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51

Excavations

in THE

UPPER LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Eastern Arizona

PAUL S. MARTIN
JOHN B. RINALDO

FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY

VOLUME 51, NUMBER 1

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

MARCH 11, 1960

THE LIBRARY Of V&

1960

HKIVERSS: ^

■-•• ♦• <* r4*

Excavations

in THE
UPPER LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Eastern Arizona

COLORADO

MAP SHOWING EASTERN ARIZONA AND WESTERN NEW MEXICO

Excavations

in THE

UPPER LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Eastern Arizona

PAUL S. MARTIN

Chief Curator, Department of Anthropology

JOHN B. RINALDO

Assistant Curator, Archaeology

FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY

VOLUME 51, NUMBER 1

Published by

CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM

MARCH 11, 1960

Edited by Lillian A. Ross

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 60-11006

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS

51 &<DS~

PA

he -|

Preface

This report embraces the findings of our first field season in east central
Arizona, near Vernon.

Four different sites were excavated in the 1957 season. Two of these
occupied the ancient beaches of brackish lakes — Little Ortega and Laguna
Salada — east of the ghost town of Floy, Arizona. The other two were
near Vernon Creek, approximately three miles south of Vernon. The
name and location of each site is as follows:

(1) Little Ortega Lake site (Sec. 2, T. 11 N., R. 25 E., G.S.R.M.).

(2) Laguna Salada site (Sec. 20, T. 11 N., R. 25 E., G.S.R.M.).

(3) Site 30, a pit-house village (Sec. 27, T. 10 N., R. 25 E., G.S.
R.M.).

(4) Site 31, an incipient pueblo village, about two hundred yards
south of Site 30 (Sec. 27, T. 10 N., R. 25 E., G.S.R.M.).

The purposes and aims of our research in this area are several: (1) to
learn more about the nature and chronological position of the various
sites in eastern Arizona in the Show Low, St. Johns, Springerville district;
(2) to ascertain the similarities and differences of this area compared with
the Southwest as a whole; (3) to seek connections, if they exist, between
prehistoric and contemporary or historic groups; (4) to work out in detail
the local sequences of culture history and to discover the ways in which
the various elements in the cultures evolved, how they worked, and how
they were interrelated; and (5) to determine if the peoples of the Reserve
area moved into this district when they abandoned the Reserve-Pine
Lawn homeland about a.d. 1350.

We feel fairly confident now that traits were diffused and that, perhaps
later, people did in fact shift from western New Mexico to the area in
which we are now working; but present also in the Vernon area were some
earlier, indigenous traits which, for want of a better name and more data,
are here called the Concho Complex. Both the Concho Complex and the Co-
chise— the early facet of the Mogollon and perhaps the Hohokam Culture
— are probably local manifestations of the widely spread Desert Culture
(Jennings, 1957). Some progress has been made toward clarifying some
of these problems.

3

4 PREFACE

The success of any expedition depends on the good will and hard work
of many people. I should like to thank Messrs. Arden Brady, Marvin
Christensen, Arnold Gillespie, Leon Gillespie, Emerson Mulford, Genaro
Nuarez, Alfred Padilla, Benjamin Padilla, Eddie Padilla, Gilbert Padilla
and Floyd Penrod for their help in digging. Miss Elizabeth Morris
assisted with cataloging and Mr. Roland Strassburger was in charge of
photography.

For their good will and neighborly help in many ways, we are indebted
to Mr. and Mrs. Tom Cox, Mr. and Mrs. Don Goodman, Mr. and
Mrs. Charles Gillespie, Mr. and Mrs. Milton Gillespie, Mr. and Mrs.
Leonard Penrod, and Mr. and Mrs. Eben Whiting.

For permission to excavate sites on their ranches, we are grateful to
Mr. and Mrs. Lester Curtis, Mr. D. Chilcott, Mr. and Mrs. Claude
Phipps, Mr. Earl Thode, and Mr. Frank Stradling.

Mr. C. E. Gurley, President of the Central Motor Company of Gallup,
a friend of the Southwest Archaeological Expedition since 1932, was again
most helpful in leasing trucks to us.

Mr. Frank Turner, of the Charles Illfeld Company, Albuquerque,
New Mexico, was once more of great assistance in our major purchases.

I particularly wish to express our deep appreciation to President Stan-
ley Field, the Board of Trustees, and Dr. Clifford C. Gregg of the Museum
for their continuing interest in and support of our archaeological projects.
Without this, our work would not be possible.

Chapters 1, 3, and 4 were written by Dr. John B. Rinaldo, and Chap-
ters 2 and 5 by me.

Paul S. Martin
September, 1958

Contents

PAGE

List of Illustrations 7

List of Tables 8

I. The Archaeology of the Beach Sites 9

Description of the Sites 9

The Artifacts 12

Affiliations of the Artifacts 15

Manos 17

Rubbing Stones 22

Metates 22

Hammerstones 24

Projectile Points 24

Scrapers 29

Flake Knives 32

Choppers 34

Drill 34

II. Architectural Details 35

Pit-House A, Site 30 35

Pit-House B, Site 30 36

Pit-House C, Site 30 40

Burial in Pit near Pit-House C 44

Pit-House D, Site 30 44

Pit-House E, Site 30 45

Pit-House F, Site 30 45

Pit-House G, Site 30 50

Pit-House H, Site 30 54

Site 31, "Formative" Pueblo 56

Walk-In Well(?), Site 31 62

III. Artifacts from the Village Sites 63

Handstones 63

Milling Stones 64

Mauls 65

Pipe 66

Chipped Stone Artifacts 66

Scrapers and Knives 67

Shell Objects 67

Bone Tools 67

Baked Clay Objects 68

Affiliations of the Artifacts 68

5

6 CONTENTS

PAGE

Ground and Pecked Stone Artifacts 69

Manos 69

Rubbing Stones 73

Pestles 75

Metates 75

Mortars 76

Worked Slabs 76

Mauls 76

Discoidal 80

Stone Pipes 80

Chipped Stone Artifacts 80

Projectile Points 80

Blades 83

Knives 84

Scrapers 84

Saws 88

Bone Tools 88

Awls 88

Bodkin 90

Shell Objects 90

Bracelet 90

Unfinished Pendant 90

Disc Bead 91

Baked Clay Objects 91

Worked Sherds 91

Miniature Ladles 93

Data on Identifiable Unworked Bone Fragments 93

IV. Pottery 94

The Pottery from Site 30 95

Pottery Types Made at Site 30 95

Trade or Intrusive Types 100

The Pottery from Site 31 101

Native Types 103

Trade Types of Earlier Phases 106

Trade Types of Later Phases 106

Technology 107

Cultural Relationships 108

V. Summary 114

Pre- Pottery Sites on Old Beaches 114

Sites 30 and 31, Earl Thode Ranch 115

Pit-Houses: Site 30 115

Pottery: Site 30, Pit-House Village 117

Surface Houses: Site 31 118

Pottery: Site 31, Surface Houses 118

Artifacts: Sites 30 and 31 119

Subsistence: Sites 30 and 31 119

Dating of Sites 30 and 31 119

Bibliography 121

Index 125

List of Illustrations

Map showing eastern Arizona and western New Mexico Frontispiece

Text Figures

PAGE

1. Site 90, Little Ortega Lake, showing trenches 10

2. Panoramic view of Site 65 at Laguna Salada 11

3. Site at Laguna Salada, showing fire-cracked stones of hearth, fragment of
mano, and basin metate 13

4. One hand manos from beach sites 18

5. One hand manos from beach sites 20

6. Rubbing stones from beach sites 23

7. Basin metate from surface, Locus C 25

8. Shallow basin metate (Class B) from Laguna Salada 25

9. Hammerstones and choppers from beach sites 27

10. Projectile points and drills from beach sites 28

1 1 . Scraper-blades and knives from beach sites 30

1 2. End scrapers, hollow-edge scrapers and side scrapers from beach sites ... 31

13. Serrate scrapers and side scrapers from beach sites 33

14. Pit-house A, Site 30 36

15. Plan and sections of Pit-house A 37

1 6. Pit-house B, Site 30 38

17. Plan and sections of Pit- house B 39

18. Pit-house C, Site 30 40

19. Plan and sections of Pit-house C 41

20. Pit-house D, Site 30 42

21. Plan and sections of Pit-house D 43

22. Pit-house E, Site 30 46

23. Plan and sections of Pit-house E 47

24. Pit-house F, Site 30 48

25. Plan and sections of Pit-house F 49

26. Pit-house G, Site 30 50

27. Plan and sections of Pit-house G 51

28. Pit-house H, Site 30 52

29. Plan and sections of Pit-house H 53

30. Over-all view of Site 30 54

7

8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

31. Map of Site 30 55

32. Site 31, showing Rooms 1 and 2. Room 4 and part of Room 3 in left back-
ground 57

33. Site 31, Rooms 3 and 4 58

34. Site 31, showing masonry in south wall of Room 4 59

35. Site 31, Room 1, Burial 1 59

36. Site 30, Burial 1, in pit near Pit-house C 60

37. Site 31, showing Pit-house A or "walk-in well"(?) 60

38. Plan and sections of Site 31 61

39. Manos from Site 30 70

40. Rectangular manos from Site 30 72

41 . Rubbing stones from Site 30 74

42. Metate from Site 30 77

43. Boulder mortar from Site 30 77

44. Worked slab from Site 30 78

45. Mauls from Site 30 78

46. Lower, pestle from Site 30; upper, discoidal from Site 31 79

47. Fragmentary and unfinished pipes from Site 30 81

48. Projectile points and blades from Sites 30 and 31 83

49. Flake knives from Sites 30 and 31 85

50. Scrapers from Site 30 86

51. Saws and shell objects from Sites 30 and 31 87

52. Bone awls, miscellaneous types, and bodkin from Sites 30 and 31 .... 89

53. Worked sherds and miniature ladles from Sites 30 and 31 92

54. Alma Incised and Alma Scored potsherds from Site 30 96

55. White Mound Black-on-White, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White, Three
Circle Red-on-White, and Alma Plain variant potsherds 97

56. Woodruff Smudged and San Francisco Red, Vernon variety, bowls, Site 30 . 98

57. Snowflake Black-on-White potsherd from Site 31 103

58. Snowflake Black-on-White, Reserve Black-on-White, and Wingate Black-on-
Red potsherds 104

59. San Francisco Red, Vernon variety, bowl from Site 31 105

60. MacDonald Painted Corrugated and Reserve Indented Corrugated bowls,
Site 31 105

61. Puerco Black-on-White bowl and pitcher from Site 31 105

TABLES

1. Sherd Analysis, Site 30 110

2. Sherd Analysis, Site 31 113

L The Archaeology of the Beach Sites

DESCRIPTION OF THE SITES

Evidence of prehistoric camp sites — milling stones, projectile points
and other chipped stone artifacts — was recovered from the beaches of
Little Ortega Lake and Laguna Salada, two lakes situated on Highway 61
between the ghost town of Floy and the village of Concho, Arizona. La-
guna Salada is located just east of Floy (Sec. 20, Twp. 11 N., R. 25 E.,
G.S.R.M.). It is mentioned and pictured in Harrell and Eckel (1939,
pp. 31, 74, pi. 10). Little Ortega Lake is situated closer to Concho
(Sec. 2, Twp. 11 N., R. 25 E., G.S.R.M.). Both of these lakes are playas
and they lie in depressions without true outlets. They are surrounded
by relatively low rolling hills and steep-sided mesas dotted with juniper
trees. The rounded outlines of the White Mountains frame the southern
horizon at both lakes (figs. 1, 2) and Laguna Salada is dominated on the
west by the escarpment of Dutch Mountain, an outlier of the White
Mountains.

Little Ortega Lake is dry at certain seasons of the year. Laguna
Salada has brackish water, as its name indicates, and as it is fed by
springs it rarely drys up completely. At the end of the rainy season in
July and August of 1957 Little Ortega Lake was nearly half a mile long;
Laguna Salada was somewhat smaller. Harrell and Eckel indicate that
both lakes have been larger, and at Little Ortega Lake there are stone
piers and diversion dams of piled rocks which in 1957 were several hundred
yards from the water's edge, thus attesting to the previous larger size of
the lake. Mr. Frank Stradling, manager of the Chilcott Ranch, on which
the lakes are located, said that water had been pumped from Little Ortega
Lake to irrigate a small valley north of the lake, and the area of water
must have been much larger at that time to make this feasible.

The inlet to Little Ortega Lake is from the south. There are high
rocky shores on the west and northwest. A broad rocky peninsula enters
the lake from the northwest (on the west edge of the site) and a narrow
peninsula enters it from the eastern shore.

The artifacts from Little Ortega Lake were found mostly at the north-
west end of the playa (fig. 1), on the surface of a sloping area where
the growth of weeds ended rather abruptly and where the soil had a

10

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEACH SITES

11

Fig. 2. Panoramic view of Site 65 at Laguna Salada; truck in middle ground.

more powdery texture on the side toward the water. This slope extended
in a broad curve at approximately right angles to the wide rocky penin-
sula and apparently represented one of the older shore lines or beaches.
The flint chips and artifacts were quite scattered in their distribution.
However, there were a number of metates and mano fragments in
scattered heaps along this "beach," and these, together with certain
small areas where the flint materials were more concentrated, appeared
to mark possible camping places. No hearth areas were seen on the sur-
face at this site.

The artifacts described and illustrated below came from clay and sand
deposits on the northern margins of these lakes, and in fact rested in or
on what we assume to be old beach sands. The material from Little
Ortega Lake was scattered over an area some 200 meters long and 32
meters wide. Trenches were excavated in three widely separated areas
where the flint chips, scrapers and other cultural materials appeared to be
thickest on the surface. Two of these "camp" areas, designated Locus A
and Locus C, were trenched more intensively; trenches 14 to 16 meters
long and 2 meters wide were laid out in 2-meter squares and excavated
in 20 cm. levels to bed rock or to sterile soil, which was found about 80 cm.
below the surface.

At Laguna Salada the cultural material was more concentrated over
the surface of a long oval hillock which appeared to have been a sand spit

12 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

or an island in the lake at one time (fig. 2). This rise was about 200 meters
long and 75 meters wide at the broad end, narrowing to 18 meters at the
narrow end. In the middle, the little ridge was about 90 meters wide.

Scattered over the surface of this sandy ridge, there was a series of
hearths and milling stones, with many flint chips, broken manos and the
like scattered in between. These hearths (fig. 3) consisted of clusters of
fire-cracked rocks with charcoal and charcoal-darkened earth between
and around them, and in at least two cases small unworked fragments of
animal bone. This site was devoid of vegetation, probably because there
is a heavy concentration of salt in the soil. Large crystals occurred on the
surface and in the soil.

Three general areas were trenched at Laguna Salada, one in the mid-
dle and one at each end of the ridge, designated Locus A, Locus B, and
Locus C, respectively. Other artifacts were located with reference to a
line of stakes 25 meters apart laid out along the spine of the ridge. A few
slab fragments of metates were discovered below the surface, and the
hearths were found to continue in charcoal concentrations as deep as
30 cm. In some hearth areas the clay was burned to a red-brown color.
The ten hearth areas found averaged 130 cm. in diameter, and one hearth
which was selected as representative contained 47 rocks. Many of the
nineteen metates or fragments thereof that were found on this site were
in reasonable proximity to the hearths, in groups of two or three.

Certain differences were noted between the Little Ortega Lake Site
and the Laguna Salada Site. More projectile points, blades and other
chipped stone artifacts were found at Little Ortega Lake. Although char-
coal was found below the surface at Little Ortega Lake it was scattered
and there were no hearths or rocks and charcoal as at Laguna Salada.
The Laguna Salada Site had many more milling stones and manos. In
spite of these differences in quantities of chipped stone as compared with
ground stone artifacts, there was a general similarity in the types of the
tools used at both sites; for example, the same types of metates and manos
were found at both sites. Although few artifacts were found below the
surface by trenching at either site, those few seem sufficient to indicate
that there were no radical differences in artifact types between the
material located above and below the surface, and they also indicate
that neither site was purely a surface phenomenon and might represent
some antiquity.

THE ARTIFACTS

The artifacts include manos, metates and rubbing stones shaped
primarily through use by grinding; tools made through percussion-flaking
such as scrapers and choppers; and projectile points, blades and drills

Fig. 3. Site at Laguna Salada, showing fire-cracked stones of hearth, fragment of
mano, and basin metate, from Locus C. Focusing card for scale is 7.2 by 10 cm.

13

14 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

fashioned by pressure chipping. In types these artifacts correspond
roughly to those which occur in the Concho Complex and to a lesser
extent to those found with the San Jose Complex.

The manos are short, one hand types, mostly oval in outline. A very
few were shaped on their ends and edges by pecking. The great majority
had two grinding surfaces; both broad surfaces had been used for grind-
ing until they have distinct rounded facets. About one third of the manos
have grinding surfaces that are convex across the short axis and flat or
slightly convex across the longer axis. The other manos have grinding
surfaces that are convex on both axes or flat. A few manos have a tend-
ency toward having a wedge-shaped longitudinal cross section, or toward
being wedge-shaped on a line diagonal to the long axis of the mano.
Haury (1950, p. 313) says that this type of wear is produced by a rocking
motion of the mano on a flat or shallow basin metate.

The metates from these sites are predominantly flat or shallow basin
types. The majority of them were made of quite thick (10 cm.) slabs of
dark gray igneous rock. These are irregular in outline and usually longer
than they are broad. The grinding surface is pitted around the margins
but polished in the center from the use of the mano. Another series is
made of thinner slabs (5.0 cm.) of quartzite sandstone. The complete
specimens of this type are generally rectangular in outline but they were
not shaped. The grinding surface of these metates is oval and small.

The chipped stone artifacts from these sites include projectile points,
blades, scrapers, knives, choppers, and one drill fragment. At Little
Ortega Lake the chipped stone artifacts outnumbered those of ground
stone, whereas at Laguna Salada the ground and pecked stone artifacts
outnumbered those made of chipped stone.

At both sites scrapers were the most numerous of the chipped stone
artifacts. These scrapers are made from thick primary flakes or from
small cores. The majority have been shaped by percussion flaking but
have some part of the margin — usually a longer edge — sharpened by pres-
sure chipping. Many are plano-convex in cross section and shaped only
on the convex surface. However, most of the larger specimens and a few
of the smaller ones are bifacially chipped.

