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ETOLUTTON
1-ii 1927-38_

100115223

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDVCATION

FOR SCIENCE

LIBRARY

OF

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM

OF

NATURAL HISTORY

)I|D3 'UOHJOIS — -—

aaoNiainnw

Number Ten

NOVEMBER, 1928

^. ^ J

10 Cents

EUOLUnON

(^ JOURNAL OF NATURE

OUR FACE
FROM FISH TO MAN

From "Our Face from Fish to Man" — By If'illiam K. Grojury

Courtesy of G. P. Putnam's Sons

Monthly, One dollar per year

Entered as second class matter at New York, N. Y. Jan. 7, 1928 Evolution Publ. Corp., 96-5th Ave., N. Y.

Page Two

EVOLUTION

November, 1928

New Evidence of Man's Relationship

To The Anthropoid Apes

(IVilh Kind Permission from a Study in the Journal of Dental Rseardi, .Ipril, 1928)

By J. Leon Williams

MANY years ago I made a critical study of tooth form In
relation to race. The most obvious variations in human
teetii occur in the upper central incisors. Examination of over
one thousand specimens from all parts of the world showed wide
and marked variations in all races, with only vague indications
of racial peculiarities.

Arranging these teeth according to the most striking pecu-
liarities and resemblances it soon became apparent that there
are three very distinct forms of human central incisors. Class 1,
with sides parallel for more than half their length; Class 2, with
sides rapidly converging from the cutting edge toward the root;
Class 3, with a double curve on one, and sometimes on both
sides. The great majority are various blendings of these typal
forms, but in most teeth one or the other
is clearly dominant.

An examination of the skulls in the
large collection of the Museum of the
Royal College of Surgeons of London
showed all three of these types of teeth in
every racial group. The racial types of
teeth which I had expected to find were
non-existant. Instead, all races have three
types of teeth, with certain minor racial
variations. Subsequent study in other
large museums and more than fifteen
years experience in the examination of
teeth in the mouths of living people have
established this discovery beyond a doubt.

These same three tj'pes of teeth, even
more strongly marked in their leading
characteristics, are found in the gorilla,
the orang-utan and the chimpanzee. As
yet these variations have not been found
in the teeth of any other animals. These
facts have a direct bearing on the con-
troversy now in progress as to the pre-
human ancestors of man.

The accompanying photographs illus-
trate these statements. Figures 1, 2 and 3
are taken from three skulls of Sandwich
Islanders. The first exhibits teeth of
Class I, having proximal sides that are
nearly parallel for more than half their
length. The teeth in the second are of
the tapering sort, Class II, characterized
by sharply converging lines and conse-
quently by wide interdental spaces. The
third shows the double curved line on the
distal proximal surface. Class III, also
with wide interdental spaces.

I have similar sets of photographs of
Australian, Ancient Egyptian, Kaffir, Chi-
nese, African, New Hebridean, Hindoo,
Spanish, German, Javanese, Fiji Islander,
Italian, Tasmanian and others. They all
prove conclusively that there is no single
form of tooth characteristic of race. For
half a century it was taught in college
text books that certain forms of teeth are
peculiar to certain temperaments. There
is not the slightest foundation in fact for
this teaching. All peoples, ancient and
modern, have three types of teeth.

Furthermore, the previously held views

that there is some particular tooth form characteristic of the
anthropoid apes, has no foundation whatever in fact. They
have the three types of teeth that we find in all human races,
with even more strongly marked or bold characteristics. The
accompanying illustrations, figures 4, 5 and 6 show all three
types of teeth perfectly represented in the orang-utan. Studies
of the gorilla and the chimpanzee show the same three tooth
types.

How closely they resemble human teeth is shown by figures
7 and 8, showing teeth of Sandwich Islander and Gorilla. The
left central incisor of the gorilla was lost. Over the black space
in the enlarged print I pasted a photograph of the 'left central

I II', 2 Sandwich Islander; Ci.iss II

Tig. 3. i.a;J.^;Ji l-ljlijcl, C!j-. HI

November, 1928

EVOLUTION

Page Three

incisor of the Sandwich Is-
lander, Both in size and out-
line the variation is far less
than in many human teeth of
the same class, and no greater
than in the centrals in the
illustration beside it from
which it was taken.

Most of the other special
features which comparative
anatomists have pointed out
as common to man and the
apes, and of such close re-
semblance as to give strong
grounds for belief in a com-
mon origin, are so hidden
away in the body that only
experts in anatomy have first
hand knowledge of them.

But here, in the three types of teeth common to man
apes, we have a feature as open to the perception and un
standing of the non-expert as to the trained scientist. The

Fig. 7. Sandwich Isl.i
Left central incisor of

nder; Class III
S.indwich Islander

substituted

and
der-
lay-

Fig. 4. Orang-utan; Class I

rynu'y*

\^A^*

Fig. 5. Orang-utan; Class II

showing remark. iblc sinrilanty

man will not appreciate the full significance of what he sees,

but he will understand enough to give the opponents of evolution

an exceedingly difficult task to explain this new evidence away.

When this photographic evidence was submitted to Professor

Ernst Haeckel he expressed himself as

follows:

Jena 6, 1, 1913
Dr. Leon Williams,
London.

Dear Sir: — Your observations on the
three different types of the upper central
incisors are very interesting, and mainly
the fact that the same three characteristic
types occur also in the orang-utan and in
other anthropoid apes. In my opinion this
fact is another new and convincing proof
for the near relationship between man and
the anthropoid apes, and for the phylo-
genetic theories that both have been de-
rived from one and the same common
ancestor. First, the fact that these three
types — in physiological relationship of little
value — are so distinctly developed in three
morphological directions seems to me an
important proof that the way of phyloge-
netic divergence of characters is the same
in man and in the anthropoid apes.

Verv respectfully yours,
(Signed) " ERNST HAECKEL.

With what admirable clearness and con-
ciseness Professor Haeckel has gone
straight to the mark in that letter! Three
forms or types of teeth have no special
physiological significance, as he says. But
the morphological meaning conveys the
story of man's origin.

In the face of this additional evidence
of man's near relationship to the anthro-
poid apes, what can those say, who hold
that "man's ape ancestry is becoming out
of date"? I know of no shadow of evidence
that man's immediate prehuman ancestors
resembled wombats or kangaroos or any
other animal known to science, and agree
with the paleontologists who hold that the
evidence is overwhelming that man's evo-
lutionary ancestors were ape-like animals.

WHAT TO DO— IF YOU GET TWO

Since this issue is mailed to several lists
of "prospective subscribers" which it was
impossible to check against each other, it
is unavoidable that some may receive two,
and that some subscribers may get an
"extra." In that case please accept it as an
invitation to give it to a friend and secure
another new subscriber.

Page Four

EVOLUTION

November, 1928

Brains — How Come?

By Allax Stroxg Broms
IV.

ON the very first page of our family album appears a sim-
ple-looking fellow named Amoeba. He is only a speck of
living jelly, microscopically small, and formless, without head or
tail. He would be a regular lazy-bones if he had bones, for
he moves only when hunger or danger prods him. Even then
he just pokes around until he accidentally meets a dinner (which
he leisurely surrounds) or a danger (which he leisurely avoids).
Though nothing to brag of, he surely is of our ancestral stock.
Of course our family has changed a lot from this humble and
certainly simpleminded beginning.

The first step in getting ahead was to get a head. As a
start, one of the amoebas, the soil dwelling Naegleria gruberi
made head and tail of himself. Usually he is just an amoeba,
without shape or direction in life, but presently, for a few hours,
he turns into a spindle-shaped thing with a head-end crowned
by a luxuriant crop of two sensitive swimming-hairs. This end,
being a head, travels ahead, bumps into things and needs and
develops sensitiveness. This really makes a good beginning and
several of the one-celled animals follow suit. Stentor, for in-
stance, anchors by a stalk-end and lifts up its funnel-shaped sens-
itive head-and-mouth-end for food. When the one-celled evolved
into the many-celled, the rule still held. The end that got the
contacts, that moved ahead and took the bumps, got the brains.

Already, in the worms the head-end and a very primitive
brain are clearly developed. This brain takes the bumps and
passes bump messages along its nerves to the body muscles that
respond with saving reactions of movement. Often the head-end
meets food and sends food messages to the nearby muscles of
mouth or tentacles that then respond with feeding reactions.
So the head acquired the mouth, a chemical (taste-smell) sense
and brain parts to go with them. Then the worm turned —
into several sorts of animals, into insects, for example, and more
or less directly, into primitive fishes. Just how, we are not sure,
but our worm-family resemblance is still there when we are
very young and unborn. As part of this development, eye-spots
sensitive to light and shadow appeared, quite an achievement,
of course, but after all only a sort of touch sensitiveness to finer
wave vibrations pounding on the skin. Again the ahead end,
where sensitiveness served best, got the receiving set of eyes
and some more brain parts — nerves and nerve centers. By this
time we were really getting a head.

Head and tail were now distinct. Movement was definitely
forward, with occasionally a turning bend to right or left. Body
shape and feet or fins were fitted to forward movement. Many
of the lower animals moved indifferently in any direction, but
now the rule was "head first," for movement was safer and
faster that way. Position had become important to effective
movement and there developed a group of position senses, among
them a sense of balance. Its sense organ is located in the ear
and consists of three semi-circular tubes lined with sensitive
hairs and filled with a fluid that splashes back and forth when
we move or tip, thus disturbing the hairs and our sense of
balance or movement. These tubes register movement in three
directions, for one is vertical from back to front, telling us when

we tip forward or backward, the second vertical again, but
set sidewise to catch movements in that direction, while the
third is horizontal to tell us when we turn around. This is
the one that gives us the dizzy feeling when we have been
whirling rapidly around. For the enclosed liquid soon whirls
with us and keeps right on when we stop, making us feel that
we are still whirling. The business of this three-tube "laby-
rinth" is to keep track of our movements and balance, aided
somewhat by the '"feel" of our muscles and bones and by pres-
sures on the soles of our feet.

