lady Suffolk set behind the horizon when another star arose whose glory was to eclipse even that of the gallant gray mare. Flora Temple was foaled in 1845 in Oneida Co., N. Y., and made her debut in the summer of 1850, and from that time to her forced retirement in 1861, her career was one of almost uninterrupted victory. During her career on the turf she trotted one hundred and eleven races, winning ninety-three, and earning for her owners in purses and stakes the sum of $113,000. She was a blood bay, by One-Eyed Kentucky Hunter out of Madame Temple, who was got by a spotted horse said to be an Arabian. She was 14% hands high, with black legs, mane and tail, and had a peculiarly quick and nervous gait. When she was but an hour old her breeder, Mr. Tracy, cut off her tail with his jack-knife so short that she was for some time afterwards known as the “ stump-tailed filly.” Mr. Tracy kept her until she was four years old, when, finding her willful and unserviceable, he disposed of her to Mr. William H. Congdon, of Smyrna, Chenango county, for the sum of thirteen dollars. Mr. Congdon shortly afterwards dis- posed of her to Kelly & Richardson for $68. After passing through several hands, part of the time working in a livery stable, she was sold to Mr. George H. Perrin, of New York, for $350, in whose hands the flighty young mare became a true stepper. Her first regular appearance on the turf was at the Union Course, L. L., September 9, 1850, where, a mere outsider, to the astonishment of the turf habitués, she defeated Whitehall and three others, for the magnificent purse of $50, in 2 m. 55 s.,2 m. 52 s., and 2 m. 49 s., after Whitehall had won the first heat in 2 m. 52 s. The next year, owing to an accident, she was not in training, and in 1852 she trotted but two races, both of which she won; but in 1853 she entered in earnest upon her wonderful career, trotting twenty-one races and winning seventeen of them. Her first race that year was at the old Hunting Park Course, Philadelphia, where she was beaten by Black Douglas, a horse of some local celebrity, but after- 520 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE wards beat him twice without much difficulty. She also beat Highland Maid twice, Green Mountain Maid three times, Tacony seven times, Rhode Island three times, and Lady Brooks and Lady Vernon each once. She suffered defeat from Tacony, and once each from Black Douglas and Green Mountain Maid. The next year she defeated Mac, Lady Brooks, Jack Waters, and Green Mountain Maid, and was beaten but once—by Green Mountain Maid. In 1855, after being defeated in her opening race by the gray mare Sontag, and then vainly endeavoring to trot twenty miles against time, she won six races right off the reel, defeating Lancet, Sontag, Lady Franklin, Chicago Jack, Miller’s Damsel, Frank Ferrester, and Hero the pacer. The next two years were principally distinguished by her contests with the slashing black gelding Lancet, in which she carried off most of the honors, although she also found time to meet and conquer Tacony, Chicago Jack, Rose of Washington, Ethan Allen, and others, and reduced her record to 2 m. 243s. In 1858 she was sold to Mr. William McDonald, a wealthy gentleman of Baltimore, for $8000, and during the year scored thirteen victories without a single defeat. Her first race in 1859 was with Ethan Allen, at the Fashion Course, to wagon. Ethan Allen was a beautiful horse, fast and game, with faultless trotting action, but withal not a good weight puller. With a running mate to take the weight of the wagon off of him he could trot like a flash of light, but by himself his fastest time is 2 m. 253s. At the stud he was a success, and his sons and grandsons have done much to add to the fame of the Morgan family. On this occasion Flora beat him in the quick time of 2 m. 25 s., 2 m. 273 s., and 2m. 273s. On June 16, she met the bay mare Princess, who had come from California with a great reputation, especially as a long-distance trotter, but Flora beat her, at the Hclipse Course, three-mile heats, to wagon, in 7 m. 548., and 7 m. 593s. In their second encounter at the same place, twelve days later, Princess won in straight heats, in 5 m. 2 s. and 5m. 5-s., and many astute turfmen thought that the little bay mare had met her mistress; but their third time of meeting Flora won in the quick time for those days of 2 m. 23} 8.,2 m. 22 8., and 2 m. 233 s., and in the fourth encounter—a race of two-mile heats—she likewise beat her, in the marvellous time of 4 m 502 s. and5m.5s. These defeats settled the question of supremacy, and conquered the spirit of the California mare, and, though they afterwards went on a hippodroming tour through the country, Princess never won another race from her. But Flora’s greatest glory was to come. On October 15, 1859, at Kalamazoo, Michigan, in a race with Princess and Honest Anse, she electrified the whole country by trotting the third heat in 2 m. 19} s., which for eight AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 521 years stood at the head of the record, until the mighty Dexter surpassed it at Buffalo in 1867. After this great exploit Flora went to Cleveland, where she beat Princess with great ease and in poor time; and at Cuyahoga Falls, on the 28th of October, she did the same for Ike Cooke. After the crushing defeats of poor Princess, few imagined that any horse would be so bold as to challenge the little bay mare’s premiership. But now the Jersey stallion George M. Patchen threw down the gauntlet, and at the Union Course, November 21, they met in the first of those memorable contests, the recital of which even now causes the cheeks of the old turfman to burn with excitement. George M. Patchen was four years her junior, being foaled in 1849, and was very well bred, his sire being Cassius M. Clay, and his dam by a son of Imported Trustee out of a daughter of American Eclipse. He was a powerful brown horse, above 16 hands high, with great strength and much bone. He was coarse about the head, and heavy in the carcass; but, though he was what might be called a plain horse, his points were uncommonly strong and good, and his action capital. He had defeated such horses as Lancet, Brown Dick, Lady Wood- ruff, Miller’s Damsel, and Pilot, and was no mean opponent even for the little bay mare; but to make the match more open, she was to go in harness while he went uader the saddle. The mare won the first two heats, in 2m. 28 s. and 2m. 23 s., with the stallion close up ineach. In the third, Flora-was first over the score, in 2 m. 24 s., but it was given to Patchen, because of her crossing him and run- ning. Darkness coming on, the race was postponed, and never trotted out. On June 6, 1850, Flora and Patchen met fér the second time. Hiram Woodruff thus describes the race: ‘“‘ It came off on the 6th of June, over the Union Course. The start was even; but Flora soon made a skip, and the stallion got the lead ; but the mare caught, and, going on with uncommon resolution, headed him, and led a length at the quarter in 35s. On the straight work, she drew away a little more; but the stallion now made a great burst of speed, and she broke. At the half-mile, in 1m. 11s., he had a lead of a length, and soon increased it to two lengths; but, upon the turn, the mare squared herself, drew up to him, and came in to the stretch with him. The struggle home was one of the fastest and closest, things that ever were seen. They came on neck-and-neck at an amazing rate; and within three strides of home it seemed to be a dead heat. McMann, at the very last, struck Flora sharply with the whip, let go of her head, and with one desperate effort she was first, by a throat-latch, in 2m. 21s., the best time that we had then seen on the Island. The last half-mile had been trotted in 1m. 10 s., and was a neck- and-neck race nearly all the way. In the second heat, Flora was 522 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE two lengths ahead at the quarter-pole; and Patchen breaking on the back-stretch, her lead was three lengths at the half-mile. On the lower turn he closed the daylight; and another very hard, close struggle up the home-stretch ended in his defeat by only a neck in 2m. 24s. Tallman made an appeal after this heat, alleging that McMann had driven foul, by swerving out, and compelling him to go to the extreme outside. The judges disagreed; but the ma- jority overruled the objection. In the third heat they got off well together. On the turn she led slightly, being on the inside, and at the quarter, in 36 s., she led him nearly a length. He now made a wonderful effort, and trotted one of the best quarters that I have ever seen. He was nearly a length behind at the quarter-pole, in 36 s.; at the half-mile pole, in 1 m.10s., he led. Therefore, he trotted this, the second quarter in the third heat, in better than 34s On the lower turn, he led two lengths. But the mare now gathered herself up for one of her rushes, and closed with him. Up the stretch it was again close and hot. But she had a little the best of it, and at the very last pinch he broke. She won in 2m. 214s. I consider this the best race that Flora Temple ever made; and as the stallion was so little behind her that the differ- ence could not be appreciated by timing, it shows what a remarkable and excellent horse he also was.” On the 12th of June, they trotted two-mile heats in harness, at the Union Course, and Patchen won in two straight heats, in 4m. 58}.s. and 4m. 573s. Two matches were then made, to be trotted at Suffolk Park, Philadelphia, the first, mile heats, three in five; the second, two-mile heats. The first of them was trotted on the 4th of July, and Flora won in 2m. 224s.,2m. 213s. and 2m.3738. On the 10th of July, they trotted the two-mile heat. Patchen won the first heat, in 4m.517s., and would have won the second but for the outrageous interference of a mob, who threw clubs and hats in his face when he had the race well in hand, and frightened him. He was then withdrawn, and Flora declared the winner. At the Union Course, August 2, they met again. Patchen won the first heat in 2 m. 233 s., which is his best record, and Flora the last three, in 2 m. 223 s., 2m. 233 s., and 2 m. 253s. At Saugus, Mass., August 28, she beat him again, and at the Centreville Course, September 24, she beat him two-mile heats, in4m.55}s.and5m. After the failure of Flora to beat Dutchman’s time, they started out upon a hippodroming tour upon much the same principles as those which controlled in her campaign with Princess, and with the same results: Flora taking all the honors, and the gate-money being equally divided between them. After the last of these exhibition trots at Corning, Octo- ber 31, Patchen was sent to the stud, and though he afterwards came out and fought the famous series of battles with General AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 523 Butler, he never met Flora again, and died May, 1864, leaving a reputation of which his numerous descendants may well be roud. Her reputation was now so well established that it was difficult for the mare to find any horse bold enough to contend with her; but at length a new antagonist put in an appearance in John Mor- gan, but in two races at the Centreville Course in June, 1861, mile heats and two-mile heats, he was beaten in the mile race in 2 m. 24% s.,2 m. 26 s., and 2 m. 28}'s., and in the two-mile race in 4 m. 553 s. and 4 m. 524 s. Flora’s owner, Mr. McDonald, sympathizing with the le soon after these races she was confiscated by the government, and her trotting days were ended. She was sold in 1864 to Mr. A. Welch, the princely owner of Leamington and Alarm, for $8000, and at his beautiful farm at Chestnut Hill roamed the meadows in her well-earned leisure. Her first foal was a filly by Rysdyk, son of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, called Kitty Temple, who has never shown any great speed. Her second foal was the stallion Prince Imperial, by William Welch, a handsome, wiry little horse, full of courage and vim. Her third and Jast foal was a filly by Imported Leamington. Flora Temple died December 21, 1877, and was buried in the lawn at Chestnut Hill. While I write there is on the desk before me her fore-leg and hoof, stuffed and mounted by Krider in his most artistic style, and though she was over thirty-two years old at the time of her death, and had been on the turf for eleven years, trotting as few horses ever trotted, there is not a single break or crack in the neat, deerlike hoof; it is as sound and true as when she was foaled. During the first years of the great Rebellion the turf languished well nigh unto death— for the mimic contests of the turf, when on the great battle-fields of Virginia and Pennsylvania the fate of the nation was being decided amid the clash of arms and the thunder of cannon. The sporting papers yielded to the changed state of affairs, and the editorials of the “Spirit of the Times” now breathed forth threat- enings and slaughter, and paid but little attention to aught but the stirrmg news of the day. ven their correspondence was dated from the camps on the Potomac or Rappahannock, and now told only of marches and countermarches and the details of army life. In the Fall of 1862 the turf revived somewhat in the immediate neighborhood of New York, and Lady Emma and Jilt, and General Butler and Rockingham, trotted several notable races, and George Wilkes, the first of Hambletonian’s sons to show to the world the merits of that greatest family of trotters, made his first appearance, defeating Ethan Allen in three straicht heats, in 2m. 2435 2 m. 25% s., and2m.31s. George Wilkes is a dark brown stal- 524 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE lion, 15 hands high, got by Rysdyk’s Hambletonian out of a Clay mare called Dolly Spanker, and great as were his performances, he would in all probability have attained still greater distinction on the turf had he been more judiciously handled and not trotted such severe races before his powers had fully matured. He is now standing in Kentucky, and is perhaps the most promising of all the Hambletonian stallions except Volunteer. In 1863, General But- ler, George Wilkes, George M. Patchen, Silas Rich, California Damsel, and Shark, another son of Hambletonian, were all on the turf, and had it been any other than a war year would have won even greater glory than fell to their share. In the history of all nations there are certain epochs or cycles which are so resplendent with the deeds of some statesman or gen- eral or monarch, that they serve as mile stones along the pathway of the ages and landmarks by which we count the progress of events; so in the history of the turf there have been periods when the pre-eminence of certain horses was so marked that to mention the years in which they flourished is but to recall their names. From 1838 to 1852 had been the era of Lady Suffolk and her famous contemporaries. Flora Temple had flourished from that date until the breaking out of the war, and now was to commence what might be called the age of the Hambletonians, for descendants of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, the old hero of Chester, were now making that name on the turf which they have held to the present day. The war clouds were now breaking away; it could plainly be seen that the days of the Confederacy were numbered; business was prosperous, and the number of wealthy men interested in driving horses had wonderfully increased. The turf was now to enter upon a career of prosperity, and every large city all over the Union was to have its trotting course. The 4th of May, 1864, will ever be a red-letter day in the memory of all turfmen, for that day witnessed the first public appearance of Dexter the incomparable. He was foaled in Orange County, New York, in 1858. His sire was Rysdyk’s Hamble- tonian, and his dam was a daughter of American Star. He is 15 hands 1} inches high, and is a rich brown in color, with four white legs, and a blaze in the face. It was on the Fashion Course, where he beat Stonewall Jackson, ° of New York, General Grant, and Lady Collins. Two days after he beat the last named again on the Union Course. On the 13th of May he defeated Doty’s mare to wagon on the Union Course, and five days afterwards, at the Fashion Course, he beat Shark and Lady Shannon, and jogged out the third heat in 2 m. 30s. On the 3d of June he trotted mile heats to wagon, at the Fashion, against Shark and Hambletonian, but he hit his knee in AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 525 scoring and had to be withdrawn. He did not trot any more that year, but on June 2, 1865, he came out and defeated General Butler at the Fashion Course, trotting the third heat in 2 m. 243s. Ten days afterwards he was pitted against the mighty Lady Thorne, who had a few days previously trotted in 2 m. 243 s., but the lady beat him in four heats, the best of which was 2 m. 24s. This was the only time Lady Thorne. ever beat him. June 26th, Dexter defeated Stonewall Jackson, of Hartford, three-mile heats, to saddle, and then beat General Butler, to saddle, and Butler and George Wilkes, in harness, in straight heats, in both races. He was then backed to trot against time and beat 2 m. 19s., and won easily in the first trial, in 2m.18}s. He then defeated Gen- eral Butler on the Fashion Course, to wagons, in 2 m. 277s. and 2 m. 29s. On the 27th of October the horses met again, two-mile heats, to wagons. Butler had a two-mile record to wagon of 4 m. 56} s., and was considered a fit antagonist for the young champion. Dexter, however, won easily in two straight heats, in 5 m. 3s. and 4m. 5648., and closed his second season in a blaze of glory. He commenced the season of 1866 by defeating General Butler and Commodore Vanderbilt, in two races at the Union Course, the California stallion, George M. Patchen, Jr., also being in the first of them. He had now become so famous that there was a general desire all over the country to see him, and a hippodroming cam- paign, with the California stallion, was arranged, in which Dexter invariably won. In 1867 he defeated Goldsmith Maid once and Lady Thorne three times, and then, despairing of finding any one to make him extend himself, a match was arranged on the Fashion Course between him and Ethan Allen and running mate. The team, contrary to general expectation, won in three straight heats, in 2 m. 15s.,2m.16s., and 2m.19s. Dexter’s real time, though, of course, not a matter of record, was 2 m. 16 s., 2m. 17s., and 2m. 21 s. Mr. Charles J. Foster, in an admirable essay in Wallace’s Monthly, says of this race: ‘This, though a losing one, was the best performance Dexter ever made upon the course. To trot mile after mile at such a rate, against winning opponents, runner and trotter on the outside, and never to flinch an inch, manifests the most admirable resolution. He never broke, and was not forced out at the end of the heats. I never saw another trotter that could, in my estimation, have stood the pinch. I have seen some very fast ones that would have gone all to pieces when collared in the second heat, as Dexter was.”’ Hight days after this severe race he defeated Lady Thorne, two-mile heats, to wagon, in 5m. 1s.and5m.9-s.; and on July 4th, he met with his second defeat from Ethan Allen and running mate, over the half-mile track at Morristown, N. J. On July 10, at Trenton, N. J., he and 526 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE Lady Thorne met for the last time, and with the usual result, On the 16th, he beat Brown George and running mate at Albany, and trotted the second and third heats in 2 m. 203s. He beat them again at Providence, July 26. And on the 30th, he beat them again at the Riverside half-mile course, Boston. In this race he made 2 m. 213 s.,2 m.19s.,and 2m. 2134s. After that, at Buffalo, he beat his Boston time by trotting a mile in 2m.177s. The course was then over a mile in length, and much slower than it now is. He was now purchased by Mr. Bonner, and retired from the turf. Mr. Charles J. Foster, in the essay already quoted, says of him: ‘“ During his career of less than four seasons Dexter won forty- nine races. ‘The great majority of them were mile heats, three in five, in harness. He also won at three-mile heats and at two-mile heats, in harness, and to wagon he was never defeated. He lost a race to Shark through hitting himself. Lady Thorne defeated him once when he was not seasoned, and was off as well. He beat her five times in much better races. General Butler beat him once in a poor race, under saddle, when he was all off. Ethan Allen, with running mate, beat him twice. Dexter made the best mile under saddle, the best mile in harness, and the best mile to wagon that had been made. His two miles to wagon, second heat, was perhaps his greatest performance. He had lots of speed left at the end of it, and could have gone another mile without pulling up at a tre- mendous rate. It is manifest to those who carefully consider the breeding, the form, the wonderful exploits, and the rare character- istics of this famous horse, that he never had an equal.” After Dexter’s retirement came the ladies’ era, when the three great mares, Lady Thorne, Goldsmith Maid, and American Girl contended for the mastery. Of this brilliant coterie Lady Thorne, the big, one-eyed, thorough- bred mare from Kentucky, was easily the first. Standing full 163 hands high, with a good head and neck, deep shoulders, remark- able withers, long-bodied and legey, she was one of the most blood- like and thoroughbred trotters that ever stepped the turf. She had lost an eye accidentally, and had an enlarged ankle behind from her kicking propensities when breaking, and was unusually fiery and high spirited. Her breeding was right royal. Her sire was Mambrino Chief, and her dam a daughter of the thoroughbred Gano, a son of the famous American Eclipse. Her career was worthy of such high lineage, and as she stole around the course with that low, long, sweeping stride of hers, woe betide those con- tending with her; for, though not seeming to be going so fast, she nearly always found herself well in front at the close of each heat. She was on the turf eleven years, and trotted sixty-six races, of which she won fifty-one, and received in purses and AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 52% stakes $61,125, and enjoys the distinction of being the only horse that ever in fair contest lowered the colors of the mighty Dexter. Lady Thorne was foaled in 1856, and trotted her maiden race, when three years old, under the name of Ashland Maid; but, owing to the breaking out of the war and other circumstances, her turf career did not fairly commence until 1863, when she was brought to the east and her name changed to Lady Thorne. In 1865 she beat Dexter at the Union Course, L. I, taking first, second, and fourth heats, in 2 m. 24.s., 2 m. 263 s., and 2 m. 264s. respectively, and the world knew that the big one-eyed mare was a trotter. She also beat that year Frank Vernon, Stonewall Jackson, George Wilkes, and Lady Emma, and did not lose a single race. In the next two years she trotted numerous races against Dexter, George Wilkes, Mountain Boy, Lucy, Lady Emma, Bruno, Old Put, with moderate success; but in 1868 she came out in fine form, beating Lucy, General Butler and George Wilkes, and two others, at the Fashion Course, May 22, in 2 m. 243 s., 2 m. 23:s., and 2 m. 25s. She trotted eleven other races that year, reducing her record to 2m. 21 s., and defeating Mountain Boy, Lucy, George Wilkes, General Butler, Rolla Golddust, Rhode Island, George Palmer. She lost but one race, Mountain Boy beating her at Point Breeze, Philadelphia, September 16. In 1869 she showed still greater speed. She beat Goldsmith Maid in July, in three heats, time, 2m. 212 s., 2 m. 204 8., and 2 m. 213.s.; in August she beat her and American Girl in 2 m. 203 s., 2 m. 203s., and 2 m. 203 s.; on September 9, 1869, at Point Breeze Park, near Philadelphia, she defeated them again in 2m. 2135.,2m.19}s., and 2 m. 23} s., when a greater number of people were assembled than on any pre- vious occasion, ten thousand dollars being taken at the gates for adinission, while a couple of thousand jumped the fence to witness this great race. An old friend says the people began to come in the morning and came all day. Every vestige of space in the club house and grand stand, and upon the roofs of the same, was filled. A fourth time, October 1, she was victorious over the same two mares, George Palmer being also in the race, in 2 m. 204 s., 2 m. 204s., and 2 m. 20 s.; and on October 8, at Narra- gansett Park, she won her best race and made her fastest time, de- feating George Palmer, Goldsmith Maid, Lucy, and American Girl, Winning the first, second and fourth heats in 2m. 19}s.,2m. 181 s., and 2 m. 21 s., George Palmer taking the third heat in 2 m. 197s. George Palmer was a little, lightly built bay gelding, by a horse called Lame Bogus, of whom very little is known. He belonged to Mr. Erastus Corning of Albany, the son of the famous railroad king, and, had he appeared in any other period than that of the three mighty mares, might have achieved much greater fame. It . 