A few core implements were found : three choppers from Laguna Sa-
lada and three hammerstones from Little Ortega Lake. The choppers are
of the biface type with the edge sharpened from both surfaces by percus-
sion chipping. They are rough, thick and angular, but opposite the edge
there is either a rounded or a flattened portion for a grip, so that the imple-
ment can be grasped more comfortably. The edges have been sharpened
and are wavy.

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEACH SITES 15

Many thin random flakes were found but very few show any secondary
chipping or retouch along the edge. However, a number of thicker flakes
were fashioned into a blade-like implement or pointed biface scraper.
These are roughly triangular in outline and lenticular in cross section.
There is a secondary chipping on all surfaces and the edges are sharp.
However, what is apparently the basal end of most of the specimens is
thick and appears to have been broken off.

The projectile points do not form a uniform series; no two are exactly
alike. However, there is sufficient regularity in certain of the specimens
to sort them out into a number of categories. One group consists of
stemmed indented-base specimens; a second has broad lateral notches and
concave bases; a third is lateral notched also and has blunt flaring ear-like
protrusions on an indented base. The edges of the blades of this group
of specimens are sometimes serrated. A fourth, more generalized group
consists of small specimens which are rather longer than wide, with leaf-
shaped blades and poorly defined contracting stems.

LIST OF ARTIFACTS

Number Number
(Little Ortega) (Laguna Salada)

Manos 19 25

Rubbing stones 4 0

Metates 5 19

Hammerstones 3 0

Projectile points 16 7

Knives 3 0

Scrapers 31 10

Choppers 0 3

Drills 0 1

Affiliations of the Artifacts

In view of the proximity of these beach sites to Concho, and the fact
that Mr. and Mrs. Thomas (Thomas, 1952) collected in this area south-
west of Concho, it seems logical to analyze the similarities and differences
between the artifacts described herein and those of the Concho Complex.
There are, first of all, resemblances in the projectile points. The points
from the beach sites Classes A and B resemble San Jose and "Pinto" pro-
jectile points (Stemmed Indented Base), as do those illustrated by Wen-
dorf and Thomas (1951, pi. 49, a-h). There are also two points from Little
Ortega Lake which are reminiscent of one of the types from the Concho
Complex said to be "rare" (Wendorf and Thomas, 1951, pi. 49, o). There
are a few end scrapers, flake knives, a drill fragment, biface choppers,
numerous side scrapers, and some blades which also appear to be similar

16 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

to those illustrated. One hand manos and basin metates were found with
the Concho Complex as they were on the beach sites.

There are certain differences which were also noted. Some types of
projectile points found on sites of the Concho Complex were not found at
the beach sites and there are apparently some differences in quantities of
chipped stone as compared with ground and pecked stone. In comparing
the Concho Complex with the Cochise Culture, Wendorf and Thomas
(1951, p. Ill) mention the relative scarcity of manos and metates on sites
of the Concho Complex. They were not rare at either Little Ortega Lake
or at Laguna Salada. The absence from these beach sites of types of cer-
tain projectile points found in the Concho Complex may be accounted for
by the vagaries of collecting — Mr. and Mrs. Thomas collected from thirty
sites whereas this collection is but from two — but in my opinion the differ-
ences in quantity of ground and pecked stone are of another order. Grind-
ing tools were just as abundant on these beach sites as they were on sites
in west-central New Mexico such as the Wet Leggett (Martin, Rinaldo
and Antevs, 1949) or the Atrisco sites near Albuquerque (Campbell and
Ellis, 1952), although they were not as abundant as they were on some
Cochise sites in southeastern Arizona (Sayles and Antevs, 1941). Further-
more, the shapes of the manos and the configurations of the grinding sur-
faces are strongly reminiscent of types from Cochise sites of the Chiricahua
stage in southeastern Arizona (Sayles and Antevs, 1941, pi. IX) and equiv-
alent levels at Ventana Cave (Haury, 1950, p. 313), particularly in that
the grinding surfaces of many are flat along the longer dimension and con-
vex across the short axis. In general proportions they resemble the majority
of early manos, being short and thick. The metates also resemble the
milling stones from Cochise sites, although again they are apparently not
as abundant as they were on the Cochise sites in southeastern Arizona.
On the other hand, certain differences in chipped implements tend to
separate this material from the Cochise; for example, the ground edge
scraper and the scraper plane are rare or lacking from these beach sites,
as they are from sites of the Concho Complex as described by Wendorf
and Thomas (1951, p. 111). Another difference is in the quantity of
specimens found rather than in the presence or absence of any particular
type; for instance, end scrapers were present but were rare.

Perhaps the closest comparison may be made between this material
and the San Jose sites found originally near Grants, New Mexico, by
Bryan and Toulouse (Bryan and Toulouse, 1943; Agogino and Hester,
1956; Olson and Wasley, 1956). These sites contain projectile points
similar to the Class A and Class B projectile points described below for
the beach sites. Other artifact types found both in the San Jose* sites and
among the materials from Little Ortega Lake and Laguna Salada are

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEACH SITES 17

various forms of side scrapers, end scrapers, drills, flake knives and chop-
pers. Also, the manos and metates appear to be quite similar. Gravers
were not recovered from our beach sites nor are they recorded from all the
San Jose sites reported by Agogino and Hester (1956, Table 1), although
they were reported both in the original publication (Bryan and Toulouse,
1943) and from the sites surveyed by Olson and Waseley (1956, pp. 269-
271). Thus the culture from these lake sites seems at least closely related
to the San Jose and Concho complexes.

It seems premature as yet to attempt to assign these beach cultures
more definitely to any one of the known and recognized Southwestern
cultures of the two or three millennia preceding the Christian era. Al-
though additional comparisons might be made with such pre-ceramic
Southwestern lithic assemblages as the Atrisco sites (Campbell and Ellis,
1952), the San Augustin Plains sites (Hurt and McKnight, 1949) or the
pre-pottery levels in Tularosa, Cordova and O Block caves (Martin, et al.,
1952, 1954), these assemblages appear at this time to be more closely re-
lated to the Cochise tradition than to the San Jose in spite of the fact
that occasional San Jose-like projectile points have been found associated
therein. It seems to be widely accepted that both San Jose and Cochise
traditions fall within the Desert Culture category, but the specific rela-
tionship between the two is still uncertain as is also the relationship of the
San Jose* and Concho complexes to the later Pueblo culture in the upper
Little Colorado.

Manos

(Figures 4, 5)

Single Grinding Surface
CLASS I A

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex,
polished. Total 1.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment 6.5 cm.); width, 9.0 cm.; thickness,
3.9 cm.

CLASS I B

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex
across short axis, slightly convex lengthwise (fig. 4, b). Total 2.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus B; Laguna Salada, Locus A,
Trench A.

Dimensions: Length, 10.2, 10.4 cm.; width, 7.1, 8.5 cm.; thickness, 4.8,
4.2 cm.

Material: Diorite.

18

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

e

Fig. 4. One hand manos from beach sites. Length of /, 11.3 cm.

CLASS I C

Description: Oval in outline, one specimen wedge-shaped in cross sec-
tion, two with parallel surfaces, grinding surface bluntly convex. Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A; Laguna Salada, Locus A,
Trench A.

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEACH SITES 19

Dimensions: Length, 12.3 cm., (two fragments); width, 10.0, 10.4,
7.1 cm.; thickness, 4.0, 4.4, 4.8 cm.

Material: Sandstone.

CLASS I D

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat
(fig. 4, d). Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C; Laguna Salada, Locus A,
Trench C.

Dimensions: Length, 12.1 cm., (two fragments) ; width, 9.6, 9.6, 7.2 cm.;
thickness, 4.4, 5.1, 3.9 cm.

Material: Sandstone.

CLASS I E

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex
lengthwise, bluntly convex crosswise. Total 1.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 9.9 cm.; width, 8.9 cm.; thickness, 5.1 cm.

Two Grinding Surfaces
CLASS II A
Description: Oval to round in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding sur-
faces convex, pecked and lightly polished by grinding (fig. 4, a). Total 5.
Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A; Laguna Salada, Locus B,
Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 9.5, 8.7, 11.6 cm., (two fragments); width, 8.6,
9.5 cm., (three fragments); thickness, 5.0, 4.6, 3.5, 4.4, 6.3 cm.
Material: Jasper conglomerate.

CLASS II B

Description: Round or oval in outline, surfaces parallel, one grinding
surface convex across the short axis, flat lengthwise, the other grinding sur-
face convex (fig. 4, c, e). Total 6.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C, Square B-8, Level 3; Laguna
Salada, Locus B, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 9.6, 8.7, 12.3, 10.7, 6.8, 9.2 cm.; width, 9.1, 8.3,
8.1, 10.7, 9.2, 7.4 cm.; thickness, 4.2, 3.2, 5.5, 5.6, 4.5, 4.8 cm.

Material: Sandstone.

CLASS II C

Description: Oval or round in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding sur-
face convex across short axis, bluntly convex lengthwise (figs. 4,/; 5, b, e, J).
Total 10.

20

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 5. One hand manos from beach sites. Length of/, 10.0 cm.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C; Laguna Salada, Locus A,
Locus B, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 10.0-13.2 cm., average, 11.1 cm.; width, 6.9-
9.6 cm., average 8.0 cm.; thickness, 4.0-5.9 cm., average, 4.8 cm.

Material: Sandstone, arkosic sandstone.

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEACH SITES 21

CLASS II D

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, one grinding surface
convex, the other bluntly convex (fig. 5, d). Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A, Locus B.

Dimensions: Length, 11.3 cm., (two fragments); width, 8.9, 9.9, 10.4
cm.; thickness, 4.9, 4.8, 6.0 cm.

Material: Sandstone.

CLASS II E

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, one grinding surface flat,
the other convex. Total 1 .

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus A, Trench A.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment 5.7 cm.); width, 8.8 cm.; thickness,
4.4 cm.

CLASS II F

Description: Oval in outline, one specimen wedge-shaped in cross sec-
tion, two with parallel surfaces; one grinding surface convex crosswise,
bluntly convex lengthwise, the other flat (fig. 5, a). Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus B; Laguna Salada, Locus A,
Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 10.0, 9.6 cm., (fragment); width, 7.7 cm., (frag-
ments); thickness, 4.1 cm., (fragments).

Material: Sandstone.

CLASS II G

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, edges shaped by pecking;
one grinding surface convex across the short axis; the other beveled in
two plane surfaces at either end of the mano with a ridge between across
the short axis (fig. 5, c). Total 1.

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus B.

Dimensions: Length, 10.6 cm.; width, 9.2 cm.; thickness, 4.0 cm.

Material: Sandstone.

CLASS II H

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, edges shaped by pecking
and grinding, working surfaces bluntly convex along both axes. Total 1 .

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 10.5 cm.; width, 10.0 cm.; thickness, 5.5 cm.

CLASS II I
Description: Oval in outline, oval in cross section; both grinding sur-
faces bluntly convex across the short axis. Total 1.

22 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus B.

Dimensions: Length, 10.2 cm.; width, (fragment); thickness, 4.1 cm.

CLASS II J

Description: Oval or rectangular with rounded ends in outline; one
specimen wedge-shaped in cross section, two with surfaces parallel; grind-
ing surfaces flat. Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A.

Dimensions: Length, 6.3, 12.4 cm., (fragment); width, 4.5, 8.9 cm.,
(fragment); thickness, 4.0, 4.2, 5.2 cm.

Rubbing Stones
CLASS A

Description: Roughly circular in outline, surfaces parallel, single rub-
bing surface convex, pecked; upper surface convex (fig. 6, a). Total 1.
Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C, Trench B.
Dimensions: Length, 7.2 cm.; width, 6.9 cm.; thickness, 4.3 cm.
Material: Diorite.

CLASS B

Description: Oblong, oval or circular in outline; surfaces parallel; single
bluntly convex rubbing surface polished through use; one specimen with
edges pecked (fig. 6, b, c, d). Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A.

Dimensions: Length, 8.0, 7.9, 8.0 cm.; width, 5.9, 7.1, 6.5 cm.; thick-
ness, 3.4, 3.8, 3.0 cm.

Material: Rhyolite, quartzite.

Metates

CLASS A

(Figure 7)

Description: Thick slabs of igneous rock, no regularity of outline, shal-
low basin formed in broad surface by pecking and grinding, polished
smooth in center, pitted near periphery, edges and lower surface un-
shaped. Total 13.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A, Locus B; Laguna Salada,
Locus A, Locus B, Locus C.

Dimensions: All fragments averaging 30 cm. long, 25 cm. wide, 10 cm.
thick.

Fig. 6. Rubbing stones from beach sites. Length of d, 8.0 cm.

23

24 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

CLASS B

(Figure 8)

Description: Thin slabs of sandstone with shallow oval basin formed by
pecking and grinding, polished smooth in center, pitted near periphery;
grinding area longer than wide. Total 9.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A near Trench B, Locus C near
Trench A; Laguna Salada, Locus A, Locus B, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 34.0 cm., (fragments); width, 27.9 cm., (frag-
ments); thickness, 5.7, 4.6, 4.5, 2.4, 2.3 cm., (fragments).

CLASS C

Description: Thick slab, probably oval in shape; one surface has large
oval depression worn deep through use; surface of depression polished.
Total 1.

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment 23.8 cm.); width, 27.0 cm.; thickness,
9.4 cm.

CLASS D

Description: Large thick slab of igneous rock, irregular in outline; upper
surface polished from grinding and with shallow cuplike depression in center.
Total 1.

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus B.

Dimensions: Fragment.

Hammerstones

Description: Dense, flinty, rough angular pebbles, surfaces battered and
chipped, some rounded contours (fig. 9, a, c, e). Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, east of Locus A.

Dimensions: Length, 6.2, 8.1, 8.6 cm.; width, 5.2, 7.5, 6.4 cm.; thick-
ness, 2.8, 6.8, 5.8 cm.

Material: Agate, jasper, weathered chert.

Projectile Points
CLASS A

Description: Straight stem, indented base, edges of blade convex, len-
ticular cross section; some specimens parallel-flaked, all fragments (fig. 10,
f, g, h). Total 3.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus B, Locus G.

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25

26 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Dimensions: Length, (all fragments about 2.0 cm.); width, 2.7, 1.6,
1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.4, 0.7, 0.6 cm.
Material: Chalcedony, jasper.

CLASS B

Description: Triangular blade with convex edges which are occasionally
serrate; shallow lateral notched, expanding stem as wide as or wider than
poorly developed shoulder; two blunt, flaring ear-like protrusions from
expanding base; base concave; lenticular cross section (fig. 10, k-o).
Total 6.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus B; Laguna Salada, Locus B,
Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 4.5, 4.4, 4.9 cm., (fragments); width, 1.8, 2.3, 2.3,
2.0, 1.9, 2.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.5 cm.

Material: Chert, jasper, chalcedony.

CLASS C

Description: Short broad triangular blade with convex edges, lateral
notched, expanding base wider than shoulder, base concave, lenticular
cross section (fig. 10, a, b). Total 2.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, surface.

Dimensions: Length, 2.5, 2.6 cm.; width, 2.3, 2.5 cm.; thickness, 0.4,
0.4 cm.

Material: Agate, chalcedony, chert.

CLASS D

Description: Lateral notched, expanding base narrower than shoulder,
straight base, probably triangular blade with convex edges, lenticular
cross section (fig. 10, e). Total 1.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, surface.

Dimensions: Length, 1.9 cm. (fragment); width, 1.7 cm.; thickness,
0.5 cm.

Material: Chalcedony.

CLASS E

Description: Narrow leaf-shaped blade, poorly defined contracting stem,
lenticular cross section (fig. 10, p— s). Total 5.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C, Square B-l, Level 1 ; Locus A.

Dimensions: Length, 5.5, 3.9, 3.1, 3.1, 4.7 cm.; width, 2.9, 2.5, 1.8, 1.7,
1.2 cm.; thickness, 0.9, 0.8, 0.6, 0.6, 0.4 cm.

Material: Chert.

Fig. 9. Hammerstones and choppers from beach sites. Length of /, 9.2 cm.

27

*

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Fig. 10. Projectile points and drill; miscellaneous types from beach sites. Length
of /, 3.0 cm.

28

ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEACH SITES 29

CLASS F

Description: Very shallow lateral notched, triangular blade, expanding
stem wider than shoulder; very shallow indented base; diamond-shaped
cross section (fig. 10, d). Total 1.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C, near Trench B.

Dimensions: Length, 3.5 cm.; width, 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.

Material: Chert.

CLASS G

Description: Leaf-shaped blades, straight base, edges slightly convex
(fig. 10, i,j). Total 1.

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment); width, 2.2 cm.; thickness, 0.6 cm.

Material: Chert.

CLASS H

Description: Tip fragments of projectile point blades. Total 4.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A, Locus B; Laguna Salada,
Locus B, Locus C.

Dimensions: (All fragments); thickness, 0.6, 0.5, 0.5, 0.5 cm.

Material: Chert, jasper, chalcedony.

Scrapers
CLASS A

Description: Pointed biface scrapers, blade-like in appearance; roughly
triangular in outline, chipping on all major surfaces, lenticular cross sec-
tion, base end broken off, other edges sharp (fig. 1 1, b, c, e,f, h, i). Total 9.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A.

Dimensions: Length, 3.1-4.6 cm., average, 3.9 cm.; width, 3.2-4.1 cm.,
average, 3.5 cm.; thickness, 0.7-1.6 cm., average, 1.1 cm.

Material: Chalcedony, agate, chert.

CLASS B

Description: End scraper type; thick oblong flake, plano-convex in cross
section; sharpened at one or both ends by secondary chipping (fig. 12,
g,j). Total 2.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C near Trench B.

Dimensions: Length, 5.5, 3.6 cm.; width, 3.8, 3.1 cm.; thickness, 1.2,
1.5 cm.

Material: Chalcedony.

Fig. 11. Scraper-blades and knives from beach sites. Length of i, 4.1 cm.

30

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Fig. 12. End scrapers, hollow-edge scrapers and side scrapers from beach sites.
Length of /, 3.6 cm.

31

32 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

CLASS C

Description: Hollow-edge type, oblong in outline, plano-convex in
cross section, percussion chipping on convex surface; one edge deeply
notched by secondary chipping (fig. 12, a, d). Total 2.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C, near Trench B.

Dimensions: Length, 5.0, 4.9 cm.; width, 3.5, 4.1 cm.; thickness, 1.1,
1.2 cm.

Material: Chert.

CLASS D

Description: Serrate type; thick core-like implement, circular in outline,
bi-convex in cross section; both convex surfaces shaped by percussion chip-
ping, edges deeply notched and serrate (fig. 13, e). Total 1.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus A, Trench B.