This balancing organ helped the fish keep right side up.
Fishes are light-colored below and dark above. Viewed from
below, they blend with the sky ; viewed from above, they blend
with the dark bottom. When they turn over a bit, you catch
the white flash at once. The right position therefore helps the
fish hide. But it also helps him move fast. Shape and muscle
and fin are all fitted to forward movement, with swings to
right or left.

But the fish has another position problem, it must head and
swim upstream to avoid being swept down and away by the
current. The eyes help, for the fish watches the banks and
swims to keep abreast of familiar points, but it also has a pair
of sense organs to register the water pressure and movement
on each side. They are of course up front where the current
presses and you and I would call them ears. At this stage, how-
ever, they are merely extra sensitive touch spots, somewhat new
in structure and the way they work. If the fish turns aside,
the water pressure on the upstream side increases and on the
the other side decreases. In response, the fish swings up-stream
until the pressures balance and he knows he is right with his
world. The ears are therefore the upstream compass of the fish.
The same organ serves to detect water disturbances that
may mean food or danger and therefore need attention. As
there is a pair of wave-sensitive organs, the direction of the
disturbance can usually be detected, the near spot feeling it
more than the other. When later the fishes evolved into am-
phibians (our frogs being of this tribe) and other land animals,
these two ear-spots, sensitive to water-waves, improved enough
to detect the more delicate air-waves we call sound. This in-
volved a better mechanism of the inner ear, new nerve con-
nections and brain centers for hearing, and the growing of an
outer ear, a sort of ear-trumpet to concentrate more sound waves
on the real working ear inside, like your open hand cupped be-
hind your ear to help you hear. Eventually we became acute
enough of hearing to distinguish slight differences in sound, an
important step towards speech which involves both recognizing
and reproducing the sounds we hear. To say a real mouthful, we
must first hear a real earful. Of that, more later.

Our organs of hearing and balance are found together because
they began together as the position organs of the fish. Thus evo-
lution solves another deep mystery.

The next number on our program will be "Babies for Better
Brains". Oh Baby!

nn

Contractile
yacuole

Amoeba, — no shape
to brag of.

Naegleria, —
with head end.

Stentor, with
mouth stalk.

The

"brain" of an earthworm.
(In black)

November, 1928

EVOLUTION

Page Five

Fossil Footprints

By Frederick A. Lucas,

tlunoniry Director, American Museum of Natural History

EMERSON'S saying that "Everything in Nature is engaged
in writing its own history" applies aptly to those
animals of yore that left their footprints on the sands of sea-
shore, mud-flats of drying lakes or beds of shrunken water-
courses. So too, worms burrowing in the sand, shell-fish trailing
over mud at low tide, stranded crabs scuttling off to sea, all
left their tell-tale records. Even falling rain and blowing wind
disclosed the directions whence they came, or we may read in
the record how turbid freshets swept down, perhaps after long
drouths, when the sun had baked the drying lake bottoms.

Among the earliest signs of animal life on this globe are
some long, dark streaks below the Cambrian in England, thought
to be worm burrows filled with fine mud. Above these worm
borings, in the middle Cambrian, we find abundant remains of
the worms themselves and simple shellfish. From that time on
there are tracks aplenty, made whenever conditions favored. We
find tracks formed in sands alternately dry and submerged by
tide or river, or in soft earth filled with sand or mud.

First came tracks of invertebrates — those worm burrows;
curious, complicated trails of the king-crab kindred; broad-
ribbed, ribbon like trilobite paths; even faint scratches of insects.
Later came footprints of the back-boned tribe; shallow, palmed
prints of salamanders; slender lizard sprawls, real footprints,
big and little of the Dinosaur horde; and finally, miles above the
Cambrian, marks of mammals. Often the footprints are all we
have, but in some cases, as with the dinosaur Iguanodon, we
also have the fossil foot to fit the print.

The now famous three-toed dinosaur tracks in the Connecti-
cut valley "brownstone", first seen in 1802, were thought to be

•bird tracks and popularly called the tracks of Noah's raven.
Dr. Deane first guessed the truth that they were due to other
animals, partly because some prints showed four and five toes
and the texture of the sole of the foot, unlike that of any known
bird. Certain long tracks and heart shaped depressions made by
hip-bones showed where some dinosaur squatted down to rest.

Dinusaur luutpriiits on Cuniiccticul \ alley Hiowiistunc.
Courtesy Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Dinosaur trjck! Where .i dcnovjur s.it down.

This part of the Connecticut valley was a river bed or long
narrow estuary running southward from Turner's Falls, Massa-
chusetts, where the tracks are most clear and abundant, subject
to sudden changes of water level, now left dry to bake in the
sun and again covered with water depositing a layer of mud.

The wealth of animal life roaming this estuary may be
gathered from the listing of over 150 species. Mere size is
however no sure indication of differences in reptiles which grow
continuously through their long lives. A single animal may have
left his footprints over and over in assorted sizes.

The fine brownstone slab here illustrated measures three by
five feet and shows 48 tracks of Protozoum Sillimanium and
6 of a lesser species. Quarried near Middletown in 1778, it did
duty as a flagstone for sixty years, fortunately with the face
down. When taken up for repairs, the tracks were discovered
and it was transferred to Amherst College.

Footprints began to be noticed about 1830 in both England
and America, in each case in Triassic rocks. The English tracks
were from both dinosaurs and tortoises. Oddly, in both instances
the tracks run from west to east, as along a customary migration
route, but the animals themselves have not been found. From
strata of similar age in the Rhine valley come marks so like a
stubby hand that the animal was christened Cheirotherium,
''beast with a hand" and taken for gigantic oppossum. But mam-
mals had not yet arisen. The marks were due to giant sal-
amander-like labyrinthodonts, found in the same strata.

Footprints may tell the attitude assumed by extinct animals.
Some fine Iguanodon tracks from England and Belgium furnish
conclusive proof that many dinosaurs walked erect. Made in
soft soil into which the feet sank deeply, the impressions of the
toes show very clearly. Had they walked flat footed as we
do, long heel marks would have followed the toes. Their
absence shows plainly that Iguanodons walked on their toes like
birds. Where crocodilians and some short-limbed dinosaurs have
crept along we find a continuous furrow between the foot-prints.
Since none was found here, we may conclude that these great
creatures carried their tails clear of the ground.

According to the papers, some footprints in the prison-yard
at Carson City, Nevada, were made by primitive men of giant
stature. They were such as miglit have been made by huge
moccasined feet, the papers therefore concluding that they iDere
so made. Similarly, Mammoth and Mastodon bones have been
eagerly accepted as those of giants; a salamander was used as
proof of the deluge; and the "petrified man" flourishes peren-
nially. These prints were, however, those of some great ground
sloth, a group ranging from Patagonia to Oregon. They looked
like tracks of a bi-ped because the hind footprints usually fell
upon and obliterated those of the fore-feet. But a few prints of
the fore-feet were found, also indications of a struggle between
two of the big beasts, for one set of imprints is deeper at the
toes, the other at the heels, as if one animal pushed and the
other resisted. Some broad depressions with marks of coarse
hair show where one sloth sat on its haunches. This prison-yard
also contains a great round "spoor" of a mammoth, the hoof
prints of a deer and the paw-marks of a wolf( ?), indicating that
hereabouts was a pool where all these creatures came to drink.

Page Six

EVOLUTION

November. 1928

The Proofs of Evolution

By Hexshaw Ward,

{T/iis is tlie last of a series of three articles. The proofs
described in the previous articles are: I. The specialists are unan-
imous. II. If^hat breeditiff proves. III. What the rocks prove,
ir. If hat t/coiiraphy proves.)

V. What Stkuctures Prove

THE breeders have proved that plants and animals can be
altered — gradually, through a series of generations — to forms
that are very different from the original ancestor. For instance:
a small, single daisy growing ^vild in China has been made to
evolve into a double chrysanthemum twenty inches in diameter ;
heavy draft horses and race horses have been evolved from a
common ancestor; the tiny, feeble, hairless dog of Mexico and
the fierce, stiff-haired police-dog evolved from a common an-
cestry. These evolutions are facts in human history, just as the
evolution of certain shells is a fact in the rocks. The two lines
of proof — from breeders' records and from geology — fit together.

And both these lines of proof agree with a third line — the
facts recorded in the skeletons of animals. Suppose that we had
before us a set of a hundred photographs of the changes that
took place through a hundred generations in the breeding of a
small, hairless dog. The first photograph would show a litter
of five pups, and an arrow would point to one that was selected
because it was slightly smaller and less hairy than the other four.
The second photograph would show the son of this pup, slightly
different from its father. The third photograph would show
slightly more variation in the third generation, and so on to
the final product in the hundredth generation. At no point
would there be a greater difference between father and son than
we are used to seeing in any family of animals, but the differ-
ence between the first father and his remote descendant would
be amazing.

Now suppose that a second series of photographs showed
another line of selection from the original litter, each generation
being a trifle bonier and having stiffer hair than the one before
it, till in the hundredth generation there was a descendant that
resembled a police-dog. Put the two products of evolution side
by side, and it seems a miracle that they descended from a
common ancestor. Yet any producer of
domesticated plants or animals could tell
true stories from the history of breeding
that are stranger than this imaginary case.
The differences between the feeble pet
dog and the fierce police-dog — great as
they seem — are all within limits. Each
has four legs, two eyes, one nose and one
tail. Each has the same number of toes,
the same bones in its ears, the same num-
ber of sections in its backbone, the same
kinds of teeth in its jaws. Therefore a
special student of anatomy, if he saw the
two skeletons mounted in a museum, would
know absolutely that there is a close family
resemblance between them. He would
know that they are more closely related
to each other than they are to a creature
with a different sort of spine or a different
outfit of teeth.