528 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE is remarkable that Lady Thorne beat Goldsmith Maid every time she met her, and never lost a single heat to her. In 1870, she trotted but two races at the Fashion Course. July 4, she met and defeated Goldsmith Maid, American Girl, George Wilkes, George Palmer, and Lucy, in three straight heats, in 2 m. 233 8., 2 m. 23 s., 2 m. 24} s., and three weeks afterwards, at Prospect Park, she beat Goldsmith Maid, in 2 m. 19458., 2 m. 203 s.,and 2m. 194s. She was to meet her again at Buffalo, but slipped while being put on the cars at Rochester, and injured her near hip so badly that she was never able to trot again, and was sent to the Fashion Stud Farm at Trenton, N. J. That she attained the limits of her speed is not probable. At the time of her accident she could easily beat all the flyers of the turf, including Goldsmith Maid, American Gi-l, and Lucy ; and though the former afterwards showed a vast improvement upon her old form,’ it is not unreasonable to conclude that Lady Thorne would have done the same, as there is but a year’s dif- ference in their ages, and she was a very well preserved mare for her years. In his reminiscences of trotters, published in the Spirit of the Times, Dan Mace, who knew her so well, says of her: “ You can put it down as an absolute certainty that Lady Thorne could trot a mile in 2 m. 10 s., in harness, in 2 m. 15 8., to wagon. I will not say how much faster than this the old mare could trot. I never saw her trot a full mile at her best but once, and there are two other men living, besides myself, who can tell how fast that was, but I shall never tell, and it is probable that they will not. It was so fast that it would not be credited by the public, and so we agreed that we would never mention the time. But I will say this much : it was a faster gait for the whole mile than I ever saw kept up by any other horse for'a single quarter.” Be that as it may, her retirement left Goldsmith Maid the mistress of the turf, which position she held until her retirement in 1877. Goldsmith Maid was foaled in May, 1857, and is by Alexander’s Abdallah, a son of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, out of a mare by old Abdallah, and she is consequently very closely in-bred to the famous rat-tail sire. She is a blood bay, and stands 154 hands high. She was so wild and ungovernable when young that she was not trained until she was eight years old. In September, 1865, at Goshen, N. Y., she trotted her first race against Uncle Sam, Mountain Boy, and Wild Irishman, and won in three straight heats, in 2 m. 39 s., 2m. 36s., and 2m. 39s. She then beat Sorrel Bill, at Poughkeepsie, making a record of 2 m. 31 s., and was beaten by General Butler, at Copake, N. Y., in fast time. In Copyright Secured. Krom a Photograph by ScuREIBER & Son. AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 529 1866 she trotted eight races, winning all but one, and in 1867, five — races, losing two, once to Dexter and once to Crazy Jane. In 1868 she won eight times, and reduced her record to 2m. 223s. In the fall of this year she was sold to Messrs. Doble & Jackman, and henceforth Budd Doble handled the reins over her. She began the season of 1869 badly by losing five times to American Girl, avery powerful big bay mare by a son of Cassius M, Clay, out of a Virginia mare of unknown pedigree, who was trotting very strongly that year, and gave promise of taking up the sceptre which Dexter had voluntarily laid down. She beat Lucy at Boston, and trotted in 2 m. 203 s. She beat George Palmer on the Fashion Course. She met American Girl at Suffolk Park, Philadelphia, and beat her in three straight heats, all better than 2m. 20s. That was the first time any horse beat 2 m. 20 s. in all the heats of a race. Goldsmith Maid won eight races that year, and beat all those that had beaten her, save Lady Thorne, who was then in her prime, and who won five races from her. In 1870 Goldsmith Maid won eleven times. She did not beat 2 m. 20 s. that year, but she trotted in 2 m. 242 s. to wagon. In 1871 Goldsmith Maid continued her brilliant career. At Fleet- wood Park, Baltimore, Prospect Park, Brooklyn, Boston and Buffalo she beat all her competitors, including American Girl and Lucy. At the latter place she again won all the heats in better than 2m. 20 s. Here she failed in an effort to beat Dexter's time—2 m. 17} s., for an extra purse. But she soon after trotted in 2 m. 17 s. at Milwaukee, and Dexter’s brilliant record was at last eclipsed. Goldsmith Maid continued on the great Western route, and reached as far as Omaha and Council Bluffs, away up the Missouri River. In 1872, after one trot at Philadelphia, the little mare went to Boston, and trotted on the Mystic Course in 2m.16$s. Afterwards, at Prospect Park, she put in all the heats in better than 2 m. 20s.; and at Cleveland she did it for the fourth time. The little mare was now taken across the continent, and at Sacramento, in a little more than a month after her last previous race on this side of the Rocky Mountains, she trotted in 2 m. 17#s. She afterwards trotted at San Francisco, and returning to Sacra- mento, beat Occident very easily. In‘1873 she did not trot any especially fast heat. In 1874 Goldsmith Maid trotted seventeen times, with increase of speed, and did not lose a single race. At Saginaw, Michigan, she went in 2m.16s. At Springfield, Mass., she again made 2 m. 16 s., and all the heats were better than 2 m. 20s. Three times that year she beat 2 m. 20s. in all the heats. At Rochester she trotted a second heat in 2 m. 143s. And at Mystic Park, Boston, September 14, for a special purse, in which she was required to beat her Rochester time, she trotted 34 530 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE a in2m.14s. In 1875 she trotted only six races, and was beaten — once by Lula, who had trotted a mile in 2 m. 15s. at Buffalo the week previous, at Rochester, but beat her at Utica the following week. Lula is a very celebrated bay mare, foaled in 1864. Her sire was Alexander’s Norman and her dam was a daughter of the thoroughbred horse, imported Hooten. Her speed and endurance — are simply wonderful, but she is very high strung and excitable, and though that most brilliant and patient horseman Charley Green handled the reins over her, her disposition is so peculiar that she never afterwards was able to surpass or even equal the glory she obtained by her victory over Goldsmith Maid. In 1876 Gold- smith Maid trotted seven races, losing but that memorable race at Cleveland, described elsewhere. Besides this she trotted against her own record seven times, and though failing to reduce it, she trotted at Belmont Park, Philadelphia, June 23, in 2m.14s. In 1877 she trotted several races in California, against Rarus and others, and at Chico, Cal., May 19, over a rough track, she defeated Rarus, in 2 m. 193 s.,2 m.143s8., and 2m.17s. She was entered in the Grand Circuit in trials for speed, and at the close of the season was retired to the Fashion Stock Farm, at Trenton, N. J., where she now roams the extensive paddock, hale and hearty, with a fine colt by General Washington, the son of General Knox and Lady Thorne, at her side. With such a royal breeding, the youngster should prove a prodigy of speed, and a treasure to the breeding interests of the country. During her career Goldsmith Maid travelled on the cars over 130,000 miles, and earned for her owners over $325,000 in stakes and purses. The year 1875 is a notable one in the annals of the trotting turf. The combined series of trotting meetings which was inaugurated in 1866 by the trotting associations of Cleveland and Rochester, at which meetings the purses given amounted to $15,650, had in- creased in number and importance, until it extended from the . shores of Lake Erie almost to the Atlantic Ocean, and now em- braced the associations of Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Utica, Poughkeepsie, Hartford, and Springfield, and the purses offered at these meetings aggregated the enormous sum of $245,000. Among the horses whose fleet hoofs trod these tracks that season were Goldsmith Maid, American Girl, Lula, Smuggler, Hopeful, Rarus, Lucille Golddust, Judge Fullerton, Great Hastern, Lady Maud, Nettie, St. Julien, Huntress, John H., Cozette, Sensation, Bodine, — May Queen, Scotland, Grafton, Kansas Chief, Belle. Brassfield, Mazo-Manie, Bella, Joker, Little Fred, Clementine, Music, Amy, Mollie Morris, and Thomas Jefferson. No more brilliant collec-_ tion of trotters ever gathered together in any one season. ‘There AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 531 were, of course, other trotting meetings in different parts of the country, but the Septilateral, as the Grand Circuit was called, sur- passed all the other meetings in glory. Thomas Jefferson is a handsome black stallion over fifteen and a quarter hands high, foaled 1863. His sire was the prominent son of Royal George, known as Toronto Chief, a trotter in his day who secured a saddle record of 2 m. 244 s., and a wagon record of two miles (wagon and driver weighing 300 pounds) in 5 m. 21 s. His dam, the renowned ten-mile trotter Gipsey Queen, was a mare of wonderful endurance allied to great speed, and, true to the laws of inheritance, she stamped her own grcat powers and level brain upon her now famous son, in whom the trotting gait has been in- tensified and improved by the cross with Toronto Chief. Her record of 2 m. 44.8. to wagon, July 31, 1858, over Garden City Track at Chicago, three miles to harness in 8 m. 17 s. (the first mile in 2 m. 46s., the second in 2 m. 44., the third in 2 m. 47 8.), and ten miles to harness in 28 m. 39 s., with a repeat race one week after (beaten only by a length) in 28 m. 11 s., is sufficient to entitle her to a place in the history of our American trotters as one of the “ gamest” mares ever known. Thomas Jefferson, ‘The black whirlwind of the East,’ owned by Mr. Wm. B. Smith, Hartford, Conn., is the highest type of the *«¢ American trotter.” His handsome ae high Soe of finish, great and lasting game, and willingness to trot for his life at the close of a heat, “have warmly endeared him to every lover of a good horse. He is one of the purest gaited, and the nearest approach to the finest bred Arabians, of any of the trotting stal- lions that have appeared on the American turf—in beauty, style, and action, being immeasurably superior to the much talked of “Grant” Arabians. Docility of disposition is a leading trait among his produce; in many instances their owners have refused to allow them to be used on the turf or handled therefor—their many good qualitics making them special favorites for gentlemen’s road use. ' His career as a trotter commenced when he was two years old, when he secured a public record of 3 m. 24 s., in a class for those six years old and under. Asa three-year old, in May, 1866, he defeated a daughter of Hambletonian (out of a Star mare) in a class for those four years old and under, winning at his ease in 2 m. 57} s. This season closing July 15, 1866, the horse went on a pleasure trip down to Boston with an eye to business as well. He went from Providence to Boston alone, unaccompanied by an attendant, standing between the trotting geldings Honest Abe and Old Put. He won several races that year, and finished with a record of 2 m. 45s. In 1867 his owner challenged the most famous two colts of that day—Gift, by Mambrino Pilot, and Strideaway, son of the 532 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE world-renowned pacing mare Pocahontas (whose pacing feat of 2 m. 174 s. to wagon has never been beaten). The driver of Gift saw Jefferson trot a half-mile over Narragansett Park in 1m. 16% s., and declined the challenge. Jefferson won seyeral races the same year, and reduced his record to 2 m. 423's. In 1868, at Norwalk, Conn., in an exhibition of stallions five years old and under, he outtrotted them all, but was awarded only second money on account of size, a stallion by Eureka taking first premium. In 1870 he won nine hotly contested races, and reduced his record to 2m. 29%s. In 1871 he won five hard-fought races, defeating such prominent trotters as Roden’s Prince, Medoc, Shepherd F. Knapp, ~ George Wilkes, and Major Allen, closing the season with a record of 2m. 253s. From 1871 to 1874 he was mainly kept in the stud, trotting only a few races each fall season. In 1874 he served fifty- three mares, and was withdrawn from the stud only twenty-seven days before the famous stallion race of August 4 at Buffalo, where le defeated the leading champions of the day, Smuggler, Mambrino Gilt, Joe Brown, and Pilot Temple, in a six-heat race, winning the last three heats in 2-m, 23} s.,2 m. 264 s!,and 2m. 283s. On May 27, 1875, at Point Breeze Park, he won the last three of a five-heat race, time'2 m. 253's., 2m. 24s., 2 m. 253 s., 2m. 254 s., and 2 m. 263 s., beating St. James, Sensation, and Young Bruno, the former taking the first two heats. One week later he again met and defeated Sensation at Prospect Park in three straight heats, in 2 m. 262 s., 2m. 24s8., and 2m- 23s. September 14, 1875, he won the stallion race at Boston, defeating Commonwealth, Defiance, Parkis Abdallah, Ned Wallace, and William H. Allen.. On Mon- day of the next week, on a comparatively bad day and heavy track, he defeated Comee, Bella (Maud), Molsey, and John H., in 2 m. 243 s., 2m. 23 8., 2 m. 243 .s., and 2 m. 24 s. (Comee taking the first heat). Jefferson’s time in the last heat as officially announced for the last half was 1 m.-103 s. In 1871, in a race at Prospect Park, he trotted the last half ofa mile in 1 m. 93.8. The follow- ing week, at Narragansett, he trotted the last half of the third mile outside of two horses in 1 m. 93s. At Poughkeepsie, in 1875, he trotted three-quarters of a mile in 1 m. 454.s.; at Boston, in the stallion race, the last three-quarters of the third mile, outside of two horses, in 1 m. 45.s., on a bad day and a heavy track. In 1876, at the American Centennial Exhibition, he received the highest award of merit. The following week he defeated Barney Kelly at Waverly, N. J. In trotting condition he weighs 940 pounds, in stud condition 1050 pounds. Four of his get are now in the 2 m. 30 s. class, while fourteen of them have records better than 3 m. In 1879, at Connecticut State Fair, his get were awarded the first premiums in the suckling, yearling, two-years old, and three-years ZZ 7 eae Lae Photo: frame Tite by Schreiher& Sons: Phi Engraved by- 5.) #4 ~- wie | AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 533 old classes, while Jefferson himself was awarded the first sweepstake premium as a trotting sire. The Centennial year is noted for the wonderful achievements of | Goldsmith Maid and Smuggler. The former, in her nineteenth | year, trotted against time in 2 m. 14 g., her previous record, and | won six of the seven races she trotted that year, losing but one race—that at Cleveland, won by Smuggler. The latter won for himself a mighty name, as the only horse able to tear the laurels | from the brow of the peerless Queen of the Trotting Turf, and | secured the best record ever made by a trotting stallion. Smuggler is a brown stallion, standing 15 beds 3 inches high, ! with a pid face. He was foaled near ‘Columbus, O., in 1866, nad was got by Blanco, a son of Iron’s Cadmus, the sire of the famous pacing mare Pocahontas, and his dam was a bay pacing mare brought from West Virginia. The dam of Blanco was by Blind Tuckahoe, _ason of Herod’s Tuckahoe. He consequently inherits a good share of pacing blood mixed with thoroughbred, and when he was taken to Kansas by his owner, in 1872 , he was a confirmed pacer. He was there placed in the hands of Mr. Charles Marvin, and under his tuition developed into a most promising trotter. In an inter- view with Mr. Cyrus Lukens, the well-known writer on horse sul- jects, at Belmont Park, just before his race with Judge Fullerton, Mr. Marvin, when asked what special mode of training he had followed to change this natural gaited pacing horse gnto the wonderful trotter, replied: “At whatever gait Smuggler goes he always is fast, but to keep him steady at a fast trotting gait, it is necessary for him to have perfect confidence in his driver.” He also said that he had developed Smuggler’s great rate of speed, and had shown Col. Russell fast miles low down in the twenties, before this gentleman had purchased the horse. He then had returned to his home in Kansas. Some time after this Col. Russell entered Smuggler in the great National Stallion Race, to take place August 4, ‘1874, at Buffalo, and commenced fitting him for it. About one month before the race, it became evident to the owner that it would be necessary to secure the services of Marvin _ to drive the horse. He arrived about two weeks before the race, “when,” said he, “I found that the horse had forgotten me, and when we started into the race I doubted my ability to win that day with Smuggler; I had not had enough time to regain his con- fidence. But we passed the summer together, and I knew before the notable stallion race, won by Smuggler at Mystic Park, near Boston, September 14, 1874, that we could win, as well as I did after it was over, because I then had the confidence of the horse, and had him well conditioned. It would never have done to beat _ nor abuse this horse. My success with him has been chiefly owing 534 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE to my patience and perseverance in waiting for him to come to the 1 great speed that I knew he had, at whatever gait he might be / going.” In July, 1873, he showed a trial of a mile over the Olathe j t track in 2 m. 193 s., a performance which excited great sensation in trotting circles. He was then taken to New York, and at the | Prospect Park Course was given a public trial of three heats, in- 2m. 193s., 2m. 21}s., and 2 m. 21 s., trotting the last half of) the third mile in 1 m. 9 s. His first appearance in a race was at Buffalo, August 5, 1874, in a purse of $10,000, free for all stallions, where he was pitted against Thomas Jefferson, Mambrino Gift, and several others of the most noted trotting stallions of the continent. He won the first and second heats in 2 m. 22} s. and 2 m. 202 s., wonderful time for a “green” horse, but becoming tired and discouraged by the excessive scoring, was last in the third heat and distanced in the fourth. Mambrino Gift won the third heat, but Jefferson lasting the longest won the last three heats and the race. On September 14, of the same year, he won the chaypion stallion race at Mystic Park, Boston, in three straight heats, in 2 m. 23 s.,2 m. 23 s., and 2 m. 20 s., which was then the best stallion record, defeating Phil Sheridan, Henry W. Genet, Commonwealth, Mambrino Gift, and Vermont Abdallah. In 1876 at Belmont Park, Philadelphia, July 15, he beat Judge Fullerton, in 2m. 173 s.,2m.18s., 2m. 17s., and 2 mg 20 s.; the second heat being a dead heat between them. This splendid achievement elevated him to the highest pinnacle of fame as the champion stallion of the world, and with the laurels of this victory fresh on his brow, he entered the Circuit in the free-for-all purse at Cleveland, O., July 27. As this race is one of the most famous in trotting annals, we copy the following graphic description from the graceful pen of Hamilton Busbey, which ap- peared in the Turf, Field and Farm of August 4, 1876: “When the bell rang for the open-to-all horses to appear, a buzz of expectation was heard on all sides. It was known that Lula would not respond to the call, she having made an exhibition the previous day, besides she was not in the bloom of condition; but Lucille Golddust was there to battle for the Babylon stable, and she was a mare of tried speed and bottom. The knowledge that Lula would not start steadied the quaking nerves of Doble, and he ceased to plead for a special purse and permission to withdraw. He thought that Geldsmith Maid would have a comparatively easy time in capturing first money, and his confidence made the old mare the favorite over the field. Smuggler was deemed an uncer- tain horse, and there was no eagerness to invest in pools on him. But the stallion was'cheered almost as warmly as the Maid when he jogged slowly past the stand. Lucille Golddust, Judge Fullerton AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 535 and Bodine were also received with applause. The great drivers of the country were behind the great horses of the country. Budd Doble pulled the lines over Goldsmith Maid; Charley Green stead- ied Lucille Golddust; Pete Johnson controlled Bodine; Charley Marvin watched over the fortunes of Smuggler; and Dan Mace was up behind Judge Fullerton, having come from New York for the express purpose : of driving him in the race. Twice the horses ' came for the word, and twice they failed to get it. They were then ordered to score with Lucille Golddust, and succeeded in get- ting off. The Maid had the best of the start, and, quickly taking the pole from Judge Fullerton, gayly carried herself in the lead. It was where she was accustomed to be, and so she trotted in the best of spirits. Fullerton did not act well, and he brought up the rear rank the entire length of the course. Along the back-stretch Smuggler began to close a gap, terrific as the pace was. After passing the half mile he drew dangerously near the Maid, but it was noticed that he faltered a little. The cause was not then understood, but it was made plain when the patrol judge galloped up to the stand with a shoe in his hand which had been cast from the near fore foot. Around the turn the stallion pressed after the mare, and down the stretch he drove her at the top of her speed, the thousands giving vent to their enthusiasm by cheering and clapping hands. Smuggler had his nose at the Maid’s tail when she went under the wire, in 2m. 153s. Bodine was a good third, his time being about 2 m. 17 s., and Lucille Golddust was fourth, Fullerton just inside of the flag. Smugeler’s performance was an extraordinary one. He trotted for something like three-eighths of a mile with his equilibrium destroyed by the sudden withdrawal from an extreme lever point of a shoe weighing twenty-five ounces. Only once before had he cast a shoe in rapid work without break- ing, and that was in his exercise at Belmont Park. Keen judges are forced to admit that the stallion would have won the first heat in 2m. 15s. had no accident befallen him on Thursday. Prior to this season Smuggler carried a thirty-two ounce shoe on each of his fore feet, but now he seems to be steady under the reduced weight. The scoring in the second heat was a little more trouble- some than that in the first heat. Smuggler left his feet several times, and it looked as if he was going to disappoint his owner and trainer. On the fourth attempt the horses got away, the Maid in the lead. The stallion made one of his characteristic bad breaks around the turn, and all hope of his winning the heat was lost. Bodine and Fullerton also were unsteady. Lucille Golddust did good work, and she was second to the Maid when the latter went over the score in 2m. 17}s. Smuggler finished fifth, Marvin only trying to save his distance. Goldsmith Maid was distresed, but 536 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE her friends were confident that her speed and steadiness would carry her safely through. It was almost dollars to cents that she would win. The word was given to a good send off in the third heat. The Maid had the pole, which advantage she did not sur- render, although she went into the air around the turn. She was quickly caught, and Doble drove her carefully along the back- stretch, followed by Fullerton, who seemed to be content with the position of body-guard to her queenship. After passing the half- mile, Marvin urged Smuggler into a quicker pace, and the stallion was observed to pass Lucille Golddust, then Fullerton, and to swing into the home-stretch hard on the Maid’s wheel. Doble used all his art to keep his mare going, but Marvin sat behind a locomotive and could not be shaken off. The stallion got on even terms with the Maid, and then drew ahead of her in the midst of the most tumultuous applause, beating her under the wire three-quarters of a length. The scene which followed is indescribable. An elec- trical wave swept over the vast assembly, and men swung their hats and shouted themselves hoarse, while the ladies snapped fans and parasols and bursted their kid gloves in the endeavor to get rid of the storm of emotion. The police vainly tried to keep the quarter-stretch clear. The multitude poured through the gates, and Smuggler returned to the stand through a narrow lane of humanity which closed as he advanced. Doble was ashy pale, and the great mare which had scored so many victories stood with trembling flanks and head down. Her attitude seemed to say, ‘I have done my best, but am forced to resign the crown” The judges hung out the time, 2 m. 164 s., and got no further in the announcement than that Smuggler had won the heat. The shouts of the thousands of frenzied people drowned all else. During the intermission the stallion was the object of the closest scrutiny. So great was the press that it was difficult to obtain breathing room. He appeared fresh, and ate eagerly of the small bunch of hay which was presented to him by his trainer after he had cooled out. It was manifest that the fast work had not destroyed his appetite. The betting now changed. It was seen that the Maid was tired, and her eager backers of an hour ago were anxious to hedge. In the second score of the fourth heat the judges observed that Smug- gler was in his stride, although behind, and so gave the word. In his anxiety to secure the pole Doble forced Goldsmith Maid into a run, and as Lucille Golddust quickly followed her, the stallion found his progress barred unless he pulled out and around them. Marvin decided to trail, and he kept in close pursuit of the two mares even after he had rounded into the home-stretch. Green would not give way with Lucille, and Doble pulled the Maid back just far enough to keep Marvin from slipping through with the a AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 537 stallion. The pocket was complete, and thought to be secure. A smile of triumph lighted Doble’s face, and the crowd settled sullenly down to the belief that the race was over. Marvin was denounced as a fool for placing himself at a disadvantage, and imagination pictured just beyond the wire the crown of Goldsmith Maid with new laurel woven into it. But look! By the ghosts of the de- arted! Marvin has determined upon a bold experiment. He falls back, and to the right, with the irtention of getting out around the pocket. Too late, too late! is the hoarse whisper. Why, man, you have but one hundred and fifty yards in which to straighten your horse and head the Maid, whose burst of speed has been held in reserve for just such an occasion as this! Her gait is 2m. 14s., and you—well, you are simply mad! The uncounted thousands held their breath. The stallion does not leave his feet, although pulled to a forty-five angle to the right, and the moment that his head is clear and the path open, he dashes forward with the speed of the staghound. It is more like flying than trotting. Doble hurries his mare into a break, but he cannot stop the dark shadow which flits by him. Smuggler goes over the score a winner of the heat. by a neck, and the roar which comes from the grand stand and the quarter-stretch is simply deafening. As Marvin comes back with Smuggler to weigh, the ovation is even greater than that which he received in the preceding heat. Nothing like the burst of speed he had shown had ever before been seen on the track, and it may be that it will never be seen again. Marvin had two reasons for going into the pocket. In the first place, he thought that Green would pull out when the pinch came and let him through, and in the second place, he erroneously supposed that Doble would push the Maid down the stretch and leave him room to get out that way. It was bad judgment to get into the pocket, since, had the Maid won the heat, the race would have been over; but it must be admitted that Marvin acted not without a show of reason. In riding at the gait he was riding, a man does not have any extra time to mature his plans. The heat was literally won from the fire. It was only the weight of a hair which turned the scales from defeat to victory. Doble was more deeply moved by the unexpected result of the heat than by anything else which hap- pened in the race. His smile of triumph was turned in one brief instant to an expression of despair. The time of the heat was 2m. 19$s. Smuggler again cooled out well, nibbling eagerly at his bunch of hay, while the crowd massed around him. The Maid was more tired than ever, while Lucille Golddust showed no signs of distress. When the horses responded to the bell for the fifth heat it was evident that a combination had been formed against Smuggler. All worked against him. Lucille Golddust and Bodine e 538 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE worried him by repeated scorings, and when they excited him into a break and he grabbed the unfortunate shoe from the near fore foot, the hope began to rise that the star of the stallion had set. The shoe was put on, the delay giving the Maid time to get her second wind, when the scoring again commenced. Smuggler was repeatedly forced to a break, and for the third time in the race he grabbed off the near fore shoe. Misfortunes seemed to be gather- ing thickly around him, and the partisans of the Maid wore the old jaunty air of confidence. Before replacing the shoe, Colonel Russell had it shortened at the heel. It was a new shoe, and one adopted by Marvin against the judgment of Russell. +The shell of the foot was pretty badly splintered by the triple accident, but the stallion was not rendered lame. As much as an hour was wasted by the scoring and the shoeing of Smuggler, which brought all the horses to the: post looking fresh. Smugeler had the worst of it, as he was the only one which had not enjoyed an unbroken rest. Finally the word was given for the fifth heat. Fullerton went to the front like a flash of light, trotting without skip to the quarter pole in 33s. Smuggler overhauled him near the half-mile, and from there home was never headed. The Maid worked up to second position down the home-stretch, the stallion winning the heat in 2 m. 17} s., and the hardest-fought race ever seen in the world. ‘The evening shadows had now thickened, and as the great crowd had shouted itself weak and hoarse, it passed slowly through the gates and drove in a subdued manner home.” In the following week, at Buffalo, he was so badly used up from the effects of his bruising race at Cleveland, that he was in no con- dition to trot, and was defeated by the Maid in the fastest three consecutive heats ever trotted; time, 2m. 16 s., 2m. 154s., and 2m.15s. At Rochester the Maid failed to put in an appearance, and Smuggler won in three straight heats, 2m. 153.s.,2 m. 18 s., and 2m.19}s. On August 24, at Poughkeepsie, he was distanced in the first heat; and on September 1, at Hartford, he trotted against Goldsmith Maid, Judge Fullerton, and Bodine, and won the first two heats in 2m.15}8. and 2m.17s. In the second heat he wasVery far behind at the start, and the judges were much blamed in con- sequence. Notwithstanding this, he closed up the gap, and made a dead heat with the Maid in 2 m. 16% 8. Goldsmith Maid then took the last three and the race in 2 m. 174 8., 2m. 18 s8., and 2m. 19 s., Smuggler pushing her closely in them all. At Spring- field he trotted in the same company, but did not win a single heat. later in the season he trotted two races against the mam- moth trotter Great Eastern, but acting badly, he lost them both. He was then sent to the stud, where he bids fair to become a great success. AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 539 Rarus then took up the crown which Goldsmith Maid had laid down, and right regally he wore it. He is a long-striding, ungainly- looking bay gelding, sixteen hands high, with a blaze face and white ankles. The old adage, “blood will tell,’ does not hold good in his case, for the pedigree of his sire is entirely unknown, although his owner, Mr. R. B. Conklin, and Mr. George Wilkes, the editor and proprietor of the Spirit of the Times, have used every endeavor to trace it. All that is known is that Conklin’s Abdallah, for so the sire of Rarus is called, before his purchase by Mr. Conklin, performed the ignoble duty of drawing a fish-cart for a fish-dealer in Fulton Market, New York. Conklin’s Abdallah is the sire of some twenty other horses besides Rarus, but the best of them are only fair roadsters. The dam of Rarus was by Tele- eraph, her dam being a Black Hawk mare, and it is probable that she is the source of his wonderful speed. Rarus first appeared on the turf at the Suffolk County Fair, at Riverhead, in the fall of 1871, where he won the four-year old stakes in three straight heats, the best of which was in 2 m. 423 s. In 1874 he trotted six races, winning four of them, and obtaining a record of 2m. 283s. The next year he was kept busily at work. He commenced the season at Grand Rapids, Mich., June 9, where Mollie Morris beat him, Gen. Grant and Molsey being also in the race. On the 17th Lady Mac beat him at South Bend, Indiana. On July 7, at Detroit, Grafton defeated him in straight heats. Two weeks later, at Sandusky, the entrées for the Grand Circuit having closed, he was allowed to go to the front, and scored his first win, beating a field of three in slow time. He then entered the Grand Circuit in the 2 m. 27 s. class at Cleveland, July 30, winning a red-hot race from the little Mollie Morris (who won the first two heats), Carrie (who tcok the third), and four others, in 2 m. 233 s., 2 m. 252 s., 2 m. 244 s., 2 m. 243 8., 2 m. 23} 8., 2m. 263 s.; but at Buffalo, the following week, Mollie Morris reversed the verdict, beating him in three straight heats. At Rochester, Utica, and Hartford he won easily, reducing his record to 2 m. 203s. After this he trotted six races, but seemed to be somewhat off, winning but two of them, being beaten by Lady Maud twice, and by Kansas Chief and Sensa- tion each once. In 1876 he had his own way in the 2 m. 205. class of the Septilateral Circuit, excepting at Cleveland, where May Queen beat him, winning the six remaining races in the easiest manner, without reducing his record, though it was evident he could trot low down in the “teens” whenever he chose to do so, and at Fleetwood Park, N. Y., October 26, he won a fast race, trotting the fifth heat in 2 m. 20 s., and closed the season with this record against him. Tate in the fall he was taken to California, and his first races in 1877 were against the peerless Goldsmith Maid, who 540 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE was also wintering there, and although she beat him five times out of six, he lapped her out in 2m. 143 s. at Chico, and beat her at San Francisco, May 26, when she was out of condition, lowering kis record to2m.194s. He also won races from Sam Purdy and Bodine. After the race with Goldsmith Maid he came East, and won every race he started in. At Cleveland, Buffalo, Rochester, Utica, Hart- ford, Long Branch, New York, Cleveland again, Columbus, and Cincinnati, it was the same story. He always won, and from such horses as Hopeful, Great Eastern, Lucille Golddust, Cozette, and Albemarle. His record was now 2 m. 16 8., and it was conceded that there was not a horse on the turf that could make him extend himself; and so, in 1878, he was confined to special speed purses generally, to beat Goldsmith Maid’s famous record of 2m. 148. At East Saginaw, Mich., he trotted a mile in 2 m. 143 s., without a break or skip. At Cincinnati, July 4, he made the fastest per- formance over a half-mile track, 2m.17s. At Cleveland he trotted in 2m. 1448, 2m.15s., and 2m. 148., and at Buffalo, August 3, 1878, he eclipsed all previous records and trotted a mile in 2 m. 134s. This great event is admirably described by an eye witness, Mr. Hamilton Busbey of the Turf, Field and Farm. “The last event on the card was the fight of Rarus against old Father Time. The track was fast, although a trifle hard. Bets were freely made that 2 m. 14s. would be beaten. The first trial was not encouraging. Jarus went to the quarter in 353 s., to the half in 1 m. 93 s., to the third quarter in 1 m. 43s., and came home in 2m. 17s. In the second trial he went to the quarter in 333 s., and made a very bad break. Splan pulled up and jogged around in 2m. 50s. As he approached the wire he nodded for the word, and Mr. Hamlin shouted ‘Go.’ The horse left his feet on the turn, and Splan again pulled up. It began to look badly for those who had backed the horse against time. Rarus was halted and sponged, and then the discovery was made that he was hitched too short. The buckles were changed and he was ready for a new trial. During the pause a crowd gathered in front of the judges’ stand and clamored for a decision. They insisted that those who had backed time in the second heat had won. The judges declined to express any opinion in the matter, but quietly wrote 2 m. 50s. under 2 m. 17s. on the blackboard, and turned it outward. Splan then came to the wire the fourth time for the word. Rarus went off level, and when he passed the quarter in 353 8., and moved steadily forward, the hope took root that he would eclipse all former efforts. He was at the half-mile pole in 1 m. 53 s., a winning pace, but the question was, could he keep up the stride. The critical few shook their heads as if to say the half is too fast for the horse to finish well. Smoothly, evenly, without the least jar or friction, AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 541 the tall and gallant bay strode to the three-quarter pole, which he reached in 1 m. 383s. ‘By Jove! he will beat the Maid’s time,’ was the exclamation which came from all sides. There was a strange fascination in watching the horse and listening to the tick of the watch. Time is a relentless old fellow, and tolerates no mis- takes. Every one knew that Rarus could not afford to trip or slacken his pace. In order to beat the long registering hand of the watch to the fourteenth second mark after two circuits of the dial, it was necessary for him to preserve a stroke and to show a courage which no horse before him had ever shown. Grandly, stoutly, he came forward, Splan sitting well poised in the sulky, and watching the movement of his ears with his keen black eyes. After passing the distance stand, the whip was gently laid on the back of the horse, and as he neared the wire six thousand people rose to their feet and held their breath. Under the wire Rarus shot, and the hands of the watches stopped short—2 m. 13 s.; no, 2m. 137 8, say the judges, and cheer after cheer rolls over the track. The horse and driver received a perfect ovation when they returned to weigh, and it was with difficulty that Splan could make his way through the crowd and up into the judges’ stand. When he reached ’ the steps, he cleared them at three bounds, and, after hand-shaking, was led to the rail and presented with a handsome basket of flowers by President Bush. No words were spoken. It would have been useless to have attempted speech-making in the presence of the crowd which filled the quarter-stretch, and which made the ground shake with its shouts. The’scene is indescribable. While Splan was blushing and bowing his acknowledgments- to the applauding thousands, Rarus was being unharnessed, and he looked on with dazed eye, quivering nostril and trembling flank. He had made a new mark in the annals of the turf, had wiped out the record of Goldsmith Maid, which had headed the list for so many years, and modesty well became him in the hour of his brilliant success. It was a proud day for Buffalo Park, and those who were present will never forget the uproar caused by the beating of 2m.14s. Had Splan not gone to the half quite so fast, it is contended by a good many that he would have marked below 2 m. 13 s., and I incline to the correctness of this view.” At Rochester and Utica he did not perform up to his reputation, but at Hartford, August 23, in the famous duel with Edwin Forrest, he trotted in 2 m. 15 s., 2 m. 133 8., and 2 m. 13? s., the fastest three heats on record. The fame of this exploit extended over the country, and henceforth the Rarus days were the big days of all the meetings at which he appeared during 1878 and 1879, and with little effort he could earn from two to three thousand dol- lars a week from the opening of the trotting season to its close. 542 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE His last race was at Utica, August 28, 1879, where he beat Hope- ful easily in 2 m. 174s., 2 m. 163 s.,and2m.16s. After some negotiations, Mr. Robert Bonner, who already had in his stable Dexter, Joe Elliott, and Edwin Forrest, purchased him for $36,000, and withdrew him from the turf forever. Many good judges consider Edwin Forrest the fastest trotting horse in the world, not excepting the mighty Rarus. He is a rich bay gelding, 16 hands high, was foaled in Cass county, Missouri, in 1871. His sire was a horse called Ned Forrest, Jr., and his dam a granddaughter of the thoroughbred Leviathan. Taken to Kentucky when young, he trotted his first race there in 1875. In 1877 he won two races at Madison, Ind., beating Proteine, Kitty Bates, and Andy Meshon, while in a race which he lost at Lexing- ton, Ky., he attained a record of 2 m. 2548. In 1878 he passed into the hands of Gus Glidden, and entered the Michigan Cireuit in the spring, but being kept for the Grand Circuit he was not allowed to win for fear of lowering his record. At Toledo, however, the entries to the Grand Cireuit being completed, he was given his head and won in straight heats, the fastest of which was 2 m. 23 s. When the bell rang for the 2 m. 24s. class at Cleveland, July 24, 1878, and Trampoline, Darby, Edward, Dick Moore, Alley, and Edwin Forrest answered the summons, the spectators knew that there would be a good race, but few expected that Edwin Forrest, after breaking and losing the first heat to Edward, would win the last three heats in the quick time of 2 m. 194 5s., 2 m. 203 s., and 2 m. 183 s., the last heat being won ina jog. At Buffalo he won from the same field in 2m. 208., 2m. 203 8., and 2m. 207 s., and at Rochester he won again in quick time. In all these races his superiority over his opponents was so evident that at Utica a con- spiracy was formed by the owners and drivers of the various horses in the race, Forrest’s driver being one of them, to make him a ereat favorite in the betting, and then pull him so as to lose the race. This disgraceful job succeeded only too well, and the speedy Edward was the winner; and though the National Association months afterwards ferreted out and punished the originators and abettors of the fraud, it will be years before the turf recovers from the wounds it then received at the hands of its professing friends. In the fourth heat of that race he came from the rear at the last with a burst of speed that amazed all beholders, and caused Charley Green to make a dead rush for his owner and secure the refusal of him at $16,000, within five minutes. The real purchaser was Mr. Robert Bonner, of New York. Not wishing to endanger the reputation of the horse until he should become familiarized with his new driver, Green did not start him until the last day of Hartford Meeting. When, after Rarus had AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 543 trotted his first trial in the Special Speed Purse, in 2 m. 15 s., the starters proclaimed that Mr. Green had a horse that he thought could go in about 2 m. 10 s., and Edwin Forrest was brought out, few thought that the statement was more than an empty boast. Charley Green drove him, and at the second attempt nodded for the word. The horse struck out gamely, and was at the quarter in 34 s.—half a second better than Rarus had just done. Down the back-stretch he went like the wind, and passed the half in 1 m. 6}. He slowed up from this flying pace on the turn, and came by the three-quarter pole in 1 m. 40} s. (third quarter in 34 s.), and came down under the wire in 2 m. 144 s.—half a second better than Rarus had done. When this was announced the excitement was ‘intense, for 2 m. 143 s. was all Goldsmith Maid could do at Hart- ford, two years previous. Rarus was now put on his mettle, and trotted the second trial in 2 m. 133 s. (last quarter in 323s.). But Green thought he could beat that, and that Forrest was the horse that could do it. On the second trial he was sent off, and he went to the quarter in 334 s., without a skip. Then it seemed as if he had not been half trying. Such trotting was never seen before. He fairly flew, and it looked as though 2 m. 10 s. would be made; but the pace was too fast, and he broke badly when about eight lengths from the half-mile pole, losing several lengths, but Green caught him skillfully, and he was soon under full headway, reaching the half- mile pole in 1 m. 54s. (second quarter in 31} s.). Before he reached the middle of the third quarter he again went in the air, and though he soon recovered, Green had lost hope of surpassing his first effort and did not hurry him. The three-quarter pole was passed in 1 m. 4()i s., and he was coming down the home-stretch at a fair gait, when a friend who had run up to that place motioned to Green to go on, as there was still hope. From that point Forrest was sent along, and came under the wire, amid loud cheering, in 2 m. 16 s. Since he became an inmate of Mr. Bonner’s stable his progress has been truly wonderful. In the month of July of the present year (1879) Mr. Robert Bonner drove him to wagon on his three- quarter mile track near Tarrytown, N. Y., a mile in 2 m. 153 s., and a week later Mr. A. A. Bonner drove him a mile in harness in 2m.13}s. On August 9, Mr. John Murphy, the favorite pupil of old Hiram Woodruff, drove him a mile in the marvellous time of 2m. 113s. Although these trials were witnessed by several reliable persons, and the time made can be depended upon as en- tirely accurate, not having been made in a public race, neither they nor the trial at Hartford can go upon the record, and as Mr. Bonner never permits any of his horses to trot in public for a sum of money, but keeps them solely for his own driving, it is not likely that the world will ever know how great a horse Edwin Forrest really is. 544 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE The little gray gelding Hopeful, the pride of Dan Mace’s heart, is a very fast horse. He was foaled in Maine in 1866, and was sired by Godfrey’s Patchen, a son of Flora Temple’s famous competitor, and his dam was a gray mare by the Bridham horse, who is supposed to have been aa immediate descendant of Win- throp Messenger. He first appeared on the turf at Springfield, August 25, 1873, but only finished fourth in a field of five. He then essayed his fortunes in four races, winning two of them and a record of 2m. 25s. In 1874 he trotted seven races, winning five, being beaten only by Bodine, the fast son of Volunteer, and lowered his record to 2 m. 21 s. At Fleetwood Park, May 22, 1875, Kansas Chief beat him. He now lay by until August 5, when he appeared at Poughkeepsie in the 2 m. 18 s. class, defeating Lady Maud, Judge Fullerton, who took the first heat, Huntress and two others, in 2 m. 21 s., 2 m. 223 s., 2m. 28s., and2m.28s. At Hampden Park, three weeks later, he beat Lady Maud and Kansas Chief in 2 m. 28s., 2 m. 248., and 2m. 20s., and on the last day of that month, at Hartford, he beat Lady Maud, Lucille Golddust, and Henry, in 2m. 18}48., 2m. 223 s., and 2m. 2335., Lady Maud taking the third and fourth in 2 m. 19 8. and 2 m. 203 s., and at the same place, September 3, he defeated Auicrican Girl in three straight heats in 2 m. 17} s., 2m. 18}8., and 2m. 187s. Great as the achievement was, Dan Mace, in his ‘“‘ Experience with Trotters,” published in the Spirit of the Times, says, “On that day Hopeful could have trotted a mile in 2 m. 12 s., although his best time was only 2 m. 174s. I never let loose of his head, never asked him to go, and never wanted him to go; and in no place in that mile did he go as fast as he could. . . . I don’t think there is a horse alive that can out-trot him now; not a horse on the turf that can outspeed him.” In 1876, owing to a foot difficulty, he was unable to trot, but, June, 1877, at Fleetwood Park, he started in the Free-for-all Purse, with Judge Fullerton, Albemarle, and Ade- laide, and astonished his owner, driver, and everybody else, by his performance, winning the first heat in 2 m. 183 s., by three-quar- ters of a second the fastest mile ever trotted on the track, and taking the race handily without a skip, in three heats—time, 2 m. 1835., 2m. 20s. and 2m.21s. At Boston, July 5, he beat Great Eastern in 2 m. 22s., 2m. 2038., 2 m. 183 s., and 2 m. 193 s., Great Eastern taking the second heat. He next appeared in the Grand Circuit at Springfield, Mass., July 13, where he beat Judge Fullerton for the Free-for-all Purse, then back to Boston, where, July 23, he met the great Smuggler and defeated him in straight heats, the fastest of which was 2m.193s. He did not start at Cleveland, Buffalo, or Rochester, but at Utica, August 17, he suffered defeat from Lucille Golddust, who had to trot in 2 m. AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 545 17} s., 2m. 18?s., and 2m. 18?s. to beat him; but at Poughkeepsie he regained his laurels, defeating Lucille Golddust and Nettie after a hard-fought race of five heats. At Hartford, Long Branch, Fleet- wood Park, and Cleveland, Rarus beat him, and he went into win- ter quarters quite under a cloud. In 1878 he went through the Michigan Circuit with success, was beaten by Great Eastern at Toledo in slow time, and entered the Grand Circuit at Cleveland, July 25, where he beat Proteine, Great Hastern, Nettie, and Cozette in the wonderful time of 2 m. 174 s., 2 m. 153s. and 2 m. 153 s., and at Buffalo, Rochester, Utica, and Hartford, he was alike triumphant, and at Minneapolis, September 6, he attained the height of his glory by trotting a mile in 2 m.14?s. At Kansas City, September 20, he beat Great Hastern in straight heats, and in the following week at Quincy, IIl., he beat him and Scott’s Thomas. At St. Louis, October 3, he trotted against time in 2 m. 157 s.,2m.15s., and 2m. 153s. At Chicago, October 10, a handicap was devised, Hopeful to go in harness against Rarus to wagon and Great Hastern under the saddle. The little gray geld- ing won in2m.1738s.,2m.175s., and 2m.168., and two days after at the same meeting trotted against time, to wagon, in 2 m. 163 s.,2 m. 17 s., and 2 m. 178., which is the best wagon time on record. He wound up this memorable year at Albany, N. Y., winning the special purse, best time 2 m. 20}.s. He wintered at Point Breeze Park, Philadelphia, and came out in fine fettle for the season of 1879. At Suffolk Park, May 16, he trotted against time in 2 m. 18 s., wonderful time for so early in the season. Over the Ambler half-mile track, May 22, he trotted in 2 m. 193 s., 2m. 19s., and 2 m. 223 s., the three fastest heats ever trotted over a half-mile track in Pennsylvania. At Belmont the following week he trotted against time in 2 m. 21 s.,2m 174s., and 2m. ‘174 s., and then, taking Horace Greeley’s famous advice to “ go West,” he started for Chicago, stopping at Butler and Bradford, in the western part of Pennsylvania, at which he trotted in 2 m. 187s. and 2 m. 19? s. respectively, winning good purses at both places. At Chicago his good fortune left him, and in his endeavor to beat Goldsmith Maid’s famous record, 2 m. 18? s. was the best he could accomplish. - From this time until late in the fall he was out of condition and unable to do anything worthy of his fame. Rarus beat him easily at Chicago, Cleveland, and Utica in straight heats. But the gray was recovering some of his old form, and an immense crowd assembled at Hartford to see the meeting between the two flyers; but Rarus was sold to Mr. Bonner just before the race and did not make his appearance, and in order that the spec- tators might not be disappointed, a race was improvised with the wonderful blind pacer Sleepy Tom, who had paced a mile at Chicago, 35 546 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE July 25, 1879, in 2 m.12}s.; but the pacer was of no account that day, and Hopeful won easily. At Minneapolis, September 5, he beat the gray pacer Lucy, and at Quincy, IIl., he beat her again, the time at the latter place being 2 m. 163 s.,2m.173s.,2m.17s., and 2m.18}s. At Cedar Rapids he trotted against time, but could do no better than 2 m. 234 s., and with this failure he closed his labors for the season. Always a difficult horse to keep in con- dition, he has done but little since worthy of his past reputation, and to see him now one is reminded of Johnson’s lines, “ Superfluous lags the veteran on the stage.” “Le roi est mort! vive le roi!” The news of the withdrawal of the mighty Rarus from the turf had hardly grown cold, before a mightier than he dashed from the obscurity in which he had re- mained for four years, and almost at a single bound gained the proud position which Rarus had vacated. St. Julien, whose mile in 2 m. 123 s. stands at the head of the record, is a handsome bay gelding, 15% hands high, with two white feet and a slight star in his fore- head. His entree into trotting society is interesting. One bright sunny day in 1873, Mr. James Galway, who owned a half-mile track at the beautiful village of Goshen in Orange county, N. Y., was attracted by the appearance of a handsome bay colt who spun around the track at a rapid gait. The track when not wanted for the regular races was generously thrown open to any of the neigh- boring farmers or village horsemen who wished to try the mettle of their horses, and being kept in good condition, was frequented daily by many who imagined they were the happy possessors of future Dexters or Edwin Forrests. The driver of the colt in ques- tion was a stranger, old and shabby,.and the wagon and harness were in keeping with the driver’s appearance, but the horse’s action was so good and his speed so evident, that Mr. Galway hailed the stranger and questioned him about the breeding of the colt. This could not but be satisfactory, for right royal blood coursed through his veins. He was foaled in 1869, his sire being Volunteer, the greatest of all the sons of the dead hero of Chester, and his dam a daughter of Corning’s Harry Clay. At Mr. Galway’s request the farmer drove him twice round the track at such a rapid gait that Mr. Galway, who held the watch on him, quickly consummated the bargain, and paid the delighted owner the priced asked, $600. He took him home, but did not train him until the fall of 1874, when he was placed in the hands of Mr. William Sargent, who drove him in all his races until he went to California. He made his debut at Poughkeepsie, August 4, 1875, in the 2 m. 38 s. class. There were twelve starters. Great Eastern, the Goliath of the turf, won the first heat in 2 m. 30 s., with St. ght Secured. te ° - f) ami ni » «4 : , _ 3s AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 547 Julien a close second. St. Julien then cut loose and won the three remaining heats and the race in 2 m. 30 s., 2 m. 26} s., and 2m. 302s. ‘Three days later at the same place he started in the 2 m. 34s. class, winning the first, second, and fourth heats in 2 m. 263 s., 2m. 30s., and 2 m. 263 s., Tom Moore, a young stallion by Jupiter Abdallah, taking the second heat in 2 m. 28 s. He then went to Hampden Park, Springfield, Mass., where on the first day of the meeting he won the 2 m. 38s. purse easily in straight heats, best time 2m. 28s. Three days later at the same place he met Nerea, John W. Hall, Unknown, Frank Munson, Sir William Wallace, Queen, and Lady Morrison in the 2 m. 34s. class, and a desperate struggle ensued. Nerea was the favorite at two to one over St. Julien, and justified the partiality of her friends by winning the first heat in 2 m. 237 s., by a head, with St. Julien second and Unknown third. The latter then won the second heat in precisely the same time, St. Julien again coming in second. St. Julien now went to the front and won the three remaining heats and the race in 2 m. 22} s., 2 m. 263 s., and 2m. 27s. At Hartford, August 31, he defeated a good field in straight heats in 2 m. 28} s., 2 m. 26} s., and 2 m. 263 s., and two days later at the same meeting he appeared for the sixth and last time that year, winning as he pleased from Great Kastern, Sister, and Goldfinder in straight heats in 2 m. 25} 5., 2 m. 233 s., and 2 m. 243s. This was his last engagement that season. His career had been a brief one, but exceptionally brilliant. He had met some of the fastest and most promising trotters then on the turf, and not a single defeat dimmed the glory of his achieve- ments. His winnings in purses alone in that brief campaign of less than a month amounted to $8400, and consequently when he passed into the hands of Mr. Orrin A. Hickok, the skillful Cali- fornia driver, for the princely sum of $20,000, good judges did not consider the price extravagant. His career on the Pacific slope was at first a disappointment to his new owners. He trotted but one race the next year at San Francisco, September 2, 1876, in a match for $10,000, defeating Dan Voorhees, who won the first heat, in 2 m. 263 s.,2 m. 254 s., 2 m. 304 s., and 2 m. 293 s., by no means remarkable time for such a phenomenon as he was claimed to be. He did not trot again that year, nor in 1877, nor in 1878, and when on the 13th of September, 1879, he appeared as one of the contestants for the Free-for-all Purse at Sacramento, it was like a resurrection from the dead. Nutwood won a hard-fought race of five heats, the best of which was 2m. 20s. St. Julien made such an inglorious showing, being absolutely last in the first two heats and having the distance flag dropped in his face in the third, that when at Stockton one week later he defeated Graves and Nutwood 548 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE in2m.17s.,0 m.0s.,2 m. 183 s., and 2 m. 24 s., the public could hardly realize that he was at last coming back to his time, and that the new star was to shine with a brighter light than any of its predecessors. In this race Graves won the second heat, but the time was declared no record. The owners of St. Julien felt assured that he could do better than this, and when Gen. Grant had returned from his tour round the world, and California was lavishing her honors upon him, they, too, thought that they would show the ex-President a faster trotting horse than any he had seen in his travels, and accordingly an exhibition was arranged for his benefit at Oakland Park, San Francisco, October 25, and St. Julien entered for a purse of $800 conditioned upon his beating Rarus’ famous record of 2 m. 134s. The result is told in the following abstract from the San Francisco Cal/ of the next day: _ ‘“‘When the horses were called, General Grant and Senator Sharon accompanied the president of the association, Dr. EH. H. Pardee, to the judges’ stand. The great event of the day was the attempt of St. Julien, with a running mate, to beat the best trotting record for a purse of $800. The track was in a very favorable condition for fast time. After a short delay St. Julien passed through the gate and proceeded leisurely down the track to take a little preparatory exercise previous to the trial in two dashes to eclipse 2 m. 134 8., the record of Rarus, the king of the trotting turf. The horse looked wonderfully fit and strong, and moved with such ease and freedom that those who had seen him make a mile at Stockton, and do even faster time at San Jose, were con- fident that he would lower that record, but were too skeptical to imagine that the name of St. Julien would be flashed last night all through the land with 2 m. 12%. to his credit. There was no betting on the event, but bets were freely offered at $50 to $25 that, not even in honor of the presence of General Grant, would the record of Rarus be beaten. At the second attempt the bay gelding, disdaining the aid of the running mate, came down to the score ata grand swinging gait, and Hickok nodding assent, the bell sounded and St. Julien sped along on his first trial, and hun- dreds of watches were set clicking to beat time with his own miniature weapons. General Grant stood in the corner of the grand stand nearest the distance pole, and followed with an intense gaze the fleeting animal as he passed around the lower turn, and when he reached the quarter mile in 33 s., or at a 2 m. 12 8. gait, there was a perceptible movement of surprise that was intensified as the noble horse still increased his stride and reached the half in 1 m. 5} s., or the second quarter at the rate of 2m.95s. There was a subdued murmur, and the spectators became seemingly im- bued with the idea of witnessing a grand performance as St. Julien AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 549 sped on his way and reached the three-quarter pole in 1 m. 40 s., or the third quarter at the rate of 2 m. 19 s., but when well into the home-stretch he again increased his stride, and, urged to his utmost, he came along with a magnificent stride, and passed under the wire in the unprecedented time of 2 m. 12% s. without the slightest skip or break, the last quarter being made at the superb gait of 2m. 11s. to the mile. The declaration of the record was received with great applause, in which the General