/ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF x\GRICULTURE OFFICE OF EX1M:K1MFNT STATION'S A. W. HARRIS, DIRECTOR ubrary EXPEEIMENT STATION" RECORD Volume III, August, 1891-July, 1892 PUBLISHED BY AUTUOPaTY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTINCJ OFFICE 18 0 2 V. 3 LOCATIONS AND DIRECTORS OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. AIjAbama— Auburn: W. L. Broun, LL. D.* Unioiitown: Canebrake Station: "W. H. New- man.M.S. + Athens: North Alabama Station; R. E. Binford. M. A. Abbeville: Southeast Alabama Station; D. Gillis, M. S. Anizo-s A— Tucson: F. A. GuUey, M.S. Arkansas— Ff/— Kingston: C. O. Flagg, B. S. South Carolina— /'"or^ Hill: H. A. Strode. South Dakota — Brookings: L. Foster, M. S. A. Tennessee— A'«oxt'i7i^.- F. Lamson-Scribner, B.S. Texas— College Station: G. W. Curtis, M. S. A. Utab— Logan: J. W. Sanborn, B. S. VzuMOtiT— Burlington: W. W. Cooke, M. A. ViRGiyiA-Blacksburg: J. M. McBryde, LL. D. Washington— jRwii/rtrtn; G. Lilley, LL. D. West Virginia- Jforgra/iL. D. Oregon— B. L. Arnold, M. A. Virginia— W. D. Saunders. Wyoming— D. McLaren, M. S. Office of Experiment Stations.— Director, A. W. Harris; Assistant Director. A. C. True; Special Agent for European Work and Consulting Expert, W. O. Atwater; Assistant Edi- tors, E. W. Allen (foreign work) and W. H. Beal (index.) ; Librarian and Record Clerk. S. L. Sommers. Communications intended for this Omce .should be addressed to the Sechktary of Agri tULTiiRE, for the Office of Experiment :^tations. Department of Agriculture. Washington. D. C. CONTENTS OF VOLl'Ml- III. EDITORIAL NOTES Pase. rhanf;;es in the org'anizatioa of the Office of Experiment Stations 1 The agi'icultui-al experiment station at Gottingen, Germany, and Profes- sor Henneberg _ i Investigations at Rothamsted "3 The fifth annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations _ i;i9 The meeting of representatives of the German experiment stations at Halle in September, 1891 207 Recent German methods for pot. box, and plat experiments 275 Agricultural experiment stations in Java 278 Notes on progress in agricultural research in 1891 .-- 365 General index of station literature 367 Statistics of the agricultural experiment station.s in the United States foi- 1891 439 Institutions for agricultural education and research in France - 440 Some lessons from recent feeding experiments in Prussia 507 Meteorological work for agricultural colleges and experiment stations.-- 585 Need of investigation of the fermentations of silage 587 Problems in soil investigations. - 665 Improvement of American grasses and cereals by increasing the nitrogen c(jnten t - 671 An eri-or in our agricultural production and the remedy, W. O. Atwater. 672 Index to mycological literature 759 Suggestions regarding station publications 760 Requir 'ments of experiment station work in the South 841 The third volume of the Experiment Station Record 842 ABSTRACTS OP STATION PUBLICATIONS. Alabama College Station: Bulletin No. 25 (new series), April, 1891 6 26 (new series), April, 1891 6 27 (new series). May, 1891 7 28 (new series), November, 1891... 443 29 (new series), November, 1891 58S 30 (new series), November, 1891 . 588 31 (newseries), November, 1891 589 32 (new series), November. 1891 589 33 (new series), December, 1891 684 34 (new series), January, 1892 684 TV Page. Alabama College Station— Continue J. Bulletin No. 35 (new series), Janua'-y. 1 J 6X3 36 (new series), March, 1S92 - _ _ _ 844 37 (new series), April, 1892 845 Alabama Canebrake Station: Bulletin No. 12, October, 1891 370 13, December, 1891 59U 14, March, 1892 .-. 762 Arizona Station: Bulletin No. 2, September 15, 1891 . 280 3, October, 1891 443 4, November, 1891 444 5, April. 1892 846 6, April, 1892 846 First and Second Annual Reports, I8i)J aad IJ 1 846 Arkansas Station: Bulletin No. 16, July, 1891 371 17, October, 1891 685 18, February, 1892.- 762 Third Annual Report, 1890 280 Fourth Annual Report, 1891 .- . ... 762 California Station : Bulletin No. 93, .Tune 25. 1891 ... 78 94, September 23, 181 1 371 95, December 10, 1891 444 96, January 25. 1892 685 Annual Report, 1890 590 Colorado Station: Bulletin No. 15, April, 1891 8 16, July. 1S91 373 17, October, 1891 686 18, December, 1891 686 Special Bulletin A. January, 1892 686 Third Annual Report, 1890 .' 81 Connecticut State Station : Bulletin No. 108, May, 1891 143 109, August, 1891. 213 110, December, 1S91 601 111, March, 1892 846 Annual Report, 1890.. 8 Annual Report, 1891 _ 763 Connecticut Storrs Station : Bulletin No. 7. September. 1891 - 213 Third Annual Report, 1890 374 Delaware Station: Bulletin No. 9,1890 602 13, July, 1891 144 Third Annual Report, 1890 686 Florida Station : Bulletin No. 13, April 1, 1891 145 14, July 1, 1891 380 Paee. Florida Station— Continued. liuUotiu No. If). October 1, 181(1- r,l(» Hi, .lariuary 1. 1892-.. i;04 GKouniA Station : Bulletin No. 12. Ainil 1891 15 12*. .luly. 1891 146 13, July, 1891 14G 14, Octvania Station: Bulletin No. 16, .July, 1891 177 17, October, 1891 468 18, January, 1892 722 19, April,1892 889 Annual Report, 1889 453 1890 712 Rhode Island Station: Bulletin No. 10, May, 1891.. 241 11, June, 1891 315 12, August, 1891 .533 13, September, 1891 622 14, October, 1891_ 623 15, April, 1892 889 Third Annual Report. 1890 529 South Carolina Station: Bulletin No. 1 (new series), July, 1891 244 2 (new series), July, 1891.. 5.33 3 (new series), October. 1891.. 536 4 (new series), December, 1891 536 Second Annual Report, 188J --- 315 Page South Dakota Station: Bulletin No. 24, May, 1891.. -.. 39 25, June, 1891 537 26, July, 1891 537 27, November, 1891 -.. 889 25, Dacimber, 1891 .-. 890 Fourth Annual Report, 1891 -.- -^ 623 Tennessee Station: Bulletin vol. ill, No. 6, December. 1890 -.. 40 vol. IV. No. 1, .January, 1891 40 2, April, 1891 40 3, July. 1891 - --.. 325 4, October. l^M .-. 470 5, December. 1>'91 537 vol. V, No. 1. January, 1892 723 Texas Station : Bulletin No. 14. March, 1891 97 15, May. 1S91 245 16, June, 1891 246 17, August, 1891-- 325 18, October, 1891 -.. .- 725 19, December, 1891 725 20, March, 1892 890 Fourth Annual Report, 1891 724 Utah Station: Bulletin No. 6, May 15, 1891 - 100 7, July, 1891 179 8, August, 1891 412 9, December, 1891 470 10, December, 1891 470 11, April 1, 1892 806 12, March. 1892 807 Second Annual Report, 1891 624 Vermont Station: Bulletin No. 24, May, 1891 101 25.... 101 26, September. 1891. 24H 27, January, 1892 890 28, April, 1892 891 Fourth Annual Report, 1890 .- 470 Virginia Station: Bulletin No. 10, June, 1891 179 11, October, 1891 625 Washington Station: Bulletin No. 1, December, 1891 627 2, January, 1892 726 3, February, 1892 807 West Virginia Station: Bulletin No. 13, .January, 1891 101 14, February, 1891 101 15, March, 1891 .'. 102 16, April, 1891 102 XI Page. West Virginia Station— Continued. Bulletin No. 17, May, 18J>1 102 18, Sei)tember, 1891 (J2H 11), November, 1H91.. ()2l» 20, January, 1892... HOT 21, April, 1892 808 22, February, 1892 - 892 Third Annual Report, 1890 1 44 VViscoxsiN Station: Bulletin No. 27, April, 1891. 48 28, July, 1891 248 29, October, 1891 480 30, January, 1892 808 Wyoming Station: Bulletin No. 1. May, 1891 50 2, August, 1891 182 3, November, 1891 413 4, December, 1891 630 ',, February, 1892 727 First Annual Report, 1891 629 ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF CNITKI) STATES DKPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Report on the Use of Maize in Europe 484 Farmers' Bulletin No. 6... . 631 Division op Statistics: Report No. 85 (new series), June. 1891 .. 53 86 (new series). July. 1891 107 Fiber Investigations. Report No. 3 108 Report No. 87 (new series i, August, 1891 183 88 (new series), September, 1891 253 89 (new series), October. 1891 326 90 (new series). November. 1891 414 91 (new series), December. 1891... 543 92 (new series^ January and February, 1802 638 93 (new series). March. 1892 728 94 (new series). April, 1892 813 95 (new series). May, 1892 903 Miscellaneous Report No. 2 904 3 905 4 906 Division op Botany: Contributions from the United States National lleibarium, vol. I, No. 4. June 30, 1891, and vol. ll, No. 1, June 27, 1891 ..- 103 Bulletin No. 14 415 12, December, 1891 548 Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, vol. in. No. 1. February 25. 1892 631 Division of Chemistry : Bulletin No. 31 632 13, part VI.. 814 32 -. 815 XII rage. Division op Entomology: Insect Life. vol. ill, Nos. 9 and 10. June. 1891 5.S Bulletin No. 23 i>3 25 53 Circular No. 2 (second series). June, 1891 55 Insect Life, vol. Ill, No.i. 11 and 12, August, 18v)l._ 183 vol. IV, Nos. 1 and 2, October, 1891 -.- 326 Nos. 3 and 4, Novembsr, 1891 414 Bulletin No. 6 (second edition i 415 Insect Life, vol. iv. Nos. 5 and 6, Decemb3r, 1891 - 546 Nos. 7 and 8, April, 1892 811 Bulletin No. 27 - 907 Division of Vegetable Pathology: Journal of Mycology, vol. vu. No. 1, September 10, 1S91 327 Bulletin No. 1-- - 485 Farmers' Eulletin No. 5 — 631 Journal of Mycology, vol. vn, No. 2, March 2, 1892 810 Weather Bureau: Special Report for 1891--. --- 329 Monthly Weather Review, vol. Xix. Nos. 7. S. and it. July. August, and September. 1891 486 No. 10, October, 1991 549 Nos. 11 and 12, NovemVer a d December. 1891 817 vol. XX, No. 1, January, 1892.. 817 Instruotions for Voluntary Observers.-- 817 Circulars B and C. Instrument Room 894 Bureau of Animal Industry: Cause and Prevention of Swine Plague - - •. 254 Sixth and Seventh Annual Rupor.s. 1889 and 181)0 - 729 Farmers" Bulletin No. 8 894 Division of Forestry: Bulletin No. 5 - 104 6 - - -- -..729,908 Office of Experiment Stations: Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, part ll - ] 06 Miscellaneous Bulletin No. 3 10(5 Experiment Station Bulletin No. 10 631 7 - .- 813 8 - 894 Division of Gardens and Grounds : Papers on horticultural and kindred subjects 107 Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy: North American Fauna, No. 5 185 Office of Irrigation Inquiry: Progress Report on Irriiration in the United States .'^28 Abstracts of reports of European investigations 56, 109. 185, 256, .331. 417. 48S, 550,634,732,818.910 Titles of articles in recent foreign publications 499, .578, 654. 748, 831, 924 Experiment station notes 69, 135. 201, 270, 362, 433, 500, 580, 657, 752, 834, 930 XIII • List of publications of llif Unitcfl States Df])aitmcnt of Ajji-u-iilturo, July ], IS'.H, to July 1. l«i»2 71, i:n. 204.27::. :{t;.i.4:iT..")U4.:)S2. »)•;:{. T.">ient for albumen in urine, E. Spiegler 819 Chemical distinction between true albuminoids, albumose, and peptone, M. Flaum - - 488 Determination of albuminoid nitrogen 615 Investigations vpith the calorimeter, H. B. Gibson 386 Composition and heat value of Utah fuels. W. P. Cutter ..- 624 On sources of error in field s-ampling of crops for analysis. C. D. Woocis- . 379 The application of the centrifuge in analytical and microscopic work, W. Thi'irner - 488 The determination of phosphoric acid in presence of iron and alumina. S. W. Johnson and T. B. Osborne 15 Comparative tests of methods for determination of total phosphoric acid in samj'les containing organic matter, J. A. Fries --- 720 Investigations upon methods for discriminating between phosphates de- rived from bone and those dcived from South Carolina rock, W. Frear. 462 On the Schulze-Tiemann method of estimating nitric acid, H. B. Gibson.. 385 A rapid method for estimating nitrates in potable waters, G. Harrow 109 Tests for olive oil adulteration, L. Paparelli 593 On the determination of crude liber, S. Gabriel 910 Deteiminaiion of fats in fodders by direct weighing of the ether extract and by loss of weight of the substance 615 The us ' of animal charcoal in the determination of fat in feeding stuffs, H. J. Patterson 516 A new method of organic analysis. Berthelot 818 Pi'oce:]2 Analys 's of foundation comb, F. T. Shiitt ... ,'i59 Lico alTecting domestic animals, H. Osborn 788 Bark louse and pear tre ■ slug, J. H. Pan ton 132 The chinch bug in Illinois, lSi)l-92, S. A. Forbes 780 Codlinj,^ moth and jjrapi'vine leaf hopi)er, C P. Gillette 8 Glassy-wing-ed soldier bug, H. E. Summers 42 Notes on the Gypsy moth and cranb rry insects, C. H. Fernald . 869, 871 Hessian fly, F. M. Webster _ 412 The hop plant louse 55 The horn fly, M. V. Slingerland 617 The imported elm leaf beetle, C. V, Riley 415 Raspberry gouty gall beetle, A. D. Hopkins 102 The rose chafer, J. B. Smith 169 The wheat midge in Ohio, F. M. Webster 315 The periodical cicada in Pennsylvania, W. A. Buckhout 462 Wireworms, J. H. Comstock and M. V. Slingerland 447 Three important clover insects, C. M. Weed 97 Insects injurious to the blackberry, J. B. Smith _ 705 Variation in Hessian fly injury, C. W. Wood worth 600 Plant lice, F. J. Niswander.. 182 Insects injurious to stored grain, H. E. Weed 702 Destructive locusts, C. V. Kiley 55 Damage by destructive locusts in 1891, L. Bruaer, D. W. Coquillett, and H. O.sborn V»()T Migratory locusts in Minnesota in 1891, O. Lugger 228 Insects which burrow in the stem of wheat, F. M . Webster .- 889 Some of the insects affecting creal crops, F. M. Webster... 55 Some common cabbage ins3cts. C. M. Weed 97 Some common pests of the farm and garden, H. Garman 792 Farm and garden insects and notes of the season. A. D. Hopkins 101 A preliminary accoiuit of some insects injurious to fruits in New MexiiiO, C, H. T. Townsend 230 Notes on important fruit insects, C. H. T. Townsend 886 Insects injurious to young fruit trees, F. L. Washburn 889 Notes on insects injurious to orchard fruits. G. W. Churchill.-- -.. 403 Preliminary report on black spruce insacts, A. D. Hopkins 102 Locust tre^> insects, A. D. Hopkins - 102 The Heteroptera of Tennessee. H. E. Summers 325 Some injurious insects, G. McCarthy - 175 Report of entom:)logist of Arkansas Station for 1890, C. W. Wood worth . . 282 Report of entomologist of Centi'al Experimental Farm of Canada for 189 I. J.Fletcher Sod Report of entomologist of Delaware Station, 1890, M. H. Beckwith 690 Notes on Iowa insects, H. Osborn 55 Notes on insects. H. Osborn and H. A. Gossard ..- 218 Reports on entomological work at Iowa Station, H. Osborn and H. A. Gos- sard - --- 222 Notes on injurious insects in Iowa, H. Osborn and H. A. Gossard 783 Injurious insects and fungi of Kentucky. H. Garman 859 Notes on insects in Maine in 1890, F. L. Harvey 396 Entomological work at Mississippi Station 876 Entomological notes for the season of 1890, M. E. Murtfeldt 54 XVIII Page. Nebraska insects. L. Bruner '>-i Notes on insect; in New York -^l'^ Insect record for Ohio for 1890, C. M. Weed 176 Entomological notes from Oregon. F. L. Washburn 4.")2 Notes on insects in South Carolina. E. A. Smyth, jr 318 Report of entomologist of West Virginia Station for 1890. A. D. Hopkins. 46 Notes on insects and insecticides, C. E. Hunn 403 Notes on injurious insects and insecticides, J. B. Smith 297.309 A new insecticide for the cottim worm, A. E. Menke and G. C. Davis 282 Spray and band treatment for codling moth, C. W. Wood worth 600 Experiments with resin compounds on Phylloxfra and general notes on California insects, A. Koebele 54 Spraying experim nts with Paris green for potato beetles at Main? Sta- tion, F. L. Harvey 39.J Various methods for destroying scale insects, D. W. Coquillett 54 The use of gases against scale insects. F. W. Morse HOI The spraying of orchards. W. J. Green - 620 Spraying fruits. G. C. Butz 889 Kerosene emulsion and notes on insects. A. .7. Cook and G. C. Davis 290 Methods of dealing with injurious insects, A. D. Hopkins and C. F. Mills- paugh - 808 Recommendations for the ])revention of damage by some common insects of the farm, the orchard, and the garden. .1. Fletcher- - -.- 197 Spraying for insect pests of the orchard and vineyard, .7. B. Smith and B. D. Halsted 878 Insecticide experiments with Paris green and kerosene emulsion. C. H, Fernald - 870 Experiments with insecticides at Massachusetts Hatch Station, S. T. May- nard - - ---- 804 Miscellaneous experiments in the control of injurious insects. C. M. Weed 96 Farm practice and fertilizers to control insect injury, J. B. Smith 610 Preparation and use of in.secticides, L. F. Kinney.* 889 Notes on insecticides. L. R. Taft 871 Directions for the usj of insecticides, S. T. Maynard 23 Formvilas for insecticides. J. H. Panton 819 Report on an insect trap, C. H. Fernald 870 School instruction in entomology in California, E. J. Wickson 6(X) Insect Life, vol. Ill - 5.3, 1S3 Insect Life, vol. IV - 326,414,546,811 SOILS. Decomposition of rocks and formation of arable soil, A Miintz 114 Soil investigations in New .lersey. H. B. Patton 296. .301 Physical investigations of soils at South Carolina Station in 1889, M. Whitney --- --- 316 Mechaiiical and chemical analyses of soils at South Carolina Station in 1889, R. H. Loughridge 315 Observations with the rain gauge, ly.simeters, and soil thermometers, C. A. Zavitz - -■ - 128 Soil temperatures at Colorado Station 84 Observations of soil temperatures at Main.> Station. 1890, M.C. Fernald— 396 Observations of soil temperatures at Neb.aska Station for 1890, DeW. B. Br..ce and H. N. Allen 29 XIX Proposed soil investigations by Oregon Station. (J. W. Shaw 412 Soil moisture and temperature at Pennsylvania Station, W. Frear. 720 Soil temjjeratures at Utah Station, J. H. Walker (52") On the tixation of nitrogen by the soil. A. (Jautier and R. Drouin .')52 The formation and oxidation of nitrites during nitrilication, S. Wiuo- gradsky..- 550 The formation of nitrates in the process of nitrification. S. Winogradsky r>'A The comparative effect of sulphata of iron and sulphate of lime on the con- servation of nitrogen in bare soils, and on nitritication, P. Pichard 917 Effects of dilTerent pro|)ortions of clay and of organic nitrogen on the fixar tion of atmospheric nitrogen, the conservation of nitrogen, and nitrifica- tion. P. Pichai'd (!.■{() Absorption of atmospheric ammonia by arable soils. T. Schhising 110 Composition of drainage watjrs from bare and cultivated soils, P. P. De- herain 492 Lectures on the investigations at the Rothamsted Experimental Station, R. Warington 894 Analyses of mesa .soil in Arizona, C. B. Colling wood 84(5 Analyses of California soils _ 590 Soil investigations by Louisiana Stations 861 Analyses of soils by Nevada Station, ,T. W. Phillips ,30 Analyses of soil at Utah Station. W. P. Cutter 624 Geology of the Laramie Plains. J. D. Conley 52 Soil of the farm of Wyoming Station. J. D. Conley 52 Analyses of rock, clay, marl, peat, and gypsum at California Station 590 Investigations of ''alkali" in soils, E. W. Hilgard and M. E. Jaffa .59i) The occurrence of common salt at different altitudes, A. Mimtz 197 Recent observations on the amount of sulphur in arable soil and on the nature of the compounds which it forms, Berthelot and Andre 637 Contributions to the knowledge of the nitrogenous compounds of ai-abk.' soil. Berthelot and Andre 117 Decomposition of oi'ganic fertilizers in soil, A. Miintz li;^ The volatile nitrogenous compounds exhaled by arable soil, Berthelot_ . . 118 Gain or loss of nitrogen by soils. A. Pagnoul 120 The spontaneous oxidation of humic acid and humus, Berthelot and An- dre 635 Researches on humus substances, Berthelot and Andre 119 Soil inoculation for yellow lupine, Salfeld 5.53 New experiments in soil inoculation. Schmitter- 491 Effect of sulphate of iron in the soil on the yield of different cereals, A. Mayer 919 A new method for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils, A. Helmkampf 920 METEOROLOGY— WATER. Relation of climatic conditions to the formation of nicotine in tobacco, A. M ay e r 65 Relation of meteorological conditions to the development of corn, W. Frear and W. H. Caldwell 466 Observations of rainfall and evaporation for 1889 at Nebraska Station, J. G. Smith 29 Instructions for voluntary observers of the United States Weather Bureau. X. Russell... .,„ 817 XX Page. Instructions for the use of maximum and minimum thermometers and the rain gauge 894 Meteorological work for agricultural institutions, M. W. Harrington 631 Special Report of Weather Bureau for 1«91, M. W. Harrington 329 Meteorological observations at Colorado Station - - 84 Meteorological observations at Connecticut Storrs Station. 1890, C. S. Phelps -- -- 386 Meteorological observations in Delaware, G. A. Harter -- 690 Report of meteorologist of Maine Station. 1890, M. C. Fernald 396 Meteorological record at Maryland Station for 1890 517 Meteorological observations at Mas.l Station, A. I. na3-ward 'tl'.] Field experiments with corn at Illinois Station, G. E. Morrow and F. D. Gardner 847 Field experiments with corn at Indiana Station, W. C. Latta 851 Field experiments with corn and barley at Iowa Station, D. A. Kent 786 Field experiments with corn at Kansas Station, C. C. Georgeson, F. C Biirtis. and W. Shelton .-. 835 Field exi)eriments with corn, cotton, flax, wheat, and grasses at Missis- sippi Station 87-4 Field experiments with corn and root crops at Missouri Station, H. J. Waters 24 Fxperiments with corn, C. E. Thorne and J. F. Hickman <)4 Field expei-iments with commercial fertilizers on corn and oats, and (u-ops grown in rotation in Ohio, C. E. Thorne and J. F. Hickman _. 887 Nitrogen supply of corn, W. P"'rear and H. P. Armsby 46."$ Coiiperative field experiments with fertilizers on corn, H. J. Wheeler 530 Field experiments with corn at South Dakota Station, L. Foster 39 Introduction of maize into Europe. C. .). Murphy 484 Cotton, tests of varieties and fertilizers at Alabama College Station, J. S. Newman and J. Clayton. 684 Tests of varieties of cotton at Pine BlulT, Arkansas, B. M. Baker 285 Test of varieties of cotton at Mississippi Station. E. R. Lloyd 702 Chemical study of the cotton plant, J. B. McBryde 5.37 Field experiments with cotton at South Carolina Station, J. M. McBryde. 533 Field experiments with cotton at Alabama Canebrake Station, W. H. Newman 762 Field experiments with fertilizers on cotton at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, B. M. Baker 285 Field experiments with cotton, harley, and rye at Arkansas Station, R. L. Bennett 7(^2 Experiments with cotton at Georgia Station, R. J. Redding 691 Experiments with cotton at Louisiana Stations 860 Development of the roots of the cotton plant, M. Whitney 318 Grass gardening, J. B. Olcott 13 Pasture grasses, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz.. 128 Pasture grasses, F. L. Scribner.. 41 Tests of varieties of grasses and legumes at Newport, Arkansas, R. L. Bennett 2^4 Notes on some of the range grasses of Arizona. J. W. Tourney 280 Grasses and foi-age p'ants for California, E. J, Wickson 595 Composition of timothy grass at ditTe rent stages of growth, F. W. Morse. 291 Crab grass hay. C. W. Dabney, jr 40 Analyses of grasses, corn, and grains, H. H. Harrington. 890 Notes on tests of grasses at Central Experimental Farm of Canada, .1. Fletcher .3.-)9 Report of Colorado grass station, C. S. Cran'la'l 84 4512 — VOL III 8 XXIV Fodder crops for soiling- and for silage. C. S. Phelps 376 Field experiments with forage plants and analyses of the products by Georgia Station 15 Culture of forag-e plants, G. Speth -- H8 Time of sowing grass seed, J. Wilson et al 785 Experiments with forage plants at Kansas Station, C. C. Georgeson, H. M. Cottfell. and W. Shelton 16 Tests of forage plants at Louisiana Stations.. 860 Grasses and leguminous plants at Maryland Station, A. I. Hayward 514 Experiments with forag ■ plants at Massachusetts Hatch Station 699 Permanent vs. recently se .>ded me idows, W. J. Beal 398 Field experiments with grasses, clovers, and oats at Nebraska Station, J. G. Smith- -. 28 Experiments with forage p'ants at Nevada Station, W. S. Devol 29 Field experiments with nitrate of soda on timothy grass in New Jersey .. 299 Grasses, forage plants, and flax at New York State Station. F. E. Emery. 404 Fibsr plants for California, E.W. Ililgard. M. E. .Jaffa, and K. J.Wickson. 594 Composition of the ramie plant. M. PL .lafTa. 371 gisal hemp culture, C. K. Dodge 108 Ginseng, J. H. Panton 134 Tests of varieties of oats at Kentucky Station, M. A. Scovell and C. L. Curtis -- — ' Composition of light and heavy oats. R. Heinrich 822 Experiments with oats and wheat at G^eorgia Station, R. J. Redding .387 Field experiments with oats in 1801 at Illinois Station, G. E. Morrow and F. D. Gardner. - 779 Field experiments with oats in 1801 at Kansas Station, C. C. Georgeson et al - -- 789 Field exjieriments with oats, potatoes, forage plants, and vegetables at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. Goessmann 157 Field experiments with oats at New York State Station. W. P. Wheeler. 400 Field experiments with oats at Ohio Station. J. F. Hickman 805 Field experiments with fertilizers on oats, wheat, corn, cotton, and mis- cellaneous crops in South Carolina, J. M. McBryde -- 320 Potatoes, test of varieties in Delaware, M. H. Beckwith 689 Test of varieties of potatoes at Iowa Station, C. F. Curtiss 786 Potatoes, tests at Virginia Station, W. B. Alwood 626 Tests of varieties of potatoes at Missouri Station. J. W. Clark 445 Tests of varieties of roots, potatoes, and fodder corn at Ontario College Station. T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 743 Composition of potatoes as aflected by fertilizers, W.P.Brooks 868 Effect on the total yield of potatoes of removing the tubers from time to time, E. WoUny 740 Hastening the maturity of potatoes, H. L. BoUey 610 Experiments with potatoes at Alabama College Station, J. S. Newman and J.Clayton 589 Field exi)eriments with potatoes, turnips, mangel-wurzels, and carrots, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 128 Field experiments with potatoes in England. J. A. Voelckor 187 Experiments with potatoes and ryo at Florida Station. J. P. DePass 145 Experiments with potatoes and forage plants at Georgia Station, G. Speth. 603 Field experiments with ])Ota^91, E. F. Ladd 804 Experiments with mangel-wurzels and sugar baets at Ohio Station, J. F. Hickman 886 Sugar beet culture in Oregon, G. W. Shaw and D. Lotz 806 Sugar beets in South Dakota, J. H. Shepard 889 Sugar beet experiments in Wisconsin in 1891, F.W. WoU 808 The sugar beet in Wyoming, D. McLaren and E. E. Slosson 413 Field and laboratory experiments with sugar cane in Louisiana. W. C. Stubbs 861 Relation between the quality of tobacco and its composition, M. Barth. .. 187 Tobacco culture, A. .1. Bondurant 845 Tobacco culture in Florida, .J. P. DePass — 510 Experiments in tobacco culture at North Louisiana Station 861 Tocacco, cultivation and curing, J. M. Estes , , 631 XXVI Page. Tests of varieties of grain at California substations 599 Field experiments with wheat at Illinois Station, 1890-91, G. E. Morrow. 215 Test of varietiesof winter wheatandoats at Iowa Station. .J.Wilson f^ al.. 785 Test of variaties of wheat and oats at Maryland Station. A. I. Hay ward.. 514 Test of varieties of wheat and oats at Missouri Station. H. .J. Waters 167 Tests of varieties of wheat at New York State Station, E. E. Emery 404 Comparative tests of varieties of wheat at Ohio Station, .1. F. Hickman.. 243 Tests of varieties of wheat at Oregon Station. H. T. French and C. D. Thompson 806 Tests of varieties of wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and corn at Pennsylva- nia Station in 1889, W.H.Caldwell 453 Tests of varieties of grain, potatoes, and root crops at Pennsylvania Sta- tion, W. H. Caldwell 719 Tests of varieties of wheat and oats at South Carolina Station. .1. F. Dug- gar 536 Examination of wheat of different years. W. Windisch 823 Winter wheat experiments, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz _. 199 Experiments on continuous growing of wheitand barley at Wob irn. Eng- land, J. A. Voelcker 186 Cooperative experiments with cereals under the auspices of the German Agricultural Society 268 Field experiments with wheat at Indiana Station, W. C. Latta 510 Field experiments with fertilizers on wheat in New Jersey 299 Forms of nitrogen for wheat, H. A. Huston 512 Field experiments with wheat at Kansas Station, C. C. Georgeson, H. M. Cottrell. and W. Shclton 223 Field experiments with wheat at Kentucky Station, M. A. Scovell and C. L. Curtis 227 Experiments in wheat seeding at Ohio Station, J. F. Hickman. 243 Experiments with fertilizers on wheat at South Carolina Station, J. F. Duggar 536 Field experiments with commercial andother'fertilizers on wheat at Ohio Station, C. E. Thorne and J. F. Hickman 241 Testsof varieties of ditferent crops at experifnental farms of Canada 360 Experiments with spring grain at Ontario College Station, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 743 Report of agricultural departme it of Coloralo Station, R. H. M ;Dow3ll . . 82 Experiments with various crops and with silage at Florida Station, J. P. DePass.. 604 Tests of varieties of miscellaneous crops, W. P. Brooks 869 Notes on farm crops at Nebraska Station in 1891, C. L. IngersoU 703 Tests of varieties of field crops and vegetables at Nevada Station, 1891 .. 802 Testsof varieties of fi dd crops at Utah Station. A. A. Milts •. 625 Report of agriculturist of West Virginia Station, D. D. .Tohnson 48 Varieties of field crops for Wyoming. D. McLaren an I B. C. BufTum 727 Experiments in rotation of crops at Maryland Station, A. I. Hay \varJ 514 Vegetation experiments in bo.xes, F. Wohltmann and H. Scheffler .342 Plat and box experiments at the Dresden Station for plant culture 350 CROPS — CURING AND STORAGE. Fodder corn and the silo.G. Harcourt. 131 Experiments with corn silage at Iowa Station, D. A. Kent 786 XXVII Method of filling silos at Maryland Station, A. I. Hay ward 514 Silos iiiiil sUat;.' in Nehruska, .1. G. Smith 28 Silos and silaye, F. R. Emery 452 Comparison of ensiling and field curing for Indian corn, H. F. Armsby and W.H.Caldwell 1. 457 Silago I'.s. corn fodder. H. P. Armsby, W. Frear. and W. H. Caldwell 713 Shrinkage of corn and sorghum silage in the silo at Arkansas Station 280 Investigations as to the changes in feeding stuffs by souring in the silo. O. Kellner, Y. Kozai, and Y. Mori i 206 Field-cured and ensiled meadow grass. E. Wolff and J. Eis'nlohr 638 The loss of valuable ingredients of hay by exposure to rain, A. Emmer- ling 263 Description of the Symmes hay cap, A. I. Hayward. 514 Changes in potatoes in keeping, E. WoUny 493 Pitting the sugar beet, C.C. James 132 The curing of Havana seed leaf tobacco by artificial heat in Connecticut. 776 Test of a new method for curing tobacco at North Carolina Station 709 The fermentation of tobacco, E. Suchsland . 354 HORTICULTURE. Influence of the 3epth of transplanting upon the heading of cabbages, L. H. Bailey 618 Cabbages and cauliflowers, imported vs. American seed, P. Collier 38 Tests of varieties of cabbages and cauliflowers at Utah Station, E. S. Rich- man 625 The forcing of English cucumbers, L. H. Bailey 240 Ash analysis of White Glob3 onions at Connecticut State Station 143 Culture of onions and celery in the South, W. F. Massey. 803 Transplanting onions, L. P. Kinney 623 Tests of varieties of peas at Arkansas Station, R. L. Bennett 284 Stnchys tuberifcra, composition 740 Large vs. small sweet i)otatoes for seed, J. S. Newman and J. Clayton 589 Field experiments with, sweet potatoes at Newport, Arkansas, R. L. Ben- nett 284 Experiments with sweet potatoes and tomatoes at Georgia Station, G. Speth 693 Experiments with sweet potatoes at Louisiana Station, H. A. Morgan and B. B. Ross - 698 Field experiments with fertilizers on sweet potatoes in New Jersey . 3(X) Experiments with fertilizers on sweet potatoes in New Jersey, E. B. Voorhees _. 88.3 Composition of tomatoes. N. I'asserini 189 Chemical composition and anatomical structure of tomatoes, G. Brissiand T. Gigli 191 Experiments with tomatoes, potatoes, and strawberries at Maryland Sta- tion, T. L. Brunk 515 Experiments with nitrate of soda on tomatoes by New Jersey State Sta- tion, E. B. Voorhees 30, 293. 299, 879 Notes on tomatoes in 1891 at New York Cornell Station, L. H. Bailey and E. G. Lodemann 405 Experiments in the forcing of tomatoes. L. H. Bailey 91 Tomatoes, comparison of methods of growing, P. Collier 38 XXVIII Page. Tomatoes from green and ripe seed, P. Collier 39 Test of varieties of tomatoes at West Virginia Station, D. D. Johnieon 808 Watermelons and cantaloupes at Alabama College Station, J. S. Newman and J. Clayton 443 Notes on vegetables and fruits at Florida Station, J. P. DePass 386 Experiments with vegetables at Georgia Station. G. Speth 387 Notes on vegetables at Kansas Station. E. A. Popenoeand S. C. Mason .. 18 Tests of varieties of vegetables and strawberries at Kentucky Station. C. L. Curtis - 791 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Maine Station. W. Balentine 395 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Michigan Station, L. 11. Taft and H. P. Gladden 609 Experiments with vegetables and fruits at Nevada Station. W. S. Devol- 30 Some new vegetables, L. H. Bailey 617 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Oregon Station. G. Coote -. - 622 Notes on new varieties of vegetables at Pennsylvania Station, G. C Butz. 461 Systematic testing of new varieties. G. C. Butz _. 461 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Pennsylvania Station. G. C Butz 719 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Utah Station. E. S. Riclinian 807 Tests of varieties of vegetables and small fruits at Vermont Station, C. W. Minott - . .•..- 479 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Virginia Station , W. B. AlwcoJ 625 Varieties of vegetables and fruits for Wyoming, D. McLaren and B. C. Buffura 727 Apples, pears, peaches, and plums at Alabama College Station. J. S. New- man 588 Composition of apple tree leaves. F. T. Shutt 357 Experiment with fertilizers on apple and peach trees at Maryland Station. T. L. Brunk 515 Analysis of apricots at California Station 591 Studies on the ripening of cherries, on the products of fermentation of cherry and currant juices, and on the coloring matter of black and of red currants, W. Keim 555 The Siberian crab ai)ple as a grafting stock, S. T. Maynard 865 Tests of varieties of figs and Japanese oranges in North Carolina 709 Tests of varieties of figs and Persian palms at California Station, C. H. Shinn 686 Olive culture in California. W. G. Klee and L. Paparelli 592 Analyses of California oranges and lemons. G. E. Colby and H. L. Dvor.. 78 Investigations of California oranges and lemons, G. E. Colby and H. L. Dyer _ 591 Experiments with fertilizers on peach trees in New Jersey, E. B. Voor- hees ...293,300 An investigation of the causes of the failure of the peach crop in New .fersey in ISiM), B. D. Halsted 306 Microscopical study of peach buds, B. D. Halsted. .TO6 Tests of varieties of fruit at Arkansas Station, J. F. McKaj^... 685 Tests of orchard fruits, grapes, and nuts at California substations 599 Fruit interestT of Coloi-ado, C. S. CrandalL 686 Test of varieties of fruit in Delaware, M. H. Beekwith 689 Varieties of orchard fruits at Louisiana Sugar Station 860 Experiments with orchard fruits and grapes at Massachusetts Hatch Sta- tion, S. T. Maynard 865 XXIX Pace Fruit tosfing at the MichiLTan substation, l^'tl. T. T. Lyon TOO Varieties of frtiits at l'cnn.s\ivania Station, (i. C. IJutz _ 722 ExporiiTiL'nts with oreliarJ fruits, yrajjj.s, and vejjetablos at Tennessee Station. R. L. Watts - 723 Notes on fruits at Michi'j^an Station, L. R. Tuft 794 Notes on native fruits, S. B. Green 2;!0 Pruninfj fruit trees, R. L. Watts 42 Breedini^ of orcluu-il and garden fruits, J. L. BuJd 223 Blossoms of orchard fruits. J. L. Budd- : 218 Preservative fluids for fruits and the sulpliuring: of drl^^'d fruits, E. W. Ililgard 592 Sulphuring in fruit drying, E. W. Hilgard 68r> The dewberries, L. 11. Bailey .523 Test of varieties of strawberries at Kansas Station, E. A. Popouoe and S. C. Mason _ GOT Notes ou strawberries and raspberries at Minnesota Station, 1891, S. B. Groen 220 Tests of varieties of strawberries at Oregon Station, G. Cooto 412 Strawberries, peas, and beans at Utah Station, E. S. Richmaa 470 Small fruits, G. Speth... OCT Experiments with small fruits and vegetables, and diseases of grapes, .1. Troop - T80 Tests of varieties of small fruits at Massachusetts Hatch Station, S. T. Maynard- 200 Not.'s on small fruits at New York State Station 313 Experiments with small fruits and vegetables at New York State Station. C. E. Hunn... 401 Experiments with small fruits at Ohio Station, 1891, W. .J. Green 411 Grapes, strawberries, and raspberries at Alabama Canebrake Station 3T0 Grapes, raspberries, and strawberries, J. S. Newman and J. Clayton 588 Grapes from Persia and Italy. L. Paparelli 595 Girdling grapevines, .J. Fisher 24, 865 Second rejiort on the experimental vineyard of the Kansas Station, E. A. Popenoe and S. C. Mason 788 On the source and nature of the coloring matter in grapes, A. Gautier 923 Chestnut culture foi- fruit, W. A. Buckhout 177 Analyses of several varieties of chestnuts, W. BVear- 177 Electroculture of plants, C. D. Warner '. 517 Some prelimina'y studies of the intluence of the electric arc light upon greenhouse? plants, L. H. Bailey- 232 Summer propagation of hardy plants, S. B. Green .- 230 A few ornamental plants, G. C. Butz 720 Trees, shrubs, and small fruits for the home grounds, J. L. Budd 78S Tea culture in Noi th Carolina 709 Reportof horticulturist of Arkansas Station for 189^, J. McNeil 282 Rejiort of horticulturist of Central Experimental Farm of Canada. J. Craig 356 Experiments in horticulture at experimental farms of Canada 3ti0 Report of horticulturist of Colorado .Station, C S. Crandall 82 Experiments with fertilizers for plants under glass at Massachusetts Hatch Station. S. T. Maynard 2i)0 Experiments in groenho.ise heating at Massachusetts Hatch Station, S. T. Maynard - 289 XXX Page. Horticultural work at Mississippi Station 87(i Experiments in horticulture at Missouri Station, J. W. Clark 444 Horticultural work at New Mexico Station. A. E. Blount 885 Report of acting pomologist of New York State Station, 1890, G. W. Churchill. 403 Notes on horticultural work in 181)1 at North Carolina Station. W. F. Massey 803 Report of horticulturist of Rhode [sland Station for 1890, L. F. Kinney .. 531 Experiments in horticulture at South Carolina Station, C. A. KctTer 537 Work in horticulture at Texas Station, S. A. Beach . 246 Papers on horticultural and kindred subjects, W. Saundei's 107 FORESTRY. What is forestry ? B. E. Fernow 103 Timber physics. B. E. Fernow.. 7:29.908 Trees i)lanted on Mount Hamilton, California. K. McLennan.. 599 The black wattle in Califoi-nia 595 Evergreens from seed, S. B. Green — 229 Preliminary report on the native trees and shrubs of Nebraska. C. E. Bessey 521 Experiments in forestry at experimental farms of Canada 360 SEEDS. Should farmers raise their own vegetable .seeds? G. C. But/... 461 Examination of the seed of oi'chard grass at Connecticut State Station... 143 Northern vs. Southern seed of wheat, oats, and potatoes, H. J. Waters... 168 American vs. foreign seed of cabbages and cauliflowers, C. E. Hunn. 402 Distribution of .seeds and plants by California Station. E. .J. Wickson 444.595 Miscellaneous plants distributed by California Station. C. H. Shinn 596 Seed distriliution by Canadian experimental farms 356 Northern vs. Southern s -ed corn, A. I. Hayward _ 514 Ci.'rmination tests at Pennsylvania Station, G. C. Butz 461 (termination tests of seeds at Maine Station. F. L. Harvey 395 Preliminary rei)ort on the examination of some sees in Iowa, P. H. Rolfs. 217 EtTect of boracic acid on germination, .J. Morel 63.J EtTect of solutions of copper and iron sulphate on the vitality of wheat seed, F. T. Shutt 358 WEEDS. Notes on rib grass and fall dandelion, F. L. Harvey 396 Dodder in Nevada, F. H. Hillman 803 Notes on nrloiiKmautmnitak. E. A. Smyth, jr 318 Weeds as fertilizers, C. F. Millspaugh 629 W( eds of California, E. W. Hilgard 598 Some California weed seeds. H. P. Dyer 599 Notes on Colorado weeds. C. S. CrandalL 82 Weed pests in Iowa, L. H. Pammel... 217 The weeds of New Jersey, B. D. Halsted 308 Notes on weeds, B. D. Halsted 297 Some noteworthy weeds, A.N. Prentiss 616 Weeds of West Virginia. C. F. Millspaugh 892 XXXI FOODS— FKEDING STUFFS— FEEDINC OF ANIMATES. Pajrew Chemistry and ocoiiomy of food, W.(J. Atwatur and G. D. Woods 213 Protoidsor albuniinoi Is of the oat kernel, T. B. Osborne -.. 11. "(UJ Proteids of the maize kernel, 11. H. Chittenden and T. B. Osborne TfiS On the assimilation of carbohydrates, Hanriot 82.'{ Adulterants of sugar, molasses, and sirup, confections, honey, and bees- wax 814 Special report on the extent and character of food adulterations, A. J. Wedderburn 815 The food value of brushwood, A. Stutzer 493 Composition of frozen and unfrozen diffusion chips, A. Stutzer 498 The food value of maize, H. W. Wiley 484 Feeding- value of the cotton plant and its parts, J. B. McBryde 540 Analyses of peanut-hull meal. A. Emmerliiig'_ 191 Composition of drinl brewers' g-raiiis. W. Frear 720 Analyses of feeding: stuffs at Central Ex))erimental Farm of Canada, F. T. Shutt 357 Analyses of feeding stuffs by Connecticut State Station.- , 13 Analyses of feeding stuffs at Connecticut Storrs Station, C. D. Woods 375 Analyses of feeding stuffs at Delaware Station, C. L. Penny 690 Analyses of feeding stuffs at Georgia Station, H. G. White -.- 146 The composition and valuation of Indiana feeding stuffs, H. A. Huston . . . 513 Fodder analyses at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. G :)essmann 157 Analyses of patent cattle foods, G. H. Whitcher and F. W. Morse 877 Commercial valuation of the food and fertilizing constituents of feeding materials, P. Collier 89 Food values of feeding stuffs, P. Collier... 399 Analyses of feeding stuffs by New Jersey Station, E. B. Voorhees 2!)(). 301 Analyses of commercial feeds, E. B. Voorhees 878 Analyses of feeding stuffs at South Carolina Station, W. B. Burney 318 Comi)arative ash determinations of feeding stuffs, D. Adriance 246 Feeding standards and composition of feeding stuffs, H. P. Armsby 4.")3, 713 The fuel value of feeding stuffs, W. O. Atwater 386 Tests of the digestibility of feeding stuffs at Texas Station 246 Relative yield of digestible material in early-cut and late-cut timothy hay 391 Digestion experiments with cows at North Carolina Station, F. E. Emery and B. W. Kilgore 452 Calf-feeding experiment at Iowa Station, J. Wilson et al - 221 Feeding experiments with colts at Maine Station 391 Linseed cake vs. sesame cake foi' milch cows 745 Increase of the fat content of milk by feeding cocoanut cake. R. Heinrich. 67 Coiiperative feeding expei-iments with milch cows, fattening oxen, and fattening sheep in Prussia by the Halle Experiment Station and by farm- ers 557 Feeding experiments with wet vs. dry diffusion residue of sugar beets, by Halle Station - 640 Effects on butter of feeding cotton seed and cotton-seed meal, N. T. Luptou . 6 Soiling cows. C. A. Zavitz _ 132 Effect of food upon quality of milk, J. Wilson et al 219 Exp.'i'iment-; in feeding foi- milk at Iowa Station, .T. Wilson et al 216. 222 Soiling oxpiTimonts with cows at Iowa Station, J. Wilson ct al 784 Flaxseed meal and oil meal as food for cows, .T. Wilson ct al "So XXXII Pace. Test of dairy cows at Maine Station 19 The pi-ej aration of a ration for milch cows — 22 Feeding old milch cows for beef at .Maryland Station, A. I. Hay ward 607 Feeding exp.n'iments with milch cows at Massachusetts State Station, C. A . Go jssman n 153, 287 Feeding experiments with milch cows at Mississippi Station, E. R. Lloyd- 166 Feeding experiments with cows and mules at Mississippi Station 875 Silage in dairy farming, G. H. Whitcher _ 88 Effect of food on quantity of milk, G. H. Whitcher.-. .'. - 88 On the effect of a grain ration for cows at pasture, I. P. Roberts and H. H. Wing - --- 613 Comparison of dairy breeds of cattle with reference to production of but- ter at New York Stata Station. P. Collier --. 311 Feeding experiments with milch cows at New York State Station. P. Col- lier -- 398 Chemical data for test of breeds of dairy cows at New York State Station L. L. Van Slyke - 401 Breeds of live stock for Wyoming, D. McLaren and B. C. Buffum 727 Roots vs. silage for cows at New York State Station. F. £. Emery -.. 404 Rations used in tests of dairy breeds at New York State Station, F. E. Emery - - 405 Feeding experiments with different breeds of dairy cows at New Jersey Station, E. B. Voorhtes ..296,301 Soiling system for milch cows, H. P. Armsby et al - 453 The value of cotton-seed meal as compared with wheat bran for the pro- duction of butter, T. F. Hunt - 468 Effect of succulent food on the churnability of the fat in milk,W. W. Cooke. 472 Effect of heavy feeding of grain on quantity and quality of milk, J. L. Hills - \ - - 472 Comparative effects of hay, silage, and corn fodder as fed to milch cows, J. L. Hills - 473 Light vs. heavy meal for milch cows, J. L. Hills 474 Effect on quantity and quality of milk of the change from barn to pasture, J. L. Hills 477 Feeding heifers on silage only at Maryland Station, H. E. Alvord 607 Report of poultry manager of Central Experimental Farm of Canada, A. G. Gilbert 359 Experiments with poultry at experimental farms of Canada 360 A new material for preserving egg>i. I. P. Roberts 617 Feeding experiments with laying hens at New York State Station, P. Collier - 36 Experiments with poultry at New York State Station. W. P. Whe>?ler--- 399 Oyster shells as food for laying hens 705 Feeding experiments with hens at New York Stat« Station 707 Time of watering horses, J. W. Sanborn... 470 Whole I'.s. ground grain for horses at Utah Station, J. W. Sanborn. 470 Feeding experiments with lambs, C. A. Zavitz.. 129 Feeding shorn and unshorn lambs in winter, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz... 496 Fattening lambs for the British ma"k(>t. T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 496 Feeding experiments with lambs at Massachusetts State Station. C. A. Goessmann 155 Experiments with roots vs. silage for fattening lambs at Michigan Station, P. M. Harwood and F. B. Mumford.. 