This one simple case illustrates the way
in which anatomists can trace the line of
descent in different kinds of animals, by
comparing the structures of animals now
living and by comparing the fossils of
animals. If we see a seal swimming, we
may think it is a sort of fish ; but in its
flippers we find the same five-finger struc-
ture that is in all warm-blooded animals
and that is not in any fish; we find the

^ame three leg-bones that are in man. We might suppose that
a whale is a sort of fish; but it is a warm-blooded animal that
suckles its young; its flippers contain the same five fingers and
three arm-bones that we have ; buried in the flesh of its tail are
the remnants of leg-bones and toes. Since its structure is so
similar to ours, we know that it is very much more closely
related to us than any fish is.

The anatomists have discovered a fossil record of the evolu-
tion of the horse; it stretches back millions of years, through
forms that get smaller and smaller, through forms that had two
toes and four toes, back to an ancestor only a foot high. Almost
as complete a series of fossils shows the evolution of the elephant
from a snouted creature only three feet high.

These structures that are found in the rocks, and the struc-
tures of the animals that live today, are a record of alterations
that have taken place in the course of thousands and millions
of years.

VI. What Embryos Prove

If the proofs in skeletons and islands and fossils all point
strongly to the idea that plants and animals have come to their
present forms by evolution, their combined evidence is very
strong. Their strength is doubled when it is put with the proof
that embryos furnish.

Every animal begins its life as a single cell that is too small
to be seen with the naked eye. Every mouse and tiger and cow
and man begins its career in a sac so small that the most, power-
ful microscope cannot distinguish one kind from the other. This
cell divides into two cells, each of these into two others, and
so on until millions and billions of them have shaped them-
selves into an animal that lives inside the mother. This earliest
stage of the individual's life is called an embryo. When the
embryo of a chick is a few days old in the egg-shell, it does
not look like a fowl ; it looks like a gill-breathing fish. Also
the embryo of a calf or of a rabbit looks like a fish. Also the
embryo of a man looks like a fish. The most learned professor
in a medical school could not tell, in the earliest stages, whether
an embryo is to develop into a rooster or a man.

Every embryo of a warm-blooded animal goes through a
development — in its own short career of a few weeks or months

Parallelism in the embryonic developments of various animals.

-From Hird ajtfr Haeckel.

November, 1928

EVOLUTION

Page Seven

— that is like the evolution of millions of jears which is recorded
in the rocks. Every man at the beginning of his life had a fish-
like structure, and later a reptile-like structure. Much later he
was a hairy, ape-like creature. His career of nine months in
his mother's womb is like a swift moving-picture of the progress
that the fossil record says his ancestors went through in the
course of half a billion years.

A careful thinker might be cautious and slow about believ-
ing the fossil record in the rocks; for it is not complete and it
might be misleading. A careful thinker might hesitate about
the record that is reeled off in every embryo — if it was alone
in the world and no other evidence told the same story. But
what should the most wary thinker decide when he finds that
rocks and embr.vos tell the same history?

Make the case vivid to yourself and get the force of it by
supposing that the two lines of proof were revealed to two men
on opposite sides of the world. Suppose that a Russian geologist,
after ten years of study, had been able to map all the vast pile
of knowledge of fossils that it has taken thousands of men two
centuries to accumulate. .*\nd suppose that an Australian phys-
ician could have learned in the same ten years the whole great
fund of knowledge of embryos that thousands of physiologists
have acquired by a century of toil. Each of these men would
marvel and be wary. They would not want to run any risk
of being ridiculed by envious rivals for hasty conclusions. But
suppose that they happened to meet each other and compared
notes. Could they any longer distrust the evidence that came
through their two pairs of eyes? The specialists in many depart-
ments of the study of life have been comparing notes in that
way for the past fifty years. They have unanimously decided
that the combination of proofs is absolutely convincing. If they
are wrong, the world is a senseless whirligig. If they are right,
the world is an orderly and rational place.

VII. What Blood Proves

If a witness tells a falsehood in a courtroom, and if honest
witnesses can then be found who will, one after another, tell
what facts they know, the falsehood will be disclosed. But if
a witness tells the whole truth, no other truthful witness exists
under the whole heaven who can contradict any particle of
the truth.

If evolution had been false, every recent discovery in geology
and medicine would have contradicted evolution. The theory
would have died long ago. But the fact is that no recent
discovery of science contradicts evolution. The more new
knowledge we acquire, the more witnesses we have to the truth
of evolution.

The latest and most dramatic proof comes from the blood
of animals. It has long been known that blood confirms one
of the strangest parts of the evidence from the rocks — that birds
are descended from reptiles. The warm-blooded feathered
creatures, so unlike reptiles in appearance and temperature, have
in their veins the tell-tale evidence of who their ancestors were.

Twenty-five years ago an English chemist learned how to
cultivate in a rabbit's blood an anti-toxin that would give an
unmistakable reaction when the blood of a horse was mixed
with it. Blood from a relative of the horse, such as a mule or
zebra, would also give the reaction, but a slighter one. Blood
from a more distant relative, such as a cow, gave a much slighter
reaction. A long series of most rigorous experiments was made
with the blood of many sorts of animals.

Now blood is a more essential part of an animal's make-up
than a skeleton is; it reveals family likenesses much more surely.
The evidence from blood proves conclusively what man's nearest
relative is: it is the chimpanzee. Thus evolution, already proved
beyond doubt, has been proved once more.

Scientists at Work — Wm^ K* Gregory

By HoR.ACE Elmer Wood, II

THE man in the street would probably place Professor VV. K.
Gregory by remembering the newspaper account of a recent
controversy in which he stood on the side of Darwin and the
ape-man, as opposed to Professor Osborn's advocacy of an as yet
undiscovered dawn-man. This controversy, however, is merely
the by-product of the most recent of a long series of investiga-
tions covering the last quarter of a century.

Dr. Gregory's work is morphological, rather than experi-
mental. It involves the careful comparison of all available
relevant specimens and data, noting resemblances and differences.
Following this first stage of observation, one or more possible
explanations of the facts are developed, what is known as a
working hypothesis, or if more than one, multiple hypotheses.
(It is the hypothesis which the late William Jennings Bryan
stigmatized as "merely a guess"). This hypothesis is then tested
out on the data, including, if possible, additional m.aterial besides
that on which it was founded. If it still stands the test, it may
be accepted, tentatively, its degree of probability resting on the
amount and kind of evidence. It must still, of course, stand up
under the criticism of other scientists, working in the same or
adjoining fields, before it can be regarded in any sense, as
accepted. That Dr. Gregory's extensive work usually does stand
up is the basis of his scientific standing.

The doctor's thesis, in the sciences, usually is a relatively
modest piece of research, an article involving a relatively limited
problem, undertaken, in most cases, in a painstaking, but often
slightly amateurish fashion. It is characteristic of Dr. Gregory
that, for his doctor's thesis, he wrote ''The Orders of Mammals",
If covering the structure and interrelationships of all the major

groups of mammals. This is still, nearly twenty years later,
the standard book on the subject. In such a period, most scien-
tific work is either disproved, relegated to the stacks as unim-
portant, or completely absorbed in the march of science.

His studies on the comparative anatomy and evolution of
the vertebrate, skull and limbs represent another high-light.

Students are looking forward eagerly to the appearance of his
promised book "The Face from Fish to Man", which will sum-
marize the main stages in our evolution. One such summary
view appears on the cover of this issue.

There is nothing to thrill the tabloid press in a careful,
day in and day out, comparison of the crown pattern of the
teeth of one individual or species with another, until each eleva-
tion and depression has its own personality, and can be traced
through its changes from one geological level to another. Yet
it is just these studies which have enabled Dr. Gregory to furnish
the final links and corrections in the story of the evolution of
the teeth of mammals as a group, and of most lines of mammals,
man included. This has led to his work on the general problem
of the evolution of man — in which field he is easily the leading
American authority.

It is noteworthy that Dr. Gregory is a specialist in several
widely separated fields, any one of which would usually furnish
a life-time employment for an able man. His linking together
of previously unconnected, though logically interrelated fields,
has knitted together zoology and paleontology, and emphasized
the common heritage of such diverse vertebrates as mud-iish
and revivalist.

In addition to the preparation of his large number of valu-
able publications. Dr. Gregory has time to be Curator of Com-
parative .■\natomy in the American Museum of Natural History.
More recently, as Curator of Fishes, in addition, he has been
organizing the new "Hall of Fishes". He is also Professor of
Vertebrate Paleontology at Columbia University. It is, in the
long run, a fair test of a teacher to ask who his students are.
A surprising number of leading younger scientists in the fields of
zoology and paleontology studied under Dr. Gregory.

Henshaw Ward, in an article in number six of this journal,
described an instance (the Hesperopithecus problem) illustrating
Dr. Gregory's scientific integrity. To those who know him, it
is a question whether this, or his unfailing understanding and
kindliness, is the more outstanding feature.

Page Eight

EVOLUTION

A Journal of Nature

To combat bigotry and superstition and

develop the open mind by popularizing

natural science

Published monthly by

Evolution Publishing Corporation

96 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.

Telephone: Watlcins 7587

L. E. Kaiterfeld, Managing Editor

Allan Strong Broms, Science Editor

Subscription rate: One dollar per year

In lists of five or more, fifty cents

Foreign subscriptions ten cents extra.

Single copy 10c; 20 or more 5c each

Entered as second class matter at the
Post Office at New York, N. Y., January
7, 1928, under the Act of March 3, 1879.

NUMBER 10

NOVEMBER, 1928

LET'S CO-OPERATE
"The new attitude toward science on
the part of the people as a whole must be
met by a corresponding broadening of in-
terests and contacts on the part of re-
search workers. It is only through the
window of the press that the people as a
whole view science. It is the duty of the
scientific workers to assist in helping to
make the picture clear and comprehensive,"
Science, Nov. 30, 1928.