Dimensions: Length, 6.8 cm.; width, 6.5 cm.; thickness, 3.7 cm.

Material: Chert.

CLASS E

Description: Roughly circular in outline, lenticular in cross section, all
surfaces shaped by percussion flaking; one margin steeply chipped to sharp
edge (fig. 13, a, c). Total 2.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 6.7, 7.2 cm.; width, 5.9, 6.7 cm.; thickness, 3.3,
2.7 cm.

Material: Chert, jasper.

CLASS F

Description: Oblong to oval in outline, plano-convex or concavo-convex
in cross section, usually some percussion chipping on convex surfaces,
secondary chipping along one edge (figs. 12, b, c, e,f, h, i, k, I; 13, b, d,J).
Total 25.

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C, Square B-7, Level 2; Square
A-8, Level 1; Locus A, Locus B, Locus C. Laguna Salada, Locus A,
Locus B, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 2.8-7.7 cm., average, 5.0 cm.; width, 2.8-5.6 cm.,
average, 3.5 cm.; thickness, 0.6-3.8 cm., average, 1.4 cm.

Material: Chert, chalcedony, agate, jasper.

Flake Knives

Description: Thin flakes, roughly oval to oblong in outline, plano-con-
vex in cross section, percussion flaking on convex surface, secondary chip-
ping along one edge (fig. 11, a, d, g). Total 3.

Fig. 13. Serrate scrapers and side scrapers from beach sites. Length of/, 6.5 cm.

33

34 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Occurrence: Little Ortega Lake, Locus C, Square B-7, Level 1.
Dimensions: Length, 3.2, 3.0, 2.7 cm.; width, 2.9, 2.3, 2.3 cm.; thick-
ness, 0.7, 0.5, 0.3 cm.

Material: Chert, chalcedony.

Choppers

Description: Thick nodules with percussion flaking on surface forming
cutting edge along one margin (fig. 9, b, d,f). Total 3.

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus A, Locus C.

Dimensions: Length, 8.0, 7.2, 9.2 cm.; width, 7.0, 6.5, 7.1 cm.; thick-
ness, 6.2, 4.8, 3.9 cm.

Material: Jasper, dark igneous rock.

Drill

Description: Long slender tapering shaft, abruptly widening to base;
most of base and tip of point broken off; lozenge-shaped in cross section
(fig. 10, t). Total 1.

Occurrence: Laguna Salada, Locus C near thick hearth.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment 3.0 cm.); width, 0.9 cm.; thickness,
0.6 cm.

Material: Chalcedony.

II. Architectural Details

PIT-HOUSE A, SITE 30
(Figures 14, 15, 30, 31)

Shape. — D-shaped, flat side on north; greatest diameter, 4.5 meters;
least diameter, 4.2 meters.

Walls. — Gravelly earth, light yellow to white; covered by one coat of
mud plaster, 1 cm. thick, burned to orange color by house fire.

Floor. — Of brown adobe on gravel; uneven; depth below present
ground level, 1.75-1.85 meters.

Firepit. — In center of floor; circular; dug into native gravel; unlined;
diameter, 40 cm.; depth, 15 cm.

Deflector. — None.

Lateral Entrance. — None.

Cupboard or Wall Niche. — Rectangular opening on east, excavated into
gravelly layer; 60 cm. high, 65 cm. wide, 60 cm. deep.

Pits. — None found.

Postholes. — Four primary and possibly one secondary; least diameter,
19 cm.; greatest diameter, 28 cm.; least depth, 35 cm.; greatest depth,
40 cm. About equally spaced in outer zone. One posthole, 6 cm. in
diameter, found in wall of south zone, just above floor.

Roof. — Main beams rested on four upright posts; on these, at right
angles, lay the rafters, and on them, pine boughs; covering these was
adobe plaster, about 6 cm. thick. Large masses of burned adobe and
burned pine needles found.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; San Francisco Red, Ver-
non var. Woodruff Smudged occurred on the floor. In the fill, Alma
Neck Banded and Forestdale Smudged.

Phase. — Vernon.

General Comments. — This house burned. A few broken metates (scoop
type) and manos found in roof fill.

35

36

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

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Fig. 14. Pit-house A, Site 30; floor cleared, showing postholes near wall and fire-
pit in center. Arrow 50 cm. long points north; meter stick in background.

PIT-HOUSE B, SITE 30

(Figures 16, 17)

Shape. — Roughly round with slight flatness on one side; greatest diam-
eter, 5.3 meters; least diameter, 5.1 meters.

Walls. — Of unplastered light-colored gravelly earth in lower zone, suc-
ceeded by red clay, humus, and thin layer of trash fill.

Floor. — Covered by brown adobe, about 1 cm. thick, plastered on
gravelly earth; uneven and rocky; depth below present ground level
ranged from 1.20 meters to 1.50 meters.

Firepit. — Circular; sides possibly plastered with adobe; diameter, 63 cm.;
depth, 15 cm.

Deflector(?). — Vertical slab set in slot in floor east of firepit.
Lateral Entrance. — None found.
Pits. — None.

H FIREPIT

F FLOOR

C CUPBOARD NICHE

• POSTHOLE

® DATUM POINT

NATIVE SOIL

M TOP SOIL

PITHOUSE A, SITE 30
SECTION A-A'

SECTION B-B

Fig. 15. Plan and sections of Pit-house A.

37

38

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 16. Pit-house B, Site 30; floor cleared, showing postholes around wall and
fire-pit in center; milling stones in situ.

Postholes. — Five primary and one secondary; greatest diameter, 44 cm.;
least diameter, 15 cm.; greatest depth, 70 cm.; least depth, 15 cm. Post-
holes in outer zone.

Roof. — From reddened earth, baked adobe from roof, and remnants
of charred rafters, roof structure assumed to be typical of most pit-houses:
on main horizontal cross beams branches were laid, and on top of them
adobe was spread to a thickness of 4 or 5 cm. Haphazard placement of
postholes gives rise to idea that ends of horizontal cross beams lay on
dirt walls.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var. ; San Francisco Red, Vernon
var.; Woodruff Smudged, Forestdale Smudged, and Lino Gray. Some
Alma Scored in fill.

Phase. — Vernon.

General Comments. — Pit-house B burned. Reason for deflector in house
lacking entrance not known.

H FIREPIT

F FLOOR

S ROOF HATCHWAY (?) SLAB

• POSTHOLE

^ NATIVE SOIL

E3 TOP SOIL

N

PITHOUSE B, SITE 30
SECTION A -A'

SECTION B-B'

F

Jill

Fig. 17. Plan and sections of Pit-house B.
39

40

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 18. Pit-house C, Site 30; floor cleared, showing postholes near wall and fire
area in center; storage pit near (west) side wall with stone slab cover lying near by;
metates in situ. Arrow 50 cm. long points north; meter stick in background.

PIT-HOUSE C, SITE 30
(Figures 18, 19)

Shape. — Roughly pear-shaped; greatest diameter, including entrance,
5.2 meters; least diameter, 4.3 meters.

Walls. — Of gravelly earth near floor, and of clay and humus near top.
Evidence of plaster not found.

Floor. — Of gravelly earth, covered by gray adobe; surface, uneven and
undulating, slopes to center firepit. Depth below present surface, 1.1-
1.25 meters.

Firepit. — No definite pit; merely a burned area about 80 cm. in diam-
eter, in center of floor area.

Deflector. — No slab found, but between entrance and fire area is a
groove, 15 cm. deep.

Lateral Entrance. — On east periphery of house; ramp type; ramp extend-
ing into house along north wall. Height of wall at inner end, 1.1 meters,
at outer end, 60 cm.; length, about 1.65 meters; width at inner end,
2 meters, at outer end, 1 meter.

E ENTRANCE
P PIT
H HEARTH
F FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
® DATUM POINT
^ NATIVE SOIL
El TOP SOIL
LIMITS OF EXCAVATION

N
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PITHOUSE C, SITE 30
SECTION A- A'

SECTION B-B

Fig. 19. Plan and sections of Pit-house C.
41

42 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 20. Pit-house D, Site 30, showing floor with nictates in situ. Arrow 50 cm.
long points north; meter stick in background.

Pits. — Three in number, two bell-shaped and one bowl-shaped.
Greatest diameter at mouth, 70 cm.; least diameter at mouth, 32 cm.;
greatest diameter at floor level, 80 cm.; least diameter, 50 cm.; greatest
depth, 75 cm.; least depth, 30 cm. Walls and floors of gravelly earth.
No. 1 pit contained shell pendant, "medicine" cylinder, rim sherds of
pottery bowls, slab cover, and bits of bone. No. 2 pit contained frag-
ments of metates, slabs, and bones.

Postholes. — Six in number, spaced at uneven intervals, near walls.
Greatest diameter, 34 cm.; least diameter, 10 cm.; greatest depth, 40 cm.;
least depth, 14 cm.

Roof. — Because of uneven distribution of postholes, it may be that ends
of main rafters lay on solid ground surrounding pit. Exact character
unknown because fire consumed frame, beams, rafters and the like. Am-
ple evidence of burned roof adobe from profile and it is assumed that
branches and adobe were placed on top of main rafters.

P PIT
F FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
E3 NATIVE SOIL
ED TOP SOIL
LIMITS OF EXCAVATION

\

PITHOUSE D. SITE 30
SECTION A-A'

SECTION B-B

Fig. 21. Plan and sections of Pit-house D.
43

44 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; San Francisco Red, Vernon
var.; Woodruff Smudged. In fill, Forestdale Smudged.

Phase. — Vernon.

General Comments. — Pit-house C burned. Five metates on floor, two
intact.

BURIAL IN PIT NEAR PIT-HOUSE C

(Figure 36)

Position. — Semi-flexed on back, lower left arm across body, right hand
to chest, head of skeleton toward east.

Associated Object. — Bowl, San Francisco Red, Vernon variety, at right
elbow.

Pit. — Round, 1.2 meters in diameter, 1.2 meters deep; 4.2 meters
south of Pit-house C entrance.

Fill. — Dark earth.

PIT-HOUSE D, SITE 30

(Figures 20, 21)

Shape. — D-shaped to circular; greatest diameter, 2.65 meters.

Walls. — Of native clay, covered with one coat of plaster.

Floor. — Of native reddish clay covered with adobe plaster; uneven;
greatest depth below present surface, 90 cm.

Firepit. — Ashy fire-area in center of floor, but no definite firepit.

Deflector. — None found.

Lateral Entrance. — None found.

Pits. — Two; one bell-shaped, the other oblong. Greatest diameter at
mouth, 90 cm.; least diameter, 35 cm. Both about 1 meter deep.

Postholes. — Four in number; in outer zone. Greatest diameter, 15 cm.;
least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest depth, 20 cm.; least depth, 12 cm.

Roof. — Type uncertain, but probably much like type described for
Pit-houses B and C. On floor were fragments of charcoal and pieces of
burned adobe.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; San Francisco Red, Vernon
var.; Woodruff Smudged.

Phase. — Vernon.

General Comments. — Pit-house D burned. Five metates on floor, all
cracked by fire.

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 45

PIT-HOUSE E, SITE 30

(Figures 22, 23)

Shape. — "Key-hole;" greater length, including "shelf-entry," 3.9 meters.
Walls. — Of unplastered gravelly earth, red clay fill, and humus.

Floor. — Of gravelly earth, uneven. Depth below present sod-line, 1.95
meters.

Firepit. — None found, but a central fire area was located.
Deflector . — None .

Lateral Entrance. — On southwest; a "shelf or large offset; floor about
one meter below present ground level; length of entryway, 1.9 meters,
width at inner end, 2.1 meters.

Pits. — None located.

Postholes. — Three; greatest diameter, 20 cm.; least diameter, 15 cm.;
depth, 20 cm.

Roof. — From burned adobe found on floor, it seems probable that roof
was constructed as in Pit-house A and other houses at this site.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; San Francisco Red, Ver-
non var.; Woodruff Smudged; an effigy-animal head; and one applique
sherd.

Phase. — Vernon .

General Comments. — Pit-house E probably burned.

PIT-HOUSE F, SITE 30

(Figures 24, 25)

Shape. — Approximately D-shaped. Greatest diameter, 4.35 meters;
least diameter, 4.1 meters.

Walls. — Of unplastered gravelly earth.

Floor. — Of gravelly earth and red clay, parts of which bore plaster or a
smooth coating of clay; very uneven, with rocks protruding through floor.
Depth below present ground level, 97 cm. to 1.15 meters.

Firepit. — No well-defined pit; a centralized "fire area" containing
white ashes in hollows. Dimensions about 25 by 30 cm.

Deflector. — None found.

Lateral Entrance. — On east side. Depth of floor below ground level at
inner end, 96 cm., at outer end, 88 cm.; width at inner end, 1.45 meters,
at outer end, 85 cm.; length, 1.20 meters.

46 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 22. Pit-house E, Site 30, showing postholef?) in floor and offset.

Pits. — Two, both bell-shaped, walls of gravelly earth. Diameters at
mouth, 15 cm., at bottom, 20 and 27 cm.; depths, 30 and 33 cm. Con-
tents: dark earth and a few sherds.

Postholes. — Seven, all located in outer periphery of floor. Greatest
diameter, 20 cm.; least diameter, 15 cm.; depths from 16 to 40 cm.
Butts of roof posts in floor.

F FLOOR

• POSTHOLE

© DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE

® DATUM POINT

C NATIVE SOIL

ED TOP SOIL

K OFFSET

N
\

PITHOUSE E, SITE 30
SECTION A -A'

SECTION B-B'

^■Jj K

.^F

F

Fig. 23. Plan and sections of Pit-house E.

47

48

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 24. Pit-house F, Site 30, showing postholes near wall, manos, hearth area,
and lateral entrance.

Roof. — From burned adobe impressions, probably like roofs described
for Pit-houses A and B.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; San Francisco Red, Ver-
non var.; Woodruff Smudged; Forestdale Smudged; Lino Gray; White
Mound Black-on-White.

Phase. — Vernon.

General Comments. — Pit-house F probably burned.

ENTRANCE

PIT

FIREPIT

FLOOR

POSTHOLE
3 NATIVE SOIL
H TOP SOIL
- LEDGE

J*

k

PITHOUSE F, SITE 30
SECTION A-A'

SECTION B-B'

Fig. 25. Plan and sections of Pit-house F.
49

50

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 26. Pit-house G, Site 30, showing postholes, metates, manos, and fire area.
Arrow 50 cm. long points north; meter stick in background.

PIT-HOUSE G, SITE 30

(Figures 26, 27)

Shape. — Roughly D-shaped. Greatest diameter, 3.45 meters.

Walls. — Of native, dark red clay.

Floor. — Of unsmoothed, unplastered gravelly earth and reddish clay;
very uneven. Depth below present ground level, 45 to 70 cm.

Firepit. — Irregular oval-shaped shallow pit, 45 by 42 cm.

Deflector. — None.

Lateral Entrance. — None.

Pits. — None.

Postholes. — Two, near wall in east zone. Diameters, 12 and 24 cm.;
depths, 11 and 15 cm.

Roof. — From burned adobe impressions, it is assumed to have been
like that on Pit-house A.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; San Francisco Red, Ver-
non var.; Woodruff Smudged; Forestdale Smudged.

Phase. — Vernon.

9

N

H FIREPIT

F FLOOR

• POSTHOLE

S DATUM POINT

□ NATIVE SOIL

ED TOP SOIL

LIMITS OF EXCAVATION

POSSIBLE FORM OF HOUSE

PITHOUSE G, SITE 30
SECTION A-A'

SECTION B-B

Fig. 27. Plan and sections of Pit-house G.
51

Fig. 28. Pit-house H, Site 30, showing entryway, postholes, hearth area, manos,
and "drum" grooves. Arrow 50 cm. long points north; meter stick in background.

52

E ENTRANCE

F FLOOR

H FIREPIT

S ROOF HATCHWAY (?) SLAB

G GROOVE

• POSTHOLE

e DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE

E3 NATIVE SOIL

cm top soil

LEDGE

N
k

PITHOUSE H, SITE 30
SECTION A -A'

SECTION B-B

Fig. 29. Plan and sections of Pit-house H.
53

54

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 30. Over-all view of Site 30: Pit-house H not shown.

PIT-HOUSE H, SITE 30

(Figures 28, 29)

Shape. — Circular. Greatest diameter, 4.1 meters.

Walls. — Of unplastered gravelly earth and native red clay.

Floor. — Of gravelly, chalk-colored earth; uneven. Depth below pres-
ent ground level, 80 to 90 cm.

Firepit. — Not well defined; appears confined to shallow groove that
connects with two other floor grooves and forms what might be called the
bar to the "H."

Grooves in Floor. — Two, at right angles to "firepit" groove. The one
on the north side of the firepit is 1 meter long, 45 cm. wide, and 20 cm.
deep; the one on the south is 1.5 meters long, 45 cm. wide, and 30 cm.
deep. These grooves may have served as foot drums.

Lateral Entrance. — Probably one on east side; floor, 85 cm. below ground
level; length, 90 cm.; width at inner end, 55 cm.

Pits. — None.

Postholes. — Eight in number; depths, 10 to 30 cm.; diameters, 15 to
20 cm.

O'

SITE 30

Fig. 31. Map of Site 30.
55

56 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Roof. — No fragments of roof materials recovered; probably the same
as described in Pit-house A.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; San Francisco Red, Ver-
non var.; Forestdale Smudged; Woodruff Smudged.

Phase. — Vernon.

SITE 31, "FORMATIVE" PUEBLO

(Figures 32-35, 37, 38)

Number of Rooms Excavated. — Four; adjacent but not contiguous; rec-
tangular in shape. Rooms arranged in roughly rectangular fashion.
Dimensions: Room 1, 2.08 by 2.25 meters; Room 2, 2.1 by 2.5 meters;
Room 3, 1.75 by 2.05 meters; Room 4, 2.80 by 2.3 meters.

Walls. — Of crude masonry made of unshaped boulders of assorted
sizes: lengths from 12 to 22 cm.; widths from 8 to 16 cm.; thicknesses
from 6 to 19 cm. Stones generally laid up in single thickness with bottom
stones resting directly on the floor with no special footing or foundation.
Portions of some walls consisted of double thickness of stones. Although
masonry now extends up to the present ground level, we assume, from
masses of rocks around rooms, that the walls continued upward in the
same crude fashion for perhaps 3 or 4 feet above ground. It is amazing
that such a crude masonry wall stood at all. Spalls of sherds and small
stone slabs. Mortar of mud. No bonding; no core; some pebbles or lumps
of clay filled up interstices between boulders.