872 XXXIII Effect of food on wool fibers. W. W. Cooke and L. R. Jones ^71 Fooding hay to \vorkiii'21 Enzootic cerebritis of horses in Kansas, N. S. Mayo 388 A double monstrosity of a calf traceable to injury of its mother, O. Schwartzkopff 795 Ringworm in young cattle. R. R. Dinwiddle 371 An apthous affection among dairy cows in Iowa, M. Stalker 223 Report on tuberculosis, F. L. Russell 23 Dehorning experiment at Minnesota Station, C. D. Smith and T. L. Haecker 795 Dehorning at Xew York Cornell Station. I. P. Roberts 617 Investigation of Southern cattle plague, R. R. Dinwiddle 283 Notes on hog cholera and Southern cattle plague, W. B. Niles — 319 Cause and prevention of swine plague. T. Smith 254 Inoculation for prevention of hog cholera. 894 Diseases of sheep. T. D. Hinebauch .-. 619 Common scab of sheep. O. Lugger.- 228 Liver flukes, M. Francis.. 725 Sixth and Seventh Annual Reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1889 and 1890.- 729 DAIRYING. At what degree of acidity does cows' milk curdle on heating? W. T. Thih-ner 355 Relation of fat and casein in milk, W. W. Cooke 475 Determination of casein in milk, J. Roux. 497 The fat globules of milk. L. H. Merrill 23 Study of milk globules at Vermont Station, L. R. Jones 472 Mineral ingredients of milk. L. H.Merrill 23 Volatile fatty acids in Holland butter. A. J. S waving 125 The b havior of bacteria of typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and cholera in butter. H. Laser 423 Butter analyses at Connecticut State Station 766 The composition of cream aiul buttermilk and the loss of butter fat in churning _. 765 Effect on the constitution of the milk fat of adding sugar to the food, A. Mayer 744 Effect of food on the hardness of butter, A. H. Wood and C. L. Parsons .. 86 Effect on the chemical composition of milk ash of feeding precipitated phos- phate of lime. E. Hess and Schaffer... 744 Effects of cotton seed and cotton-seed meal on the creaming of milk, G. W. Curtis and .1 . W. Carson 97 Citric acid as a normal constituent of cows' milk. Th. Henkel : 122 Concerning the origin of citric acid in milk, A. Scheibe 123 The reaction of cows' milk and human milk, and its relation to the reac- tion of casein and the phosphates, G. Courant 744 Daily variations in the milk and butter production of cows, E. H. Farring- ton _ 216 Investigations of the milk of sixteen thoroughbred Dutch cows during one period of lactation, W. Fleischmann. 424 Milking two and three times a day. .J. L. Hills 474 Analyses of milk from different breeds of cows at Central Experimental Farm of Canada, F. T. Shutt 357 \ X X V Observations on a liord of mil(!li cows at l 'on nj •ticut Stat:? Station 7tt4 Miscellaneous noto-i on milk at Connecticut State Station 705 Analyses of milk of cows of different breeds at Massachusetts Hatch Sta- tion .- 700 The curdling of milk during thunderstorms, Tolemei. I!).") A mierococfus of bitter milk, H. W. Conn .'{K4 iiacteriolo};fical studies of butter, F. Lafar 4'-l Ripcniti-f of cream. H. W. Conn 381 Relation of fit)rm to the effectual creaming of milk, H. Snyder.. '2'.i'2 Effei.'t of delay in settinj,'- milk 22 Effects of a delay in settinjif upon the efficieuey of creamin:>', H. H. Wing. 2;}1 Cream raising by dilution, H. H. Wing 2.'{0 Cream raising by dilution, J. L. Hills 476 On variation in the comjiosition of cream raised by deep setting at low temperatures 7().") Cream raising by cold deep setting, H. Snyder 7!»fj Experiments with methods of creaming at New York Stato Station, L. L. Van Slyke 401 Creaming experiments at Wisconsin Station. S. M. Habcock 480 The inlluence of milk preservatives. A. W. Stokes.. ... ][)'> Mechanical losses in handling milk, .1. L. Hills 474 Variations in the fat of milk drawn from the bottom of the can, H. H. Dean 199 The etTect of centrifugal action on the distribution of l)acferia in milk. Scheurlen : 421 Time of extraction of paper coils in milk analyses by the Adams me! hod. P. Vieth lH 30 Observations of soil temperatures at Nebraska Station for 1890, DeW. H. Brace and FI. N. Allen 29 FERTILIZERS. The determination of phosphoric acid in presence of iron and alumina, S. W. Johnson and T. B. Osborne 15 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, N. T. Lnpton (> Fertilizer inspection bj- Connecticut State Station 8 CROPS — COMPOSITION — FI ELD EX PKRIM ENTS. The comparative effect of planting in hills and drills on the quantity and quality of the maize crop 14 Field experiments with corn and root crops at Missouri Station, H. J. Waters. "21 Field experin\ents with corn at South Dakota Station, L. Foster ., . 39 Grass gardening, J. 15. Olcott 13 Pasture grasses, F. L. Scribuer 41 Crab-grass hay, C. W^. Dabney, jr 40 Field experiments with grasses, clovers, and oats at Nebraska Station, J. G. Smith 28 Field experiments with forage plants and analyses of the products by Georgia Station 15 Experiments with forage plants at Kansas Station, C. C. Georgeson, H. M. Cot- trell, and W. Shelton IC, Experiments with forage plants at Nevada Station, W. S. Devol 29 Sorghum as a forage plant, P. F. Kefanver 40 Peanut crop of Tennessee, statistics, culture, and chemistry, L. B. Brown 42 Field experiuuMits with fertilizers on potatoes and wheat by New Jersey State Station, E, B. Voorhoes 32 Report of Agriculturist of West Virginia Station, D. D. Johnson 48 CROPS— CURING AND STORAGE. Silos and silage in Nebraska, J. G. Smith 28 HORTICULTURE. Cabbages and canliHowers, imported rs. American seed, P. Collier :?8 Experiments with nitrate of soda on tomatoes by New Jersey State Statioa, E. B. Voorhees 30 ra(r«. Tomatoes from green and ripe need, P. Collier . ., 31) Tomatoes, comparison of methods of growing, P. Collier 3?i Notes on vegetables at Kansas Station, E. A. Popeuoe and S. C. Mason 18 Experiments with vegetables and fruits at Nevada Station, W. S. Devol 30 Girdling grapevines, J. Fisher 24 Prnning fruit trees, R. L. Watts 42 FEEDING STUFFS— FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Proteids or albnmiuoids of the oat kernel, T. B. Osborne 11 Analyses of feeding stnlTs by Connecticnt State Station 13 Test of feeding value of first and second crops of clover, C. S. Plumb 41 Effects on butter of feeding cotton seed and cotton-seed meal, N. T. Lupton.. f> Increase of the fat content of milk by feeding cocoannt cake, R. Heinricb 07 Test of dairy cows at Maine Station 19 The preparation of a ration for milch cows 22 Feeding experiments with laying hens at New York Stale Station, P. Collier.. 36 DAIRYING. The fat globnles of milk, L. H. Merrill 2;! Mineral ingrodients of milk, L. II. Merrill 23 Effect of delay in setting milk 22 Mechanical loss of butter fat '22 The feeding value of whey, W. A. Henry IH The creamery industry 44 VETERINAKV SCIENCE ANI> IMJACTICE. Report on tnbcrcnlosia, F. L. Russell 23 Diseases of live stock, W. 1?. Nilcs 12 STATION STATISTICS. Annnal Report of Connecticut State Station for 1B90 8 Annual Report of Maine Station for IS'.tO I!) Biennial Report of Minnesota Station for 1889 and 18110 24 Annual Report of Nebraska Statirm for 1H90 27 Annnal Report of Nevada Station for 1800 29 Annual Report of New Mexico Station for 1890 36 Annnal Reports of Oregon Station for 1889 and 1890 39 Annual Report of West Virginia Station for 1890 44 Organization and jtroposod work of the Wyoming Station ."^O Index of vols. I, li, and iii of the bulletins of Tennea.scc Station 40 AGRICULTUnAL STATISTICS. Report of the Division of Statistics of United States Department of Agricnltnre for June, 1891 53 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. III. ISSUED AUGUST, 1891. No. 1. EDITORrAL NOTES. In view of the fiicts that the needs of the Department in its rehition to the experiment station enteri)rise, seem to demand that the Director of thisOnie*' shall devote liis entire time and energy to ofllcial duties, and that Mr. W. O. Atwater dioussingault's equivalents, which were based on the nitro- gen content of feeding stufts, still ])revailed. By carefully conducted feeding experiments, Henneberg pointed out the errors in Thaer's method of estimating the value of feeding stufts and showed the theory to be untenable. In its place he proposed a theory based on the chem- ical composition of the materials. The fundamental importance of this new doctrine is set forth by Prof. E. v. Wolft". "The year 18G0 is more especially to be regarded as the beginning of a new period in the development of the science of animal nutrition, since •Jour. f. Laudw., :i8, No. 3 ; Landw. Vers. Stat., 39, p. 1. in this year, almost simultaneously wiMi the works of liischotr and \'oit, appeared the first number of the licitriigo ziir Begriinditng einer ration- dlen FiiftcriDig der WicdtrlHucy, by Ileiinehei*^ and Stohmann. For the first time the solid and li(inid materials exereted by herbivora uinler well-defined circumstances liad been carefully studie«l in numerous experiments, with reference to (piantity and chemical (;om])osition. These experiments threw nuKth li<;hton the food reciuirements of mature oxen, and showed in general the manner in which imj)ortant (piestions in animal nutrition must be solved." The specific questions i)roposed for study by Henneberg early in his work are stated by him as follows: (1) What are the actually nutritive ingredients in different feeding stufls and in what proportions do tliey occur in each ? (2) In what proi)ortions must their nutritive ingredients be fed in order to produce from a minimum of food the maximum of flesh (leau) or fat, or both I For the solution of these questions, TTenneberg, with his assistants and colaborers at Weende, among whom have been Stohmann, Custav Kiihn, Kautenberg, Maercker, tl. Schultze, E. Schulze, Fleischer, K. JVIiilier, Kern, Wattenberg, Th. Pfeifler, and F. Lehmann, undertook investigations upon the methods of analysis of feeding stuffs, digesti- bility of the ingredients, and the nutritive effects as shown by feeding experiments. The methods of analysis of feeding stufls known as the Weende or IlennebergStohmann nu^thods, which with minor modifications are in common use in Euroi)e and America to-day, were elaborated and soon found general recognition. These methods were applied not only to determining the percentages of cellulose, fat, protein, and nitrogen-free extract in feeding stuffs, but also in connection with feeding experi- ments, to determining the amount of each of these ingredients actually digested by animals. IJenneberg reasoned that if the feces as well as the food given, were subjected to analysis, the difference between the amount of each ingredient in the food and in the feces would represent the amounts of crude cellulose, crude fat, crude protein, and nitrogen- free extract which had been digested, an idea which at that time (1859) was new. Experiments were begun on the digestion by cattle of various feeding stuffs when fed alone or in combination with large or small (luantities of easily digestible materials, and these were after a time taken up by other experimenters. lOarly in these investigations it was discovered that the crude fiber of the coarser fodders (hay, straw, etc.), which up to this time had been considered as indigestible, was to a large extent (one half or more) dissolved in the intestinal canal, and that the nitrogen-free extract, which had been supposed to be wholly digested, was in the case of coarser fodders, scarcely more digestible than the crude fiber. It was found that in the process of digestion crude cellulose yields a substance having the formula of pure cellulose or starch In solution. A third clisoovery was with regard to a depres- siou in difjestibility sometimes noticed. Henneberg eaily reached the conclusion that " without the aid of respiration experiments the laws underlying the formation of flesh and fat can not be worked out conclusively." In 1862 means were secured from the Government of Hanover for erecting a respiration apparatus on the plan of that used by Pettenkofer in Munich in investigations on carnivorous animals. For many years this was the only apparatus of the kind in nse in agricultural investigations. Unexpected and serious difficulties were met with in the use of an apparatus sufliciently large for the purpose, and years of patient labor were required to overcome these. At length, however, it became possible to present a clear and complete representation of the transformation of nitrogen within the body, and to work out the first metabolic proportions for farm animals. The results of the experiments of Pettenkofer and Voit on carnivorous animals were applied by Henneberg and his assistants to ruminants, and hapi^ily for the progress of science the results obtained in ^Munich and in Weende conlirmed each other. The most important facts brought out for ruminants were as follows : An increased consumption of j>rotein in the food is accompanied by an increased breaking down of the all>uniinoi(l materials of tlie l>ody, i. e. increased nitrogen metabolism. The amount of protein in the food regulates the nitrogen metabolism but not the nitrogen storage, that is to say, the amount of luotcin transformed but not the amount of lean flesh accumulated in the body. Itis a mistake, therefore, to assume that such nitrogenous feeding stntts as bean meal or rape cake will in all cases increase the production of lean flesh or other nitrogenous materials of the body to a degree that will be pecuniarily proti table. The addition of non-nitrogenous ingredients to thefood without chang- ing the ])rotein may cause an increased formation of flesh (lean). These materials ma}', under some conditions, produce as good results as the addition of a like amount of protein to the food. The formation of fat in the body of neat cattle probably takes place irrespective of the presence or absence of fat in the food. The exact influence of protein on the formation of fat remains to be determined, Under otherwise corresponding circumstances, the process of respi- ration in diflerent-sized animals is dependent on the surface exposed, i. c, the area of the surlace of the body. In 1879, studies were begun as to the effect on the total metabolism in grown animals of adding different and increased proportions of the several ingredients of food to a maintenance ration. The tirst series of these experiments was with regard to the albuminoids. This was worked out according to the original plan, but could not be published until recently (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, ]>. 402). Similar experiments with regard to the carbohydrates and fats were carried out in 1882, but the means for controlling the results and extending the 5 experiments were not at linnd. Additional funds for this purpose were ftt lenpjtli secured, and in 1880 the experiinonts were uj^iiin taken up. The I't'sults of M years of expciiinontiii^i' at tlic station leave no room for doubt that in the process of llesii formation a hi^^hiy digestible cel- lulose is not essentially different in its action from the easily soluble carbohydrates. The results of more recent experiments, extending over a shorter period, indicate further that in the layinff on of fat digestible cellulose is very little, if at all, inferior in its action to other carbohydrates. To recapitulate, the work of the experiment station at Weende- Gottinjjen has been prin(;ipally in three directions: First, the over- throwingf of the theory of hay- values, the setting? up in its jdace of a theory based on chemical composition, and the working out of the Weende methods of analysis. Second, the recognition of the fact that to give these analyses their full value, they must be accompanied by coefficients of digestibility based on trials with animals. The first experinients of importance in this direction were made at Weende. The digestibility was determined for numerous coarse and concen- trated feeding stuffs, and the influence of concentrated feeds rich and ]H)or in nitrogen, on the digestibility, was studied. The study of digest- ibility and depression in digestibility had its origin at Weende. Third, the study of the laws of flesh (lean) and fat formation in herbivora, showing tliese laws to be in all particulars the same as those laid down by other investigators for carni^'orous aiiimals. The capabilities of the station as now equipped are stated by the present director, Prof. Franz Lehmann, as follows: "We are now able by the use of an apparatus of inestimable value, to determine within a few grams the amount of fat daily stored in the body by sheep, ajid the storage of protein perhaps even more accurately. We are therefore in a position to take up and answer numerous ques- tions relating to the feeding of animals." The work of the immediate future, as outlined by him, is to be of a practical nature. Attention will be given to such questions as that of the advisability of fee pounds bran, 3 pounds cotton-seed meal, 11 pounds silage. Period III. 4 pounds cotton-seed meal, 4^ pounds silage, 9 ponuds cotton-seed hulls. Period IV. Raw cotton seed and cotton-seed hulls ad libitum. Period V, Cooked cotton seed and cotton-seed hulls ad libitum. The analyses of the feeding sturts used and the yield and composi- tion of millv and butter in eacli ju'riod are tabulated. These data indi- cate "a marked falling? otf in the (juantity of milk and an increase in the amount of butter produced during the first three periods." In the fourtli and fifth periods there was n decided decrease in the amount of both milk and butter. From the first to the fourth periods the volatile acids of the butter decreased and the melting point increased, the increase in melting point amounting to about 8° C. In the fifth period there was a slight increase in volatile acids and decrease in melting jtoint. '' No change was observable in the color of the butter from feeding cotton seed and cotton seed meal." Alabama College Station, Bulletin No. 26 (New Series), April. 1891 (pp. 41). Commercial fertilizers, X. T. Lupton, LL. D. — Tabulated analyses of 34;3 samples of commercial fertilizers and fertilizing mate- rials, including cotton-seed meal, cottonseed-hull nshes. tankage, dried blood, bat manure, phosphatic rock, acid phosphate, compost, ground bone, bone ash, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, and ashes from a coke furnace. 6 Alabama College Station, Bulletin No. 27 (New Series), May, 1891 (pp. 16). Elack kust of cotton, G. F. Atkins* »n, Vn. 1>. (i>liit('s \i). — This is, iu substance, a paper read before the section on botany of the Association of American A<;ricultural Collejies and I'^xperinient ^Sta- tions, in November, 1S!)0, and afterwards published in tlie Jiotanical (lazetle, vol. xvi (1891), pp. (51-05. The author calls attention to the confusion existinj:^ with reference to the name of this disease, which is not a true rust. Jlis observations indicate that what is popularly known as " black rust of cotton " is of a complex character. " The fungi commonly present and which play an important p:irt in the dis- ease, are Cercosvora (jossypina, Cooke, CoUetotrichuvi (/onsypii, E. A. Southworth, Macrosporium nigricantium, Atkinson, a si)ecies of Alter- naria, and a bacterial organism which sometimes produces a charac- teristic disease of the leaves." The ditlcrence between leaf blight and black rust of cotton is pointed out, and the botanical characters of the fungi connected with the latter disease are described and illustrated. The author has observed on dead leaves of cotton a spha liaceous fun- gus which he thinks is probably the ascospore stage of Cefconpora gossypina. The following is taken from his descri[)tion of }facrosporium nigrkaniium (see also Botanical Gazette, vol. (xvi 1891), p. 62): The hyph.-o are dark or olive browu and borne on both sides of the leaf. At the enhirgenients there is usually a darker band around the center. The hypha' thus have a nodulose appearance, as in such species as J/«c)-osjh;« are usually scattered, rarely in clusters of two or three. Measure- ments: Hyphai are 0.050 toO.140"'"' long by O.OOG to 0.007'"'" in diameter; conidia, 0.018 to 0.02'2""" by 0.03G to 0.050""". The Alternaria is illustrated from a water culture under the micro- scope. The fertile hypha' produce concatenate spores. Both the spores and the fertile hypha' are dark brown in color and when occurring in considerable numbers blacken the leaf. The bacterial disease is often very widespread, even when no evidences of the other fungi are to be found, but is mentioned here because frefjuently it is an accompani- ment of the black "rust" and contributes materially to the aggravation of the dis- ease. It is first manifested by a watery ai)pearance in delinite areolate spots, which are bounded by the veinlets of the leaf. The spots are sometimes very numerous and fro///oc^&« vitis), with suggestions as to means for their repression. Connecticut State Station, Annual Report, 1890 (pp 207). Reports of board of control, Treasukeii, and Director (pp. 3_S). — These include brief staiements regarding the work of the station and an exhibit of receipts and expenditures for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1890. One hundred and forty-six distinct brands of fertilizers are known to be on sale in the States. The analy.ses of tlic-se and other mannrial substances made at the station in 1890 numbered olO. Analy- sis fees collected during the fiscal year amounted to §4,221.50. The station has material for reports on examinations of seeds, analyses of potatoes, molasses, maple sirup, vinegar, and butter, and a cooperative experiment on the composition of corn grown in dill'erent localities, but lack of funds ]nevents their immediate publication. Fektilize1v8 (pp. 9-79j. — Abstracts from the Connecticut fertilizer law, a list of manufacturers complying with this law, the brands of fertilizers licensed in the State during 1890, analyses of fertilizers, revised explanations concerning the analysis and valuation of fertilizing materials, the trade values of fertilizing ingredients for 1890, and a review of the fertilizer market. Analyses of fertilizers and icaste inoducts. — Analyses are given of 314 samples of fertilizing materials, which incliule besides branded mixed fertilizers, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, castor pomace, hoof meal, Thomas slag, precipitated phosphate, dissolved boneblack, double sulphate of potash and mag- nesia, muriate of potash, kainit, bone manures, tankage, home-mixed fertilizers, cotton-hull ashes, unleached wood ashes, limekiln ashes, limestone, wool waste, tank water and settlings from bone and Avools(!Ourin{]^ works, plaster, barnyard inamire, roekweed, seaweed, Iceland moss, and jiigeon manure. One sample of cottonseed meal was found to be "adulterated with rice meal, which is harmless, but reduces the value of the meal either as a food or fertilizer, by $i or ^o a ton. The color of the meal was rather lighter than pure meal, but the adulteration is not likely to be detected without microscopic or chemical examination." Concerning the mixed fertilizers it is stated that " in five cases the valuation [of superphosphates] exceeded the cost. Leaving out of account three analyses in which the cost exceeded valuation by considerably more than 50 per cent, the average cost of 62 nitrogenous sui)orphos[)hates was $33.80 and the average valuation $28.57. The ditference is $5.23 and the percentage difference 18.3. * ♦ * - " The average cost of 33 special manures has been $39.18 and the average valuation $32.90. The difference between the cost and valua- tion has l)eeu $0.28 and the percentage difference 19. "This year the special manures as a class have been higher priced and more concentrated than the other nitrogenous superphosphates, but not, as heretofore, more economical to purchase." Review of the fertilizer market. — A table is given with explanations, showing the fluctuations in the wiiolesale prices of nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid in a number of standard materials for each month from July, 1887, to December, 1890, and. two other tables facilitating the calculation of the cost of nitrogen per pound from the cost of ammonia per unit or per pound of commercial sulphate of ammonia, as given in the market quotations. lu general, nitrogen in blood, azotiu, nitrate of soda, and fi.sh scrap have fallou decidedly in price during the year. The nitrogen of sulphate of aninionia has, on the other hand, risen considerably. Charleston rock is considerably lower, bonoblaok somewhat lower; bone has remained constant through the year. Acid phosphate made from South Carolina rock is considerably lower than at the opeuing of the year. Muriate of potash, double manure salt, and kainit are quoted about as they have been through the year, but high-grade sulphate is very considerably lower. Report of Mycologist, R. Thaxter, Ph. D. (pp. 80-113, plates 3, figs. 3). — Potato scab (pp. 81-95). — This is a detailed report of observa- tions previously sumnuirized in Bulletiu No. 105 of the station (see Ex- periment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 490). The substance of the present article was also presented in a i)ai)er read before the section on botany of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, at Champaign, Illinois, November 12, 1890. Tlio topics treated are. Theories of the Origin of Potato Scab, General Characters of the Disease and of the Scab Fungus when Cultivated, Life History of the Scab Fungus, Inoculations Made with the Scab Fungus, A Comparison of "Deep" and "Surface" Scab, and The Botanical Relations of the Scab Fungus. Specimens of potatoes affected with the ordinary deep 10 scab and with the same form of scab induced by inoculation are illus- trated in a plate accompanying the article. Miscellaneous notes (pp. d5-dS).—rhyto2)ltthora infesians injured the leaves and fruit of tomatoes in 1890 in several parts of Connecticut. In- juries to the leaves by Cladosporiumfulvum, and to the fruit by Mairospo- Hum tomato, Cke., and by Fusarium lycopersici, Sacc, are also reported. A destructive epidemic was observed amoug the tomato worms {Plileije- tliontius Carolina and P. celeus) infesting a tield in the vicinity of Xew Haven. It was found that this was caused by the fungus '■'-EmpuHa (/njlli, form aiilic(v, which is common on hairy catei[»illars aud has also been found this year on a nuuiber of naked cutworm larva- {Lithopliane, Mamestra, aud Agrotis). It was found easy to propagate it on young tomato worms, which died after the usual period ot incubation (G to 10 days) with the characteristic symptoms." Another species of Emini.sa was very destructive to the grape leaf hopper {Typhlocifha ritis) in a vineyard at Meriden and was jilso found at New Haven on the cabbage worm (Picris rapa'), on wiiich insect it was successfully bred at the sta- tion. "What ai>pears to be the same IJnipKsa has kindly been sent from New Jersey by Professor lialsted, on Picris larva-, and the same fungus is reported to have killed vast numbers of the clover weevil in that locality during the past season." Peronospora rubensis was observed on cucumbers at South Man- chester, Connecticut. The mildew of lima beans (Phytophthora phaseoU), described and illus- trated in the report of the station for lS8i>. i)age 107 (see Experiment Station Eecord vol. ii, p. 482), was again destructive in 180(», making its appearance in a number of localities in Connecticut. Several varie- ties of pears of the Japanese strain have shown themselves very susceptible to injury by a rust {Gymnosporangiuni ylohosum) derived from the red cedar. Tliis rust is also found on ai)[>les, quinces, etc., in Connecticut, but does not attack the ordinary varieties of pears. " A mildew, which appears to be the form described by Peck as Ram- ularia rufomacnlnns on anothermember of the same family {Polyynnacea'), has been observed in several localities on buckwheat." A clover rust referred to in the Annual Keport of the station for 1889 as caused by Uromyces striatns, proves to be U. tri/olii, Wint., and was very abundant in 1SI>0, Piiccinia rubigo vera, D. C, aud Urocy.siis occulta, Kabh., were very common on rye in 1890. Some results from the application of fungicides (pp. 99-104). — Success- ful experiments are reported with Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal carbonate of copper for leaf spot of quince {Entomosporiiim maculatum, Lev.), black rot of grapes, anthracnose of grapes, and strawberry rust; and with Bordeaux mixture for leaf spot of [.lums and eherrios and potato blight. The effect produced by the treatment with Bordeaux mixture for the leaf spot of quinces is strikingly illustrated in two plates 11 sliowin^'^ treated and untreated (|iiiiice orchards. Experiments with Kulpliur for the smut of onions, continued in LSIK), were inconclusive. FutKjicides and their application (pp. 101-113), — Sug|;estions are made witli reference to the use of fungicides; spraying apparatus of various kinds is described and illustrated ; directions are given for the prepara- tion of Bordeaux mixture and carbonate of copjjcr solution. A com- bination ol" a coppei- wasli boiler, a '' Ilydronette" foice pump, and a Vermorel no/.zle, devised by the author and used successfully at the station, is described in detail. " The advantage of this ap[)iiratus is that in addition to its cheapness (its total cost is a little over $8), it leaves the force i)ump free for other uses, when not wanted for spray- ing, and is also readily made by any one of ordinary intelligence." Pkoteids ou albuminoids of the oat kernel, T. B. Osmokne, rii. I). (i)p. ll-l-l(Jl). — This contains a full description of the author's investigation of the proteids of the oat kernel, allusion to which has l>een previously made in Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. 304. The author summarizes the results of previous investigations in this direction as follows : Tlio proteids contained in or derived from tlie oat grain Lave been specially studied by J. P. Norton, Baron von Hibra, and Dr. W. Kreusler. Norton* recognized tbno proteids, viz, {\) Albnmin,0.b to 2.17 per cent, wliicb was taken np from the "epidermis" (after starcb bad been mtcliauicaliy removed by ehitriatioii witb sligbtly ammoniacal water) by l)oiling witb acetic acid, and was pre- cipitated by neutralizing tbe solution. (2) Canein (or aceiiine), 15.76 to 17.72 per cent, wbicb was dissolved in the slightly ammoniacal water used in separating starcb, and thrown down by acetic acid, {'-i) Glittin, l.'S.i to 2.47 per cent, extracted by alcohol anil separated from oil by meaus of ether, and from sugar by water. Von Hibrat found that uo coherent gluteu could be got from oat llour by kneading in water. Ho recognized albumin, 1.24 to 1.52 per cent, precipitated by boiling the cold-water extract of the ground oats ; casein, 0.15 to 0.17 per cent, the body separat- ing from tbe hot-alcohol extract ou cooling; plant gelatin (Dumas' j/Zh/ih, T.ndilei's yliadin), '.i to ;{.25 per cent, the substance soluble both in hot and cold alcohol ; and nitrogenous substance, insoluttle in water and alcohol, 11.38 to 14.85 per cent. Kreuslert found oat yUailin soluble in weak alcohol and oat Ivgnmin soluble in very dilute alkali. The author studied preparations obtained from the extractions of freshly ground oats with hot alcohol of 0.015 specitic gravity: with alcohol after previous treatment of oats in separate cases with water, with a 10 per cent solution of sodium chloride, and with water and salt solution successively; with water alone; with a 10 [)er cent solutitui of sodium chloride at 15^ to 20^ (3,; with a similar salt solution after previous treatment of the oats with cold alcohol of 0.9 specitic grav- ity; by 0.2 per cent potassium hydrate solution alone, and after previous extraction of the oats with alcohol of 0.0 specitic gravity, and with water for 1 hour, and for 24 hours ; and with a 10 per cent "Am. Jour, of Sci. and Arts (second sen), in, 330 (1845), and ser. v., 22 (1848). t Die Gotreidearten uud das Brod, Niiruberg (18G0). t Jour. f. prak. Chem, cvii, 17 (l8t)i)). 3348— Xo. 1 2 12 solution of sodium chloride at 65° C. The followiog summary of the results of these studies is given by the author : (1) The proteid body removed from frcsli-grouiid oats by direct extractiou with weak alcohol, first observed by Norton and by him designated gliitin, when dehy- drated by absolnte alcohol and dried over snlphnric acid, is a light-yellowish jiow- der, insoluble in pure water as well as in absolute alcohol, soluble in mixtures of alcohol and water, soluble also in dilute acids and alkalis, and from these solutions thrown down by neutralization. Separated from its solution in alcohol of 60 per cent by evaporating oil" the alcohol, it Ibrnis a yellowish, slimy mass. Its composi- tion is given in the [following] table under I. This substance is remarkable for its considerable content of suli>hur, which is exceeded by that of keratin alone among the proteids, and is otherwise ccjualed only by that recorded in some analyses of Berum-albniiiin. (2) Wln-n the substance described above is heated with dilute alcohol for some time it coagulates and becomes insoluble in that liquid, but without apparent change of com{)osition. II is the average of three accordant analyses of this coagulated form of the alcohol-soluble proteid. Kreiisler obtained this material from the oat, but what Uitthauseu and he named oat gliadin was a jtroduct of its further alteration by the chemical treatment to which it was subjected with a view to purification. (3) When oats are first treated with water or 10 per cent solution of common salt, before extraction with dilute alcohol, the alcohol-soluble proteid undergoes alteration, and a body of dilVcrent composition and prt>perties n-snlt'S. In the table, III is the mean of closely agreeing analyses of this substance ; it is much more sf)luble in dilute alcohol than I, and is not coagulated or transformed into an insoluble modification. When wet with absolute alrohol, the moisture attracted from the air soon renders it gummy and tenaciously adhesive, unlike I. Its composition, as i(!g irds carbon, hytlrogen, and nitrog>'H, is very near to that found by Dumas aud Calimirs, ami also by vou Hibra, for gliadin or plant-gvlatin (ex- tracted by h(»t alcohol fr.nii wheat gluten and remaining diss.'> tob'J- C). This proteid appears to be the result of a transformation similar to that by which myosin is fornu-d from myosino- gen. Its composition is given under IV, and is very near to that of nnisele myosin. The greatest proi»orlion of this proteid extracted by salt solution from the oat was 1.3 per cent. (."i) The proteid extracted, alter complete exhaustion r>f the oats with alcohol of O.tt specific gravity, by 10 per cent salt solution (analysis under V), and that dis- solved out by dilute potash (analysis uniler Vu), have so nearly the same composition as the globulin extracted by salt sulntion directly that they may be reganled as originally idtMilical, IV represenling the soluble fuiin V, and Va the insoluble or "albuminate" modi licat ion. ((j) When ground oats are directly extracted by weak potash solution witlmnt previous treatment with water or dilute alcohol, nearly the wlnde of the proteids is dissolved. The substance so extracted, after completely removing the body soluble in weak alcohol, is perhaps the .same as that first designated arciiine by Johnston and Norton, who extracted oats with dilute ammonia water. Its composition, as indi- cated by analysis of a single jireparation, is stated under VI. (7) When ground oats are exposed to the action of water, a large share of the pnv toids becomes insoluble in dilute potash solution, the amount so rendered insoluble iucrcasing with the duration of llio contact with water. One hour's treatmeut with 13 water rendvrod oiui lialf, and '.31 lioiiis' trciitinent rendered two tliirds inHolnble in O.'J per cent solution of polasli. 'I'lie coinpo.siluni ol tlie pait soliilile in pola.sli, after action of water (anil removal of tin- aIeoln)l-.solnlile jn'oteid), as found iu analywes, tlio avcru<;o of wliich \h .stated under VII, is tlio same as tliat of tlic ^lolmlin soluhlc in salt solution, IV. This proteid, obtained by extraction with potash, ajicr the action of water, is probably the substance which Kreiisler converted into his oat hgiimin by the " purifying " process to which he subjected it. It is al.>o the "protein body" which Norton extracted by weak ammonia and auaiyz' d. (8) When <;round oats are extracted with 10 per cent sodium chloride solution heated to G5^' C.,ai)n)teid separates on coolinj;, in the form of spheroids. This substance dif- fers iu composition and properties from that obtained by cold salt extraction as well as from all proteids iiithertodescrined. It is soluble in pure water, is precipitated fioni such solutions by a little sodium chloride, is again dissolved by a certain adflitional (luantity, ami is jirecipitattMl completely by saturation with this salt. In the i)re8- cnce of a little sodium chloride and acetic acid it is soluble in alcohol of O.'J specilic gravity. From solution?, in distilled water, as well as from those in sodium chloride brine, it has been obtained crystallized iu regularoctahedions. Ana lysis (olsi)heroids) under VIII. (9) The aqueous extract of ground oats was found, in agreement with Norton and Kreusler, to contain very little i»roteid substance. The proteids thus dissolved appear to be, lirst, an acid-albumin ; second, a (jlohulin or ijlubnlms similar in reactions to that extracted by U) per cent salt solution, and third, n pruleone. No true albuiuia was found iu the water extract. (10) In the salt extract a very small amount of a body was fouud, having the reac- tions of albumin, but not analyzed. Table of composition of proteids from the oat kernel. C.llhoii .5:!. 00 llydro-ifii 1 C.iU NitniMou IC. :« Siilpluu'. Oxygeu . •J. 2i;f 21. 38) 53. 10 (i. 91 16.49 23. 50 100. 00 in. 53.70 7.00 \r,. 71 (, 1.76 ) Jl. 83 100. 00 IV. 52. 34 7.21 16.88 0. «8 22. 09 100. OU V. 52.48 6.94 16. W 0 .57 23.16 100. 00 Va. VI. VII.' 51. 45 0. 92 16. 6.f 0.81 23. 19 53.49 7.01 10.39 0.99 22. 12 52. 49 7.10 17.11 0.80 22. 50 100.00 1 100.00 100.00 1 VI [I. 52. 22 0. 9« 17.85 0.77 22. 18 100. 00 ' Average of several aiial yscs. The numbers over the analyses in the above table correspond with tho.se of the paragraphs in the foregoing sumuiary. Grass gardening^ J. B. Olcott (pp. 162-17'4).— An account of tlic grass jj;ar(lens of the station at South Manchester and New Haven, with suggestions with leferenee to the inanageiuent of sueli gardens aiul their value for experimental pur[)oses. Feeding stuffs (pp. 175-182).— Analyses of cottonseed meal, lin- seed meal, oil-cake, meal, malt s])routs, brewer.s' grains, middlings, corn and oat feed, "IJutfalo Sugar Feed," and salt herrings with reference to both food and fertilizing ingredients, and of iield-cured and ensiled maize kernels with reference to food constituents. The comparison of tield-cured and ensiled corn was made on material sent to the station for that purpose. The analyses of tiie dry matter are "practically identical" and "go to show that there had been uo material change iu the compositiou of the kernels iu the silo." 14 On the market price of the ingredients of feeding stuffs. — The author compares the market prices of couceiitrateil feeding" stuffs, as cottou- seed aiul linseed meal, with those of the mill products aud corn. IJe states that ''in our ordiuary mill feeds, carbohi*drates cost as much as albuminoids," aud jj'ves iu support of this the following statement of the average cost of food ingredients in these materials for the years 1888 aud 1800 : [Ccuis per pound.] 1888. 1890. Albuminoids (N". X 6.25) Ftt 1.6 4.2 0.9C 1.4 2.9 1.4 Carbobj-dratvs (iDcludiii<; fibur) "Cottonseed aud linseed meal, gluteu meal, uuilt sprouts, and brew- ers' grains seem at present to be the most economical of our concen- trated feeds.'' The COMPAKATIVE EFFECTS f)F TEAM IMf IN UlLLS AND DKILLS ON THE QUANTITY AND (QUALITY OF TlIP: MAIZE CROP (pp. 18J-101). — The piece of land used for this experimeut was checked off into 24 tweutieth- acre plats, so arranged that there were four rows of i)lats (north and south) with six })lats iu each row. Of these four rows of plats, the first row received 10.7 cords of cow manure per acre; the second row 13.3 cords of hog manure; the third row 1,700 ])oundsof a mixture con- sisting of 100 i)ounds of nitrate of soda, 80 pounds of sulphate of ammonia, 80 pouuds of dried blood, llio pounds of cotton seed meal, 90 l)ounds of dissolved bouebhick, and 10 pounds of muriate of potash; and the fourth row received no fertilizers. Corn was planted on the first, tiiird, and tilth i)lats in each row of plats, in drills 4 feet apart and with the stalks 10 inches ai)art iu the drdls, and on the remaining plats iu rows likewise 4 feet apart, the hills being in different series of plats from 10 inches apart with four stalks in a hill, to I'O inches apart with two stalks in a hill. "This arrangement of tiie field and fertilizers inakes possible a com- parison of the relative effects of planting in hills and drills on plats (pjite different as far as manuring goes, but otherwise believed to be (|uite uniform in (juality. * • * In 1888 and 1889 this land had received very considerably more of both potash and phosi)horicacid than had been removed in the crops of those years, but on tiie other hand the crops had removed some 00 pounds more of nitrogen from the soil per acre than had been replaced." An excess of seed was planted and the plants thinned out to the desire, for example, owing to drouth during July and August antl the early frost in Septcinher, the corn (troi) on the farm of the Kansas Agri- cultural College did not furnish more than one third of the food re in 1S9U it was oidy iifti inches. Nonsdcrhariiif rdrictics of siyr{/liiim. — Tlic ex]»criencc at the station iiulicatesthatthe non saccharine varieties of sorghum should be jdau'ed in drills and cultivated in the sanu' manner as corn, and that |danting in rows ."> feet apart with the stalks from 1 to S inches apart in the rows, gives the most satisfactory results. "A greater yiehl per a(;re can bo se(;ured by planting the rows 2 feet to 30 inches a])art, but the narrow space renders the work of cultivation much moie diflicult. As soon as the seed becomes hard the crop slionld be cut and shocked. * • * Tlie lu'ads should be cut olVand tiiieshed and the grain ground as line as possible for the best results, nnd the fodder sliouhl be feil iti racks." The following is a summary of experiments in ISSK miuI 1S!M> with six non saccharine varieties of sorghnm: 1800. IRKO. Variotio.s. Dry forngo per ncro, tODH. Clcineil 8ood per Jirro. biiRlicln (6U 11)8.). "^uT."^ «c?o •'.Ml.' U ♦"n'- (60 11m.,. 7.04 :t.47 3.:u 4. 20 5.20 5.48 •0.0 Hi. 5 6.0 19.1 2.2 1&3 13.5 40.0 7.0 •to 15.0 fiO 0 71.0 .'■>7. 0 1 ' Killod by frost lioforo seoil inntiirnl. r»rief descriptive notes of each of the abovementione 2.40 2. (!S 1. !!.'■. 2. :<:> 42 50 50 44 51 63 85 (;«l(l«Mi Woiiiler 85 51 Miscellaneous forage plants. — Brief notes are given on experiments with teosinte {EuchUvna Ivjcurians), pearl millet, spring vetches, yellow lni)iiie, thoii.sand-hondod kale, several varieties of soja beans {Glycine hispi hnt littl(? food v.ilne. An examination kindly made by the eliemical dcpartnuMit of this station showed them to contain 9r> per cent of water and only .^) per cent of dry matter. They were fed experimentally to a portion of the Iierd, which will be reported on later. It maj' here bo remarked that while tlu^y did not furnish much nourishment, they jjave the animals a better appetite for dry food, and thus indirectly inllneneed the productive capacity of the stocic. They furnish in a eh(>ap form the sncculeni food wiiich is so intensely craved by cattle iu the winter months. Va.ricties of silafic corn. — Tabnlateil data are given for 11 varieties of corn tested in 1890. Sorghum and corn for silage. — Tnbnlated data are gi v«'n for 14 fifteenth- acre plats on which corn and sorghnm were planted separately and also together in alternate rows and in the same row.s. The average yields per acre were as follows: Corn and sorghum iu alternate rows, 12.29; corn and sorghum in the same rows, 11.74; corn ah)ne, 10.00; sorghum alone, 10.42 tons. The sorghnm when grown alone outyielded any eombin;i(ion of the two; but it is worthy of note that while the average of tlu^ plats with corn and sorghnm mixetl in the same rows nMchtul 11. 74 tons per .acre, the .average of the plats on which corn and sorghum are grown singly reaches only II?. ^l tons per acre, the result thus Kup[»ort- iug th(^ theory of the effect of a mixture. Summary. (1) The non-saccharine sorghums .are among our best dronth-resisting plants, and among them are several sorts tli.at will yield good cro^is of seed in dry seasons, and the seed will compare favorably with corn for food. (2) Of several varieties of millet tested, German millet gave the best yield of liay, followed iu order by Hung.arian, conunon, broom corn and Golden Wonder millet. 