EVOLUTION was established to serve
as a useful medium in this effort to "make
the picture clear and comprehensive."
While it is always strict regarding facts
to merit the support of scientists it is also
clear and popular in style to be understood
by ordinary folk. It is small enough so
that none will argue "I haven't time to
read it"; cheap enough so none will say
"I cannot afford it." Many are taking
bundles of it to spread among their neigh-
bors. The rapid growth of circulation
during its short existence, in spite of the
absence of working capital, already proves
that there is a tremendous field in this
country right now for just such a journal
as EVOLUTION. Every friend of science
is invited to co-operate with EVOLU-
TION, so that it may measure up to the
fullest possibilities of usefulness.

OUR POLICY

In view of the fact that this issue of
EVOLUTION is going to nearly twenty
thousand readers who have never seen it
before, we reprint the following editorial
statement from our first issue:

"EVOLUTION will be non-political, so
that ALL upholders of academic freedom
can support and use it no matter how they
differ on other issues. It will be non-
religious, never making any effort to re-
concile science with religion. Nor will it
make atheism its mission. It will carry
the positive message of facts from every
field of natural science and leave it to
the reader to make his own mental read-
justment."

EVOLUTION

The favorable reception accorded to this
announcement convinces us that this policy
will develop a large field of usefulness for
E\'OLUTION. With full realization of
the difficulties involved, EVOLUTION
will endeavor to hew to this line.

OUR COVER

The picture on the front cover of this
number of EVOLUTION is reproduced in
advance of publication by courtesy of G.
P. Putnam's Sons from the frontispiece of
••Our Face from Fish to Man' by Professor
William K. Gregory.

THE GREATEST IN HISTORY
The convention of the American Asso-
ciation for the Advancement of Science
and its forty-seven Associated Societies to
be held in New York December 27th to
January 2nd promises to be the greatest
gathering of scientists that the world has
ever known.

It has the opportunity to make itself not
merely the greatest in numbers, but the
jireatest in influence and achievement. The
old attitude of considering science and
learning as something apart from the life
of the people is happily passing away.
There is a growing sense of social re-
sponsibility among men of science. This
should not be repressed through consider-
ations of ''diplomacy." It should be en-
couraged to express itself, and grapple
with problems regardless of prejudice.

Specifically, the problem confronts this
organized gathering of the most prominent
men of science what to do about the chal-
lenge thrown down by organized religious
fundamentalism. The fundamentalist tac-
tic of appealing to popular referendum is
stirring the deeps of bigotry, is bringing
into action a tremendous reservoir of ig-
norance that has been latent. Aroused,
it may become an overwhelming flood.
This problem can not be solved By ignor-
ing it. It must be met. If this convention
will frankly face the facts and mobilize
its mighty power to meet them, then in-
deed it will be epoch making and deserv-
ing of the title, ''The Greatest in History."

PERNICIOUS PRACTICE EXPOSED

On the opposite page we present the first
of a series of articles by Barrow Lyons,
New York journalist, dealing with the
general modification of biology school
texts to suit the fancies of fundamentalists.
EVOLUTION will expose this pernicious
practice of publishers who prostitute them-
selves .for profit.

As an individual the author of scientific
texts is helpless before them. But through
their organizations scientists might wield
a power that would offset the baneful in-
fluence of organized fundamentalism and
encourage publishers of text books that tell
the whole truth.

It is to be hoped that the American
Association of University Professors, which
has on the agenda of the coming New
York convention the subject "Recent Prob-
lems of Academic Freedom," will take note
of this situation and propose some action.

November, 1928

CONVINCING PROOF

The original study by J. Leon Wil-
liams on "New Evidence of Man's Rela-
tionship to the Anthropoid Apes" as pub-
lished in the April number of the Journal
of Dental Research, from which our lead- 1

ing article is taken, contains a mass of
most convincing detail accompanied by
fifty-two illustrations. It took the form
of a rather sharp criticism of certain state-
ments made by Henry Fairfield Osborn in
his recent book "Man Rises to Parnassus,"
in which he argues against man's descent
from ape-like ancestors. In this Dr. Wil-
liams allies himself with Prof. Wm. K.
Gregory, Sir Arthur Keith and other
prominent men of science, who endorse the
theory of man's close relationship to the
apes, which is more and more generally
accepted by the scientific world.

UNCONSTITUTIONAL?

Somehow we fail to get excited over the
question of whether the Arkansas anti-
evolution law is constitutional or not. The
point should be carried through the courts
to be settled once and for all, and we hope
of course that this law will be .found un-
constitutional. It would make it much
more difficult for organized bigotry to
interfere with freedom of teaching on a
state-wide scale.

But we know that even without such a
law fundamentalist school board members
'\vill not tolerate texts explaining evolution
and that they bring up the children in
superstitious fear.

To us the great problem is not the con-
stitutionality of the law, but how to edu-
cate the people so that they would not
vote for such a fool law. This can not
be accomplished by a court decision. It
is a slow and unheroic task and will not
appeal to searchers for the limelight. But
it will appeal to every real lover of free-
dom to teach the truth, it will enlist every
earnest fighter against intolerance and
superstition.

HOLD FEBRUARY SEVENTH OPEN

A debate is being arranged between
Prof. Joseph McCabe and Rev. W. B.
Riley on the subject EVOLUTION-
FACT OR FAKE? to take place in New
York Thursday February 7th. Friends of
EVOLUTION, around New York should
make no conflicting engagements for this
date. Mark it in your calendar and keep
it open. Details will appear in next issue
of EVOLUTION.

AT LEAST HE'S NO PUSSYFOOTER

Charles Smith, back on his job in New
York and looking none the worse for his N
three weeks starvation on the Arkansas
front, reports with a chuckle: "They kept
me busy down there painting signs. As
fast as I could make 'm they tore 'em up.
But every time they tore one up, I made a
new one and bigger."

November, 1928

EVOLUTION

Page Nine

The Great Crime Against Education

An explanation oj ivhy tlie big text book publishers liavt- taken evolution out of

biology.

By Barrow Lvons^

If Europe laughed at America \\\\ea it
learned that there were backward sections
here where the teaching of evolution was
contrary to law, it will howl and guffaw-
when it learns that the influence ot those
backward sections has eliminated the men-
tion of organic evolution from most of the
biology school books in the United States.

That the fundamentalists have suc-
ceeded in aborting virtually all of the
biology texts that are placed in the hands
of school and highschool children is the
testimony of the largest publishers of texts
in this country. What is more, the pub-
lishers are so afraid of the fundamentalists
that they dare not speak out.

The situation is simply this: text book
publishing is a business. It is not con-
ducted for uplift, for reform or even for
educational purposes. The publishers have
all the education they want, but not all the
money they want. They run their busi-
nesses to make money. When they publish
text books that offend any large section of
the purchasing public they limit their sales.
Limiting sales means increase in produc-
tion cost. Increasing sales means lower
cost and selling price or larger profit.

Text books are sold by price as much
as oranges or radiators. School boards
prefer to purchase at the lowest prices.
The opinions of teachers do not always
bear great weight with the purchasers of
the books.

The text book publisher who can sell
over the widest range of territory has a
distinct commercial advantage over the
publisher whose field is limited and whose
books are slightly higher priced. Thus
«ven the liberal publisher is forced to con-
cede a great deal to the least liberal ele-
ments in the community at present.

Notice, we said ''at present." If there
■\vere an extensive and insistent demand
for text books which taught evolution,
more of such text books would be pub-
lished. One of the objects of presenting
this situation to the public is to stimulate
the demand for books which tell the whole
truth.

What Publishers Say

But hear the testimony of the publishers
themselves. First, one of the most cour-
ageous of large text book publishers.

''Please have it understood at the begin-
ning," this editor commenced, "that the
name of our company, or my name, or
anything which would tend to identify us
IS not to be used in your article. It would
do the sale of our books no good if the
reactionary elements were antagonized.
We cannot, as publishers, afford to get
mixed up in any controversy."

Staring this man in the face were the
bigots of Arkansas, Tennessee, Mississippi,
Alabama, Louisiana, Kentucky, Georgia,
Texas, Oklahoma, South Carolina, North
Carolina, etc

"Competition makes it imperative that
we produce books which can be sold in
territory where evolutionary theory is not
acceptable to those who control public
opinion," he continued. "There are, of
course, sections of the country where books
which recognize evolution cannot be sold.
While I would not say that none of our
books have been altered to suit the anti-
evolutionists, I can state that this has
never been done unless the author was en-
tirely willing.

'"We have a te.xt book on biology, which
does not contain a chapter on evolution.
It has had a great success in the states
where evolutionary theory has been under
a cloud. In other states it is by no means
the preeminent success it has been in the
South. In a sincere inquiry as to why this
book was not selling better in northern
states we consulted our sales force some
weeks ago. It was the opinion of some
of our salesmen that if the book contained
a good, stiff chapter on evolution it would
go better in their territory.

How Authors Are Persuaded

"I believe this firm, has shown a great
deal more courage in such matters than
most firms. The utmost we have done has
been to suggest to the author that mention
of evolution ivas irrelevant to his book and
l/iat its omission would increase the book's
sale."

Needless to say, this publisher chafes
under this condition. He sees other large
publishers yielding supinely to the influ-
ence of benighted crusaders — men whose
ill informed minds seethe with superstition
and prejudice, and whose influence is
poisoning American thought. He sees such
publishers gaining the big advantages in
trade, increasing their gains at the ex-
pense of sound education, doping the minds
of American children everywhere.

"You will be doing a great service to
publishers who regard their calling as a
public trust, who consider themselves a
real part of our educational system, if you
will call this situation to the attention of
the public," this editor declared. "There
is too great a tendency to acquiesce entire-
ly to the opinion of Fundamentalists. But
let me ask you again, that our company's
name be left out entirely. A publisher has
virtually nothing to gain by letting it be
known that he has endeavored to take a
progressive stand, and everything to lose."

If you feel that the stand of this pub-
lisher is not entirely fearless, consider the
testimony of the next man interviewed. He
is editor for a very large house, which
publishes text books only. Naturally he
obtained immunity against being quoted.