Wall Heights. — At present, the walls range from 30 cm. to 1.20 meters
in height. Plaster of mud was found on a portion of one wall.

Entrances. — None.

Floors. — Of yellow-orange gravelly clay; very uneven; some depressed
below old and /or present ground level more than others; depths range
from 30 cm. to 1.20 meters below present ground level; unplastered.

Groove. — Found on east side of floor in Room 1. Use unknown.
No slab found in it. Length, 50 cm.; depth, 12 cm.

Firepits. — Found in Rooms 1, 2, and 4. The one in Room 1 was round,
55 cm. in diameter and 10 cm. deep; the one in Room 2 was rectangular,
40 by 31 cm. and 12 cm. deep; and the one in Room 4 was round, 30 cm.
in diameter and 12 cm. deep. Ashes found in firepits.

Pits. — One in southwest corner of Room 3; dimensions at mouth,
55 by 75 cm.; depth, 70 cm. Contained dark fill and few sherds.

Burials. — Two. (1) Semi-flexed skeleton in southwest corner of Room 1
on floor. On chest was sherd of San Francisco Red, Vernon var. ; a Puerco

Fig. 32. Site 31, showing Rooms 1 and 2. Room 4 and part of Room 3 in left
background. Arrow 50 cm. long points north; meter stick in background.

57

Fig. 33. Site 31, Rooms 3 and 4, showing pit, posthole, and wall outlines. Arrow
50 cm. long points north; meter stick in background.

58

i ftH

4 -V

•

■

■□fl

'■v

*• .-, """*'** ' » '•*

u

'* V

'"■

k

>

■■ IHH^ WKmT »■£

Fig. 34. Site 31, showing masonry in south wall of Room 4.

Fig. 35. Site 31, Room 1, Burial 1. Arrow 50 cm. long points north.

59

Fig. 36. Burial 1, in pit near Pit-house C, Site 30. Arrow 30 cm. long points north.

Fig. 37. Site 31, showing Pit-house A or "walk-in well"(?).
points north; meter stick in background.

Arrow 50 cm. long

60

Fig. 38. Plan and sections of Site 31.
61

62 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Black-on-White bowl and a Reserve Indented Corrugated jar near head.
Head of skeleton toward south. Female. (2) Infant (probably less than
2 years old) on east side of Room 2, on floor, a few feet from east wall.
Over it, a MacDonald Painted Corrugated bowl.

Postholes. — Two. One in Room 2; diameter, 25 cm.; depth, 40 cm.
One in Room 4; diameter, 15 cm.; depth, 15 cm.

Roof. — Height and exact character not known. Beams probably sup-
ported by walls.

Pottery Types. — Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; Woodruff Smudged;
Puerco Black-on-White; Reserve Black-on-White; Snowflake Black-on-
White; Tularosa Black-on-White; Wingate Black-on-Red; Reserve In-
dented Corrugated; Reserve Plain Corrugated.

Phase. — Pinyon.

General Comments. — None of the rooms burned. They appear to be
intermediate stage between pit-houses and true surface rooms: cellular
and contiguous.

WALK-IN WELL(?), SITE 31

Shape. — Rectanguloid; dimensions 2.2 by 2.45 meters.

Walls. — Of unplastered chalky-white soil.

"Shelf." — Occupies about one-half the area on east side; 90 cm. below
present ground level; distance from shelf to floor, 62 cm.

"Pool" or Pit or Floor of lowest section was 1.52 meters below present
ground level; floor of chalky-white soil; uneven.

Phase. — Mineral Creek.

General Comments. — No signs of firepit, fire, postholes or beam holes.
The whole unit is strange and difficult to classify. It probably was not a
pit-house, unless the excavation was unfinished; but if this were true, the
house would have been much smaller than the others. We suggest a
"walk-in well" partly because the structure was near a stream bed. There
are some resemblances between this unit and Pit-house E, Site 30 (see
p. 45). Both are fairly deep, both have a "shelf," and both lack firepits.

III. Artifacts from the Village Sites

For comparative purposes the details of the stone, bone and shell arti-
facts have been outlined below. They have been arranged in order by
material and method of manufacture. Those used in certain activities
such as milling or hunting have been grouped together as closely as possible.

The artifacts were studied with the following interests in mind: (1) the
data that their distribution might contribute toward the chronology of the
area; (2) the uses of the artifacts; (3) the methods of manufacture.

HANDSTONES

Manos were found on the floors of all the houses at Site 30 except
Pit-houses A and E, which had them in the fill. Only one was recorded
from Site 31 . In all, 44 manos were recovered. Most of them were made
from igneous rocks such as diorite and granite, or from sandstone. More
than half of them were shaped by pecking on their ends and edges to a
rounded rectangular outline, and a few have grooves or hollows pecked
in their edges for finger grips. Fourteen specimens were less than 1 5.0 cm.
long and have been classed as one hand manos. The others ranged up to
20 cm. in length (average about 16.0 cm.). Only seven had been used on
both surfaces. Generally the grinding surfaces are pitted, showing that
they were pecked to roughen them, but many were also polished by use
in grinding. The manos that were used long enough to become wedge-
shaped in cross section through the short axis are in a decided minority.
One group had the grinding surfaces worn so as to be more sharply convex
lengthwise than across the short axis. This type of wear was taken as evi-
dence of use of these manos on a trough metate rather than on a basin
metate. Only metates with troughs open at one end (scoop type) were
found, and in Pit-houses C and D manos were found in association with
this type of metate. About half of the manos were more or less oval in
outline and could be distinguished from ordinary pebbles only by their
pecked or polished grinding surfaces.

The manos found at Site 30 are generally comparable to those from
sites of the earlier pottery-making periods in this part of the Southwest
(Basket Maker III, Pueblo I, Mogollon 1, 2, 3) in that there is a relatively
high proportion of short manos in the collection and a large number of

63

64 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

oval or rounded rectangular manos as contrasted with long tabular ones.
The collection may be distinguished from those of later sites by the lack
of beveled manos, with three or more grinding surfaces, and from those of
earlier, particularly pre-ceramic sites by the number of longer manos
averaging more than 14 or 15 cm. long.

The rubbing stones are also difficult to distinguish from natural peb-
bles. They are very much like the oval one hand manos, but they are
smaller. Only one specimen had been shaped in outline. The others
were distinguished from natural pebbles in the pit-house fill only by their
rubbing surfaces. Some of these have distinct facets; others are simply
polished or scratched through use. In general, a smooth surface is more
common. Like the manos, they may have been used on the metates in
the milling process, or for smoothing and bonding the plaster on the floors
and walls of the houses. There is little that is distinctive about these arti-
facts, but apparently the oval and rounded forms are more frequent from
Mogollon than from Anasazi sites.

Few rubbing stones were found. It is possible that some of the shorter
manos should be grouped with the rubbing stones, as the dividing charac-
teristic is arbitrary. In contrast with the Reserve area, rubbing stones
seem relatively scarce (cf. Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a, Table 9, p. 356;
1950b, Table 13, p. 496).

Pestles were also rare. The two found were of the short thick multi-
face type. The scarcity of pestles correlates with the infrequent occurrence
of mortars and the general paucity of both types of implements in the more
northern sections of the Southwest (Woodbury, 1954, p. 118). They are
more frequent in the Reserve area (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950a, Table 9,
p. 356). They were probably used for milling and crushing, like the
metates and manos.

MILLING STONES

All the metates recovered were trough type. The whole specimens and
some end fragments were of the kind with the trough closed at one end,
sometimes termed "scoop type." Thirty-one metates or fragments thereof
were recovered. These were found on the floors of all the houses except
Pit-houses A, E, and H at Site 30 and there were fragments in the roof fill
of Pit-house A. Fragments were also found in the trenching of Rooms 1,
2, and 3 at Site 31. As the sides of the troughs of most of these metates
curve only slightly in toward the mouth they are more like the Anasazi
metates of this period, which have straight-sided troughs, than like many
of the Mogollon metates, which are in effect closer to metates of the
"open basin" type than to the "scoop type." One specimen was like the
Utah type and had a groove for the mano rest pecked in the shelf end.

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 65

This type of metate was common at the Forestdale "Little Bear" Ruin
(Haury, 1940, p. 98). The metates from Site 30, like the manos, corre-
spond to those found most frequently in the earlier pottery-making periods
of both Anasazi and Mogollon (Woodbury, 1954, p. 200), in which trough
types with one end of the trough closed are more common. On the whole,
they are rather rough specimens; their bottoms and sides are unworked,
the thick slabs from which they were made are not symmetrical and the
trough itself is the only carefully shaped feature.

Metates and manos were found in the position in which they were
used in only three of the houses, and in two of these houses they were up-
side down, that is, trough face to the floor. In Pit-house C they were
grouped around the entrance. Several fragments and a mano fragment
were in a shallow pit near this entrance, and a metate lay in position for
use beside the pit. We conjectured that this was a milling pit and that
a receptacle such as a basket bowl may have been placed in the pit just
below the mouth of the metate to receive the flour. The other two houses
in which metates were found in situ were smaller, much less deep and
lacked entrance passage-ways; so we cannot correlate the position of the
metates with reference to the entrance. However, in both of these houses,
they were located in the west half of the house. In Pit-house D, one
metate was leaning against the south wall. The metates which were
trough side up, and supposedly in position for use, rested directly on the
floor; they were not propped up at an angle. The metates in Pit-houses D
and G were broken and cracked from the fires which burned these houses.

Only two mortars were recovered: a small one and a large "boulder"
one. The small one was found in Pit-house C near the entrance and near
the shallow pit. A pestle lay near by. This smaller mortar is a crude
specimen, scarcely recognizable as an artifact except for a distinct shallow
depression pecked and battered in one face. The large mortar had been
broken in several pieces. It was found in and near Pit-house E. Part of
it was found in the lower fill, and part, which fitted with it fortunately,
was found on the surface near the house. Apparently it had been broken
intentionally, as a hole had been broken through the bottom of the cup.
The distribution of mortars, like that of pestles, is more frequent in the
southern areas of the Southwest.

MAULS

Two of the three mauls recovered are among the more carefully shaped
specimens in the collection. One of these is three-quarters grooved and the
other is full grooved. They tend to be rounded rectangular or oval, with
flattened striking surfaces. According to Roberts (1931, p. 155), this type

66 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

was developed in the Little Colorado area. The fact that one of the mauls
is made from a stone that had been used as a mano illustrates the re-use
of an artifact for a purpose other than that for which it was originally in-
tended. Similar grooved manos have been reported from a number of
sites in the Jeddito area, including Awatovi (Woodbury, 1954, p. 47).

This practice of making a groove around a mano and thus converting
it into a "maul" seems to hint that these implements may have been used
in milling as pestles, rather than to pound stakes or to dress building
stone. Burned potter's clay in the pores of a maul at Crooked Ridge
village suggested to Wheat (1954, p. 140) that these implements were
used for pulverizing various materials, and the close association of one of
these implements with a boulder mortar at Turkey Foot Ridge (Martin
and Rinaldo, 1950a, p. 308) also suggests such a use. Another instance
which possibly indicates this use is the association of a full grooved maul
with metates, a pestle, and pecking stones in a milling or storage pit at
the SU Site (Martin and Rinaldo, 1947, fig. 109, and also field notes).
The use of hafted mauls, or pestles, for pulverizing meat among the his-
toric tribes of the Plains, "the northern Northwest Coast and in the
Southwest among tribes like the Apaches and Navahos which show Plains
influence," is cited by Driver and Massey (1957, p. 239).

PIPE

The single finished "tobacco" pipe is like Mogollon pipes in that it
is tubular in form and has an hourglass-shaped interior. The fluting
on the exterior is unusual.

CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS

Sixty-nine chipped stone artifacts were recovered from the two sites.
The relatively unshaped artifacts such as flake knives and scrapers out-
number the shaped ones such as projectile points and blades. There is a
variety of projectile point and blade shapes. No two are exactly alike
and, in the absence of a larger series from which valid types might be
made up, they have been placed in classes on the basis of size, manner of
notching, and proportion of length to width. Even so, the numerically
greatest category contains only three specimens. These are medium-sized,
narrow lateral notched points vaguely reminiscent of some from Basket
Maker sites such as Woodchuck Cave (Lockett and Hargrave, 1953,
p. 24, fig. 13, g, k, m), or a form from Georgetown Phase levels of Tularosa
Cave (Martin, et aL, 1952, p. 159, fig. 47,7, *)•

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 67

Scrapers and Knives

Side scrapers and utilized flake knives were not abundant. They are
simple flake tools generally longer than they are wide with some secondary
chipping along one or more edges, usually the longer edges. The scrapers
are made from thick flakes and are generally chipped at a steep angle to
the edge of the flake. Chalcedony is the most common material of which
they were made, but there are some of chert and jasper.

Choppers were recovered from Sites 30 and 31, but they were very
rare. In form and size they were much like those from Laguna Salada.
They had a portion of the crust left intact for a grip and were made from
fist-sized pebbles. It is assumed that in the absence of axes they were
used in cutting poles and in other wood work.

SHELL OBJECTS

Few shell objects were found. A bracelet fragment was recovered from
Site 30 and a triangular piece of cut shell from Site 31. The only process
in evidence on these specimens is cutting. They were not engraved or
carved. The use of the cut piece of shell is unknown, although it resem-
bles some pendants and may be an unfinished pendant. Bracelets are
more common in the southern parts of the Southwest as are other forms
of shell work, and the thinner or intermediate specimens tend to be earlier
than the thick specimens (Haury, in Gladwin, et al., 1937, p. 142).

BONE TOOLS

The bone awls are made from long bones with the head of the bone
and part of the shaft intact, from long bones split in half, and from bone
splinters. Most of them were made from bones split in half. There is
one small delicate awl and one fine long bone needle or bodkin fragment,
but most of the bone implements are medium-sized, rather sturdy-appear-
ing specimens. Their tips exhibit cutting marks on the upper portions
and polishing on the points; apparently they were first pared to a point
and then ground and polished. Most of them have very shallow straight
parallel scratches which run diagonally across the tips and extend up the
shafts beyond the tip. These may be marks of use from repeated rubbing
on the fabric elements in weaving. One of these awls has a pronounced
shouldered tip and the marks left by cutting in the process of manufacture
are distinct. A group of awls came from the southwest quadrant of Pit-
house C, near the wall. It is conjectured that they were part of a set of
weaver's tools.

There is nothing particularly distinctive about the collection of bone
tools. They might have come from any site in the Southwest. There is

68 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

possibly only one notched awl from Site 30, although other traits indicate
that this is a Mogollon site. This awl has the head of the bone left intact
and the shaft has been tapered down to a point first by splitting it in half;
the notch results from this splitting but it is not the deep squarish notch
characteristic of the typical Mogollon notched awl (cf. Martin, 1943,
fig. 84; Wheat, 1954, fig. 58).

BAKED CLAY OBJECTS

The baked clay objects are miniature ladle fragments and worked
sherds. The miniature ladles were made of the same materials as the Alma
Plain pottery and in the same way (see pp. 95-98). The worked sherds
were made of fragments of different types of pottery, probably by rubbing
the edge of one sherd against another. There was nothing to indicate how
the various shapes of worked sherds were used. Perforated and unper-
forated discs seem to be the most common shapes and these have been
called "spindle whorls" and "gaming counters." However, there is no
definite evidence, as far as is known, that they were used as such anywhere
in the Southwest. They have a very wide distribution throughout the
Southwest and beyond into the Mississippi Valley (Smith, 1952, pp. 149—
153; Kent, 1957, p. 473).

AFFILIATIONS OF THE ARTIFACTS

The characteristics of the pottery and the architecture seem to indicate
that the cultural position of Site 30 and Site 31 was in a sense marginal to
the center of development of the Mogollon culture; nevertheless, the cul-
ture of these sites is more Mogollon in flavor than Anasazi. However,
an accurate appraisal cannot be made on the basis of the artifacts alone
because so many of the traits are either intermediate in character or are
numerically of minor importance. Moreover, many of the artifacts are
things like utilized pebbles and flakes and are of a simple "homespun"
nature. Consequently they lack attributes which would readily tie them
in to any particular one of the Southwestern cultures.

The metates from Site 30 might be taken as artifacts which are of inter-
mediate character. Two of the twelve examples have a shelf at the closed
end of the trough, and this feature might compare with the adequate shelf
of the typical Basket Maker III and Pueblo I scoop type metate. In this
attribute, the majority of the specimens compare more closely with Mo-
gollon metates of this type than with Anasazi metates. However, in the
conformations of the trough they are more like Anasazi metates (see
p. 64).

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 69

A large proportion of the handstones were ovoid or unshaped except
by use. This trait appears to be characteristic of Mogollon sites, but the
lack of comparable quantitative data from many Anasazi sites renders its
cultural status doubtful.

There are a number of types of artifacts which are considered to be
typically Mogollon, but which are represented by only a few specimens
at these sites. In general, these types have only an infrequent or sporadic
distribution on northern or Anasazi sites. This group includes mortars
and pestles, the tubular pipe, chipped stone saws, miniature ladles with
rod-like handles, and possibly cylindrical grooved mauls and a notched
awl. Finally, the types of pottery from which the worked sherds were
manufactured are certainly Mogollon.

If it were not for the general Mogollon "flavor" of the sites it might
be conjectured that these typical Mogollon artifacts were trade objects.
However, in this respect it should be noted that distinctive Anasazi traits
are lacking. There are no notched or grooved axes, conical cloud-blower
pipes, clay funnel-shaped objects, or the like, although there is some intru-
sive Lino Gray pottery. The presence of a few choppers may explain the
absence of the hafted forms of axes but it does not explain the absence of
other Anasazi trade items.

In summary, in the forms of milling stones, the type of maul, the saws,
the single large mortar, two pestles, two fragmentary miniature ladles, the
tubular pipe, and a doubtful notched awl, there are certain nuances which
as far as the artifacts are concerned give the culture of these sites a Mogol-
lon character. There is nothing typically Anasazi and there are a number
of traits which might fit equally well into either pattern. Thus the arti-
facts manifest in a rather colorless fashion the more or less marginal
position of the culture, which is more clearly evident in the pottery and
architecture.

GROUND AND PECKED STONE ARTIFACTS

Manos

Single Grinding Surface

CLASS I A

Description: Round in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface con-
vex. Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-houses C, D, floor.

Dimensions: Diameter, 13.5, 11.0 cm.; thickness, 5.2, 2.5 cm.

70

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 39. Manos from Site 30. Length of d, 16.9 cm.