joined heartily, and the gallant horse and his skillful driver were received with rousing cheers as the latter returned to dismount and to show by the scales one pound overweight. General Grant was so delighted with the achievement that he went round to St. Julien’s stables between the heats of the 2 m. 29 s. trot to look the horse over and to congratulate Mr. Hickok.” Thus closed the season of 1879 in a sunset of glory, and there seemed little prospect that the record just made would be surpassed for years to come, unless St. Julien himself should do it. In the spring of 1880 his owner and trainer, Mr. Hickok, brought the champion east, and at Detroit and Ionia he gave exhibition trots preparatory to entering the Grand Circuit. At Chicago, July 22, he easily defeated Darby and Hopeful in straight heats in 2 m. 172 s.,2m.18}s.,2 m.163s.,and at Cleveland, the following week, he beat the same horses and Trinket and Great Eastern in 2 m, 152 s., 2m. 18?s.,and2m.173s. At Buffalo Trinket dropped out, but the story was still the same, St. Julien winning as he liked in 2 m. 162 s., 2 m. 163 s., 2 m. 154 8. But now the shadow of a greater competitor than any he had yet met came across his path, and at Rochester, August 12, he and Maud 8. fought their famous duel, each trotting against time to beat St. Julien’s California record, and each achieving the same record of 2m.113s. At Springfield he gave Darby and Hopeful another drubbing, and at Hartford, August 27, he reached the climax of his fame, and lowered his record to 2m.114s. He then started for his home in the far west, stopping on the way at Minneapolis, where he vainly endeavored to beat his record. He wintered well, and when, in the spring of 1881, he again eame east, high antici- pations of future conquests were entertained by expectant horsemen, but he caught a severe cold at the very outset and started but once that season. He is now in his prime, and next year may make the peerless daughter of Harold tremble for her supremacy. The Chicago meeting of July, 1880, was an unusually brilliant one. St. Julien, Hopeful, Darby, Charley Ford, Hannis, Monroe Chief, Bonesetter, Wedgewood, Piedmont, Will Cody, Parana, Vol- taire, Hambletonian Bashaw, Josephus, Daisydale, and Etta Jones, representatives of all the prominent trotting families, were among the contestants, and a general slashing of the records ensued. But 550 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE amid the vast throng assembled at the course from day to day there were very few who dreamed that a match, on the last day of meet- ing, was to introduce to the trotting world one who would shortly dispossess the mighty St. Julien of his premiership. This was a Special Purse of $1000, for which the five-year-old Trinket and the six-year-old Maud S. were entered. Trinket is a bay mare by Princeps, son of Woodford Mambrino, and her dam was Ouida, by Rysdyk’s Hambletonian (see Table XVIII., page 564). As a four-year-old she had astonished the world by equalling Flora Temple’s famous record, and though the next year she sadly dis- appointed her backers, since then, in more capable hands, she has proved herself one of the greatest mares that ever stood on iron. In the Chicago match, however, although the favorite in the bet- ting, she was flighty and acted badly, while Maud 8., steady as an old campaigner, won the first two heats easily in 2 m. 195., 2 m. 214s. ‘Then, to the astonishment of all present, Captain Stone boldly announced that in the next heat distance would be waived, and as an arrow from the bow the beautiful chestnut shot away, and passed under the wire in the wonderful time of 2 m. 134s. Maud &., the queen of the trotting turf, is a beautiful golden- chestnut mare, standing 15 hands 3 inches at the withers, and is 13 inches higher at the peak of the rump. Her head and ears, like most of the Hambletonians, are large and rather coarse, but there hostile criticism must stop. Her neck is as fine as a thorough- bred, her shoulders are muscular ; she is long in the barrel, coupled well back, strong loins, powerful symmetrical legs, and good feet. She wears a fourteen ounce shoe forward, with four ounce toe weights, and light shoes behind. Her action is the very poetry of motion, and as she glided by, in the third heat of her great trot at Belmont Park, the writer thought he had never before seen any piece of machinery move so steadily or so beautifully. She was foaled on the Woodburn Stud Farm on the 28th of May, 1875, and was sired by Harold, son of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian. Her dam, from whom it is generally thought she inherits her great speed and manner of going, was the celebrated Miss Russell, a daughter of Pilot, Jr., out _ of Sally Russell by the famous Boston, the sire of Lexington and Lecompte (see Table XX., page 656). She was owned, until her fourth year, by Capt. George N. Stone, who is still her manager, and being a very great pet, was named Maud S$. after his daughter. When she was four years old, driven by her trainer and present driver, Wm. W. Bair, she trotted an exhibition mile in 2 m. 174 58., and Capt. Stone sold her to Mr. Wm. H. Vanderbilt for $21,000. At first the millionaire railroad king had reason to repent him of his bargain, for, transferred to Carl 8. Burr’s stable, she behaved so badly and showed so little speed that after some months she was returned to Mr. Bair’s stable, and under his kind and patient AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 551 treatment the wild, impetuous, self-willed creature blossomed out the perfect trotter she is to-day. Her first race, after her return, was at Cincinnati, July 6, where she defeated Josephus, Lizzie 2d, and Outlaw, in straight heats, best time 2 m. 25 s.; her next race was that with Trinket described above. At Cleveland, July 28, she defeated Driver, Charley Ford, and Hannis, in straight heats, and at Buffalo she met the same horses, and after losing the first heat to Charley Ford in 2 m.17s., won the next three in 2 m. 154s8., 2m.163s., 2m. 163s. This was her last public race. Henceforth she was to be reserved for trots against time. At Rochester she essayed to beat St. Julien’s record, and the watch stopped at 2 m. 11} s.; at Springfield the track was slow, and being off, 2m. 19s. was the best she could do. At Chicago, Sept. 16, she trotted in 2 m. 113 s., and two days later, at the same place, she surpassed all previous performances, and closed the season of 1880 with a record of 2m. 102s. After this she went into winter quarters at Cincinnati. Her first appearance in public in 1881 was over the half-mile track at Columbus, June 30, to beat Rarus’ 2 m. 173s. made there three years ago. This she did in 2m.134s. At Detroit, July 4, she trotted in 2 m. 13? s., and the week following, at Pittsburgh, she reduced her record to 2m. 103s. At Chicago, July 23, she trotted in 2m. 2148.,2m.114s8.,2m.11s., and at Belmont Park, Philadelphia, although she failed to reduce her record, she trotted the three best consecutive heats on record, 2m. 12 s., 2 m. 134 s., 2 m. 123 s., trotting the first half of the second mile in 1 m. 3} s. At Buffalo she again failed to reduce her record, but at Rochester she passed under the wire in the wonderful time of 2m. 104s., the fastest time ever trotted by any horse, mare, or gelding. At Utica she had to be content with her past laurels, and thenceforth she was reserved for the Hartford Meeting, where it was confidently ex- pected that she would place the high-water mark at 2 m. 8 s. or 2m.9-s.; but alas for human calculations, while at exercise on the day before that appointed for the exhibition, she turned her foot, spraining her ankle, and was thrown out of training for the rest of the season. What the limit of her speed is no one can foretell; she has hitherto so ‘‘improved upon progress” that he would be a bold man who would place a limit upon her invincible powers. It is generally thought by those who know her best that if any horse is to wipe out all previous landmarks and write 2 m. 8 s. at the top of the record, that horse is Maud 8. The following brief statistics will show at a glance the wonder- ful improvement in the speed of the trotting horse: In 1818 the best mile in harness (Boston Blue), 3 m. 00 s. In 1824 the best mile under saddle (the Albany Pony), 2 m. 40s. Tn 1834 the best mile under saddle (Hdwin Forrest), 2 m. 314 s. 552 A SHORT HISTORY OF THE In 1839 the best mile under saddle (Dutchman), 2 m. 28 s. Tn 1849 the best mile under saddle (Lady Suffolk), 2 m. 26s. In 1853 the best mile in harness (Highland Maid), 2 m. 27 s. In 1859 the best mile in harness (Flora Temple), 2 m. 193 s. In 1867 the best mile in harness (Dexter), 2 m. 17} s. In 1874 the best mile in harness (Goldsmith Maid), 2m. 14s. In 1878 the best mile in harness (Rarus), 2 m. 13} s. In 1879 the best mile in harness (St. Julien), 2 m. 122 s. In 1880 the best mile in harness (Maud §.), 2 m. 102 s. In 1881 the best mile in harness (Maud §.), 2 m. 103 s. The results of the Grand Circuit of 1879 are still more con- clusive. At each of the five meetings embraced in it there were purses given for nine classes of horses—from those who had never trotted in public better than 2 m. 30s. to the Free-for-all and Special Speed Purses. At Cleveland there were thirty-six heats trotted and paced, and the average time was 2 m. 2133 s., Buffalo had forty-seven heats, with an average 2 m. 2137 s.; Utica, thirty-four, with an average 2 m. 2142 s.; Hartford, thirty-nine, with an average of 2 m. 2133 s.; Rochester, thirty-nine, with an average of only 2 m. 2033s. The last was the fastest trotting meeting ever held. In 1879 there were two hundred and seventy- five trotting horses on the turf, with a record of 2 m. 305., or better, and of these fourteen had faster records than Flora Temple’s famous one at Kalamazoo, just twenty years ago. When it is considered that by far the greater portion of the best bred colts are kept for driving purposes or the stud, and that very few even of the most promising trotters are kept long on the turf, the enormous increase in the number of fast horses America is annually producing is still more marked. But with all this the demand for fast driving horses has been so great.that the supply is not equal to the demand, and the increase in prices has been even proportionately greater. When, in 1858, Mr. William McDonald, of Baltimore, paid $8000 for Flora Temple, it was the highest price that had ever been paid for a trotting horse, and was considered the full value of the fastest trotter in the world; but now there are scores of horses whose owners would refuse double that sum for them. The money invested in horseflesh for road purposes only may be judged by the amount spent by Mr. Robert Bonner, a gentleman who never permits any of his horses to trot for money, but keeps them solely for his own driving. For Pocahontas Mr. Bonner gave $35,000 and another horse; Rarus cost him $36,000; for Dexter he paid $33,000; Edward Everett, $20,000; Startle, $20,000; Edwin Forrest, $16,000; Lady Stout, $15,000; Grafton, $15,000; Bruno, $15,000; the Auburn horse, $13,000; Wellesley Boy, $12,000; Joe Elliott, $10,000; Maud Macy, $10,000; Mam- brino Bertie, $10,000; Dick Jamison, $10,000; Maybird, $9500; AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 553 Lantern and Light, $9000; Music, $8000; three full sisters to Dexter, $6500; Molsey, $6000; Peerless, $5500; Lady Palmer, $5000; Prince Imperial, son of the famous Flora Temple, $5000 ; Flatbush Maid, $4000; Eric, $4000; John Taylor, $3500; Lady Woodruff, $3000; Centennial, $3000; Lucy Cuyler, $3000; Walton, $3000; the Canada roan mare, $3000; Keen Jim, $2800; Major Morton, $2500; the Carpenter horse, $2200; the Boston gray team, $2000; Elsie Venner, $2000; Ada Duroc, $2000; Killa Sherwood, $1600; Hebe, Grafton’s dam, $1500; Carl Burr, $1200; Malice, $1200; Honest Peter, $1200; dam of the Morse colt, $1200 ; Uncle Sim, $1000 ; dam of Clara G., $1000; Princess, $1000. The list of itself amounts to $377,700. But in addition to those mentioned Mr. Bonner has a large number of fashionably bred brood mares, and several young mares and geldings of great speed that he purchased at prices ranging below $1000. That the trotting turf has been of inestimable benefit to the great breeding interests of the country cannot be denied. It has already added millions of dollars to the material wealth of the country, and if the exportation of American horses to Kurope in- creases as rapidly in the next few years as it has done during the year now fast drawing to a close, the raising of horses will be among the most important of American industries. But there is almost always a dark side to every picture. Up to 1870 there had been no co-operation between the man- * agement of the different trotting courses of the United States. A course might rule a driver or owner off its track for a palpable fraud, but the punishment virtually amounted to nothing, as he could immediately go to another course on the same footing as the honestest man there. Is it any wonder that under this want of system fraud oftentimes ruled with a high hand, and when exposed laughed at those who had at heart the best interests of the turf? It became evident that some plan must be devised to check the growing flood of corruption which threatened to engulf the trotting turf, and a call was issued to the different trotting associations of the United States to send delegates to a convention to be held in New York to promote the best interests of the trotting turf. The convention met in February, 1870, and formally organized the ‘National Association for the Promotion of the Interests of the American Trotting Turf.” Amasa Sprague, the great Rhode Island manufacturer, was elected president of the association, rules for the management of all the tracks belonging to the association were adopted, and a board of appeals constituted, to whom all disputes and doubtful questions were to be referred. This organization still exists, and its influence for good has been immense. Nearly all the principal tracks in the country belong to it and act together in perfect harmony. And now if any one is ruled off a track the 554 A SHORT HISTORY, ETC. punishment is no longer a light one, for expulsion from one track means expulsion from all. The future of the trotting turf is full of bright omens; rowdyism and drunkenness are being banished from our leading courses, and the races of the Grand Circuit are witnessed by thousands of spec- tators, few of whom have a dollar in the pool-box, while beauty and fashion fill the benches so long empty, and the sport is relished for its own sake, and not for the gambler’s gains. The clouds of prejudice and suspicion, which so long overhung it, are drifting rapidly away, and many of our leading scholars and thinkers are beginning to see that the turf is not as bad as it has been depicted. In a recent address President Clark, of Amherst College, makes the following sensible remarks: ‘“‘ With suitable preparation and management, not only does a healthy horse suffer no distress from trotting a moderate distance at the tup of his speed, but enjoys it as highly as his driver. The match trotter is peculiarly gifted with powers of locomotion, and his wonderful mechanism can only be appreciated when in full operation. To most persons a closely- contested trot isa beautiful and attractive spectacle, and experience proves that nothing affords a more delightful or harmless amuse- ment for the people, provided the surroundings and associations are of the proper kind. The usual accompaniments of the race- course—quarrelling, profanity, intoxication, gambling, and public betting—may and should always be everywhere forbidden and pre- vented. The morals of the community are of more consequence than the breeds of horses. There is no more occasion for immor- ality in connection with a trotting match, than in connection with an exhibition of skill and swiftness in skating.” But will these bright omens be fulfilled? Who can tell? One thing is certain: the fate of the turf rests not with its enemies, but its friends. The outrageous Edwin Forrest case at Utica, last year, inflicted a far deadlier wound than bigoted opposition or rancorous diatribe could possibly have done, and if the races are to be decided in the pool-box and not upon the track, if horses are to be pulled in order to save records, if drivers are allowed to form corrupt com- binations, and the interests of the owners are treated as naught, the turf will sink to a lower condition than it was before the National Association was formed. But if the reform movement which was then inaugurated is carried on in the spirit in which it was begun ; if fraud, when exposed, is rigorously punished, no matter who may be the sufferer; if the owners and breeders come to the front and the gamblers are sent to the rear, then shall the trotting turf become a blessing and not a curse, and when hereafter the foreigner visiting these shores shall ask to see the productions of American genius and enterprise, he shall behold none more truly characteristic, none more worthy of his admiration, than the Trotting Horse of America. TABLE OF PERFORMANCES, CONTAINING THE RECORDS OF ALL HORSES WHO HAVE TROTTED OR PACED A MILE IN PUBLIC, IN 2:25 OR BETTER, AND THE BEST PERFORMANCES AT LONG DISTANCES, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO JUNE 21, 1882. EMBRACING, ALSO, THE DESCRIPTION AND BREEDING OF EACH PERFORMER ON HIS SIRE’S AND DAM’S SIDE, IN THE MALE LINE, THE NUMBER OF HEATS MADE BY EACH HORSE IN PUBLIC, IN 2:30 OR BETTER, AND THE DRIVER WHEN THE RECORD WAS MADE. 2 A ad ’ t é = ‘1 ” : 2 iy ’ Ad : ‘ add Ae joe vit Ze, , . . . ie A ' Ye s , 4 ‘ S A : é . ™ te ap “ * ey ve i - \ ¢ os) ma SI J aa ‘ (ea es ‘ i é ‘ ~,. 2 - 4 i i é " Aide @ 8 7 * ‘ re ” ¥ 7 . j i. * | 1 PY) re ‘ia . ' a, “ al Sy . ~ A a i ive Fee ' \ t ‘ av > . . i 7 " . ° ? 4 ae ot LP ; i? ; 7 t : - i { ; ud ee ay oJ ‘ ‘ , 4 a . " ied ity ipo , s y c , & be ra - 3 wt is : , -~ ws % » Ser 7 ¥ vA] ae oa ' a m ay h ‘ nf * we ve t 2 ; A ce C ‘\ Lab’ 7s, ’ ‘ ae - ' é ; peye m ¥ ie . + ark fy oe f R ea>4 j r * 4 F | i 4 Ft f a . ol ? ae 1 ° ‘ vi e v) ol yA Pg See v7 Viv hS! Ate a te bt. Oh -t5al-2) seperate 4 ene Sane dara eet ~ : ' ‘ ( i i f Gy f ee Meas (Ie é SH @ fe, | a

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PSL “FL qsnsny sec vesccves c'N ‘agan09 mooveg | eevecccces royun yy AMON UE | E98 | g {8 (a). | oxecoaee azo co JoryO Bproug ‘AaTGGVS NI SUTIN CHUA Gi ia ees cee cennenn cesercenvadenscr ey ‘opgy ‘9 PRONE | Rerncccustece esta ‘SQromnyyeq seevececccceces sees TUN ET Ayonjuey ‘e9] “3 O(a) |fo-eesuec. seereenTaT BPlaUO Faery. | “oq M AruoR | P1gt‘g ysnsny |"" STBG) QONTOUBIM CUBR hisses eee ages Rica ee ceases al are DOTEUAN Arey FG:L . “somo a0BLOFL ‘GST LT Aine weccescesece T 7 ‘asanog moldy ewwwee | AB ay | tee e ween wee eae wwe ee sewer asa eeaeeee 19d FEL eee e ween wee eee ul[y_U0D 4LOQ TV FST ‘eT ‘qdag teeeee I nt asinop a] [TAetj Ua Seem ee ee reneeee Pesce eee cere eeeenesesesesseseerese | seeeee Ald si somes ‘ANIL ‘MaATEC ‘ALY SERISN AMOR ELA ‘aug ‘at | ‘sad “aAWYN Isag dO Hovig SESS (581 ) TABLES OF BEST PERFORMANCES Swi hiCAN RUNNING TURF: BY SD) Aap 1; CC) BRUCE, Of the “Turf, Field and Farm.” GL ji I YY, * “RUNNING TIME TABLE. FASTEST AND BEST TIME AND MOST CREDITABLE PERFORM- ANCES ON RECORD AT ALL DISTANCES, TO END OF YEAR 1879. HALF MILE. Olitipa (2), by imp. Leamington, 97 lbs. ; Saratoga, July 25, 1874, Pomeroy (2), by Planet, 90 lbs. ; ; Louisville, Ky., May 23, 1877, Harold (2), byi imp. Leamington, 110 Ibs. ; Saratoga, July 23, 1878, Idalia (2), by imp. Glenelg, 107 lbs.; Jerome Park, June 8, 1876, Leona (2), by War Dance, 89 lbs. ; Lexington, Ky. ” May 12, 1874, Blue Lodge (2), by Fellowcraft, 97 lbs. ; Lexington, Ky., May 10, USi9,.. Duke of Magenta (2) by Lexington, 110 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, July 24, 1877, Idalia (2), by i imp. Glenelg, 107 Ibs. ; : Long Branch, July 4, "1876, Sensation (2); by i ree Leamington, 110 lbs. ; Saratoga, July 22, 1879,. Kimball (2), ‘by imp. Buckden, 102 lbs. ; ; Louisville, Ky, May Pal alisivi) Observanda (2), by Tom Bowling, 97 Ibs. ; p ‘Louisville, Ky. ¥ May Palle Asir()5 NG : Grenada (2), by De Alfonso, 1 107 Ibs. : Long ‘Branch, July 5, B, ORs 4 fs FIVE-EIGHTHS OF A MILE. Bonnie Wood 1 (3), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 102 lbs.; aera July 20, 1878, Grenada (2), by King Alfonso, 110 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, Aug. 10, ‘1879, Harold (2), by i va Leamington 110 ‘Tbs. ; ; Haus Branch, July 4, 1878 Rachel (2), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 93 lbs.; ; Long Branch, July 6,1878, . Palmetto (2), by Narragansett, 107 Ibs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1876, Rhadamanthus (4), by imp. eestor, 100 Ibs. ; Saratoga, July 25,1876, . Egypt (aged), by Planet, 120 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, July £9; ‘1879, Bye (2), by i i Leamington, 100 lbs. ; Jerome Park, Oct. i ne Volturno (2), by i imp. Billet, 105 lbs. ; ‘ . Saratoga, Aug. 21, "1878, (585) 586 RUNNING TIME TABLE. THREE-QUARTERS OF A MILE. First Chance (5), by chien 110 lbs.; Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. Iris Mision 5 . : 7 abo Lady Middleton (4), by i imp. Hurrah, “101 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, Aug. 1, 1879, 1:17, 1:15} First was dead heat with Checkmate. Bill Bruce (4), by Enquirer, 108 lbs.; Lexington, Ky., May 12, 1876, 1:15 Connor (2), by Norfolk, 83 Ibs. ; 5 Carson, Nev., Oct. 19, 1879, 1;154 Rhadamanthus (5), by imp. Leamington, 122 lbs. ; 5 Saratoga, Aug. ieaeri. 1:15 Florence B B. (3), by Tom Bowling, 92 Ibs. ; Louisville, Ky, Sept. 20,875) 1:15% Madge 3), by i imp. Australian, 87 lbs. ; . Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1874, 1:15% ete 3), by imp. Eclipse, 90 lbs. ; . Saratoga, July 15, 1872 1:16 Belle of the Meade (2), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 87 Ibs. ; Nash- ville, Tenn., Oct. 9, 1876, . 4 . . . é oy a6 Enquiress (4) by Enquirer, 107 lbs.; Detroit, July 5, 1879, + SoLEG Egypt (aged), by Planet; Louisville, May 28, 1879; heats, 1:16, 1:17 Milan (2), by Melbourne, Jr., 90 lbs. ; Louisville, Ky., May 26,1877, 1:16 Girofle (2), by imp. Leamington, 105 lbs.; Prospect Park, Sept. 13,1879, . 1:16 Spendthrift (2), by i imp. Australian, 100 lbs.; ; Nashville, Tenn., Oct. 8) 1878, \ 1:16} Checkmate (4), by imp. Glen Athol, ‘115 Ibs. : Saratoga, Aug. ee 16} Kimball (2), by imp. Buckden, 100 Ibs. ; St. Louis, June 13, 1879, 1:164 Mistake (2), by Waverley, 100 Ibs. ; Louisville, Ky., eee 23,1879, 1:16% Madge (5), by imp. Australian, 117 lbs.; Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. ID; ASTG, A 1:164 Glendalia (4), by i imp. Glenelg, 109 lbs. ; : Louisville, Sept. 24, “1879, 1:164 Pique (2), by imp. Leamington, 107 lbs. ’. Saratoga, Aug. 27, 1877, 1:162 Tom Bowling (2), by Lexington, 100 lbs.; Long Branch, 1872, . 1:162 Bowling Green (2), by Tom Bowling; Louisville, Sept. 24, 1879, 1:162 Duke of Magenta (2), by Lexington, 110 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877 *1:16% Spartan (2), by Lexington, 105 Ibs. ; : Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, > TGS Sly Dance (2), by War Dance, 97 lbs.; Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, : 13168, 1:17h Bye- and- Bye (2), by i imp. Bonnie Scotland, 97 Ibs. ; ; Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, . *1:163 McWhirter (2), by Enquirer, 90 Ibs. ; "Louisville, Ky. ; Sept. 22, : 1876 1:1 Wallenstein (2), by Waverley, 100 Ibs. : Lexington, Ky. st May 15, : STON alt Countess (2), by Kentucky, 97 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, 1873, : 1:17% Beatrice (2), by Kentucky, 97 lbs.; Long Branch, ; 13174 Luke Blackburn (2), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 110 lbs. ; ; Pros- pect Park, Sept. 6, 1879, : 1:17% Oden (2), by Vauxhall, 110 Ibs. ; ‘Saratoga, “Aug. 7, 1879, : SIMI Idalia (4), by imp. Glenelg, 113 ‘bs. ; ; Saratoga, ‘Aug. 5, 1878, 1:18 Spartan (2), by Lexington, 113 lbs.; Saratoga, Aug. 22, 1877, . 119% * Dead heats. RUNNING TIME TABLE. ONE MILE. Ten Broeck (5), by imp. Phaeton, 110 lbs., vs. time; Louisville, Ky, May 24,1877, . : . é . : : C 2 Leander (Searcher), (3), by a UR 90 lbs.; Lexington, Ky., May 13, 1875, : Redman (4), by War Dance, 103 Tbs. ; ; Lexington, Ky., May 13, Gs « Danger (3), by Alarm, 100 Ibs. ; Baltimore, “May 23, 1878, Mahlstick (3), by Lever, 90 Ibs. : Lexington, Ky., Sept. 20, 1877, . c { Chas. Gachamn (3), by Blarney stone, 87 lbs. ; Lex- ington, Ky., Sept. 20,1877, . Gray Planet (5), by Planet, 110 Ibs. ; . Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1874, vs. time, . Dan K. (3), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 98 Ibs. ; Louisville, Ky., May 29, 1877, Goodnight (3), by Enquirer, 101 lbs. ; ; - Louisville, Ky. ‘ Sept. 23, 1879 : Katie Pease (4), by Planet, 105 Ibs. ; ; Buffalo, N. Ys Sept. 8, ‘1874, Alarm (3), by imp. Eclipse, 90 lbs.; Saratoga, July 17, 1872, Glenmore (4), by imp. Glen Athol, 1101]bs.; Detroit, July 4, 1879, Virginius (4), by Virgil, 108 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 4, 1877,. Cammie F. (4), by imp. Glenelg, 107 lbs.; Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879,. ° . . 5 : 6 ° Mistake (2), by Waverley, 100 Ibs. ; ; Louisville, Sept. 26, 1879, Edinburg (4), by Longfellow, 110 lbs ; Lexington, May 11, 1878, Belle of the Meade (2), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 87 lbs. ; Louis- ville, Sept. 25, 1876, . : Belle of the Meade (2), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, oi Ibs. ; : Louis- ville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1876, Spendthritt (2), se imp. Australian, 100 Ibs. ; ; Nashville, Oct. 12, 1878, | dead heat, Clara D. (2), byi imp. Glenelg, 87 Ibs. - Sacramento, Sept. 2", 1877, Astral (2), by Asteroid, 86 lbs. ; Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1873, Parole (2), by imp. Leamington, 97 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1875, Aristides (2), by imp. Leamington, 100 lbs. ; ae Oct. 22, 1874, Susquehanna (2), “by imp. Leamington, 97 Ibs. ; "Saratoga, Aug. 8, 1876 : Charley Howard (: (3), by Lexington, 118 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, Aug. 11, 1876 ae : Finework (2), by Lexington, 97 Ibs. ; ; ‘Baltimore, October, 1874, Hamburg (2), by Lexington, 90 lbs. ; Cincinnati, 1869, Battle Axe (2), by Monday, 100 lbs. ; Saratoga, 1873, Spindrift (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 124 lbs. . Jerome Park, June 6, 1876, . Tom Bowling (), by Lexington, 105 Ibs. ; : Long Branch, Aug, Shera? MILE HEATS. Kadi (6), by Lexington, catch weight, about 90 lbs.; Hartford, Conn., Sept. 2, 1875; fastest second heat and fastest two heats ever run, . ° . . . ° ° . 1:425 (>) | oo et , 1:41} 588 RUNNING TIME TABLE. L’Argentine (5), by War Dance, 1043 lbs. ; Louisville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1879 (Béatitude won first heat), . : . 1:421, 1:423, 1:45 Mark L. (3), by Monday, 100 lbs. ; Sacramento, Sept. 19, 1878, 1:43, 1:423 Himyar (3), by Alarm, 105 lbs.; St. Louis, June 4, 1878, . 1:423, 1:43 Camargo (3), by Jack "Malone, 100 lbs. ; Louisville, Ae A; ” May 20, 1875, . 1:42, 1:43} Una (3), by War Dance, 91 Ibs.; ; Prospect | Park, June 25, 18 |, 1424, 1:45 Tom Bowling (3), by “Lexington, 100 lbs. ; ran mile heats at Lexington, Ky., May, 1873, in . = - 1:433, 1:433 Thornhill (4), by Woodburn, 103 Ibs.; ran first two heats in 1:43, 1:43; Thad. Stevens (aged), by Langford, 115 lbs.; won the third, fourth and fifth in. . : 1:433, 1:46}, 1:45 Clara D. (3), by imp. Glenelg, 97 lbs. ; : San. Francisco, Sept. ust 1878 . 1:43, 1:43} Brademante (3), by War Dance, “91 Ibs. ; : Saratoga, “August 9, 1877, . .1:434, 1:43} Bramble ( (3), by i imp. Bonnie Scotland, 105 Ibs. ; - Nashville, Oct. 7, 1878, . 1:43, 1:44 Lena Dunbar (4), by Leinster, 105 Ibs. ; : Sacramento, Sept. 17, 1878, | 1:44}, 1:428 Springbok (4), by veo “Australian, 108 Ibs. 5; Utica, IN. Ye, ve 25,1874, . . 1:45, 1:422 ONE MILE AND ONE-EIGHTH. Bob Woolley (3), by imp. Leamington, 90 lbs.; Lexington, Ky., Sept. 6,1875, . 1:54 Janet Murray (4), by Panic, 105 lbs. ; . Brighton “Beach, July 31, 1879, ; 1:543 Blue Eyes (4), by Enquirer, 110 Ibs. ; Louisville, Ky. , May 28, ‘1879, 1:55} Warfield (3), by War Dance, 90 lbs.; Louisville, Oct. 1, 1878, ee LeDG Jack Hardy (5), by imp. Phaeton, 115 Ibs, 5 St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1:56 Fadladeen (aged), by War Dance, 101 Ibs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1874, . 1:56 Picolo (3), by Concord, 83 Ibs.; . Saratoga, Aug. 165, 1874, . é af las Himyar (4), by Alarm, 110 Ibs. : Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, = 306 Jils Johnson (3), by Longfellow, ‘95 lbs. : Lexington, Sept. iit "1879, 1:56} Fanny Ludlow (4), by imp. Eclipse, 105 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, . 