"No one in this company can speak for
publication simply because we cannot af-
ford to get into any controversy," he ex-
plained. "Our business is to publish books.
All of our books, whether on history, reli-

gion, economics or science are so written
as to give offense to no faction.

"For instance, our history books dealing
with labor problems must be particularly
careful to make no statements that will
offend either capital or labor. The trouble
starts, as a rule, when some child goes
home and tells his parents what the teach-
er said or what he read in his text book.
When that offends someone the fireworks
begin. So we make it a fixed policy with
all of our books, either to avoid entirely
subjects that offend, or else, in some in-
stances, state what both sides maintain to
be the facts, showing no bias either way."

The Truth Suppressed

The thing this publisher is doing seems
to me one of the greatest crimes that can
be charged against any educational system
— the suppression of the truth as seen by
the ablest minds who have examined it.
We have inherited the accumulated super-
stitions of the ages. A thousand influ-
ences prevent men from thinking fearlessly
and straight. It is only as new knowledge
is brought forward that the thick mists
of ignorance and misunderstanding from
which human beings have suffered are
gradually swept away. If the facts as
they are brought forward and substantiated
by science are not presented clearly to
young people there is little hope for pro-
gress. Yet this great publisher declares:

"We w'ould be foolish to adopt any other
policy. One cannot fight prejudice and
our sales would immediately drop off if
we attempted to. We are one of the largest
publishers of text books in the country, but
we could not hope to continue to be if we
laid ourselves open to the criticism of try-
ing to give people what they don't want.
■'If any large group of prospective pur-
chasers object to statements in our books,
we could hardly expect to sell these books
in sections where those statements are not
tolerated.

"Virtually all text books on the market
have been revised to meet the demands of
the Fundamentalists. In some instances,
however, practically all of the evolution-
ary material has been kept in the books,
so camouflaged as not to give offense, the
word evolution being eliminated."

How one man, who offered his testimony
at the famous Scopes trial in support of
that teacher, has written such a camou-
flaged text, will be told in my next article.

I shall also show how important biology
texts have been altered to suit the demands
of Fundamentalists, so that the majority of
school children are being taught biology
from books which do not mention, by name
at least, one of the most important bio-
logical truths that modern science has
established.

NEXT ISSUE DATED AHEAD

The next number of EVOLUTION will
be out within three weeks, and will be
marked \'ol. II, No. 1, January 1929.
This is to make the volume co-incide with
the year and to have the advantage of
pre-dating. Of course every yearly sub-
scriber will receive full twelve numbers.

Page Ten

EVOLUTION

Twigs from the Family Tree

By N. K. McKechnie,

Millions of years aijo a forest fire drove a family of our trec-dwcllinri ancestors
apart. Most of them escaped over a mountain pass into a inarm and hospitable forest
land, but tnvo youngsters, who had become separated from the others, were forced by
tlie flames to seek rcfuye in a deep luater-course.

SECOND INSTALLMENT

BITTER indeed was the lot the fire
had brought to these, and evil the
days that they must endure. Only in the
stream-bed that had been their refuge was
any vegetation found, and that not of a
nature to afford them sufficient sustenance.
They eked out its scanty provender with
distasteful shell-fish and occasionally a
find of turtles' eggs, and wandered on
and on until the brook they were following
emptied itself into a larger stream, whose
farther bank was clothed with trees.
Drawn by irresistible desire they essayed
to cross by leaping from rock to rock, and
here one of the little creatures met his fate.
Weakened more than his brother by a
month's privation he failed to make good
the widest gap and was swept away. But
the survivor reached the opposite bank and
springing into a walnut tree ate his fill
for the first time in many a long day.

For over a year he wandered solitary
along the river valley while his little ribs
clothed themselves with flesh again and

his rough coat once more became sleek and

smooth. Food was abundant, and he did

not know what else he lacked until one

day he encountered some of his own kind,

a family group resembling the one to

which he had belonged.

With joyful chatter he swung himself

through the trees to join them, only to be

met by a snarling rush of the old male,

whose bristling hair and bared teeth

showed plainly the newcomer's presence

was far .from being desired.

The wanderer checked his advance and

hurriedly retired. Although he had now

reached his full growth and was quite the

equal in size of this surly family head, the

habit of subordination to his own father

forbade him to dispute a second Daddy's

authority. Disconsolate he watched from

a distance the gambols of the band and

followed them in their rovings day after

day, sometimes making timid advances of

friendship towards a straggler, that were

always cut short by menacing Daddy.
On this being repeated again and again

a new emotion began by fits to sway the

wanderer's spirit. Sometimes after being

chased to a distance by the troop-guardian

he would relieve his feelings by futile,

unregarded chattering and gnashing of

teeth; sometimes while he watched the

band at play he would seize the branch

on which he stood and shake it until the

dead twigs fell in showers ; sometimes even
his rage would so possess him that he
would erect his hair, stiffen his legs till
he walked on tip-toe and give a sharp
angry bark that infallibly brought the old
patriarch upon him, quick to answer the
challenge. The wanderer never dared

await the onset, — but each time it was
more unwillingly that he retreated.

At last came an occasion when he lin-
gered too long and the old male had him
driven to the end of a branch from which
there was no way of escape. And then
suddenly his rage flared up, and he flew
open-mouthed at his enemy.

The clash of meeting threw them both
off the bough and by sheer luck he was
uppermost when they struck the ground,
suffered less from the shock than the other,
and in a moment was tearing at his op-
ponent's throat. Half-stunned by the
shock of his fall the latter made but a
feeble resistance and even that faded when
a gush of warm blood from a rent jugular
uelled into the wanderer's mouth. Soon
the younger animal felt the body of his
adversary grow limp and lifeless beneath
him. He worried it a little more, but
meeting no response, drew away with a
somewhat bewildered air, sniffed inquis-
itively, looked inquiringly around, became
aware of the other members of the band,
started towards them, stopped suddenly to
look back at his late opponent,— there was
no prohibitory sound or movement, — and
there and then forgot the past and leapt
to meet his new play->fellows.

He was a long way the biggest and
oldest male of the troop (owing to the
stern disciplinary code of its late leader)
and in few weeks' time he was proving
himself a worthy successor to the patriarch ;
— no less than five too-precocious young-
sters had been forced into exile!

He thus laid the foundation of a long
and safe rule, and begat a numerous pro-
geny. For millions of years his descend-
ants lived and died, becoming numerous
when their environment favored them, dy-
ing out when it did not, but always leav-
ing survivors adapted to new conditions.

And so in this way the descendants of
the Wanderer changed. They became
bigger, heavier, less at home in such trees
that remained, more inclined to the solid
ground. And because they had formed the
habit of rising on their hind legs when
they reached to a bough above their heads,
so they found it often convenient to do so
when on the ground, and their feet began
to accomodate themselves to the change.
And their hand-like front paws came more
and more to be used for handling things,
and so much the less for bearing the
weight of the body while walking. And
with the increasing use of the hand came
more exercise for the brain, and that again
found more work for the hand to do.

Thus it was when, perhaps a million
years ago, the first of the ice-ages closed
like a hand of death upon their world,
they had already become men. The suc-

NOVEMBER, 1928

cessive glacial-periods were the final test-
ing times by which they were perfected.
For times of trouble were always their
times of growth, — when they did not diel
They sheltered in caves when the first
ice-age came, naked hairy long-armed
creatures with a stooping shambling gait,
whose only tools were clumsy stones held
in the hand; they left thera at the con-
clusion of the final one erect, clothed, of
a stature and brain equal to our own.
And from that time to ours their history
is known. We are their final descendants.
* * *

But of the Wanderer's blood relations
who by chance (merely by chance, it
would seem) found their way to the lush
country on the southern side of the moun-
tain range, a far different story is to be
told.

Not for them the stern discipline of an
increasingly unfavorable environment with
resultant demands upon their latent powers
of adaptation. For millions of years no
need arose for them to modify the way of
living of their fathers. Only their increas-
ing size and weight made them less free
of the slenderer-branches of the trees;
nearer the ground they must descend, until
finally it suited them to come and go en-
tirely upon the forest floor, only ascending
the trees to sleep in safety at night. And
such was their size and terrible strength
when full-grown that even this was un-
necessary for the adult male. Secure he
slept at the foot of the tree in which his
family was established and no night-
prowling flesh-eater dare molest him.

But something of the primeval warmth
was departing from the earth and as the
slow milleniums passed he traveled un-
consciously southward through the endless
forest to where the sun had fuller power.
It was in the later stages of his long
journey that life for him began to be dis-
quieted. Still disregardful of the flesh-
eating animals and fearing them not, he-
was met occasionally now by a strange
creature that walked upright as he did
and resembled him somewhat, though of
much slighter build. True, this newcomer
fled hastily at sight of him if the en-
counter took place in the bush, but some-
times If he had led his band to a feast oni
the succulent herbs that often grew near
the new creatures' dwelling-places, these
mysterious beings would appear in great;
numbers and unprovokedly attack them..
And they had the power of stinging un-
accountably from distance. So their neigh-
borhood became places to be avoided,
which meant a constant shifting of feeding
grounds, because the newcomers seemed to
be spreading over the whole earth.

Menaced by this invasion that they knew
not how to combat, faced indeed now at
the end of their time by a test infinitely
more stern and swift of action than any
that the Wanderer's progeny had had to-
endure, the forest-folk withdrew deeper
and deeper into the as yet uncoveted
places of the jungle.

Would you like a glimpse of them at:
the present day? <

(Concluded in next issue)

NovEMnER, 1928

EVOLUTION

Page Eleven

THE AMATEUR SCIENTIST

A Monthly Feature conducted by Allan Strong Broms

BIRDS' FEET

The delightful thing about science Is
that it explains plainly the mysterious
facts we see about us. It teaches the eye
to see facts and read solutions. Take
birds' feet, for example. Offhand, the
amateur %vould think of them as more or
less all alike, but really look at them once
with the eyes of science and you will know
them ever after as of distinct types, each
telling a story of the life of the bird. For
each bird has feet that fit its way of liv-
ing, and by their feet you shall know them.