18 (4) Pearl millet has been a failure for tlireo successive seasons, owing mainly to the apparent impossibility of j^ettin;^ a stand. (5) Spring vetches failed to produce a paying crop in 1890. (G) Yellow lupine was a failure in 1890. (7) When roots or silage are not grown, Kansas stock melons can be grown and fed to advantage along with hay or other dry fodder. The yield is heavy, and the cost of culture and handling but slight. (8) Thonsand-headed kale will give a fair yield of forage, but heavier crops of more palatable feed can be grown at the same cost. (9) Certain early varieties of the Japanese .soja be.an promise to be of much value for this country as heavy producers of a highly nitrogenous food. (10) Coir Inchri/ma and Pauiciim //HHiPM/nceHnj, two Japanese forage plants, were failures hero in 1^90. (11) In a test during the past dry season of fourteen varieties of silage corn, only the following four kinds yielded more than 1*2 tons of silage per acre, viz, Mo.'sby Pro- lific 14.:?9, Shee])'s Tooth 1'2.92, Southern Horse Tooth 1'2.:?7. and Shoe Peg l-2.ir> tons per acre. (12) A verdict of "not proven" must be given in the trial of growing a mixture of corn and sorghum rs. corn and sorghum grown singly, though there is some evidence in sujiport of the theory that a mixture increases the yield. Kansas Station, Bulletin No. 19, December, 1890 (pp. 10). Notes on VEfJKTAiu.Ks, H. A. Popknoe, M. A., and S. C Mason, B. S. (pp. VXW2()\1). — The iiermindtinn of irccvilitl peas. — In view of dilVcr- enccs of opinion jjinon": autlioritios n.s to tlio amount of injury to tlio seed of peas froui the attacks of tlie i)ea weevil {Ilruchus pisi), the foUow- ing experiments were made at the station: A germination test of weeviled beans in the greenhouse gave out of 1,800 beans, representing eighteen sorts, the following results: Fifty per cent started ; of these, three lifths might have grown into plants, as the injury was restricted to the seed leaves; but the remaining two lifths were variously mutilated by the loss of a part or the whole of the germ or jduunile, so tli.at umler no circumstances could they have made plants. * * * In a check lot of perfect beans of the same varieties .and in the same numbers, planted side by side, 9r> per cent germinated. Of fiOO pea.s of ten sorts tested in a similar manner, but one fourth germinated, and the parli.il destination of the cotyledons rendered the further growth of these doubtful. A check lot of tlu' same number of souml i)eas gave a germination of 97 per cent. An examination of 27.") injured peas showed but (!9 in which the germ w;ia rot wholly or partially destroyed. In a held test of the growth of sound as compared with weeviled peas, the result* ■were more decisive froui a practical standpoint. In this test 2M varieties were repre- sented, each by 100 sound and 100 weeviled peas, taken as they came, without further selection. The seeds were planted in the garden in parallel rows, the .sound and Tvoeviled peas of each" sort side by side, the rows 18 inches apart. The planting wa.s done on the .^)th of June, and the dryness of the .season hindered the perfect germina- tion and growth to a noticeable degree. Of the sound peas ()8 per cent came np, and (54 per cent made strong plants. In 10 varieties of the weeviled peas, no seeds ger- minated; the remaining 43 varieties were represented in all by r>8 plant^s or 4.4 per cent, in germination, of which but 49, or 3.8 per cent, grew to average size and strength. The inference is plain that weeviled seed should not be planted, because it is worthless compared with sound seed, and because by planting infested seed without 10 mnrecaro than nanally taken to destroy tlio contained woovils, ono tlins simply propa- f^ates thu in.soct for tlio .sak«) of a niinininni of rt'tnni in plaulH. Tlii' proper course is to tlirow infested seed into the lire as soon as th(! insects are detecte of potatoes grown in ISOO at tiic station, tiie nine varieties l)ianted yielded from (»7 to 17.} bushels per acre. "The jnoduct was of nnnsnally line (inality and the yield a very good one, when it is con- sidered that potatoes of ordinary planting were almost a failure in this section of the country." Varieties of heans. — Out of 194 varieties planted in 18!J() only 10 sur- vived the drouth sulliciently to give even a moderate yield, (^f these, Henderson Bush Lima, Dwarf Carolina, and a local variety known as IJelcher gave especially good results. Desciiptjve notes are given on 10 varieties of .Japanese beans grown at the station. Cahbagcu. — The following varieties proved the most i)roductivc in the dry season of 1800: Early. — Burpee All Head. l''arly Newark Flat Dutch, Early Schweinturth ; mcdiion. — Hendeison Succession, liey- nolds, Cassell ; late. — Ilendersou Selected Late Flat Dutch, Burpee Surehead, Warren Improved. Maine Station, Annual Report, 1890, Part II* (pp. 48). Test of dairy cows (pp. 17-4'J). — This is a continuation of the test of Ayrshire, IIolstein,aud Jersey cows, the tirst yeai's repoit of which was given in the Annual Beport of the station for 1S8I>, p. 100 (see I'jxperiment Station Becortl, vol. ii, j). 017). Each breed was rep- resented by two registered cows, although tiie test with one of th(^ Holsteins lasted but a single year. The food given in IsOO was the same as in 1S80, except that no silage was fed and that one llolstein received a certain amount of middlings (170 pounds during the year) in addition to the regular ration. The daily ration consisted of 0 to 8 l)oun ft— Cream per pouDtl of O 3 . III bntt.is Ihe Ilolstoins exceed the .Terseys in weight about '.itl per cent. This is e((ui v:ilent to saying that the quantity of food has not been in pro- portion to the weight of the animals, and • • • it is a well-recognized fact th.it the food of .an .inimal dot>s not increji.se in proportion to the increase in weight, orin other words, a small cow rc(|nires a larger maintenance ration in jiroportion to her weight than a large cow. [The figures show further] that the Ilolstoins have produced milk solirls considerably in excess of the other two breeds, and that the Ayrshircs and .Jerseys have dilVered v«!ry little in this respect. • » • When, h(»w<'ver, we come to the consideration of the yield of fat we liud th.vt the .Jerseys excel and that the Ayrshircs stand lowest in the scale. » • *• 'p]„. food value of a <|hart of Jersey milk, such as th.at pro- duced by the staticni animals, is worth 25 per cent moie for purposes of nutrition than is the Molstein milk. While it ni.ay not be possible to grade the retail price of milk according to its quality, it would be entirely just for the milkman who is sell- ing the product of a Jer.sey herd to receive a Larger price than th.at which is paid for Holstein or Ayrshire milk. » • * The above table makes it very clear that cream is not of uniform value, and that the individuality of animals has a very marked influence upon the cream that is ]»roduced. Taking the average of a 2 years' record we s<'e that the amount of cream required for a ixniud of butter has varied from .^.2 pounds in the case of the Ayrshire [No. 1] to 3.05 pounds in the cose of the Jersey [No. 2]. The custom so far in Maine has heen to pay the same price for equal vol- umes of cream, without regard to its source. This m.ay bo r.aiik injustice, .as the facts show. In calculating the cost of the milk and butter produced per pound the lirst cost of the food ahmo i.s considered, no allowance being made 21 foi- tli'^ fortilizinj,' iiijircdiciits of the food or tlic valiio of llic biittoriiiilk and skim milk. The tabulated data show that "the llolsteiii milk cost the least and the Jersey milk the most when quantity alone is considered." The butter fat in the milk of the Ayrshires and Jlolsteins cost on an aver- age '• from L'O to .'}<) per cent more than in the case of the Jerseys." Some interesting facts concerning the composition of tlie buttermilk, skim milk, and cream are presente. 00 27. 90 Per ct. IK. 30 17. 00 19. hO Buttermilk. Solitlii. Fat I'errt. Per rt. 9. 70 i 0 45 10. 00 (I. 44 10. 30 0. 19 First of .all, it does not appoar to bo true that tho cows producing the most .and tlie ri<;Iu',st cream arc tlioso that fiiriiisli tln^ pixirost skim milk. TIh" iiroitmiion ()f croan\ from tli<' .Ica-sciy milk has Ixmmi much larj^cir tliaii from oiilicr of llii- other two hrticds, and at thi^ sam<' time tho .Jersey skim miilc proves to ho tlic ricliest of ail. ' * * It is trnc witli rej^ard to both skim milk and buttermilk that [in solids] thoy follow tho order ofrichni'ss of tlio wholo milk from which they come, or in other words, the pooler tho whole milk, the poorer are the w.asto prod nets of the dairy. As will be seen, the average loss of fat in the skim milk and butter- milk was least with the Jerseys. "The Jerseys have uniformly pro- duced the richest cream," as was shown both by analysis anil by the churn. "As the time of parturition has approached, the amount of fat has been less in proportion to the other solids in tiic cream than while the cows were ' fresh.' " The following statement shows the loss of milk solids and fat in tho l)uttermilk and skim milk per year: Average loss of solids afid fat in hiittermilk and skim milk for 2 years. HolstciD. Ay If No.l. Pound*. 781 242. 4 50S. 5 73.5 diiro. No. 2. Jersey. No.l. Poiindf. 1, 135 375 721. 2 107.8 10.3 No. 2. ♦ Pounds. Ki»3 25i.r) (ilO. 8 60.8 No.l. No. 2. Yii'lil ot total milk sulids Pound*. 900 231. 1 CM. 4 CO. 9 Pound*. 987 419 524. S 105,7 Pound*. C«7 Yiilil . 59-G4). — Notes on observations on two cases of tuberculosis in cows belong- ing to the colley;e herd. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Bulletin No. 13, April, 1891 (pp. 12). Directions for the ise of fungicides and insecticides, S. T. Mavnakd, 1>. S. (pp. .VIO, tigs. 3). — llrief directions for the pre)»- aration and use of sulphate of copper (blue vitriol), sulphate of iron (copperas), Bordeaux mixture, ammoniacal carbonate of copper, and Paris green, alone or in combination, for fungous diseases and insect pests of the pear, i)lum, peach, cherry, grape, strawberry, and potato. Spraying api)aratus is illustrated. 24 Girdling grapevines, J. Fisueu (pp. 11, 12). — An account of an experiment in IS'JO, in continuation of those reported in Bulletin No. 7 of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. 23), and the Annual lieport for I8SS (see Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, i>art i, J). 93). Analyses of samjiles of the ;jrapes b^' C. A. Goessmaun, Ph. D., are also re])orted. As in the previous experiments, the grapes on girdled vines rii)ened earlier (11 days, in 18'JO), " were sweet, with about the right pro[)ortion of acid,'' and were considerably increased in size. On some portions of the girdled vines, however, the fruit was inferior or worthless, and the ; the early- inatiiriiif; vurieties, wliile IMoiiiit I'lolilic ami Cliaitipioii White I'eail of the white variitieM, and Logan, Iiii|ieiial, anil Miiidock Improve*! of the yellow are the most ])roiijif>iiij; of the mediiim-matiiriiij^. Of the late-mat m in;;, St. Charh-s White and riasii Kinj; led iu the yield among the white varieties, while (loldeii lieauty was, apparently, the best of the yellow. The varieties were classilied as early (uiaturing within 110 days), uieiliuiii (IL'O days), and late (13U days). The following is a summary of the results by classes : Summary ahoiving yield, etc., of earl ii, medium, and late-maturing varieties. AvtrapfoflSoaily-maturiii}; varit'lies Averajjo of 10 niodium- inaluriui; variotics Avfrage of 12 latf-maturing varieties AvtMago of all variotiea tef«ted Heislit of Ht^lk. nciplit of car. Yifld of ;;ooil ears. Yielil of uubliiis. Feet. Feet. Founds. Pounds. 8.8 4.2 270 54 10.1 5.0 325 52 10.3 5.5 293 50 9.7 4.9 300 54 Yield per aero. Bush. 47 53.9 51.4 50.9 Yielil of I Foilcter lodder per bushel per acre, of corn. Pounds. Pounds. 2. 592 51. 6 3,350 3,690 3,209 01.6 72.1 63.0 " From this table it appears that the medium-maturing varieties aver- age the largest yield of coru, the late-maturing next, and early varieties the smallest." JSimilar results obtained at tbe llliuois Station (see Bulletin No. 4 of the station) are cited. The relation between the height of the stalk and the yield is indicated ill the following summary: Table nhowiny relation of height of ulalk to yield of variety. Avorape of 5 varieties sliowinj; smallest yield. . Avera;;e of 5 varieties showing largest jielil... Avera};e of 5 varieties having sliortcst stalks.. Avernj(u of 5 varieties baviug talli^sl slalks lleisht of stalk. Feet. 8.5 10.7 8.3 11.0 Hcijilit of ear. Yield of ' Yield of l'";''!'"' corn per f-dder ! ,,„..J|;,., „f aero. I per acre. Feet. 3.9 3.9 6.0 Bushels. 40.1 (il.5 41.4 55.9 Pounds. 2,012 3, K12 2.07t a, 988 corn. The averages of the live varieties giving the Ktnalivst yiehl audof the five varieties having the shortest stalks are practically identical throiighont. t)n the other hand, there is no relation between the average of the live varietif.s having the tallest stalks and the live varieties giving the largest yield. The table points to the conclusion that the limit ofprolitable production has been reached in our very early varieties with a small growth of stalk, except when grown for a special purpose. J'J.vperimcnts tcith nutnurcs. — The object of these e.xperinients was to get light on the relative value of the different kinds of farm manures and the different methods of their preparation aud application. The 26 report covers the work for 1889 a lul 1890. In both seasons the core I)hiuted was a common medium yellow dent variety. No manure was applied in 1890. On eijjfht manured as compared witb four unmanured plats, barnyard manure (about ten loads per acre) tjave an increase of about to per cent in 1889 and 33 per cent in 1890 in the yield of corn and fodder. Horse manure gave better results than cattle manure. A coriipaiisuii of the solid and liquid inauure from cattli' wlieii both were saved totjether, and an iMjual wiij^lil of solid manure alone, showetl the larj^etst yield for the 2 years from the plat havinj; the liquid manure saved with the solid. Plowing under {jave better results than any other method of a|>plyin^ tested. No benelit was derived from the use of salt, lime, or laud plaster, while wood ashes j^ave a material iucrease of crop. la the trial of comaiercial fertilizers the iucrease AHsuot sutlicient to warrant the expense. Id these trials corn responded more readily to au applica- tion of potash than either phosphoric acid or nitrogen. Pfeparation of soil for ^>/r(/{fj/0 fi»r corn. In both seasons the trial was made on tile-drained laiul, where subsoiling is supposed toshow to the best advantage. In ISS'J a period of excess. ve rainfall, extending from May 15 to June 1, brought out soujo interesting facts in the growth of the corn planted on ditlerently prepared plats. During the time the soil w.as completely saturated with water the [tlaiits on the thoroughly prei)ared land made little or no growth, beca'.iu! pale, and ap]iarently sulVered materially. The plants on the plat having Ufi preparation coiitinuearatiiin, the plants appearing to occupy an intermediate position, as it were. There is no material ditlereuce iu the surface drainage of the plat.s. The wet weather was followed by a drouth ami excessive temperature, tluriug which time the order of growth was completely reversed — the jdants on the thorimghly prepared land making a good growth and showing the ellectsof the drouth much less than on either of the other plats. Distance and thickness of planting. An average of the two seasons" work shows no ditferenco in the yield from planting :{ feet 0 inches apart each way with 2, .?, or 4 grains in a hill. When planted either thicker or thinner there w.is a decreased yield, which in the cjvse of thicker planting was accompanied by a material increase iu the per cent of nubbins. Cultivation of corn. A trial of deep and shallow tillage gave au increase of 14.3 bushels per acre, or'il.7 per cent of the whole yield ni favor of shallow tillage in 1883, and an increase for 27 the same iiietlioil of tillaj^e in 1H90 of 12.G hnsheln por acr?, or :{0.6 por cent aa au averaf^tj of diiplicato plats. Averaj^o of both seasous for all plats gave an iucieaso of 13.5 bushels per acre, or 25.2 per cent. A plat iu the set haviiig no tillage, the weeds being removed with a sharp hoe without stirring the soil, yielded in both sea- sons for the same plat, more than the deep-tilled jdats, bnt less than the shallow- tilled. Weekly determinations of soil moisture for 11 weeks, ending August 0 in 181)0, showed that the shallow-tilled [)lals had an average of ll.d per cent more mois- ture than the deep-tilled plats, and 10 per cent mure than the plat receivini-- no tillage. In a test of dilferent depths of cultivation wiih the hoe, running from 1 to 5 inches deep, there was less di Here nee in the yield than in any test of depth of cultivation where field implements were used. It is probable that the better conservation of moislure by deep hoeing counteracts and balances to some extent the eflect of root mutilation, as the New York State Station has shown that the moisture increased reg- ularly with the depth of stirring. In their test the soil was stirred with a hoe or spade, and no crop was grown on the land tested. Then a perfect mulch is formed, but, as explained in the body of this report, uo such covering is made by the ordinary held cultivator when run deep. A light mulch of line earth in one case, of sand iu another, and of chaft' in a third, spread to a depth of one half inch, gave as large a yield for l-;89 as two adjoining l>lats having thorough tillage. The mulched i)lats were never tilled. In a test of deep and shallow tillage where the root mutilation was equal, there was a gain of 5 bushels per acre, or 10.4 per cent in favor of shallow tillage, duo, l)re8unK\bly, to the increased amount of moisture conserved. Au effort to determine the stage of development of the plant at which the ill effects of deep tillage are least felt, showed a gain of 5.3 bushels per acre, or 12.4 percent from tilling shallow, when the plants are small, aud deep afterwards, as compared with deep tillage early and shallow afterwards. The trial was not made in duplicate, and covers but oue season. The results need confirmation. The result of the experiment with fre- (luency of tillage for two years, shows no relation between the amount of cultivation and the amount of corn harvested, so long as the weeds are kept down. This is in accord with experiments at the New York, Ohio, and Illinois Stations. A test of hill vs. level cultivation, where all other things were eciual, showed an increase of 2.() bushels per acre or 3.7 per cent in favor of hilling. The results are not decisive enough to be conclusive, but point to a probable advantage from hilling. A com- parison of tilling one way continuously aud cross-plowing once for both seasons resulted in a gain of 2.'J bushels or 5.3 per ceut iu favor of cross-cultivation. Tile drainage for roots and corn. A trial of the value of tile drainage on rolling clay upland shows a gain of 1.18 tons of maugel-wurzels per acre or 13.7 per cent iu 18SD in favor of drainage ; while, for ItS'JO with corn, the results are reversed, giving the undrained plats an advantage of 3.7 bushels per acre or 7 per cent. So far, the results are inconclusive. In 18'J0, the moisture in the first 7 inches of the soil, iu both drained and undrained plats, was determined weekly for 11 weeks, ending August 6, showing uo dillerouce iu favor of either system. Nebraska Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 371). This incltules a brief rdsiiiue of the work of each departineiit of the station ; a subject list of Bulletins Nos. 1-15, and Press Bulletins Xos. X-5} the Treasurer's report for the fiscal year eudiug June 30, 1890 j 3318— Xo. 1 3 28 the text of tbe act of Congress of March 2, 1887, and of the act of the State legislature, ajiproved March 31, 1887, asseutiug to tbe act of Con- gress ; and reprints of Bulletins Nos. 12-15 of the station. The subjects treated in these bulletins are: BulletinNo. 13, Experiments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebraska, IJ. H. Nicholson, M. A., and Rachel Lloyd, I'h. D. (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. ill); Bulletin No. 14, Insects Injurious to Young Trees on Tree Claims, L. Bruner (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. Ho); Bulletin >{o. 15, Meteor- ological Report for 1889, DeW. B, Brace, Ph. D., and Soil Temperatures and Farm Notes, J. G. Smitli, B. S. (see Experiment Station Record, vol. II, p. 240); Bulletin No. 12, Field Experiments lor 188'J, J. d. Smitli, B. S. (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, p. 254). Nebraska Station, Bulletin No. 17. June 6, 1891 (pp. 72). Field experiment.^ and (»b.^kkvations for 1890, J. G. Smith, B. S. (pp. 1-32). — These were in continuation of those for 1888 and 1889, rei)orted in Bulletins Nos. G and 12 of the station (.see Experiment Station Ifeeonl, vol. i, pp. 121 and 254). Drouth materially intt'rfered with held work at the statit»n, and the results for 1890 are con)parativoly meager. The subjects considered in the report are grasses and clovers, oats, silos and silage, and lainfall and evaporation. (irasses and vlorna (pp. 1-3). — Redtop {Agrostin ruhjaris), orchard gra.ss {Jh(cti/liii (jlovwroia), timothy (Phleum praicnse), red clover (TrZ/b- Hum prati'ttse), alsike clover (7'. hi/hridnm), and white clover {T. repem) endured the !irinn iihiiiciim), rcsi-mbliDf; alfalfa in its strong and vij^orons <:;rowth, makes too coarse liay and forage to compete with the finer-leaved cultivated species. It is not a sncceas in this portion of the State, or at least not on upland soils. Its value farther west remains undisputed. The only grasses now alive in the garden besides those mentioned above, are meadow broiue grass ( Iliomus prtitcnsis), tall meadow oat grass (.irrheiiathcrum arcna- ceum), sheep's fescue {lusliica oriiia), red fescue (/•'. rubra), Kentucky blue grass (I'oa pratensis) and sainfoin {(ttiobryvhis sativa). (hits (pp. 3-7). — r.rief notes are given on the growth and yield of ten varieties of oats. In the dry season of 1890, press drilling, which i>nts the seed down deeper, gave a better stand, larger yield, and less loss by shattering than ordinary drilling or broadcasting. ISilvs <()id silage {[)]^. 7-22). — Compiled statements are made concerning the advantages and dis.advantages of silage, and replies to a circular of inquiry are given from five farmers in Nebraska who have successfully used the silo and found it to be an economical means for the storage of fodder. 29 Rainfall and evaporation for isS'J (\)\). -.{-.iJ). — Tabiilntcd diita are jiiveii for .six rain <^aii.u('.s and tiic saiiu' niiinlMT nrrvaporiinctcrs placed in diHi'UMit parts of tlie station larni. 'I'lic observations were made Ironi April S to November 1, inclusive. Mktkouological iMorowT roR l.SDO, DeW. li. Dkack, I'li. 1)., and II. X. Allen, B. S. (|)p. 33-7li). — This is a continuation of the observa- tions for ISSS and 188!>, leportetl in IJuiletins Nos. <> and 15 of the sta- tion (sehosph(>ric acid and potash, and when applied all at one time or in two separate portions. Each ex[)eriment was made on IL' twentieth acre i)lats, treated as follows: Nitrate of soda, 8 and 10 pounds, was used alone and in con- nection with a mixture of 8 pounds of muriate of i>otash ami 10 pounds of boueblack super|)hos;»ljat<', bciiij; applied in four cases all at one time, i)re\ ions to settinj; the plants, and in t<)ur cases in two sejKirate equal applications, one previous tosettinj; and the other a month later. One ton of bainyard manure was used on one plat ; one plat received a mixture of 8 pounds of nuiriate of potash and 10 pounds of boueblack superphosphate; and two plats remained unfertilized. In the case of one of the experiments, the season was such as to pre- vent the drawing- of conclusions. The statements followiii<; relate to the other experiment, which was made on the farm used for a similar exi»eriinent in 1889. " Tiie seeds from whieli the plants were secured were planted untler glass, in February, 1890. Only strong and stocky plants were selected for the experiment. They were set 4 feet apart each way. with two rows on each plat, giving 130 plants per plat. The plats were laid out and the fertilizers ap[)lied May 9. The plants were set May 9, 10, and 13, beginning at the ends of the rows, and setting from side to side across the whole number of plats." The yield of tomatoes at diUVrent pickings, the value of the crop, and the relation of yield and value of the early pickings to the total yield and value of the crop are tabulated for each plat. 31 Doen nitrate of soda hicreusc the i/lchl nt the expense of maturity? — Tlio total yield and tlic total value of the crop were lar<;er in every case where nitrate of soda was used. The yield and value of "early" tomatoes (picked between July 7 and August 5) were also larger where the nitrate was used, except in the two cases where 10 pounds of nitrate of soda was ai)plied all atone time. In these two cases the average yield of early tomatoes was the same as that of the unfertilized plats. How- ever, while the yield of early tomatoes was (with two exceptions) larger with nitrate of soda, the percentage of early tomatoes in the whole crop was lower with the nitrate than with barnyard manure or no fertilizer. The nitrate, therefore, "did not increase the maturity in the same ratio as the yield." In the oi)inion of the autlnn- the results of this experiment "empha- size the general conclusions reached last year: (1) That nitrate of soda did not increase the yield at the expense of money value of early tomatoes when applied in small <|nantities [8 pounds per plat], or in large quantities [10 pounds per plat| in two applications. This was eer cent ami their value 77.5 per cent higher than that of the pre- ceding year, the yield of eaily pickings where nitrate of soda was used was only 55.8 per cent and their value 25.5 per cent greater than in 1880. Therefore, " while the relative etfect of nitrate of soda is the same each year for the different () j)onnds. Tiiese conclusions are sniistantially identical with those secured from the studj- of yiehls, and show that financial profits from the use of nitrate of soda are also governed l)y the (luantity ai»plied, tlio method of application, and a full supply of mineral elements in the soil. New Jersey Stations, Bulletin No. 80, March 14, 1891 (pp. 31). ExrEKIMKNT.S WITH KF-K II LIZHII.S ON POTATOKS, K. 1). VoORUEES, M. A. (i)p. 3-24), — 111 Older to ascertain the general practice followed In potato culture, the station sent out circulars "to about one hundred of the leading growers in tlu' Stat(\" in0 bushels per acre. The cost of tlu' crop, not incliul- iug the mamiro or fertili/er, .averaged $l{0 pt>r acre. A report is given of the first year's experiment carried on in IS'.Kt nt the college farm and two private farms, to compare the elieets on potat<»es of barnyard manure, "chemical manures," and a mixture of the two; of potash in the forms of sulphate, muriate, and kainit: and of nitrate of soda when applied all at once and in two portions at dilVen'iit times. The soil of the college farm is described as "a gravelly, clay loam, with tight, red clay subsoil, and not especially adapted to potatoes. It had been in alfalfa since 1887, for which it was well manured. The soil of one of the private farms consisted of a medium sandy loam, with dry, 33 open subsoil, in a good state of fertility, and was well adapted to pota- toes; that of the third farm was a lif^ht, sainly loam of rather medium fertility. Each experiment was made on 14 twentieth-acre plats. Three of the plats received no fertilizers; on the remaining 11 plats 16 ponnds of boneblack were combined, in sei)arate cases, with S i)()nnds of muriate or sulphate of potash, or 32 pounds of kainit per plat, and combina- tions of boneblack (16 pounds) with each of these different i)otash fertilizers were used with 10 i)<)nnds of nitrate of soda per plat, the latter being in some cases ajiplied all at the time of planting and in others part at time of i)laiiting and part a month later; 1 ton of barn- 3'ard manure was used on one ])lat, and 1,000 i)ounds of barnyard manure, with half (inatitities of the mineral fertilizers, on another j)lat. Early Kose potatoes were planted at the college and Uurbank on the other two fiirms. The seed potatoes were cut to two eyes, and planted from 12 to 15 inches apart in rf)ws 2i feet apart. The i)Otatoes were dug at the convenience of the farmers, and 5-pound samples taken from each plat for analysis. The yield of large ami small potatoes and the total and net value of the crop at 75 cents i)er bushel for large and 40 cents per bushel for small potatoes, are tabulated for each plat in each experiment, and the average yields of the unfertilized plats, and of those receiving barnyard manure, mineral fertilizers, and a mixture of the two, are given for each separate experiment. Relative effect of the different methods of fertilizin(j. — The following table shows the average results of plats receiving similar treatment at each farm: Average rvsnUs per acre of different methorls of fcrtUizlng. Farm No. 1 (college) : ITii r.rl il i/»'(l Hiiiiivaiil inaiMire MiiiiT.il li'itiliziirs Mixtin'K 111" manure ami fertiliziTM. Faiin No. 'l: Unl'ertilizod Barnyard niannie Miueral li-rtili/ers ^lixtnre of manure and fertilizers. Farm No. H: Unfertilized Hamyard manure Mineral ferlilizerH Mixture of manure and fertilizers. Cost of fertilizer. $n(i. 00 11. lit 21.77 30.00 11.19 21.77 30.00 11.19 21.77 Yield. lUtshelg. 101. C 203. 0 I.IK. 9 205. 9 140.0 14!). 0 175.2 202. C 73.0 143.3 143. R 191. (> Value. $113.73 142.20 110.3S 146. ,'.2 101.28 108.02 129. .34 147.75 47.19 103.98 101.. 52 137. 89 Net value. $113.73 112.20 99.19 124. 75 101.28 78.62 118.15 125. 98 47.19 73. 98 90. 33 116.12 Gaiu(+)or loss ( --). —$1.53 —14.54 + 11.02 —22.66 + 16.87 +24.70 +26. 79 +43.14 +68.93 "A study of the table shows that the application of 200 pounds of nitrogen, 200 of phosi)horic acid, and 100 of potash in 20 tons of barn- yard manure per acre, was followed by the lowest yield in all cases, and was protitable only on [farm Xo. 3]; that an average api)lication of 20 pounds of nitrogen, 50 of phosphoric acid, and 80 of potash in the form of complete chemical manures was profitable on two farms; and that a combination of one half of the barnyard manure and one half of the 34 chemical manure used in the other methods gave the largest yield and was profitable in all cases." Effect of the different forms of potash salts. — The jields with complete fertilizers, containing potash in the form of sulphate, muriate, or kainit, as tabnhited, show that in each case the muriate gave a slightly increased yield (from 10 to 19 bushels per acre) over the sulphate. '-The kainit was the least effective and in a few cases proved an injury." Effects of nitrate of soda. — Nitrate of soda, applied all at time of planting or part at time of jilanting and the rest later, seems to have been practically without elTect. "The reason for its failure to aid in the production of the crop is nol clear, since the general experience of both experimenters and practical fanners is that uiuforndy good results have followed its use upon ]>otatoes." Chemical composition of the crop. — Analyses with reference to both food and fertilizing ingi^nlieuts are given for samples of potatoes from each plat in each of the three separate trials. Tlie results from all the experiiitents ajjree very closely with each other, though a very niarkeil (lilVereiice ia noticed in the clVect of ihe ditVereiit f\>riii8 of potji.sh. It has already heeu shown that iiiaiiiires, <»roiipi'd either aceonliii-j to the form of potash or as a whole, did unfavorahly inlluenco the ]M'rcentaf;e of dry inatt«'r in the potato. Of the three forms of jiotash used, the sulphate wiis the least mifavorahle, since it reduced the dry matter in the average of all the experiments hut O.OH pound in 100 pounhate is the most valnahle. The author states further, that in general, while the potatoes on the plats receiving sulphate of potash were not as large, they were of more uniform size and of smoother skin than those on the plats fertilized with either muriate of potash, kainit, or baniyaid manure. When cooked, the potatoes from the sulphate plats were believe«i to be of superior quality. "As in the composition of food compounds, the variations in the amounts of plant-food elements contained were not marked in the sam- ples frojn different ])lats in each experiment." The amount of fertili- zing ingredients removed by the crop on ea(!h farm and the amounts left in the soil from the various ap[»lications, are calculated. The chief points brought out by the experiments of this year are sum- marized as follows : (1) The best results were secured when chemical manures were used in connectioQ with barnyard m.annre. (■J) Kainit was less effective than eitiier muriate or sulphate of pot.osh ; and sul- jdiate of potash did not produce larger yields than muri.ito. (3) Nitrate of soda did not jirove a valuable fertilizer for potatoes. 35 (4) Potash (looH iiitliionco tlio comjiosition of potatoes ; and of tln' (liflTcrent coinmcr- cial fi'iiiis, tlit« Miilpliate is tho most valiiablo. Tlioii;;h soiuothinj^ has been learned from these experiments, fnrther study Heonis imperative, for there is no one cinestiou so important to the general farmer of thia State as the stndy of soils and crops in regard to the economical use of manures. Field experiments wrrir fertilizers on wheat, E. B. Voor- IIEES, I\r. A. (pp. 25-31). — These. exi>erimeiit8, made on the laud of a farmer in the State, were " i>hinned to study tlie otiects of nitrogen as nitrate of soda when used either alone or in connection with either one or both of the elements of potash and phosphoric acid." The 5 tenth-acre |)lat8 used for the trial were used for an ex]>eri- nient with oats in 1S,S!», and were fertiliz(Ml for that crop as follows: I'hits 1 and "», unfertilized; i)lat U, !."i(» pounds muriate of potash; plat 3, 3(M) i)ounds of "boneblack superphosphate," and plat 4, the two mate- lials combined. In the ex[)eriment with wiieat, plat 1 received nitrate of soda IGO pounds per acre; i)lats 2 and 3, the same amount of nitrate with respectively 100 pounds of muriate of potash ami 320 ])ounds of bone- blacU superphosphate; plat 4, tlu' three materials combined; and plat 5 reniained uumanured. One fourth of the nitrate of soda was applied at the time of seedinj^ (September 24) and the remainder in the si)rinfj (April 2!», 18!)0). , The yields of oood and ])Oor wheat and of straw, the wei«'i- bushel, the analyses of the wheat and straw, and the amounts of feitilizing ingredients removed from the soil are tabulated for each plat. The following summary is taken from the bulletin : Cotnparison of yields per acre. UriiiKiiiiircil I a nil • Jail! 1 1 Din nil rate nf siKlaalcmc ( iaiii 1 1 III 11 ml rale of soda Willi imtasli Oain tniiii nilralo (ifsnila with |ilins|)li(>iic acid Uain iViiin iiili'at<« nf soila with plid.splioric acid and putash lucroased ;;uin due to )>liiis|)lioric acid Increased >;■*'" "li'o to |ilio.sidioric acid and potasli Wlieat. Straw. Bushels. Po inds. rj. 7 1,555 5.8 925 5.0 »(|5 0.5 1.515 U. 0 1,5«5 3.7 50O 6.8 CM It will he observed that while the nitrate alone incn-a.sed the yield by r>.8 bushels, its best effect, 12.G bushels of wheat and 1,."H.") pounds of straw, or an increase of 100 per cent, was .secured only when there was a full supply of the mineral elements. Tlie presence of these iiilliienced the quality of the product, as shown by the weight of measureil biisind and by the amount of poor wheat. Allowing $1.10 per bushel for the wheat and $.")per ton for the straw, the profit per acre is calculated to be as follows: With nitrate of .soda alone $4.98 With nitrate of soda and potash 0.45 With nitrate of soda and jihosphoric acid 6.42 With nitrati^ of .soda, phosphoric acid, and potash 6.41 The author gives, in closing, directions as to the use of idtrate of soda on wheat. 36 New Mexico Station, First Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 8). This coiitaius a brief statement regarding the organization and equip- ment of the station, an outline of the experiments planned, and a finan- cial statement for the fisciil year ending June 30, 1890. During 1890 the station published two bulletins, abstracts of which may be found in Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, pp. 418, 419. New York State Station, Bulletin No. 29 (New Series), April, 1891 (pp. 20). Feeding exteiiiments with l.\yin<: hkns, P. Collier, Th. D. (pp. 417-H»4). — The experiments made at the station in 18S9, as to relative effects of rations containing different i>roi>ortions of nitroge- nous materials for laying hens, were continued in 1890. The exi>eriment here reported extended from Xovember l.">, l.S,S!», to November 15, 1890, and was madewitli four pens of fowls. Tlie tollowing rations were fed to fowls of both the smaller (singlecombed White Leghorns, and white- crested r.laek Polish) and the larger bree«ls (Plymouth Koeks, Light Brahmas, iiixl i'.ull' ('othins): Pen r>, () liciis, sm.illir hm-ds.. ..O.if.s, rnni on tli(> cob, anil a mixtnre of linst'od nioal. bran, ami unnnul oats. Ton n, s hens, laij^or broods Nntritivo ratio, 1.42:{ to 4. :!'.». Pen 7, (» ln'iis, .snialbr brt'ods Oats, corn on tlio cob, atid ct)rn meal. • Pen H, H bens, larjror bn-ods Nutritive ratio, l.TiiI to fi.));?. Tims, while in ;\dditioii to oats and eoiii (»n tlie cob, pens .1 and fi received a grain mixture containing from L'-.4 to -4 per cent of crude protein, jtens 7 and S received corn n)eal containing ll.r» ])er cent of protein. All the fowls were given corn silage, red clover, and at times meat scraps. "Tlie fowls of contrasted pens were similar in regard to breed, age, and immediate piientage, and until it months old were under the same conditions of feeding, etc., but for the year preceding this trial were under rations of the same character for each i»en respectively as those i'ed during this last period. The year for which the results are here given included the whole of the second laying season, all the fowls being mature, averaging about 17 months old when this experiment began.'' The results are tabulated in detail for each pen. The average results per hen for the whole year are given as follows : Anrufic niDnlitr and we'xjht of egtfn produced per fowl during one year and food consumtd per day. Pfii 5, nninllor fowls I'oli 6, lai iter fowls Peu 7, Hniallor fowls Pi'li 8, laiRer fowls morn nitrojienous ration •corn-nioal ratiou No. of eggs- < 43.7 ) : 4a 0 U 6A7 ) I 50.1 Weiglit of eggs. Otinrf^. 01.48 IDH. 24 136.30 112.16 Total water frtc footl per (lay. Ouncf*. 3.30 2..i7 3.27 37 TliiiH in tlio case of both tlie larfjer annllinjj and egL; <"a( in^ were common ann)nii the latter. » » • There is no donht that dnrinj; the layinjj; period the fowls of hoth larj^er and smaller hreeds receiving the corn meal, were fatter, for at nearly all times during this feeding trial the hainlling and weights of the birds indicated it. At tlu'close of the experiment the hens were all confined in small pens and given all they would eat of the same rations tlu'y had liei'U receiving. After C> weeks 1!> of the 28 hens were killed and dissected. Data with regard to the live weight of the fowls, the weight of different |>arts of the body, and the relation of live weight to dressed weight, of lean meat to dressed weight, et(;., are tabulated. The genei-al average of the fowls kiH,ed showed the fowls receiving the more nitrogenous footl to hav«' become fatter than those receiving the corn-meal rations ; but the author believes "then' is no doubt that most of the tVit was accumulated during this period of close continement and heavy ieeding w ithout miudi exer- cise." The bones of those hens which had received the corn meal ration continually for 2 years " were, on the average, for each lot, heavier." The number of eggs laid by the same hens during the second season "was but little le.ss than that of the first season." Tlieir average size was as follows: First year. Si'conil year. Sin:ill. r liiv.-.ls. iiiln);;(iiciii-< ration Oiinfrx. I.K.i 1.9.1 '>. IJ 2. l-.> Oiineex. •1. 09 l.'.i'.t •J.'.'l •_'. 'H The cost of feeding hens entirely from the feed box for 4 months between the first and second laying season, is calcidated at about 1!) cents i)er fowl for the smaller breeds and 21 cents for the larger. " Unless pullets can be produced at less cost there would appear to be but little advantage in replacing hens for the first year, as is so often recom- mended, e\. 12 per cent of the late-planted reached maturity. In the c.a.se of the cab- bages, 75.G1 per cent of those planted early maile marketable heads, although half of the v.irieties were those usually termed winter cabbages and seldom planted for Huunner use. The late planting of cabbages gave 'JU.IU per cent of marketable he.ads. From a financial stan(l|)oint, however, the early planting gave more remunerative results. Tomatoes, comparison of methods of (iRo\viN(;, P. Collier, Pu. D. (pp. 471-478). — Tabulated data of yields and dcsci iptivr notes on the varieties compared are given for an experiment, which is de- scribed as follows: In these tests 7 plants each of !".( of the newer varieties of tomatoes were used. The i»lants were set in a young vineyard that hail been toji-dressed with lioue meal at the rate of 'iOO pounds per acre, the soil being in a good state of tilth. In setting the plants, each row w.as run east aud west. A wire trellis was then run north and south, to which the eastern plant of each variety was trained. The next plant in each row w.as trimuied at fie((neiit intervals, thus allowing the sunlight to penetrate to the soil and also reach every fruit. The :? following jdauts were allowed to grow at will. The sixth plant was trained to a stake, Iteing tied up as re([uired, and the extreme western jilaut was traiued to a wire trellis. The trimmed jtlants in almost every case gave the tirst ripe fruits, but both the west trellis and staked plants ripened 10 fruits as early as did the trimmed plants. Both the west trellis and staked j>Iants of every v.ariety yielded a very small crop. This is .accounted for by the fact that there was a heavy clay knoll running through the vineyard. • • • During .the fruiting season there was a very heavy rainfall. * * " In every case but cue 39 tlio yii'M «>f rijif fruit was siiiallor tbaii Mm yiold of j^rucii fruit, inakiii;; th«« yifld «>t ri|»«! toiiiatoi'.s fall in-low tlm av. 5!>8), indi- cated that the y:reea seed would produce earlier and more numerous but smaller fruits, together with weaker viues. The season of Id'JO gave much the same results, the plants from immature seed ripening fruits 10 days iu advance of those from mature seed; the growth of viues in 18"J0 was more vigorous than in previous years and the fruits larger. This was probably due to the fact that the specimen fruit selected for seed iu 188D was of lar'^e size, and while very green had nearly obtained its maximum development. » » • It is yet a (inestion of how much further towards a perfectly ripe fruit it will be best to go to procure seed that will give more vigor of plaut aud still retain the early- ripening ((ualities of immature seed. Oregon Station, First and Second Annual Reports, 1889 and 1890 (pp. 13 and 18). These include tiuaucial statements for the years ending June 30, 1889 and 1800, the regulations of the board of regents of the State Agri- cultural (./(allege for the government of the station, brief outlines of the work, and a synopsis of Bulletins Nos. L-7 of the station. South Dakota Station, Bulletin No. 24, May, 1891 (pp. 15). Experiments with corn, L. Foster, M. S. A. (i)p. 152-IG4).— A brief account of the results of ex[>eriments with varieties of corn and on the time and thickness of planting and methods of cultivation, carried on at the station during 3 years (1888-00). A previous reimrt on this series of exi)eriments was published in Bulletin No. 0 of the station (see Experiment Station liecord, vol. i, p. 18). The original purpose of the experiments was to find out whether corn could be suc- cessfully grown in this section. Tabulated and descriptive notes are given on 14 tlint and 7 dent varieties which have proven best adapted to the part of South Dakota in which the station is located. The experiments thus far made indicate that, (1) the best time for planting in this locality is betweeu May 10 aud 20, aud (2) that the season of 40 growth before injinious frosts is about 100 days from May 15. Exper- iments iu 1890 witli different distances of planting iu liills and drills and with deep and shallow 'jultivatiou, are briefly recorded. Tennessee Station, Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 6, December, 1890 (pp. 14). This coniains an index to vols, i, ii. and iii of the bulletins of the station. Tennessee Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 1, January, 1891 (pp. 54). Craij GRASS UAY, C. W. Daunky, .JR., 1*11. D. (p[). 4-8, Jig. 1).— r.rief descriptive notes on crab grass (I'ftnicnm mfujuinale), with tabulated re.snlts of analysis of this and other plants. In a l)rief introduction to the bulletin the director of the station makes the following statement regarding this plant: Tlirongbont the Northern and Middle States cnib {jrass, or liiiKer gra.ss as it is soinetiines called, is rof^arded only in tlio lij;bt of a weed and a post. In tlii.s State, wliile often idavinj^ the jtart of a weed (and a very persistent one too) in {jardens and hood crops, cral) j^rass nnder certain conditions becomes of nnich valne botli for Biininier pasturaj^e and for liay. It sprinjjs np in corn and j^rain fiehlK after these crops arc harvested, and frequently yields a larj^e ainonnt of hay, which tbon<^b bniky, is, as determined by the chemist, more nntritioiis, weij;ht for weij^bt, than timothy. The ri'suUs of analyses made at the station and elsewhere are rei>orted in the following table: CuiiiiiOHiliou of varioiin kiiidn of hni/ itiid ijrass. Andriipoifon argyrceut. Tall ml top. Tiniotliv liay* Orchanigra.*."* hay* Cral)-};rans liav, oina, 188i» ■- Crab urass liay, ours, 18'.Ki '. Maturi' crab;;ia8.>»,t C. Iviclianlsoii Cral) j;raHst eiit Judo 23, C. Uicliaril.sou Moi8- turo. .S.40 8.74 13. Gl 14.30 76.50 Iu 100 parts of dry matter there are— Protein or nl- biiiui- uoi(l8. Nitro,:i'n Ether | free ex- extract tractor 4.25 6. 62 8 62 9. 