1:56 Round ‘Dance (3), ‘by War Dance, 83 Ibs. ; : "Louisville, Sept. 217, 1879 1:565 Konrad (5); by Rebel Morgan, 100 lbs. ; New Orleans, April 26, 1878, . MAO tie se Ben Hill (3), ‘by i imp. Bonnie Scotland, 92 lbs. ; ; Louisville, Sept. 25, 1879; Victim (3), by Wes 92 lbs. ; Louisville Sept. 25, 1879 ; dead heat, : 5 1:56} Mollie McGinley (3), by imp. Glen Athol, 95 ‘Ibs. ; Brighton Beach, Sept. 10, 1879, : ‘ : a Bye olla Una (3), "by War Dance, 91 lbs. - Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, . 1:57 Susquehanna (3), has se Leamington, 107 Ibs. ; “Saratoga, aly 24,1877, . 1:574 RUNNING TIME TABLE. 589 Experience Oaks (3), by Lexington, 107 lbs.; Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1872, + ac57d Bramble ( (3), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 105 Tbs. : Saratoga, Aug. Unie, Wtehriteis | 1:58 Bramble (4), by i imp. Bonnie Scotland, 118 Ibs. ; ; " Saratoga, Aug. S119, . . 1:58 Kennesaw (4), by i imp. Glengarry, 110 Ibs. : - Louisville, May 28, C 1:582 Essillah (6), by Lever, 115 Ibs. ; ; Nashville, April ‘29, 1879, 1:584 Gabriel (3), by Alarm, 108 lbs. ; ; Brighton "Beach, Sept. 27, ‘1879, 1:59 Edinburg (4), by Longfellow, 110 Ibs. : Louisville, Sept. 25, 1878, Hea Diamond (4), a imp. Pe puNRE LOS 115 lbs. ; Ogee R ane: N. Woop Sept, 10,1878, - 1:59 Lancewood (2), by i imp. Leamington, 112 Ibs. ; "Saratoga, "Aug. 13, en: : : 5, US) Belle (3), b y Dickens, 113 Tee - Saratoga, July 23, 1878, : 1:b9 Sithancnthus (4); by i ine Leamington, 118 lbs. . Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1876, . . 1:593 Spindrift (aged), “by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 124 Ibs. Jerome Park, June 10, 1876, 52200 Phyllis (4), by imp. Phaeton, 151 Ibs. - Louisville, Sept. 27, 1876) 2: Ol Spindrift (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 168 lbs. ; Jerome Park, June 12, 1875, . : 5 . 2:03} ONE MILE AND A QUARTER. Charley Gorham (3), by Peta 87 lbs.; Lexington, May SU Siiicns 2:08 Falsetto (3), by Enquirer, 100 lbs. ; - Lexington, Ky. a May 10, 1879, 2:08 Grinstead (4), by Gilroy, 108 lbs. ; Saratoga, July 24, 1875, 2:08 Frogtown (4), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 104 No ‘Lesington, Ky., May 10, 1872, . 2:093 Monitor (3), by i imp. Glenelg, 120 lbs. ; : Prospect Park, Sept. 9, USil9s. F 2:10 Parole (5); byi imp. ‘Leamington, 121 Ibs. ; : Saratoga, July 20, 1878, 2:10 Mate (5), by imp. Australian, 116 lbs. ; Jerome Bark Octys, U8i4) 221 Preakness (7), by Lexington, 128 lbs.; Jerome Park, June 13, 1874, . 5 ; : : : : : ; : : A Re: HB(CoHaCo tala ONE MILE AND THREE-EIGHTHS. Spendthrift (3), by imp. Australian, 123 lbs.; Jerome Park, June 10, 879, ~ 2:253 Gov. Hampton (5) by Planet, 114 lbs. ; : Prospect Park, June 21, 1879, . . 2:263 Bramble (4), by i imp. Bonnie Scotland, 118 lbs. ; . Long Branch, July 10,1879, . : : : see ONE AND A HALF MILES. Tom Bowling* (4); by Lexington, 104 lbs.; Lexington, Ky., May 12,1874, . c ° b wae te d : : « 22843 * Tom Bowling was permitted to extend the run to two miles. He ran the first mile in 1:4134, mile and a half in 2:3434, one and three-quarter miles in 3:U034, and two miles In 3: 27345 the last two unofficial. 590 RUNNING TIME TABLE. Parole (4), by imp. Leamington, 97 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1877, Lord soca (3), by Pat Malloy, 100 lbs.; Louisville, May 20, ehh Day Star (3), by Star Davis, 100 lbs. ; " Louisville, May 21, “1878, Aristides (3), by imp. Leamington, 100 lbs. ; Louisville, Ky. ss May Ls Misha 6s * . ° . . . . . ° ° Glenelg (4), by Citadel, 100 lbs.; Long Branch, Aug. 2, 1870, Shylock (5), by Lexington, 114 lbs. ; Jerome Park, Oct. 31, 1874, Baden Baden (3), by imp. Australian, 100 Ibs.; Louisville, May We ASMlly) hs E . . ¢ . S . Vagrant (3 (3), by Virgil, ‘100 Ibs. ; ; Louisville, May 14, 1877, . ; Peru (3), by imp. Glengarry, 97 Ibs.; Lexington, Ky., Sept. 11, 1879,. ° Belle of Nelson (3), by Hunter’s Lexington, 97 Ibs. : Louisville, May 23, 1878, Imp. Saxon (3 ), by Beadsman, 110 Ibs. ; - Belmont Stakes, Jerome Park, June 13, 1874, : Tom Ochiltree (5), by Lexington, 124 lbs. ; Jerome Park, Oct. US; LST, Zoo Zoo (3), by imp. Australian, 113 Ibs. . Saratoga, Aug. 21, “1877, Duke of Magenta (3), by Lexington, 118 lbs.; Jerome Park, June SSS ye a ° 5 O ONE MILE AND FIVE-EIGHTHS. Ten Broeck (3), by? imp. Phaeton, 90 Ibs.; Lexington, Ky., Sept. OFS nn tate Monitor (3), by imp. Glenelg, 98 ‘Tbs. ; Prospect Park, Sept 13, 1879 - Springbok (4), by i imp. "Australian, 114 Ibs. ; . Jerome Park, June 20,1874, . Brademante (3), by War Dance, ‘101 Ibs. ‘ " Lexington, May 11, Silene : Harry "Bassett (3), by Lexington, 110 Ibs. ; Belmont Stakes, Jerome Park, June 10, 1871, . Mintzer (5), by imp. Glenelg, 124 Ibs. ; "Saratoga, ‘July 23, 1879, . Katie Pease (3), by Planet, 107 lbs. ; Ladies’ Stake, Jerome Park, June il, 1873, . : 3 : ONE AND THREE-QUARTER MILES. One Dime (3), by Wanderer, 100 lbs.; Lexington, Sept. 12, 1879, Irish King (3), by Longfellow, 100 lbs. ; Stallion Stakes, Louis- ville, Sept. 25, 1879, : c . : - : Courier (4), by Star Davis, 101 Ibs. ; ; Louisville, May 23, 1877, Reform (3), by imp. Leamington, 83 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, Mate (5), by imp. Australian, 100 lbs.; Long Branch, uly 15, 875, . D’Artagnan (3 y; by Lightning, 110 Ibs.; Saratoga, July 24, "1875, Gen. Philips (5), by imp. Glenelg , 112 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 6, Emma C. (3), by Planet, 97 lbs.; Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1875, Frogtown (4), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 104 lbs. ; Lexington a May 16, 1872 : Danicheff (4), by imp. Glenelg, 113 Ibs. ‘ Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1879, 2:49} 2:50 RUNNING TIME TABLE. Gov. Hampton (5), by Planet, 114 lbs.; Prospect Park, Sept. 9, 879, . Kenny (6), by Curles, 114 Ibs. ; Prospect Park, June 25, 1879, Leveler (3), by Lever, 100 lbs. + Lexington, Sept. i), 1878, Neecy Hale (3), a Lexington, 102 Ibs. ; Lexington, Ky., Sept. 14, 1876 4 < ° ° ‘ . Catesby (4), by i imp. Eclipse, 99 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1874, Parole (4), byimp. Leamington, 116 Ibs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 11, 1877, Kennesaw (4), by imp. Glengarry, 110 lbs.; St. Louis, June 5, 1878, Duke of Magenta (3), by Lexington, 118 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, July 20, 1 ° te Joe Daniels (3), by imp. Australian, 110 lbs. ; ; “Travers? Stake, Saratoga, July 13, 1872, Preakness ve by Lexington, 125 Ibs. ; : Baltimore, Oct. 21, 1864, Viceroy (4), by Gilroy, 100 lbs. ; : Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1877, Volturno (3), by imp. Billet, 110 lbs.; Brighton’ Beach, Sept. 16, PETE Peat eo as ae an) Po Attila (3), by imp. Australian, 110 lbs.; Travers’ Stake, Saratoga, July 25, 1874, . . - . 3:094, The first was a dead heat with Acrobat. Mintzer (5), by imp. Glenelg, 121 lbs.; Saratoga, July 28, 1879, . Falsetto (3), by Enquirer, 118 lbs. ; Saratoga, July 19, 1879, Zoo Zoo (3), by imp. Australian, 118 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 2, 1877, TWO MILES. Ten Broeck (5), by imp. Phaeton, 110 Ibs., against time ; Louis- ville, May 29, 1877, . McWhirter (3), by Enquirer, 100 Ibs. ; " Louisville, May 28, 1877, Courier (4), by Star Davis, 101 lbs. ; Louisville, May 28, 1877, Katie Pease* (4), by Planet, 105 lbs. ; Buffalo, Sept. ®). 1874, True Blue (4), by Lexington, 108 Ibs. ; Saratoga, July "30, 1873, - Jack Frost (4), ee Jack Malone, 108 lbs. ; Cleveland, O., July 31, 1874,. : C : . Glenmore (4), by i imp. Glen Athol, 110 Ibs. ; - Detroit, July 5, 1879, Lizzie Lucas (4), by imp. Australian, 105 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. Ale W (Ge Creedmoor (3), by Asteroid, 100 ‘Tbs. ; ; " Louisville, Ky. ty Sept. 20, Gor George Graham (3), by Rogers, 100 Ibs. ; first heat; Louisville, Ky., Sept..25, 1875, . Lord Murphy (3), by Pat Malloy, 100 lbs. ; ‘ " Louisville, Sept. 2 22, King Alfonso (3), by imp. ‘Phaeton, ‘110 Ibs. ; ; ‘Louisville, Ky. Sept. 20, 1875, . Hegira (4), by imp. Ambassador, Th lbs. ; ; New Orleans, uae Nov. 23, 1850, : Littleton (4), by imp. “Leamington, 104 lbs. ; ; Lexington, Ky., May 23, 1871, Monitor (3), by i imp. Glenelg, 107 Ibs. : . Baltimore, Oct. 21, "1879, Wilful (3), by imp. Australian, 95 lbs.; Prospect Park, June 24, 1879, « JT OULD eis oe co nh 3:082 3:094 3:094 3:10 3:34¢ & * * Katie Pease came in first, but was disqualified and race given to Lizzie Lucas. 592 RUNNING TIME TABLE. Charley Howard (3), by Lexington, 110 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 10, 18 76,. : ; : 5 3 : ; 4 s Ay SEI Vandalite (3), by Vandal, 107 lbs.; Breckenridge Stake, Balti- more, Oct. 23, 1874, : ae:30 Himyar (4), by Alarm, 110 Ibs. ; Louisville, "Sept. 25, 1879, « 3:35 Falsetto (3), by Enquirer, 118 lbs. ; Saratoga, Aug. 1a, 1879, - 3:35} Volturno (3), by imp. Billet, 110 Ibs. ; Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1879, - 3:35} Vandalite (3), by Vandal, 107 lbs.; Dixie Stake, Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1874, \ 3:354 Harry Bassett (3), by Lexington, 110 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, N. ve ) Aug. 16; 18h, wh 3:35% Vigil (3), by Virgil, 115 lbs. ; ; Baltimore, Oct. 28, 1876, 5 . 3:374 TWO-MILE HEATS. Brademante* (3), by War Bane 87 lbs.; Jackson, Miss., Nov. Ivy LEME) pe : . 3:324, 3:29? Willie D. (4), by Revolver, "102 Ibs. ; ; "Prospect Park, Sept. iil, 1879 . 3:34}, 3:35 Lottery (3), by Monday, 100 lbs. ; ; Sacramento, Cal. , Sept. 21, 1878, . . 3:36, 3:355 Arizona (aged), by Lexington, 111 lbs. ; Louisville, Ky., May 18,1875, . | oboe 34k, 3:35 Aureola (4), by War Dance, ‘lol Ibs. ; : ‘Lexington, Ky., Sept. ule (e7a4. _ 3:378, 3:35} London (3), by Lightning, 95 lbs. ; 3 Nashville, Oct. 5; 1872, 5.85 363, 3:374 Bushwhacker (4), by oN Bonnie Scotland, 105 lbs. ; : Baltimore, Oct. 22,1878, . . 3:36, 3:364, 3:384 Princeton (4), 108 lbs., won ‘second heat by head, Bushwhacker second; best average three heats. Belle of Nelson (3), by Hunter’s Lexington, 92 lbs.; Cincinnati, June 1,1878, . 5 - . 3: 37h, 3:364 Mollie Jones (aged), by West Roxbury, 112 Tbs. ; - "Galesburg, Il., July 4, 1874; Rocket won first heat, ‘ . | 3:36, 35 40, 3:37} Eolus (6), by imp. Leamington, 118 Ibs. ; ; Baltimore, May 28, 1874, the fastest third heat, . ; . 3:40, 3: 391, 3:362 Lancaster (4), by gicpaa: "104 lbs. ; ; "Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1867, . 3:35}, 3:38} Jack Sheppard (3), ), by Jack Malone, 95 lbs. ; ; Nashville, Oct. 12, 1876, . 3:358, 3:422 Trish King (3), by Longfellow, 95 lbs. ; ; "Baltimore, Oct. 21, 1879, : |, BBE, 8878 Harkaway (5); by Enquirer, 115 lbs. ; St. Louis, June iG 1878, . rere TWO MILES AND ONE-EIGHTH. Aristides (4), by imp. Leamington, 108 lbs. ; Lexington, Ky., May 10, 1876, . . 3:455 Mate (6), by i imp. ‘Australian, 114 Ibs. ; : Saratoga, July 31) ‘1875, 3:46¢ Monmouth (4), by War Dance, 104 Ibs. ; ; Louisville, May 19, 1875, 3:48} Big Fellow (3), by War Dance, 90 lbs. ; ’ Lexington, May 15, 1874, 3:50 Dave Moore (4), by Longfellow, 110 Ibs. ; ; Lexington, May 16, 1879, 3:504 * Brademante’s time very doubtful. aati RUNNING TIME TABLE. 593 Ferida (3), by imp. Glenelg, 95 lbs. ; Prospect Park, Sept.5, 1879, 3:54 Springbok (4), by imp. Australian, 108 lbs.; Saratoga, Aug. 3, 1874, . 3:56 Sultana (3), by Lexington, 112 Ibs. ; Jerome Park, Oct. iG, ‘1876, 3:56$ TWO MILES AND A QUARTER. Preakness (aged), by Lexington, 114 lbs.; Springbok (5), by imp. Australian, 114 lbs.; dead heat, . 3:56} Harry Bassett (4), by Lexington, 108 lbs. ’. Saratoga, July 16, "1872, 3:59 Wanderer (6), by Lexington, 114 lbs.; Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1874, 4:004 Kentucky (4), by Lexington, 104 lbs.; Saratoga, Aug., 1865, 4:014 Fortuna (4), by Enquirer, 107 Ibs. ; Louisville, May 23, 1879, 4:014 Bramble (4), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 108 lbs. ; Baltimore, May 24,1879, . OT TASER one aks Penn aoe Mollie McCarty (6), by Monday or ee 115 lbs.; Chicago, June 25,1879, . - . 4 : - 4:02 Muggins (4), by Jack Malone, 118 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, Aug., 1867, 4:03 TWO AND A HALF MILES. Aristides (4), by imp. Leamington, 108 lbs.; Lexington, a May 13, 1876, 4:27% Katie Pease (4), by Planet, 105 Ibs. ; : Buffalo, Sept. 10, 1874, 4:283 Ballankeel (3), by Asteroid, 90 lbs.; Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1874, 4:31% Helmbold (4), by imp. Australian, 108 lbs. ; Long Branch, July 30,1870, . 4:33} Tom Ochiltree (5), by Lexington, 129 ‘Ibs. ; - Jerome Park, "June 18, 1877, . 4:36 Edinburg (5), by Longfellow, 115 lbs. ; ; - Cincinnati, June 7, "1879, 4:36% TWO MILES AND FIVE-EIGHTHS. Ten Broeck (4), by imp. Phaeton, 108 lbs. ; eee Bes Sept. 16,1876, . . : 4:58 TWO MILES AND THREE-QUARTERS. Hubbard (4), by Planet, 108 lbs.; Saratoga, 1873, . 4:582 Kentucky (5), by Lexington, 124 Ibs. ; Jerome Park, Oct. 3, "1866, 5:04 Tom Ochiltree (4); by a) 118 lbs.; Jerome Park, June 7. 1876, ; 5 : 5:094 THREE MILES. Ten Broeck (4), by imp. Phaeton, 104 lbs.; Louisville, aie Sept. 23, 1876, 5:26 Monarchist (4), by Lexington, 108 Ibs. : at Jerome Park, 1872 first mile, 1:45, 5:342 Tom Ochiltree (4) by Lexington, 118 lbs. ; | Long Branch, July 6,1876, . Sn Se .. -« 5358 THREE-MILE HEATS. Brown Dick (3), by imp. Margrave, age from May 1, 86 lbs.; New Orleans, April 10, 1855; the best second heat on record, and second best three-mile-heat Tace, « . . 0: 308, 5:28 38 594 RUNNING TIME TABLE. Mollie Jackson (4), 101 lbs., by Vandal; Louisville, Ky., May 25, 1861; Sherrod won the second heat. The last two miles of the first heat were run in 3:35; the last two of the second heat in 3:363; the ninth mile in 1:48}. This is the best three heats and the best third heat on record, 6 5:354, 5:342, 5: 283 Norfolk (4), by Lexington, 100 lbs. ; Sacramento, Cal., Sept. 23, 1865; best average two heats, . : Oe atk, 5;293 Vandal (5), by imp. Glencoe, 110 Ibs. ; ; Lexington, May 26, 1855, . 5:26, 5:33 Whisper (aged), by Planet, 118 Ibs. ; ; wt. ‘Louis, June 8, 1878, De: 39, 5:354 FOUR MILES. Ten Broeck (4), by imp. Phaeton, 104 lbs., vs. Fellowcraft’s time (108 lbs.) ; Louisville, Ky., Sept. 27, 1876, s 7:152 Fellowcraft (4), by imp. ’ Australian, 108 lbs. ; ; Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874,. 7:193 Lexington (5), by Boston, 103 Ibs. ; 3) U8. ‘time; New Orleans, La., April 2, 1855, . 7:192 Lexington (5), ’ by Boston, beating Lecompte, drawn after first heat, 1033 lbs.; New Orleans, La., April 14, 1855, . . 7:232 Janet (6), by Lightning, 115 Ibs. ; Louisville, ‘Sept. 21, 1879, 7:25 Wildidle (5), by imp. Australian, 110 lbs. ; San Francisco, Cal, Oct. 28,1875, . . 7252 Idlewild (5 Hs by Lexington, ‘117 Ibs. ; over Centreville Course, L. 1., June 25, 1863, : eZow Thad Stevens (aged), by Langford, 115 lbs. ; . best second heat; California, Oct. 18,1873, . . pe EE, Kentucky (5), by Lexington, 114 Ibs. ; : Saratoga, "1866, : o feedae Silent Friend (4), by imp. Australian, 104 Ibs. ; New Orleans, April 21, 1873, : 7:30% Kentucky (6), by Lexington, 120 ‘lbs. 5 08. time at Jerome Park, 1867 ; first two miles, 3:36; first three, 5:29, . ; . ale Abd-el-Kader (4), by Australian, 108 Ibs. ; ; Saratoga, 1869, ~ hoe Abd-el-Koree (3), by imp. Australian, 95 lbs. ; Jerome Park, fall 1871; best time for a three-year-old, : : : - nce Monarchist (4), by Lexington, 108 lbs. ; Jerome Park, 1872; first two miles, 3:393; first three, 5.36, . 7:333 Tom Ochiltree (4), wy Lexington, 118 Ibs. ; . Jerome Park, Oct. Te IS eS 80:36 FOUR-MILE HEATS. Lecompte (3), by Boston, 86 lbs. ; at New Orleans, April 8, 1854, beating Lexington and Reube; age from May 1, _ . 1:26, 7:38 Rupee (3), by Voucher, 86 lbs.; April 10, 1858; age from May Ihe ~ oO Sb Miss Foot (3), by imp. Consol ; at New Orleans, March 26, 1842, 8: 02, (este Fashion (5), by imp. Trustee, 111 lbs.; over Union Course, L. L., May 10, 1842, beating Boston, match, : : aa 32], 7:45 Morgan Scout (4), 104 Ibs. ; by John Morgan, at Lexington, Ky., 1870; best race ever run in Kentucky, . 7:322, 7:432 RUNNING TIME TABLE. 595 George Martin (5), 114 lbs.; by Garrison Zinganee, beating Hannah Harris and Reel, March 29, 1843; Reel broke down in first heat, c : - é - : : 4 e835 G43 Bushwhacker (4), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 105 lbs. ; Baltimore, Oct. 26, 1878; Princeton (4), 108 lbs., won second heat, 7:31, 7:364, 8:29 Gienmore (4), by imp. Glen Athol, 108 lbs. ; Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1879; Willie D. won first heat; best average two aoe Uae: heats, best 3d heat, . - , U:304, 7:31 Tally-ho (4), by Boston, 104 lbs. ; at Union course, L. L ey 8, 1849 ; Free Trade won the first heat, Bostona the third, and Tally-ho the second and fourth, . ‘ 7:333, 7:432, 7:52, 8:103 HURDLE RACES. Joe Rodes (5), by Virgil, 140 lbs.; mile heats, over four hurdles ; St. Louis, June 4, 1878, . 1:50%, 1:504 Judith (4), by i imp. Glenelg, 143 Ibs. ; : mile heats, over four hur- dles ; Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, : 3 liste}, lela: Lobelia (5), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, 143 lbs. ; ; mile heats, over four hurdles; Fashion Course, L. L, Sept. 11, 1869, 1:51%, 1:53% Waller (6), by imp. Hurrah, 162 lbs.; one and a quarter miles, over five hurdles; ; Saratoga, Aug id, SHIRES Ae . 2:214 Disturbance (4), by Chillicothe, 136 lbs. ; one anda quarter 1 miles, over five hurdles ; ; Saratoga, Aug. 22,1878, . socal Problem (6), by Pimlico, 158 lbs.; one and a half miles, over six hurdles ; Long Branch, July 5, 1879, : 0 Bae Derby (6), by Eugene, 162 lbs.; one and a half. miles, over six hurdles ; Long Branch, July 2, 1878, c 2:52 Judith (4), "by imp. Glenelg, 140 Ibs. sone and three- -quarter miles, over seven hurdles ; Long Branch, Aug. 28, 1879, . 5 erelit: Tom Leathers, by Camp’ s Whale, 114 lbs. ; two miles, over eight hurdles ; New Orleans, April 16, IG : . 3:474 Redman (4), by War Dance, 132 Ibs. ; : two miles, over eight hur- dles ; Louisville, Ky., May 19, 1876, : . 3:483 Captain Hutchinson (aged), by Voucher, 144 lbs. ; ; two miles, over eight hurdles; Columbus, O. _ July 3, G5 Me 3:50 Jonesboro (4), by Lexington, 132 Ibs. ; two miles, over “eight hurdles, welter weights ; New Orleans, April 11, 1868, : 3:514 Milesian, by imp. Mickey Free, 154 lbs.; two miles, over eight hurdles, welter weights ; Long Branch, Aug. 3,1872, . . 3:525 Cariboo (5), by Lexington, 154 lbs. ; two and a quarter miles, over nine hurdles ; Long Branch, Aug. 28, 1875, . : 5 4:33 STEEPLE-CHASES. Deadhead (6), by Julius, 146 lbs.; about two and three-quarter miles, 36 leaps; Saratoga, Aug. 26, 1878, . 5 | HERSEY) Trouble (6), by Ulverston, 154 Ibs. ; about two and three- -quarter miles, thirty-six leaps; Saratoga, Aug. 19,1876, . . 5:34% Duffy (aged), by Hunter’s Lexington, 160 Ibs. ; about two and three-quarter miles, thirty-six leaps; Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1873, 5:483 * ESSAY ON THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE BY ELLWOOD HARVEY, M.D. (597) eee 7) ae aha ter At AOU 4 5, (< My 4 ‘ty, Mr, af “f WW ”» UM, if Photographed from life by Scuremer & Son, Copyright Secured. THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. THE trotting gait has been brought to such a degree of excel- lence in this country, and the breeding, training, and driving of trotting horses claims so large a share of attention, both in town and country, that a book on horses would be incomplete if it did not treat more fully of these subjects than any foreign work could be expected to do. This Hssay is therefore intended to give some account of the history of American trotting and of trotters of distinction, together with a few suggestions on the breeding and training of this class of horses. Though trotting has been greatly cultivated here, and enters more largely into the business and pleasure of Americans than of any other people, it would be an error to suppose that no attention has been given to it in any other country, or that the matching of trotters in races had its origin here. The trot is a natural gait to the horse, as it is to many other quadrupeds, and wherever horses are driven in harness their trotting is likely to be improved. A horseback rider finds the gallop and the canter easier to him, and horses are chiefly trained to those gaits in countries where light vehicles and good roads are unknown; as in Asia, Africa, the eastern part of Europe, and all of America except the United States and Canada. Trotting, as a sport, began in England as early as 1791, in which year we find an account of a brown mare, eighteen years old, that trotted on the Essex road 16 miles in 58 minutes. On the 13th of October, 1799, a trotting match was decided on Sunbury Common, England, between Mr. Dixon’s brown gelding and Mr. Bishop’s gray gelding, each carrying 168 pounds, which was won in 27 m. 10s. The distance is not stated, but the time shows that it was a trial of endurance as well as speed. Nearly all of the English trotting matches of that early period were of great distance. A Mr. Stevens drove a pair of his own horses tandem, in 1796, from Windsor to Hampton Court, 16 miles, in less than an hour; and the celebrated English trotter, Archer, carried 210 lbs. 16 miles (599) 600 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. in 55 minutes. At about this period a variety of roadsters called Norfolk trotters came into notice in England, and still maintain a good reputation there, though none of them have ever attained a speed that would be considered very fast here. In Russia a breed of trotters was established by the energy and skill, as a breeder, of Count Alexis Orloff, in the latter part of the last century. They are called Orloffs, and are inferior in speed to American trotters. Trotting as a public amusement began somewhat later in this country. Porter’s Spirit of the Times, of December 20, 1856, states: “The first time ever a horse trotted in public for a stake was in 1818, and that was a match against time for $1000. The match was proposed at a jockey-club dinner, where trotting had come under discussion, and the bet was that no horse could be produced that could trot a mile in 3 minutes. It was accepted by Maj. Wm. Jones, of Long Island, and Col. Bond, of Maryland, but the odds on time were immense. The horse named at the post was Boston Blue, who won cleverly, and gained great renown. He subsequently was purchased by Thomas Cooper, the tragedian, who drove him on several occasions between New York and Philadel- phia, thereby enabling him to perform his engagements in either city on alternate nights.” This performance was more than twenty years later than the first public trotting in England, where the sport was then receiving some encouragement; and Boston Blue was taken to that country, where he trotted 8 miles in 28 m. 55 s., winning a hundred sovereigns. He also trotted several shorter races, making about 3 m. time. He was a rat-tailed, iron-gray gelding, 16 hands high, and nothing is known of his pedigree. Trotting received very little attention here until after 1820, when the descendants of Messenger attracted notice by their speed, spirit, and endurance—chiefly about Philadelphia and New York. In 1825 the New York Trotting Club was organized, and estab- lished a trotting course on Long Island. In 1828 the Hunting Park Association was established in Phila- delphia—‘ for the encouragement of the breed of fine horses, espe- cially that most valuable one known as the trotter.”’ Its course, known as the Hunting Park, was located about four miles north of the city. Before the era marked by the organization of these two associa- tions, three minutes was about the shortest time in which any horse here or in England had trotted a mile. In imitation of the four- mile running heats then and now common, the first trials of trot- ting speed were usually for three miles or more ; and effort was not then directed to the development of the greatest degree of speed for a single mile. For several years, two and three-mile heats were trotted at about the rate of 2 m. 40s. to the mile, and that was THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 601 the speed of the best horses then. The average speed of trotters now, 1879, in races, as estimated by the records in Wallace’s Monthly, is about 2 m. 35 s., though we now have many that can trot in less than 2 m. 30 s., a few that can do it in 2 m. 20s., and still fewer that can trot under 2m. 16s. Among the early celeb- rities were Screwdriver, Betsy Baker, Topgallant, Whalebone, Shakspeare, Paul Pry, Trouble, and Sir Peter; all grand-colts of Messenger, except the first named, and he was a grcat-grand-colt. As many of the most distinguished trotters of the present day claim the same lineage, and as the influence of this great progenitor on the trotting stock of the country was immensely greater than that of all others together, a history of Messenger and his descendants would be a pretty full history of the eminent trotting horses of the world. Messenger was an English Thorough-bred, foaled in 1780, and imported, as were many other English Thorough-breds, on account of his value as a running horse, and for the improvement of Thorough-breds in this country. He had run successfully in sev- eral races, and at five years old won the King’s Plate. It was three years after this performance, 1788, that he was imported into Philadelphia by Mr. Benger. He was kept for stud service in Philadelphia and vicinity for several years, and in the latter part of his life in the vicinity of New York. He died January 28, 1808. Messenger was a gray, 15 hands 3 inches high, and stoutly built. His form was not strictly in conformity with the popular notions of perfection, being upright in the shoulders and low on the withers, with a short, straight neck and a large, bony head. His loins and hind quarters were powerfully muscular, his windpipe and nostrils of unusual size, his hocks and knees very large, and below them limbs of medium size, but flat and clean; and whether at rest or in motion, his position and carriage always perfect and striking. It is said that during the voyage to this country the three other horses that accompanied him became so reduced in flesh and strength that when the vessel landed at Philadelphia they had to be helped and supported down the gang-plank ; but when it came Messenger’s turn to land, he, with a loud neigh, charged down the gang-plank, with a colored groom on each side holding him back, and dashed off up the street at a stiff trot, carrying the grooms along in spite of their efforts to stop him. Though his name has been made illustrious chiefly by the per- formances of his trotting descendants, he was also the sire of some of the best running horses of his day. The most famous on the turf of his immediate thorough-bred descendants were Potomac, Fair Rachel, Miller’s Damsel (dam of American Eclipse), Bright 602 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. Phoebus, Hambletonian, Sir Solomon, and Sir Harry. The cele- brated four-mile racer, Ariel, had Messenger in her pedigree four times in five generations. In his day trotting was not much in fashion, as we have shown, and nothing is known of the trotting speed of this great fountain- head of trotters, nor were any of his sons or daughters ever trained to that gait. It was the second generation of his\descendants, the grand-colts of Messenger, and mostly those produced by a cross with the common stock of the country, that attracted attention by their trotting speed. This fact is easily explained. The Thorough- breds of his get were trained to running, and were not used as road horses, or some of them would probably have surpassed any of his half-breed descendants in trotting. But even his own half-breed cclts made no mark as trotters, though some of them became cele- brated as the sires of trotters. This is somewhat remarkable; but we should bear in mind that public attention had not then been given to that gait, good roads and light vehicles were not so com- mon, and the next generation being more numerous, the probabili- ties were greater that this remarkable quality of the family should not remain undiscovered. The sons of Messenger to which nearly all the fastest trotters of the present day trace their pedigree were Plato, Engineer, Com- mander, Why-Not, Mount Holly, Mambrino, and Hambletonian. Mambrino, named after the sire of Messenger, was thorough- bred, a bright bay, 16 hands high, long-bodied, and, like his sire, upright in the shoulders. He was not only a large but also a coarse horse. He had a free, rapid, swinging walk, a slashing trot, and running speed of the first order. He was the sire of Betsy Baker, one of the first eminent American trotters, of Ab- dallah, from whom are descended many of the fastest, including the get of Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, who was sired by Abdallah, and of Mambrino Paymaster, from whom are descended Mambrino Chief and all his