In the picture are seven kinds of feet,
each used in a characteristic way. (1) The
shag or cormorant has a webbed foot for
swimming, as it lives the life of a fisher-
man. (2) Quite different is the foot of
the tree dwelling crow, the toes being
long and curved for grasping the branch
on which it perches, one of the toes being
moved back to encircle the branch from
the opposite side. (3) The Ptarmigan
lives on the treeless barrens of the arctic
regions, and has a foot broad and padded
for running and well wrapped in a warm
stocking of feathers. (4) The wild jungle
fowl needs no stocking to keep warm, but
it does walk and stalk about, its flatly
spreading toes helping it keep its balance.
The fourth toe is lifted a bit and sharp-
ened into a spur, a handy weapon in the
jungle battles over some fair hen. With
the other toes it scratches a living for the
family. (5) The coot or mud-hen just
lives in the water, its lobate-webbed feet
making good oars for fast swimming and
diving. (6) Jacana leads a strange life,
walking on floating leaves, its weight well
distributed by its long, wide-spreading
toes. (7) The strong, curved talons of the
sea-eagle tell the whole story of its preda-
cious habits, its swift attack on its fish or
other victim, claws striking hard to kill
and digging deep to hold and carry off
the flesh food it brings home to Its family.

Each has its own way of life and its
body parts fitted to that life. It has found

a place In the affairs of the world and by
varying to lit that place it has survived
in the struggle for existence. As each
found a somewhat different place (en-
vironment), there result unlimited varie-
ties, and species and broader groups, each
adapted in structure and habits to the con-
ditions into which it grew.

ICE SIGNS

These late fall days of barren hills are
good for amateur geologising. The air is
bracing, walking is fine and most of you
live within the glaciated area shown on
the map, within which there is no end of
signs of the great, mile-thick Ice sheet that
covered four million square miles of nor-
thern North America within quite recent
times. Only one small section in Illinois,
Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin was not
touched by the ice. Europe also had its
ice sheet centered in Scandinavia and
spreading out over Germany and the Brit-
ish Isles. Perhaps there was but one great
ice sheet over the two continents which
were then closer together and have since
drifted apart. Certainly, however, the
ice-cap now covering Greenland is the
remnant of the continental ice-sheet that
spread from several Canadian centers.

The signs are on the surface and easy
to read ; clay mixed with boulders and
pebbles and sand, heaped into small,
rounded hills, just as it was dumped by
the melting ice, with little or no water
sorting such as we find In water-laid
strata; chains of irregular, shallo%v lakes
connected by short streams that wander
aimlessly over the topographic maze. Some
of the boulders are strangely unlike the
rocks native to the neighborhood, and very
like other rock beds tens, even hundreds,
of miles northward, from which they were
quarried and carried by the moving mass.
The bed rock Itself may be planed, or
grooved, or scratched by the heel of the
noving ice sheet, a heel full of hob-nail
rocks frozen to the sliding glacier bottom.

^^Scg^

Ice-shcct centers; I, Cordilleran; II Keewatin;
III, Labradoreaii; IV, Newfoundland.

LOOKING BEFORE AND AFTER

By Joseph McCabe

Someone once defined man as the animal
who looks before and after. It is not a
bad definition, for all the claims that a
bird or wasp, for instance, looks forward,
when It builds a nest to its coming pro-
geny, are now disallowed. It requires the
higher type of mind which distinguishes
man to forecast the future and build up
a constructive and entire picture of
phases of the earth which have passed
away. The chief defect of the definition
is that it leaves so few of us really human.
Most of us live in the task or the enter-
tainment of the hour.

At the most we know only of the past
that our political party won a great victory
in the year so-and-so, and of the future
only that the football or baseball season
opens on such a date. It is a slight im-
provement on the psychology of the sheep,
but it argues some defect in the costly
scheme of education which has spent seven
or eight laborious years on us.

But if we take the human mind in its
higher representatives, the men of science,
we seem compelled to say that in the last •
century or so it has made a prodigious rise
in the scale of intelligence. Young men
sometimes severely rebuke me after my
evolutionary lectures and point out that
"there has been no improvement in the
human mind for the last twenty thousand
years." They picked this up in the
works of certain American men of science,
not one of whom is an anatomist, and each
of whom, has a theological bee in his
bonnet. You know what their idea is.
Cro-Magnon man, of the late Cave Period,
has so large a brain — I won't repeat the
dreary catechism. Whatever clues to the
texture of the brain — the size alone tells
nothing, for only a few ounces of the brain
are Involved in intellectual operations —
an ancient skull may give, it certainly can-
not prove the precise power of thinking
of the dead man.

The real meaning of this eccentric
opinion is "spook-stuff." These professors
are not really concerned about the com-
parison between the brain of Cave Man
and ours. They are comparing it with the
brain of his predecessor ; and they are
simply trying, by a desperate twist of the
scientific evidence, to prove that the mind
made so miraculous an advance in the
last phase of the Old Stone Age that evo-
lution cannot explain it, and we must
admit the appearance on the scene at last
of a real spiritual soul.

Probably the highest achievement of the
modern mind in the way of looking before
and after is a certain vast mathematical
conception of the universe.

I will tell you in my next article why this
mathematical estimate of past and future
time seems to me so full of important
human interest that I would spend months,
if necessary, to see that every child was
thoroughly and intimately familiar with
the outline of it before it left school.

Page Twelve

EVOLUTION

November, 1928

The War Against Evolution

By Maynard Shipley

Now that the smoke is clearing away
from the Arkansas battlefield, and we are
able to count the dead and wounded of
that temporary defeat, it behooves every
"soldier in the liberation war of humanity"
to look about him and make plans for the
coming campaign. For the war will not
be over until either the Fundamentalist
enemies of science have acknowledged the
loss of their bigoted cause, or until all that
modern civilization owes to pure and ap-
plied science has bowed its head under
the heel of fanaticism and ignorance.

The first thing to consider is Arkansas
itself. An initiative act cannot be vetoed
by the governor; the only way to repeal
it, short of another popular vote, which
does not promise well, is by three-fourths
vote of the legislature. Various agencies
are contemplating the bringing of test
cases to challenge the constitutionality of
the law. In Tennessee the Scopes indict-
ment was so brought that this was impos-
sible; and in Mississippi no test case was
ever made. In Arkansas it is possible to
work for such a test, which would become
a rule for other states also menaced by
anti-evolution legislation. Most of the tests
considered involve the martyrdom of a
teacher. The Science League of America
is considering a plan, which would lose no
teacher his job, but details cannot be given
at this time.

In the meantime, what of the other
states? There will be 43 state legislatures
in session in 1929, as against nine in 1928.
The avowed plan of the Fundamentalists
is to bring the usual anti-evolution legis-
lative bill in as many as possible and if
the Lower House or the Senate should
prove "recalcitrant" and refuse to pass
the measure, to have recourse, wherever
possible, to direct legislation. Nineteen
states besides Arkansas have the initiative

and referendum system, and a number of
these will hold legislative sessions in 1929.
The east and north are by no means being
neglected by the Fundamentalist anti-evo-
lutionists. They are, however, most act-
ively at work at present in Oklahoma,
Florida, Colorado, and Kansas.

This method of bringing a question of
science to the direct vote of the unin-
structed lay citizen, tried successfully for
the first time in history in Arkansas, holds
grave dangers to the cause of scientific
freedom. There is small doubt that if a
general referendum on the subject of teach-
ing evolution in tax-supported schools were
held tomorrow, it would win in many —
perhaps most — states. The great mass of
the uneducated public is very strongly
under the influence of anti-scientific and
anti-liberal teaching. And if two thirds
of the states should ban the teaching of
evolution, a Federal constitutional amend-
ment would become not only possible, but
probable.

In this crisis, it is the immediate concern
of everyone who values what modern
science has achieved, and its right to con-
tinue investigation and instruction, to come
up and be counted. Magazines like
EVOLUTION and organizations like the
Science League of America are standing
firmly against this invasion of ignorance.
But they must have the moral and material
support of all friends of science and of
freedom if they are to be enabled to do
the work for which they were started. The
situation is no longer a laughing matter;
the war has just begun in earnest; and
every man and woman who is on the side
of the twentieth century in thought and
teaching must lend his personal aid lest
America be dragged back from the twen-
tieth century to the darkness and ignorance
of the tenth.

LAST THOUSAND PLEDGED

A friend who has already contributed
two hundred dollars during the past year
has pledged himself under the name of
L. T. B. Light to contribute the last thous-
and dollars to our five thousand dollar
EVOLUTION PROMOTION FUND
when the other four thousand dollars has
been paid in. Morris Weinberg has prom-
ised $200 when the balance of the fund is
raised. The amounts paid in to date are:

Reported last issue, $735.00; B. Levett,
$30.00; Horace Wood II, $10.00; M.
Mark, $50.00; Martin Dewey, $200.00;
Wm. K. Gregory, $100.00; J. Leon Wil-
liams, $50.00. Total received $1175.00.
Pledged $1200.00. Grand total, $2375.00.

This puts us almost to the half way
mark. We feel sure that enough of our
readers realize the importance of launch-
ing an energetic subscription drive RIGHT
NOW to make up the balance of the
$5,000 fund needed this month.

As stated in our last issue, a share in
Evolution Publishing Corporation will be
issued for every ten dollars paid in, and
an extra share of voting stock with every
fifty dollars. Since EVOLUTION has no
"angel" we use this method for raising the
necessary capital for its promotion. If
you would like additional information we
shall of course be very glad to furnish it.