02 9.25 10.12 9.78 23.13 or fals. 2.00 2.45 3.02 3.85 2.93 3.68 2.82 4.84 arlto- hyilrateH 58. 83 .■•.1. ►5 49.34 38.04 45.84 53.06 42. 70 37.09 Criiilo tiber. 31.06 31.. 56 33. 92 41.07 27.16 26.82 32.09 19.03 Crude u.sli. 3.02 4. .52 5. 10 6. 52 8.82 7.32 12.61 15.01 Total iiitrn- 0.68 1.06 1.38 1.56 1.48 1.62 1.57 3.70 Albu- luimiiil uilro- 0.06 1.00 1.21 1.29 C) 1.33 1.06 C) X 111 II- tive ratio. I to 1.5.0 1 to ». 2 1 to 6.4 1 to 4.9 1 to 5.7 1 to 6.0 1 to 5.0 1 to 2.1 *Nt'W York Statf Station Auiiuallteport for 1888. t U. S. Depaitiuuut of Agriculture, Division of Uotany, Special Bulletin on Grasses and Fora):e riauta. ♦ Not iU-1eriniiU'. S. (pp. Ifj-LM)). — The luUowiii-i- t^xpcriiiMMit to compare the leediiiji \aliie of first and sccoimI crops of clover liay in fattening steers was made diiriiii; tlie wiiilcr ol lS.S!)-0(>. I'oiir ;.;iade Slioitlioni steers about li years old were divided into two ey Dr. A. Gatting^er "grow- iiig on the liiiiestoue cliffs along tbe Ciunbeilaiul iiiver uear ^S'asUville, ill 18G7." As far as known it has not been observed outside tbe limits of Tennessee. It ia a uear relative of the red or creej)in;( fescue of Europe, and like that, has a creeping or stoloniferous root. It is therefore au excellent turf-formiu}; j^rass, with good staying i|ualitie8, and will doubtless witlistaud well tlu'. tramping of stock. In our latit'.nlc it remains green the year round, being little all'ected by drouth or the uevere c(dil of winter, and its great mass of Hue root leaves will yield rich grazing wherever it is allowed to beeouie well established, lis lloweriug stems grow to the height of 2 leet or more; it blossoms in May, maturing its seed in July. It is to be recommended only for pastures, but there, esi)eciaily npou wora-out soils aud hill slopes, we are coulideut that it will prove of great value. Tests of this grass will be ntade at tlu* tjtation. Black knot of the plum and cukurv. V. L. Scuibner, B. S. (l>p. U(»-28, i»late 1). — ])es(.'iii)tive notes on I'luirrifjlitia morbosa, with suggestions as to remedies. Tbe illustrations are from Orchard and GardcHj and after Farlow. Pruning friit trees, 1{. L. Watts, B. Agr. (i>i). 2'J-31). — Geu- eral instructions reganling the pruning of fruit trees. Glassy-winged soldier bug, li. E. Summers, B. S. (pp. 32, 33, figs. 2). — l)escrii»tive notes on Ht/aliodcs ritripcnnis, Say, which preys ui)on the grapevine leaf hoppers. Diseases of live stock, \V. B. Niles, D. V. M. (pp. 34-30). — lu view of the fact that a disease reseinbling " staggers " was causing serious injury to horses, nudes, an«l cattle in Tennessee, Dr. Niles of the University of South Carolina, was sent for to make an investiga- tion of the trouble. In this article he states that he was convinced that "the disease affecting horses and mules is the same as the disease calletl ' staggers' in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and son)e other States. The disease affecting cattle appears to be a different trouble, and is very probably the same as the trouble which annually ap[»ears in some of the Northwestern States, and which is by some called the ' cornstalk' disetise." The probable causes of these diseases are discussed and suggestious are made regarding treatment. I'^M'KRiMENT STATION IJECORD (pp. 37-54).— Abstiiu;ts of bulletins Vols. 1, II, aud III, taken for the most part from Experiment Station Bulletin, No. 2, part i, and Experiment Station Kecord, vols, i and Ii, of this Ollice. Tennessee Station. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 2, April, 1891 (pp. 21). Peanut (^rop of Tennessee, statistics, culture and ciiemks- TRV, L. P. P>RO\VN (pp. 55-73). — '' Teniu>ssee's crop of peanuts for the year 1.S.S9 was not far from 550,000 bushels, worth, at a low estimate, 1)0 cents per bushel, a total value of $405,000. The total crop of the Uuited States iu 1681) was probably about 2,700,000 bushels, lu 18'J0 43 the crop was much largfer." It costs about 10 (UMits ikt husliel to jjrow l)camits ill Tennessee, and the avera^*' [)ii(;e to the producer is from 1)5 cents to s 1.05. The average cro[> is from K) to <»() bushels per acre, and the money return is from $U2 to $40 per acre. In Tennessee peanut growing is maiidy confined to six or seven counties in tlie center of the State. The soil used is sandy or gravelly clay, with a chiy subsoil, and is derived from siliceous limestones and sandstones. Two kiuds of poauuts are f^rowii in Tenuessoc, viz, wliito aiul red. The white variety is prodaeed in iiiiich the larger ([iiantity, as they bring about 'io cents per bnshel more than the red. Tlie rod nut is so called from the color of the skin of tho kernel. The white nut has a skin nearly or unite white, but which darkens with ago. The white nut has a more spreading habit of growth than the red, is said to be more prolilic, and is later in coming to maturity. The red matures better because earlier, and yields fewer imperfect ])od8, called " puffs" or " pops." Tabulated results of analyses by the author of dilt'erent parts of the peanut plant, are given and com[>ared with the analyses made elsewhere of this and other crops. The original analyses reported in this article are as follows : Composition of peanuts grown in Tennessee. Kernel of pp.inata : Cioji, 18^8 Crop, 188!) Peanut iiiea! I'l'iiuut Inilla Peanut bay Moisture. 3.87 4.86 10. C-t 8.81 7.81 7.83 In 100 parts of dry matter there are — Protein or album i- uoids. 28.65 27.07 41). G:f G.42 7.94 11.75 Ether ex- tract or fats. 49.35 48. CO C.33 l..'J4 2.17 1.84 Nitrofien — free ex- tract or carbohy- drates". 17. 23 19.30 31.07 17. 14 13. 36 46.95 Crude fiber. 2.37 2.52 6.06 73.07 6.\ 81 22.11 Crndo ash. 2.40 •1. 51 6.31 2. 03 3.63 17.04 Ask analyses of peanuts. Kernels of peanuts lliill.s of pi-anuts Leaves of peanut vine.i Stems of peanut vinos. lu 100 parts of dry ash Oiere are — Phosphoric acid. P., Os- 38.00 5.63 4 85 5.34 Potash K., O 39. &"j 31.78 15. UO 19.23 Soda Na.j O 2.85 7.85 7.26 7.52 Lime CaO 4.11 27.01 50.77 25. 80 Masne- sia Mk O 1.83 12. 60 10.89 19.67 Sulplinric ] acid. Silica. SO, 10.40 8.89 3.57 7.42 0 20 4.13 5. 60 9.93 Summary. — (1) The best results in peanut growing are to be obtained only by careful attention to details, such as selection and preservation of seed, careful preparation of the jrronnd, care in selecting seed, and good culture of the peas. Only iu this way can the planter always bo sure of getting Just returns for his labor, no matter •what the prices are. (2) The peanut is one of the richest vegetable fools known. Peanut lueal is fully equal to cotton-seeil meal as a feeding stuff. It is, however, hardly known in this country for this use. 3348— No. 1 i. 44 (3) Until some other use is foniid for them, the hulls, which accuranlate in consider- able quantities at the recleaners, are practically a waste product, as they have only a small fertilizing value and are not used as a fodder. (4) The practice of feeding the hay is one long estalilished, and for this purpose it seems to he about equal to clover hay, especially for cattle. (5) Experience in Virginia and North Carolina seems to indicate that a moderato use of commercial and home-made fertilizers would pay growers of peanuts iu Ten- uessee. From the analyses and from what we know of the needs of similar plants, it is suggested that experiments bo made with home-mixed fertilizers giving l.'> pounds of nitrogen, 10 pounds of available phosphoric acid, and 20 pounds of potash per acre. West Virginia Station, Third Annual Report. 1890 (pp. 190). llEroET OF Director, J. A. Myers, I'li. 1). (pp. 4-29, plates 4). — This iiiclnde.s the text of tlie acts of Coiigros.s mid of tlie State lefjislatiire relatiiifj to the station, aiul a tinancial statement for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1889 and 1890; a description of the station buihlinj; and its equipment, with {jronnd plans and a view of the exterior; and brief statenients regarding; the work of the station. The creamery industry (pp. 29-88, i)lates .{, figs. G). — In this article the author points out the more important factors es.sential to success in butter making, mentions the ditterent devices for raising cream by setting, gives the history of the development of the centrifu- gal apparatus so largely used in one form or another iu creameries, describes its manner of working, and iUustrates and describes several of tlie different forms. The article also contains tabidated data and summaries of observations on the separation and churnitig ofcicam for each month from November, 1889, to.Iune, 1890, inclusive; analyses of sweet-cream butter; a description of the method of butter analysis; the results of churn tests of milk ; and full descripti, show that it required 3.95 pounds of acid cream to make one pound of butter, and 3.74 pounds of sweet cream to make one jjonnd of butter, " In the churn test made for 9 days to study the reliability of this method of determining the amount of butter which may be separated from cream, "iu five cases out of nine the overchiiriiing of the cream gave an average of (>.'-Mt ounces more of butter per hundred pound.s of milk than did churning the cream to the granulated condition. In four cases out of niue tests the overchurniug of the cream gave an average excess of 3.32 ounces per hundred pounds of milk in favor of churning to the granulated condition." Suggestions are made as to the execution of the various (piick meth- ods of determining fitt in milk, with a table, prepared by B. H. Ilite, for 45 coiiveitin^ tlic (U'<^ree.s of the r.L'iiiiliiig test to per cent of fut. The results of comparativo deterininatioiis of the fat in samples of cream, whole milk, Imttennilk, and skim milk by the Beimlinj,'-, Babcock, Cochran, and Soxhlct methods, and the Adams uiavimctiic, method are also stated. Comparing the Beimling and Babcock methods, the former "gives somewhat higher residts in onr hands than does the Babeock i)roeess and is moie rapid." The results by the Beinding "compare very favorably with the results by the Adams method," and "taking it all in all, we hold tiiis method of analysis of milk in very high esteem." The results by the Babcock method, " while very uin- form among themselves, ran ap[)re<;iably lower tiian analyses made by the Adams method." This was especially true in the case of skim milk or buttermilk. In the limited number of comi)arisons of the Cochran and Soxhiet methods with the Adams, the results varied from those by the Adams method by 0.2 per cent or over iu about half the cases, the diflerence being in several cases over OA per cent of fat. IvEroiiT OF Botanist and MicKosconsT, C. F, MiLLsrAraii, M. D. (i)p. 89-144, plates 4, figs. 17). — This includes brief statements regarding the flora of West Viiginia ; notes on a tour of observation in the State made by the author in the summer of 181)0 ; brief descri[)tivo notes on sixty species of trees and shrubs growing on the cami)us of West Virginia University; a list of the native trees and shrubs of the State; a brief account of an ex[)eriment begun in ISIJO with several varieties of Austrian basket osiers ; notes on the Canada thistle {Cnicus ari'ensis), which were also published in Bulletin No. 10 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. il, p. 745); and a somewhat detailed account of the processes and apparatus of photography in its api)li('ation to station work. The report is illustrated with a map of West Virginia, two plates showing the Canada thistle at different stages of its growth, and numerous cuts exhibiting diftereut pieces of photo- graphic apparatus. The boundary line of West Virginia has become a synonym for irregularity, the truth of which a glance at the map accompanying this report will show. The topog- raphy of the State might be comiirised also, suggesting as it does an immense held over which a gigantic plow, drawn by a powerful grillin, which, goaded into frenzy with the trident of its Plutonic follower, had left iu its erratic leaps and Hights a con- fused maze of deep and irregular furrows. This topograjdiical condition is mainly due to the great number of rapid-tlowing streams, which, rising in the higher nmnn- tain ranges of the eastern and southern borders, pass in varied courses through the State to augment the Ohio west and northwest and the Potomac in the northeast. Among the low as well as the loftier mountain ranges, there is comparatively little table-land; and iu the valleys a like absence of extensive bottoms, except along Tygart's Valley River iu Kandolpb County, the Great Kanawha, and the Ohio. The absence of ponds and lakes is remarkable, not one to my knowledge existing within the boundaries of the State. The predominating soil of the hills and valleys is clayey and sandy allnvium, stiff clay, and loam, with some calcareous matter admixed in certain sections. The rocks 46 aie principally sandstone, limestone, and shale. The special features of the now very- fertile and tlien qnite sterile soils compounded of the ahove deposits and roclcs, we need not enter into in this place ; suffice it to say that our soils give us a varied llora, and one often widely different in localities only a few miles apart. * » * With the exception of a few transient botanists who have worked over, for their own personal pleasure, the neighborhood of some vacation resort in the State, the only attempts at obtaining a knowledge of the vegetable resonrces of the State nmy be sunnnarized as follows : 1807 and 1871. Dr. A. S. Todd, as chairman of a committee of the Medical Society of West Virginia, published a list of the medicinal plants of West Virginia. This list contains an enumeration of 9 trees, 7 shrubs, and GO herbs. 1870. Mr. DissDebarr, State commissioner of immigration, in his Handbook of West Virginia, compiled a list of the timber trees of the State, in which he enu- merated ;V2 species and added 12 species of shrubs. 187(5. Professor Fontaine in compiling his portion of the eentenninl volume upon the Resources of West Virginia, listed more earefnlly the forest trees, shrubs, and medicinal plants of the Slate, drawing the last from the publicatitm of Dr. Todd. This work contains an enumeration of (>1) trees and 1<3 shrubs. 1878. Profs. U. N. Mertz and G. Gutfenberg published a check li.st of the flora of West Virginia, being an account of work done abmg the upper Ohio bottoms, and in the mountains of the northeastern portion of the Stale, the latter while located at Harpei's Ferry. This list enumerates f.lt trees, :57 shrnlis, and -IIM herbs. Miss Verona Mapel, preceptress of the high school atGleuville, Gilmer County, has quite thoroughly worked over her immediate vicinity in connection with her school duties. She reports I'i trees, 2;} shrubs, and 2'.»0 herbs. Her list does not include the commoner weeds and herbs, nor the grasses or sedges. .Judge Frank A. Guthrie, of Point Pleasant, at the mouth of the Great Kan.iwha Kiver, has carefully worked his vicinity, which includes the bottom lands of the Oliio and Kanawha Kivers and the adjacent ridges. liEPORT OF Entomologist, A. I). Hopkins (pp. 145-180, plates 2). — This includes notes on a nntnbiT of .species of farm and fjarden insects and a preliininaiy re[)ort on investigations of foiost and sbade-tree insects. Farm and (janhn insects (pp. 117-103). — Notes are given on the fol- lowinj; insects, including accounts of life histoiy, olKservations by the author, and statements regarding experiments with insecticides: Striped Hea beetle {Phullotrcta rilfata), .sheep tick {Mclophagus oviniis), plum curcnlio {Conotrnchelns nenuphar), codling moth [Carpocajyaa pomoneUa), imported currant worm {yrmatus rrnfricosu.s), house t\y [MuHca flomestica), Colorado potato beetle {Doryphora 10-Uncata), cur- rant worm (Pristiphora grossularkv), \vh\te grub (Lachnosterna fusca), wireworms, cabbage worm (J'itris rapa'), cabl'nge {)iofiea {Piojua rinio- salis), apple tree tent caterpillar {CU.siocauipa antcricana)^ stock borer, grain plant louse {Siphonopyhora avena'), peach tree borer {.Itgeria cxi- tiosa), apple tree borer, liorn fly, and raspberry gouty gall beetle {Agrtlus ruJicoUis). The account of the raspberry beetle is acc«>m- panied by a plate containing nine original figures. Two ])arasites were discovered by the author on the larva' of this insect, which were deter- mined at this Department to be, respectively, a uew species of Bracon and Charitopus niagnijicufi. 47 Forest and shnde-tree insects (m^. IGA-IHQ). — An account is g-iven of observations by the author in Auy:ust, ISOl), on h)cust trees in the vicinity of the station, which were seriously injured by the ravages of insect pests. The ro{;ioii lliiiK iillVcted, so faia.s I li.avc since obaeivcd, extends tliroiifjli l)o(l(lrinj;alia County to the Pennsylvania line, and from riedinont south wanl thronj^h Tucker, Kandolph, tJpshnr, and Lewis Counties. The tre«is are unaffected throii;;h Ritciiie and Wood Counties and alonj; the Ohio Kiver, as far as was observed, the leaves beiiij^ fnish and yreen at the time tliey scenuid to be dyinj; in the infested districts nientioued. This dead and scorched apitearanco of the locust trees at a time of year when they are noted for their beautiful {rreeu foliage, was, as far as can at present be learned, first noticed in Harrison County about the year 188"), when a few scattering trees were observed to turn brown. The number of trees thus attected rapidly increased each year until every tree, bush, and sprout of this species looked as if it had been killed by fire. This trouble continued to spread until at present at least one liftli of the State is affected. While over forty species of insects were found to be feeding on different jiarts of the affected trees, one species, the locust hispa, appeared to be the principal cause of the trouble. Notes are given on the locust hispa {Odontota dorsalis), 0. nervosa, locust borer {CijUene [Cliitus\ rahiuuc), locust tree carjienter moth {Xyleutcs rohinia'), locust sprout and twig borer, yellow locust midge {Cecidonn/ia robinuv), six undetermined species of leaf miners, locust- skipper butterlly {Endamus tityr us), and seven undetermined species of locust leaf rollers and ])asters. A plate containing nine figures illus- trates the article. An account is also given of observations by the author and of infor- mation derived from other sources, regarding tiie causes of the death of large tracts of black spruce {Picea mariaiia) timber iu West Virginia. The following summary is taken from the report : The spruce forests of West Virginia are estimated to exceed 500,000 acres. Isolated portions iu those forests are dead, possibly to the amount of 150,000 acres. While conducting an investigation iu one of these affected portions fCheat Moun- tain region] the author observed that all of the characteristic dead trees there bore abundant evidence of the attack of insects belonging to the family Scolytida'. A number of small trees were found partly dead ;ind dying, near where trees had been cut last summer. Great numbers of bark ami timber beetles were found in the bark and sap wood of these $. 0.7 0.7 O.G Four feeding trials were made with i)igs during the fall and winter of 18!)(M)1 to ascertain the value of sweet whey for pigs, ami the most advantageous manner of feeding it. "In each trial one lot of pigs ret^eived grain only. This consisted in one instance of corn meal and shorts, half and half; in the others, of two thirds shorts to one third corn meal. Three pounds of water were mixed with each pound of the grain ration to form a slof); in the other cases, whey in varying pro- portions was fed mixed with the meal to form a slop. In all case^ tho whev was fed sweet." 49 The first trial was with 13 pijj^s, tVoiii 5 to 5.^ moiitlis old at the hejjiti- iiiii^- of tiie trial, and lasted lioiii November 17 to Decenilier liU. The fjraiii mixture consisted of equal paits of (;orn iiu'al and shorts. The four lots of 3 i)igs each received the following rations: Lot I, jLjrain mixture and water; lot II, li i)ounds of whey to 1 [tound of jfiain mix- ture; lot III, 9 i)Ounds of whey to 1 pound of grain mixture ; and lot IV, 10 pounds of whey to 1 pound of shorts, Tiie second and third trials extended from February 2'.> to INIarch 30. The same pigs were used in the second trial as had been used in the first, but the division into four lots was such as to form new groups. Sixteen pigs, about 0 months old, were used in the third trial, and were divided into four lots. The grain mixture in both trials consisted of one part by weight of corn meal to two of either shorts or middlings The several lots in both trials were fed as follows: Lots I, grain mix- ture and water; lots IT, 3 pounds of whey to 1 pound of grain mixture; lots III, () pounds of whey to 1 [)ound of grain mixture; and lots IV, 10 pounds of whey to 1 pound of grain mixture. In the fourth trial, 0 i)igs, about 9 months old, were divided into two e(iual lots, and fed liom March 2 to March 30, as follows: Lot 1, grain mixture, consisting of equal weight parts of corn meal and shorts, and water; and lot II, G pounds of whey to 1 pound of the same grain mixture. For at least one week i)revious to the beginning of each trial the pigs were fed the same rations that the^' were to receive during the trial. Tabulated data showing the food consumed and gain in live weight by each pig are given for each trial, together with a general summary of the four trials by lots. The general summary of the results of the four trials is as follows : Summary of four (rials. Food consumed. Total gain in live weight. Food for 100 pounds gain. Grain saved by whey. Whey sub- stituted for 100 ptiuiKls of grain mixture. Grain mixture. Whey. Grain mixture. Whey. First trial : Aver.^jio weight of 12 animals, l'J7 iiounils. Lot I LbK. 486 504 3U0. 5 215.5 627. 5 627. 5 453 347.5 632. 5 6:t2. 5 454 352. 5 543 394.5 Lbs. "hohs 2,124 2, 220 ""i.'8.'56" 2,676 3,459 "i'STl' 2, 710 3,509 "'2,' 297" Lbs. 105 154 117 119 101 161 124 132 130 170 157 152 85 111 Lbs. 463 327 257 181 621 390 365 263 486 372 289 232 639 355 Lbs. Lbs. . Lhg. II 687 1,815 1,871 136 206 282 505 Ill 881 IV Second tiial: Avciage weight of 12 atiiinals, 24U pounds. Lot I 663 II 1,153 2, 158 2, G20 231 25G 358 -4P9 Ill 843 IV 732 Third trial : Average weight of IG animals, llu pounds. Lot I II Ill IV 1, 100 1,726 2, 309 114 197 254 964 876 909 Fourth trial : Average weight of G animals, 323 pounds. Lot I II 2, 069 284 723 50 *" Tlie avcratje of the ton lots shows that 700 i)oun(ls of whej' effoctod a saviiiff of 100 iioiinds of the corn meal antl shorts mixture by partial substitution. * * • The tallies seem to show tli;»t the whi'v has increased the availability of the ration by more than the solids added to it in the whey." lieference is made to experiments by Fjord,* in which l,'2(i() pounds of "vvhey left in the niaiiufactnie of cheese from centrifugal skim milk were equivalent to 100 pounds of barley or rye meal, when fed as a partial substitute for the latter. The author gives the following conclusions from his experiments: (1) We were not successful in maintaining pigs on wliey alone. (2) Pigs fed oil corn nieal antl sborts with water required 5r>2 pounds of tlie mixture for 100 pounds of gain. {'A) When whey was ad led to the corn meal and shorts mixture it produeed a marked saving in the amount of grain reipiired for good gain-*. Tiiis was true for mix- tures varying from 'J pounds of whey to 1 of grain up to in jiounds of whey to 1 t>f grain. (4^ It was found when using whey as .•» partial sul»stiluti» for grain tliat 7(>0 poinida of whey cflected a saving of It'O pounds of the corn meal and siiorts mixture. (.'')) Using these figures, if corn meal and shorts are valiie, 1891. The present Director was elected March 27, 1891. In order that the possibilities of agricnilure in all parts and altitudes of Wyoming may be fairly tested, the trustees have established experiment farms in various por- tions of the State. The west central portion and the altitude of .">,.'>00 feet above sci level is rei)reseuted by the Lander experiment farm of 137 acres, under irrigation, in Fremont County, and donated by its citizens. The Laramie Plains and the alti- tude of 7,000 feet is represented by the Wyoming University experiment farm of 640 acres in All>any County, irrig.ited from the Pioneer Canal, ami granted by the W^yoming Central Land and Imiirovement Company. The North Platte Valley and the altitude ofr),(illO feet is represented by the Saratoga experiment farm of 40 acres, under the Hngtis-Mullison-l?eale Ditch and the DavislMil.som Canal, in Carbon County, donated by the Saratoga Improvement Company and the Saratoga Land and Irrigation Company. The northern part of the State and the altitude of 4, OdO feet is represented by the Sheridan experiment farm of oO acres, under irrigation, in Sheri- dan County, ami donated by its citizens. Northeastern Wyoming, with the grcate.st rainfall and the altitude of 4,r)00 feet, is rejjresented by the Sundance experiment farm of 49 acres, to be carried on without irrig.ition, in Crook County, and donated by its citizens. Southeastern Wyoming, the Sybille Valley, and the altitude of .''•.OOO feet, is represented by the Wlieatland experiment farm, under Ditch No. 2, of the Wyoming Develoiiinent Company, in Larami^e County, being donated by that com- pany. "Fodringsforsoog med Svin, 1887, 51 Farm work in moGEESS, D. McLariSn, M. S. (pji. G-9). To liicilitiitt' the ])liiiitiii{5 and nieasinciiieiit of cro])s and tliu kiei)in<; of accurate records, a forty-acre tract on each of tin; experiment farms lias been divilats, separated by crossroads, whidi, with the 8iirronndiuy the otiier 4 acres. These liG one-acre phits have the same numbers and subdivisions as the ;i() sections in a United States Government township. Eacli of the forty-acre tracts has been plowed, and fenced with barbed-wire. The staple crops in many A^arietios have been planted on each. On the Wyoming^ University experiment farm at Laramie G acres are ])Ianted with cereals, 1 acre with [lotatoe.s, 1 with field peas, 1 with sugar beets, 1 with sorifhum and corn, 1 with turnips and carrots, and 5 with gr.nsses and forage pl.ints, all in many varieties, for tests and for distribution among tlie farmers of Wyoming. Similar crops an* phmted on each of the experiment farms. At tlio Lander expt^riment farm, fruit and forest trees are planted. Ai-iial irrigation will be tested on the Saratoga experiment farm. At tlie Sheridan, Sundance, and Wheatland experiment farms extensive trials of field corn are being made. The crops on the Sundance experiment farm will not be irrigated, as tliat region receives the greatest rainfall. In cooperation with the Depnrtnicnt, the station has undertaken experiments with grass and forage phints grown without irrigation Tlie aim is to find species of grass or methods of treatment that will benefit the large tracts of grazing land in the State which are diflicult to irrigate. They are conducted on 10 acres of land near the station, which represent the average soil and climate of the Laramie Plains. The following species have been planted : Northern blue grass {Poa ncmoralis), orchard grass {Daciylis glomer- a/rt), switch grass {Panlcum v/rf/«Y?n/;), Northern hair grass {Airacccspi- /o.sYj), scarlet clover {Trifolium incarnatian), alsiUe clover (T. hyhridum), alfalfa {Mcdicago sativa), white sweet clover {Melilottis aWa), esparcet or sainfoin {Onohrt/chis sativa), 'Northern lupine {lleilymrum coronarium), land clover {AnthijlUs vulncraria), Galcga officinaUn, buiuet {Poterium i'^aiignifiorha), Indian m'\\\&t [Panicum miliaceum), rescue grass (Z> ;•<>?»?/« schradcri), wild chess (75. inermis), tall fescue {Fcsluca ela(ior), rye grass {Loliiim pc7'enne), canary grass {Phalaris arundinacea), Guinea corn {Sorghum vulgarc, var. cernunm). " For comparison and test 3 acres of prairie on the Wyoming Uni- versity experiment farm are sowed with the same grasses, and will be irrigated. Five other acres of prairie will be tlooded to test the effect of irrigation on the natural grass." Experiments will be tried with refer- ence to the retention of moisture in the .soil as affected by certain alkalis, gyi)sum, native phosphates, nitrates, and other fertilizers, and the waste products of glass and soda works. Proposed work in horticulture, B. C. Buffum, B. S. (pp. O-la). — Work in landscape gardening and WMth vegetables and fruits has been begun. The comparative vitality of Korthern-growu (Minue-, sota) and Colorado seeds will be tested in field experiments. Varieties of grasses and forage plants, native and imported, will be tested under irrigation. A number of specMcs o^" native grasses growing at the station or elsewhere in Wyoming are mentioned. It is hoped that a 52 tliorono-h botanical survey of the State may be made. The irrigation equipinent of tlie station is biietiy described. Geology of the Laeamie Plains, J. D. Cox ley, Ph. D. (pp. 15- 18). — A brief account of the geology of this region, from wliidi the following is taken: 111 giviiiij the geological horizon of the Wyoming University experiment farm grass ticlils, anfl garden the writer is at variance with the United States geological maps, which place the Laramie Plains in the Dakota Gronp. From a study of excavations made in the city of Laramie and of the red sandstone rjnarries to the north it is certain that Laramie and the grass fields are in the Tri- assic formation. The red sandstone strata miles north of Laramie, and also in the Laramie Gronp, 20 miles to the northwest. At the latter point a stratum of coal dips northwest toward ihe foothills. The crest and southeast side of the moun- tain, of which the Laramie Group was once the northwestern slope, seems to have been carried away. This mountain must have extended to within a few miles of the oxperiment farm, at which point another mountain probably rose to the east, the west slope of which was coven'd by the Laramie Grouji, conformable with the Cre- taceous and Triassic beneath. The latter mountain has also been torn down by the hand of time, laying bare the Cretaceous formation, whose crumbling ami disinte- grated rocks, mixed with local drift gravel, form the soil of the experiment farm. Note on soil analysis, J. 1). Conley, Ph. D. (p. 18). — Analyses of soils from each of the station farms will be i)ublishcd in a future bulletin. The tbllowing brief general statement is made regarding the soil of the station larm at Laramie : "There is enough alumina in the soil at the Wyoming University experiment farm to give it body and a good consistency. It is a light, sandy loam, possessing enongh of the essential ingredients for the native grasses to thrive well under irrigation alone. On a neigh- boring ranch in similar soil, the blue joint {Agropynim glaucum) has l>ro(luced 1.1 tons per acre." Flora of the Wyoming University experiment farm, A. Nelson, M. S. (pp. 18-21). — This is a brief preliminary report on a few species of tiie plants found growing wild on the station farm. Tlie fol- lowing species are descril)ed: Toicnsrnflid .scricea, Plilo.r avsjiitosd, 1*. douf/Iasii, Echinocactus simpsoni, (Enothcra caspitosa, mountain lily {Lciu'ocrhium »tontaHuin), plantain {Phintaf/o cripoda f), Opiiui'ui rajiuesqiiii, llocky Mountain bee plant {('hvinc integri/olia), Ma I rant rum coccineiimj yarrow {Achillea millcfotiuvi), golden-rod {Bigelovia gravco- lens, var. albicauli.s)^ thistle {Cuicus scariosus), wormwood {Artemisia pedatijidal)^ larksinir {Delphinium azureum). Weather report for April and May, 1891, A. M. Sawin, ^I. S. (21-23). — A tabulated record of temperature and pre(;ipitation f«)r April and the first 15 days in May, 1891, prepared by Dr. L. S. Barnes, of Lar- amie. ABSTRACTS OF rUBLlCATIONS OF TIIH IMTED STATES DEPARTMENT OF A(inirri;rn!E. DIVISION OF STATISTICS. Keport No. 85 (new series), June, 18U1 (pp. 241-.'^02).— This incliules articles on the acreu<;e of cotton, wheat, oats, bailey, and rye; the condition of these and other crops, including; fruit; ofiicial statistics of foreij:;!! crops ; the ajjricnlture of Chili; lCur()i)ean crop report for June; and the freight rates of transportation conijtanies. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Insect Life, Vol. Ill, Xos. 1) and 10, June, 1801 (pp. 359-432).— The princii>al articles in this double number are a Ileport of a Discus- sion on the Gyi)sy Moth [Ocneria dispar) at a conference held at Bos- ton, Massachusetts, March 4, 18D1; abstract of a paper on the liavages of Liparis {rsilura) monacha in Germany and Means of Defense, by B. K. Fernow, read before the Entomological So(;iety of ^Vashin<^ton, INIarch 5, 18'Jl ; A New Scale Insect {Levanlum pniinosum, n. s[).) from California, b}' D. W. Coquillett ; Notes on the Habits and Earlier Stages of Cryptophasn nnipunctata, Don., in Australia, by 11. Edwards; Steps Toward a Bevision of Chambers's Index, with Xotes and Descrip- tions of Now Species (continued), by Lord Walsingham ; Description of Certain Lepidopterous Larva' {rholisora hayhiirstii, Triptotjon impe- rator, Orrevalence in Nebraska in 1890 of the corn root worm [Didbrotiva lotu/iconi is), cut- worms, corn ear worm {Heliothis annifjcra), codling moth {Carpocapsa pomonella), green-striped maple worm {Anisota rubicunda), and locusts or grasshoppers ; and a list, with brief notes, of sixty-four species of insects which have attacked sugar beets in Nebraska. Spraying with arsenites or kerosene emulsion is an effective means of repressing most of these insects. 53 54 Various methods for destroying scale insects, D. ^y. Coquillcit (pp. 19- 36). — Accounts of experiments witli liydrocyanic acid gas for the red scale (Aonidia aiirantii, Maskell); with washes of resiu, caustic soda and fish oil, and of lime and sulphur, singly or together, or combined ■with salt, for the San Jose scale {Aspidiotus perniciosiis, Comstock) ; aud with corrosive sublimate, glue, or aloes for different species of scales. The simplified tents used iu the hydrocyanic acid gas treatment are described. It has been found that orange trees are less liable to injury by the gas when treated at night. The resin wash was found to be a very ellec^tive as well as inexpensive remedy for the San Josi- scale. Glue gave good results, but is comparatively costly. Experiments icith resin compounds on Phylloxera, and [/(ncral 7Wtcs on California insects, A. Koehele (pp. 37-44).— Experiments witli various resin washes for the Phylloxera in Sonoma Valley, California, are reported. The most satisfactory formula is caustic soda (77 per cent) 5 ])ounds, resin 40 pounds, and water to make 50 gallons: First the soda sboiild be dissolved over fire with 4 gallons of water, then the resin added aud dissolved properly, after which the re<|nired water can he jjiven slowly while ItoiJinir to make tli<^ r>0 gallons of rotiipoiiud. This will make .'>00 gallons of the diluent, Hnllitiont for liM) jdants, and costing about H4 cents. Observations are also reported on several species of the genus Clisio- campa, a noctuid larva (Tirniocampa) which injures fruit trees, Calopte- nvs devastator, i\u{\ Camnula pdlncida. Entomological notes ftr the .sw.s-o/j o/ 1S90, ^t. E. Murtfcldt (pp. 45- 5G).— Notes are given on the prevalence in Missouri of chinch bugs, cankerwonns, cutworuis, Gortyna nitela, Ueliothis armii/era, Phyllotreta vittata, P. sinuata, Chatocnema puliraria, C<>notrachc/. vittafa, 1). 12i)UHctat(i, Lophyrus abbotii, and Trichobaris trlnotatns. The last two are new to the State. Snccessful tests of arsenite of aniinouia as an insecticide are also rei)orted. Some of the insects al]'ectiii(j cereal crops, F. M. Webster (pj). 03-79). — This relates largely to experiments and observations during more than G years, with reference to the nnmboraiid develoi)inent of broods of the Hessian tly, chietiy in Indiana. It was foniul that thronghout Indiana this insect is donble-brooded. The article also contains observations on theelfect of the larva' on the plants, esi)ecially on the color, and on the eflect of the weather in the development of the full brood, together with a rcsum6 of preventive and remedial measures. Bulletin No. 25. Destructive locusts, C. V. IUley (pp. 02, plates 12, figs. 11). — A popular accouutof the geographical distribution, destructive appear- ances, life history, and habits of the following si)eeies of injurious locusts found in the United States : Rocky Mountain locust {Caloptcnus spretus), lesser migratory locust (C. atlantis), nonniigrating red-legged locust {C./emur-rubrum), California devastating locust (C. devastator), differential locust [C. diU'crcntialis), two-striped locust {C bivittati(s), pellucid locust {Camnula peUucida), and American acridium {Schistocerca americana). The remedies and devices for the destruction of locusts are described and discussed. The bulletin is illustrated with a mafiof the United States, showing the distribution of the Kocky Mountain locust, and various kinds of api)aratus used in the repression of locusts are shown. Circular No. 2 (Second Series), June, 1801. The nop plant louse (pp. 7, plate 1, figs. 5).— A popular account of the life liistory of Phorodon humuli, with suggestions regarding reme- dies, and descriptions of spraying apparatus, prepared in view of the appearance of this insect in alarming numbers in New York, Oregon, and Washiugtou. Reference is matle to the record of investigations of this insect in the Annual Report of this Department for 1888. The remedies recommended are, (1) spraying with kerosene emulsion or fish- oil soap in the spring, or preferably in the fall after ho[) picking; (2) the destruction of all wild plum trees in the hop-growing regions; (■>) the burning or drenching of the hop vines with kerosene emulsion soon after the crop is harvested. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. The function of the root tubercles of leguminous plants. — A review by H. W. Conn. — Tlie ruiictiou of ihe root tubt'icles Iia.s been as much discussi'd as tlieir nature and structure.* At lirst they were regarded as purely parasitic and therefore injurious rather than beneticial to the plant. It Avas soon found, however, that they contained an unusually large amount of nitrogenous inatter,f and they were for a time su|)posed to be reservoirs of compounds of nitrogen. f It was next discovered that the plants possessing root tubercles contained more nitrogen than those without theiu, and it was thought that in some way they enableed to ex[)lain why previous experimenters had failed to find proof of the acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen by plants, especially legumes, but that the nega- tive results obtained bj' the latter were also due to the exclusion of the action of electricity or microbes, by which the assimilation of * For a rt^snind of rocoiit research on the nutiiro of root tiiljorcles, seo Ex|)eriiiu>nt .Station Kocord, vol. ii, p. 686. t (le Vries, Landw., Jahrb. 6, (1877). t SchiHdler,.Jonr. f. Laudw.,3:? (18><5) ; Brunchorst, Bcr. d. bot. Gas ,3 (1885). ^ Ward, Phil, Trans. Koy. Soc, 1887. 56 57 attnosplieric iiitrop;en inip:lit be aidoil.* Otlicr cxin'iimeiiters, inclii, and the Leguminosea; difler radically from eacii other in their relation to nitrogen. The former can not flour- ish in a soil devoid of nitrogenous comi)aunds. For a short time they grow readily enough, but as soon as the material supplied in the seed is used np the plants begin to turn yellow, become stunted, and never show ati}- increase in nitrogen over that contained in the seed. They are, in fact, nitrogen-starved, for if nitrogen is added to the soil at the time that the starvation period begins, a recovery takes place. The Graminea' are unable to make use of atmosi)heric nitrogen. With the leguminous plants, different results were obtained. lu experiments with i)eas, Ilellriegel verified previous observations by finding that these plants do undoubtedly gain nitrogen from the atmosphere. He observed that when they were grown in soils consisting of pure quartz sand thoroughly freed from nitrogen compounds, and fed with materi- als containing no nitrogen, the i)lants nourished and eventually showed a considerable increase in nitrogen. In the growth of these plants in nitrogen-free soil he found two marked stages. The develoi)ment is rapid at first, and continues until the reserve material in the seed is exhausted. Then there occurs a somewhat sudden cessation of growth, similar in character to the starvation period observed in Gramine;c. In the case of the legumes, however, the plant soon recovers; its leaves turn green again, the growth goes on in a normal manner, :'.nd final analysis shows that nitrogen has been accumulated. Consider- able variation was noticed in the growth of plants under these condi- tions, even though all were treated seemingly alike. Of two plants growing side by side, one was sometimes vigorous and the other dwarfed and stunted. The vigorous plants all had tubercles on their roots, while the others either had none or relatively few. The recovery of the plants * The results of the expcriinonts of tlio first series were briefly reported at the nieotiiijf of tlie American Association for tiie Advaucemoiit of Science in IS-^l; tliose of the lirst and second series to<;ether were reported at the meetings of the British and American Association for tlio Advancement of Science in l""'d4, and in detail in the American Chemical Jonrnal. vol. vi, p. :?();"), and those of the later series in the same journal, vol. \iii, pp. :V27 and '.VM. tTagebl. d. ;")•) Versamml. dent. Natnr. fii. Aerzte, Wiesbaden, LS"^", and Zeitsch. d. Ver. f. Kubeuz. lud. d. d. K., 1886 and 188d. 58 from the first period of nitrojjen starvation was observed to be closely ■counected with the growth of the tubercles, and the infeience was •drawn that the cause of the renewed vigor of the plants was to be (bund in the root tubercles. Thinking that microorganisms in the soil might in some way be connected with this process, Uellriegel cultivated peas in soils which contained no nitrogen, but which were watered with a soil infusion. This infusion was made by shaking in water soil from a fer- tile field, and then allowing it to settle. The water thus treated, he argued, would contain whatever organisms there might have been in the soil, and if the production of the tubercles and the fixing of nitrogen by plants iu nitrogen-free soil was due to the action of these organisms, plants watered by such an infusion ought to indicate it. The results were very striking. All of the peas watered with s(»il infusion showed a vigorous growth, an increase in nitrogen, and numerous root tubercles. Those not thus inoculated showed wide variations from vig- orous growth to com[>lete failure to recover from the starvation period. To make the result more positive, peas were cidtivated in nitrogen-free soils which had been sterilized by heat. In this case no recovery from the starvation period occurred uidess the plants were fust treated with the soil infusion. P'inally it was provetl that the soil infusion was power- less to produce any effect if it was first sterilized by heat. From these results of Hellriegel's investigations the conclusion was warranted that leguminous jdants in some way ac(piire the power of assimilating nitrogen fiom the atinosphere, but that this power le, show no greater amounts of nitrogen when tubercles are present than when they are absent. For such plants the tubercle is to be regarded simply as a parasite. In the case of the lupine and the pea, the tuber- cles are of more value. Of course none of these plants grow vigor- ously in nitrogen-free soil under ordinary conditions, but when they are provided Mith the tubercle organism their growth is more vigorous, they develop more leaves, and they assimilate more carbon and more atmospheric nitrogen. But according to Frank even these plants gain no advantage from the tubercles if they are growing in rich soil. When growing in soil containing nitrogen they have no need of the microbes, being able to assimilate [)lenty of nitrogen without them. Plants grown in the rich humus used in some of his experiments showed an equal growth and fixation of nitrogen whether they developed tubercles or not. In some experiments plants without tubercles actually develoi)ed better than those with tubercles, a fact which he thought might be explained by the injurious action of the sterilization on the chemical con- dition of the soil, Frank concluded then that under ordinary condi- tions the tubercles are of no use to the plant. But when the plants are growing in poor soil, and especially in one lacking in nitrogen, they have not of themselves sufficient vigor to develoj) and assimilate nitro- gen from the air. The microbes of the tubercles under these conditions serve as a stimulant to the plant. Under their inHuence the plant takes on new vigor, grows normally, and assimilates nitrogen from the only possibly source — the air. •Landw. Jahrb., IdOO, pp. 523-640. 