CLASS I B

Description: Oval in outline, grinding surface convex, two specimens
wedge-shaped in cross section, remainder with surfaces parallel (fig. 39, c).
Total 4.

Occurrence: Pit-house D, floor; Pit-house F, entrance; Pit-house C, fill;
Pit-house H, trench.

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 71

Dimensions: Length, 17.5, 15.2, 11.4, 17.8 cm.; width, 11.3, 12.6, 9.4,
16.3 cm.; thickness, 6.6, 5.0, 3.6, 7.8 cm.

Material: Granite.

CLASS I C
Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex
(fig. 39, a, b). Total 5.

Occurrence: Pit-house A, fill; Pit-house F, entrance; Pit-houses D, F, G,
floors.

Dimensions: Length, 12.6, (fragment), 11.5, 11.8, 17.1 cm.; width,
(fragment), 12.7, 9.6, 10.1, 8.7 cm.; thickness, 4.5, 4.9, 5.6, 5.4, 5.3 cm.

Material: Sandstone.

CLASS I D
Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat
(fig. 39, d). Total 5.

Occurrence: Pit-houses A, C, fill; Pit-houses C, F, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 16.9, 10.1, 16.0 cm., (fragments); width. 11.8,
6.1 cm., (fragments); thickness, 4.8, 7.5, 4.4, 2.6, 3.5 cm.

CLASS I E
Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex
lengthwise, bluntly convex crosswise. Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-house A, fill; Pit-house H, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 16.1 cm., (fragment); width, 9.4, 10.9 cm.; thick-
ness, 3.9, 4.8 cm.

CLASS I F

Description: Rectangular in outline, one specimen with wedge-shaped
cross section, the remainder with surfaces parallel, grinding surface con-
vex. Total 6.

Occurrence: Pit-house H, fill; Pit-houses C, D, F, G, H, floors.
Dimensions: Length, 16.5, 18.0, 16.6, 14.5, 18.5 cm., (fragment); width,
9.1, 12.5, 12.1, 9.4, 9.5, 11.1 cm.; thickness, 4.1, 4.3, 4.1, 4.8, 4.1, 5.5 cm.

CLASS I G
Description: Rectangular in outline, two specimens wedge-shaped in
cross section, the remainder with surfaces parallel, grinding surface
bluntly convex (fig. 40, c, d). Total 9.

Occurrence: Pit-houses B, D, F, H, floors (Site 30); Room 1, trench
(Site 31).

Fig. 40. Rectangular manos from Site 30. Length of d, 21.6 cm.

72

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 73

Dimensions: Length, 21.6, 20.0, 11.2, 15.4, 17.7, 17.1, 20.0 cm., (frag-
ments); width, 12.3, 11.8, 12.2,9.2, 11.6, 12.2, 11.1, 10.8, 11.0 cm.; thick-
ness, 4.5, 5.8, 4.5, 6.2, 4.4, 7.0, 5.0, 5.7, 3.9 cm.

CLASS I H
Description: Oblong in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat.
Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house D, floor.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment); width, 8.2 cm.; thickness, 3.6 cm.

CLASS I I

Description: Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface
convex lengthwise, bluntly convex crosswise (fig. 40, a, b). Total 4.

Occurrence: Pit-house H, trench; Pit-houses C, F, G, floors.

Dimensions: Length, 15.4, 16.2, 16.1 cm., (fragment); width, 10.8, 10.0,
11.4, 11.6 cm.; thickness, 3.1, 4.4, 3.3, 5.2 cm.

Material: Granite, diorite.

Two Grinding Surfaces

CLASS II A

Description: Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surfaces convex.
Total 6.

Occurrence: Pit-houses B, E, fill; Pit-houses F, G, floors.

Dimensions: Length, 14.7, 13.3 cm., (fragments); width, 12.3, 10.2,
11.1, 9.1 cm., (fragments); thickness, 6.0, 6.8, 8.4, 9.1, 7.5, 7.5 cm.

Rubbing Stones
Single Rubbing Surface, Surfaces Parallel

CLASS A
Description: Roughly circular in outline, rubbing surface convex
(fig. 41, b). Total 1.
Occurrence: Pit G, fill.

Dimensions: Length, 9.3 cm.; width, 8.6 cm.; thickness, 3.2 cm.
Material: Sandstone.

CLASS B
Description: Oval in outline, rubbing surface convex, smooth (fig. 41, c).
Total 1.

Fig. 41. Rubbing stones from Site 30. Length of d, 8.5 cm.

74

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 75

Occurrence: Pit-house H, fill.

Dimensions: Length, 8.4 cm.; width, 7.0 cm.; thickness, 4.1 cm.

Material: Chert.

CLASS C

Description: Oval in outline, rubbing surface bluntly convex (fig. 41, d).
Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-house F, fill; Pit-house H, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 8.3, 8.5 cm.; width, 5.9, 7.3 cm.; thickness, 2.1,
3.8 cm.

Material: Quartz, sandstone.

CLASS D
Description: Oblong in outline; rubbing surface smooth, convex
(fig. 41, a). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house G, trench.

Dimensions: Length, 8.1 cm.; width, 6.5 cm.; thickness, 4.3 cm.

Material: Quartzite.

Pestles

Description: Multifaced type; roughly oblong in outline, rectangular
in cross section with round or battered ends and three or more working
surfaces which have been pecked; one specimen a re-used mano (fig. 46,
lower). Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-houses C, D, floors.

Dimensions: Length, 13.2, 11.7 cm.; width, 9.8, 8.2 cm.; thickness,
8.1, 6.9 cm.

Material: Quartzite.

Metates
(Figure 42)
CLASS A
Description: Scoop type; made from large, generally oblong slabs;
trough open at one end only, shelf for mano at closed end, sides of trough
curve only slightly, bottom and sides of slab unworked, grinding surface
pecked, one specimen with groove for mano rest pecked in shelf. Total 12.
Occurrence: Pit-houses A, B, C, fill; Pit-houses C, D, G, floor.
Dimensions: Length, 35.0-62.0 cm., average, 46.0 cm.; width, 32.0-50.0
cm., average, 38.5 cm.; thickness, 7.0-20.0 cm., average, 12.0 cm.;
length of trough, 28.0-40.0 cm., average, 34.0 cm.; width of trough, 20.0-
25.0 cm., average, 21.7 cm.; depth of trough, 0.8-8.5 cm., average, 3.3 cm.

76 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

CLASS B

Description: Fragments of trough type metates; bottom and sides of
slab unworked, trough pitted from pecking and with some polished sur-
faces from grinding. Total 19.

Occurrence: Pit-houses A, B, F, fill; Pit-houses C, F, G, floors; Pit-
house D below floor (Site 30). Rooms 1, 2, 3, fill (Site 31).

Dimensions: All fragments, maximum length, 43 cm.; maximum width,
25 cm.; thickness, 4.5-17.0 cm., average, 10.0 cm.; depth of trough, 0.5-
9.0 cm., average, 3.9 cm.

Mortars
CLASS A
Description: Small squarish stone with shallow saucer-shaped depres-
sion pecked in one face. Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house C, floor near entrance.

Dimensions: Length, 21 cm.; width, 20 cm.; thickness, 13.9 cm.;
length of cup, 13.8 cm.; width of cup, 16.5 cm.; depth of cup, 2.6 cm.

CLASS B

Description: Boulder mortar type; unshaped block of stone, roughly
circular in outline with cup-shaped depression ground and pecked in
center, cup broken through (fig. 43). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house E, lower fill and surface.

Dimensions: Diameter, 35 cm.; thickness, 18 cm.; cup diameter, 15 cm.;
cup depth, 16 cm.

Worked Slabs

Description: Thin stone slabs, rectangular with rounded corners in
outline, surfaces rough, one specimen with some edges chipped (fig. 44).
Total 4.

Occurrence: Pit-houses A, H, roof fill; Pit-houses B, C, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 39.5, 50.0, 39.0, 43.0 cm.; width, 37.0, 48.0 cm.,
(fragments); thickness, 3.0, 6.0, 5.0, 2.8 cm.

Mauls

CLASS A

Description: Full grooved type; an elongated oval tending towards

sub-rectangular in outline; striking surfaces tending to be flat; a rounded

rectangle in cross section, wider than thick, pecked on all major surfaces

Fig. 42. Metate from Site 30, floor of Pit-house C. Trough open at one end only.

Fig. 43. Boulder mortar from Site 30, Pit-house E; diameter, 35 cm.

77

Fig. 44. Worked slab from Site 30.

Fig. 45. Mauls from Site 30.
Length of c, 16.8 cm.

78

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES

79

Fig. 46. Lower, pestle from Site 30; upper, discoidal from Site 31; diameter of
discoidal, 12.2 cm.

and with both ends battered, deep full groove around middle, low ridge
or lip bordering groove (fig. 45, a). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house F, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 15.3 cm.; width, 9.8 cm.; thickness, 5.4 cm.;
groove width, 3.0 cm.; depth, 1.0 cm.

Material: Diorite.

CLASS B

Description: Three quarters grooved type; roughly oval in outline
with some tendency towards sub-rectangular, oval to sub-rectangular in

80 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

cross section; pecked on all major surfaces, wide shallow groove across
middle of one edge and both surfaces; one specimen made from mano
with single bluntly convex grinding surface (fig. 45, b, c). Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-houses E, G, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 16.4, 16.8 cm.; width, 9.2, 10.5 cm.; thickness,
6.2, 7.4 cm.; groove width, 2.5, 1.5 cm.; depth, 0.5, 0.2 cm.

Material: Granite.

DlSCOIDAL

Description: Coarse-grained block of sandstone, circular in outline,
surfaces parallel, slightly concave, surfaces and edges worked smooth,
regular in outline (tig. 46, upper). Total 1.

Occurrence: Room 4, trench (Site 31).

Dimensions: Diameter, 12.2 cm.; thickness, 4.2 cm.

Material: Sandstone.

Stone Pipes
FINISHED SPECIMEN

Description: Tubular type; cylindrical in shape, outside surface fluted,
bore at both bowl and stem ends; tapers to small hole 0.5 cm. diameter
about 4.8 cm. from stem end; bore hourglass shape (fig. 47, left). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house E, floor.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment 6.5 cm.); diameter, 2.9 cm.

Material: Gypsum.

UNFINISHED SPECIMEN

Description: Ovoid object with conical depression in one end, surfaces
smooth (fig. 47, right). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house G, trench.

Dimensions: Length, 8.0 cm.; width, 7.6 cm.; thickness, 6.8 cm.;
cup diameter, 3.8 cm.; depth, 3.3 cm.

Material: Tuff.

CHIPPED STONE ARTIFACTS

Projectile Points

CLASS A

Description: Lateral notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder,

slightly convex base, triangular blade with slightly convex edges, lenticular

cross section (fig. 48, a-c). Total 3.

Occurrence: Pit-house A, fill; Pit-house C, trench and floor.

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES

81

Dimensions: Length, 3.5, 3.2, 3.6 cm.; width, 1.6, 1.6, 1.5 cm.; thick-
ness, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4 cm.
Material: Chert.

Fig. 47. Fragmentary and unfinished pipes from Site 30. Length of right speci-
men, 8.0 cm.

CLASS B

Description: Lateral notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder,
broad triangular blade with convex edges, straight base, lenticular cross
section (fig. 48, d). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house B, fill.

Dimensions: Length, 3.1 cm.; width, 2.2 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.

Material: Jasper and chert.

CLASS C

Description: Very small points, diagonal notched, expanding stem
narrower than shoulder, down-raking barbs, triangular blade with in-
curving edges, lenticular cross section (fig. 48, e, /). Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-house G, trench; Pit-house C, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 1.9, 1.6 cm.; width, 0.9, 1.0 cm.; thickness, 0.3,
0.4 cm.

Material: Obsidian.

82 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

CLASS D

Description: Small shallow lateral notched, straight base narrower
than shoulder, triangular blade with convex edges, lenticular cross section
(fig. 48, h). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house D, trench.

Dimensions: Length, 1.9 cm.; width, 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.

Material: Obsidian.

CLASS E

Description: Shallow lateral notched, expanding stem narrower than
shoulder, base slightly convex, triangular blade with convex edges (fig.
48,/). Totall.

Occurrence: Pit-house B, fill.

Dimensions: Length, 5.3 cm.; width, 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.7 cm.

Material: Chalcedony.

CLASS F

* Description: Small triangular point, lateral notched, expanding stem
wider than shoulder, straight base, triangular blade with straight edges,
lenticular cross section (fig. 48, g). Total 1.

Occurrence: Room 4, surface (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 1.2 cm.; width, 1.0 cm.; thickness, 0.2 cm.

Material: Chert.

CLASS G

Description: Lateral notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder,
blade with incurving edges and a slender tip, channeled base on one face,
lenticular cross section (fig. 48, k). Total 1.

Occurrence: Room 2, floor (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 4.0 cm.; width, 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.

Material: Chert.

TIP AND BASE FRAGMENTS

Description: Projectile point tips and one unmodified base; two speci-
mens with serrate edges. Total 10.

Occurrence: Pit-houses A, H, fill; Pit-house G, trench; Pit-house H,
floor (Site 30); Room 1, trench, Room 2, floor, surface (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 1.4-4.0 cm.; width, 1.4-2.5 cm.; thickness, 0.2-0.9
cm., average, 0.5 cm.

Material: Chert, chalcedony.

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES

83

Fig. 48. Projectile points and blades from Sites 30 and 31. Length of/, 5.3 cm.

Blades
CLASS A

Description: Leaf-shaped blades with convex bases, lenticular in cross
section (fig. 48, i,j). Total 5.

Occurrence: Pit-houses C, G, trench; Pit-house A, fill; Site 31, surface.

84 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Dimensions: Length, 6.9, 6.3, 3.3, 4.1 cm., (fragment); width, 2.2, 2.9,
4.9, 2.1, 2.6 cm.; thickness, 0.4, 0.7, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 cm.

Material: Chert, chalcedony.

CLASS B

Description: Fragment of leaf-shaped blade with straight base, lentic-
ular in cross section. Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house C, trench.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment 3.4 cm.); width, 3.6 cm.; thickness,
0.8 cm.

Material: Fine-grained basalt.

Knives
(Figure 49)

Description: Random thin flakes with some minute chipping along one
or more edges, generally through use, many oblong in shape, but no
regularity of outline. Total 30.

Occurrence: Pit-houses B, C, E, F, trench; Pit-houses A, B, C, fill;
Pit-houses, B, C, F, floor; Pit-house E, offset (Site 30); Rooms 1, 2, 3, 4,
trench; Room 2, floor (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 1.7-6.4 cm., average, 3.2 cm.; width, 0.7-4.5 cm.,
average, 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.2-1.2 cm., average, 0.5 cm.

Material: Chalcedony, chert, jasper.

Scrapers
(Figure 50)

Description: Thick flakes, generally oblong or semicircular in outline,
plano-convex in cross section, percussion chipping generally on the con-
vex surface, occasionally on both surfaces, and secondary chipping at a
steep angle along one or more edges. Total 24.

Occurrence: Pit-houses D, G, H, trench; Pit-houses A, C, H, fill; Pit-
houses B, C, E, F, floor (Site 30); Room 2, trench, floor; Room 1, fill
(Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 1.8-6.7 cm., average, 4.1 cm.; width, 1.5-4.8
cm., average, 2.9 cm.; thickness, 0.7-2.4 cm., average, 1.2 cm.

Material: Chalcedony, chert, jasper.

, ' ,s#

4t

e

aff«3a>

I

gfa

m

n

re

tec

mm Wm~

Fig. 49. Flake knives from Sites 30 and 31. Length of o, 4.0 cm.

85

Fig. 50. Scrapers from Site 30. Length of h, 5.5 cm.

86

m

•. -■

■«

.

Fig. 51. Saws and shell objects from Sites 30 and 31. Length of/, 4.3 cm.

87

88 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Saws

Description: Thin flakes, elongate in outline and plano-convex in cross
section, secondary chipping on convex surface and one edge, chipped edge
deeply notched, serrate (fig. 51, a, b, d). Total 3.

Occurrence: Room 4, trench; Room 1, floor (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 2.2, 2.7, 5.3 cm.; width, 2.7, 2.3, 4.2 cm.; thick-
ness, 0.3, 0.4, 0.6 cm.

Material: Chalcedony, jasper.

BONE TOOLS

Awls
CLASS A

Description: Head of bone intact, other end cut, ground and polished
to a point (fig. 52, d, e). Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-houses A, C, fill.

Dimensions: Length, 9.7, 11.0 cm.; width, 4.3, 2.9 cm.; thickness, 2.4,
1.6 cm.

Material: Deer (Odocoileus) metacarpal; prongbuck (Antilocapra ameri-
cana) ulna.

CLASS B

Description: Head of bone intact except for splitting, other end cut,
ground and polished to a sharp point; made from long bones split in half
(fig. 52, a-c,f). Total 4.

Occurrence: Pit-house C, trench; Pit-house E, fill; Pit-houses B and C,
floor.

Dimensions: Length, 7.4, 17.6, 18.4, 14.0 cm.; width, 1.1, 2.0, 1.7,
2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2, 1.6 cm.

Material: Deer {Odocoileus) metacarpals.

CLASS C

Description: Head of bone wholly removed; one end ground to flat
spatula shape; other end ground and polished to a point, spatula end
broad, rounded (fig. 52, i). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house C, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 12.7 cm.; width, 1.9 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.

Fig. 52. Bone awls, miscellaneous types, and bodkin, from Sites 30 and 31 ,
Length of j, 1 3.6 cm.

89

90 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

CLASS D

Description: Splinters of bone with one end ground and polished to a
point (fig. 52, h). Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-house C, floor (Site 30); Room 1, trench (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 11.8, 5.9 cm.; width, 1.4, 1.0 cm.; thickness, 0.7,
0.5 cm.

CLASS E

Description: Tips of bone awls, ground and polished to a point (fig. 52, g).
Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house F, floor.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment, 3.5 cm.); width, 1.1 cm.; thickness,
0.4 cm.

Bodkin

Description: Flattish section of split long bone with one rounded blunt
end, polished smooth, other end broken off (fig. 52, j). Total 1.

- Occurrence: Pit-house B, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 13.6 cm.; width, 1.8 cm.; thickness, 0.2 cm.

SHELL OBJECTS
Bracelet
Description: Thin curved cut section of bivalve (fig. 51,/). Total 1.
Occurrence: Pit-house F, floor.

Dimensions: Length, (fragment, 4.3 cm.); width, 0.4 cm.; thickness,
0.2 cm.