get, including Lady Thorn, Mambrino Pilot, Bay Chief, &c. This son of Messenger stands undoubtedly at the head of the family as a progenitor of trotters. Next in celebrity is Hambletonian, also thorough-bred. He was a dark bay, 15 hands 1 inch, beautifully moulded, and without a single weak point. He was the sire of 'Topgallant, Whalebone, Sir Peter, Trouble, and Shakspeare; all ranked among the best of the early American trotters. Abdallah was a grandson of Messenger, and deserves especial mention in this connection because so many trotters of celebrity are descended through him. He was foaled in 1826, the property of Mr. John Treadwell, of Jamaica, L. I. His sire was Mambrino, and his dam Amazonia, a granddaughter of Messenger. Thus ere THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 603 Abdallah was closely inbred. He was a bay, and inherited much of the plainness of his sire; but also inherited the trotting quality of Messenger in great degree. He was trained at four years old, and was considered the fastest young horse of his day. In the spring of 1840 he was sold to Mr. John W. Hunt, of Lexington, Ky.; but, on account of the great value of his stock, he was bought back’ the next year, at a high price, and died in 1852. Besides being a progenitor, through | his son, Rysdyk’s Hamble- tonian, of that numerous and highly-distineuished family of trotters of which Dexter, George Wilkes, and Mountain Boy are the most eminent representatives, he is equally remarkable for the number of mares of his get from whom very fast trotters have been bred. To say that a horse is “out of an Abdallah mare,’ is pedigree . enough on that side with most horsemen. Of the other sons of Messenger it is not necessary to speak at length, though we find many horses of the present day descended from them, and inheriting the Messenger characteristics. When the pedir: ee of any fast trotter can be traced far enough, it rarely happens that Messenger is not found init. Many horses that show good trotting speed, and are considered by their breeders and owners to be nothing but common stock, are found to be descended from Messenger, when intelligent investigation reveals their pedi- rees, j Another imported horse that added something to the trotting quality of our stock was Bellfounder, a stallion foaled about 1817, and brought from England to Boston in 1823 by Mr. James Boot. He was a bay of fine form, size, and action; and these character- istics were transmitted to his colts with great uniformity. Many of them were very good and stylish carriage horses, with consider- able speed, but only those infused with Messenger blood were very fast. Nothing is known of his pedigree, though his appearance indicated that he was nearly thorough-bred. It was said that he had trotted in England 2 miles in 6 m. when three years old, and 10 miles in 30 m. at four years old. It was also asserted that he had trotted 172 miles in an hour; but these statements, not being very well authenticated, are deemed apocryphal by the best horsemen of this day. Many distinguished trotters are in part descended from some of the many Thorough- breds that have been imported from England at various times, and, indeed, our most celebrated horses have a strong infusion of that blood, derived from other sources than Messenger. Conceding the value of good thorough-bred crosses in giving spirit and endurance to trotting horses, and admitting that Diomed, Whip, Trustee, Glen- coe, Margrave, and other imported Thorouch- breds have eminent trotters among their descendants, it may be safe to say that all 604 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. of them together would not have produced a family of trotters without a cross from Messenger; and equally safe to assert that the fame of Messenger would have been no less if any one of the © others had never been foaled. The imported Arabian, Grand Bashaw, had the luck to have his name perpetuated in a family of good trotters that originated in Bucks county, Pa., but the © trotting quality all came from Messenger, who stood in that county | two years. The first of the Bashaws that manifested any trotting quality was Young Bashaw, a son of the Arabian; and he was the only one of the whole get (if we may coin a word) that was thus endowed. The explanation is found in the fact that Young | Bashaw’s dam was a granddaughter of Messenger. Of American horses not descended from Messenger that have contributed to establish the reputation of our trotters, the number | is not large nor the influence very considerable. Sir Henry, the famous competitor of American Eclipse, and Duroc, both thorough- breds, and both descended from imported Diomed, seem to have ' transmitted some trotting quality to their descendants, but it is very doubtful that either, or both, would have established a family of trotters. Seely’s American Star, quite famous as the sire of modern trotters, combines the blood of both, being sired by Ameri- can Star, a son of Duroc, and out of Sally Slouch by Sir Henry; but his grand-dam was by Messenger. American Kclipse, the progenitor of many good trotters, had also the blood of Duroc, his sire; but as his dam, Miller’s Damsel, was by Messenger, the Duroc . part of the pedigree is seldom thoueht of. Americus, who beat Lady Suffolk on the Hunting Park Course in a five-mile match to wagons in the remarkable time of 13 m. 54s. and 13m. 58} s., was by Red J acket, a son of Duroc, and not known to have juliet his trotting from any other source. Canada has added something to our trotting stock. In Lower Canada, where the earliest settlers were French, and brought with them a breed of horses now known in France as Normans, they have a breed of hardy, spirited, compactly built horses, descended from the larger French horse, ‘inheriting much of his form and general appearance, but greatly diminished in size. These Cana- dian horses are often called Cannucks, and by some are known as French horses, a designation likely to lead to misapprehension. They are of all colors, with thick, long manes, heavy tails, and hairy legs. Their heads are generally very good in size and form, faces dished, indicating gamey dispositions; necks well arched, often heavy in the crest but carried well up; backs short, ramps steep, particularly in those that pace; bodies round and roomy, the ribs sometimes projecting from the backbone nearly horizon- tally, giving a peculiar flat appearance to the back. ‘Their legs THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 605 are generally good, but somewhat inclined to spring in the knees; feet often narrow and mulish, but very durable. In trotting they are usually short, quick steppers, with very high knee action, and are spirited, trappy harness horses, and long-lived. These horses are often said to be degenerated from their Norman ancestry by reason of the coldness of the climate, the long winters and scanty fare. There have been numerous importations from France to this country of the choicest specimens of Norman horses, and an impartial comparison shows that the Canadian has gained in spirit and speed more than enough to compensate for all he has lost in size. The best of the Canadians that ever came to the States was, probably, Pilot, a black pacing and trotting horse whose descend- ants inherited trotting speed. He was often distinguished as Old Pacer Pilot. Wallace’s American Stud Book says of him: “ Foaled about 1826. Nothing is known of his pedigree. He was called a Canadian horse, and both trotted and paced; at the latter gait, it is said, he went in 2 m. 26 s. with 165 lbs. on his back. He was bought about 1832 by Major O. Dubois, from a Yankee peddler in New Orleans, for $1000. He was afterwards sold to D. Hein- sohn, of Louisville, Ky., and was kept in that vicinity until he died, about 1855. His stock was very stout and fast.” As noth- ing is known of his pedigree, and as he was in all appearance a genuine Cannuck, it is likely that he did not owe anything to : Messenger. One of his get, Alexander’s Pilot, Jr., out of Nancy Pope by Havoc, was the sire of many fast trotters, the fastest of which was John Morgan, out of a mare by Medoc, and he by _American Eclipse. The dam of Mambrino Pilot was also by Pilot, _dr., and, like John Morgan, was of Messenger descent on the dam’s side. Though the best of the descendants of Old Pilot are part Messenger, there is none of that blood in Pilot, Jr., and it must be confessed that Old Pilot sired some very good horses that took the _ trotting all from himself. | Another horse of Canadian origin, though not a Cannuck, eave notice in this connection. Royal George, called Warrior ‘before he came to the States, the sire of the fast stallion Toronto | Chief, and several other good trotters, was a native of Canada, and probably out of a Cannuck mare, but his sire was Black Warrior, _and he by Tippoo, a grandson of "Messenger. | Some very good colts have been bred out of Cannucks by good _ trotting stallions. Thus the celebrated sons of Rysdyk’s Hamble- _tonian, Bruno and the Brother of Bruno, and their full sister, | Brunette, are out of a Canadian mare. | The bay stallion St. Lawrence, the sire of several fast trotters, was a Canadian, and one of the best of his breed. He died > | = 606 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. Kalamazoo in 1858. There is one other horse deserving especial notice as a progenitor of trotters, in whose veins no blood of Mes- senger can be found, though his pedigree is too obscure to warrant the assertion that none existed there. Black Hawk, often called Vermont Black Hawk to distinguish him from the equally cele- brated Long Island Black Hawk, and also called Hill’s Black Hawk, was of Morgan stock on his sire’s side; being a son of Sherman, one of the best sons of Justin Morgan, the founder of | the Morgan family. The dam of Black Hawk was raised in New Brunswick, and nothing is known of her pedigree. Black Hawk was foaled in 1833, at Greenland, N. H. At four years old he was taken to Lowell, Mass., where he was used as a carriage horse | for seven years. He then became the property of David Hill, of | Bridport, Vt., where he acquired great fame, begetting more high- priced colts than any other horse of his day. He had remarkable power in propagating his own characteristics, and his stock were uniformly stylish, spirited harness horses, many of them fast, and some of them among the fastest. Another history of his pedigree makes him the son of a Canadian named Paddy; and still another declares him a veritable native of Canada, though not a pure Cannuck. The story, as it was given the writer by Mr. Lucien Béchard, a Canadian horse-dealer, is as follows: An old Canadian Frenchman, engaged in smugeling tobacco from the States, bought | there and took home with him a brown mare with foal. In due time she had a bay colt, that at two years old begot Black Hawk out of a little gray mare not over 14 hands high. The fortunate | possessor of the black colt was a widow who lived by the Chambly | River, in the Montreal district. At four years old he was sold to John Harris for $200, and at six years old was sold again to Van Loiseu, a dealer, for $400. Van Loiseu taught him many tricks, | at learning which he showed great aptitude, and sold him in New York to a Bostonian for $600. From Boston he got to Lowell, &e. This story is probably all true of some horse, but the identity is not established. Black Hawk’s colts were never gray, as many of | them would have been if his dam was that color, but many of them were chestnuts, with white feet and faces, which was the color of | Sherman and of Sherman’s dam. This fact pretty clearly shows that neither the “ Paddy” story nor the Canadian pedigree is correct, but that Black Hawk was truly a Morgan. He was a | little under 15 hands, and weighed about 1000 lbs. In 1842 he | won $1000 by trotting five miles over the Cambridge Park Course’ | in 16m. In 1843 he won a race of two-mile heats with ease in | 5 m. 43s. and 5 m. 48 s., and several times trotted single miles | in 2 m. 42 s. He was the sire of Ethan Allen, Black Ralph, Lancet, Belle of Saratoga, Black Hawk Maid, Flying Cloud, and | THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 607 many others of good repute for speed. His colts were in great demand, particularly in the West and South, where hundreds were sold at very high prices. As many of his sons were kept as stal- lions, his descendants are very numerous; and he undoubtedly has done much to improve the stock of American horses. There is another class of trotters that deserve especial notice. Some of the fastest are horses that were originally fast pacers and had their gait changed to trotting. The origin of these pacers is yet unknown. Mr. J. H. Wallace, the editor of Wallace’s Monthly, in New York, and the author of the American Trotting Register, has traced them back to a breed known in New England during the earlier periods of our country’s history as Narragansett Pacers. The pacers are often roans and ‘duns to this day, although these are the least common colors among horses, which is strongly corroborative of Mr. Wallace’s theory that they were originally a distinct breed, and that the pacing gait is not a mere chance occur- rence among all the different breeds. Mr. Wallace has done more to put the breeding of trotters on a sound basis than any other person whatever, and probably more than all others together. It is due to him to state that most of the facts of history and pedigree contained in this essay were derived from his Trotting Register. These pacers, whatever may have been their origin, not only pace very fast, as compared with trotters, and trot fast when con- verted, but they have endurance equal to any others, thorough-breds not excepted. They cross well with trotters, and when a horse of pacing descent on one side inherits the trotting gait from the other side, the pacing speed often goes into the trotting gait. It has sometimes happened that the fastest get of trotting sires have been out of pacing mares of moderate speed. In such a case the colt seems to breed back to some speedy pacing ancestor. It is a little puzzling to account for some of such facts. With our present knowledge on the subje t we cannot well understand why a trotting sire should beget faster colts out of a slow pacer than out of a fast trotter, but such facts pretty frequently turn up. There must have been great speed in some of the old-time Narragansett pacers before trotting speed was cultivated anywhere. Many horses both trot and pace, and of those that have both gaits, some go faster in one and some in the other. To teach a trotter to pace is somewhat difficult, unless the horse naturally inclines to it, but it may be done sometimes by riding with a severe eurb-bit and spurs. Of course it requires good horsemanship, as well as means and appliances, to urge the movement desired, and to restrain the animal from the steps he is most accustomed to take. When the saddle was more in use than now, pacing was a 608 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. favorite gait with many riders, but unless the horse can occasionally change his way of going into a canter, it becomes very tiresome on along journey. Though the rider may not be jolted from the saddle so much as by a trotter, the wabbling twists his back first one way and then the other most fatiguingly. Pacing and cantering are pleasant gaits for ladies’ hackneys, and are well enough adapted to short journeys. In harness the pacer is not graceful. There is a gait, somewhat between a pace and a trot, and called a single-footed pace, that does pretty well in harness, but very few horses have it. For taking weight in har- ness, or on muddy or rough roads, the trot is greatly preferable. To teach a pacer to trot, various expedients are resorted to. Fence-rails are put down about as far apart as a trotter steps in a jog. The pacer is ridden over them, and finds it difficult to lift his feet over them in that gait, and adopts the trot. When a horse has become very tired by long pacing he will sometimes ease his weary muscles by a change of action into a trot; and this he is more likely to do if the roads are muddy. From such a beginning a skillful driver may make the trotting permanent. The modern method of converting pacers to trotting, and that which supersedes all others, is putting weights on the toes of the forefeet when the horse is to be driven. Pelham was first a very fast pacer, and afterward became a dis- tinguished trotter. In 1849 he was the first to win a heat in har- ness in 2m, 28s. Cayuga Chief was a pacer in a livery stable, in Worcester, Mass., and a favorite ladies’ hackney. One day he struck a trot, and soon became distinguished. In 1844 he trotted to a wagon with 220 lbs. in 2 m. 363s. The black gelding Pilot, probably a son of the old pacer of the same name, was first a fast pacer. He surprised his owner by striking a trot, and improved so rapidly that in a short time he trotted in 2 m. 283 s. Tip, and Dart, and Sontag were all pacers that afterwards trotted fast. Old Pacer Pilot went fast in both gaits, and so did his grandson, Tom Wonder, the sire of the famous twenty-mile trotter, John Stewart. In 1843, Sir Walter Scott paced on Beacon Course eighteen miles in less than an hour without a break or halt. In the same year, Oneida Chief paced against the best trotters of that time— Lady Suffolk, Confidence, and Dutchman—and won more races than he lost, making 2 m. 283 s., the best time then on record. In the following year, Tippecanoe paced at New Orleans in 2 m. 36 s., carrying a very heavy rider; and Unknown paced on Beacon Course in 2 m. 23 s., a performance that had never then been equalled by trotter or pacer. Old Pacer Pilot paced in 2 m. 26 s. with 165 lbs. on his back. In 1850, Roanoke paced under saddle in 2 m. 213 s. He was a roan gelding, and nothing is THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 609 known of his pedigree. In 1854, Pocahontas paced three heats in a race at New Orleans in 2m. 208.,2 m. 25 s., 2m. 20s. But in the next year in a race with Hero, the pacer, in a wagon that weighed with the driver 265 lbs., Pocahontas paced the first mile in 2 m. 17 s. This was never beaten until 1868, when Billy Boyce paced at Buffalo faster than any other horse had ever trotted or paced. In a race with Rolla Golddust, a trotter, mile heats, 3 in 5, to saddle, Boyce paced the second mile in 2 m. 15} s., and the third in 2 m. 144 s., pacing the last half of the second mile in 1 m. 5} s., and the first half of the third mile in 1 m. 6s. Woodpecker, the trotter, and James K. Polk, the pacer, both took their speed from the same dam. Hero, the pacer, and com- petitor of Pocahontas in her wonderful performance, was begotten by Harris’s Hambletonian, the sire of the trotters True John, Green Mountaih Maid, John Anderson, and Sontag, a mare that was at first a natural pacer and afterward trotted very fast. Saltram, the sire of Highland Maid, was a pacer, and his dam, Roxana, was also a pacer. Highland Maid paced naturally, but was taught to trot, and went very fast. At six years old she trotted against Flora Temple, and lost the race by getting tired, being young, and going into a pace, which was her natural and easiest gait. She won the first heat in 2 m. 29 s., the second in 2 m. 27 s., but was distanced in the third. Highland Lass, a daughter of Highland Maid, was a fast trotter, and died in 1865. Her daughter, Highland Ash, by Ashland, is also a trotter, and in 1868 won the Spirit of the Times Stake for three-year olds, over four thousand dollars, in 2m.48s. Flatbush Maid, one of Mr. Robert Bonner’s pair that trotted to a road wagon in 2 m. 26 s., was begotten by a chestnut pacing horse that also trotted. Pocahontas is nearly thorough- bred, and was begotten by Cadmus, ason of American Eclipse. She, therefore, takes her wonderful pacing speed from Messenger, the sire of Miller’s Damsel, who was the dam of American Eclipse. Her daughter, Pocahontas, Jr., by Ethan Allen, is a trotter and very fast. One of the fastest of converted pacers, Smuggler, is of the same family, being a son of Blanco that was by the sire of Poca- hontas. His record is 2 m. 154 s. Other converted pacers of distinction are Molly Morris, 2 m. 22 s., Filbert, 2 m. 28 s., Kan- sas‘ Chief, 2 m. 214s., Snowball, 2m. 23s., Silversides, 2 m. 23 s., John B., 2 m. 27 s., G. T. Pilot, 2 m. 26 s., Dora, 2 m. 29 s., and Bonesetter, 2 m. 20 s. These facts, a few of the many that could be cited, show the close relationship between pacers and trotters. They derive their speed from the same sources; trotters beget pacers, and pacers beget trotters; many go fast in one gait, and, after being taught 89 } 610 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. the other, go equally fast in that; so that they may properly enough be classed together, and designated by the common title of American Trotters. Though trotters are derived from so few sources as to be nearly all related to all the others, there are certain families that claim especial notice. The most popular of these is the Hambletonian family, descendants of a horse of that name that was bred in Orange county, N. Y., and owned there by William M. Rysdyk (pronounced Risedick). Hambletonian was foaled in 1849, and died March 27, 1876. He was the sire of one thousand three hundred and twenty-four foals. For the last five or six years of his life the fee was one hundred dollars cash, in advance, and four hundred more when the mare was known to be with foal. He served 217 mares in 1864, at $100 to insure, and had 148 foals. In 1865 he served 193 at $300, and had 128 foals. As $100 was charged that year, and every subse- quent year, for each mare. in advance, his fees in 1865 amounted to $44,900; in 1866 the fees were $40,500, but in 1867 his power began to fail. He served 77 mares that year, and begot only 53 per cent. with foal; whereas, in former years, the percentage was about 70. In the following year he was entirely withdrawn from stud service, but resumed it again in the next, and continued to serve about 20 each year while he lived. His owner received for his stud services over $200,000. Hambletonian begot Dexter in the year when he covered 87 mares; Bruno, when he served 106; Gazelle, Nettie, and Aber- deen, when he served 193; and Startle when he served 107. These are among the very fastest of all bis get. He was only two years old and served 6 mares the year when he begot Alexander’s Abdallah, the sire of Goldsmith Maid, Rosalind, Almont, Bel- mont, and Thorndale. This was his best son as a trotting sire;and the next best, Volunteer, was begotten when he was four years old and served 101 mares. Happy Medium was one of 111 foals that were begotten when Hambletonian was 13 years old and covered 158 mares. Wallkill Chief is one of the sons of Hambletonian that has dis- tinguished himself in the stud, and he was begotten when his sire was 15, and served 217 mares that year and begot 148 foals. The average number of mares covered was about 88 a year during the whole time of his stud service ; and the average number covered in the years when he begot the celebrities mentioned was 121. In comparing the success of one horse with others in the stud it should always be remembered that no two have had just the same opportunities. Hambletonian had a splendid chance. He was in a locality where several of the best trotting sires of the preceding dtd WV H NVINOWL (S.MAASAW) “painaay qyPrttidog Y ayy uaAOTH Aq ajt~ wor poydersojoyg a il . THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 611 generation had been kept, and had left plenty of trotting-bred mares. His wonderful procreative power, and his long life, both tended to increase the number of his fast get by increasing the whole number of his foals. Of the 1324 of his foals about 30 have trotted in 2 m. 30 s., leaving 1290, or more, that have not attained that distinction. The reputation once made that sent the price of his service up to $500 for each foal brought none but good mares to his embrace, and almost every colt was trained for all that was in it. With all of these advantages this most popular sire begot more horses that were not worth what was paid for the begetting of them than any other horse that ever lived. This statement detracts nothing from the merit of a good mem- ber of the family, but it is made to put breeders on their guard against being entrapped into a losing speculation, in any case, by the bait of a popular name. A Hambletonian that is well bred on the dam’s side, and is a good performer on the road or track, is as good as a similar horse by some other trotting sire, but no better for either trotting or breeding. Some of the fastest sons of the old horse have failed to beget trotters, and his daughters are somewhat distinguished as failures in the stud, though about a dozen out of a probable four hundred that have been tried have produced foals that have fulfilled the popular expectation. That Hambletonian is a name of great significance in the trotting world is justly true. It is a great family, more distinguished than any other by the number and quality of its performers. And it is also equally true that among both horsemen and the public the Hambletonians are greatly overrated as compared with other trotting families. The same thing was once true of the Black Hawks. Abdallah and Vermont Black Hawk have both been mentioned before. They were both the founders of families of trotters, and were both distinguished. Abdallah blood is a strong element in several breeds, and his influence as a progenitor was never more fully appreciated than now. The Black Hawks suffered an eclipse after years of great popu- larity, but not because they were inferior so much as because they had been overrated. They are increasing in favor again. The Bashaws originated in Bucks county, Pa. a Vady, doe paeiele ‘iter Ne : d - a Ye gia a ee ce a : Nie watt ‘ig Pe a a he le ae) o Al - 7 ‘ me) i 7 : ‘ 7 : ; | oak aa St 0 “nih we aaehl see : % . i 3 . 