HONOR ROLL

This month the list of those who quali-
fied for the Honor Roll by sending three
or more subscriptions is short. All the
more respect to the good warriors listed
here, who were busy on the firing line.
36 A. W. Watwood 5 C. D. Foreman

THREE QUESTIONS

By popular referendum .'\rkansas has just adopted a law to prohibit the teaching
that "man is ascended or descended from a lower order of animals." In view of the
a\*wed purpose of fundamentalists to force anti-evolution laws to popular vote in
nineteen other States, EVOLUTION submits the following questions to members of
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, under pledge to keep indiv-
idual ballots confidential:

Yes No

1. Should teaching that "man is ascended or descended from a lower

order of animals" be prohibited by law?

2. Should the American Association for the Advancement of Science

take a militant attitude against fundamentalist anti-evolution laws?

3. Should the American Association for the Advancement of Science
express itself against the elimination of evolution from biology

school texts by publishers in fear of fundainentalist influence? ■

If any reader who is a member of the above organization fails to receive the
special questionaire he should write his vote on any sheet of paper and mall it with
name and address to EVOLUTION, 96 Fifth Ave., New York before December 20th,
so that it can be counted in the compilation. The result will be published in the
next issue of EVOLUTION, but individual ballots will of course be kept strictly con-
fidential. Those who wish to write comment for publication should do so on separate
sheet of paper, and make it as brief and to the point as possible.

19 Fr. Masek
17 Ewald Carlson
10 Paul B. Mann
9 F. Cassidy

5 W. H. Abel
+ Alia S. Broms
3 Karl Froding
3 Gustave Weiss

Watch this list grow next time. The
battle Is developing and a lot of our
friends are getting into action. Mobilize
yourself and tackle your friends and neigh-
bors. Many of them have now read some-
thing in the papers about Arkansas and
will be interested to know what the fuss
is all about. Others will have heard of
the Tennessee baby with a seven inch tall,
and will be in the mood to read more.
Every subscriber we gain is forever lost to
the funnymentalists. Up and at them.

SALUTE FRANK MASEK
One of our readers who never wearies
of spreading the light is Frank Masek of
Illinois. Seven times in succession he has
merited the Honor Roll. His first list of
five subscriptions for EVOLUTION was
reported in our fourth issue. Since then
he has sent seven, five, five, twenty-one,
nineteen, and this month again nineteen.
And his lists show that these are real sub-
scriptions. He meets them face to face and
makes them "sign on the dotted line,"
which means that they will also read it.
A hundred front fighters like Masek will
soon make EVOLUTION a power and put
the funnvmentalists on the run.

November, 1928

EVOLUTION

Page Thirteen

THE COMING CONVENTION

From the November 30th issue of
Science ^ve glean the following informa-
tion about the coming convention of the
American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and Associated Societies.
It will be held in New York from De-
cember 27th to January 2nd inclusive, and
"promises to surpass all earlier meetings
in scope, in attendance and in importance
to American science." The organization
has over 17,000 members and invites not
only professional scientists but all who are
interested in the advancement of science
to join. Entrance fee is $5.00; annual
dues, also $5.00, include subscription for
Science. This may be paid at the time of
registering for the convention. Attendance
however is not limited to members; all in-
terested are invited, but every one must
first secure a certificate from the registrar.
Members pay a registration fee of $1. for
the convention, non-members $2. The main
registration office is in University Hall,
Columbia University. Branches at the
American Museum of Natural History,
Metropolitan Museum, American Geo-
graphical Society Bldg. and the Engineer-
ing Building (29 W. 39th), all open from
9 to 6 daily.

The convention is really a large group
of conventions held simultaneously, as all
forty-seven associated societies w"ill con-
vene during this week. The plan in gen-
eral is for the subsidiary sections and
societies to hold their sessions in the fore-
noons and afternoons, in various Hotels
and Meeting Halls, while each evening
there is a General Session and Reception
in the large Auditorium of the American
Museum of Natural History. Space for-
bids itemizing the tremendous program
arranged for all these meetings but the
program for the General Sessions is to be
as follows:

Thurs. Dec. 27, Dr. Charles P. Berkey,
Columbia University, "Recent Discoveries
in the Geology of Mongolia."

Fri. Dec. 28, Arthur H. Compton, Univ-
ersity of Chicago, "What Is Light?"

Sat. Dec. 29, Wm. Morton Wheeler,
Harvard University, ''New Tendencies in
Biologic Theory."

Mon. Dec. 31, Arthur A. Noyes, Calif.
Inst, of Technology, "The Story of the
Elements."

Tues. Jan. 1, Harlow Shapley, Harvard
University, "The Gallaxies of Gallaxies —
New Developments in the Study of Super-
organizations of the Milky Way."

Sunday afternoon, Dec. 30th, there will
be a concert by New York Philharmonic
Society in Carnegie Hall, and in the even-
ing a reception at the Metropolitan Mu-
seum.

Numerous other General Sessions are
also being arranged. The full program
makes up a book of over 300 pages and
will be mailed to non-members for seven-
ty-five cents by the Secretary's office,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.
A list of the Sections into which the
organization is divided, and in which the

affiliated societies are grouped, gives a
slight idea of the scope of the work: A.
Mathematics; B. Physics; C. Chemistry;
D. Astronomy; E. Geology and Geogra-
phy; F. Zoological Sciences; G. Botanical
Sciences; H. Anthropology; I. Psycholog>-;
K. Social and Economic Sciences; L. Hist-
orical and Philological Sciences; M. En-
gineering; N. Medical Sciences; O. Agri-
culture; Q. Education; Miscellaneous.

Proposals for the consideration of the
convention should be sent to the Secretary's
Washington office before Dec. 20th, or
handed in personally at the main registra-
tion office in University Hall as early in
the meeting as possible. They should be
■'in finished and carefully worded form,"
and are then first referred to the Executive
Committee, which meets in the Lincoln
Hotel each morning at ten o'clock. The
Council of the Association holds its first
session in the Library of the Lincoln Hotel
Thursday Dec. 27 at 2 P. M. Election
of officers occurs Saturday morning.

During the time of the convention there
will also be a SCIENCE EXHIBITION
in University Hall at Columbia. The
greatest and most comprehensive display
yet held is promised of scientific apparatus,
materials, methods and books, as well as
a large number of non-commercial scien-
tific and research exhibits. This exhibition
also "becomes a sort of social center, a
place where friends and acquaintances
may meet and exchange ideas."

To any one interested in science, which
of course includes every reader of EVO-
LUTION, this convention will certainly
be worth a trip across the continent.
Tickets may be purchased at nearly all
points from Dec. 16 to 26, depending on
distance from New York, entitling the
holder to half fare on the return trip
provided a "Standard Certificate Form"
reading for the New York meeting of the
"American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and Associated Societies"
is secured at time of purchase. We hope
that many readers of EVOLUTION will
take advantage of this opportunity to visit
New York, and that even during this week
replete with science programs they will
remember that tht latch string is also
hanging out at our EVOLUTION office.

LET IT BE BOOKS

Don't let the question of what presents
to send to your friends give you any more
headaches. Stop worrying about it right
now, and decide to send books.

There really isn't any more appropriate
and acceptable gift. A good book is al-
ways welcome. And it has an influence
altogether out of proportion to production
costs and price. The reading of one good
book may transform an entire life.

The reading of a book of the kind listed
below opens a new window in the mind.
It lets in light, and forever after enables
the reader to look out and see and under-
stand more of the world. Thus, when you
present such a book to a friend you benefit
both him and yourself. Its reading will
enable him to live a larger mental life, and
it will make him a more interesting com-
panion to you.

And remember that, no matter how
"well read" you are, this also holds true
for you. So please don't stop with your
friends, but make yourself a present too.
Certainly, LET IT BE BOOKS.

In addition to the titles listed below, we
will be glad to send you any book in print
at the publisher's price.

IN THE JUNGLES OF TENNESSEE

O. poor old Tennessee,

The original "monkey" state;

It looks like irony.

Like the very hand of fate.

That she. of all the ivorld.
Should be the first to hail

Tlie birth of a baby girl —

With a seven inch simian tail!

Let's all chip in and offer a hundred
dollar prize for the longest tail ''growed"
in Arkansas. I believe she can beat Ten-
nessee by at least two inches.

—BOB LYLE.

EVOLUTION BOOK SERVICE

96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. N. Y.
Send the items checked to undersigned:
THIS VUZZLING PLANET: Edwin Tenney

Brewster A-;--*!??

A B C OK EVOLUTION: Joseph Mc Cabe 1./5

GROWING UP: Karl de Schweinitz 1-J5

HEIR OF ALL THE AGES McKechnle:.. 3.50
PICTURE BOOK OF EVOLUTION: Dennis

Hird ■■ 3-''

CRE.ATION BY EVOLUTION: Edited by

Frances Mason 5.00

THE BRAIN FROM APE TO MAN: Fred-

erick Tilney 25.00

LET FREEDOM RING: Arthur Garfield

Havs 2-50

EVOLUTION FOR JOHN DOE: Ward .. 3.50
EXPLORING THE UNIVERSE: Henshaw

Ward 3.50

DARWIN, THE M,4N AND HIS WAR-
FARE : Henshaw Ward 5.00

WAR ON MODERN SCIENCE: Maynard

Shipley 500

MY HERESY: Bishop Wm. M. Brown 2.00

CO.N'CERNING MAN'S ORIGIN: Sir Arthur

Keith 2-00

HISTORY OF WARFARE OF SCIENCE

WITH THEOLOGY White (2 vols.) . . 6.00
OUTLINE OF MAN'S KNOWLEDGE:

Clement Wood 5.0O

SCIENCE VS DOGMA: C. T. Spradlng.. 1.50

MICROBE HUNTERS: Paul de Kruif 3.50

WHY V\E BEHAVE LIKE HUMAN

BEINGS: Georee A. Dorsey 3.50

ORIGIN OF SPECIES: Darwin 1.00

MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE Huxley .. :1.00
C R E A T I ON : NON-EVOLUTIONARY

THEORIES: Brewster 3.50

RIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE: HaecLel .. 2.50
THE BIBLE UNMASKED; loserh Lewis 1.15
THE STORY OF THE INQUISITION.. 3.20
EVOLUTION : Monthly. One Year 1 .00

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Page Fourteen

EVOLUTION

November, 1928

FUNNYMENTALS

''Before the animals were made to pass
before Adam to be named, God determ-
ined to make another being like him, be-
cause He knew that none of the animals
were fitted by creation and nature to be
his real companions. They were simply
animals; He was a rational human per-
sonality constituting a genus all his own.
Then the animals passed before him, and
he gave them appropriate names. "But
for man himself," the translator aptly puts
it, "no helper was found who was like
him." So God made another personal be-
ing of the same genus from the (Original
generic human stock, thus performing at
the same time two great crucial biologic
acts, — the preservation of the unity of the
human race and the differentiation of sex.