Material: Glycymeris {Glycymeris) maculata Broderip.

Unfinished Pendant

Description: Flat piece of shell, roughly triangular in outline, one sur-
face scored, edges smooth (fig. 51, e). Total 1.

Occurrence: Room 1, floor (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 2.5 cm.; width, 2.3 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.

Material: Marine shell, species unknown.

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 91

Disc Bead
Description: Flat circular disc with hole drilled through center. Total 1 .
Occurrence: Surface, east end of pueblo.
Dimensions: Diameter, 0.4 cm.; thickness, 0.2 cm.

BAKED CLAY OBJECTS

Worked Sherds
CLASS A

Description: Small pottery discs with edges ground smooth. One speci-
men with pattern incised on concave face (fig. 53,/). Total 2.
Occurrence: Pit-house F, fill (Site 30); Pit 2 (Site 31).
Dimensions: Diameter, 4.7 cm., (fragment); thickness, 0.4, 0.6 cm.
Material: Alma Plain Forestdale var.; Woodruff Smudged.

CLASS B

Description: Small pottery discs perforated through center, edges
ground smooth (fig. 53, c). Total 5.

Occurrence: Pit-house F, fill; Pit-house G, trench; Pit-houses B, C, F,
floor.

Dimensions: Diameter, 4.4, 4.2, 6.3 cm., (fragments); thickness, 0.6,
0.6, 0.5, 0.6, 0.4 cm.

Material: Alma Plain, Forestdale var., San Francisco Red, Vernon var.

CLASS C

Description: Small pieces of pottery, roughly oval in form with edges
ground smooth (fig. 53, g, h). Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-house B, trench (Site 30); Room 4, trench (Site 31).

Dimensions: Length, 7.3 cm., (fragment); width, 6.8, 6.5 cm.; thick-
ness, 0.5, 0.5 cm.

Material: Alma Plain, Forestdale var.; Snowflake Black-on-White.

CLASS D

Description: Long oval sherd with edges ground smooth (fig. 53, e).
Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house C, floor.

Dimensions: Length, 5.9 cm.; width, 3.5 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm.

Material: Woodruff Smudged.

Fig. 53. Worked sherds and miniature ladles from Sites 30 and 31. Length of h,
7.3 cm.

92

ARTIFACTS FROM THE VILLAGE SITES 93

CLASS E

Description: Worked rim sherd in form of long rectangle, edges ground
smooth (fig. 53, b). Total 1.

Occurrence: Pit-house A, trench.

Dimensions: Length, 4.5 cm.; width, 2.6 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm.

Material: Woodruff Smudged.

Miniature Ladles

Description: Fragments of bowls and handles of miniature ladles, bowl
portion generally shallow; handles solid, rod-like (fig. 53, a, d). Total 2.

Occurrence: Pit-houses C, G, trench.

Dimensions: Length, (fragments, 6.3, 2.0 cm.); width, (fragments, 4.9,
1.7 cm.); thickness, 3.6, 1.2 cm.

Material: Alma Plain, Forestdale var.

DATA ON IDENTIFIABLE UNWORKED BONE FRAGMENTS

Laguna Salada:

Astragalus of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus sp.). Locus A, Trench C.

Rib fragment, probably bison. Locus B, Trench A.

Distal end of tibia of turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) . Locus A, Trench D.

Site 30:

Pelves, scapula, leg bones, mandibles, sacrum of cotton-tail (Sylvi-
lagus sp.).

Pelvis, femur of pack-rat {Neotoma sp.).

Metatarsal of large bird.

Skull and mandibles of prairie dog (Cynomys sp.).

Site 31 :

Turkey, wood rat, jack rabbit, cotton-tail.

IV, Pottery

More than 8300 sherds and 10 whole or restorable vessels were recov-
ered from the excavations in the pit-houses, surface rooms and trash of the
sites described above. As the pottery was excavated the sherds were clas-
sified according to the established types and such additional types as were
indicated by the archaeological survey, and a rough count was made of
these types. After excavations had been completed the pottery was shipped
to the Museum laboratories where the classifications and computations
were reviewed and a more detailed study was made of the attributes of
the various types such as rim forms, vessel shapes, handles, paste and sur-
face characteristics.

The majority of the pottery conforms to the published descriptions of
the types established in neighboring areas and a repetition of these descrip-
tions does not seem to be required. However, a few of the categories con-
stitute what appear to be significant varieties of the established types and
these are described and illustrated more fully.

The general scheme of taxonomy used is the classification worked out
by the University of Arizona, the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe,
the Museum of Northern Arizona, and this Museum. In using this tax-
onomy the cultural and chronological implications inherent in the estab-
lished types are accepted.

Pottery from the excavation of the dwellings was classified according
to the "fill" and "floor" levels. Floor levels ordinarily comprised all
material resting directly on the floor and 20 cm. above it. Soil profiles
were made and recorded in the fill of pit-houses at Site 30, and these pro-
files indicated that an arbitrary stratum of 20 cm. thickness would include
all the material below the lowest portions of the collapsed roofs as well as
material resting on or against thicker artifacts such as metates. In short,
it is believed that 20 cm. would include everything which might accumu-
late during the occupation of the house, but would exclude most materials
which might have collected subsequent to the abandonment of the dwell-
ing and the collapse of the roof.

The pottery from the sites is described in a sequence corresponding to
the chronological order of the sites, proceeding from early to late.

94

POTTERY 95

THE POTTERY FROM SITE 30

Over 7000 sherds and two restorable vessels were collected from the
pit-house village. The vast majority of these were plain wares. More-
over, most of the pottery is not only plain, it is not well finished; the sur-
faces were scraped and smoothed but poorly polished, and a mottled
appearance rather than uniform color is a predominant characteristic.
However, there is some evidence that the potters were not novices at their
art in spite of the lack of finish on most of the product. The plain red
wares and those with polished black interiors are generally superior.
These are well-polished vessels of hard pottery with a uniform color on
the interior surfaces, and some have quite thin walls. It seems apparent
that the ordinary appearance of much of the pottery was due not so much
to lack of skill as to a low value placed on the outward aspects of utili-
tarian objects.

A very small quantity of the pottery was decorated with incised de-
signs, modeled applique features and painted motifs (figs. 54, 55). These
sherds were recovered primarily from the fill levels of the houses and it is
assumed that most of them are intrusive.

All the pottery appears to have been made by the coil-scrape method.
Some interiors exhibit the rough ridges and furrows which result from the
scraping process while coils are indicated by evenly spaced undulations in
vessel surfaces and by fractures along horizontal lines. The prevalence of
mottled surfaces seems to indicate a lack of controlled firing. Gray to
black interiors of varying intensity show that vessels were fired upside down.

In paste, form, and surface characteristics most of the pottery conforms
to the types found by Haury and Sayles at Forestdale or by Mera and
Wendorf in the Petrified Forest area, and the types defined by these in-
vestigators have been used as guides to the description of the pottery from
Site 30. The San Francisco Red has been described more completely
because it constitutes a distinct variety. The other native types — Alma
Plain, Forestdale variety, and Woodruff Smudged — are also commented
on in greater detail because of their importance at the site and because
they exhibit certain minor differences which may eventually prove signifi-
cant in the study of the geographical or chronological distribution of pot-
tery attributes, even though these differences are not great enough to give
these types the status of varieties.

Pottery Types Made at Site 30

Alma Plain, Forestdale Variety (Haury, 1940, pp. 69-72; Haury and
Sayles, 1947, pp. 50-51).

96

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

W

Fig. 54. Upper row, Alma Incised; lower two rows, Alma Scored; Site 30.

This pottery type was most frequent in the pit-house village. It oc-
curred in at least four different firing variants: (1) brown exterior and
interior; (2) brown with a gray interior; (3) dark gray interior and exte-
rior; (4) light gray throughout. At first we classified these firing variants
separately, and then we found that the categories with gray interiors were
more prevalent than the single category with brown interiors. However,
a closer study of the larger sherds indicated that a number of these cate-
gories often occurred on one vessel and that they should be combined.
A comparison of the combined group with the published description and
sherds from Forestdale showed clearly that this group was the Forestdale
variety of Alma Plain.

POTTERY

97

feF

4$ ^

Fig. 55. Top row, White Mound Black-on-White; middle row, Mimbres Bold
Face Black-on-White (g), and Three Circle Red-on-White variants; bottom row,
effigy (i) and applique variants of Alma Plain; Site 30.

An examination of the rim sherds and jar shoulder sherds showed that
simple bowls, double flare bowls and several forms of jars were made.
Bowl rims account for approximately 1 1 per cent of the rim sherds recov-
ered. This contrasts with Forestdale, where apparently bowls were more
rare (Haury, 1940, p. 70). Two forms were recovered which are not
reported from Forestdale: (1) the double flare bowl, and (2) jars with
vertical necks. Only the latter form was common. Other shapes indi-
cated by the rims and larger sherds are seed jars, jars with short necks, a
form with spittoon-like rim, ajar with a constricted neck, and vessels with
flaring rims. One specialized form, the neck shoulder, which appeared
at Forestdale, was not found at Vernon.

Some points of comparison with the established type of Alma Plain
were observed, in addition to those noted by Haury (1940, p. 72). At
Vernon the Forestdale variety was thinner (range, 2.0-7.0 mm.), both in
the extremes and on the average (average thickness, 4.0 mm.). Gray or
black interiors were more common than on the Alma Plain in the Pine
Lawn Valley, although about one third of the Alma Plain from Site 30
had brown or tan interiors. Apparently fewer handles and lugs were col-

98 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Fig. 56. Left, Woodruff Smudged bowl from Pit-house C, Pit 1, Site 30. Right,
San Francisco Red, Vernon variety, bowl from Burial 1; diameter, 19.2 cm.

lected at Site 30 than from the Bear Ruin. The two lugs are of tab type
and perforated vertically. They both come from the floor of Pit-house G
and appear to have been parts of the same vessel. One handle is of rod
type, one of strap type and one of three rods welded together.

Altogether 5474 sherds of Alma Plain, Forestdale variety, were recov-
ered from Site 30 and it constitutes about three fourths of the pottery found
at the site.

San Francisco Red, Vernon Variety (fig. 56, right).
Paste:

Color: Vessel walls in cross section frequently show zoning. Inner core, dark gray

or Pewter (47A5 or 48A3 Maerz and Paul), changes sharply to a Mindoro or a

Sonora Red (13A8 or 13A10) about 1.0 mm. from surface. Sometimes it is

Mindoro Red or Pewter throughout.
Inclusions: Fine to medium size (0.10-0.50 mm. diam.), occasionally over 1.0 mm.

in length, angular fragments generally light gray or white in color and opaque.

Some finer particles round.
Texture: Granular and friable, moderately tempered (15-30 per cent by volume).
Fracture: Irregular, sometimes diagonal to vessel's surface.

Surface Features:

Color: Typical color a red between rose and Burnt Sienna such as Aragon
(5F12, 6F10) and ranging from Sonora (13A10) to Hampstead Brown (7E9).

Hardness: 3.0-4.5 Mohs scale.

Evenness: Bowl interiors smooth, exteriors smooth to gently undulating; jar inte-
riors show scraping marks, exteriors smooth; polishing streaks occasional, more
frequent on bowl interiors.

POTTERY 99

Texture: Smooth but not highly polished; both surfaces of bowls and exterior
surfaces of jars covered with a water-soluble red wash. Polishing streaks par-
allel to rim of vessel, or at less than 45° angle to rim.

Luster: Dull; rarely reflects light.

Slip: None; wash streaked by polishing; surface beneath wash smooth, but not
lustrous.

Thickness of vessel walls: 2.0-5.0 mm., average 4.0 mm.

Forms: Bowls, both deep and shallow (one restored bowl and large sherds). Jars with
relatively short vertical necks rising either gradually or sharply from shoulder;
also jars with flaring spittoon-like rims; seed jars. Rims direct, rounded or flat
on top.

Comparisons: This variety is normally not as highly polished as the varieties of San
Francisco Red or Forestdale Red, nor does it have a slip; in extreme examples it
is thinner than either San Francisco Red, Saliz variety, or Forestdale Red. The
zoned gray paste corresponds more closely to that of Forestdale Red, but a
number of sherds with red paste throughout the core resemble San Francisco Red ;
it is to be distinguished from either primarily by the "fugitive" red wash on its
surface, and by the lack of a slip.

At Site 30, 783 sherds and one restorable bowl were found of this type.
The bowl accompanied Burial 1 in a pit near Pit- house C.

Woodruff Smudged (fig. 56, left; Mera, 1934, p. 6; Hawley, 1936, p. 25).

This pottery category from the pit-house village is virtually identical
with the Woodruff Smudged from the Bear Ruin. It differs from Forest-
dale Smudged in only minor respects and appears to be a variety of this
type, or possibly synonymous with it, as Colton (1955, p. 5) classifies it.
The Woodruff Smudged from the Vernon site is not as well polished or
as lustrous as the Forestdale Smudged and the exteriors are not as red.
Over half the smudged polished sherds from Site 30 had dark gray or fire-
clouded exteriors, and in this respect the Vernon variant of the Woodruff
Smudged is more like Reserve Smudged than like Forestdale Smudged.
It is thinner than Reserve Smudged, but does not have as smooth exte-
riors or as well-polished interiors. The bowl exteriors of this Woodruff
Smudged have undulating surfaces, and often scraping marks were not
removed by polishing. Where surfaces were not blackened by fire clouds,
brown is a more typical color than red.

An examination of rim sherds and larger body sherds of this type indi-
cates that the shallow bowl was the predominant form of vessel made with
smudged interior. However, 14 out of 83 pieces were jar sherds.

Woodruff Smudged is one of the three types thought to have been
locally made. At Site 30, 772 sherds and one restorable bowl of this type
were recovered. The bowl was from the large bell-shaped storage pit in

100 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Pit-house C. It was beneath a large stone slab, which had apparently
served as a cover for the pit.

Trade or Intrusive Types

Forestdale Smudged (Haury, 1940, pp. 73-75).
Vessel forms at Site 30: bowls only.

Comments : This type was distinguished from Woodruff Smudged by
the red exteriors, finer paste and higher degree of polish.
Number of sherds recovered: 97.

Lino Gray (Colton and Hargrave, 1937, pp. 191-192).
Vessel forms at Site 30: bowls and jars.
Number of sherds recovered: 95.

Alma Incised (fig. 54, a-c; Haury, 1936b, p. 40, 1940, p. 70).

Vessel forms at Site 30: jar only.

Design: Cross hatch.
.. Comments : This pottery appears to be the Forestdale variant of Alma
Plain. It is thinner and not as well polished as the Alma Incised from the
Reserve area.

Number of sherds recovered: 10.

Alma Neck Banded (Haury, 1936b, p. 35).

Comments : Nine out of the ten sherds recovered appear to have come
from the same vessel and are of the variant in which the neck bands have
been polished. The exceptional tenth sherd has a poorly polished surface
like that of Alma Plain, Forestdale variety, and the direct trace of the coils
is distinct.

Alma Scored (fig. 54, d-i; Haury, 1936b, p. 38).

Comments : One of the elements of the brush or bundle of twigs with
which some of these sherds were scored was much larger than the other
elements and produced the effect of a design made over the other scoring.
Unfortunately none of the sherds is large enough to delineate a complete
design element, so we cannot determine whether a design was intended or
whether the effect was accidental. This effect was not observed in the
Reserve area.

Number of sherds recovered: 9.

Alma Rough (Martin and Rinaldo, 1940, pp. 78-80).
Number of sherds recovered: 18.

Fine Paste Brown (Haury and Sayles, 1947, pp. 52-53).

POTTERY 101

Number of sherds recovered: 3.

Lino Smudged (Haury, 1940, pp. 84-85).
Number of sherds recovered : 1 .

Reserve Indented Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 159-160).

Comments: These sherds are all from one jar and were found close
together in the upper fill level of Pit-house F. They are the only sherds on
this site which possibly might have come from the later component of the
neighboring Site 31.

Number of sherds recovered: 6.

Kiatuthlanna Black-on-White (Roberts, 1931, pp. 130-149; Gladwin,
1945, pp. 41-42).

Number of sherds recovered : 6 (from fill levels only) .

White Mound Black-on-White (fig. 55, a-d; Hawley, 1936, p. 23; Glad-
win, 1945, pp. 22-23).

Comments : 40 out of 44 sherds recovered were from what appears to
be a single vessel and were scattered through the fill and into the floor level
of the southwest quadrant of Pit-house F.

Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White (fig. 55,/, g; Haury, 1936b, pp. 22-
27; Cosgrove, 1932, p. 76).

Number of sherds recovered: 5.

Three Circle Red-on-White Variety (fig. 55, e, h; undescribed).

Comments: The designs on these sherds differ from those previously
described for Three Circle Red-on-White, although they appear to be in
the Mogollon tradition; in other characteristics this pottery is Three Circle
Red-on-White.

THE POTTERY FROM SITE 31

Approximately 1000 sherds and 8 restorable vessels were recovered
from Site 31. The majority of this pottery has painted decorated or cor-
rugated surfaces, but large amounts of plain ware pottery, almost identical
with the pottery from the pit-house village, were also recovered. Enough
large sherds were found with both plain and corrugated surfaces to indi-
cate that some of the plain ware sherds were body sherds of neck corru-
gated vessels. On the other hand, the proportion of plain wares is great
enough so that it seems probable that all-over plain ware vessels were
made and used at Site 31. Although no whole vessels of plain ware were
recovered the presence of some plain ware rims seems to furnish additional
basis for this assumption.

102 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Both the plain and the corrugated types stem from the native Mogol-
lon tradition. Both brown and gray wares were recovered, as they were
in the pit-house village. Those with brown or mottled brown and gray
surfaces predominate, and even the pure gray sherds are ordinarily quite
a dark gray in contrast to the light gray or almost white corrugated sherds
recovered during the survey from the sites north and east of St. Johns.
A certain number of corrugated sherds with smudged interiors and a single
whole vessel of MacDonald Painted Corrugated seem to corroborate this
Mogollon relationship (Haury, 1940, pp. 87 ff.). The same may be true
of the Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, for although the technique of pro-
ducing patterns by the combination of plain and indented corrugations
was found in the north it reached its apogee in the south.