3348— No. 1 5 60 Frank does not think, however, that the tubercle organism is itself the agent of the assimihitiou of nitrogen. This power belongs to the jilant and the presence of the microbe simply- stimulates the plant to greater growth in poor soils, and hence indirectly increases its power of assimilating nitrogen. In his experiments he found that the whole activity of the plant was stimulated by tlie i>resence of the microbe, its growth including its development of chlorophyl, and its assimilation of carbon as well as of nitrogen, lie urges tbat other phints besides legumes have the power of nitrogen assimilation, though i>i'rlia[)s in less degree. Even some algje, he thinks, can do this. He claims further that his experiments show that the legumes can assimilate atmospheric nitrogen even when they are free from tubercles. This they can not do readily in i)Oor soil, since their general vigor is here too snuiU, but in rich soils they do assimilate great quantities of nitrogen and he thinks that they get it from the air. Moreover the cultivation of the tubercle organism in artificial culture does not iiulicate that it can nourish itself on atmospheric nitrogen. For these reasons he concludes that there is no ground for attributing the nitrogen assimilation solely to the microbe, but that it is really a property of the plant, stinudatcd to excess in certain cases by the presence of the microbe. WJiilc then the tubercle organism is of value for certain species of legumes growing in poor soil, it is of no value in rich soils, ami for certain species it is of no value at all. He found no reason lor believing that dilVercnt species of tubercle organisms were associated with ditlerent species of legumes, and concluded thiit in ordinary soils in which legumes had been grow- ing the microbe was present in suilicient quantities to])roduce an abun- dance of tubercles. Prazmowski* has reached somewhat dillcrent conclusions. His experiments were fewer in number, but were performed with greater precautions against accidental errors. Tiie plants were all grown in specially i)repared vessels, so arranged that the contents could not come in contact with any air that had not first been filtered through cotton to deprive it of germs. The stem of the plant i>rotruded through a specially guarded oi)ening in the toj) of tlie vessel, and the leaves were thus exposed to the air. In the globe-shaped culture vessel he placed sand which had been most thorimghly purified of all traces of nitrogen- ous matter by washing, and freed of all microbes by sterilizing at a high heat. All water used in the culture was conducted to the bottom of the vessel by a sterilized glass tube, so arranged as to prevent the possi- bility of contamination by bacteria from the air. Into this vessel of purified saiul ho introduced solutions containing the plant foods with which he wished to experiment, and thoroughly sterilized the whole apparatus by heat. He then introduced a. germinating seedling, using all antiseptic precautions. During the experiment he caused a stream of filtered air to4)ass through this soil, and all water used was thon)ughly * Landw. Vers. Stat., 38 (1890), pp. 5-62; Experiiuent Station Record, vol. ii, p. 686. 61 sterilize*!. In this wiiy lie reduced the possibility of the iiiHuence of the contamiiiiitiii;,'' iiiicrohes to the h)\vest terms. Alter the experiment he made an examination of his soils to see if he had succee. 4(K?).— Determina- tions of the nitrogen in the leaves of red clover, lucern, wood jn-a, cole rape, hemp, grape, caraway, and jellow lupine, collected from growing plants in the morning and in the evening and immediately dried at (JO*^ C, showed the leaves collected in the evening to be richer in nitrogen in every case than those collected in the morning. The difference was most ]U'ominent in the cases of lucern, red clover, and wood pea. The percentages of nitrogen found in the leaves of these plants, calculated for dry matter, are given as follows: Evening. Following nioriiing. Per cent. 2.(106 3.088 Ked clover Per cent. 2 087 4. 3h2 4.124 Wood pea In other experiments the influence of sunlight on the nitrogen content of leaves after cutting, was observed. Leaves of red clover and yellow lui)ine were gathered in the morning, and while a part of them were dried immediately at GO'^ C, the remainder were placed with their stems 65 in distilled water and exposed to tbe siiidiglit during tlie day. On anal- ysis it was found that the leaves exposed to the sunlight during the d.ay contained more nitrogen than those dried as soon as gathered. Since the cut leaves had no connection with the plant, the increased nitrogen must have been derived through otiier means than the roots. A dillt'erence was also noticed in the percentage of asparagin in the water-free leaves of red clover gathered in the morning and in the evening : Evening, June 9 per cent aHi>ar:ij^in.. 0.'.»7;} Morning, June 10 " " " 0.277 The authors believe these results merit the conclusion that green fodders, as red clover for instance, should be cut in the eveiiing soon after sundown to secure the greatest food value, and that likewise the food value of pasturage is greatest at this time, especially if the day has been bright and warm. Relation of climatic conditions to the formation of nicotine in tobacco. Adolf Mayer [Ldiidic. Vers. Stat, 38, j)^>. 4a3-4G7).— In exi)erinients recently l)nl)lishcd the author pointed out the influence of fertilizing materials on the ([uality of tobacco, and showed with reference to nicotine that its formation in the plant was favored by a heavy application of easily available nitrogenous materials, and that a high percentage of nicotine was in no instance observed where the supply of i)lant food was defi- cient (see Landw. Vers. IStat., 38, j). 92, or Experiment Station Hecord, vol. II, p. 457). The author calls attention to the well-known fact that young plants and the younger parts of the plant in general contain a comparatively' small amount of nicotine ; also that plants which are not topped (seed plants) are coniparatively poor in nicotine. To further study the conditions of growth fiworable to the develop- ment of this alkaloid, experiments were made in 18JH) with reference to the influence of light, heat, soil water, and the humidity of the atmos- phere. The author states at the outset that the ellects of individuality on the formation of nicotine in tobacco are quite strong. To study the effects of temperature, plants treated otherwise the same, were grown in different cases out of doors, in a greenhouse with southern exposure, and from seed sown late in the season, so tliat the plant developed at a relatively low temperature. As the days were shorter the plants of the last series naturally received less light than the others. The first two series were harvested August 18 to 20 ; the last, November 11. The average amount of dry matter contained in the leaves per plant and the average percentage of nicotine are given for the different conditions as follows : Dry matter. I Nicotine. I Grams. Per cent. Grown at low temperature (planted Lite) , 2J. 5 2.1 Grown at medium temperature (in open air) j 30.9 3.0 Grown at bigh temperature (in greenboase) i 32.5 4.1 Grown in fnll direct Knnlii^ht Grown in bhade 66 Tbe elal3orat)Oii of nicotine, according to these figures, increased reg- ularly with tbe increase in temperature. Tbe effect of ligbt was observed by comparing tbe development of nicotine in plants grown in tbe sunligbt with that of tbose sbaded on all sides except tbe nortb side, tbus receiving no direct liglit, or tbose grown in tbe sunbgbt but baviug a number of leaves covered with tin foil. Plants grown under tbese different conditions contained tbe fol- lowing percentages of nicotine : Per cent. M-y s i.r» ri'^ Leaves fully exposed to light . J^r^" .^; ' ^^ g , X 1 T J S No. 1..2.-2 Leaves of same plants shaded ) ^a 2 0 35 Altliongb tbe variations in nicotine content werc'(|nite largo in plants receiving like treatment, tbe dill'erences in tbis respect between i»bints receiving unlike treatment were greater, and indicate tbat direct sun- ligbt bad a favorable influence on tbe formation of nicotine, and furtber, tbat tbis ell'ect is to a considerable extent bx'al, since tbe leaves exi)osed to tbe sunligbt produced twice as mucb nicotine as tbose on tbe same plants wliicli were slmded. Tbe autbor bas sbown on previous occa- sions tbat tobacco ricb in nicotine is in general dark col()reneral any factor wliicli liindora tlio vijjorons ii;i(i()ii ' i>i.,,,f o •> lu) 1 riinsjiiivil toil art I lie I ally (IiiiiimikIu'iI / .,, , ., -.- Since in liindeiiiig' tlit^ transpiration the temperature was raised anil heat has b(>en sliown to be fa\'oiable to a high lueotine content, it seetus (piite doubtful if any good effects are to be attributed to the diminishing of the transi)iration. The results of the investigation seem to i)oint to the fact that heat, light, and a comparatively dry rather than an excessively moist soil are favorable to the formation of nicotine, and that the effect of these factors on the ni<;otine (;ontent is more marked than on the total organic matter of the i)lant. Increase of the fat content of milk by feeding cocoanut cake, R. Heinrich {Ldndir. Ann. d. meek. pat. W'rcins, LSDl, 7>/>. (i.VTS). — Two exi)eriments tocoujpare tlie elVect of cocoanut cake and peanut cake on the fat con- tent of milk, were made under the direction of the author in ]SS!> and 1800 at the exjXMiment station at Rostock, Germany. The first experi- ment was made with two lireitenburg cows which had calved in February, 1880, and lasted from June 1 to Decendier 10, 1880. During this time 1 kilo of peanut cake or 1.5 kilos of cocoanut cake per roduced per day by each cow on each of the ratious was, from June 1 to December 7, as follows : lint lev fill prodiici'd per day. On tlio poanntrako ration .. On the cocoaniit-cake ration Cow- No. 1. Kilo. 0. 36.") 0.3G6 Cow No. 2. Kilo. 0.413 0.4S6 68 Tbo daily production of butter fat thus increased in the case of cow No. 2 when tlie cocoauut cake was fed. The author sugpo'^ts that the absence of a similar increase with cow Xo. 1 may have been due to a dislike which it showed for tlie cocoauut cake. He further suggests that the favorable action of the cocoanut-cake ration may possibly have been caused by the slightly increased amount of protein which that ration contained. A second experiment was made in ISOO, in which the daily rations consisted of 2 kilos of [)eanut cake and 12.5 kilo.sof oat straw, or.") kilos of cocoauut cake and 10 kilos of oat straw. Both rations contained the same amounts of dry matter, protein, and carbohydrates; but the cocoanut- cake ration contained 350 grams more fat than the other. These two rations were alternated as in the previous trial, the [)eriods in 18110 being 4 weeks long instead of three, and the milk analyzed twice each week. The two cows fed in the previous experiment and a third cow which ate the cocoauut cak<' readily were used in ISOO. The fir.st two had . 13, May, l-^Ul. — Kxperiineiit in Feeding for Milk ; Treatment of Fungon.s Diseases; Some Insect.s Destructive to (JraKs ; Blo.ssoinsof the Orchanl Fruits — their Kelative Hariliness; Some < ih.servations on Contaminated Water Supply for Live Stock. Louisiana Aoimcii.tuual Expkimmknt Stations: Bulletin No. 10 (.second series). — Systematie Feeding of Work Stock a Preventive of Disease ; Some of the Diseases of Farm Animals. Hatch Extkuiment Station ok the Massac iusktts Aguicl'mlkal Coi.lkge: Meteorological Bulletin No. 30, June, IH'U. Missis.sirpi Agkicultikal Expekiment Station : Bulletin No. 15, June, 181*1. —Feeding ; Milk Testing Apparatus. New Jersey State and College AGincrLTUitAi, Exteuiment Stations: Bulletin No. 81, July 1, 1891.— Incou)plete Fertilizers and Home Mixtures. Bulletin No. f^'i, July 3, 1H91.— The Kose Chafer or Kose Bug. New Yokk Agukcltukal Expekiment Station : Ninth Annual Keport. 1890. Cornell Univkrsitv Agricultural Expekiment Station : Mulletiu No. '28, June, 1891. — Experiments in the Forcing of Tomatoes. NoiMii Carolina Agkicultural Experiment Station: Annual Report of the Meteorological Division, \KHK West Virginia AtiRicui/rcRAL Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 14, February, 1891.— Farm and (iarden Insects; Notes of the Season. Bulletin No. 115, April, 1891. — Forest and Sha SJEP'XIilMBiGK. 1S91 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETAUY OE AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1891 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Editorial iiotoa 73 Iiivo.stiKiitions at Kothainstcd 73 Abstracta of station publications 78 Calil'ornia Station 78 Bulletin No. 93, June 25, 1891 78 Colorado Stat ion 81 Third Annual Report, 1890 81 Massachusetts Match Station 86 Meteoroloj,rical Bulletin No. 30, Juno, 1891 86 New Hampshire Station 86 Bulletin No. 13, May, 1891 86 Bulletin No. 14, May, 1891 83 New York State Station 89 Bulletin No. 31 (new series), May, 1891 89 Bulletin No. 32 (new series), June, 1891 89 Now York Cornell Station 89 Bulletin No. 27. May, 1891 89 Bulletin No. 28, June, 1891 91 North Carolina Station 92 Annual Meteorological Report, 1890 92 Ohio Station 94 Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 1 (second series), January, 1891 94 Bulletin Vol. iv, No. 2 (second series), February, 1891 96 Texas Station 97 Bulletin No. 14, March, 1891 97 Utah Station 100 Bulletin No. 6, May 15, 1891 100 Vermont Station 101 Bulletin No. 24, May, 1891 101 Bulletin No. 25 101 West Vir<;inia Station 101 Bulletin No. 13, January, 1891 101 Bulletin No. 14, February, 1891 101 Bulletin No. l.''>, March, 1891 102 Bulletin No. 1C>, April, 1891 102 Bulletin No. 17, May, 1^91 102 Abstracts of publications of United States Department of Agriculture 103 Division of Botany 103 Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, Vol. i. No. 4, June 30, 1891 103 Contributions from the United States National Herbarium. Vol. ii, No. 1 103 Division of Forestry 104 Bulletin No. 5 104 III IV Page. Abstracts of publications of United States Department of Agricnltnre— Cont'd. Office of Experiment Stations 106 Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, Parf ii 106 Miscellaneons HuUetin No. 3 106 Division of Gardens and Grounds 107 Papers on horticultural and kindred subjects 107 Division of Statistics 107 Report No. 86 (new series), July, 1891 107 Fiber Investigations, Report No. 3 108 Abstracts of reports of foreign investigations 109 Experiment station notes i:^"i List of publications of the United States Department of Agriculture issued during August, 1891 137 Listof station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations during August, 1891 138 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. CHKMI8TRY— ANALYSES— MKTHODS. Miscellaneous analyses at Colorado Station, D. O'Brine 82 A rapid method for estimating nitrates in potable waters, G. Harrow 109 BOTAN Y— M YC( )LOG y . Notes on Colorado weeds, C. S. Craudall 82 Listof plants collected in western Mexico and Arizona, J.N.Rose 103 Manual of the phanerogams and pterldophytes of western Texas, Polypetalre, J. M. Coulter 103 Microbes and root tubercles in relation to the fixation of free nitrogen by peas, Scbloaing, jr., and Laurent 116 Smut of grain, J. II. Panton 1<{7 Potato blight and rot, L. R. Jones lOl Black knot on plums, J. II. Panton 127 ENTOMOLOGY— APICULTURE. Report on apiary, C. M. Brose 82 Raspberry gouty gall beetle, A. D. Hopkin-s 102 Bark louse and pear tree slug, J. II. Pan ton 132 Locust tree insects, A. D. Hopkins 102 Three important clover insects, C. M. Weed 97 Some common cabbage insects, C. M. Weed 97 Farm and garden insects and notes of the season, A. D. Hopkins 101 Preliminary report on black spruce insects, A. D. Hopkins 102 Miscellaneous experiments in tbe control of injurious insects, C. M. Weed 96 MKTKOHOLOGY. Meteorological observations at Colorado Station 84 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Hatch Station, June, 18iH, C. D. Warner 86 Annual Report of the meteorological division of the North Carolina Station, 1890, H. B. Battle and C. F. Von Herrmann 92 Meteorological observations at Ontario Agricultural College and Experimentnl farm 127 SOILS. Paga Decomposition of rocks and formation of arable soil, A. Miintz 114 Soil tcmporaturos at Colorado Station 84 Observations with the rain giiage, lysimotera, and soil thermometers, C. A. Zavitz 128 Gain or loss of nitrogen by soils, A. Paguonl 120 Researches on lianius substances, Berthelot aud Andr6 119 The volatile nitri)f;onoiis compounds exhaled by arable soil, Berthelot 118 Absorption of atmospheric aiiiniouia by arable soils, T. Sohlosing 110 Contributions to the Ivnowloilge of the nitrogenous compounds of arable soil, 112 Berthelot and Andr6 117 FERTILIZERS. Fertilizers, p. Collier 89 Analyses of fish, C. C. James 127 Green crops as nitrogenous manures, A. Miintz 112 Decomposition of organic fertilizers in soil, A. Miintz 113 The production and care of farm manures, I. P. Roberts 89 Corporative experiments with fertilizers, C. A. Zavitz 129 CROrS — FIELD EXPERIMENTS. Experiments with corn, C. E. Thome and J. F. Hickman 94 Corn for fodder and silage, C. C. James 127 Field experiments with barley, wheat, oats, and peas, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 128 Sug.ar beets, C. C. James and W. Skaifo 127 Field experiments with potatoes, turnips, mangel-wurzels, and carrots, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 128 Experiments with rape, T. Shaw aud C. A. Zavitz 128 Pasture grasses, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 128 Report of Colorado grass station, C. S. Crandall 84 Sisal hemp culture, C. R. Dodge 108 Ginseng, J. 11. Panton 134 Report of agricultural department of Colorado Station, R. H. McDowell 82 CROPS— CURING AND STORAGE. Fodder corn and the silo, G. Harcourt 131 Pitting the sugar beet, C. C. James 132 HORTICULTURE. Experiments in the forcing of tomatoes, L. II. Bailey 91 Analyses of California oranges and lemons, G. E. Colby and H. L. Dyer 78 Report of horticulturist of Colorado Station, C. S. Crandall 82 Papers on horticultural aud kindred subjects, W. Saunders 107 FORESTRY. What is forestry ? B. E. Fernow 103 FEEDING STUFFS— FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Commercial valuation of the food and fertilizing constituents of feeding materials, P. Collier 89 Corn silage as food for making beef, C. A. Zavitz 129 Silage in dairy farming, G. H. Whitcher 88 VI Page Corn silage and roots as food factors in swino feeding, C. A. Zavitz 129 Silage and roots for swine, T. Shaw l-'^3 Green fodder as a food for swine, C. A. Zavitz 130 Feeding experiments with hogs, G. Harcourt 131 Feeding swine on grain and meal, C. A. Zavitz 130 Berkshire vs. improved Yorkshire pigs, C. A. Zavitz 131 Feeding experiments with lamhs, C. A. Zavitz 129 Feeding steers of different breeds, C. A. Zavitz 131 Soiling cows, C. A. Zavitz 132 DAIRYING. Citric acid as a uofmal constituent of cows' milk, Th. Hcukcl 122 Concerning the origin of citric acid in milk, A. Schcibe 123 Determinatiou of fat in milk, C. C. James 132 Volatile fatty acids in Holland butter, A.J. Swaving 12.5 Effect "of food on the hardness of butter, A. H. Wood and C. L. Parsons 8G Effects of cotton seed and cotton-seed meal on the creaming of milk, G. W. Curtis and J. W. Carson 07 Effect of food on quantity of milk, G. H. Wliitcher 8S The creamery industry, J. A. Myers ■. 101 AGRICULTVllAL ENGINKERINQ. Report on irrigation engineering at Colorado Station, L. G. Carpenter 81 Trials of sleds and tillage tools, J. W. Samborn 100 STATION STATISTICS. Annual Report of Colorado Station for 1890 81 Report of San Luis Valley substation, H. II. GrifVin 85 Report of Arkansas Valley substation, F. L. Watrous ^^ Annual Report of the Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm . . . 127 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Report No. 86 of the Division of Statistics of United States Dcparlfnont of Agriculture 107 MISCELLANEOUS. Proceedings of the Convention of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations at Champaign, Illinois, November, 1890 106 Proceedings of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union 131 Digest of Annual Reports of the Agricultural Experiment Stations in the United States for 1888 106 The bounty on maple sugar, W. W. Cooko 101 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. III. ISSUED SEPTEMBER, 1891. No. 2. EDITORIAL KOTES. TJonowod intorost in the investifrations conducted at Rothamsted, Enf:fl;ind, under the direction of Sir John Bennet Lawe.s, has been awakened by the lectures of Mr. Robert Wariugton delivered before the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Exix'rirnent Stations at its recent meeting in Washington, D. C. This course of lectures is the first of a series to be given once in two years in this coun- try, in accordance with tlie provisions of wliat is known as the Lawes Agricultural Trust. The lectures of Mr. Warington will be published by the Department of Agriculture as a bulletin of this Office, and a summary of them will be given in the Experiment Station Record. The following general statements explanatory of the work carried on at Rothamsted have been taken for the most part from a pamphlet descriptive of the origin, plan, and results of the field and other experi. uients at that place, issued in June, 1891. As early as 1834 Mr. (now Sir) John Bennet Lawes began experiments in agriculture at his hered- itary estate at Rothamsted, Hertfordshire, 25 miles from London. At lirst the experiments were with different fertilizers applied to plants in pots. Afterwards similar investigations were made in the field. Such striking results were obtained, especially in those experiments where the neutral phosphate of lime in bones, bone ash, and apatite, dissolved in sulphuric acid, were applied to root crops, that the scale on which the trials were made was enlar<;ed from time to time. In 1843 the field experiments were so systematized that it is fairly claimed that "the fonndation of the Rothamsted Experimental Station may be said to date from that time." For a number of years laboratory work was car- ried on in a barn, but the results obtained at Rothamsted attracted so much attention that a new laboratory was built by public subscription of agriculturists, and presented to Sir John in 1855. In the autumn of 1888 another building was erected, comprising two large rooms for the storing of specimens and for some processes of preparation, and also a drying room. The station now has a "collection of more than 40,0U0 73 74 bottles of samples of exi^erimeTitally grown veget.ible prodnce, of ani- mal products, of asbes, or of soils, besides some thousands of samples not in bottles." Dr. J. H. Gilbert has been associated with Sir John since June, 1843, and has had charge of the laboratory'. The number of assistants and other helpers has been increased from time to time. During the past twenty five years the working staft" has consisted of from one to three chemists and two or three general assistants employed in routine chemical work and in carrying out the details of field and feeding experiments. A botanical assistant has also occasionally been employed. Besides these workers, there have been from two to four computers and record keepers, a laboratory man, and other helpers. Chemical work has also been done for the station in London and else- where. In this way Mr. H. Kichtcr, formerly connected with the Koth- amsted laboratory, has made numerous ash analyses of animal and veg- etable products at Charlottenburg (Berlin), Germany, where he is at present located. "The general scope and plan of the field experiments has been to grow some of the most important crops of rotation, each separately, year after year for many years in succession, on the same land, with- out manure, with farmyard manure, and with a great variety of chem- ical manures, the same kind of manure being, as a rule, applied year after year on the same plat. Ex|)eriments on an actual course of rota- tion, without manure, and with dillVrent inanuros, have also been made." Experiments with diUerent fertilizers on wheat have been made for 48 years on 11 acres of land, on barlej' for 40 years on 4^ acres, on oats 10 years on three quarters of an acre, on beans for from 27 to 32 years on 2\ acres, on clover 29 years on 3 acres, on turnips 28 years on 8 acres, on sugar beets 5 years on 8 acres, on mangel wurzels IG years on 18 acres, on potatoes 6 years on 2 acres, on permanent grass 36 years on 7 acres, and on crops in rotation 44 years on 3 acres. Varieties of wheat have been tested during 15 years on from 4 to 8 acres. ^Vheat has been grown in alternation with fallow for 40 years on 1 acre, and in alterna- tion with beans for 28 years on 1 acre. Experiments with various legu- minous plants have also been made during 14 years on 3 acres. Com- parative experiments with dillerent manures have been conducted on other kinds of soils in other localities. " Samples of all the experimental crops are taken and brought to the laboratory. Weighed portions of each are partially dried at 100^ C, the dry matter determined, and then burnt to ash on platinum sheets in cast-iron muffles. The quantities of ash are determined and recorded, and the ashes themselves are preserved for reference or analysis. " In a large proportion of the samples the nitrogen is determined, and in some the amount existing as albuminoids, amides, and nitric acid. 75 In selected cases, illustrating the influence of season, manures, exhaustion, etc., complete ash analyses have been made, numbering in all more than 700. Also in selected cases, illustrating the inlluence of season and manuring, (juantities of the experimentally grown wheat grain have been sent to the mill, and the proportion and comi)08ition of the diflercnt mill products determined. In the sugar beet, mangel- wurzel, and potatoes the sugar in the Juice has in many cases been determined by polariscopo, and frequently by copper .also. " In the case of the experiments on the mixed herbage of permanent grass land, besides the samples taken for the determination of the chemical composition (dry matter, ash, nitrogen, woody tiber, fatty matter, and composition of ash), carefully' averaged samples have fre- (piently been taken for the determination of the botanical composition, I n this way, on four occasions, at intervals of live years, viz, in 1802, 180*7. 1872, and 1877, a sample of the i)roduce of each plat was taken and submitted to careful botanical separation, and the pcrcentfige by weight of each species in the mixed herbage determined. Partial separations, in the case of samples from selected plats (freiiuently of both first and second crops), have also been made in many other years." More than 1,000 samides have been taken from the soils of the experiment plats at depths of from 9 to more than 100 inches. These have been submitted to a partial mechanical sei)aration, and in a large number of cases the loss on drying at difterent temperatures and on ignition has been determined. "In most the nitrogen determinable by burning with soda lime has been estimated. In many the carbon, and in many the nitrogen as nitric acid, and the chlorine have been determined. Some experi- ments have also been made on the comparative absorptive capacity (for water and ammonia) of dillerent soils .and subsoils. The system- atic investigation of the amount and the condition of the nitrogen, and of some of the more important mineral constituents of the soils of the ditferent plats, and from ditferent depths, is in progress or contem- plated." Almost from the commencement of the experimental work at Koth- amsted the rainfall has been measured by means of gauges. " From time to time the nitrogen, as ammonia and as nitric acid, has been determined in the rain waters. The chlorine and the sulphuric acid have also been determined in a considerable series of samples." The (piantity and composition of the water percolating through soil at dej)ths of 20, 40, and 60 inches, has been determined with the aid of three " drain gauges" constructed for the purpose. The drainage waters from the difterently manured i)lat8 of the permanent experi- mental wheat fields are frequently analyzed. " Professor Franklaud has determined the nitrogen, as ammonia, as nitric acid, and as organic nitrogen, and also some other constituents, in many samples both of the rain and of the various drainage waters 76 collected at Rotbanisted. The late Dr. Voeleker also determined the combined nitrogen, and likewise the incombu.stible constituents, in Go samples of the drainage waters; and Dr. W. J. Russell has determined the sulphuric acid in some of the monthly mixed samples of rain water. "The nitrogen existing as nitric acid, sonietimes that in other forms, and also some other constituents, are and for some time past have been determined periodically in tlie Rothamsted laboratory, in both the rain and the various drainage waters." For several years experiments were made to determine the amount of water given off by graminacecuis, leguminous, an«l other j)lants during their growth. Similar experiments have .ilso been made with various evergreen and deciduous trees. "Having reganl to thedilference in the character and amount of the cofistituents assimilate*! by plants of different botanical relationsiiips under equal external corulitions, or by the same descri[)tion of plants under varying conditions, observations have been made on the character and range of the roots of different i)lants,anted. Since the experiments of Atwater have vshown that the free nitrogen of the air is assimilated by leguminous plants, and those of Hellriegel and others have shown that this assimilation takes place through the aid of microorganisms, either within the soil or in symbiosis with i)lants of a liigher order, in which .process the root tubercles of these plants play an important part, experiments at Rothamsted have confirmed the results obtained elsewhere. " Experiments with the animals of the farm were commenced early in 1847, and have been continued at intervals up to the present time. " The following points have been investigated : "(I) The amount of food and of its several constituents consumed in relation to a given live weight of animal within a gi\eu time. "(2) The amount of food and of its several constituents consumed to produce a given amount of increase in live weight. "(.3) The i>roportion and relative development of the different organs or parts of different animals. 77 "(4) The proximate and ultimate composition of the animals in ditfer- ent conditions as to age and. fatness, and the probable coin[)ositiou of their increase in live weight during tlie fattening process. "(5) The composition of the solid and liquid excreta (the manure) in relation to that of the food consumed. "(C) The loss or expenditure of constituents by respiration and the cutaneous exhalations, that is, in the mere sustenance of the living meat and-manure-making machine. [This has not been determined with the respiration apparatus, but only by calculations based on the amounts of dry Tuatter, ash, and nitrogen in the food, feces, and urine.] "(7) The yield of milk in relation to the food consumed to produce it, and the intiuence of dilierent descriptions of food on the quantity' and on the composition of the milk. * * * " Independently of the points of inquiry above enumerated, the results have supplied data for the consideration of the following questions : "(1) The characteristic demaiuls of the animal body (fornitrogeneous or nonnitrogeneous constituents of food) in the exercise of muscular power. "(2) The sources in the food of the fat produced in the animal body. ''(3) The comparative characters of animal and vegetable food in human dietaries." In these investigations several hundred animals, including cattle, sheep, and pigs, have been used. An extensive investigation regarding to the use of the sewage of towns as fertilizers for different crops, especially for grass, was carried on in cooperation with the late Professor Way. The amount, composition, and nutritive value of crops grown with this fertilizer were studied. "The chemistry of the malting process, the loss of food constituents during its progress, and the comparative feeding value of barley and malt have been investigated." Experiments commenced in 1884 are still in progress with reference to the changes which croi)s undergo in the process of ensiling, and the relative value of different kinds of silage as feeding stutfs. The records and results of the investigations by the Rothamsted Station have been publislied in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England^ Journal of the Chemical Society, Philosophical Transac- tions of the Royal Society, Journal of the Society of Arts, Reports of the BritiNh Association for the Advancement of Science, and elsewhere. The list of articles published 1847-91, inclusive, embraces 115 titles. Sir John Lawes has recently presented complete sets of these publications to a considerable number of the agricultural colleges and experiment sta- tions in this country. The Rothamsted Station has been maintained entirely from the pri- vate resources of its founder, who, for the perpetuation of the work, has placed in the hands of trustees a fund of £100,000, the laboratory, and certain tracts of land. In accordance with the provisions of the deed of trust the station is now carried on under a committee of man- agement, of which Sir John is a member. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE ArTRlCnJFR.lL EXPERIMENT STATIONS LN THE IMTEI) SI California Station. Bulletin No. 93, June 25, 1891 (pp. 6). Analyses of California oranges and lemons, G. E. Colby, Ph. B., and II. L. Dyer. — In a brief introduction to the bulletin, Direc- tor Hiljjiinl states that owinfj to an increase in the workinfr force of the station, investifjations of California fruits with rejranl to their compar- ative nutritive value and fertilizinjj injjredients will be carried on more extensively than formerly. This article comprises brief descriptive notes and tabulated proximate and ash analyses for 2.'^ samples of oranjjes and 4 of lemons. The varieties of oranges iiu'luded in the samples analyzed were Navel, Mediterranean Sweet, St. Michaels, Malta Blood, Valencia, Tauijerine, and a seedliufj; the lemons were Eureka and Arroyo Graiule Pride. The average results of the analyses were as follows : Averages of proximate analyses of oranges and lemons. rbj-sical analysis. Juice. Acid (cl^ ric). P.et 1.02 1.38 1.36 1.61 7.66 Albn- Aver- asio weigbt. Rind. Pulp, les.s juice. Seeds. Juice averaxe. Solid contont« by spin- dle. ToUl sngarfl by copper (inver- sion). Cane sujiar (l>olari- scope). P. et 4.80 4.35 3.48 5.85 0.57 Nitro- gen in freAh fruit. in fre^-li fruit equiva- lent to nitro- gen. 0n»Tlj:P9 : N.avel Meditena- iiiiin Swe^t. St. Micliiiols. Malta Blood. Lonions : Eureka Orams. 300 202 138 177 104 P.et. 28.4 27 19.2 31 32 P.et. 27.7 24 26.9 24 24.5 P.et. 0.8 1.6 0.12 e.c 107 86 65.4 71 38 P. et 12.80 2.60 12.10 13.55 11.90 P. el. 9.92 9.70 a71 10.30 2.08 P.et 0.211 0.154 0.288 0.168 0.151 P.et 1. 11 0.96 1.4.1 1.05 0.94 78 79 Averages of ash analyses of oranges and lemons. Tiirct ash in frcsli fruit Composition of pure ash : I 'otash ( K.^O) , Soila (Na/)) Lime (CaO) Mairnesia (McO) Oxide of iron (F62O3), and alumina (AljOj Oxide niiinnaniise (Mn 04) Phosplioiic acid (I'/Jr,) ■ Snlphuiic a('id (SO3) Silica (SiOj) Chlorine (CI) , Total Oranges. Per cent. 0.432 48.94 •J. 50 22.71 5.34 0.97 0.37 12.37 5.25 0.65 0.92 99.98 Lemons. Per cent. 0.526 48.26 1.76 29.87 4.40 0.43 0.28 11.09 2.84 0.66 0.39 98.98 The results of the analyses are discussed as follows : Oranges, proportion of rind to flesh. — Cousiilerinfj the matter first from the stand- point of the consnmer, it seems that although the Navel is the largest of oranges, it has, contrary to the popular impression, no advantage with respect to the proportion of skill to tlesh over either the Mediterranean Sweet or St. Michaels. The average Navel can fairly be considered as containing nearly 72 per cent of flesh, while the average Mediterranean Sweet shows 73 per cent, and the St. Michaels 81 per cent. Juiciness or proportion of juice to flesh. — A comparison of the figures in the table shows that of the named varieties examined the Navel is the driest, while the St. Michaels has the largest proportion of juice, the Mediterranean Sweet being next and the Malta l?Iood third. Tliese facts will be better understood by reference to the little table below, which gives the percentage ratios. Variety. Proportion of rind to Hesb. Proportion of pnlp to juice in flesh. Rind. Flesh. Pulp. Juice. Navel 28.4 27 10 31 71.6 73 81 69 39 33 31 36 61 67 69 6t Mediterranean Sweet St. Michaels Malta Blood Evidently the hard and solid, although thin rind of the Navel weighs heavier in tlie balance than the more "corky" one of the Mediterranean Sweet, and doubtless outweighs also that of many seedlings. * • » Sugar content of the juice. — The table shows the maximum of sugar [11.2 percent] in the hill-grown Navel from Pomona (No. 6), but this is approached very closely [11.1 per cent] by Navel No. 8, the Mediterranean Sweet No. U [, 10.09 per cent], the Malta Bloods from Pomona Nos. 18 [11. 1 per cent] and H> [11.02 per cent], and the Tangerine from San Gabriel No. 22 [11.03 percent]. It is notable that the latter shows at the same time the highest proportion of cane sugar [7.41 per cent] to be found in the whole series, the Pomona Navel.s and Malta Bloods stauding next. To what extent tlie proportion of cane sugar determines the sweetness to the taste, is a matter not yet fully understood, the proportion between the other two sugars (grape and fruit), not yet determiued, being an essential factor in the case. The average sugar content of the fully ripe Navels (gathered in April and May) from all localities is 10.8 per cent. Against this we find Mediterranean Sweets from Riverside and Pomona, Nos. U and 1'2 (gathered in May), to average 9.7 per cent only ; while the seedling from Smartsville, gathered in January, shows a little over 80 10 per cent, thus indicating a very early maturity. The Valencia orange from Pomona (No. 21) shows a decidedly lower sugar percentage [9.2 per cent], as does the con- temporaneous Malta Blood from Riverside [8.8 per cent]. The St. Michaels shows the lowest average of all the oranges (6.71 per cent), although the roundish sample from Pomona falls only a little below 10 per cent. Comparing these data with those of previous years, heretofore published, we find that the sugar percentage cf the Navel appears to have risen from 9.89 per cent to 10.80 per cent. For the Mediterranean Sweet the figure remains practically identical. For the St. Michaels it is higher than we have found it this season. Acid in the Juice. — In respect to acid, we note at once the maximum in the Malta Blood of over 2 per cent, with an average of 1.6 per cent in the three samples examined. Thencxthighest figures occur in theearly samplesof Mediterranean Sweet from Smartsville, a maximum of 1.G8 per cent; but the average of the May samples from Riverside and Pomona is 1 .2'A per cent. The St. Michaels of Marysviilo, .January 22, shows the next highest maximum w ith 1.40 per cent, but iu the later samples of April and May we liud in the Riverside sample (No. 14) a minimum of 0.84 per cent, witii an averageof 1.07 for the four later samples examined. In contrast to the Malta Blood, therefore the St. Michaels counts among the varieties of low acid, combined, however, with rather a low sugar percentage, as stated above. The Valencia rates in nearly the same respect with the St. Michaels, while the Tan- gerine shows the low figure of 0.87 per cent of acid, with, at the same time, a very high sugar percentage. A former analysis showed for its close relative, the Man- daiin, a lower minimum of acid (O.'.JG per cent), and the highest sugar percentage on record — 13. .^4 per cent. The Navel justifies the statement, made in a former report, of the low acid percent- age even in samples gathered as early as January and still more in those of later date from Riverside and Pomona. The minimum of all (0.77 per cent) is shown by the Pomona fruit (No. G), with, at the same time, the highest sugar percentage ( 11. 20)of the series. In the aggregate the average acid jiercentage of the Navel is the lowest of all, with the highest average of sugar (9.92 per cent), outside of the Malta Blood. These data, together with its firm lle.sh, thin and buioothrind, and excellent keeping qualities, sulliciently explain the great preference given it in our markets. Comparing the results obtained in ls91 with those iu previous publications of this Department (1879-87) we note first an apparent increase iu the average weight of the several varieties. We also find that while the percentages of rind show very nearly the same average as iu 1891, there is a marked discrepancy in respect tojuici- nesM, the pressed pulp averaging about 2'^ per cent less in earlier specimens. How far these dilTerences may bo due to iulliiencesof season or accident in sampling is dif- ficult to decide with the data before us ; the more so as the acid and sugar percentages show very nearly the same absolute as well as relative figures. Increased age of the bearing trees may possibly account for .some of these differences. • • • Nutritive values — nitrogen content. — The llesh-forming ingredients (albuminoids) of any article of food being of great importance as regards its proper uses, it is of special interest to compare in this respect the orange with other fruits, and the dilVereut varieties of oranges with each other. According to the latest European data, oranges stand first iu the amount of albuminoids (1.73 per cent), prunes second (0.78 per cent), poaches (and probably apricots) third, banaujwj and grapes fourth, while apples and pears stand nearly the lowest on the list (0.375 percent). Our determinations of the same substances in California oranges as a whole (rind included) show materially sujaller figures, averaging 1.20 per cent ; and as it is known that the rind is very poor in these substances, we are forced to conclude that the California fruit is less nourishing than that of Sicilian production. Miich lower per- centages, however, are quoted for oranges from other sources. Here again the ditVereuces observed may be largely due to the ago of the trees bearing the fruit, which in California is usually the minimum. 81 Of the entire series, the Riverside Navels show the hi^^hest content of albuminoids (1.54 i)er cent), while the averaj^o of the Pomona sainplo is I.IH per cent only. Next hif^ht'st to the Iviversido Navels conic the St. Michaels from Marysville, Riverside, and I'oniona, with an avc-raj^oof 1.4 per cent; nearly the .same is shown by the K'iver- side Malta liloods. The averaj^e of tlic Mediterranean Sweets falls below 1 per cent, that from Pomona falling to O.iU per cent. The Malta Hlood and Niles seedlin<^ show the minima of 0.t)'.( per cent and (l.7.'> per cent. The Valencia and Tangerine, with the Eureka lemon, seem to range about 1 per cent. Ash composition and nitrogen content. — As will be seen by reference to HuUetin No. 88 of the station [see Experiment Station Record, vol. Ii, p. 2721, tbe orange stands second (grapes being lirst) among orchard fruits iu the quantity of mineral matter withdrawn from the soil. Heretofore we have been obliged to base all conclusions bearing upon the ash and nitrogen of these fruits on European data; we are now enabled to present for oranges and lemons the outcome of California growth. The following summary (based on averages from the large table) shows in tabular form the amounts, in pounds, of the sdII ingredients extracted by an orange or lemon crop that will have to be replaced by fertilization. Orangps: European (sepdliss) — Ciop of 1,000 poiiiids Crop of 20,000 poiiiidH. California Crop of 1,000 pounds. Crop of 20,000 pounds Lemons : Crop of 1,000 pounds Crop of 20,000 pounds Total Pounds. 6.07 121.40 4.32 80.40 5.57 111.40 Potash. Pounds. 2.78 55.60 2.11 40.14 2.69 53.80 Phosphoric 'v;t»„..— Pounds. 0.67 13.40 0. .M 10.60 O.Ol 12.20 Pounds. 