"And this, we maintain, as we have
often done before, is the most rational and
scientific way of accounting for the origin
of genus homo," Professor Leander S. Key-
ser, D. D., in Bible Champion, Dec. 1928.

iriTIb TBUETHAT EVOLUTiOn li /=|THE.IST1C
IM T£.nDtMCr, IF THE. THEOFtV 15 DtSTRUCTIVt
OF noRAL STAtiOAROS, IT IT T&rio5 TO
REDUCE. THE RACE. TO A Jun&UE- OT BtASTS,
IF" IT IS COMDUCIVE TO \A/ A R AMD AMARchV
IF IX 15 BE-inCr TAUCHT ,n PHACTICALUy

-'^^^"N. fveftV high school, COLUe.&&

MD Ul-IH/£RSiTV^Ah.O E.VBH

■3 TEMOtR, PLASTIC nmos

^,4.. 1 In &f?ADE.-SCHOOLS; THEM

PE:RHAP3 I HAD BE.TTE.R

LOOK iriTO THIS nATTE.tl

'^^

r

*?...

From Defender (fundamentalist). Oct. 28
"The theory of evolution, taught in
public schools, is diametrically opposed to
the teachings of the word of God, and
leads the student to the conclusion that the
bible is a book of lies and is utterly un-
dependable, or that the school books are
wrong. Teachers are considered by the
average scholar almost as infallible as God.
"It is the same as placing a den of rattle
snakes in a room with the children. One
could not blame a parent for protecting
them against a rattler. Can one forbid
them from making a stand against this
rattler? One kills the body, the other kills
the soul. It is to be wondered that parents
are able to sit at home as long as they
have and know that those things are
taught to their little ones." Aimee Semple
McPherson, quoted by Chicago Daily
Tribune, Oct. 26, 1928.

THE TRUTH SEEKER

National Freethought Weekly

Estiblished 1873
GEORGE E. MCDON.A.LD, Editor
Three months, $1. Foreign, $1.1')
49 Vescv Street, New York

FROM OUR READERS

"I've reached the conclusion that Arkan-
sas isn't the only state where anti-evolu-
tionists reside. Illinois has a few also.
Proof: One of the above saw my EVO-
LUTION magazine last month before I
saw it, became quite angry at such "heath-
enish stuff" and flung my magazine into
the blazing destructive flames of an old
heater. — Amelia A. Kroepel, Illinois.

"As one of the members of Rationalist
Press Association I received with great
pleasure the distributed copy of your
splendid propaganda paper EVOLUTION.
It is a first class production which I should
wish heartily will have a wide sale on this
side as well as in U. S. A. The attitude
of the British Press to the famous Ten-
nessee case, by inference suggested that
everybody accepted evolution here. This
is not so. It is astounding how the aver-
age Englishman either completely ignores
the subject, or is a bigoted opposer of it.
There has been no famous legal test here;
the fact remains that Darwinism is NOT
taught in our State elementary schools, and
very meagerly taught in the best private
schools and Colleges. My own children
going to public elementary school are
taught the origin of Life and the world
as per the first chapter of Genesis, — treated
literally too. They learn that Charles
Darwin was a great naturalist and travel-
ler, who wrote the "Voyage of the Beagle"
and was very kind to his family, and
that's about all they learn of that. — George
Davey, England.

"You are doing very well. Every num-
ber of EVOLUTION seems to be an im-
provement.

''I feel sure that Christian school au-
thorities are directing pupils to take up the
dead languages and higher mathematics
to the exclusion of the natural sciences
with the purpose that they may more
easily be led by the churches. Boys and
girls are led to study Latin and Trigono-
metry, who do not know whether their
heart is above or below their diaphram;
who know nothing of the phases of the
moon; who can not analize a flower, and
to whom a lump of coal is nothing but a
lump of coal.

"I believe this is all done slyly, cun-
ningly, with the purpose of keeping stu-
dents from studying the sciences that must
necessarily lead to knowledge of evolution.

''Enclosed .find best wishes and check
for fifty dollars, being one per cent of the
fund you propose to raise. Yours for
Humanitv, — M. Mark, Indiana.

FREETHINKERS OF AMERICA

National Headquarters, 5 Columbus
Circle. Columbus 7284. Public Meet-
ing, Sundav, Jan. 6th, Rumfnrd Hall,
50 E. 41 St!, 3 P.M. At this meeting,

Mr. Philip G. Peabody
champion world trotter, will deliver an
address on ''His Observations of Forty
Years Freethought Throughout the
World." — Admission Free.

ATTRACTIVE XMAS PRESENT
Velvet hand-corded Envelope Bag

In any color, 9 .\ 6 niches. Cute fur

dog in corner (Chow, Hardley or

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HEALTH FOOD, Not Breakfast Food

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AMERICAN SECULAR UNION

stands for the principles proclaimed in the
Nine Demands for Liberalism or the com-
plete separation of church and state. Or-
ganized 1876. Incorporated 1900 under
the laws of Illinois. A representative na-
tional organization managed by a board
of directors elected by the membership
every third year. Annual membership,
$1.00; Life $10.00. Address all commu-
nications to W. L. Maclaskey, Secretary,
P. O. Box 1109, Chicago, Illinois.

In The Off Years Wise Men
Provide for Times of Stress

dlll.v n loaNhitnrcs liu-t in lilL'S; 4.T
\\V\ irn^rt in ^HL'ii, :iml iiiiinv of tlioiii
will have anti.evolution measures pre-
seiitod before ttiein.

t'linrtnmentali.'^t.'j ore planning tlieir
onnipaijrn: -why not evolutionists?

Join the Science Lensue '>f .Vmerioa
no\\. Heln bniUl nji its strengrth. "We
nooil jour jielp NOW. tliat we may not
be cau;;!!! nnprepareil to defend free-
dom of teaching: and researcti when
tlie Uic Fight starts again in 1029.
Tines $S a year: life membership S25.
Write for Leaflet and Application Blank.

Science League of America

Incorporated
f>M Gillette P.ldg.. San Franeiseo. Cal.

From Various Angles

UHDERSTAKD-
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from Chicago Tribune, Dec. 1.

FORBIDDEN FRUIT

From Cleveland Press. Nov. 1 5

ENFORCE IT, BY ALL MEANS

Some public officials in Arkansas are reported to
have let the idea get abroad that the newly adopted
anti-evolution law would be allowed to become a
"dead letter." Not so the Superintendent of Public
Instruction. He will enforce it up to the hilt. Which
moves one of our readers, Bob Lyie of Biloxi, to take
his pen in hand as follows:

Biloxi, Miss., Nov. 16th, 1928.
Mr. J. P. Womack, State Supt.,

Little Rock, Ark.
Dear Sir: —

I want to congratulate you on the manly stand that
you have taken, regarding the strict enforcement of
the recently passed Anti-Evolution law.

These religious laws that Fundamentalists are hav-
ing enacted are making us a nation of bootleggers and
sneaks. An anti-evolution law makes Fundamentalism
the state religion, %vhich is unconstitutional. Not only
that, it is a personal insult to every teacher.

Teachers spend years in preparing themselves for
their profession, just as the captain of an ocean liner
spends years in the study of navigation. Can you
imagine any ship captain who would meekly submit to
having his crew and steerage passengers put it to a
vote, then demand that he throw his compass and
charts overboard and steer his ship by the Bible? Then
why should people who are as unfitted to teach the
higher branches of knowledge as the average steerage
passenger is to navigate a ship, be allowed to say what
duly licensed teachers shall teach?

I hope that you will stand by your guns and see
that this silly law is lived up to, to the very letter.
No teacher can take the proper pride in his profession
when obliged to stultify his reasoning powers, in order
to hold his job. And no teacher can command the re-
spect of his scholars when they know that he is hypo-
critically dodging the issue by calling evolution by
some other name.

Yours sincerely, BOB LYLE.

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IT AIN'T BOZO WE'RE SO SKEERED OF!

From Commercial Appeal, Nov. 14.

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Will He Wake up in Time?

THE VERY EXISTENCE

of such abysmal ignorance as is evidenced by the
adoption of the anti-evolution law in Arkansas is
a challenge to every one of scientific training. It
is a constant source of danger, for the vote of the
least counts as much as the vote of the wisest,
and rightly so. This places the

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

on every man of science to pass his information
along, not to monopolize what he discovers, but
to popularize it and make it common property.

YOU CAN NOT DISSIPATE

the darkness of superstition by pretending that
it does not exist, or by assuming an air of super-
iority, or by finding it imconstitutional. The only
way to break the bonds of bigotry is to

SPREAD THE LIGHT OF SCIENCE

In this task EVOLUTION seeks the co-operation
of every enlightened man and woman. It hopes to
enlist every scientist with a sense of social respon-
sibility and furnishes an effective method for
translating this into action. Use this blank.

EVOLUTION PUBLISHING CORPORATION, 96 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. V. Date

For the enclosed $ send EVOLUTION for one year to:

(Single subscription, $\)
(To three addresses, $2}

Name

Street and Number

Citv and State

(If you don't want to tear cover, any old sheet of paper will do.)

Q'

CHI I or a :

_MULTIBINOER

~~~' Syracuse, N. Y.
^^ Stocklon, Caiif.

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