1 ‘ ' 1 a A “ . pe y ; + i 7 ” ee y \ 4 i — : - 42 iv f 34 7 7 Y 4 ‘ ras ‘ u 5 j { THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 621 apparent injurious consequences to the offspring. Black Flying Cloud was by Vermont Black Hawk and out of a daughter ot’ Vermont Black Hawk. He was a horse of fine size,—much larger than his sire, —of elegant form and style, and begot horses of great excellence. We have not yet solved the problem of in-breeding quite satis- factorily, but one thing is certain: no plan of in-breeding will pro- duce a good horse out of indifferent parents. The best that can be done by it is to perpetuate the good qualities already established in the family. Scrubs in-bred will produce scrubs, and probably very scrubby scrubs. In chickens, if in-breeding is continued for several years, the first noticeable result is their increased productiveness of eggs. The stock becomes smaller and more delicate with each successive in- breeding; and all weakly animals are more prolific than stronger ones, hence the increased number of eggs. When the conditions of life depress and retard the development of plants or animals, they become more prolific because their offspring will come into being under circumstances unfavorable to the continuance of their existence, and Nature equalizes the chances by producing more of them. It is in accordance with this law that fat animals and idle animals are not sure to breed; that families living luxuriously for a few generations have very few children, while those that “live from hand to mouth” are proverbially fruitful—A fool for luck, and a poor man for children.”” The chickens are more prolific for a few generations, but continue the in-breeding, and they become so very weakly and small that the experiment will end in a good out-cross. If it were continued longer in the same direction, the result would probably be the extinction of the stock. Taking Messenger as a single source of the trotting quality, and supposing there was not another horse in the country above medi- ocrity in that respect, we might expect some of his fillies to inherit his trotting in great degree. To perpetuate that particular quality in her offspring, it would be better to breed her to her sire than to any horse of another stock, though her offspring might lose some- thing in stamina by the in-breeding. It might be still better to breed her to any son of Messenger that also, equally with herself, inherited the trotting quality. In either case her colts would take the trotting from two directions, and would consequently transmit it with more certainty to their descendants than if they inher- ited it from only one side. The trotting quality was a peculiarity of Messenger, and by in-breeding it was perpetuated; so would any other peculiarity have been—any imperfection. If Messenger had been lop-eared, that quality could have been perpetuated in the same way; but as breeders would not choose his lop-eared colts to breed from, and would choose his perfect colts, the desirable 622 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. qualities of the stock could be, and would be, perpetuated, and the defects would become extinguished from his family. The purpose of in-breeding the Messenger family was not, at first, to produce trotters; but the result followed without regard to the intention. Whatever loss of stamina accompanied the practice was remedied by out-crossing, and the trotting was still preserved by careful selection. Taking this view of the subject, we see how the perpetuation of any particular quality may be effected by in-breeding, and how, also, the evils of the practice may be to a great extent avoided. It should be borne in mind that Messenger was remarkably free from defects, and had so much strength of constitution that his descendants from good mares might be in-bred and still give good constitutions to their offspring. It was because of this excellence that the in-breeding was practiced; not for the purpose of re- producing in the progeny any particular quality, but with a desire to get as much as possible of the general characteristics of a horse recognized as greatly superior to all others in the same vicinity. The same reasons that induced to the practice made it physiologi- cally safe. Now let us suppose that another equally good trotting family had existed at the same time and place, and that instead of breeding Messenger’s descendants together closely they had been crossed with the other family. The result would have been equal speed, with equal power of transmitting it to ofispring, and better constitutions. In breeding two trotting families together, if one has any defect the other may correct it, as it is improbable that both will have the same defect; but by in-breeding any defect of the family wl be pretty surely perpetuated, as the colt will inherit it from both sides. Now that we have trotters enough to allow of a free selection without breeding near relations together, there are no reasons why the practice should be continued, and many why it should not be. The opinion is quite prevalent among breeders, that every horse a mare is bred to modifies, not only his own get, but all the colts she may afterward have by any other horses. Without denying the facts set forth in the body of this book by Stonehenge, of a mare that had colts by a horse, and that they resembled the quagga she was first bred to, I am prepared to assert that no such effects are commonly noticed when mares are bred to different stallions. I have looked for such results in various species of ani- mals—the human included—and could never detect the slightest resemblance in the offspring of one sire to any other sire the dam had previously borne offspring to. Practically, the theory is of no value whatever. Another notion, about equally common, is, that a mare that has bred a mule will not breed to a horse. It is THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 623 equally unfounded. Mares are often bred to horses after having been bred to an ass, and nobody ever sees a foal by a horse from such a mare look like a mule. I have known several instances of white women having mulatto children, and afterwards having children by white men; and in no instance was the influence of the negro perceptible on the child of the Caucasian father. If any man has a good mare that has produced a colt from a scrub stallion, he need not hesitate, on that account, to breed her to a good horse, if he has an opportunity. Breeders often desire that a colt shall be a male, or a female; but that is always left to chance for the best of reasons. It is probably possible, however, to discover the laws governing the production of sex, and also possible to so control their action as to attain the desired result. Some chance experiments in breeding dogs, so long ago as 1845, induced me to a more careful investiga- tion of the subject. I discovered, that if a slut were kept until near the last of her heat, before a dog was admitted to her, the pups would be chiefly males; but if she were at large, with all the dogs of the neighborhood, from the beginning of the heat, ‘they would be mostly females. Further experiments, and on other species of animals, were prevented by removal to a city ; but having called public attention to the matter, in lectures on physi- ology in several states, others have pursued the investigation with very satisfactory results. Dog-breeders make practical application of the discovery in hundreds of instances, and a few dairy-men have found it applicable to cows. The theory is, that if the female is long in heat before conception, it implies a scarcity of males, and Nature supplies the deficiency by producing them. I also noticed that if a cock had many hens, the chicks would be mostly males. This I had but one opportunity of observing. The single observation, however, is in conformity with the same law. Avpply- ing the law to horses, it would follow that, other things being equal, the more mares he served in one season, the more of his colts would be males. The action of the law would be modified by the time of the mare’s heat when put to him, and by the cir- cumstance that his sire, his grandsire, and so on, for many genera- tions, had been used to serving many mares in one season—so that the power to do so without forcing the action of the law would have become hereditary. If the mare were served in the begin- ning of her heat, we might expect a mare foal; and if in the last part of the erotic season we might, by the same rule, expect a horse foal. Of course, the conditions mentioned as affecting the stallion might modify the result. If a mare were put to a horse in the last part of her heat, and if the horse had quite recently served one or more other mares, the conditions would be favorable on both sides to the production of a male offspring. If the case 624 THE AMERICAN TRUTTING HORSE. were reversed—if she were in the first part of her season of ex- citement, and he had not served a mare for a considerable time, the conditions would favor the begetting of a female. Many horsemen attempt to discern the speed of a horse in his form, and in his way of going. Various signs are relied on, by those who know less than they think they do, but there is but one sign, and it is infallible; it is that the horse goes fast when tried. A shoulder that slants well backward to the withers is considered a good point in any horse—but Messenger had upright shoulders, and so have some very good trotters of to-day. A long back, with an open flank between the hip and ribs, is thought to allow of a long stride, and some good trotters have that conformation; but many others have short backs, and are ribbed close up to the hips. Of these two forms, the last is the best, as it indicates that the animal will keep in good condition on jess food. Flat-sided horses have trotted fast, but not because they were flat-sided. War Hagle had that conformation, and though he trotted in the best of com- pany, he was not an all-day horse. I drove him a year in a country practice before he trotted in public, and did not consider the narrow chest and small abdomen any advantage. A steep rump is a sign that a horse paces; but with the same form he may be a trotter; and in either case it has no relation to speed. The hind legs may be more crooked or more straight than usual, and the fore legs may be a little sprung forward, or a little set back, like a calf’s; the pasterns may be thick or slender, upright or oblique; but none of these forms indicate speed, nor the absence of it. Many fast horses are short in the rump—that is, from the croup, or highest point, to the root of the tail. This is pretty common among trotters; but some that are not fast have the same shape. In the way of going, there is as much difference with as little significance. Some lift their fore-feet very high, with a great deal of knee action ; others go fast, with a low, long stride. There is a way of reaching out with the fore-feet, that seems utterly in- compatible with speed. It is a long, pitching step, such as is seen in horses trotting slowly and loftily in a field when startled. To go fast the fore-feet should be struck at the ground, as if they were pulling the horse along, whether the stride be long or short. If a horse stands with the toes of his fore-feet turned in, he will paddle in trotting; that is, he will swing his feet out right and left from a straight line; and the foot that is most turned in at the toe in standing will be most swung around like a paddle in a mush-pot, in trotting. The movement is unsightly and objection- able, but not absolutely incompatible with speed. If the toes are turned out in standing, they will be turned in in trotting, and may strike the opposite knee. This is so common in fast trotters, as to THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 625 have received the appellation of speedy-cut. It should not be inferred, that cutting the knee is any sign of speed. It only hap- pens, that a horse with this defect in his way of going, hits his knee when he goes fast enough to get his foot up that high. It is a serious objection, but many more fast horses have that action than the opposite one of paddling. Nearly every good trotter goes with his hind-feet wide apart, when he goes fast. There are some exceptions to this rule, but they are not numerous. Some horses have a short stride, and as they generally show plenty of knee-action, and step fast, they ap- pear to go very fast, and so they do sometimes. The Cannucks, from Canada, generally go in that way; and all of such steppers are usually spirited and pleasant road horses, being free-goers. Long- striders are sometimes rather heavy in a jog-trot; but they get over the ground faster than they appear to, and on the road will often pass short-steppers that appear to be going as fast, or faster. Many of the best are long-striders, and, other things being equal, the probabilities are greater uf a horse going fast in a long stride than in a short one. Hiram Woodruff, in his admirable work on “The Trotting Horse of America,” expresses the opinion that short-steppers are better_weight-pullers at speed, and gives reasons—speculative rea- sons—for the opinion: but his own instances do not sustain the rule, unless we accept the logic, that as exceptions prove the rule, the more exceptions the stronger the proof. The truth appears to be, that the ability to pull weight does not depend much on the stride. The strongest movers are stout, muscular horses, broad behind, with the knees and hocks let well down; that is, with short cannon bones. A horse may be lazy, and yet trot fast when called on; or he may be very spirited, always willing to do his best, and not be able to trot in four minutes. A very strong horse, that can trot off with a loaded market-wagon behind him at a good gait, and keep it up for miles, may not be a fast trotter at any weight. Or a horse may have most excellent bottom—may take two men in a wagon over common roads sixty miles in a day, and repeat it every day in the week; or he may be good for ten miles an hour under the same circumstances, and not be able to trot a single mile in four minutes. Speed, then, does not depend entirely on the form, nor on the way of going, nor on the strength, nor on the spirit of a horse The value of a fast trotter may depend greatly upon these quali- ties, but not his speed. Any form, and any style of going, may do, if he can step fast enough ; and the power to step fast does not depend on form, spirit, strength, nor stamina—though all of these 40 626 TH# AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. do modify the manifestation of that power upon which speed does depend. Let us now consider the essential element of speed at any gait, whether it be running, pacing, or trotting. All the movement is effected by the contraction of those masses of lean meat called muscles. The muscles of voluntary motion are each attached to two bones by its two extremities, and the bones being attached to each other by a movable joint, when the muscle contracts one or both of the bones must move; and, of course the rapidity of the movement depends on the rapidity of the contraction. An animal wills the movement of a limb; that will, which originates in the brain, is transmitted through nerves to the muscles ; they contract and the limb moves. It would seem, then, that if a horse desired to go fast, and his muscles were large enough and his joints supple, he must needs do so whenever he tries; for if the muscles obey the will, and the will is that they shall contract quickly, the whole thing would be accomplished. Speed would then depend on the size of the muscles, and the willingness of the horse to contract them rapidly. But the facts are clearly against such a theory ; for all have noticed that a highly spirited horse that is very strong to pull a load, may not be able to go fast in any gait. The truth is, that all power to move, lies not in the brain which is the seat of the will, nor in the muscles which are the place of the movement, but between the two, in the spinal cord, which is the centre of the nervous system, and the generator of the power. The spinal cord lies in the back bone, filling the canal or hole that extends through its whole length, and giving off nerves from every part of it that go to all parts of the body. It is con- nected to the brain, and appears like a prolongation of it from the cavity of the skull along the cavity of the spine; but the rational view of the spinal cord, and the one that is sustained by compara- tive anatomy, is that which considers it the centre of the nervous system; the brain being an extension of it in one direction, and the nerves an extension of it in another direction, the whole con- stituting the nervous system. The brain is the seat of all mental manifestations—of thought, memory, love, fear, emulation, courage, &e. The disposition and character depend upon the brain, but it is not necessary to animal life. The nerves extend to every part of the body; some of them convey sensations to the brain, as of heat, or cold, or pain; others of them go to the muscles, and convey to them the power that is generated in the spinal cord by which they contract. The will to move is conceived in the brain, and goes to the spinal cord, which then generates the power to move. The power, which for convenience of language we will call nerve force, is sent through the nerves and expended in the muscles, effecting their contraction THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 627 and a consequent movement of the bones to which they are attached. The brain may be compared to a telegraph operator, the spinal cord to his galvanie battery, and the nerves to the wires. A chicken with its head off kicks and flutters with strength enough to fly over a barn, or to run around it. The spinal cord generates the power for a short time, and would do so longer but for the loss of blood; but the brain, that gives intelligent diree- tion to the power, is not there. The battery is sending its elec- tricity along the wires without the control of the operator. If enough of the nerve force is sent to the muscles to move the body a mile in six minutes, it is six minutes in being generated. If the same amount of nerve force can be generated and sent to the muscles in three minutes, we might suppose that the body would be moved the same distance in three minutes; and herein would appear to lie all the difference of speed. But the amount of force generated by the nervous centre, and expended by the muscles, in a given time, does not exactly explain the difference of speed. One horse may expend as much nerve force in pulling a load a quarter of a mile in three minutes, as another does in trotting a whole mile in the same time, and yet not be able to trot a mile in four minutes. The speed depends on the ability of the spinal cord to generate and send to the different sets of muscles concerned in locomotion, the required amounts of nerve force in a quick succession of discharges ; and on the capability of the nerves to transmit it to the muscles in large quantity in a short time. The difference between trotting fast and drawing a heavy load, is not in the amount of force used, but in the manner of using it. In one case, the nerve force is sent to a muscle during the whole time of taking a slow step with a heavy load; and in the other, it is all expended in an instant, causing the muscle to contract quickly, and thereby projecting the horse rapidly forward—the acquired momentum continuing after the muscle ceases to con- tract. It is like driving a nail by a succession of blows, that could not be moved by the same aggregate amount of pressure dif- fused and continued over the whole time of driving. The essential quality of speed, at any gait, is therefore a cer- tain organization of the nervous system, and this is the one thing needful in every case. This is what we breed for when we breed for speed ; this is the quality that has been transmitted through so many generations from Messenger, Pacer Pilot, Pilot, Bellfounder, and other progenitors of American trotters. A descendant of Messenger might have neither his form, size, nor way of going, but if he had a similar organization of the nervous system, he would have speed. We cannot detect this peculiarity of organiza- tion by any outward sign; we can know of it only by its mani- festations. We know that it is hereditary, and we also know that 628 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. it may be associated with any form. We therefore must respect the pedigrees of the horses and mares we breed from ; and the more of the trotting quality we find in their pedigrees, the more reason we will have for expecting a fast colt. Form, size, style, and action are all important matters in the constitution of any horse, and particularly important in trotters, because they are kept for use and for pleasure-driving as well as for racing; but the speed is not a result of any combination of these qualities. The right kind of a nervous system will accomplish more if the form and action are good than if they are bad; and all the necessary condi- tions of speed may exist in a horse, and yet he may be valueless because of an incurably bad temper, or because he inherits a strong tendency to some disqualifying disease. These matters every breeder will use his own judgment on. Ifa mare is good in all respects except speed, and is bred to a horse of speed, but of bad organization in other respects, the colt may have all the good qualities of the dam and the speed of the sire; or may have the bad qualities of the sire and the want of speed of the dam. It is impossible to foresee in what proportion the two parents will transmit their respective qualities to the offspring; so that the safest rule in breeding, is to have as much of all the qualities we breed for in both parents as is possible. The speed should be in both families to make its inheritance certain; but if it is strongly inherited by one side, we may reasonably expect all of the progeny to go faster than the parent that is not speedy. Thus a slow mare bred to a good trotting-foal getter, will always produce faster colts than she would if bred to a slow stallion like herself. The condition of parents at the time of conception has a power- ful influence on the progeny—whether it be mental or physical condition. Offspring inherit both the congenital and the acquired qualities of parents, as is well exemplified in the familiar case of dogs taught to hunt birds, and when they are found, to stand and wait for a man to shoot them, instead of rushing on to catch them as the instinctive impulse would prompt. The standing is an acquired quality, the effect of teaching, and yet it is transmitted by hereditary descent as certainly as any other quality. A well- bred setter or pointer pup will stand staunchly at a game bird, when only four months old, without any teaching. The effect on offspring of the transient condition of parents, may be seen in every family. No two children of the same parents are alike, unless they be twins. The reason is plain; the parents change from year to year, and the children inherit the changed conditions. The father may have a lawsuit, and a child may inherit the contentiousness and obstinacy engendered by it ; he may afterwards be engaged in active business enterprises, and transmit energy and a clear intel- lect to another child; a third may be idiotic, because his father THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 625 was enervated by a debauch. Many causes of change will occur to each parent in the year or two that elapses between the births of children, and these changes in the parents modify the constitn- tions of the children. Twins may be much alike, because there is no time for change, commonly, between the times of their con- ception ; though they may differ by resembling different parents, or by an interval between the times of conception, or even by being the children of different fathers. It is not essential to the transmission of acquired qualities, that they shall have been long acquired; a few days of strength or of debility, even perhaps a single hour of difference in the parent, may make a life-long difference to the child. A mental impression, however short, if only strong enough, may be transmitted. Well- authenticated cases have been related to me, one of a full-bred Durham calf that resembled neither parent, but a brindle ox that strongly impressed the minds of both parents at the time of con- ception ; and another of a litter of pigs of the white variety, .om- mon in Chester and Delaware counties, and famous everywhere, that were part of them black, because a black sow from Maryland was conspicuously present at the time of conception. Several eases have come within my own knowledge, of mares that pro- duced foals colored and marked like some stable or field companion, and entirely unlike both parents in that respect. It is a popular belief that impressions made on the mind of the mother during pregnancy, may be transmitted to the offspring ; but that cannot be true, because there is no connection by nerve between the mother and child; and a mental impression could not be conveyed by the blood. All of such supposed cases were pro- bably instances in which the impression was made on the mind of the mother before conception—became a part of herself—and was then transmitted to her offspring by the same law that any other quality of a parent is transmitted. This accounts, probably, for the well-authenticated case, before alluded to, of colts resembling a quagea that was not their sire. The mare had a distinct recol- lection of the strange beast associated in her mind, with the sexual intercourse she had first with him; and subsequent occa- sions of a similar kind with horses recalled the mental impression, and it was transmitted, being, and having been for years, a part of her mental constitution. It follows, that in breeding for trotting horses, we should not be unmindful of the temporary condition of the sire and dam. Mares are generally worked, and are nearly always in very good condition for breeding. With stallions, it is usually quite different. They are kept, as if their use was procreating colts for beef, rather than speed, spirit, and endurance. They are overfed and underworked; they are fat and feeble; their muscles and ligaments are not 630 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. strengthened by exercise; their blood is not purified by the increased secretions that accompany a quickened circulation of blood; their courage and endurance are not developed by a long journey occasionally ; their emulation is not stimulated by racing; and consequently these qualities, all so desirable in the offspring, are not transmitted in the intensity and power they might be if a more rational plan were pursued. The health and longevity of the stallion are endangered by these debilitating causes, and the best horse might lose reputation as a good trotting-foal getter in a few years of the enervating management too common every- where. It is supposed by many, that a horse that serves many mares has demand enough upon his strength without working. The truth is, he needs plenty of well-regulated cxercise to keep his strength up, and his health good, that he may safely and pro- fitably meet the great demand upon his vitality. It is becoming quite common. to test the speed of trotting colts at three, at two, and even at one year old; and with proper care, it may be done safely. The trial should be made after a little pre- paration, by gradually increased exercise, and the distance should be short. Curiosity being gratified by a few trials, should be also satisfied, for colts cannot stand much speeding without danger of injury. To teach a young horse to trot well requires judgment and care. He is to be improved by practice, there is no other way; and he should be made to like it, not fear it. He should make his best effort, willingly, eagerly, and doing so repeatedly, he cannot fail to improve. Kindness and gentleness are always necessary in the management of horses, and especially so in the taming and teach- ing of young horses. No horse should be put to a high rate of speed until he is first warmed up and breathing freely, and then he should be rested a little by a slow gait, but not allowed to cool off before he is called on to do his best. The young horse does not always know just what is wanted of him, and it is therefore a good plan to trot him on the same piece of level road always, and when he comes to it he will expect to trot. He should never be made tired of it, but always stopped while he is still anxious to go. The training is as much a mental as a physical discipline; it must be both. Some horses need the stimulation of the voice or whip; others will require only to be held to their work. The dull one should be stimulated by emula- tion—another horse should be trotted or galloped alongside of him ; and whether the accompanying horse should be kept just even with him, or a little before or behind, must be ascertained by trial. _ An intelligent horse becomes discouraged by being beaten in a race, and either breaks into a run to catch up, or quits mak- ing any strong effort. Young horses being more impulsive and THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. 31 less under the influence of training and experience, feel the mur- tification of defeat more than clder ones. Some colts are so anxious to beat, that it is impossible to keep them trotting with a competitor of equal or greater speed, but if put in double harness they understand that they cannot get ahead of the other by run- ning, and will do their very best trotting honestly. All animals, except men, have more intelligence than they get credit for; and a great many failures in the management of horses come from men’s over-estimate of themselves, and their failure to appreciate and properly regard the intelligence of the other animal. The ground should be smooth, and level, or a little descending. If rough it throws him out of his step; and if ascending he may get to hopping, or hipping, as it is sometimes called—that is, he does not trot square, but goes in a half gallop with his hind legs, as an easier way of taking the weight along, while he trots with his fore legs. ‘Taking too much weight, or being pushed beyond his speed, may make him do it; and the remedies are, avoidance of the causes, and driving at a moderate speed until the habit is forgotten. The common notion that a horse can better trot up hill than down, is too absurd to merit serious refutation. Whether the hill be steep or otherwise, long or short, the horse can trot down it, either under saddle or in harness, easier than he can trot up it. A high speed for a short distance does not injure even quite young horses, but keeping them at it until the ligaments that bind the bones together at the joints are overtaxed, and feel sore the next day, is the way to stiffen the joints, to cause knuckling of the hind fetlock joints, and springing of the knees. No horse should be so tired by a day’s work that a night’s rest will not make him fresh again, and this is especially true of young horses. If a horse is worked moderately at first, and a little more is exacted of him in each succeeding day, but without violation of the rule just stated, his powers will gradually increase to meet the increased demand; but if that rule is violated for days in succession, the horse’s powers daily diminish, and the experiment will end in injury to his health and spirit. In trotting young horses the greatest difficulty is in keeping them squarely at their work. They will try to go as fast as they ean, and they know that they can run faster than they can trot. The colt that can naturally trot very fast will have less desire to run, and being necessarily descended from trotting ancestors, he will naturally be more disposed to do his best going in that way. If possible, he should never be driven “ off his feet,’ but should be made to understand that he has but one way of going, and that is trotting. Inexperienced drivers are never satisfied with their horse’s trot- ting until they have driven them out of their gait, and then they 632 THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE. are more dissatisfied than before. Rude snatching and sawing of the mouth by the bit make matters worse—but the man who always makes his horse break up, always punishes the horse for doing it; and particularly is this true when some other horse is out-footing his. He then imagines that his horse is not doing as much as he could if he were disposed to; the whip is brought into passionate use, and the bit is cruelly made an instrument of torture to counteract the effect of the whip. This kind of driving teaches a young horse that trotting is to always end in a break, and the break in a painful and alarming punishment. 