2.69 53.80 1.83 36.60 1.51 30.20 It thus appears that so far as oranges are concerned the California fruit draws materially less upon all the soil ingredients that have to be replaced by fertilization than the European; while as regards the lemon, it approaches closely to the Euro- pean standard for the orange, save in the much smaller draft upon nitrogen. » • • Lemons. — The incompleteness of the data concerning lemons renders it inadvisable to enter upon any extended discussion, the more so as no extended data from the Old World are available for comparison. It will be noted that the most important ingredient of this fruit, viz, the acid percentage, considerably exceeds, for the Eureka lemon [7.G6 per cent] at least, the commonly assumed average, and in the case of No. '2(1, from San Gabriel [7.88 per cent], the aci,000 acres, it was equiva- lent to a depth of 18.6 inches over the irrigated area. Hence, during these ') months each cubic foot por second was called upon to furnish water for 196 acres. This is greater than the duty when there is sufficient water, for, as stated above, much laud suite red from a scarcity. In addition to the water from tho river, there was a rainfall which amounted to 9.64 inches at the college — near the exit of the river from the foothills — and of about 8 inches at Greeley, at the lower end of tho valley, or an average of over 8 inches from the rain. The total depth of water from both sources has thou been nearly 27 inches. The duty of water found for tho whole district by the method above used, gives a result that seems excessive to all who are intimately acquainted with this valley. The method is defective inasmuch as it does not take into acgount the areas which did not have sufficient water. To get tho duty of water which is practically useful, wo should know the amount that would be used if the irrigator had all that he needed and at the times when he needed it, and a supply scant enough to insure that none goes to waste. Tabulated data are given for the duty of water under the Cache a la Poudre Canal No. 2 (one of the oldest of the large canals on the river) from May 27 to September 10, inclusive. For the last four days in May tho amouut flowing into the canal equals the flow of 1,791 cubic foot per second for one day ; in Juno, 10,425 ; in July, 6,213; in August, 3,186, and for the portion of September here given, 662; or for tho whole period, 22,277. As the How of one cubic foot per second is sufficient to cover one acre 2 feet deep, very nearly, or 2 acre-feet in one day, the amount of water used by this canal from May 27 to September 10 was 44,500 acre-feet. As it is known with some degree of accuracy that the area which depends on water from this ditch is between 24,000 and 25,000 acres, this flow would therefore be sufficient to cover the whole area with water over 21 inches deep. If the flow during May and April bo added, this depth would be increased. The rainfall also increases the depth of the water that has been used on tho laud. In tho interval covered by these measures, the average duty, excluding rain, is nearly 120 acres per second-foot, while for the valley as a whole it is 196 acres. During tho month of June, water was used at the rate of 72 acres per second-foot, assuming that all the laud was irrigated. As a matter of fact, the irrigation of this month was confined almost entirely to the crops of cereals and alfalfa, which occupied about two thirds of tho 25,000 acres. The above facts suggest that if one wishes to use the duty of water to determine the amount of water he will need to water a given area, that tho average duty is very misleading; and that during the period when water is wanted iu greatest quantities, the duty ordinarily taken as the basis of water rights in Colorado, viz, 55 acres per second-foot, is the safer guide. Irrigation statistics of 1890. — Tabulated estimates are given of the area under ditch in Colorado, the area irrigated, mileage of canals, and cost of irrigation works during 1880. Canal construction was most 5G08— No. 2 2 84 active in the Arkansas Valley, where the area brought under ditch aggregates some 700,000 acres. It is estimated that the total area under ditch in Colorado at the end of 1890 was 6,337 square miles, or 4,008,409 acres; the area irrigated, 1,035,000 acres. The mileage of canals was 6,317, not including numerous short ditches in the mountain regions. The cost of irrigation works in Colorado is roughly estimated at $10,980,000. Irrigation literature. — A list of 71 works bearing on the subject of irrigation, with brief comments on tbe character and scope of each. Meteorological observations. — Tabulated data are given of the monthly precipitation at the station for 14 years (1872-90), and for twenty local- ities in the State for 1890; daily observations of the dew-point and rel- ative humidity for each month of 1890; the monthly evaporation at tlie station and at the San Luis and Kocky Ford substations ; monthly and daily observations of tlie sunshine in hours and miuutes for 1890 at the three stations; daily actinometer readings from April 1 to November 12, 1890, inclusive; daily thermometer readings and range of tempera- ture for each month of 1890; daily terrestrial radiation; thermometer readings for each' month of 1890; and the means of two daily readings of the barometer for each month of 1890. Annual summary of meteorological observations for 1800. Stations. pressure. Fort Collins. Del Norte... Rocky Tord. Inchr" 2.5. OIU 22. &14 Air temperature (degrees F.). Hieheat 95.3 89 10-1 Lowest. Moan. -20 49.08 -16 44.80 -10 50.7 Mean daily rant;e. 31.33 32.12 Greatest daily range. 48.09 No. of days ininhnuni tenijiera- turi" be- low 32° F. 1G8 217 147 Stations. Fort Collins .. Del Norte Kocky Ford .. Humidity. Mean dew- point. 40.19 ^2. 12 42. 73 No. of Mean 'days on relative humid- ity. 62.48 73.37 71.0 whirh dew was ob- served. Wind. Prevail- ing direction. WandSW. W. W. Maxi- mum veloci- ty per hour. Milet. 70 Precipitation. Total precipi- tation (-..lin and melted snow). Tnche*. 11.435 8.77 6.93 Total snow fall. Tnchet. 17.8 24.75 14.5 No. of days on V liich 0 01 inch of rain or melted snow fell. Sunshine. Per cent. 56 65.1 41 27 I 71.4 Tofcil hours. 2,798 Soil tenqyeratures. — A tabular record of the weekly means of soil tem- peratures at depths of from 3 to 72 inches for three sets of soil ther- mometers placed in soils varying in elevation and moisture. Rei'ort of grass station, C. S. Crandall, M. S. (pp. 156-183). — This is a first year's report of experiments, conducted under the tlirec- tiou of the Division of Botany of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 85 in testing different species of grasses and forage plants grown without irrigation. Xotcs and tabulated data are given for a number of species of grasses and other forage plants sown on plats of ditferent sizes. A list of 41 species of weetls which made their appearance on the grass plats is also given, and a list of grasses, the seeds of which were col- lected in Colorado from August 29 to September 12, 1890. Of the 99 named species sown at the station in the spring of 1890, 29 species of grasses and 8 of forage plants germinated. During the weoks following germination, these exhibited all degrees of endnranco. Some made scarcely any growth and died after a short straggle ; others lived through till lato in the summer. Four of the grasses and three of the forage plants have carried a portion of the plants produced through the whole season and are still alive at this writing, November 22. The grasses are LoUum i)erenne, IIolcus lunatus, Agropyrnm tcnentm, and Fcsttica elaiior. The fact that these grasses, sown alone on fresh-broken prairie, have had suflicient power of endurance to retain life in even a portion of the plants produced through a hot and unusually dry summer, is certainly enough to warrant their further trial. Of course it remains to be .seen whether the plants now alive will live through the winter. If they do, the strong roots they have will enable them to start early and grow to maturity. The forage plants now alive and giving promise of growth next season are the kidney vetch {Anthyllis vulneraria), burnet {Poterium Sangitisorba), and Galega officinalis. Report op San Luis Valley substation, H. II. Griffin, B. S. (pp. 184-201). — Brief notes are given for experiments with wheat, bar- ley, oats, rye, buckwheat, corn, field peas, millet, clover, alfalfa, Eng- lish rye grass, and sainfoin, i^otes, in some cases tabular, are also given for 23 varieties of peas, 12 of cabbages, 2 of cauliflowers, 4 of beets, 5 of sugar beets, 4 of carrots, 8 of onions, C of cucumbers, 8 of muskmelons, 7 of watermelons, 21 of beans, 9 of tomatoes, 4 of pump- kins, 12 of squashes, 81 of potatoes, 10 of sweet corn, 1 of sunflowers, 15 of apples, 4 of pears, 2 of plums, 2 of cherries, 16 of strawberries, 3 of blackberries, 6 of raspberries, 2 of gooseberries, 2 of currants, and 3of grai)es. Ten species of forest trees were planted in the spring of 1890. A summary of meteorological observations is also given. Report of Arkansas Valley substation, F. L. Watrous (pp. 202-218). — Brief notes are given on experiments with wheat, oats, pea- nuts, watermelons, muskmelons, beans, potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn, tomatoes, buckwheat, sugar beets, barley, rye, pumpkins, squashes, sweet corn, sorghum, millo maize, peas, cucumbers, cabbages, cauli- flowers, eggplants, and celer3\ There are also brief notes on orchards of apples and pe.ars, the vineyard, and the strawberry bed. Report of special examining committee, D. W. Working (pp. 219-222). — This is by a committee of the Colorado State Grange. Report of Treasurer, F. J. Annis, M. S. (pp. 223, 224). — This is for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1890. 86 Massachusetts Hatch Station, Meteorological Bulletin No. 30, June, 1891 (pp. 4). This includes a daily and monthly summary of observations for June, 1891, made at the meteorological observatory of the station, in charge of 0. D. Warner, B. S. New Hampshire Station, Bulletin No. 13, May, 1891 (pp. 11). Effect of food on the hardness of butter, A. H. Wood, B. S., and C. L. Parsons, B. S. (pp. 3-9). — The following experiments were made to study the effect of gluten meal as compared with that of corn meal, cotton-seed meal, or skim milk, and the effect of silage as compared with that of hay on churnability and the character of the butter i)roduced. In the comparison of gluten meal with corn meal, four lots of two cows each were used. The rations were as follows, lots A and B being fed alternately on the first and second rations in periods of li weeks each, and lots C and D on the third and fourth rations : Pounds per auimal daily. Fir.st ration . . Soroiid ration Thinl r.ition . Fuurtli ration Silnge. Hay. Middliugs. 44 6 3 44 6 3 41 6 3 41 0 3 Gluten uieal. ; Com meal. The milk given on the last 2 days in which each ration was fed was taken for testing. The cream was separated by a De Laval hand sepa- rator, and was churned after standing about 2-1 hours (api)areutly still sweet). Samples of the butter and buttermilk were analyzed, and the relative hardness of the butter was determined by the depth in milli- metres, to which a pointed glass rod, weighing 10 grams and falling through a perpendicular glass tube 1 metre in height, penetrated the sample of butter. These determinations of hardness were all made at a temperature of 15.5° C, and it is recommended that the butter be allowed to stand in a cool room for several days previous to the test. The details of the method are described. " Except in very soft butters the differences in triplicate determinations are seldom over 1 millimetre." The yield of milk on the different rations is not given. From tabu- lated data regarding the comjileteness of the separation of the butter fat in churning and the character of the butter, the following summary is taken : 87 Gluten meal vs. corn meal. Faf. in bnltermilk. Hardnoan of batter. Gliiton meat ration. Corn -meal i-atiou. Giuten-nieal ration. Corn-meal ration. I,ot A Per cent. 1..53 1.09 1.32 1.54 Per cent. O.U 0.48 0.56 0.92 MiUiinetru. 10.0 9.3 7.6 7.3 MiUiinetret. 6.5 hot U 4.7 l,ot (! 6.7 ],<)t I) 6.0 These data sbow that iu this experiment, where gluten meal was sub- stituted either in part or wholly for corn meal, a larger percentage of fat remained in the buttermilk and tlie butter was softer than where the corn-meal rations were fed. Four cows were used in comparing the effects of hay and silage on the butter, the grain ration (corn meal, middlings, and gluten meal) remaining unchanged; hay was fed alone in one period and was largely replaced by silage in the following period. The experiment was carried out in the same manner as the preceding experiment except that the cream was raised by setting the milk in shallow pans. " Hay apparently [Toduced a harder butter than silage," but with regard to churnability the results were at variance. In a single trial two cows were fed alternately on rations containing 5 ])ounds of gluten meal or 5 pounds of cotton-seed meal, the basal ration (silage, hay, corn meal, and middlings) remaining unchanged. The average hardness of the butter (penetration) was 11.4 mm. where gluten meal was fed as compared with 5.5 mm. where cottonseed meal was fed, indicating that the feeding of cotton seed meal tends to harden the butter, a fact which was also indicated by experiments at the Texas Station (see Texas Station Bulletin No. 11, or Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. 200). The comparison of gluten meal (L*.^ pounds) with skim milk (21 pounds) was made with two cows, the basal ration consisting during the whole trial of 3G pounds of silage, 4.^ pounds of hay, and 2^ pounds each of corn meal and middlings. The cows were fed the gluten-meal ration the first period, the skim-milk ration the second period, and returned to the gluten-meal ration the third period. The buttermilk contained 1.35 per cent of fat when the gluten-meal ration was fed as compared with 0.33 per cent when skim milk was fed. The butter was softer with gluten meal than with skim milk. The principal indications of these experiments were that gluten meal tends to produce a softer butter than corn meal, cotton -seed meal, or skim milk, and, other things being equal, to decrease the churnability of the fat ; and that silage produces a somewhat softer butter than hay. While in general a softer butter was found to melt at a lower tem- perature than a hard butter, the authors fouud " no definite relation 88 between melting point and actual hardness." Except where skim milk was fed, no influence of the food on the volatile fatty acids can be traced. "The iodine absorption of butter from gluten-meal rations is greater than that of butter from cotton-seed or corn-mual rations, and so far as tried the iodine-absorption number follows very closely the hardness of butter." Effect of food on quantity of milk, G. H. Whitcher, B. S. (pp. 10, 11). — These observations were made in connection with the above comparison of the eflect of gluten meal and corn meal on the butter fat. The nutritive ratio varied in the different rations from 1 :5.2 with gluten meal to 1:0 with a like amount of corn meal. The yield of milk by 11 cows on the narrow and wide rations is tabulated. " In almost every case with each of the 11 cows, a change from gluten to corn meal, that is a change from a narrow to a wide nutritive ratio, resulted in a decided falling otV in the product, while the reverse change resulted in an e«iually decided increase." The author believes that for milk production the nutritive ratio should not be much wider than 1 to 0. New Hampshire Station, Bulletin No. 14. May, 1891 (pp. 8). Silage in dairy farming, G. H. Whitcher, B. S. — This is an argument in favor of the use of silage by dairy farmers in New Hamp- shire. The advantages claimed for silage are these: (1) More food material can be produced on an acre from corn than from any other of our farm crops; (2) the cost of 100 jiounds of dry matter is slightly less in corn than in hay; (3) green food is especially favorable to the production of milk ; (4) silage is comparatively convenient and cheap. The author believes that the silo makes the farrncM- indep«'ndent of the weather. Late varieties of corn, which produce relatively large amounts of food per acre, can be used for silage, though they would not mature corn in the climate of New Hampshire. The early date at which the silage crop is taken from the land makes it possible to use the same land in grass or winter grain the same year. The cost of harvesting silage corn can be made quite small. An instance is cited of an experi ment in which silage was harvested and stored at a cost of 62 cents per ton. For New Hampshire, Sanford corn is recommended as a good variety for silage. Of this, the author thinks 14 to 15 quarts per acre should be used for seed. At the prices for materials and labor in New Hampshire, an independent silo can be built "for $1 per ton of capacity if above 75 tons capacity." If the silo is built in the corner of a barn and farm labor is employed in the construction, the expense can be materially reduced. 89 New York State Station, Bulletin No. 31 (New Series), May, 1891 (pp. 17). Commercial valuation of the food and fertilizing con- stituents OF feeding materials, p. Collier, Ph. I), (pp. 4.S1- 497). — An extended popular discussion of the commercial value of the food and fertilizing^ ingredients of dilferent feeding stuffs as estimated on dilferent bases of valuation, and the relation of these values to the ordinary selling i)rice, together with tabulated average analyses of ieed- ing stuffs, and a statement of the average amounts of food and fertiliz- ing ingredients in dairy products per ton. New York State Station, Bulletin No. 32 (New Series), June, 1891 (pp. 52). Fertilizers, P. Collier, Ph. D. (pp. 499-551).— This bulletin is in continuation of the series of popular fertilizer bulletins issued by the station " for the benefit of the farmers of New York State." The i)resent number treats of the different materials used in making commercial fertilizers ; the fertilizing materials produced on farms ; the fermentation, losses, and care of stable manure; and the influence of kind and age of animals, and of food, on the manure. The bulletin also contains tabulated analyses of 46 samples of commercial fertilizers collected in the State during the fall of 1S90; and an extensive compi- lation of analyses of fertilizing materials and the fertilizing ingredients of farm products, taken from various sources. ' New York Cornell Station, Bulletin No. 27, May, 1891 (pp. 14). The production and care of farm manures, J. P. Koberts, M. Agr. (pp. 29-42, plate 1, figs. 4). — This work is in continuation of i)revious investigations as to the loss of fertilizing materials from barnyard manure, published in Bulletin No. 13 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, p. 279). The conclusions arrived at in these earlier experiments were as follows : Tli« results of one season's trial soeni to show that horse manure thrown in a loose pile and sulijocted to the action of the olenionts, will lose nearly one half of its valu- able fertiliziii}jf constituents in the course of G months; that mixed horse and cow manure in a compact mass and so placed that .all water falling upon it quickly runs through .and off, is subjected to a considerable, though not so great .a loss; and that no appreciable loss takes place when manure simply dries. The two experiments here reported were on a larger scale than the previous ones. (1) Two tons of loosely piled horse manure (3,819 poumls excrement and G81 pounds wheat straw) were exposed in a well-drained field from Ai)ril 25 to September 22, when it was scraped up, weighed, and sampled for analysis. The season was very wet, the rainfall from April to September amounting to 27.60 inches. The total weight and the composition of the horse manure before and after exposure are tabulated. From these analyses the total amounts of the fertilizing ingredients in the fresh and exposed manure are calculated as follows : 90 Loss of horse manure bi/ exposure. Total weight. Nitrogen. T\-Pf«- Potaah. Commercial value. Poundg. 4,000 Pound*. Pound*. 19.60 14.80 Pound*. 36.00 8.63 $5.60 'ilic same after exposure for 5 months. . 1.730 7. 79 7. 79 1 2. 12 The total lo.s3 was considerably more thau in the previous year (42 per cent in 1889 and G'2 per cent in 18')0), but, as in 1S8D, the greatest loss fell on the potash. The greater percentage of loss in this experiment is probably dne to a greater degree of firefanging caused by the larger proportion of straw n.sed for bedding. (2) Five tons of cow mauure (9,278 pouuds excrement, 422 pounds wheat straw, and 300 ])ounds piaster) were exposed from March 20 to September 22 iu a loose i)ile in the same manner as the liorse nmnure. From the analyses of the manure before and after exposure the total amounts of the various fertilizinjj ingredients contained in the 5 tons of manure before and after exposure are calculated as follows: Los8 of cow manure by exposure. Toj-1. Nitrogen. P\°fP»-'» Potash. '^""J"?-""' weight. Fre«h cow niannro Tlie same after exposure. Pound*. 10,000 5,125 Pound*. 47 28 Pound*. 32 2C Pound*. 48 44 $11.45 8.00 It will thus 1)6 seen that the total waste in the cow manure was scarcely half wiiat it was in the horse manure. The fermentation of the cow manure was not snllifient to oau.se any lirefaiiging at all. It is wortliy of note that in this experi- ment the lo.ss of potash was very slight in comparison with that of the phosphoric acitl and nitrogen; in all of our other experiments the lieaviest loss has been on the potash. *The author summarizes the losses of manure by leaching and fermen- tation as shown bv the results in 1880 and 1800, as follows: Original value per ton. LosH per tun. Horse manure in loose pile (1889) liorse nianiiro iu loosi- pile (1X90) (Jow manure in loo.so pile (1890) Mixed Mianuro thoroughly compacted (1889) f2. 4S I 2.8(1 2.29 2.38 $1.03 1.74 0.69 0.22 Amount of manure produced. — The amount an«l value of the manuro voided daily by cows, horses, sheei), and swine are given. While the composition of manure depends very largely upon the kinds of food eaten, an approximate idea of the value of the manure Irom liberal feeding may be gained from the following summary: 91 Relative value of the manure per ton, and the amount produced per animal and per thou- sand pounds live weight. Horses* . Il<)^st's^ . (JOWH ... Slioep... Swino... * Manure voided while at work not included. t Total tixcromcnt calculutiMl ou the basis that tlirpe fiftli.s was collected in the stable. A cheap shelter for biiruyard manure is described and illustrated. New York Cornell Station, Bulletin No. 28, June, 1891 (pp. 19). Experiments in the forcing of tomatoes, L. H. Bailey, M. S. (pp. 45-01, figs, 0). — A report on experiments carried on hy the author during two winters. Five forcing houses of different kinds are being used. Our prt'fcronco is for a house which was flesijjned for tomatoes, having a two thirds span and the ridge 11 feet from the ground. The house is 20 feet wide and huilt upon a sharp slope. It follows the hiy of the land, running nearly east and west. A north and south house woukl be preferable, probably, because of the more even distri- bution of light. The framework is unnsually light and the glass is 14 by 24 inches. The experience of the author favors the liberal application of stable manure. " We grow the plants in rich garden loam, to which is added a fourth or fifth of its bulk of well-rotted manure ; and when the plants begin to bear, liquid manure is applied every week, or a top-dressing of manure is given." The effect of applying salt, phosphate of soda, nitrate of soda, nitrate of ammonia, or stable manure is graphically shown to illustrate the superior value of the stable manure for tomatoes grown indoors. Seeds sown August 9 yielded the first fruit December 28, and from plants started November 10 the first fruits were picked May 6. The methods employed by the author for training and watering the plants are described. Experiments in the artificial pollination of tomato plants are cited. Where only a little pollen was applied upon one side of the stigma the fruit was small, one-sided, and with seeds only in the half which received the pollen. On the other hand, when pollen was liberally ai)plie(l to the whole surface of the stigma, the fruit was large and symmetrical and had all its cells developed and seed-bearing. Methods of obtaining a second crop, notes on yields and varieties, on marketing the crop, and on insect and fungus enemies of the tomato are also given. The white scale {Akyrodcs vaporariorum) and a small spotted mite are mentioned as serious pests of the tomatoes at the station. 92 The results ot the author's experience in forcing tomatoes are summed up as follows: (1) The tomato can be forced for winter bearing to advantage, but it demands close and constant attention. (2) A tomato house shoukl be very light and warm, and the roof should be at least 5 feet above the beds or benches. (3) An abundance of sunlight is essential. (4) The tenii»erature shoukl be about GO^ to G5^ at night and 70^ to 80^ during the day, or higher in full sunshine. (5) House tomatoes demand a rich soil and a liberal supi)ly of fertilizers. (6) In this latitude house tomatoes bear when 4 to .'"> months old. (7) Tomatoes like brisk bottom heat. They may be grown in large boxes or upon benches; Irf-inch-square boxes, placed about a foot apart and containing four plants to the box, aflord one of the neatest and best means of growing tomatoes. (8) Winter tomatoes must be trained. From one to three stems, depending upon the distance apart of the plants, are allowed to grow from each plant. These are trained upon perpendicular or ascending cords. The plants must be ]truned as fast aa new shoots appear. The heaviest clusters should be supported. (9) Water may be used more freely early in the growth of the plant than later- Wet the soil tliorouglily at each watering rather than water often. When the fruit begins to set, keep the atmosphere dry, especially during ihe middle of the day. (10) In midwint^ir the llowors should be pollinated by h.ind. This may be done by knocking the pollen from the (lowers when the atmosphere is dry and catching it in a spoon or other receptacle, into which the stigma is tlirust. (11) One-sidedness and much of the smalluess of house tomatoes appears to be due, at least in part, to iusulhcient pollination. (iniIl. 100, July 10, at Weldon and Ciiapel Hill. 100, July 28, at Keidsville. . 107.1, July 18, at Kitty Hawk. 103, Aug. 2, at Woldon 100, July 10, at Kitty Hawk. 103, June 30, at Choraw —2, Jan., at Lyncliburgh. —6, Dec, at Ore Knob .. —6, Jan., at Highlands. . . — 16.Jaii. 6, atlvnoxvilliv 1, Feb. ll,.at Knoxville .. —12, Jan. 11, at Lenoir. .. — 4, J an. G, at Salem 6, Jan. 19, at Ashevillo. . . 6, Feb. 7, at Ashoville . . . 4, Mar. 4, at Highlands . . 109 106 108 116 99 112 111 97 94 99 1HH2.. 1883.. 1884.. 1885.. 1886 . 1887.. 1888.. 1889.. 1890.. 17.0 18.1 17.3 18.8 18.1 17.6 17.7 19.5 74.1 70.5 67.2 G8.7 69.0 08.8 68.2 70.7 57.1 52.4 49.9 49.9 50.9 51.2 60.0 51.1 HUMIDITY. Year. Mean rel- ative hu- midity. Yearly rainfall. Greatest monthly rainfall. Least monlhly rainfall. 1881 Per cent. 72. 8 75.2 74.3 74.8 7.5.6 77.7 73.8 76.5 75.6 75.2 Inches. 49.67 55.50 ,56. 09 54.31 51. 20 51.84 52.09 54.98 5C.73 46.49 Inches. 14. 29, Dec., at Highlands 16.98, Jan., at Knoxville 16.53, Sept., at Wilmington 14. .53, Mar., at Br.vard 12.85, Oct., at Flat Rock 21. 12, July, at Wilmington 22.73. Aug., at Tar loro 13. 09, May, at Marion 14. 04, SulV, at Favetteville 14. 48, July, at Highland Inchet. 1882 0. 33,' Oct^, at Wadosborough. 1883 1884 1885 . ... 0. 75, .Sept., at Wash woods. 0.02, Oct., at Kitty Hawk. 1886 1887 1888 0.27, Apiil. at Wash woods. 0. 10, Dec, at Soutliport. 1889 1890 94 Annual summaries of meteorological obsej-vations, 1881-90 — Contiaoed. WIND. Tear. 1861 1882 18H:f 1884 1885 1886 1887 18K8 1889 1800 Movement per month. Milei. 6,422 6.704 6,596 5,987 6, 08G 5,876 4,823 4.900 5.277 5,491 Average hourly velocity. MiU$. 8. g. 9. Maximum velocity. 8 76, 2 72, 0 I 93, Prevailing direction. 8.2 68, 8. 3 98, 8.0 56, C. C 82 6.7 06 7. 2 84, 7.4 63, I MiU4. N. E., April 14. at Kitty Hawk N. E. N..Dec.30,at Hatt.Tas S. W. S.E., Sept. ll.iU Soulhport X. E. and I S. W. S. E., Jan.H, at Fort Ma<-on N. E. S. \V., Aug. 25, at Kitty Hawk S. W. X., May 1, at Kilty Hawk S. \V. S. E.. A\ie. 2;i, at liatteraa S. \V. X., Xov. 2">, at Hatteraa ' S. \V. E.Mar. 1"J, at Kilty Hawk ! S. W. N.E... Sept. 29, at Kitty Hawk S. W. WEATHER. 1881. 1882. 18811. 1881. 18.-<5. 188C. 18S7. 1.K88. 1889. 1890. Year. No. No. No. clear fair cloudy days. days. days. no 155 100 109 161 95 119 150 »7 124 152 89 125 148 92 126 143 96 129 122 115 1.S2 112 121 13S 125 105 No. rainy days. 125 145 13.T 136 i:t8 127 llio 121 113 107 Ohio station, Bulletin Vol. IV. No. 1 (Second Series), January, 1891 (pp. 38). Experiments with <;orn, C. K. Thorne and J. F. Uickman, M. S. A. — This article rei)orts in detail the experiments with corn conducted by the station in 18!K), tojjether with summaries of similar exi)eriments in previous years. Tiie subjects treate slightly favored the former method. Corn, methods of harvesting (pp. 21-24). — Experiments at this station and in three other places in Ohio are reported, in which the corn on some of the experimental plats was cut and shocked in the ordinary way and at the ordinary season ; on others it was topi)ed ; and on others it was allowed to mature on the stalk. The results, as tabulated, are contradictory. Corn, test of varieties for silage (pp. 24, 25). — The yields are given for nine varieties grown on fertile soil in 1889, and on poor soil in 1890. The corn was planted June 7 and 19, and was cut September 27. " In neither year were the varieties of corn sufficiently matured to make 96 first-class silage, except the Early Sanford, and tins variety is not snfFiciently productive to justify its general introduction for silage pur- poses." Corn, field experiments tcith fertilizers (pp. 25-37). — A report on experi- ments in 1890 at the station and by three farmers in as many counties of the State. The plan followed was in general that described in Bulle- tin vol. iir, No. 2, of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. II, p. 122). The results are stated in tables, and comi)ared with those of 1889. In every case where barnyard manure was used, there was an increase of from 2.9 to 2G.4 bushels in the yield. The results from the use of superphosphate, muriate of potash, and nitrate of soda, sir.gly and in combination, were quite variable, and in general contirmed the tentative conclusions drawn from the previous experiments. Valuing corn at an average of 33^ cents per bushel, the increase in yield due to the use of fertilizers was not sufficient to pay their cost in any of the tests of 1891). Corn, summary of experiments (pp. 37, 38). — The following statements are taken from the summary given in the bulletin : (1) From the laif^f yellow dent class, only n few are recoimnended for Ohio soil, namely, Bitj Buckeye, Leaminj;, Learning Improved, Mnrdock Yellow Dent, and Woodworth Yellow Dent. From these the Leaming or Learning Improved might bo selected as the most prolific. The Clarago from among the medium dents and the IJutcher corn from the mixed dents, are both good varieties and will mature in an ordinary season. Hriar Crest Beauty, Chester County Mammoth, Golden Beauty, Golden Dent, and Cloud Early Dent are large and productive varieties, but can not be relied upon to mature on Ohio soils. Golden Dent and Golden Beauty are believed to be one and the same variety. • » • (2) The results of previous experiments are confirmed by the work of this year, in showing that more and better corn can be raised to the acre where the stalks average 12 inches apart than where they are at less or greater distances. The results in "'eneral are as good when the corn is planted in hills as when planted in drills, when the average distances of the grains or stalks are the same. (3) The results of a 4 years' comparative test fail to shoi* any marked superiority in the productiveness of seed taken from the butt, middle, or tip of the ear. (4) The results of 2 years' experiments are slightly in favor of shaBow culture. (.")) The exact stage of maturity at which corn is cut may materially aD'ect its final yield per acre. (()) Ked Cob Ensilage, Blount White Prolific, and B. and W. are good varieties for the silo. Early Sanford and sweet fodder corn are not as a rule piofitable in this State for silo purposes. * • •■ (7) The results of 2 years' experiments, conducted on the station farm and in vari- ous sections of the State, indicate that in Ohio the use of commercial fertilizers on corn, at present prices of grain and fertilizers, is likely to result in loss more often than in profit. Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 2 (Second Series), February, 1891 (pp. 19). Miscellaneous experiments in the control of injurioi s INSECTS, C. M. Weed, D. Sc. (pp. .■?0-47). — Brief accounts of experi- ments, (1) by the author with Bordeaux mixture combined with Paris green or London purple, and with ammouiated carbonate of copper and 97 Paris green, in wliich no iD.jury was done to the foliage of fruit trees, grapevines, or potatoes; {'/) by the author with Paris green, London pur[)le, or lime and Lonthju luirple applied to i)ear and apple trees, in which it appeared that Paris green did little injury to foliage; London purple alone did much injury, but this was largely prevented by the addition of lime to the solution of London purple ; (.i) by two Ohio fruit growers with Loudon purple for the plum curculio, in which injuries by the insect were largely [)revented, but the foliage was consid- erably damaged; (t) by three Ohio fruit growers with dilute whitewash for the rose chafer {Macrodactylns subspinosus), with varying success; (5) by several farmers with various remedies for the striped cucumber \wet\e{Diahr<)tica vittata) ; (6) by the author with f;obacco powder used successfully for plant lice on lettuce. Some common cabbage insects, C. M. Weed, D. Sc. (pp. 47-52, tigs. G). — Notes on the imported cabbage worm (Piem rapce)^ cabbage plusia {Plmia hrasiiica'), zebra caterpillar [Ceramica picta). wavy- striped Ilea beetle {VhijUotreta vittata), and cabbage cutworms, with illustrations after Eiley. Three important clover insects, C. M. Weed, D. Sc. (pp. 53- 55, tigs. 3). — Notes on the clover root borer {Ilylastes trifoUi), clover seed midge {Gecidomyia leguminicola), and clover hay worm {Asopia costalis), with illustrations after Kiley. Texas Station, Bulletin No. 14, March, 1891 (pp. 15). Effects of cotton seed and cottonseed meal on the cream- ing OF MILK, G. W. Curtis, M. S. A., and J. W. Carson (pp. 01-73). — The following experiments were made to stud}' the effect of cotton seed or cotton-seed meal when fed to milch cows, on the com- ])letene8s of the separation of the cream. This effect was studied in cases where the cream was raised by setting the milk in Fairlamb cans at 70*^ or at 45° F., and where the creaming was effected by a De Laval sei)arator, each test being made with cows somewhat advanced in the milking period and with others comparatively new milch. ''The selec- tions of cows were made with special reference to length of time since calving and to uniform individual quality as determined by previous test. * * * Each animal was carefully watched throughout the entire test, and at once withdrawn on the appearance of the least abnormal indication, whether of appetite, general health, or condition." Three separate experiments were made in which the milk was set, as soon as milked, in Fairlamb cans, without ice, and kept as nearly as possible at a temperature of 70° F. until sour (12 to 24 hours), when it was skimmed. Each of these experiments represented a different stage of the lactation period. Thus the 10 cows in the first experi- ment had calved 104 to 124 days, the 8 in the second experiment 88 to 93 days, and the 6 in the third experiment 49 to 51 days previous to the beginning of the trial. In each experiment the cows were divided 98 into two lots as nearly equal as possible, and while those of one lot received equal parts of corn and cob meal and bran, those of the other received ecjual parts of cotton-seed meal and bran. The coarse fodder was the same for both lots in each experiment and consisted variously of hay and pasturage, silage, or silage, pasturage and sorghum. The amounts of food given and the duration of the experiments are not stated. The milk for each lot was mixed and set by itself After the feeding had been continued for 12 days, samples of the whole milk and skim milk were taken for analysis. The fat in the whole milk was determined by the Patrick milk test, and that in the skim milk by the Adams gravimetric method. The results of these analyses, and the percentage of the total fat which was left in the skim milk, are tabu- lated for each lot in each experiment. The averages of these results are given below : Milk set in cans at 70- J^*. Withnnt cotton-seed meal. Nnmber of days { since Inst calving. Fat in whole milk. Per cent Fat in of total Hkini I fat left milk. I in skim milk. With cotton-seed me.il. Fat in wliole milk. Per cent Fat in of total Hkini fat left milk. I in skim milk. First experiment 104-124 Seconil exjiiTiment 8«-93 Third experiment 49-51 Perct. 5.22 4.08 4.40 Per ct. 1.63 1.28 0.64 Peret. 30.9 31.8 14.9 Per St. 5. H9 3.98 4.18 Peret. 1.10 0 91 0.47 Per ct. 18.4 As will be seen, the separation of the fat by setting at 70° F. was more complete from the milk of the cows receiving cottonseed meal than from that of those receiving corn and-cob meal. "That the ettect is m no sen.se due to individual peculiarity of cows, is proven, we think, satisfactorily by the fact that different sets of cows were used in the tests represented by each separate table, as above given, the food con- dition showing itself uniformly the same with ditferent sets." Three other trials were made, in which the milk was set in cans at 46° F., this temperature being maintained by the use of ice costing 1 cent ]>er pound. In the first two trials the same 10 cows were u.sed, the milk being skimmed in one exi)eriment after 12 hours and in the other after 2-4 hours' setting. The third experiment was with 8 cows nearly fresh in milk, and the skimming took place after 24 hour.s' setting. In each experiment the cows were divided into two lots, one lot receiving equal parts of corn meal and bran, while the other received etpial parts of cotton-seed meal and bran. The coarse fodder consisted in all cases of silage and pasturage. The averages of the results stated are as follows: 99 Milk set in cans at 4')° F. Skinimod after 12 hours Skiiuinoil iif'or 24 hours Skiniiueii ul'lor 2{ bums No. of (layHsinc* lii.st rulv 125-145 132-1 r)2 30- a Without cotton-seed mcaL Fat in whole milk. Per cent. 4.22 4.34 4.53 Fat in skim milk. Per cent. 2.07 1.07 0.96 Per cent of total fat left ill skim milk. Per cent. 49.1 37.0 21.3 With cotton-seed meal. Fat in whole milk. Per cent. 4.34 4.86 4.27 Fat in akim milk. Per cent of t.ltJll fat left ill skim milk. Per cent. Per cent. 1.38 31.7 1. 11 i 22.9 0.34 I 7.9 Here again tlie percentage of fat left in the skim milk was least with the cows receiving the cotton-seetl-meal ration. The separation of the cream was in all cases more complete with 24 hours' setting than with 12 hours. The results of both series of experiments indicate further that the separation of cream bj- setting milk in cans was less perfect when the cows were advanced in the lactation period than when they were nearly fresh. The influence of the stage of the milking period iu this respect was very marked, whether the food contained cotton-seed meal or not. The results indicate no particular advantage of setting at 45^^ over TO'^. From the results of an experiment with 4 new milch cows, made to compare the effects of cotton seed with those previously observed for cotton-seed meal on cows likewise new milch, the authors conclude that " there is practically no difference between the effects of cotton seed and cotton-seed meal so far as gravity creaming is concerned." To determine whether cotton-seed meal has any effect on the separation of the cream by means of the centrifugal apparatus, 8 cows were fed the corn-meal-and-bran ration, and 8 others, at the same stage of lacta- tion, the cotton-seed-meal-and-bran ration. The milk of these cows was separated by a De Laval power separator as soon as milked. The aver- age results were as follows : Cream separated ccntrifiKjalhj. No. of diiys since lust calving. 210 59-63 Without cotton-seed meal. Fat in whole milk. Per cent. 4.67 3.88 Fat in skim milk. Per cent. 0.08 0.13 Per cent of total fat left in skim milk. Per cent. 1.8 3.27 With cottou-Heetl meal. Fat in whole milk. Per cent. 4.39 3.84 Fat in skim milk. Per cent. 0.10 0.13 I'er rent of total fat It- It in skim milk. Per cent. 2.3 3.3 " It will be seen that there is really no difference iu machine cream- ing due to food effect." 6608— No. 2 3 100 Utah Station, Bulletin No. 6, May 15, 1891 (pp 14). Trials of sleds axd tillage tools, J. W. Sanborn, B. S. — Notes and tabulated data on tests of various kinds of sleds and harrows with the dynamometer and in other ways. The following summary is taken from the bulletin : (I) In the trial niaile, sleds drew harder than wajjonsover the same ground the pre- vious fall under what seemed to be equally favorable conditions for each. (•2) Change of load from the front to the rear end of the sled did not materially affect draft, as it did with wagons. (3) The friction due to the point of hitch of the horses or the relation of the power to the load did not follow the same law as with wheels. The hitch for sleds seems to be too low down as now made. (4) A load draws as easy with crooked shaft as with a straight hitch. (5) Draft varied with the sleds used and was least ou the shortest sled, but it is not certain thai the length of sled was the determining cause in the trials made. No other solution of the facts found w.as discovered. Future inquiry will be necessary to determine with certainty the cause of the variations in draft between the makes of sleds used. (()) Depth of cutting the ground, draft per square inch and per pound of soil moved, looseness of soil, and evenness of bottom varied very widely in the various types of harrows used. (7) The rolling cutters, especially those termed cutaway harrows, move the .soil deepest and loosen it most, and in the form of the cutaway harrow dr.iw the ea.siest of the class that penetrates deeply. (8) The spring-toothed harrows draw moder.itely " fine " to an average degree, and till to an average depth, but leave the soil with an uneven bottom and more compact than the class above name 101 action. Except upon grass j^round, it is not imiirobaltk- fliat llie barrow, somewhat nuxlilicd, inav grow in imiioifance when compared with the plow, unless the plow becomes niddilied for special soils. Vermont Station, Bulletin No. 24. May, 1891 (pp. 16). Potato blight and eot, L. R. Jones, B. S. (pp. 19-32). — Brief accounts of successful cxpciiineuts in spraying potato vines with Bor- deaux mixture for [)otato rot {PIn/tophdiora iiifcstans). In one experi- ment in 1890 a plat which was si)rayed twice yielded 165 bushels of sound tubers, anotlier sjtrayed once yieUled 155 bushels, while a third l)lat twice as large as either of the other two, which was left uns})rayed, yielded only SO bushels. It was found feasible and desirable to com- bine the Bordeaux mixture with the Paris green used for potato bugs. Attemi)ts were made to disinfect tubers before planting by heating them for a number of hours in a dry oven at 107.^^ to 100.^'^ F., in sealed jars at 100 ' to 108'^ F., or by soaking them in water at 100^ to 108^ F., or in solutions of sulphate of copper. The heating in a dry oven seems to have been beneficial, but the other treatments were more or less injurious. Examinations of samples of a number of varieties of potatoes showed that in these cases the dry rot was worse at the seed end than at the stem end. Details of the investigations on potato rot will be published in the Annual IJeport of the station (or 1890. Vermont Station, Bulletin No. 25 (pp. 4). TuE bounty on maple sugar, W. \V. Cooke, M. A. (pp. 33- 36). — An explanation of the conditions under which the farmer can secure the bounty formai)le sugar ottered by the national Government in accordance with a recent act ot Congress. Tests made at the station indicate that most of the sugar made in the State during the early and middle parts of the season will test over SO degrees by the polari- scoiie, and thus come up to the standard required b^' the law. The station is making investigations with reference to methods of making maple sugar, and will [)ublisli the results in a future bulletin. West Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 13, January, 1891 (pp. 63). The creamery industry, J. A. Myers, Ph. 1). (plates 1, figs. 0). — A reprint of an article on this subject published in the Annual Keport of the station for 1890, i)p. L*9-88, an abstract of which was given iu Experiment Station liecord, vol. in, p. 44. West Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 14, February, 1891 (pp. 17). Farm and garden insects and notes of the season, A. D. Hopkins (pp. 05-79). — This is a reprint of articles published in the Annual Keport of the station for 1890, pp. 145-159 (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. in, p. 46). 102 West Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 15, March, 1891 (pp. 6). Raspberry gouty gall beetle, A. D. Hopkins (pp. 81-84, plate 1). — A reprint of notes on Aarilns ruticoUis published in the Annual lieport of the station for 18U0, pp. 1G0-1G3 (see Experiment Station Record, vol. iii, p. 4G). West Virginia Station. Bulletin No. 16, April, 1891 (pp. 11). Locust tree insects, A. 1). Hopkins (pp. 85-91, i)late 1). — A reprint of an article published in the Annual Report of the station for 1890, pp. 1G4-170 (see Experiment Station Record, vol. iii,p. 47). West Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 17, May, 1891 (pp. 12). Preliminary report on black spruce insects, A. D. Hop- kins (pp. 93-102). — A reprint of an article published in the Annual Report of the station for 1890, pp. 171-180 (see Experiment Staliuii Record, vol. iii, p. 47). ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF BOTANY. CONTRreUTIONS FROM THE U. S. NATIONAL HERBARIUM, VOL. I, No. 4, June 30, 1891. List of plants collected in western Mexico and Arizona, J. N. Rose (pp. 91-127, plates 10). — This includes lists of plants col- lected by Dr. Edward Palmer in western Mexico (at Alamos) and Arizona in 1890, with descriptive notes on 45 new species and several new varieties. The new species illustrated in the plates accompanying the bulletin are, Stellaria moyitana, Diphysa racemosa^ Evhinopepon cir- rhojyedunculatus, Tithonia fntticosa, liidcns nlamosanum, Ilymenatherum anomalum, Perczia montana, Cordia sonorw, Ipomoea alata, and Tahebuia palmeri. Among the plants of thi8 collection are many very beautiful ones which should claim the attention of cultivators. Of tiieso we cite Hetcropterya portillana, a recent Hpecies describerl by Mr. Watson. This is especially attractive for its large clusters of red fruit. It is very common at Alamos, and could easily be obtained for cultiva- tion. Gal2)himia humholdtiana, a rare plant in herbaria, ia a common and attractive shrub of the mountains here. It is 6 to 8 feet high, with a handsome top, large racemes of yellow flowers, and attractive foliage. Cordia sonorce is a new species, a very beautiful shrub or sm.all tree, and an abun- dant bloomer. Tahebuia palmeri, another new species, is a conspicuous tree of this region. It grows to the height of 25 feet and produces large clusters of flowers. Three or four of the Ipomroas are very attractive ; one is a tree 30 feet high; another is a climbing shrub (/. hracteata), with large, conspicuous bracts, which give the plant a very showy appearance; two other new species are high-climbing vines. Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, Vol. II, No. 1, June 27, 1891. Manual of the phanerogams and pteridophytes of western Texas, Polypetal>s:, J. M. Coulter (pp. 156, plate 1). — This is the first part of a manual intended to include descriptions of all Texan plants west of the ninety-seventh meridian. The rich flora of this region has never before been systematically described. It is believed that the manual will be of service to botanists and students not only 103 104 in Texas, but also in other large regions of tlie Southwest, which have a more or less similar flora. As far as practicable, the geographical range of the diflerent species is indicated. This part, which embraces only the Poljpetal*, contains descriptions of 7G5 species in 271 genera belonging to 50 orders. The great orders are the Leguminosa?, repre- sented by 203 species in 52 genera; Cactacea*, 71 species in 4 genera; Malvaceae, 53 species in 14 genera; Umbellifera',50 species in 20 genera; Cruciferffi, 48 species in IS genera ; Onagrariea', 38 species in G genera ; llosacea', 28 species in 13 genera. The single plate accompanying this bulletin illustrates T h el y podium va.seyi, Coulter. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Bulletin No. 5. What is forestry? B. E. Fernow (pp. 52).— This is a popular statement of the general i)rinciples of forestry, taken mainly from ad- dresses delivered by the author before representative bodies. The sub- ject is treated in three chapters, viz: The Forest and its Significance, Forestry in a Wooded Country or Forestry Management, and Forest Planting in a Treeless Country. The topics considered under forestry in a wooded country are: The ol)jects of forest management, where forest growth should be maintained, what forest management is and what it is not, re|)roduction of trees, improvement of tree crop — thinning, undergrowth, mixed growth — light inHuences, special considerations in thinning, European government torestry, administrative considera- tions, working plans, and profitableness of forest management. The author takes a conservative view of the methods which should be immediately adopted in this country for tlie management of our forests. Forestry in ;i wooded couutry means harvesting the wood crop in such a manner that the forest will reproduce itself in the same if not fn snperior composition of kinds. Reproduction then is the aim of the forest manager, iuul the dilVereiicc between the work of the hiinber man and that of the forester consists mainly in this : That the forester cuts liis trees with a view of securing valuable reproducti(m, while the lumberman cuts without this view, or at least without the knowledge as to how this reproduction can be secured and directed at will. * • * The administrative measures in vogue in European forest management we mny perhaps not think desirable orsuitable to our country and conditions, but the tech- nical mea.sures, as far as they are based upon natural laws and by experience proved proper for the object in view, will have to be adopted, with the neces.sary moditica- tions, if we wish to attain proper forest nuuiageuient. However, before we may apply the liner methods of forestry management as prac- ticed abroad, it will be well enough to begin with common-sense management, which consists in avoiding unnecessary waste, protecting against fire, keeping out cattle where young growth is to be fostered, and not preventing by malpractice the natural reforestation. The financial side of forestry abroad is illustrated in the following table. The marked diftereuces iu expenditures and revenues are stated 105 to l)c'(luo ''to differences of market facilities and intensity of manage- iiuMit, and also to forest conditions:" Conntries. Prnaaia ISiivaria Wiiiti^niberg. . Saxony Itailoii City of Zurich Forest, area. A cres. 6, 000, 000 2, 300, 000 470, 000 41C, 000 2;i5, 000 2, 700 Total ox- Iiciiditiire. Kovenuo. Gross. Net. Exponditurca and revonuev por acre of forest. Expenditures. $8, 000, 000 $14, 000, 000 $0, 000, 000 $1. 33 3, 150, 000 5, 880, 000 2, 730, 0(1(1: 1. 37 1,025, OOOj 2, 2Go, 0011 1, 23.'., 0(l(l| 2. 17 1,040, OOOl 2,750,000 1,710,500 2.50 404, OOO: 1,090,00(1, 080,000 1..^.4 14,0001 26,000 12,000 5.00 Perot. 58 53 45 37 40 54 .2 o. $0. 48 $0. 30 .$0 14 $0. OG $0. 90 0.C4| 0. 37j 0.11 0.11 i.m 0.87 0,92 0.22 0.23 2.0:! 0.05 O.Kl 0. 11 0.21 4. 11 0.22 0.83 0. 15, 0.12! 2.90 1. 141 2. 10 0. 10' 1. 14, 4. 40 I I In tlie chapter on forest planting in a treeless conntry, the topics considered are, forest cover and moisture, need of cooperative action, liow to plant, relation of tree growth to light, how to mix species of trees, conifers, methods of planting, and forest planting as a work of internal improvement. The general principles on which experiments in tree ])lanting on the plains should be made are summed up as fol- lows : (1) Forest plantations in largo blocks have more chance of succes.s tliaii small clumps or sinplo trees, since largo plantations alone are capable of becoming sell-aiistaining and of improving their conditions of growth hy their own iiilluenco upon moisture conditions of the soil and air. (2) We must not only plant densely (much more densely than is the common prac- ti(^e), but in the selection of kinds giv(> predominance to such a.s are capable of <|uickly and persistently shading the ground, creating an undergrowth and cover that will prevent evaporation, and thus make possible the planting of the light- foliaged, quick-growing, Valuable timbers. Twelve kinds of trees used in prairie planting are grouped as follows, according to their shade endurance, and their rate of height growth during their youth : As io Khnde. (1) Box elder. (2) Mulberry. (3) Elm. (4) Hlack cherry. (5) Osage oraugo. (6) Catalpa. (7) Soft maple. (8) Locust. (9) Honey locust. (10) Black walnut. (11) Ash. (12) Cottonwood. Js to rate of height f/rowth. (1) Cottonwood. (2) Soft maple. (3) Elm. (4) Locust. (.■3) Houey locnst. (6) Black cherry. (7) Catalpa. (8) Osage orange. (9) Box ebler. (10) Black walnut. (11) Ash. (12) Mulberry (f). 106 This is not an immntable scale, but only a tentative proposition, and for tlie pur- pose of illustration, in which the kinds placed widely apart will alone really retain their rtdative positions. We will hnd at the top of the first scale the most shade enduring and at the head of the second scale the most rapid growing among those named. If we can make, therefore, a comhinatiou of these, we will succeed in obtain- ing the two points to be gained— the densest crown cover in varying tiers, and the light-needing kinds overgrowing the shade-enduring, which allows the largest num- ber of individuals on the !irea._ * * » Of all trees, the most suitable for prairie planting and for planting in the dry plains are beyond doubt the conifers, especially the pines. There are two reasons why they should be chosen preferably to others : First of all, they furnish not only a denser cover, lateral and vertical, but a cover all the year aronnd, being evergreen. Secondly, they require less water, from one sixth to one tenth, than most deciduous trees, and are therefore less liable to succumb to drouth. In winter they will hold the snow more efficiently than the naked, leafless kind, thus preserving the moisture on the ground. Nature has given us indications in that direction. The driest soils everywhere are occupied by the pines, and the arid slopes of the Rocky Mountains and the interior basin support only conifers, especially pines and Juiiii)cis. From Professor Bessey I learned only to-day that my theory regarding the formtT forest cover of the plains is borne out by the discovery of pine forests buried in the sand hills of northern Nebraska ; and that he found growing naturally in eastern Nebraska the .same kinul)lie;}-8l), aiul include articles on the followinj^ subjects: Landscape «jardeninij, draining lands, sowing seeds and raising young plants of lorest trees, making and keeping lawns, spring and fall plant- ing of trees, keei)ing hedges, cultivation, mechanical preparation of soil, mulching, situations for orchards, orchard planting, management of orchards, pruning, remarks on pear culture, native grapes, grapes — mildew, i>ropagatiiig native grai)es, foreign grapes in glas^s structures, inside borders for graperies, thrips on grapes, propagating by cuttings, sowing seeds, seed saving, rotation in cropping, exi)edients for promot- ing fruitfuliiess in plants, importance of a uniform supj)ly of water in l)lant culture, li(piid manure for i)lauts in pot culture, flower pots, night temperature in glass structures, watering plants in pots, water plants, glazing greenhouse roofs, rasi)berry culture, ligs, vanilla, India rubber ])lants, <;itron, special incpiiries and answers, well-ripened wood, and notes on orange culture and the pineapple. DIVISION OF STATISTICS. Keport No. 80 (new series), July, 1891 (pp. 303-374).— This includes articles on the condition and acreage of corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, grasses, and fruit, July 1, 1891 ; the weight of wool per fleece; reports of State agents ; European crop report for July; European rye production ; the cooperative credit unions or people's banks of Germany ; agriculture in Peru ; and transportation rates. Rye in Europe is a cereril socond in importance to wheat only. In many countries it is the staple breadstulF, its use nialcinj; possible a larger exportation of wheat from exportiuff countries, .and supplomontin}^ the hif^lier-priced cereal in importing conn- tries. In eastern Europe the ))roduct is larger than the wheat crop in Austria, (Jer- many, and Russia. The crop in Russia is larger than any cereal crox> grown in any country of the world, except corn in the United States. The rye crop of Europe, [In Wincheator bushels.] Countries. 1887. 1889. ;ar.v Anatria-Hun^: Austria.. Uuugary Belgium Denmark France Germany Ireland Italy Nptlierliinds Portugal Kuumuiiia Russia in Europe, except Poland. Pohind Servia Spain Sweden 91,031,114 51, 295, 798 18. 182, 505 16,690,138 67, 182, 673 250, 098, S'8 1 232, 686 4, 330, 791 13, 776, 063 81,570, 42, 195, 15, 047, 15, 68.^, 02, ;t.-.7, 217,418, 374, 3,648, 780, fl7C 7fi!). I !»4 117, ,3X 329,012 622,312 146, .'8J 400, S70 831,9i-)6 744, 192, 075 706, 646, 47, 887, 2,000, 10, 588 , .551, 247 000 37, 437, 340 305, 431 52.5, (iuO 500, 76,3 22, 405, 845 19, 955, 286 80.3, 155 924,570 108 Fiber Investigations, Report No. 3. Sisal hemp culture, C. R. Dodge (pp. 59, plates 8, figs. 21).— This includes a brief history of the culture of sisal hemp in Florida; notes on the soil, climate, and cultivation adapted to these i)lants, and on rate of growth, harvesting, and yield per acre; descriptions of machinery for extracting the fiber; an account of the present condition of the industry in Florida ; notes on other leaf fibers {Apave americana, A. tnexicana, and Sanseviera zeylanica) observed by the author in Flor- ida; compiled notes on Agava rigicla, var. sisalana, and on the sisal hemp industry in the Bahamas. The imports of sisal hemp fiber iuto tliis countrj' from Yucatan for the fiscal year ending June :{0, 1S90, amounted to 2S,31'2 tons, in round numbers, worth §4,330,:J0O ; and for the year previous the imports amounted to over 35,(X>0 tons. This does not take into account the imported manufactures from sisal hemp, which are considerable, the value of which can not be given. It is said that the United States purchases over 80 per cent of the marketable liber produced in Mexico. The fact that the sisal hemp plant can bo grown in this country in any ([uantity, as far as the more question of cultivation is concerned, was satisfactorily diMuon- strated many years ago. Over 50 years have i)as8ed since the plant was introdnci-d into Florida by Dr. Henry Perriue, and it is now growing wild in many portions of the State. Sisal hemp is now extensively grown in Mexico and has been success- fully introduced into Cuba and the P>ahamas. There is reason to believe that it can be profitably grown iu southern Florida. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. A rapid method for estimating nitrates in potable waters, George Harrow {Jour. Chvm. ISoc, oU, j)p. ;^li0-3li.i). — Tlie author son^lit to dcvist' a method for the estimation of nitrates which shouhl be {IS ra])i(l as Nessk^r's test is for the determination of ammonia. The metliod which he proposes depends on tlie conversion of nitric; acid into nitrous acid by means of zinc dust, and the estimation of the nitrous acid by the Griesa test (<^»'-napthylamine and sulphanilic acid). The test reajjent is prepared by dissolving 1 fjram rr-iiaptliyhimine, 1 gram sniplianilic acid, aiul li5 c. c. strong hydrocldoric acid, in about 200 c. c. of distilled water, boiling with a small quantity of animal charcoal, filtering, and then making up to 500 c. c. Standard solutions containing respec- tively 1, 0.1, and 0.01 jiart of nitrogen as nitrates i)er 100,000 are made by dissolving 0.721 gram of pure dry potassium nitrate in 1 liter of water ( = 10 parts of nitrogen per 100,000 c. c), and diluting to the required strength. The manner of making the test is described as'follows: Fifty c. c. of each water to be tested (as many as four estimations may readily be made at the same time) are placed in beakers of about 100 c. c. capac- ity, and oO c. c. of each of the standard nitrate solutions in smaller beakers. Ten c. c. of the test reagent «are added to each beaker, and afterwards a small quantity of zinc dust (7-8 mg.). If nitrites are l^resent in the water the pink color will api)ear without the addition of zinc dust (Griess's test). If nitrates are present a more or less intense pink color will appear on the addition of the zinc dust, and after about 15 minutes the intensity of the color is comparei)). — Previous experiments by the author and by other investigators have indicated that arable soils absorb considerable quantities of ammonia from the air, but the conclusions have not been universally accepted. During the years 1880-90, twenty-five experiments were instituted by the author for the further study of the problem. Specimens of ditlerent kinds of soil were placed in shallow, circular, flat-bottomed glass vessels with a superficial area of 2 square dm., and a depth varying with the weight of the soil. As a certain amount of nitrogen would be brought to the soils in atmospheric dust, one vessel was left empty and the nitrogen determined in the dust collected in it. All these vessels were i)laced inside an ai)paratus arranged to provide for circulation of air. Two other vessels of the same kind eoiitaijiiug dilute sulphuric acid were placed one inside the apparatus and the other in open air. The amounts of ammonia absorbed by the acid in the two vessels were compared to obtain an indication of the amounts of atmospheric ammonia which would come in contact with tlie soil of the experiments as compared with the amounts which would come in con- tact with ordinary cultivated soils. In estimating the amount of nitro- gen gained by the different soils under experiment, a correction was made for the amount of nitrogen in the atmospheric dust. It was found that the acid in the vessel placed near those containing the soils under experiment inside the apparatus, through which a more or less constant current of air was passing, absorbed more ammonia than liad been found to be absorbed by acid exposed to the open air. The inference was that more atmospheric ammonia had been brought in contact with these soils than would be the case with ordinary cultivated soils. A correction for ajumonia contact was therefore made in the figures for total gain of nitrogen by the soils. This correction, which varied with the different soils, was much larger than that for atmospheric dust. The figures quoted below for the annual gain of nitrogen i)er hectare are those obtained after the subtractions for both atmospheric dust and ammonia coutact. Ill Detorminations were made of tlie anioniit of nifros or by spontaneous vegetation. — f\V. O. A.] Green crops as nitrogenous manures, A. Miintz [Conipt. mid., 110 (181M)), }>. DTl'). — I'or grei'M manuring leguminous plants are generally selected. Their value for this purj)0se is due to their power of gather- ing nitrogen especially from the air. The author considers that their ett'ectiveness when plowed under as green manure will be proportioned to the rapidity with which their nitrogen is changed to nitric acid. To get light upon the subject, he compared the rapidity of nitrification of green lupines with that of dried blood, which is one of the most active nitrogenous fertilizers, and of sulphate of ammonia, which undtrgoes especially rai>id nitrification, in a series of experiments in which each of the substances was added to a light calcareous soil and to a heavy clay soil only slightly calcareous. For each experiment enough of the nitrogenous material was added to furnish one gram of nitrogen for a kg. of soil. The accompanying tabular statement shows the amount of nitric acid formed: Fertiliziug materials supplyiiif; 1 uram of nitrogen. r :„!,* „„!„„»„ Ilcavv cl.iv Green Juplne Dricil lilood Sulphate nf ammonia Milliqratn. 183 1G1 2S& iliUigram. 86.0 S I. 5. 1 113 It is evident tliat the heavy soil was iinfavoral)le to nitritieation, only .'.l. intr. of nitric acid beii)^1»0), [>. i;;7(»).— In this article tiie author broaches the very striking theory that either nitrobacteria or similar microscopic organisms constitute one of the principal agencies in the decomposition of rock and formation of soil, and supports it by a variety of observations. Both igneous and sedimentary rocks undergo constant disintegration. The fine particles either left in situ or transported by wind and water during geologic epochs, make the basis of arable soil. The disintegration is caused in part by atmospheric agencies, chemical and physical, and in part by the action of living organisms. It is well known that plants of the higher and lower orders growing on the sur- faces or in the fissures of rocks, tend to disintegrate them by the action of acid or other secretions, as well as by mechanical moans. According to the observations of the author, microscopic organisms exert a similar but more subtle and far more general action. He has studied the action of these nitrifying ferments upon high mountains, above the limits of ordinary vegetation, as well as in lower regions. As first indicated by the researches of Schlosing and Miintz and explained later by the 115 investif^jation of Winofjradsky, tliese ferinonts are able to assimilate aiimioniiuii carbonate, lonii orj;auic matter from it, and at the same time change part of the nitrolants in sand inside an apparatus containing a definite volume of air, the nitrogen in which was estimated at the beginning and at the end of the experiment, and taking the loss as the nu'asnre of the amount fixed by the plant. The apparatus was also utilized in experiments where the nitrogen gained was estimated by the " indirect method," explained above. In two exi)eriments the api)aratus and sand were sterilized, peas planted, and their inoculation provided lor by the addition of crnsht'd root tubercles. The peas grew during 3 months. The plants were small, apparently healthy, and produced fiowers, but no Irnit. At the end of the experiment the roots had abundant tubercles, liy the direct method it was estimated that the jjlants in the first experiment acquired 30. 5 and those in the second experiment 32.5 mg. of nitrogen. By the indirect method the quantities of nitrogen fixed were esti- mated at 40.0 and 34.1 mg. resi)ectively. The dilVerence in results l)y the two methods is attributed to unavoidable errors in analysis. Still another ex|)eriment was made, but without determination of gaseous nitrogen and without inoculation. The plants had no root tubereles and showed by the indirect method no considerable gain of nitrogen. The inference is that the peas which were inoculated by the bacteria and had root tubercles, fixed gaseous nitrogen. — [W. O. A.] 117 Contributions to the knov^ledge of the nitrogenous compounds of arable soil, Berthelot and Andre {('ompt. rend., llii (liS'Jl), j>. ISO). — In previous iiivesti^utioiiH* the authors have studied the forma- tion of ammonia in ordinary cmltivatod soil free from eonsiderahle quantities of vegetable mold. Such soils contain extremely little ready- formed ammonia or ammonium salts, their nitrogen being largely in the form of amide like eomi)onnds which yield ammonia gra«liially liy treat- ment with acids or dilute alkalis, cold or hot, and even l)y treatment with water at ordinary temperature. These amides are the source of the ammonia ordinarily found in the analysis of soil. The same gradual (U'C()mi)t)siti()n by water and by alkaline and earthy carbonates gives rise to the ammonia which is emitted by cultivated soils and diffused through the atmosphere. The amide substances which are thus decomposed may be divided into three classes: (1) Amides i)roi)er, which are formed by the union of acids with ammonia and from which ammonia is more or less readily evolved by the action of acids and alkalis ; (2) alkal- amides which are formed by the union of volatile nitrogenous bases with acids, comport themselves similarly to the amides, and yield vola- tile nitrogenous compounds; (li) alkalamides which are formed by the union of non-volatile nitrogenous bases or allied bodies with acids, and in being decomposed yield non-volatile nitrogenous products. Of these alkalamides, some are soluble in water, others are insoluble. The soluble ones when broken up by acids or alkalis may yield prod- ucts, acid or alkaline, which are soluble, or those which are insoluble in water. Similar distinctions apply to the nitrogenous organic compounds of ordinary cultivated soil. A knowledge of thera is indispensable for the inter[)retatiou of the analysis of the soil and the understanding of its constitution ; nor can it be doubted that they are important factors in the absorption of nitrogenous and carbonaceous compounds of the soil by the plant, and in vegetable nutrition generally. In the study of a clay soil, it was found that the ratio of the organic carbon to the nitrogen was such as would correspond to one part of albuminoid material with three parts of humic or allied compounds, such as are derived from carbohydrates. It is to be expected that the researches of Schiitzenberger on the constitution of proteids may throw light upou that of the nitrogenous compounds of the soil. The authors have studied the changes produced in the nitrogenous compounds of soil by the action of acids and alkalis of ditferent degrees of concentration, at ditferent temperatures, and during ditlVrent inter- vals of time. They determined in each case the amounts of nitrogen (1) disengaged as ammonia or other volatile alkaline compounds; (2) remaining in non-volatile comitounds soluble in water; and (3) remain- ing in insoluble compounds. In a number of cases they also determined the amount of carbon in each of these compounds. With a cold "Ann. Cbim. et Phys., G ser., 11 (18ti7), p. 269. 118 concentrated solution of potash, nitrogen was eliminated in the form of ammonia or other volatile alkaliue compounds, at first very rai)idly, then slowly, and afterwards very slowly and in amounts proportioned to the lime of the action. It was concluded that there were in the soil two distinct amide-like com])ounds, differing in the facility with which they are transformed into ammonia. Besides the nitrogenous material transformed into ammonia, a much larger portion was rendered soluble in water, but a part of this latter gradually reverted to an insoluble form. The residue of the soil after extraction by i)Otash, on treatment with dilute acid, yielded still more ammonia and amide-like compounds. Over nine tenths was thus rendered soluble by cither acid or alkali or both. The tendency of the action of both acid and alkali was to decom[>ose the nitrogenous compounds and to form products of lower molecular weight. In conclusion, the authors add that these experiments show how the insoluble nitrogen of humus compounds is gradually rendered soluble and assimilable. While the action of the plant upon these compounds in the soil is certainly not identical with that of the acids and alkalis of the laboratory experiments, nevertheless the latter offer certain grounds of comparison in the consideration of the chemical processes induced by earthy carbonates aiul by carbonic acids, as well as by the acids formed by the plants. The length of duration of these natu- ral processes makes up for the slowness as compared with the more energetic action of the mineral acids ami alkalis. That is to say, the comparatively weak bases and acids which occur in the soil and are elaborated by plants, tend to set free the nitrogen of humus, both that of the vegetable matter of which it is iormed and that of the ammonia which it absorbs from the air. It may be assumed that alkaline and acid fertilizers, such as lime, ashes, and acid phosphates, serve a similar purpose in rendering the nitrogen of the soil available to plants. — [W. O. A.] The volatile nitrogenous compounds exhaled by arable soil, Berthelot [Compt. rend., llli (IS'JI), p. 1!I5). — In continuation of previ-' ous investigations the author made experiments with argillaceous sands, or clays poor in nitrogen. These were placed in porcelain pots, under bell glasses of 50 litres capacity. Arrangements were provided for introducing water to moisten the soils and collecting the water which condensed on the bell glass. A dish containing dilute sulphuric acid was also placed under the bell glass to absorb the ammonia emitted from the soil. The experiments continued from May to October, 5^ months. During the tirst half of this time the soil was moistened occa- sionally. The moisture which collected on the bell glass was removed weekly and sulphuric acid was added to it to hold the ammonia. During the remainder of tlie titne of the experiment the soil was not moistened J it became dry and the moisture ceased to condense on the 119 bell pflass. At the end of tlio oxporimeiit determinations were made of (1) the aininonia absorbed by tlie dilute sulphuric acid ; (2) the ammonia taken np by the water of condensation and expelled by distilliiifj with maj;nesia; (.J) the or^'anic nitro^'en reniaininj^: after treatment with maj^Miesia. Other experiments were made in the same way, except lliat sundry non-nitrof^enous organic matters, such as mannite, starch, and humus derived from sugar, were adde. DID). — Our cultivated soils are formed by the union of various minerals with brown organic compounds. The latter, clas- sified as humus, j^lay an important nMo in the fertility of soil and in the nutrition of the plant, but their function has been established by practical observers rather than defined and analyzed by scientific research, and still remains one of the great unsolved problems of agriculture. Not only do these compounds or the products of their transformation play an essential nMe in the nutrition of plants and especially in the circulation of nitrogenous i)ro(lucts, but they also contribute to the power of the soil to hold in reserve certain mineral compounds despite the dissolving action of water, a faculty which is also possessed by basic silicates and is inaptly designated as absorptive power. Great as is the agricultural interest attaching to these humus comp(mnds, chem- ists appear to have been repelled from their study by their instability, their insolubility, ami their non crystalline n'ature. It is hardly possible in the present state of our knowledge to represent them by 120 the constitutional formulas usual in organic chemistry. Nevertheless they present problems of great interest from the standpoint of chemistry and vegetable physiology because of the phenomena of hydration and dehydration, molecular condensation, and of transformation of colloidal substances which they manifest. After devoting some time to the study of nitrogenous humus com- pounds which occur in the soil and are complex and of uncertain origin, it seemed advisable to the authors to devote their attention to those formed artificially in accordance with well-defined princi[)les, and con- taining only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. For this purpose they used the product of the action of hydrochloric acid on cane sugar, which is known as ulmin and ulmic acid, and which in their view should be regarded as a condensed anhydride or a mixture of several anhydrides derived from certain acids which result from the metamorphosis of sugar. Treated with alkaline solutions, this anhydride swells up in the manner of colloid substances and forms salts of different degrees of basicity, some of which are soluble and some insoluble. The insoluble basic potassium salts are of special interest. These have escaped the attention of previous observers, having been mistaken for other sub- stances. Such is their insolubility that the anhydrate formed from sugar, just referred to, is able to remove nearly the whole of the potash or soda from a solution in water by forming the insolnlde basic salts. It is also able to decompose small quantities of i)otassium chloride setting hydrochloric acid free. Its behavior with sodium, barium, calcium, and also with ammonium is similar to that with potassium. The authors devoted their special attention to the insoluble potassium salt, because of its especial interest in explaining the absorptive powers of humic compounds. The salt resists the solvent action of water to a very marked degree. Even when boiled with 120 limes its weight of water for an hour it was but slightly decomposed, and was but little acted upon by carbonic acid in the cold. From a solution of potash in 120 times its weight of water, the anhydride takes the amount required to form the insoluble salt just described, and by this means nearly all the potash can be removed from even a very dilute solution. Other salts of potassium, sodium, barium and ammonium were studie«l. Ammonia forms with the anhydride amido acid salts. These researches throw a new ligiit on the function of humus com- pounds in the soil, by indicating that they combine with both ammonia and the mineral alkalis. i)rotoct them from the leaching action of the water which circulates through the soil, and hold them in reserve for the use of the plants. In other words, the absorptive power of the soil which has been currently attributed to hydrous silicates, is shared also by the humus compounds. — fW. O. A.] Gain or loss of nitrogen by soils, A. Pagnonl {Ann. Agron., XVI (ISDO), V,,p. 2.j0).— To test the gain or loss of nitrogen in a soil with and without crops growing ui)on it, trials were made with soil in glazed 121 cartlicnware pots i)rovi(le(l witli airangoinents for aJTatiou and the collection of drainage water. In each pot were placed 22 kg. of soil containing 22.41 grams of nitrogen, to \vlii(;li were added dried blood containing ().r)l gram of nitrogen, and snli)hate of ammonia containing 1 gram of nitrogen, making altogether 23.98 gramsof nitrogen. Calcium sulphate and inUnral phosphate were also added. The pots were divided into three lots of two each, designated A, a; Jj,i; C, c. The experiment continued two years, from March, 1888, to March, 1890. Grass was sown and harvested each season in B and b and red clover in C and c. In i)ots A and a no plants were allowed to grow. Determinations were made of nitrogen as ammonia and nitric acid in the drainage waters of each season; and of the nitrogen in the soil and fertilizers at the begin- ning of the experiment in the crop of each season, and in the soil at the end of the experiment. The results so far as the gain of nitrogen by the soils is concerned, are recai)itulated in the table herewith, in which averages of duplicate trials are given. The nitrogen gained of course came from the air. Nitrogen statistics. Nitrogen— Witlioiit Witli plaiitB, I grass, av- average or prngo of A and a. 1 B aud b. Keniaining in .soil at end of oxpnimcnt* . .. Ucmovod l>y crops of two seiisons lloiuovfd in drainage water of two seasons. Total Amount in soil at beginning of experiment fJro.ss gain by soil and crops , Loss ill drai::ago Not gain l>y soil and crops .., lifiiiovod in crops .Net gain by soil Grams. 24.20 Qrams. 26.95 1.47 0.U8 28.50 23.98 i.52 0.08 4.44 1.47 2.97 WiUi clover, average ofCandc. Qrams. 30.80 4.20 0.20 35.20 23.98 11.22 0.20 11.02 4.20 6.82 * Including nitrogen of roots of plants. The surface area of the soil in each pot was 7,54 square dm. Estimated per hectare, the net gain of nitrogen by the soil after the removal of the crops would be, without plants 29 kg., with grass 394 kg., and with clover 904 kg. ; or per acre without ])lants 2G.1 pounds, with grass 354.0 pounds, and witli clover 813.0 pounds. As results of this investigation it appears that, (1) the loss of ammonia hy drainage was inconsiderable in the soil either with or without plants; (2) the loss of nitric acid was quite large, especially in the soil without vegetation (taking the loss of nitric acid in the experi- ment with grass as 1, with clover it was 3, and without plants 17) ; (3) in the second year the soil without plants lost less nitric acid, and the soils with crops more than in the first year; (4) the crops of the second year were smaller than those of the first year, notwithstanding the greater apparent nitrification and thegaiu iu nitrogen. — [W. O. A.] 122 Citric acid as a normal constituent of cows' milk, T. Henkel [Landic. Vers;. Stat., 39. pp. 143-151 ). — The author ])refa('es the report of his investigations with a brief summar3' of the substances besides albu- minoid materials, fat, milk sugar, and ash, which, according to present views, occur in small quantities in normal milk. Of nitrogenous bodies other than the albuminoids, he mentions urea, ammonia, hypoxanthin, and lecithin. The old theory that i)eptones are contained in milk, is believed to have been disproved by more recent investigations.* Among the nitrogen-free materials of the milk he recogin"zes cholesterin. Regarding the organic acids of milk, Soxhlett tirst remarked that the amount of lime contained in solution in milk seemed to be opposed to the fact that milk contains phosi>horic acid in solution. He suggested the presence of an "organic ])hosphoric acid" whose neutral calcium salt was soluble. Soldner | in his work on the salts of the milk, further advocated the presence of organic acids in milk. According to Ileidlen,§ lactic acid is not a constituent of fresh milk, and only occurs in milk which has stood. The author states that the only previous mention of the actual finding of an organic acid in fresh milk is by I)uval,|| who stated that he found the salt of such an acid in mares' milk. This salt, as described, crystallized iu groups of small needles, was not volatile, gave a peculiar odor on heating, and dilfered from hippuric acid in its relation to silver nitrate and iron chloride. He named this acid acule equinique. The present investigations were made by the author under the super- vision of Professor Soxhlet, at the Central Experiment Station in Munich. It seemed i)robable from all previous investigations that the organic acids if present must be contained in the milk serum in the form of soluble salts. A serum was prepared from separator skim milk by removing the casein, first with a strong rennet solution and then with acetic acid and Spanish clarifying earth (Klarerdc). and neutralizing with milk of lime to the i)oiut of acidity of normal milk serum (100 c. c. = 3. 2 c. c. fourth-normal soda solution). By this means a clear milk serum of normal acidity was obtained. On evaporation of the serum a pre- cipitate separated out, which was found by (|ualitative tests to be the calcium salt of an organic acid, contaiuing also a small admixture of calcium phosphate. This organic acid was obtained free (1) bydecom posing the calcium salt with oxalic acid, aiul (2) bj' preparing the lead salt and decomposing it with hydrogen suiphide. When i)uritied and concentrated both these solutions gave a crystalline mass. Larger quajitities of the pure acid were prepared by decomposing the calcium salt with II2SO4, dehydratiug with anhydrous gypsum, placing over * Jabrcsber. f. Thier Chera., 6.13; Zeitach. f. pbysiol. Cbem., 2, 28; ibid. 9, 591. t Jour. f. prak. Cbera., 6, 1. t Landw. Vers. Stat., 35, 354. $A""- '1- Cbem. n. Pbysik., 45, 263. II Coiupt. reud., 82, 419. 123 IlaSO^, and finally extracting with ether. One hundred grams of water- free crystals of the acid were obtained in this manner. This acid agreed with i)ure (;itricacid in (1) elementary composition; (li) the ability to form a saturated sodium salt giving no acid reaction with phe- nolphthalein; (.J) water of crystallization of the calcium salt and the Ix'havior of this when the salt was dried over H,.S(),, or at 100'^ C; (4) the calcium content of the saturated (tri) and unsaturated (di) calcic salt; (5) melting point; (6) solubility in ordinary solvents; and (7) giving the Sabanin-Laskowski reaction, which is peculiar to citric and acouitic ai'ids only. Experiments were next made to determine whether the citric acid was actually conraineecially milk sugar, are formed, it is at present im])Ossible to say with certainty. Volatile fatty acids in Holland butter, A. J. Swaving (Landw. Vers. IStot., Si^pp. 127-141). — The author first briefly notices some of the previous investigations made with a view to determining the intiuence of food, period of lactation, etc., on the volatile fatty acids of butter. Thus, he states that in 1882 Muiiier* exainined samples of butter from the vicinity of Amsterdam, during the whole year, and found that the percentage of volatile fatty acids was lowest during the mouths of October, November, December, and January. In 1888 Coster, Van ]Ioorn and Ma/uret examined butter made by themselves each month of the year from the milk of a large number of cows. They conclude from these studies that in the critical examina- tion of butters the season of the year in which they were made should be considered. The investigations of Cornwall and Wallace,]: in which examinations were made of the butter produced by individual cows during a year, showed no constant relation between the volatile fatty acids and the sea- son, breed, age of animal, feeding, or time since calving. They give as the average of 80 samples of butter, 13.C8 c. c. of tenth-normal alkali for 2.5 grams of melted butter fat. •Zeitsch. f. aiialyt. Cheni., 82, p. 397. tS. vcrslag vau deu toestand der genieeute Amsterdaai gedureudo Let Jaar 1888. t Zeitsch. f. analyt. Chem., 1887, p. 317. 126 Besana* examined 114 samples of butter from December, 18S7, to April, 1888, which came from 30 differeut Italian provinces and repre- sented 96 different dairies. The results ranged from L*1.8 to 30.19 c. c. tenth-normal alkali for 5 grams butter fat (Reichert-Meissl-Wollny method). Nilsont made experiments extending over one year with 15 cows all of the same breed, which were fed rye, beets, and hay. The volatile acids ranged from 9.27 to 20.5 c. c. tenth-normal alkali per 2.5 grams of butter fat (Reichert figures). Nilson claims that the content of easilj- melted glycerides and the qualities of the butter fat accompanying this are not dependent on the feeding, but that the differences between sum- mer and winter butter are due rather to the fact that at the time when cows are feeding on ]iasturage and green fodders they are more likelj" to be in the first stages of the milking period. In opposition to this belief are the investigations of Adolf Mayer,t whicli indicated that not only the lactation period, but also beyond doubt the food had a marked iiitluence on the volatile acids of the butter. Spalhin»ani§ came to the same conclusion from his studies of butters from lan was to have samples of butter sent him every 2 weeks from reliable sources in each province of Holland, accom- panied by statements regarding the number, age, time since calving, and breed of the cows from which the butter was made, and the food they received, lie hoi)ed in this manner to secure data wliich would enable him, with due reference to period of lactation and food, to fix limits to the volatile fatty acids which would be of service in the critical exami- nation of the butter. Although the original ])lan was not carried out in all its details, the investigations were eri- mental Union. The following;; statements are taken from those portions of the report which relate to the ex])erimental work of the institution: llulletin jS'o. 52. — Black knot on j>/M»i«, J. 11. I'anton (pj). 39, 40). — A popular account of the life history of the fungus causing black knot ou piums [Pli)icri[ihti(( ))iofhosa), with suggestions as to reme^t) s.'iiiiples .tnalyzed at tho chemical laboratory, Gnelph ('26 in niiiiibor), showeil an average weijjht of '2 pouihIh '2 ounces, solids 18.1.)r> perci'iit, stif^ar in juice 14.:5r» per cent, and purity 7r>.7 per cent, from which it will be seen that the beets of 181)0 were smaller, slightly lower in sugar, but higher in purity, and represent a daw of beets much more profitable for 8:;gar making than those of 18'^;». The dift'erence in value between large and small beets is clearly brought out iu the above general summary, the smaller beets being the richer and of higher purity. A brief account of the cultivation of the crop of sugar beets on the experimental farm is given iu another part of the report (pp. 90-98). 128 Observations icith the rain gauge, Jysimefers, and soil and air thermom- eters, C. A. Zavitz (pp. 76, 77). — Tabulated .summaries for tbe moutbs from May to September, inclusive. Field experiments, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz (pp. 100-114, 154-18G, aud 214-253). — Tiiese iuchided tests of varieties and diftereiit dates of seeding of barley, spring aud winter wheat, and oats ; tests of varieties of peas, potatoes, turnips, mangel wurzels, aud carrots; experiments in the cultivation and manuring of rape; rests of gra.sses for pastures, singly and in mixtures; and cooperative experiments with fertilizers on oats, and in the cultivation of corn. Barley, spring wheat, oats, and 2)>cis. — A summary of the experiments with these kinds of grain is reprinted from IJulletin No. 58 of the Ontario Station (see Exi)eriment Station Record, vol. ii, p. C75). The detailed tabulated record includes data for 54 varieties of barley, 54 of spring wheat, !>2 of (lats, and 20 of peas. In the experiments in sow- ing grain at three different dates (May 1, 0, and 17), the best results were obtained from the earliest sowing. Winter wheat. — Tabulated data are given for 1hosi)liate 400 j)ounds, dried blood and scrap iOO pounds, and barnyard manure 14 tons per acre, were each applied to 1 fortieth-acre plat; a fourth plat received no fertilizer. The aveiage yield with each fertilizer is tabu- lated. The fertilized [ilats all gave an increased yield over the unferti- lized plat, but the increase was nearly the same with each fertilizer, except that barnyard manure gave about 300 pounds more straw per acre than either of the other two. Each experiment with corn was made on 4 tenth-acre plats. The corn, presumably for fodder, was planted on two plats in drills 3i feet apart, with the Iceniels dropped in one case 2 and in the other 12 to the foot; and on the other two plats it was broadcasted at the rate of one half and 3 bushels per acre respectively. According to the average yield per acre, the largest yield occurred where the corn was broadcasted at the rate of 3 bushels per acre, and the next largest where it was sown in drills with 2 kernels to the foot. Live stock experiments^ C. A. Zavitz {\}^.