The sorting out of the corrugated and plain wares proceeded easily,
but the black-on-white types presented some difficulties in their classifica-
tion. The difficulty of distinguishing the late Pueblo II black-on-white
types from each other has been noted by Gladwin (1945, p. 118), and this
difficulty is reflected in a statement made by Colton (1941, p. 59) in his
description of Puerco Black-on-White, where he compares it with Esca-
vada Black-on-White and states: "The only describable difference seems
to be in temper." Consequently in the final analysis we abstracted from
the standard descriptions certain characteristics which seemed particu-
larly helpful in separating the various types. Those characteristics
which were most useful are noted below for their possible bearing on such
problems as the ways in which the different styles of pottery developed
and spread.

Balanced solid and hatched designs, a greater than average degree of
surface polish (for Pueblo II) and a light gray rather than a white paste
were taken as the chief distinguishing characteristics of Reserve Black-on-
White in most instances. Massed black areas of solid elements such as
large triangles, ribbon designs and bold barbed lines, a very white slip, a
dense black paint, and a surface which is smooth to polished are typical
of Snowflake Black-on-White. Puerco Black-on-White was characterized
as being unpolished, or poorly polished; frequent design elements are
lozenge-shaped negative figures, bands of vertical or horizontal parallel
lines separating panels of solid black patterns such as solid triangles, pen-
nants, and "negative lightning." Checkerboard design is also typical of
Puerco Black-on-White. The paint is heavy and black. On the other
hand, although these characteristics were stressed in the process of classi-
fication they were not used to the arbitrary exclusion of others in the
established descriptions.

The pottery types found at Site 31, references to the descriptions and
illustrations used in their classification, and comments on their occurrence

POTTERY

103

Fig. 57. Large sherd of Snowflake Black-on- White from floor, Room 4, Site 31.

are grouped as follows: (1) types probably made locally during the main
occupation of Site 31; (2) types traded in during an earlier period of occu-
pation or possibly kept as heirlooms; (3) types traded in to the site during
the main occupation.

Native Types

Snowflake Black-on-White (figs. 57, 58, left row; Col ton, 1941, p. 62;
Martin and Willis, 1940, pp. 260-263).
Number of sherds found: 136.
Restorable vessels: 1 bowl from Room 4 near west wall.

Alma Plain, Forestdale Variety (Haury, 1940, pp. 69-72).
Number of sherds found : 357.

San Francisco Red, Vernon Variety (fig. 59).

Number of sherds found : 10.

Restorable vessels: 1 bowl from Room 1 associated with Burial 2.

Woodruff Smudged (fig. 56, left; Mera, 1934, p. 6; Hawley, 1936, p. 25).
Number of sherds found: 104.

Reserve Plain Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 155-158).
Number of sherds found: 57.

Fig. 58. Left row, Snowflake Black-on-White; middle row, Reserve Black-on-
White; right row, Wingate Black-on-Red.

104

Fig. 59. San Francisco Red, Ver-
non variety, bowl from Burial 2, floor,
Room 1, Site 31; diameter, 22.2 cm.

Fig. 60. Left, MacDonald Painted Corrugated Bowl, Burial 3, Room 2, Site 31 .
Right, Reserve Indented Corrugated bowl, floor, Room 1, Site 31; diameter, 24.8 cm.

Fig. 61. Puerco Black-on-White. Bowl, Burial 2, Room 1, Site 31; pitcher, floor,
Room 1, Site 31. Height of pitcher, 12.2 cm.

105

106 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Reserve Indented Corrugated (fig. 60, right; Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956,
pp. 159-162).

Number of sherds found: 245.

Restorable vessels: 2 bowls, one from Room 1 with Burial 2 and the
other from Room 4, floor near west wall.

Reserve Incised Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 164-168).
Number of sherds found : 4.

Tularosa Patterned Corrugated (Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 169-171).
Number of sherds found: 18.

Mac Donald Painted Corrugated (fig. 60, left; Colton and Hargrave, 1937,
p. 61).

Restorable vessels: 1 bowl from Room 2 with Burial 3.

Trade Types of Earlier Phases

Kiatuthlanna Black-on-White (Gladwin, 1945, pp. 41-42; Hawley, 1936,
p. 27; Roberts, 1931, pp. 130-149).
Number of sherds found : 6.

Red Mesa Black-on-White (Gladwin, 1945, p. 56).
Number of sherds found: 22.

Alma Neck Banded (Haury, 1936b, p. 35).
Number of sherds found: 2.

Alma Punched (Haury, 1936b, p. 39; Nesbitt, 1938, p. 138).
Number of sherds found: 2.

Lino Smudged (Haury, 1940, pp. 84-85).
Number of sherds found : 1 .

Forestdale Smudged (Haury, 1940, pp. 73-75).
Number of sherds found: 2.

Trade Types of Later Phases

Reserve Black-on-White (fig. 58, middle row; Nesbitt, 1938, p. 138;
Martin and Rinaldo, 1950b, pp. 502-503).
Number of sherds found: 48.

Tularosa Black-on-White (Gladwin, 1931, pp. 32-35; Hawley, 1936,
pp. 46-47; Rinaldo and Bluhm, 1956, pp. 177-185).
Number of sherds found: 25.

POTTERY 107

Comment: All from a large jar fragment on floor near west wall,
Room 4.

Puerco Black-on-White (fig. 61 ; Gladwin, 1931, pp. 24-26; Hawley, 1936,
p. 34; Colton, 1941, pp. 58-59; Olson and Wasley, 1956, pp. 369-370).

Number of sherds found: 28.

Restorable vessels: 2. Pitcher from Room 1, floor near north wall;
bowl from Room 1, associated with Burial 2.

Escavada Black-on-White (Hawley, 1936, pp. 32-33).
Number of sherds found: 8.

Wingate Black-on-Red (fig. 58, right row; Gladwin, 1931, pp. 29-31;
Colton and Hargrave, 1937, p. 118).
Number of sherds found: 6.

TECHNOLOGY

The pottery vessels from Sites 30 and 31 were probably made from
the local clays. In the banks of Vernon Creek about one hundred yards
from these villages, there are deposits of clay which could have been used
for this purpose, and the bed of clay underneath the top soil, into which
the pit-houses were excavated, might also have been the raw material for
pottery. However, we did no research along this line beyond building up a
few crude vessel walls of these clays. No attempt was made to locate the
specific source of clay by mineralogical analysis, or to determine which min-
erals are present naturally in the clay and which were mixed in as temper.

In the plain wares there was evidence that the coil-scrape method of
building up vessel walls had been used, for there were uniformly spaced
slight undulations in the vessel surfaces and fracture along horizontal lines,
but more direct evidence was seen in the corrugated pottery. The cross
sections, especially of the plain corrugated pottery, indicate that the vessel
walls were built up by pinching the lower part of each successive coil
against the upper part of the coil below it. The coils were pinched from
the outside. The direct outlines of the beginning of the coiling on the
bottoms of several corrugated vessels indicate that the work proceeded in
a counter-clockwise direction.

While it was still in a plastic condition the pottery was scraped to
smooth it and to make it thin. The interior surfaces of some sherds show
the characteristic ridges and furrows which result from this process. Appar-
ently these sherds are from vessels such as narrow mouth jars which were
scraped on the interior to thin the wall but not to smooth it where it
wouldn't show.

108 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

These potters were not diligent users of the polishing stone. Most of
the pottery has a dull finish, although it is evident from definite polishing
streaks on the San Francisco Red that the polishing stone was used, and
the interiors of some of the Woodruff Smudged bowls are highly polished
and lustrous. Even Snowflake Black-on-White was not highly polished.
Polishing stones with definite facets were relatively rare.

The majority of the pottery is brown or red and was probably fired in
an oxidizing atmosphere. The gray interiors of some corrugated vessels
seem to indicate that they, too, must have been fired upside down, like the
Alma Plain and the Smudged types. On the other hand, the black-on-
white pottery was probably fired in a reducing atmosphere.

CULTURAL RELATIONSHIPS

Relationships with neighboring groups are indicated by the minor or
less frequent types which we recognized as native in neighboring areas,
and which must have come into the Vernon sites by trade, gift exchange,
or some other means of contact. In another way and on a different level
we sense that the similarities and differences between the major, most fre-
quent or native types in the Vernon area and those from neighboring areas
are somehow correlatives of at times more intimate or at other times more
distant relationships between the Vernon area and the surrounding area.
For example, one might conjecture that at the time Site 30 was occupied
the people had closer relationships with those who lived to the west than
with their neighbors in the other directions. This seems to be indicated
by the fact that at Site 30 Forestdale Smudged, a type native to the Forest-
dale Branch to the west, appeared in greater quantities than any other
trade type. Furthermore, the most frequent native type was the Forest-
dale variety of Alma Plain rather than the varieties of Alma Plain found
most frequently on sites in the other directions.

During the occupation of Site 30 relationships were also probably
extensive with other Mogollon peoples living to the southeast. However,
we would guess that these were of a different order, because there are
more types of trade pottery from that direction, but fewer sherds of each
type. A number of textured varieties seem to have come from that
direction — Alma Neck Banded, Alma Punched, Alma Scored and Alma
Incised, as well as a few painted decorated sherds. Also, the type of red
pottery made at Site 30 is a variety of San Francisco Red which is more
like the San Francisco Red variety made by neighbors to the south and
east than the Forestdale Red of their neighbors to the west or the Woodruff
Red of the north. These differences and similarities in this broad cluster

POTTERY 109

of types and varieties are not clear cut and the characteristics of the
Vernon variety, like the geographical position of the Vernon sites, are
intermediate.

We surmise that relationships with the northern neighbors were
more like those with the Forestdale Branch. Lino Gray, an Anasazi
trade type, is second only to Forestdale Smudged in quantity, and in
addition there are a few black-on-white sherds of probable northern
derivation. Furthermore, the native smudged pottery is more like the
northern smudged type, Woodruff Smudged, than it is like Reserve
Smudged and Alma Smudged (Wheat, 1954, p. 88), the southern types,
or like what one might term the "classical" Forestdale Smudged from
Forestdale, although Colton (1955, p. 5) classifies Forestdale Smudged as
synonymous with Woodruff Smudged.

On the later horizon of Site 31 there seems to have been a slight shift
in relationships with the surrounding population, judging from the
changes in the numbers, quantities and character of the trade types and
from the attributes of the later native types. There is a degree of polishing
on Snowflake Black-on-White which is rare or lacking on the Chaco
type of this period; also, the pitcher shape of Snowflake Black-on-White
is more like that of Reserve Black-on-White than that of Puerco Black-on-
White or Escavada Black-on-White. Connections with the south may
be indicated also by resemblances in the methods of surface treatment —
the texturing — of the culinary types, such as incising, patterning and
smudging, and the production of a brown or red pottery rather than a
light gray one.

In as much as these techniques tend to have a southern distribution
and a Mogollon derivation it is uncertain whether the presence of these
traits at the Vernon sites may be due to their geographical situation in
the south and the Mogollon antecedents of the culture, or whether they
are in part due to an increase and a strengthening of cultural influence
from the south. That it might be the latter is indicated by the greater
number of trade types from the south represented in the later sites:
Reserve and Tularosa Black-on-White sherds outnumber Red Mesa,
Puerco and Escavada Black-on-Whites. Of course this greater number
of southern trade types and attributes may be due not so much to a
strengthening of relationships with the south as to a slight diminishing of
trade and other contacts with the north.

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113

V, Summary

Four sites are reported herein. Two were pre-pottery sites situated
on ancient beaches; one was a pit-house village (Site 30); and one was a
small, surface-room village.

PRE-POTTERY SITES ON OLD BEACHES

Artifacts were recovered from the beaches of Little Ortega Lake and
from Laguna Salada, two small and now nearly dry basins near Concho,
Arizona. In the near distant past these lakes may have been larger than
they are now. Some of the artifacts were found on the surface and some
in trenches. Ten hearth areas were discovered at Laguna Salada, most
o*f which contained many small rocks. Near the hearths were whole
metates and parts of metates and manos.

There were differences between the two sites. The beach site at
Little Ortega Lake yielded about twice as many artifacts of chipped
stone as the site at Laguna Salada; conversely, more milling stones and
manos turned up at Laguna Salada than at Little Ortega. Hearths were
found only on the beach of Laguna Salada.

In spite of these statistical differences, the types of tools used at both
sites were generally similar, and they correspond approximately to those
that have been described for the Concho Complex (Wendorf and Thomas,
1951) and to a lesser extent to those associated with the San Jose Complex.

The areas investigated have been designated as "camp areas," as no
evidence of a permanent or semi-permanent house was found.

The artifacts found include one hand manos, flat or shallow basin
type metates, projectile points, blades, scrapers, knives, choppers, and a
fragment of a drill. Three biface choppers were found at Laguna Salada
and three hammerstones at Little Ortega Lake.

The tools that we gathered and excavated include many grinding
tools — manos and metates. These were proportionally as abundant (in
relation to chipped and percussion-flaked tools) on these beach sites as
they were on Cochise sites in Wet Leggett Canyon in New Mexico. The
configurations of the grinding surfaces of these tools are similar to those
of Cochise types of the Chiricahua stage found in southeastern Arizona,

114

SUMMARY 115

and some levels at Ventana Cave. The chipped implements, however,
are more closely allied to types assigned to the San Jose and Concho
complexes. Thus, one guesses that there are affiliations with the types
of stone tools found at our beach sites and with those described for the
San Jose, Concho, and Cochise industries. Probably, all three of these
industries may be assigned to the Desert Culture (Jennings, 1957).

The dating of the materials from the beaches of the two lakes is
difficult. After we had studied the location of the sites and the materials
we guessed that these camp sites might have been occupied about 2000
to 3000 B.C. or roughly 4000 to 5000 years ago.

Charcoal from Locus A at Laguna Salada from a matrix of sand and
clay, 2 to 8 inches below the surface, and directly below a hearth and
in association with artifacts of the Concho Complex, was sent to the
Nuclear Science and Engineering Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsyl-
vania, for dating. The charcoal was relayed by this firm to the Groningen
Laboratory in Holland. The date received from that laboratory is
3280 ± 60 years before the present (Gro 1614). Assuming that there is
no error in our radiocarbon date other than the statistical error due to
the radioactive process, I have tripled the error given in order to obtain
the virtual certainty that the true age of the sample lies within the range
of this error. The date for the camp site at Laguna Salada probably lies
between 1503 b.c. and 1143 B.C., or roughly 3400 and 3100 years ago.
This is a somewhat later date than we had guessed.

SITES 30 AND 31, EARL THODE RANCH

Pit-Houses: Site 30

The pit-house village is located about three miles south of Vernon
(Sec. 27, Twp. 10 N., R. 25 E.) The elevation is about 7000 feet above
sea level. The average annual rainfall was probably between 12 and
17 inches. Vernon Creek (mostly dry now) lies several hundred yards
to the east.

Eight dwellings were excavated. More may be present on the ridge,
but we did not have time to put down test trenches in order to check
this impression. It is impossible to characterize the houses concisely
because each differs from the others. They are irregular in shape,
neither round nor square. The greatest diameters vary from 2.65 meters
to 5.3 meters, and the depth of the floor below the surface varies from
45 cm. to 1.95 meters.

116 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Some houses had been provided with prepared firepits, while others
lacked these entirely. If the house has no firepit one finds a "fire-area"
or a small space showing traces of ashes and fire-hardened clay. Three
of the eight houses contained one or more storage pits, but five lacked
these. Three and possibly four of the houses had been provided with lat-
eral entrances, but four or five evidently got along with only a hatchway.

Most of the houses had burned or been burned (six or seven out of
the eight). This is the one thing they had in common! When we first
noticed the traces of conflagration (dark earth, burned adobe, charcoal)
we had high hopes of finding the contents of the rooms intact. We were
doomed to disappointment. The houses had been stripped of almost
everything useful and valuable (except metates and manos) before being
fired. Rinaldo had the impression that they had been deliberately fired
by the occupants before they moved to a new location. If this impression
is wrong, one can only conjecture that the occupants deserted the village
taking along their possessions and that later some other group fired the
houses.

This is the first experience of this kind that we have encountered; that
is, of houses that were cleaned out and then burned. We have never
thought for a moment that the burning of the houses was due to enemy
action, for there is no evidence to warrant such an assumption. At the
pit-house villages that we dug in New Mexico we encountered burned
houses, but it seemed clear that the fires that destroyed these houses were
accidental. At near-by Forestdale Village, excavated by Haury (Haury,
1940) a few of the pit-houses had been destroyed by fire, but Haury
apparently did not think that these houses had been deliberately fired.
The meaning of the conflagrations at Site 30 is not known at present.

The lack of a typical house form suggests several possibilities. Perhaps
the art of house-building had not crystallized. Or there may have been
other interests and activities more important to the occupants of Site 30
than building a neat, more or less standardized type of house.

In general, I would say that the house-forms at Site 30 are Mogollon.
Roughly speaking, they resemble pit-houses from the Pine Lawn and
San Francisco Phases in the Pine Lawn area. Lateral entrances, absent
from some of the houses at Site 30, were also lacking in several of the
Mogollon pit-houses in the Pine Lawn area. No ventilators and no
benches were located.

Absent, too, was any kiva-like structure. True, Pit-house E was an
oddity with a "shelf" extending across half the surface of the structure;
but of a certainty it was not a kiva. It is possible that a kiva exists and
that we missed it, but I hardly think this possible.

SUMMARY 117

The houses at Site 30 are in general dissimilar to those at Forestdale,
the nearest excavated pit-house village (about 30 miles southwest).

Pottery: Site 30, Pit-House Village

From the pit-houses, some 7000 sherds and 2 restorable vessels were
recovered. This number is somewhat smaller than we had expected.

Fifteen types were found. The most popular were plain wares: Alma
Plain, Forestdale variety; San Francisco Red, Vernon variety; and Wood-
ruff Smudged. These three types are believed to have been indigenous
or locally made. Most of the sherds of these types were not well finished,
although the plain red and the smudged wares were fair. Rinaldo feels
that the poor quality of plain types may indicate a lack of interest in well-
finished plain vessels rather than a lack of skill.

The few incised and painted sherds may be intrusive.

Alma Plain, Forestdale variety, constituted about three fourths of
all the pottery found at the site (over 5000 sherds). Several shades of
browns, grays, and brown-grays were found — variations possibly due to
firing. Close study showed that several of these variants might occur
on a single vessel. Shapes consisted of bowls, double-flare bowls, and
jars. Comparison of our sherds with the published description (Haury,
1940) of this type and with actual sherds from the Forestdale site con-
firms the correctness of the classification. It is interesting to note that
about 75 per cent of all the indigenous sherds from Site 30 were Alma
Plain, and that 78 per cent of all the sherds from the Forestdale site were
also Alma Plain — and this despite the fact that the house types of the
two sites were not similar.