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Abd el Kader, on the Arab horse, 40; on the influence of the sire and dam respectively in breeding, 110. Abdomen, 278, 279. Abdominal viscera, diseases of the, 350. Accidents to the legs and feet, 413. Action, locomotive, of the various parts, 76. Administration of chloroform, 431; of physie, 445. Africa, South, the horses of, 32. Age, shown by the dental system, 258; average, 28; best to breed from, 109. Albany Pony, 508. Alexander’s Abdallah, 610. Ali Bey, his description of the modern Arab, 33. Alimentary canal, absorption of fluid from the, 280. Alteratives, 447. Amaurosis, 387. Amble, the, 95. American LHeclipse 604. American Girl, 526, 612. American Star (Seeley’s), 613. American trotting horse, history of the, 503 et seq. ; the, 50. Americus, 511, 604. Anesthetics, 448. Anasarea, 418. Anchylosis, 298. Ancient methods of using the horse, Wie Andrew Jackson, 612. Anodynes, 448. Antacids, 449. Anthelmintics, 449. Aperients, 450. Apoplexy, 380. Apparatus for breaking to harness, 152. Arab horse, of antiquity, 16; modern, 33. (thorough-bred), 42 Archer (an English trotter), 599. Ariel (thorough-bred), 602. Arsenic, 352. Arteries of the foot, the, 295. Asiatic horses, the, 42. Astringents, 452. Atavism, principles of, 617. Atmospheric air, changes produced in, by respiration, 277. Attitude assumed in standing, 78. Australian horse, the, 44. Back and loins, strains of the, 316. Back-raking, mode of performing, 446. Back-sinews, strains of the, 319. Bail, the hanging, 168; gangway, 170. Balanitis, 373. Bandages, 196. Barb, the, 30. Barbs, treatment of, 352. Barnacles, 434. Bashaw family, the, 518, 611. Bashaw (Green’s). (See Green’s Ba- shaw.) Bath, the Turkish, 213. Baucher’s method of horse-breaking, 145. Bellfounder (imp.), 603. Bengal, the horses of, 43. Betsey Baker, 508, 602. Billy Boyce (pacer), 609; pedigree of, 653. Birmah, the horses of, 44. Bishoping, 264. Bit-used for horse-breaking, 143. Bites of insects, 392, 478. Biting, remedy for the vice of, 206. Black Dutchman, 612. Black Flying Cloud, 621. Black Harry Clay (Sayre’s), 612. Black Hawk (Hill’s, also called Ver- mont), 49, 606, 611. Black Hawk (Long Island), 612. Blacking, recipes for harness, 230. Bladder, the, 284; calculi in, 373; dis- eases of, 372. 657 658 Bleeding, 434; from the nose, 481; of the lungs, 482; of the mouth, 482; of the stomach, 482; inflammation of the vein, when performed, 436. Blindness, 385. Blink Bonny (English thorough-bred), 62 Blistering, 439. Blisters, 453. Blood, the, 273; 274. Blood-vessels of the chest and nose, diseases of the, 349. Bog-spavin, 313. Bone, diseases of, 297; structure of, 248; fracture of the canna, 310; strain of the round, 322. Bone-spavin, 302. Bones, number of, composing the skele- ton, 252. Bornou, the horses of, 32. Boston (thorough-bred), 103. Boston Blue, 508, 600. Bots, 355. Bowels, calculi in the, 365; inflamma- tion of the, 357, 488. Boxes in stables, 157. Break, or trevis, the, 434. Breaking, Rarey’s principles and prac- tice of, 128; for the saddle, ordinary method, 141; Baucher’s method, 145; to harness, 151. Breaking down, 321. Breathing, physiology of, 277. Breed of race-horses, object of encour- aging the, 58. Breeding, principles of, 99, 618 et seq. ; rules for, 633. Breeding-back, 617. British horse, the original, 17. Broken back, 476. Broken knee, 324, Broken wind, 346. Bronchitis, 329. Brood mare, the, 117; general manage- ment of, 122. Buck eye, 387. Burns, 477. Bursee mucose, anatomy of, 271; in- flammation in, 314. Butterfly (English thorough- bred), 61. circulation of the, CALcULI, in the bowels, 365; urinary, 373. Canadian horse, the, 47, 604, 605. Canker, 403. Canna bone, fractures of, 310. Cannucks (see Canadian horse), 604. Canter, the, 89; mode of starting into a, 238. INDEX. Capped elbow, 316; hock, 315. Capulet (see Capped Elbow). Caries, 298; of the jaw, 307. Cart-horse, the Vermont, 55. Cartilage, 266; diseases of, 312. Cartilages, ossification of the lateral, 301. Clay family, the, 612. Casting, 432. Castration, 440. Cataract, 386. Catarrh, 327. Catch, insuring a, 634, Catchpit, the, 163. Caustics, 454. Cauteries (see Caustics). Cayuga Chief, 608. Chapped Heels, 394. Characteristics, of the horse, 18. Charges, 455. Chest, diseases of the blood-vessels of, 349; water on the, 345. Chloroform, administration of, 431. Choking, 479. Choking distemper (see Fevers). Chyle, the, 280. Circulation of the blood, 275. Clipping, 189. Clothes, tearing off the, 204. Clubs, trotting, establishment of, 508, 600. Clysters, 445. Coach-house, 174. Coat of the thorough-bred, 75. Coffin-joint, strains of the, 318. Cold, 327. Colic, 360; flatulent, 361, 488; spas- modie, 361, 487. Color, of the Arab horse, 37; of the thorough-bred, 75. Colt, breaking of the, 128. Conestoga draught-horse, the, 55. Confining the horse, methods of, 432. Congestion of the lungs, 339, 483. Constitutional diseases, 417. Consumption, 346. Contagious diseases, 491. Contraction of the foot, 409; of the heels, 429. Convulsions, 375, 376. Cordials, 456. Corns, 397. Coronary frog-band, the, 293. Coronary substance, anatomy of the, 293. Corrosive sublimate, treatment of ef- fects of, 853. Cough, chronic, 331. Counter-irritants, 454, Coup de soleil, 382. INDEX, Crib-biting, 202. Cruiser, 128, 131. Crust of the foot, anatomy of the, 292. Curb, 322, 323. Cushion of the frog, 293. Cuts, stable management of, 222. Cutting, 246; ordinary, 413; speedy, 415. Cystitis, 372. Dantet LAMBERT, 615. Deafness, 383. Delay in parturition, 490. Demulcents, 457. Depuration, 281. Dexter, career of, 524; pedigree of, 643. Dgelfe, a breed of Arab horse, 33. Diabetes, 371, 452. Diaphoretics, 457. Diaphragm, spasms of the, 348. Diarrhea, 362; medicines for chronic, 452; clyster for, 456. Digestion, physiology of, 280. Digestives, 457. Diomed (imp.), 604. Dishing, in the trot, 88. Dislocation, nature of, 324, 476; of the hip-joint, 324; of the patella, 324, 476. Distemper, 328, 329. | Diuretics, 458. Docking, 443. Dongola, the horses of, 32. Door for loose box, 161. Doors of stables, 161. Drainage of stables, 163. Draught-horse, the Conestoga, 55. Dressing of horses before work, 183; after work, 186. Duct, the thoracic, 280. Ducts, the lachrymal, 289. Duroe (thorough-bred), 604. Dutchman, career of, 510; race with Rattler, 511. Dysentery, 362; remedies for, 453. Dyspepsia, 354. Har, the, 289; diseases of, 383; scratching the, remedy for, 204. Early maturity of the thorough-bred, 57 East, the horses of the, 30. Eclipse (English thorough-bred), de- scription of, 27; Percival’s descrip- tion of, 28. Edwin Forrest (old), 510. Edwin Forrest (Bonner’s), 542. Egyptian horse, the ancient, 16; the modern, 32. Elbow-joint, capped, 316. Embrocations, 458. 659 Emulsions, 459. Enteritis, 357. Hpilepsy, 375. Erotic heat, duration of, 634. Eruptions of the skin, 388. Essentials in the thorough-bred, 60. Ethan Allen, 49, 520, 615. Excretion, physiology of, 281. Exercise, daily, 200. Exhaustion, after work, 221. Exostosis, 297; of the humerus and scapula, 305. Expectorants, 459. External form as indicated by points, 19; formation of the thorough-bred, 61. Extremities, the anterior, 254; the hind, 255; considered as organs of support, 255; of locomotion, 256. Hye, the, 287; simple inflammation of, 383; purulent ophthalmia, 384 ; iri- tis, 384; injuries of, 386; cataract, 386 ; amaurosis, 387; buck-eye, 387; wash for the, 461. FAcer, anatomy of the, 254. Fainting, 486. False quarter, 399. Farcy, 420. Fearnaught (imp.), 53. Febrifuges, 460. Feeding, theory and practice of, 177. Feeling, 290. Feet, accidents to the, 413; manage- ment of, 197, 484; dryness of the, 198. Femur, fracture of the, 310. Fetlock, strain of the, 318. Fever balls and powders, 460. Fevers, 417; simple, 417; typhoid, 417. Fibre, muscular, 270. Fibrous tissue, 268; chemical compo- sition of, 269. Firing, 436; method of performing, 437. Fisherman (English thorough-bred), 62. Fistula of the withers, 306. Fits, 486; also see Epilepsy. Flatbush Maid, 609. Flatulent colic, 361. Floors of stables, 161. Flora Temple, 50; history of, 519. Flying gallop, the, 92. Foal, the, 125; treatment of the, 125; weaning of the, 127, 634. Foaling, best season for, 633. Foals, rheumatic inflammation pecu- liar to, 313. 660 Foot, anatomy of the, 290; contraction of the, 409,429; fever of the, 403; conditions of a good sound, 424. Fore-quarters, relative proportions of the, 21. Formation, external, of the horse, 61. Foundations of stables, 157. Founder, 403. Fractures, 308, 474; simple, 309, 475; of the femur, 310; of the humerus, 310; of the canna bones, 310; of the lower jaw, 310, 474; of the pelvis, 310, 474; of the pasterns, 310; of the bones of the skull, 310, 474; of the radius, 310; of the ribs, 310, 474; of the scapula, 310; of the spine, 310; of the tibia, 310; com- pound, 475; comminuted, 475; of the tail, 474; of the limbs, 474. Frog, anatomy of the, 293; bleeding from the wounds of the, 474. GAp-FLy, bites of the, 392. Gallop, the flying, 90 ; method of start- ing to the, 239. Galls, harness, 391; remedy for, 459. Gangway, bail for stable, 170. Gastritis, 352. General Knox, 614, 615; pedigree of, 655. Generation, female organs of, 286; male organs of, 255; theory of, 99, 617. Generative organs, diseases of the, 373. George M. Patchen, 612; history of, 521; pedigree of, 642. George Palmer, 527. George Wilkes, 525, 524. Gland, the kidneys, 284; the liver, 283; the pancreas, 284. Glanders, 418. Glands, structure of the, 280. Glencoe (imp.), 603. Godolphin Arabian, 31. Golddust, 613. Goldsmith Maid, history of, 528; race with Smuggler, 534; inbred, 620; pedigree of, 647. Grain shoots, 160. Granary. construction of, 160. Grand Bashaw (imp.), 518, 611. Grass, turning out to, 225. Grease (Scratches), 394, 395. Greek horse, the ancient, 14. Green’s Bashaw, pedigree of, 639. Grooming, 184. Grubs, removal of, 392. Hapsirs in a wild or free state, 18; out- INDEX. door bad, 243; remedies for bad, 202. i Hacks, preparation of, for work, 220. Heematuria, 371. Hemorrhage, from the lungs, 349; from the nose, 349. Halters used for breaking colts, 142. Hambletonian (Rysdyk’s), character of, as a stallion, 611, 613, 614; cele- brated horses begot by him, 610, pedigree of, 637. Hambletonian (thorough -bred), Messenger, 602. Hand-gallop, the, 90. Harness, blacking, recipes for, 230; breaking to, 151; care of, 229; fit- tings for, 173; room in stables, 173; galls, 391. Hay chamber, 159. Head, bones of the, 254; relative pro- portions of the, 19. Health, importance of, in sire and dam, 107, 617; upland grass useful in re- storing, 226. Heart, diseases of the, 348, 483. Heels, chapped, 394; contracted, 430 ; remedies for sore, 454. Height of the thorough-bred, 75. Henry Clay, 612. Hepatization of the lungs, 340. Herbert’s description of wild horse of America, 46. Hernia, reduction of, 444, Hero (pacer), 609. Hidebound, 389. Highblowing, 338. Highland Ash, 609; pedigree of, 650. Highland Lass, 609. Highland Maid, 609. Hill’s Black Hawk, 606, 611. Hind quarters, points of the, 25. Hip-joint, dislocation of the, 324; strain of the, 322. “Hit,” causes of a, 106. Hobbles, description of, and method of using, 432. Hock, capped, 315; strain of the, 322. Hock-joint, strain of the, 322. Hogging the mane, 194. Hoof, anatomy of the, 291; develop- ment of, by secretion, 293. Hopeful, 544. Horsemanship, Baucher’s method of, 150. Hounds, riding to, 240. Hovel, the, for the brood mare, 119. Hughes, Mr., tames the Arabian stal- lion Chillaby, 36. Humerus and scapula, exostosis of, 305; fracture of the, 310. by INDEX. Hunter, preparation of the, 206, 219. Hunting Park Association, established, — 508, 600. Hurdle races, best performances, 595. Hydrophobia, 377, 478. Hydrothorax, a sequel of pleurisy, 345. ImMPREGNATING, difficulty in, 634. Improvement in trotting time, 549. Inaction of the kidneys, 372. In-and-in breeding, 103, 620. India, horses of, 43. Indian pony, the, 46. Indigestion (dyspepsia), 354. Inflamed, bursz mucosex, 314; tendin- ous sheaths, 314. Inflammation of the bones, 298; of burse mucosa, 314; of the bladder, 372; of the bowels, 357, 488; of the brain, 375; of the bronchi, 329; of the eye, 383; of the kidneys, 369; of the larynx, 332; of the lungs, 339; of the pleura, 345, 484; of the stomach, 352; of the feet, 484; of the vein after bleeding, 436; rheu- matic, 311; wash for external, 461. Influenza, 328; typhoid, 328. Injections (see Clysters). Insects, bites and stings of, 392, 478. Intestines, the, 282, Inversion of the uterus, 374. Tritis, 384. James K. Poux (pacer), 514, 609. Jaw, caries of, 307; fracture of the bones of, 310, 474; osteo sarcoma of, 308. Jog-trot, the, 236. John Henry, failure as a stallion, 616. John Morgan, 523, 605; pedigree of, 646. John Stewart, 608. Joint, strain of the coffin, 318; strains of the hip, 322; dislocation of the hip, 324. Joints, the, 266; wounds of, 324. Jugular vein, when obliterated, renders the horse unfit to be turned out, 227. Jumping, 96. Justin Morgan, 48. KainHAn, a breed of Arab horses, 34. Kemble Jackson, history of, 518 ; pedi- gree of, 648. Kemble Jackson bit invented, 518. Kicking, out of doors, prevention of, 245; in the stable, 203, 206. Kidneys, diseases of the, 369; inflam- mation of the, 369; maction of, 372 ; situation of the, 284. 661 Knee-joint, strain of the, 317; punc- tured, 326; broken, 324; wounds of the, 324. Kochlani, a breed of Arab horses, tra- dition of the, 34. LACHRYMAL apparatus, the, 289. Lacteals, the, 280. ‘ Lady Suffolk, history of, 513 ; race with Tacony, 515; pedigree of, 644. Lady Thorn, history of, 526; pedigree of, 645. Lamina, the, 294. Laminitis, 403; acute, 405; chronic, 406, 484. Lampas, 351. Lamp for singeing, 193. Laryngitis, 332. Lateral cartilages, ossification of, 301. Leaping, 96. Lecompte (thorough-bred), 55. Legs, accidents to, 413; swelled, 393; lotion for inflamed, 461. Lexington (thorough-bred), 54, 55. Libyan horse, the ancient, 17. Lice, destruction of, 391. Ligaments, 268; diseases of, 311; strain of the suspensory, 318. Lighting of stables, 165. Lightning, 612. : Limbs, as agents of locomotion, 256; as means of support, 255. Liniments, 457. Litter, eating the, 205. Liver, the, 283; diseases of the, 369. Lock-jaw, 378. Loins, strains of the, 316. Long Island Black Hawk, 612. Loose boxes, 157. Lotions, 460. Lower jaw, fractures of the, 310. Lucy, 527; pedigree of, 649. Lula, 530. Lungs, congestion of the, 340, 483; inflammation of (pneumonia), 339; hemorrhage from the, 349, 482. Lying down at work, 245. Mac, 518; race with Tacony, 516. Madness, 377. Mad staggers, 375. Mahomet, the traditional founder of the Kochlani, 34. Mallenders, 391. Mambrino (thorough-bred), 506, 602. Mambrino Chief, 602, 613, 614. Mambrino Gift, inbred, 620. Mambrino Paymaster, by Mambrino, 602, 614. Mambrino Pilot, pedigree of, 638. 662 Mane, of the race horse, the, 76; hog- ging the, 194. Manege, paces of the, 96. Mange, 389. Mangers for stables, 170; material for, yale Mare, management of the brood, 117; choosing the, for breeding, 619 ; time of sending to the horse, 123, 633; the Arab, 40. Marrow, the, 250. Marshes, useful in unsoundness of the feet and legs, 225. Match, trotting, first on record in Eng- land, 599; first on record in America, 507, 600. Maturity of the horse, 28. Maud §S., 550; pedigree of, 656. Medicines, list of the principal, and recipes for, 447 et seq. Mef ki, a breed of Arab horse, 33. Megrims, 376. Membrane, synovial, inflammation of the, 313. Mental development, 29. Messenger (imp.), description of, 506, 601; influence upon trotting stock, 507, 602; character as a stallion, 507; his progeny inbred, 621. Methods of using the horse, ancient, Wits Middiepiece of the horse, proportions of, 23. Mode of progression in horses, 78. Modern Arab, the, 33. Molten grease, 364. Moor-ill, 419. Moorish horse, the, 17. Morgan horse, the, 48, 613. Morrill family, the, 612. Morrill (Young), 612; 641. Moulting, periodical, 29. Mountain Boy, 527; pedigree of, 651. Mounting, directions for, 230. Mouth, age of the horse as shown in the, 258; diseases of the, 350. Mucose, burs, 271; inflamed, 314. Muscles, 269; diseases of the, 311; chronic rheumatism of, 312; rheu- matic inflammation of, 311. Mustang horse, the, 46. pedigree of, Narcotics (see Anodynes). Narraganset Pacer, the, 52. National Trotting Association formed, 551. Navicular disease, 409. Neck, relative proportions of the, 21. Nejdi, a breed of Arab horse, 33. INDEX. Nephritis, 369. Nerves, the, 286. Nervous system, diseases of the, 375. Neurotomy, for navicular disease, 412. New York Trotting Club organized, 508, 600. Nicking, operation for, 1438. Norfolk trotter, the, 89, 600. North America, wild horse of, 46. Nose, the, 287; diseases of the blood- vessels of the, 349: haemorrhage from the blood-vessels of the, 349, 481. Numidian horse, the, 17. Nymphomania, 374, Ozsect of encouraging the breed of race-horses, 58. Oneida Chief (pacer), 608. Operations, 431. Ophthalmia, purulent, 384. Organs, classification of the various, 248. Original British horse, the, 17. Orloff Trotter, the, 600. Ossification of the lateral cartilages, 301. Osteo sarcoma of the jaw, 308. Out-crossing in breeding, 104, 622. Over-reaches, stable management of, 222; treatment of, 416. Ozena, 328. Pacer, the Narraganset, 52. Pacers, 607; belonging to trotting families, 608; to teach to trot, 608; performances of, 575. Paces, natural and acquired, 76 ; modes of starting to the various, 235. Pacing, nature of, 95; close relation- ship to trotting, 609. Paddock, the, for brood mares, 118. Palpitation of the heart, 483. Pancreas, the, 284. Paps, 352. Paralysis, 380; from injury of the spine, 380. Parturition, 490. Pastern, fractures of the, 310. Pasturing, 225. Patella, dislocation of the, 324, Paul Pry, 509, 601. Pedigrees, importance of, in breeding, 617; tables of, 637-656. Pelham, 608. Pelvic arch, the, 255. Pelvis, the, 284; fractures of, 310, Performances, tables of trotting, 555; pacing, 577; running, 583. Perichondrium, 267. Periodical moulting, 29. INDEX. Periosteum, the, 250. Peritonitis, 357. Persian horse, the, 41. Phrenitis, 375. Phthisis, 546. Physic, effects of, 217; mode of ad- ministering, 445. Physic balls and drenches, 450. Physiology, of the blood, 273; of di- gestion, 280; of muscle, 269; of re- spiration, 277 ; of secretions, 281; of the skeleton, 251. Pilot (blk. g.), 608. Pilot, Jr. (Alexander’s), 605. Pilot, Old (pacer), 605. Piping, 338. Pleura, the, 272. Pleurisy, 345, 484. Pleurodynia, 345. Plunging, 245. Pneumonia, 339. Pocahontas, Jr., 609. Pocahontas (pacer), 96, 609; pedigree of, 652. Points of the trotter, 624; horse, 20. Poisoning, 488. Poll-evil, 307. Pregnancy, 633. Preparation, final, of the hunter, 219; for work, 206. Prices paid for trotting horses by Mr. Bonner, 550. Pricks, from a nail picked up on the road, 416; in shoeing, 415. Princess, 520. Prioress (thorough-bred), 54. Progression, mode of, 78. Proportions of the various points, 26. Proud-flesh, in wounds, medicines for destroying, 404. Puffs, 315. Purchase of horses, the, 463. Purges (see Aperients). Purity of blood in the thorough-bred, 60. Purulent ophthalmia, 384. of the QuARTER, points of the fore, 21; points of the hind, 25; false, 399. Quittor, 400. Rasiss, of, 377, 478. Race-horse, characteristics and shape of the, 57. Racing or hunting stable, 175. Racking, 95. Racks for stables, 170. Radius, fracture of the, 310. Rarey’s method of breaking horses, 128. 663 ; Rarus, history of, 539. Rattler, 510. Rearing, management of, 244, Reduction of hernia, 444. Refrigerants, 461. Reins, management of, 233. Relationship of pacers to trotters, €09. Relative influence of sire and dam, 110, 617. Relative proportions of the horse, 19. Respiration, 277; effect of, on atmo- spheric air, 277. Retention of urine, 373. Rheumatic inflammation, 311. Rheumatism, 311. Ribs, fractured, 310. Riding, 230; to hounds, 240. Ring bone, 300; remedy for, 454. Ripton, 512. Roanoke (pacer), 608. Roaring, 335. Roman horse, the, 16. Round worms, 367. Rowels, 438. Royal George, 605. Running, action in, 96. Running away, management of, 245. Running turf, tables of best perform- ances on, 583 et seq. Rupture of the bowels, 364. Rysdyk’s Hambletonian, principal sons of, 610; money received for stud services of, 610; pedigree of, 637. Sas, a breed of Arab horse, 33. Saddlery, care of, 227. Saladin, 600. Sale of horses, the, 463. Sallenders, 391. Salt, as food, 180. Saltram (pacer), 609. Sand-crack, 399. Sarcoma, osteo, 308. Saunterer (English thorough-bred), 64. Scalds, 477. Scapula, exostosis of, 305; fractures of the, 310. Scratches (see Grease). Scratching the ear, management of, 204. Screwdriver, 508, 509. Scripture, the horse of, 13. Seat in riding, directions for, 232. Seclaoni, a breed of Arab horses, 33. Secretion, physiology of, 281; meili- cines for defective, 448. Sedatives, 461. Seedy toe, 408. Seeley’s American Star, 604, 613. 664 Sensation, nerves of, supplied to the lips, 290. Servants’ rooms in stables, 174. Seton needles, description of, 488. Setons, insertion of, 438. Shakspeare,-601, 602. Shaving, 193. Sheaths, inflamed tendinous, 314. Sherman, by Justin Morgan, 606. Shoe, clenches for the, 200; removal of the, 199; different shapes of the, 428. Shoeing, 421 et seg. ; pricks in, 415.~ Shoulder, the, 21; strain of the, 317; lotion for galled, 461. Shouldering, the habit of, 245. Shying, management of, 243. Sidebone, 300. Side line, the, 433. Sinews, strains of the back, 319. Singeing, 192; lamp for, 193. Sire and dam, relative influence of, 110, 617; condition of, in breeding, 629. Sir Henry (thorough-bred), 604. Sir Peter, 508, 601. Sir Tatton Sykes (English thorough- bred), 63, 75. Sir Walter Scott (pacer), 608. Sitfasts, 391. Size, importance of, in the stallion, 617. Skeleton of the horse, the, 250. Skin, the organ of touch, 290; medi- cines for disordered state of the, 447. Skull, fractures of the, 310. Sleepy staggers (see Apoplexy), 380. Smuggler, 609; history of, 533; race at Cleveland, 534; pedigree of, 640. Soiling, 223. Sole, the, 293; bruises of the, 416. Sontag, 609. Sore-throat, 350; catarrhal, 327. Sovereign (imp.), 103. Soundness, importance of, in sire and dam, 107, 617. Soundness, laws of, 464. South American horse, the, 45. Spasm of the diaphragm, 348. Spasmodic colic, 361. Spavin, bog, 313; bone, 302; remedy for, 454. Speed, of the Arab horse, 37; import- ance of, in the stallion, 617; of the trotter, 624. Spinal column, the, 252. Spinal cord, the source of the power to move, 626. Spine, injury of the, causing paralysis, 380; fractures of the, 310. INDEX. Spleen, the, 283. Splints, 298; remedy for, 454. Sprains, 477. St. Julien, description of, 546; history of, 546; trot against time, 548. St. Lawrence, 605. Stable management, 177; vices, 202. Stables, 155. Stafford, tamed by Rarey, 128, 130. Staggers, mad, 375; sleepy, 380; stom- ach, 353, 487; remedy for, 452. Stallion, choosing a, for breeding pur- poses, 617. Stalls, 157; iron fittings for, 172. Standing, attitude assumed in, 78. Starting the horse in his various paces, modes of, 235. Stench traps, 164. Stifle joint, strain of the, 322. Stimulants, 462. Stings of insects, 392, 478. Stomach, the, 29, 282; medicines for debility of, 448; staggers, 353, 487. Stomachies, 462. Stonewall Jackson, 525. Strains, 316; of the back-sinews, 319; of the back and loins, 316; of the coffin-joint, 318; of the hock, 322; of the fetlock, 318; of the hip-joint, 322; of the knee, 317; of the shoul- der, 317; of the stifle-joint, 322; of the suspensory ligaments, 318, 319. Strangles, 351. Strangulation of the bowels, 364. Stride, in trotting, essential elements of the, 624. String halt, 381. Stumbling, 246. Styptics, 462. Summering, 222. Sunstroke, 382, 485. Superpurgation, 363; remedy for, 449. Surfeit, 388. Surplice (English thorough-bred), 75. Suspensory ligaments, strain of the, 318. Sweating, object of, 208; the ordinary, 210. Swelled legs, 393. Syncope, 486. Synovial membrane, inflammation of the, 313. Tacony, 515, 518; races with Lady Suffolk and Mace, 515, 516. Tail, the, 255; of the thorough-bied race-horse, 76. Tartary, the horses of, 43. Teeth, the, 257; age of the horse as - "INDEX. 665 indicated by, 258; irregularities in | Trumpeting, 338. the growth of, 265. Temperature of stables, 200. Tendinous sheaths, inflammation of, 314. Tendons, 268; diseases of the, 311. Tetanus, 378. Thick wind, 347. Thomas Jefferson, history of, 531. Thoracic arch, the, 254; organs, dis- eases of the, 326. Thorax, the, 272. Thormanby (English thorough-bred), 58. Thorns in the leg, 221. Thorough- bred, characteristics and shape of the, 57; influence upon trotting stock, 507, 604; general history of the American, 52. Thoroughpin, 313; in the bursa, 315. Thread-worms, 368. Throat, sore, 350. Thrush, 401. Tibia, fractures of the, 310. Tiles, enamelled, for stables, 172. Tippecanoe (pacer), 608. Tissue, fibrous, 268. Toe, seedy, 408. Tom Wonder, 608. Tonics, 463. Toorkistan, the horses of, 42. Topgallant, 508, 602. Touch, the organ of, 290; sense of, necessary to the appreciation of form, 290. Training colts to trot, 630. Training horses, Rarey’s method of,128, Travis, the, of stables, 168. Trevis, the, or break, Bee Trimming, 193. Trinket, pedigree of, 654. Trot, the, 86; starting into a, 236; teaching the colt to, 630. Trotter, the American, 50, 503 et seq., 597 et seq. ; the Norfolk, 89, 600; the Orloff, 600; breeding of the, 616; points of a, 624; elements of speed in, 626; training, 630 et seq.; per- formances of, 553 et seq. Trotting, origination of, in England as a public amusement, 599; origina- tion of, in America as a public amuse- ment, 507, 600; influence of import- ed thorough- breds upon the trotting stock of America, 507, 604; relation- ship to pacing, 607 ; improvement in time in, 549. Trouble, 508, 602. True Briton, the founder of the Morgan stock, 48. Trustee, the twenty-miler, 513 Tumers, on the tendons, 312. Turkish bath, the, 213. Turkish horse, the, 42. Turning out to grass, 225. Twitch, the, 434. Typhoid fever, 417, 418. Utcers, lotions for foul, 61. Umpire (thorough-bred), 54, Unknown (pacer), 608. Unnerving, 444. Unsoundness, what 463. Unsoundness of the feet and legs, marshes useful in, 225. Urine, bloody, 371; retention of, 373; bloody, medicines for, 452; medi- cines to increase the flow of, 458. Uterus, inversion of the, 374. constitutes it, VAGINA, inflammation of the, 374. Veins, inflammation of, after bleeding, 436. Venous blood, action of air on, 277. Ventilating shaft, 167; windows, 162. Ventilation of stables, 166. Vermifuges (see Anthelmintics). Vermont Black Hawk (Hill’s), 606, 611. Vermont cart-horse, the, 55. Vertebre, the, 253. Vesicants (see Blisters). Veterinary surgeon, what to do before he comes, 469 et seq. Vices, out-door, 243; stable, remedies for, 202. Viscera, abdominal, diseases of the, 350. Vives, 352. Watk, the, 78; mode of starting the horse into a, 235. Walkill Chief, 610. Walking, rate of, 86. Walls of stables, 173. Warbles, 391. War Eagle, conformation of, 624. Warts, removal of, 396. Washes, 460. Water, 180; supply of stables, 165. Water in the chest (Hydrothorax), 345. Water pipes for stables, 165. Weaning the foal, 127, 634. Weaving, 205. Weight, distribution of, 76. 666 INDEX. Whalebone, 508, 509, 601. Work, preparation for, 206 ; treatment Wheezing, 338. of, after, 220. Whistling, 338. Worm medicines, 449. Wild Dayrell (English thorough-bred), | Worms, intestinal, 367. 75. Wounds, 472; of the joints, 324; Wild Horse of America, Herbert’s ac- medicines to destroy proud-flesh in, count of the, 46. 454, Wild Tartar horse, the, 43. Wind, broken, 346; thick, 347. XENOPHON, his directions for puychas- Windows for stables, 162. ing a horse, 14. Wind-galls, 314; remedy for, 459. Withers, fistula of the, 306. Youne BaswHaw, 518, 612. Woodpecker, 609. Young Morrill, 612; pedigree of, 641. a A 34,77 “4 X291 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS il. Im