The second local favorite type at Site 30 was San Francisco Red and
it made up almost 10 per cent (783 sherds) of the total. The Vernon
variety lacked red slip and the high polish of other varieties of San
Francisco Red. The color was apparently lent to the pottery by means
of a "fugitive" red wash. One whole vessel was recovered. Bowls and
jars were the common shapes.

The third local type, Woodruff Smudged, was almost as popular as
San Francisco Red, since 772 sherds and one whole bowl were assigned
to this category. This type may be a variety of Forestdale Smudged.
Bowls were the most popular of the shapes, although a few jar sherds
were noted.

The remaining twelve types were probably trade wares. These
are Alma Incised; Alma Neck Banded; Alma Rough; Alma Scored;
Forestdale Smudged; Kiatuthlanna Black-on-White; Lino Gray; Lino

118 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Smudged; Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White; Reserve Indented Cor-
rugated; Three Circle Red-on- White, variety; and White Mound Black-
on-White. Each of these occurs in very small amounts (about 300 sherds
or about 0.4 per cent).

Surface Houses: Site 31

The surface rooms of the incipient pueblo are located just south of
Vernon (Sec. 27, Twp. 10 N., R. 25 E.). The elevation and rainfall are
the same as those given for Site 30. In fact, these surface rooms were just
a few hundred yards south of the pit-house village (Site 30) and a bit closer
to Vernon Creek bed.

Four rooms out of a possible 5 or 6 were excavated. The rooms were
adjacent but not contiguous; that is, none of them had common walls.
Each room was a separate unit, separated from the others by a span of land.
The walls were composed of river cobbles and boulders, all unshaped.
How such a wall could stand is a mystery. The floors were somewhat
lower than the present or former ground level. The masonry reminded
us of the walls that we had excavated in early pueblos near Reserve, New
Mexico, but there was one difference in the architectural details. The
earliest surface rooms in the Reserve area were all contiguous, whereas
the rooms at the Vernon site were not.

Whether the people who dwelt in the pit-houses built and lived in the
surface rooms at Site 31 is not known. It is possible but not probable.

Where the idea of masonry and surface rooms came from is not known
with certainty. It is unlikely that they were conceived of locally. In all
probability, this new house type was the result of borrowing from the
Anasazi.

Pottery: Site 31, Surface Houses

Fewer rooms were excavated at this site and fewer sherds were recov-
ered (1068). Eight restorable vessels were also found. An abundance of
plain ware was found, but the majority of the sherds bore painted or tex-
tured surfaces. The plain and textured types are Mogollon in origin.

The chapter on pottery lists the pottery types by (1) types probably
made locally; (2) types that are present as the result of trade in earlier
times(?) ; and (3) types that were brought to the village during the occu-
pation. Snowflake Black-on-White was one important type that was
probably made locally.

During the occupation of the pit-house village (Site 30), the link with
villages to the west and north of Vernon was strong and resulted in con-
siderable trading of pottery and perhaps of other materials. At the same

SUMMARY 119

time, the bond with other Mogollon people to the east and south was also
fairly well established. Hence, while Site 30 is basically Mogollon, trade
contacts with other Mogollon and Anasazi communities were frequent.
During the occupation of Site 31 (slightly later than Site 30) the evi-
dence from the pottery suggests that trade relationships were more with
southern towns than with Anasazi or northern ones.

Artifacts: Sites 30 and 31

Altogether, 204 artifacts were recovered from both villages; 177 were
of stone; 11 were of bone; and 16 were miscellaneous pieces (bracelet,
bead, worked sherds and pottery ladles) of shell, stone, and fired clay.

Broadly speaking, the artifacts are neither strongly Mogollon nor boldly
Anasazi. Their characteristics are betwixt and between — in short, they
are not especially distinctive as a whole. There are certain aspects in the
forms of the milling stones, the type of maul, the mortar and pestles, and
the tubular pipe that may be called Mogollon. None of the artifacts is
characteristically Anasazi and there are several that might be either
Mogollon or Anasazi.

Rinaldo is of the opinion that the artifacts reflect the marginal or inter-
mediate position of the culture of the two villages. The pottery and the
architecture do lend some Mogollon flavor to these villages but even these
influences are not so marked as in the earlier villages in the Pine Lawn
and Reserve areas.

Subsistence: Sites 30 and 31
It is assumed that the peoples of both Sites 30 and 31 farmed exten-
sively and hunted a little. If agriculture was practiced, we assume that
corn, beans and squash were raised. No actual evidence of crops was
found. Deer, rabbits, and turkeys were probably secured by means of
bow and arrow, snares, and clubs, although none of these weapons was
recovered.

Dating of Sites 30 and 31

Since the pottery types and percentages at Site 30 and the Forestdale
site (Haury, 1940) were similar, we had thought that the houses at Site 30
would be approximately the same age as those at Forestdale, dated by
dendrochronology and other indirect evidences as lying between a.d. 600
and 800. We had, therefore, dated Site 30 at a.d. 600-800.

To check our guesses, we sent three samples of charred roof beams from
the pit-houses to the Groningen Laboratory in Holland via the Nuclear
Science and Engineering Corporation of Pittsburgh. Two of these were
from Pit-house B.

120 EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

The results for Site 30 are:

Gro 1613: Pit-house B; 850 ±55 years before present.
Gro 1689: Pit-house A; 960±55 years before present.
Gro 1690: Pit-house B; 940 ±50 years before present.

Again assuming, as before, that there is no error in these radiocarbon
dates, other than the statistical error due to the radioactive process, the
probability is that the true ages of these samples lie within three times the
error quoted. The dates for the two pit-houses at Site 30 would then
probably be:

Pit-house B: a.d. 942 or a.d. 1272 (a.d. 1957-850 years ±3 x 55).

Pit-house B: a.d. 867 or a.d. 1167 (a.d. 1957-940 years ±3 x 50).

Pit-house A: a.d. 832 or a.d. 1162 (a.d. 1957-960 years ±3 x 55).

A date for these pit-houses in the 1100's or 1200's is not acceptable
because it conflicts with the archaeological evidence. A date of a.d. 842
or 867 for any one of the pit-houses is more nearly acceptable and is not
too far removed from the cross-cultural conjectured dates of a.d. 600-800.
The date of a.d. 942 is out of line with the evidence from Forestdale and
is not acceptable. We date the houses at Site 30 then as falling some time
between a.d. 600 and 800.

Site 31 can only be dated by intrusive pottery types and by inferential
evidence; on this basis we guess that it was occupied between a.d. 900
and 1100.

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in Preliminary report on the 1937 excavations, BC 50-51, Chaco Canyon, New

Mexico (Clyde Kluckholm and Paul Reiter, Editors). University of New

Mexico, Bulletin, Anthr. Ser., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 58-78.
1954. Prehistoric stone implements of northeastern Arizona. Papers, Peabody

Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 34 (Reports of the

Awatovi Expedition, no. 6).

Index

Albuquerque, 4, 16

Alma Incised, 100, 108

Alma Neck Banded, 100, 106, 108

Alma Plain, Forestdale variety, 91, 95-98,
103, 108, 117

Alma Punched, 106, 108

Alma Rough, 100

Alma Scored, 100, 108

Alma Smudged, 109

Anasazi, 68, 109; sites, 64, 69

Apaches, 66

Architecture, details (Site 31), 56-62

Arizona, University of, 94

Artifacts, chipped stone, 12, 14, 66;
ground stone, 12; at pre- pottery sites,
114; from Sites 30 and 31, 119

Atmosphere, reducing, 108

Atrisco sites, 16, 17

Awl, bone, 67, 88; notched, 68; classifica-
tion of, 88-90

Awatovi, 66

Axes, absent, 67, 69

Basket Maker II, 66

Basket Maker III, 63, 68

Beaches, old, 114

Bead, disc, 91

Bear Ruin, 98, 99

Bison, 93

Blades, 12, 14, 15, 29, 66, 83, 84

Bodkin, 67, 90

Bone, awls, 67, 68, 88-90; bodkin, 67, 90;

needle, 67; unworked fragments, 93
Bowl shapes, 97, 99
Bracelet, 67, 90
Brady, Arden, 3
Burials, 44
Burials in pueblo (Site 31), 56, 58

Camp areas, 114

Chaco, pottery type, 109

Charcoal, 115

Chilcott, D., 4; ranch of, 9

Chiricahua stage, 16, 115

Choppers, 12, 14, 17, 34, 67, 69; biface,

14, 15
Christensen, Marvin, 3
Clay objects, 68, 91
Cochise Culture, 3, 16
Cochise sites, 16; in Wet Leggett Canyon,

New Mexico, 115
Cochise tradition, 17

Cochise types of tools, 115

Coil scrape method for pottery, 95, 107

Colton, H. S., 99, 102

Concho, Arizona, 114

Concho Complex, 3, 14, 15, 16, 17, 114

Cordova Cave, 17

Core implements, 14

Cox, Tom, 3

Crooked Ridge Village, 66

Curtis, Mr. and Mrs. Lester, 4

Dates, from Groningen Laboratory, 1 20
Dating, of beach sites, 115; of Sites 30 and

31, 119-120
Deer, 88, 93; white-tailed, 93
Deflectors, 36, 40
Desert Culture, 3, 17, 115
Design, incised, 95
Discoidal, 80
Drills, 12, 14, 15, 17, 34
Dutch Mountain, 9
Dwellings, 115

Entrances to pueblo (Site 31), 56
Escavada Black-on- White, 102, 107, 109

Field, Stanley, 4

Fine Paste Brown, 100

Finger grips in pottery, 63

Fire clouds in pottery, 99

Firepits, 35, 36, 40, 44, 45, 50, 54, 116;

in pueblo (Site 31), 56
Firing, pottery, 95
Flakes, utilized in artifacts, 68
Floor levels, 94
Floors, in pueblo (Site 31), 56
Floy, village of, 9
Forestdale, 96; Branch, 108, 109
Forestdale Smudged, 99, 100, 106, 108,

109
Forestdale Village, 116, 117, 119

Gaming counters, 68

Georgetown Phase, 66

Gillespie, Arnold, 3

Gillespie, Leon, 3

Gillespie, Mr. and Mrs. Charles, 3

Gillespie, Mr. and Mrs. Milton, 3

Gladwin, H. S., 102

Goodman, Mr. and Mrs. Don, 3

Gravers, 17

Gregg, Clifford C, 4

125

126

EXCAVATIONS IN LITTLE COLORADO DRAINAGE

Groningen Laboratory, Holland, 115;

dates, 120
Groove, in floor of pueblo (Site 31), 56
Gurley, Clair E., 4

Hammerstones, 14, 24

Handstones, 69

Hatchway, 116

Haury, Emil W., 95, 116

Hearths, 12

Hearth areas, 114

Hohokam Culture, 3

House form, lack of, 116

Houses, burned, 116; shape of, 115

Jars, shape of, 97, 99
Jeddito area, 66

Kiatuthlanna Black-on- White, 101, 106
Kivas, lack of, 116

Knives, 14, 17, 32, 34, 66, 84; flake, 15, 17,
32, 34, 66, 67

Laboratory of Anthropology, 94
Ladle, miniature, 68, 69, 93
Laguna Salada, 114; date of, 115
Lateral entrances to pit-houses, 40, 45, 54,
M16
Lino Gray, 69, 100, 109
Lino Smudged, 101, 106
Little Bear Ruin, 65
Little Ortega Lake, 114

MacDonald Painted Corrugated, 102, 106
Manos, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 63-66, 69; bev-
eled, 64; classification of, 17-22, 69-73;
one hand, 14, 16, 63, 64
Masonry, details of (Site 31), 56
Mauls, 65, 66, 69, 76, 79, 80; full grooved,

65, 66, 76; three-quarters grooved, 65,
79, 80

Mera, H. P., 95

Metates, 11, 12, 17, 22, 24, 63-66, 68, 75,
76, 114; basin type, 14, 16, 22, 24, 64;
classification of, 22, 24, 75, 76; flat type,
14; scoop type, 63. 64, 68, 75; trough,

63, 76; Utah type, 64
Milling pit, 65, 66
Milling process, 64, 66
Milling stones, 9, 12, 69

Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White, 101

Mississippi Valley, 68

Mogollon, period 1, 63; Culture, 68; sites,

64, 68, 69; tradition, 102
Morris, Elizabeth, 3

Mortars, 64, 65, 69, 76; boulder type, 65,

66, 76
Mulford, Emerson, 3
Museum of Northern Arizona, 94

Navahos, 66

Neck Corrugated Vessels, 101

Needle, bone, 67
New Mexico, 4
Northwest Coast, 66
Notched awl, 68
Nuarez, Genaro, 3

Nuclear Science and Engineering Corpor-
ation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 115

O Block Cave, 17

Pack rat, 93

Padilla, Alfred, 3

Padilla, Eddie, 3

Padilla, Gilbert, 3

Pebbles, utilized, 68

Pecking stone, 66

Pendant, unfinished, 90

Penrod, Floyd, 3

Penrod, Mr. and Mrs. Leonard, 3

Percussion-flaking, 12

Pestles, 64, 65, 66, 69, 75; multiface type,
64, 75

Petrified Forest, 95

Phipps, Mr. and Mrs. Claude, 4

Pine Lawn Valley, 97

Pipe, 66, 80; tubular, 69

Pit-houses (Site 30), 35, 36, 40, 44, 45, 50,
54, 115-117; shape of, 35, 36, 40, 44,
45, 50, 54

Pits, 42, 44, 46

Pits, in floor of pueblo (Site 31), 56;
storage, 99

Plain corrugated, 107

Plain wares, 95, 101, 102, 107

Plains, 66

Plaster, 64

Playas, 9

Polishing stone, 108

Postholes, 35, 38, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 54;
in pueblo (Site 31), 62

Pottery, from pueblo (Site 31), 118; from
pit-house village (Site 30), 117; taxon-
omy, 94; technology, 107; types found
in pit-houses, 35, 38, 44, 45, 48, 50, 56;
types found in pueblo (Site 31), 62

Pottery types, 94-113; Alma Incised, 100,
108; Alma Neck Banded, 100, 106, 108;
Alma Plain, Forestdale variety, 91,
95-98, 103, 108, 117; Alma Punched,
106, 108; Alma Rough, 106; Alma
Scored, 100, 108; Alma Smudged, 109;
Chaco, 109; Fine Paste Brown, 100;
Forestdale Smudged, 99, 100, 106, 108,
109; Lino Gray, 69, 100, 109; Lino
Smudged, 101, 106; MacDonald
Painted Corrugated, 102, 106; Mim-
bres Bold Face Black-on-White, 101;
plain corrugated, 107; plain wares, 95,

101, 102, 107; Puerco Black-on-White,

102, 107, 109; Red Mesa Black-on-
White, 106, 109; Reserve Black-on-
White, 102, 106, 109; Reserve Incised

INDEX

127

Corrugated, 106; Reserve Indented
Corrugated, 101, 106; Reserve Plain
Corrugated, 103; Reserve Smudged, 99,
109; San Francisco Red, 91, 95, 98, 99,
103, 108; Snowflake Black-on- White,
91, 102, 103, 109; Three Circle Red-
on-White, 101; Tularosa Black-on-
White, 106, 109; Tularosa Patterned
Corrugated, 102, 106; White Mound
Black-on-White, 101; Wingate Black-
on-Red, 107; Woodruff Red, 108;
Woodruff Smudged, 91, 95, 99, 103, 109

Prairie dog, 93

Pre-pottery sites, 114

Pine Lawn Phase, 116

Projectile points, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 24, 26,
29, 66, 80; Pinto, 15; San Jose, 15;
classification of, 24, 26, 29, 80-82

Prongbuck, 88

Pueblo I, 63, 68; II, 102; Culture, 17

Pueblo (Site 31), 118

Puerco Black-on-White, 102, 107, 109

Rabbit, cotton-tail, 93
Radiocarbon dates, 120
Rainfall, 115
Rat, wood, 93; pack, 93
Red Mesa Black-on-White, 106, 109
Reserve area, 3, 64

Reserve Black-on-White, 102, 106, 109
Reserve Incised Corrugated, 106
Reserve Indented Corrugated, 101, 106
Reserve Plain Corrugated, 103
Reserve Smudged, 99, 109
Roof, pueblo (Site 31), 62
Roofs, 35, 38, 42, 44, 48, 50, 56
Rooms excavated in pueblo, 56
Rubbing stones, 12, 22, 64, 73-75; classi-
fication of, 73-75

San Augustin Plains sites, 17

San Francisco Red, 91, 95, 98, 99, 103,
108, 117; Vernon variety, 103

San Jose Complex, 14, 17, 114; projectile
points, 15; sites, 16, 17

Saws, chipped stone, 69, 88

Sayles, E. B., 95

Scrapers, 11, 12, 14, 15, 29, 66, 67, 84;
biface, 15, 29; end, 15, 16, 17, 29;
ground edge, 16; hollow edge, 32; ser-
rate, 32; side, 15, 16, 17, 67; classifica-
tion of, 29

Scrapers, plane, 16

Shell objects, 67, 90-91; cut shell, 67

Sherds, worked, 68, 69, 91

Show Low, 3

Site 30, 115, 116; dating of, 119-120

Site 31, 115; dating of, 119-120

Sites, difference between, 114

Slabs, worked stone, 76

Snowflake Black-on-White, 91, 102, 103,

109, 118
Springerville, 3
St. Johns, 3
Stradling, Frank, 4, 9
Strassburger, Roland, 3
Subsistence, 119
SU Site, 66

Thomas, T., 114

Thode, Earl, ranch of, 4, 115

Thomas, Mr. and Mrs. T. H., 15, 16

Thomas, Tully, 15, 16

Three Circle Red-on-White, 101

Trade types, pottery, 100

Trade wares, 118

Tularosa Black-on-White, 106, 109

Tularosa Cave, 17, 66

Tularosa Patterned Corrugated, 102, 106

Turkey, 93

Turkey Foot Ridge, 66

Turner, Frank, 4

University of Arizona, 94

Ventilators, lacking, 116
Ventana Cave, Arizona, 16, 115
Vernon Creek, 115

Walls in pueblo (Site 31), height of, 56
Weaving, 67
Well, walk-in (?), 62
Wendorf, Fred, 15, 16, 114
Wet Leggett, 16

White Mound Black-on-White, 101
White Mountains, 9
Whiting, Mr. and Mrs. Eben, 3
Whorls, spindle, 68
Wingate Black-on-Red, 107
Woodchuck Cave, 66
Woodruff Red, 108

Woodruff Smudged, 91, 95, 99, 103, 109,
117

Publication 883