\^(S-20\). — Corn silage as a food for maldng beef. — In this experiment three lots of grade steers, two steers in each lot, were fed from December 31 to April 20, the following rations daily: Lot I. 12 pomiils meal ami silage ad libitum. Lot IL 12 pounds meal, 45 pounds silage, and hay ad Ubiiiim. Lot in. 12 pounds meal, 45 pounds turnips, and hay ad libit am. The meal consisted of equal parts by weight of peas, barley, and oats. The gains in live weight during the 119 days are tabulated as follows: Lot 1: :^o. 1, 217 i)ounds; No. 2, 103 pounds. Lot 11: No. 3,222 pounds; No. 4, 220 pounds. Lot 111: No. 5, 210 pounds; No. G, 185 pounds. The pecuniary results are not calculated. Fattening lambs. — Forty-eight lambs, nearly all Cotswold and Oxford- Down grades were pastured in a field of rape from October 10 to December 10, and fed in a shed from December 10 to February 10 on slicetl turnii)s, whole oats, and hay. One of the lambs died during the exi)eriment. The lambs gained 804 pounds in live weight in the 2 months while at pasture and 544 pounds while fed in the shed. The lambs were sold for o'{ cents per pound, realizing 8185.00 over the first cost of the lambs October 10. Corn silage and roots as food factors in sicine feeding. — An experiment was made with pigs averaging 204.5 pounds each to test the value of corn silage and turnips. Three lots each containing a barrow and one 130 small and one large sow, were fed from January 10 to March 28 as follows : Lot I received daily 16.J pounds of a mixture of one part each of wheat middlings and ground oats and three parts of pea meal ; Lot II, 5^ pounds of the same mixture and 60 pounds sliced turnips ; and Lot III, 5J i)ouuds of the mixture and 35 pounds of corn silage in place of the turnips. The 3 pigs in Lot I gaiued 270.5 pounds, those in Lot II 139.5 pounds, and those in Lot III 80.5 pounds live weight duriug the experiment. Feeding swine on grain and meal. — To test the comparative feeding value for young pigs of (1) a mixture of 2 parts of ground peas and 1 part each of ground oats, ground barley, and wheat middlings; (2) a mixture of equal parts of peas and barley, ground; and (3) the same ungronnd. These rations were each fed to one lot of pigs containing one full-bred and three grade Berkshires, averaging about 50 i)ounds each, from January 17 to May 31. The general health of the pigs receiving ration 1 was better than that of those on the other rations. Some of the latter became " stifiened " after a time, and in one case a change to lighter food was necessary. The average amount of food eaten and the average gain in live weight per day are given for the pigs on each ration as follows: Average per animal, daily. Rations. Food consnrood. I. Ground peas (2 parts). Rroiind oats and barley, and wheat middlings. II. (iroiinil pi-as Auil barley. III. Whole peas and barl'3, Mai/ \'>. \S[i\, pp. S). — l^ils includes brief general statements regarding the preservation of sugar beets in winter, a description of the earth pits or silos used in Europe for the storage of beets, and short records of ex|)erinients at the station in storing beets in a similar pit. The sugar beets grown at the station in 1890 were stored in a pit from harvest until March IJ, 1891. " Shortly afterwards the beets were fed to the stock. In general appearance the beets seemed about the same as when first intted, except that sprouting had taken place in some." The analyses of 12 sauiples from the pit gave an average of 12.54 })er cent of sugar in the juice with a purity coefficient of 82.20, as compared with an average of 14.77 per cent of sugar and a purity coefficient of 81.97 for 53 sajni)les analyzed soon after harvesting. Allowinjj for any errors in sampling, we can safely conclnde that the beets lost about "2 per cent of sugar in the silo ; that the coefficient of purity, btowever, 133 remains about as Ijefon- ; and that the beets, even after being preserved 5 months in a simiile earth silo, came out in a conP- 8). — This experiment, the object of which was "to ascertain the value of corn silage and roots as food adjuncts in feeding swine in the winter season" and "to demonstrate the extent of the loss for feeding swine after they have become tit for slaughter,'' was made with 9 Berkshire pigs about 7 months old and averaging about 150 pounds in weight at the commencement of the experiment. They were divided into three lots (one barrow and two sows in each) which were fed from December 4, 1890, to March 4, 1891, 90 days, as follows: Lot 1 were fed all they would eat, about 4.5 i)ounds each per day, of a grain mixture composed of two parts by weight of ground peas and one part each of ground oats, ground barley, and wheat midliugs ; lots 2 and 3 were each fed about one half as much of the same grain mixture as lot 1, lot 2 receiving turnips, and lot 3 silage, ad libitum. The pigs of lot 2 consumed on an average about 13.7 pounds of turnips, and those of lot 3 about 0.9 pounds of silage each per day. The silage was cut into pieces about IJ inches long. Only the more succulent portions were eaten, the other portions being merely chewed. In estimating the i)ecuniary results the grain mixture was valued at 1 cent per i)ound, the turnips at 8 cents per bushel, and the corn silage at $2 per ton, and no mention is made of any allowance being made for the value of the manurial residue. At the close of the feeding lot 2 (grain and turnips) were "not in prime condition," and lot 3 (grain and silage) were not in much better condition than at the beginning of the feeding. The pigs were all valued at the beginning of the experiineut at $3.75 per hundred pounds live weight. At the close the price of pork was 134 somewhat higher and lot 1 were valued at $4.50, lot 2 at $4.15, and lot 3 at $4 per hundred live weight. The average results are tabulated. These show that while the three pigs in lot 1 (grain alone) made an aggregate gain in live weight of 263 pounds during the 90 days, those of lot 2 (grain and turnips) gained only 163.5 pounds, and those of lot 3 (giain and silage) only 71 pounds. The increase made by lot 1 was valued at $3.08 more than the first cost of the food eaten ; and that made by lot 2 at $2.59, and by lot 3 at $4.08 less than the cost of the food. At the close of the above experiment the three lots were fed for 47 days longer, each being given alike all they would eat of the grain mixture. The animals averaged at this time from 180 to 240 pounds each in live weight. The average increase in live weight per animal during this after feeding was, lot 1, G.7 pounds; lot 2, 43.7 pounds; and lot 3, 73.3 pounds. At the close of this experiment the animals were all slaughtered. At 4.J cents per pound of live weight produced the value of the increase was only suliicient in the case of lot 3 to cover the first cost of the food. The conclusions of the author that " pigs should be finished for mar- ket at an early age to get the best results,'' are in accordance with those reached elsewhere. Grinseng, J. H. Panton {Ontario Agr. CoUcplication of Hydrotluoric Acid in the Brewing Industry ; and Dr. Gerlach, The Solubility of the Phosphoric Acid of the Soil, and its Relation to the Yield. It is expected that Professor Atwater of this Office, will attend the meeting of the Association, and will furnifsh for the Record a report of the proceedings as far aa they are of interest to agriculture. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED DURING AUGUST, 1891. Division of Ornithology and Mammalogy : North Amoricau Fauua, No. 5. — Results of a Biological ReconDoiBitance of South- Central Idaho j Descriptions of a New Geuus and Two New Species of North American Mammals. Division of Statistics : Report No. H7 (new series), August, 18'J1.— Report of the Condition of Growing Crops; Freight Rates of Transportation Companies. Office of Expeki.mknt Stations : Experiment Station Record, vol. iii. No. 1, August, 18i>l. Miscellaneous Bulletin No. 3. — Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. 137 LIST OF STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS DIKING AUGUST, 1891. AGUICULTCRAL EXPEKIMENT STATION OF FLORIDA : Bulletin No. 13, April 1, 18".U. — Irish Potatoes, Rye, and Fertilizers. Georgia Exi'khiment Station : Special Biilletiu No. I'J^, July, 18lH. — Circular to the Fanners of Georgia from the Board of Directors. Bulletin No. i:{, July, 1891.— Analyses of Foediug Stuffs; Forage Plants. Kax.sa.s Agkiciltukai. Experiment Station: Tbird Annual Report. 181tO. MAS.SACnr.sETT.s .State Aguicclti'rai, E.xperiment Statkin : Bulletin No. 40, July, 18.*1. — Weather Record April-June; some Diseases of Let- tuce; Fertilizer Analyses ; Feeding Exi>eriments with Steers. Hatch Expkki.ment Station ok the Massachusetts Agkici'ltiral College: Meteorologic.ll Bulletin No. :'.l, Jnly, 1891. Missouri Agimcultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 15, July, 1891. — Tests of Varieties of Wheat and Oats; Change of Seed of Wheat, Oats, and Potatoes. North Carolina Agricultiral Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 78, July 10, 1891. — Some Injurious Insects. Bulletin No. 77b, July 1, 181U. — The Injury of Foliage by Arsenitcs; a Cheap Arsenite; Combination of Arsenite.s with Fungicides. Bulletin No. 7."ic, April 2"^, 1891.— Meteorological Summary lor North Carolina, February and March. Ohio Agrkiltural Experi.mext Station : Ninth Annual Report, li'JO. The Pennsylvania State College Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. IG, July, 1-^91. —Culture of the Chestnut for Fruit : Analysis of Several Varieties of Chestnuts. Tex.vs Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 15, May, 1891. — Influence of Climate on Composition of Corn; Digestibility of Food Stuffs; Miscellaneous Analyses. Bulletin No. 10, June, 1891.— Work in Horticulture ; Drainage Exprrinients. Agricultural Experiment Statio.v ok Utah: Bulletin No. 7, July, 1891. — Draft of Mowing Machines. Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College Experi.ment Station. Bulletin No. 10, June, 1891.— Steer and Pig Feeding. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 2, August, 1S91. — Plant Lice. DOMINION OF CANADA. Ontario Agricultural College Expkiii.mknt Station: Bulletin No. »)7, Aiigust 12, 1891.— Winter-Wheat Experiments. Bureau of Industries, Toronto, Ontario: Bulletin No. 37, August 8, Id.il. — Crops and Live Stock iu Ontario. O U.S. DKPARTMI^NT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF i:xim:i{i.mfnt stations A. W. HAKRIS. J)IKECTOK EXPEELMENT STATION RECORD Vol. hi. No. 3 ISSUKI3 ocyroiih'.u, isoi PUBLisiuci) ijv .vuiMiDia L'v^ Bulletin No. 7, July. IXHl 179 Virginia Station 179 Bulletin No. 10, June, IHiU 17!t Wyoming Station 182 Bulletin No. 2, August, 1891 182 Abstracts of publications of ruitcd States Departimnt i>f Ajiriiiilture 183 Division of Statistics 183 Kcj^ort No. 87 (new series), August, IWH 183 Division of Entomology 183 Insect Life, Vol. in. Nos. 11 and 12. August, 1891 183 1 )ivisiou of Ornithology and Mauiui.ilogy 184 North American Fauna No. 5 184 Abstracts of reports of f«ueign invest igatious 185 Experiiuent station notes _. 201 List of publications of United States Department of Agriculture issued during September, 1891 204 List of station publications rcc/«ivcd by the OJlice of K\|icrimciit Stations diir- i ng September, 1891 205 snt.IKCT LISI' iW AnslK'A( IS. CUKMISTKY. Miscellaneous analyses at Ma.ssachusetts Slati- Station Ifil The occurnmc of common salt at dill'erent altitudes. A. Miint/ 197 BOTANY— MYCOUKJY. Loaf blight of the pear and the quince. V. |). Chcsti-r Ill Some diseases of lettuce and cucumbers. J. K. Huni|dircy Iti2 Hci>(ut of vegetable i»athologist of .Massachusetts State Station for 1S!H),,I. K. Ihimphrey !M< •!.< m;Y. h'csults of .1 bicdngical rcconnoissanoe of south-central Idaho. C. H.Merriam.. ISl Descriptions of a new genus and two iMMvsi»ecies of North .\merican mammals, C. H.Merriam - 184 The rose chafer. J. B. Smith U«t I'lant lite, V. J. Niswander _ 182 Some injurious insects, (.i. McCarthy 17."> Insect record for Ohio for 1S90, C. M. W<-ed 17U Keconnncinlations for the i>rcvcntion of damage by some common in.sectscd" tin- farm, the orchard, and the garden. ,]. rictcher 197 Insect Lifw, Vol. in, Nos. 11 and 12 IKl MKTEOKolAHi^ . Meteorological observations at Massachusetts State Station, March-.Inne, 1891 1<^- Meteorologicnl ob^^evvations at Mas«a. Warner U\:> Meteorological snnnnary lor Xorth (larolina. February ami Mareh, 1H!H, II. I!. IJiittlo Jiud C. F. Von Jlerrniann - . 172 Keport of meteorologist of Ohio Station for 1890, W. 11. I'aker 17(j FEUTILIZEIJS. The grading of bone meal, J. Konig 185 Conii)osition and value of certain materials for fertilizing imri»oses, .1. .M. rickell and J. J. Karle ll"- I'ertilizer analyses at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. Gocssmann KJi' Analyses of iuconipleto fertilizers and home mixtures at New Jersey Station.*;. E. B. Voorhees KW ' Soil tests with fertilizers in Massachusetts, W. P. Brooks l(>t Fertilizer inspection in Massachu.setts 161 CROPS — COMPOSITION — FIKLD EXPKRIMKNTS. Test of varieties of wheat and oats at Missouri Station, H. J. Waters 107 Chemical composition of certain varieties of corn, F. T. Shutt 1!>H Kelation between the quality of tobacco and its composition, M. 15artli 187 Culture of corn as a fodder plant, W. Saunders 19S Culture of forage plauts, G. Speth M?< Field experiments with oats, potatoes, forage plants, and vegetai)les at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. Goessmann 1">7 Exi)eriments with potatoes and rye at Florida Station, J. P. DePass 1 l.'i Field exi)eriments with potatoes in England, .1. A. Voelcker 1>>7 Winter-wheat experiments, T, Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 199 Experiments on continuous growing of wheat and barley at Woburn, Eng- land, J. A. Voelcker - 18(> Value of pea-vine manuring for wheat, J. R. Chamberlain 172 nORTICULTURE. Ash analysis of White Globe onions at Connecticut State Station 143 Composition of tomatoes, N. Passerini 189 Chemical composition and anatomical structun; of tomatoes, G. Brissi and T. Gigli 191 Chestnut culture for fruit, W. A. Buckhout 177 Analyses of several varieties of chestnuts, W. Frear 177 SEEDS. Examination of the seed of orchard grass at Connecticut State Station 143 Northern vs. Southern seed of Avheat, oats, and potatoes, H. J. Waters 1Gb FEEDING STUFFS — FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Aniilyses of feeding stuifs at Georgia Station, H. C. White 146 Fodder analyses at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. Goessmann 157 Analyses of peanut-hull meal, A. Emmerliug 191 Feeding experiments Avith steers at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. Goess- mann 1 62 Feeding experiments with steers at Virginia Station, 1>. O. Nourse 179 Feeding experiments with milch cows at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. Goessmann 153 VI Page. Feeding experiments with mikli cows at Mississippi Station, E. R. Lloyd 16(> Feeding experiments with lambs at Massachusetts State .Station, C. A. Goess- mann 155 Experiments in pig feeding, G. E. Morrow 149 Feeding experiments with young pigs at Massachusetts State Station, C. A. Gocssmann 155 Feeding experiment with pigs at Virginia Station, 1). O. Nourse 181 Feeding hay to working mules, E. R. I^loyd 1G7 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Systematic feeding of work stock as a preventive of disease, W. II. Dal- rymple 152 Some diseases of farm animals, W. IT. Palrymple 152 DAIRYING. The determination of fat in cream by the Babcock method at Connecticut State Station , 144 Time of extraction of paper coils in milk analyses by the Adams method, P. Vieth 192 A comparison of methods of determining fat in milk, L. F. Nilson 193 Coini>arative tests of machines and nictliods I'or the deti-rmination of fat in milk, L. G. Patterson 1(57 Composite milk samples, E. H. Farrington 150 Variations in the fat of milk drawn from the bottom of tin- can, II. II. Dean.. 199 The curdling of milk during tliunderstorms, Tolemei 195 The iuHuenco of milk preservatives, A. W. Stokes 195 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEFKIXG. Draft of mowing machines, J. W. Sanborn ." 179 .STATION STATISTICS. Report on the progress of the work of the experimental farms of the Dominion of C^inada, W. Saunders 199 Circular to the farmers of Georgia finm tli<' boiird ofdircrtors of (Jt-orgia Sta- tion 1 1<> Annual Report of Kansas Station for 18JM) 152 Annual Report of Massachusetts State Station for 1890 152 Rcjxnt of treasurer of Massachusetts State Station for 1890, F. E. Paige I(i2 Annual Report of Ohio Station for 1890 175 Index to Bulletins Nos. 1-16 of Illinois Station U9 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Report of Division of Statistics of United States DepartnuMit of Agricnlture for August, 1891 183 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. III. ISSUED OCTOBER, 1891. No. 3. EDITOR lAL NOTES. TIio Associntioii of Aiiu'ricun AjLiiiciiltinal ('<>ll«^jiOi^ an*^ Exporiinoiit Stations hekl its lit'tli iinuual coiivi'ution Auftiist IL'-IS at \\'asliiii<;ton, ])istrietof Coliiinhia, in the lecture rooms of tho Coliiinliian University. Tlicre were iircsciit 111.") (loh'iiates and representatives of collciics and stations in .'57 States and Teiritories, and of tlie United States Depart- jiicnt of Aiiiicnltnic. About the same time occurred the meetings of thr Anu'rican Association for the Advancement of Scieia-e, tlie A.ssoci- ation of Oflicial ^\j;ri(nltnral ("lieniists, tlie Society fortius Promotion of Agricultural Science, the Association of Economic Entomologists, and the Conference of American Chemists. A salient feature of the convention of colleges and stations was the lectures of Mr. R. Warington, F. 1\. S., chemist of the experinu'ut station at Kothamsted, England. This course of six lectures was the first to be delivered under the i)rovisions of the l\otham.stvd trust, instituted hy Sir John IJennetLaAves, and referred to in a jtrevious num- ber of the Exi)eriment Station Record (see vol. iii, p. 73). The subjects treated were: Tlie Rothamsted Ex])erinuMital Station : the circumstances Aviiich detroc- esses and results of the investigations of problems (»f nitiilication were fallowed with much interest by the scientists present, and will consti- tute a valuable contribution to the literature of scientific investigations in agriculture. A full report of these lectures and of the jirocci'dings of the convention will be issued as bulletins of this Oflh-e at an early date. Dr. n. H. Goodell, president of the Massachu.setts Agricultural Col lege and director of the Massachusetts Hatch Station, presided at the session of the first day of the convention, but was afterwards compelled 139 140 by indisposition to yiold tlio cliair to Vice Presidents Iioberts of New V(nk and Porter of ^riss<»nri for the remainder of tlio meeting:. In liis annual adflress Presiy the Association, the section on agriculture ])resented two to]»ics deenu'd of general interest t<» the convention. The first was the question, •• How can the results of station work be most successfully i)resented to the farmer ?" The lead- ers in the discussion of this question w«'re Dircitor Poberts of Xew York and President Scott of New Jersey. Mr. l{<»berts urged that the station worker make himstdf thoroughly lamiliar with the environment iuu\ lile of the average farmer. Since the work of the farmer was so exacting as to leave him but little time and strength for reading, the station bulletins should be attractive in ajtiiearance, brief in form, and sim]»le i)i language. \\'ell exei-uted illustrations would greatly enhance the i)opularity and i>ractical benefits of these publications. Mr. Scott laid sjtecial em])hasis on personal <-ontact of the station worker and the farmer as a means of imlucing the latter to a]»]dy the informati(Ui gained by scientific research in the improvement of agricultural methods and produi'ts. lie outlined a i>lan about to be ](ut into execution by the New Jersey Station for sending lecturers throughout the State to address the farmers at meetings of their various organizations. Another topic was presented by Profi'ssor ^Miurow of the Illinois College and Station, in a ]>aper on the relations which shouhl exist between the investigatiir ami the teacher. In his opinion these two classes of workers might do each other and the cause of agricultural science a great service by cultivating relations of mutual heli)fulness. The teacher should know what is going on in the laboratory an«l field so that he might be able to bring to his pujuls new truths or fresh illustrations of old ones. The investigator, on the other hand. need«'d to know the dillicidties and (pu'stionings which i)resented themselves in the class room with reference to the problems he was investigating. P>y this means he would be better able to learn how to state processes and results of his researches so as to make his reports clear anort of tlio section on clicniistry, ]irosoiit«'(l l»y Dircctoi' Nciilc oC Dj'liiwaic. tlic woili of tlic station rlieniists was classified under the following;- heads: (1) Detci-tive duty, (2) ag:ri<-ultural manu- iactoiics, (.{) work of iinniediatc value in ilirectinj*: farm mauajiciueiit, (4) develojuuent of analytical methods aud inveution of apparatus, (5) iuvesti<;ations of inten'st chietly to students and scientists. Tlie re])ort also ur<;e(I the desirability of cooiJeratiou aniouj^" the workers iu differ- ent brauelies of ap,ricultiu'al science in order that the practical ends, which were the real object (»f t'xperiment station work, miiilit be most sjieedily and elfcctually attained. The report of the secretary and treasurer, Director Scovell of Ken- tucky, sliowed that at the adjournmeut of the Cliam])ai().l!), and that the expenses incurred by the executive committee during- the year were 8216,84, making? the total liabilities of the Asso- ciation for tins i)eriod >'l,4(H.O.'?. The amount received during the year was >! 1,710.52, leaving a cash balance of !?3(M).49 in the treasury of the Association. The report of the committee on a cooperative station exhibit at the Woild's rolund)ian Ex]iosition was presented by Director Arnisby of rennsylvaiua. From this it appeared that much interest in the project lias been manifested by the stations, and that they thoroughly appre- ciate the value of the o])])ortunity afforded by the Exposition to bring their work prominently before the public. Favorable responses to cir- culars describing plans for the proposed exhibit had been received from nearly all the stations. The plan for the exhil)it ])ro]»osed by the com- mittee was accei)ted, aud it was voted to continue the committee until the (dose of the Exposition. The action of the convention, taken in con- nection with the favorable replies which the committee has received from the stations, gives assurance that the exhil)it will be both cred- itable to the stations and instructive to the public. A special commit- tee was a])]>ointed to cooperate with the World's Congress Auxiliary in rehitiou to an agricultural congress to be held during the Exposition as one of a series of congresses on scientific, educational, and social subjects. The question. What cooperation is desirable between the colleges and stations and the Weatlier liui»'au of the Departinent of Agriculture? Mas discussed by Assistant Secretary AVillits and others. Comnumi- catious fiom Prof. 31. W. Harrington and Major H. W. Dunwoody of the Weather Bureau were read in this connection. As the outcome of this discussion, a committee, consisting of Messrs. 8mith of Minnesota, Har- ris of this Office, and Alvord of Maryland, was ai)pointed to cr the services rendered bv him in securing legislation relative to tlie colleires. The follo>ving resolutions, among otliers, wei^ agreed to: IMcd, Tliat a comnutt... of three, especially representing the colleges of acri- cultnre and mechanic arts. b. appointed to consider the s„bj....t of „ collective agr.cul ural co leg., exhibit in the agricultural building of the World's Coluu.bian Lxpos.t.on, and w.th ,..nver to represent the int.-rests of the Asso.iation in this con nection. L'cM, That this Asso,.i:,tio„ renew its ex,.ression of sincere thanks to Sir .John lennet I awes for h.s munili.ent provision for a eourseof lectureson ,1... work Kothan.sted. to be .lelnered biennially in the Tnited .states, and that it also wishes to express ,ts sincere thanks to Mr. K. Warington for consenting t.. deliver the tlr.t series of lectures, and its appreciation of the high scientific an.l practical value of the course delivered at this meeting. It was decided that no adjourned .session of ll,e .onvention sl.ouM h,. held during tlic }»resent year. The following were eleeted oflieers of the Assoc-iatio,, for the ens,,],,-^ ye;,r: IMesi.lent, W. L. P.r.Min of Alabama: vi.-e luvsidents. (' w'" l>:ilu,.y of Tennes.see, J. W. Xi.-liol.son of Louisiana. H. K. Sfoekbrid-." ot North Dakota, F. E. Emery of Xorth CarolinM. and W. II. Jordan of iMarne: secretary and tn-asurer. M. A. S.ovell of Kentu.kv; executive committee. H. E. Alvord of Maryland. II. H. (Joodell of MassachusetN J. A. lAIyers of West Virginia, W. Frear of I'ennsvlvania. and A t" Xeale of Delaware. Section on agi'iculture: Chairman, C. L. Ingersoll of Nebraska- vice chairman, G. W. Curtis of Texas; secretarv, T. F. Hunt of Pennsvl- vania. Section on botany: Chairman. G. F. Atkinson ..f .Mabmiir secretary, L. H. Fammel of Iowa. Se.-tion on .h.-mistrv: Chairman* M. A. Scovell of Kentu.'ky: secTctary. 11. II. Ib.rrington of Texas' feect.on on college work: Chairman. E. M. Tnnwr of West Tir-ii.ir' Mcechairman,C.H.Pettee of New Hampshire: .scrretarv H E St<.ek" bridge of Xorth Dakota. Se.tion on entomolo-v: Chairman L Brnner oi Xebraska; se.ietary, V. M. Web.ster of Ohio. Section on h,.rti. culture: Chairman, E. A. Popenoe of Kansas; secretary, T. E. P.runk ol Maryland. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Connecticut State Station, Bulletin No. 108, May, 1891 (pp. 11). Examination of the seed oe orchard grass (pp. 2-4). — The tabulated results are given of botanical analyses and germination tests iiiitde at the station of 17 sam])les of orchard-grass seed, 0 of Avhich -were bought of seedsmen in the ytatc, 0 from Boston, and 5 from New York. The results of these examinations are summarized as follows: Of the 17 samples 1 sample contained as mncli as 98.8 per cent of pnre seed, the remainder being chaff. Anotlier contained no orcliard-grass seed whatever, and consisted mainly of LoUiim perenne, or perennial rye grass. Excluding this sample, the other 16 samples contained on the average 77.4 per cent of pure seed. Seven out of 16 samples contained notable quantities (from 8.3 to 35.5 per cent) of seed of perennial rye grass, which is less valuable and sells at a lower price. "Tested" orchard-grass seed is quoted at 11 cents per pound and tested perennial rye grass at 4^ cents. A single sample contained 14.1 per cent of a species of Bromus, probably scealinus, or chess. In 1 sample as high as 88 per cent of the orchard-grass seed sprouted, in anotlier as low as 4.5 per cent, and on the average of 16 samples .50 per cent. Taking tne 16 samples together, the average quantity of pure orchard-grass seed which was capable of sprouting was 40 per cent; i. e. out of every 100 pounds liouglit 40 ])Ounds was jjure, live seed. Probably the quantity that would produce healthy plants was less than this. Asii ANALYSIS OF Whtte Globe ONIONS (pp. 4, 5). — Twenty-tvTo fair-sized White (Jlobe onions were selected from several barrels for analysis. The fresli onions contained 0.27 per cent of nitrogen and 0.48 per cent of ash. The composition of the pure ash and the calculated amount of ash ingredients in 1 ton of onions are given as follows: Atidh/sis of ll'liitc (ilohc onions. Nitrofron Phosiihoric .icid . rotassium nxiilo. . Soiliiiiii oxide Calcium oxide . . . Maguesinm oxide. Oxide of iron Suliilinvic acid Chlorine Sand and silica . . In 100 p.irts of ash. 19.08 43.49 1.26 10.87 4.46 1.07 1.'). 98 •2.36 1.96 In 2,000 pounds of onions (bulbs). Po 2. 70 0.92 2.09 0.06 0.52 0.21 0.05 0.77 0.11 0.09 143 144 The determination of fat rx creaih by the Babcock ^lETnoD (pp. 5-11). — This is a comparison of fifty samples of cream of the per. centages of fat indicated by the Babcock ceutrifngal method and by tlie j-ravimetric metliod of tlie Liboratory. In all e\(H'i)t ten cases a pipette made by A. L. Winton, jr., which delivered qnite accnrately <> grams of cream, was used in measuring the cream for the Babcock test. After measuring into the test bottles the cream Avas dihited with 12 c. c. of water, the test made as usnal, and the reading of fat in the graduated tube multi])lied by 3. This pipette is said to do away with the correction otherwise necessary in testing cream by this inethod. In 2G cases the Baltcoek method gave higher resnlts and in 24 cases lower results than the gravimetric method. The greatest ditterence was 0.5G per cent. The ditterence between the two methods was in 18 cases a tenth of 1 per cent or less;, in 35 cases it was less than a quarter of 1 per cent; and in 7 eases it exceeded a third of 1 per cent. In coiisidprinfr tlit'so tij^iin-s and tlio accuracy of the method it nnist he home in mind that the per cent of fat is from four to six times as great in cream as in milk, and licnce a hirjfer dift'erence in the pcr<'enta total «|uanlify of hutter fat than a much smaller ditfcrcnce in the ])er cent of fat found in milk hy ihi' two meth- ods involves in the total ijiiantity oses to study tlie juaetical woikiiig of tliis meiliod at a ereaiiiery. Delaware Station. Bulletin No 13, July, 1891 (pp. 16). Leaf blight of the peak and the quince, F. 1^. Che.steb. ]VI. S. (])lates 2, figs. 3). — This itielndes a deseii]»ti<»n of the etteets of this disease on leaves and fruit, a brief a<'eonnt of the leal'bliglit fnn- gus {EntomosporiKm nKiciihifiini). fornmlas for the fungicides used in experiments by the antlior. and accounts of ex]ieiiments in sjiraying diseased trees in four localities in Delaware. In the case of one of the experiments, where five ai>i>licationswere made between IVIay 10 and July 21, the following itercentages of sonnd frnit are re])orte.3, no fnngici«le 42. So far as the effect of the several mixtures ujion the preservation of the f0 gallons: Carhonate of cojtjier and caihonate <>!' 145 .iiiimonia niixtnro 25^^ onits, prcripitattMl tarbonalo of copper 34 f«Mits, iiKnlilit-d fan rclfstn 40 cf'iits, ainiiioiiiacal carlKtnat** of l. TJu'.se costH were hascd iijtou thc! followiiifj market quotations per ]K>un(l: Sulphate lit fojipcr r>^ ci'iits, salsoda 1 j^ routs, Htroiif^ anmioiiia (2 cents) and tlic fiin^icidc of >'L*1*, or LM* cents }»er tree. In an experiment with (ininces tlie ammoniacal compound of coi)per tlid not give good results, but when the Bordeaux mixture was used the prog- ress of tlie disease was staid. The author concludes in general that his experiments teach: (1) That the amiiiDiiiacal carbonate of coiiper, tlie iiiodilicd eau celeste, the car- bonate of eopjier and carljonatt; of ammonia mixture, and the Bordeaux mixture will all control the leaf ldi>;ht of the pear and i)revent the fall of the foliage. {2} That the ammoniacal carbonate of copper when used in excess is ajit to injure the f<>lia;;i" and produce a russeted a))pearance of thc fruit. (S) That the carbonate of copper and carbonate (tf ammonia has this eflect to a less degree, that it is cheaper and (Miiially if not more etfective. (4) That the Bordeaux mixture is too expensive and troublesome a mixture, except in very serious cases. (5) That the modified eau celeste, and the carbonate of copper and carbonate of ammonia mixture are the two cheapest as well as most effective fungicides for the treatment of this disease. Florida Station, Bulletin No. 13, April 1, 1891 (pp. 28). EXPEKOIKNTS WITH POTATOES A^D KYE, J. P. DePASS (pp. -LS). — A brief aeeount is given of an experiment with composts and com- mercial fertilizers on lieauty of Hebron and Burbank potatoes phinted .lanuary 31. This experiment was in continuation of that reported in IJulletin No. 11 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. n. 1..401). Th(^ first of a series of experiments with rye grown for green forage in the winter is also reported. The rye was j)lanted broadcast and in drills on three jtlats, on i)oor, sandy soil fertilized with manui'e and commercial fertilizers. On one plat the crop was cut for fodder ami on another seven cattle and two colts were pastured. A consideialile amount of green forage was easily and cheaply ])roduced during the winter and early spring. Composition and value of certain materials for fertili- ZINU PURPOSES, J. M. PiCKELL, PiL D., AND J, J. EaRLE, B. A. (pp. 0-1*8), — This article contains analyses of soft marl phosjihate, and a dis- i'ussion at considerable length of its value as a feitilizer; an account of an exiierinu'ut made at the Connecticut State Station on the compara- tive value of finely ground and aciilulated i)hosi)hates, taken from the Annual Report of that station tor 1889 (see Experiment Station Record, vol. II, [). 48.?) 5 analysis of a low-grade jdiosphate cntaiued less than 5.5 per cent of organic matter, 4 of which contained between 1 and 2 per cent of nitrogen, and 1 less than 1 per cent. As is well known, plants of diiierent kinds and different parts of the same plant contain different amounts of plant food. In the yK-rfectly »lry state, i)ea vines, for example, contain about 2 per cent of nitrogen, and wheat straw only about 1 per cent. One would naturally expect that a muck if formed l»y the disintegration of the former would contain more nitrogen than if by that of the latter. • » * In judging of the value of a muek, three things at least are to be taken into account: (1) The kind or kinds of plants from whieli formed; (2) the quantity of organic matter in the muck; and (3) the stage of decomposition. Georgia Station, Bulletin No. 12i, July, 1891 (pp. 8). Circular to the farmers of Georgia fk(>:\i the hoard of DIRECTORS (pp. 55-00). — This special l>ulU'tiu contains general state- jneuts regarding the history, organization, funds, i)ublicatious, and work of the station, publislied with a view to increasing the interest of the farmers of the State in the work of the station. Georgia Station, Bulletin No. 13, July, 1891 (pp. 12). Analyses of feeding stuffs, H. C. White, Ph. J), (pp. 01-05). — This includes a study of the composition of six diflerent varieties of sor- ghum and of pearl niilk't at ditfercnt stages of growtli; analyses of the kernels, cob, and stover of Brazihan flour corn; of the tubers and vines of five varieties of sweet potatoes; and of the plant, fruit, and parts of the fruit of Spanish and Georgia i)eanuts. The analyses are given as follows: 147 Percentage composUion of sunjhuin and pearl millet. Cut when in bloom. W'iitoi lUU parts of dry matter contained: rriidr jiniteiu Nil iii;;in- tree extract Crudu filler Crude Cat Crude aah Heed* in the dough. Water 100 jiarts of dry matter contained: ("nidr i>rt)tein Nitro;;iMi-free extract Cnulo liber Crude fat Crude ash Seeds ripe, heads. Water 100 ])iirt8 of dry matter contained: Crude protein Nitrogen-free extract Crude fiber Crnde fat Crudo ash Stalks. Water 100 parts of dry matter contained : ( 'rude protein Nitrogen-free extract Crude fiber Crude fat. . .-. Crude ash 43.02 6.94 45. 65 35. 85 5.92 5.64 41.70 5. 44 55. 26 29.21 5. o:! 5.00 20.15 8.81 73. 16 11.05 3.86 3.12 35.71 4.56 55.95 30.11 5.12 4.20 » 2 45. 20 5. 23 46. 96 37.46 5.20 5.15 as 50.18 8.31 45.66 34.25 4.12 7.66 38.65 I 43.24 • 4.87 55. 90 30.30 4.15 4.78 19.86 9.95 65. 10 17.34 .3.28 4.33 36.36 3.72 61.10 27.22 3.20 4.76 4.92 51.79 34.50 3.72 5.07 21.32 11.45 65.30 14.66 4.27 4.12 38.41 3.15 61.04 28.73 2.34 4.74 51.70 0.25 30. 24 46.67 4.24 6.60 52.10 5.30 41.98 43.91 3.80 5.01 24.18 11.12 63.00 17.36 5.14 3.38 32.35 6.75 40.40 44.55 2.19 6.11 o a 'a M 41. 14 8.26 41.42 39. 33 5.25 5.74 50.15 4.60 50.36 35. 11 4.11 5.82 20.20 10.35 W.76 16. 32 4.86 3.71 37.61 3.11 58.95 30.24 2.58 5.12 -pa 47.20 8.35 43. 21 36. 36 5.70 6.38 38.60 3.93 52.84 33.20 4.60 5.43 19.90 11.38 65. 23 15.40 4.32 3.67 35.40 2.88 62.00 27. 45 2.15 5.52 49.50 4.94 44.53 39. 70 4.11 39.80 4.94 44.40 39.70 4.24 6.72 *25.60 5.80 46.58 38.65 3. 15 5.82 (*) *The .>italk and seed-bead of pearl millet were cut together and analyzed as cut. Composition of kernels, cob, and stover of Brazilian flour corn. Water. 100 parts dry matter contained— Crnde ash. Crude cellulose. Crudo fat Crude protein. Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Per cent. 13. 28 11. 25 34.02 Per cent. 3. 26 10.87 6.11 Per cent. 2.26 Per cent. 9.K7 Percent. 12. 55 1.66 6.38 Per cent. 79. 06 Cob 41.59 1 1.01 29.42 ' 1-76 44.87 56 33 The oar takeu for analysis weij^bcd 567 grains, of which the kernels weighed 41f)..Tl grains, and the ool» 120.49 grains; percentage of kernels 78.75, of cob 21.25. [The low percentage of fat in the kernels as compared with Indian corn, and the excei>tioually high percentage of ash in the cob are noticeable.] 148 Comjwfiition of xwert jiofniocs. Vines. Tubers. o "5 100 parts dry matter contain— 100 parts dry matter contain — Variety. rriide ("niflfi Crude Crude ash ^St ,«^r""- 1'™- lose. tein. 1 1 Nitro- cen- free ex- tract. Crude Crude ash. fat. 1 1 Ixitro- Crude Crude Total 1 gen- cellu- pro- 1 8ug- | i'ree lose. tein. i ar.* ex- 1 |tract.t Early Jer.sey Soutnoni Queen .. fteor^ia Y am I'umpkin Yam P.et. 46. 32 47.15 41.55 39.82 40.62 P. et. 1 P. et. 1 P. et. P. et. ' P. et. 9.70 4.77 32.20 9.08 44.75 11.26 4.32 27.39 8. :J8 48.65 9.90 3.62 23.26 13.12 50.10 P.et. 71.26 70.40 72. 32 73 26 P.et. 4.14 4.12 3.25 3.34 3.01 P.et. 1.02 1. 00 0.96 0.84 1.04 P.et. 4.80 5.13 4.01 4.11 3.63 P.et. 6.60 5.03 3.73 4 72 P.et. 9.08 8.45 9.09 P.et. 74. 36 76. 27 78.96 77 76 Poplar Koot 10.92 3.78 ,16.88 13.35 55.07 1 1 1 1 71.60 4.08 8.02 80. 22 Calculated as cane sugar. t Exclusive of sugar. Analysis of the plant and J'ntit of Spanish and Georgia peanuts. Vines. TTnll nf thA Roots of vinos. Cut before blooming. Cut when fruit was ripe. fruit. fruit. Span- ish. Geor- gia. Span- ish. Geor- gia. Span- ish. Geor- gia. Span- ish. Geor- gia. Span- ish. Geor- gia, Water Per et. 32.62 9.96 24.75 6.30 12.69 46.30 Peret. 29.78 11.32 19.89 5.84 12. 57 50.38 Peret. 31.43 11.74 28.46 4.82 Peret. 32.38 12.91 36.10 Per et. 13.15 2.72 3. 50 41.17 32.18 20.43 Peret. 12.85 2.18 2.34 43.13 30.49 21.86 Per et. 19.20 4.63 71.78 2.08 Peret 20.62 3.00 79.30 2,12 Peret. 29.62 9.75 41.66 4.31 8.78 35.50 Peret. 28.74 100 parts of dry matter cou- tiliu : (Jnide a.sh 9. .'•.8 48. ■')» Crude fat 3.20 11.71 9.91 7.19 4.99 7.03 Nitrogeutfree ostra4:t 43.77 35.86 14.32 10.59 31.00 Tlic rolativc! )H(>i)(>itioii.s of liiil! .111(1 kernel in the fruit wiTo: Spanish peanuts, Imlls 22 jier cent, kernels 7S ]ier leiit : (Jenriiia peanuts, hulls 27 per cent, kernels 73 ))er eent . Forage plants, (i. Spktii (pii, (Ki-Ti'i. — -V iiopnlar discussion ol' tlif desirability of raising: forage plants to Ix' frd out on the farm. :iii(l reniarlcs on coninu'rcial f<'itiliz«'rs. jireen niiiimiinj.:', l)aniyard inaiime, tlic s('l('(ti»»n (»f forage i)lants, and the cultivation of .>, 407-.')()4). Coni vs. corn and t/niss. — Ui-ief report.^ arc ^^iven of four separate trials with Poland-Ciiina ]>ij;s, a\'era<;inj;- in tlu' dilferent trials res[)ee- tively 45, ITS, 1L*S, and (!1 i»ounds each in weijilif. In ea<-Ii trial .separate; lots of pigs received (1) corn ad lihitum ("full feed") and pasturaj;e; -) i)asturajie and ii "half feed" of corn, which was changed to a full I'eed later; and (.'i) corn alone. The lots in the ditferent trials consisted of iVctni ."i to 5 pigs each, and the feeding lasted from 10 to 14 weeks. .\ II were given coal slack and salt. Those given corn alone were ke])t in pens free from vegetation ; the otlu'rs w<'re in a blue-grass pasture. Tlie taltulated data show for each trial only the totals and averages of the corn consumed, gain in live Aveight, and gain per busliel (50 pounds) of corn. The.se inut during the following- month, when all received a full feed of corn, the lot which had incvi- ously had only a lialf feed of <'orn with grass in each case made the largest t(>tal gain and tlie largest gain i)er bushel of corn. dainfroiii dvij com (done. — A tabulated summary is given for eleven ditferent h)ts of pigs, varying in weight from 05.5 to .'Jll ]»ounds, wliich were fed exclusively on shelled corn with coal slack and salt, for periods ranging from 7 to 84 days. The larj;L'st gain was 1G.81 pounds pi-r bushel l»y two pigs averaging 311 poiuuls in the fourth week of pen feeding. These two pigs had been on grass, with access to the droppings from two corn-fed heifers. * « f For 4 weeks their gain was at I lie rate of 14. 6(i pounds per bushel. In only onc^ other ease was this equaled in a period of 4 weeks. Two pigs averaging L'OJI.l!? pounds, fed from April I'll to May 27. gained at the rate of 14.73 pounds per bushel. In no ease did pigs make satis- factory gains after (j or 8 weeks" feeding on corn alone. * * * The food required to make 1 pound of increast* in weight in these trials depcMdcd less on the weight and age of the pigs than on other conditions [/. c. on the dura- tion of the feeding, ]nevious feeding, general eonditicui, etc]. S<)«(l:cd rs. dri/ roni. — Two trials were made in each of w Iiicli two |»igs were led soaked corn and two others di-y c(un. with no other food. The pigs fed .soaked corn ate more and gained more tlian those ted dry corn. In one trial they gained nior«' and in one less in ]U'oportion to food eat«Mi than those fed dry corn. The differences were not great in either case. Soil— Xo. ;3 J 150 ]\iluv of dropi)in(js from corn-fed cattle for pi (/s. — The gaius in weight are reciordcd for i)igs receiving no other food than pasturage and the droppings of steers fed liberally on corn. In no ease was the gain large. Apple pomace silage. — A trial of silage made from apple pomaee a> food for pigs resulted unsatistVictorily, " The pomaee kept well, and chemical analysis of it showed an apparently good composition for feeding purposes, but the pigs ate very little of it." The composition of the pomace silage was as follows: Analysis of silage from apple pomace. Fresh. Water- free. W.iter .. Fer et. 44.36 2.09 12.72 7.33 4.75 28.75 Percent. 3.75 22. 85 13.17 8. Ki 52. 07 100.00 j 100.00 liirliiili's (lie iu.'ir(>pos('d by I'atrick in Cnllctin No. !> of tin- Iowa Station (see E\i»cri meiit Station li<'cor in two dillerent ways — by taking one tenth of a ([uartof each day's milk, and by taking an amount t'ach day pro])ortional to the quan- tity of milk l)rought (yo'ih.i ,. '«M.' etc.). To prevent tliese composite sami)les from souring, IVom 15 to 20 grains of a mixture composed of 2 ounces of corrosixc sublimate, 2 onn<'es of tine salt. S ounces of p<»\\dered borax, and I.3 drams of aniline red was added to eay warminj? the milk at a temperutnre of 1(K)^ to 140'^ F., and letting it stand for an honr or more. The time and heat both help tho solvent action. Pourinjj from ono jar to another is also an important factor in getting the milk thoroughly mixed. The rcsult.s arc ^ivcn for the tests iiuid*.* cudi day, with tlie avcrajics of these tor the 7 days, and for the three sets of eomposite saini)les. The lollowiiiy: comparison of the results by the different methods of sampling- is taken from the bulletin : Average percentage of fat in milk hij different methods of sampling. Patron. 1 2 :j 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 LI lU 17 18 19 20 Average of tho suven daily tests. Fer cent. 3.62 3.71 3.75 3.63 3.95 3.64 3.82 4.10 4.30 4.16 3.96 4.52 4.22 3.77 3.82 3.77 .{. 63 3.71 4.11 3.90 Composite samples. Equul amounts of milk CiU'h day, pois- oned. Per cent. 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.2 4.0 4.6 4.4 3.9 3.8 3.8 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.0 Amounts pro- port ioniil to tlie .luioiint ot milk brought, poisoned. Fer cent. 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6 4.1 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.4 4.2 3.9 4.6 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.7 4.0 4.0 Equal amounts of milk each (lay, not poisoned. Fer cent. .3.6 3.7 3.7 3.7 4.1 3.7 3.8 4.1 4.3 4.3 3.9 4.6 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.8 3.7 3.7 4.1 3.9 It ^vill be seen that the agreement of the several series of comjiosite sanqdes is very close, and that th<'se results present only slight varia- tions from the averages obtainc(l, abstracts of I'.ullctins Xos. 1(M<.», an o'utline of the work of the station in 1S!K>, and an index lo the station publications for 1800. Louisiana Stations, Bulletin No. 10 (Second Seriesj, (pp. 55;. Systematic i>j:i:di.\(I <»f wouk stock as a rifEVENiiVK of dis- ease, VV. H. 1)AT,KVMPLE, M. M. r. V. S. (PI). L».{L>-244).— A ix.pular discussion of the etlects of improjier feeding on the health of horses and mules. Some diseases of f'Ak:\! ammai,s. N\ . 11. I)ai.i;y3iple, ^I. IJ. <'. V. S. (i»p. 24r»-2.S3). — Pojtular statements r(|garding the causes, syini>foms, ami treatment of the following diseases: ISicine. — cholera, mange, infiam mation of the lungs, trichinosis, and "■mea.sles;" tiheep. — foot rot, li\er rot, ]>arasitic diseases of the lungs, grub in the head, mange, and gid; coicn. — parturient apoi)le\\. abortion, and niammitis. Massachusetts State Station, Eighth Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 324). This includes the d<'tails of two feeding experiments with milch cows, two with i>igs. and <»ne with young lamlts; numerous tivM e\p»'riments: report of the mycologist; analyses of feeding stufls, licensed conmiercial fertilizers, fertilizing materials, water, etv.; a compilation of analyses (►f various materials; and mete0 analyses, about 400 of which were made for the Massachusetts Hatch Station and from 300 to 400 at the special r). — 'Mt was till- main aim ((four fccdiii^i cxpciiiinMits witli milcli cows (luriiiji tli<' years issr)-.st> to lest tin* relative feeding value of our curreut coarse fodder articles, such as Eiijilisli hay, rowen, foddia- eoru, corn stover, com silage, and roots." Aeeouiits of some of these experiments were uixeu iii th«' Annual Keports of the station for ISSS and 1S,S!», and in iiulletins Nos. :i2, .'{4, and ."{.'> (sec; Exi)eriinent tStatiou ]5ulletin No. 2, ])art i, p. 71, and Exj)erinicnt Station Kecord, vol. i. ]»i». 77, SI, and L'L'2, and vol. il, p. r)7L'). *' Duriny,- the i)ast year we have eiian^ed the object of our lecdin;;' experiments with mihli cows, Havin;:;' made ourselves, as far as juac- lieable, familiar with the feediuii' cHeet and ueneral eeonomieal value of onr current coarse home raised fodder articles, it was decided to com- jtare the feedinji' Aalue of oui' prominent concentrats (vetch and oats or soja beans) for a iiart of the hay, the grain remaining unchanged. It lasted from July 12 to September 30, 1890. ])uring this time the grain ration consisted of 3:^ ])ounds each of com meal, wheat bran, and new- ])rocess linseed meal per animal daily, and the "full ration" of hay Avas about 20 pounds per animal. About three fourths of the ha>' in the ration was substituted by a niixttire of green vetch and oats in the first period (July 12-August I), and by green soja beans in the second period (August 12-September 1), eacli of the green foods being fed ad lihitum. In the third ]»eriod (S<'])- teml>er 10-30) a full ration of rowen hay (about 2(> pounds }>er animal) was given. The cutting of the vetch and oats and soja beans was c(un- iiieiMM'd as they were beginning to bloom and continued until they were nearly mature, though the stems were su<'culent when last fed. They were cut into pieces (I to 8 inches long foi' feeding. From 50 toOO]>ounds <»f vetch and oats and from 40 to 00 pounds of soja beans were consumed per animal daily, "the quantity decreasing in all cases towards the maturing of the crop, on account of the gradual increase of solid matter in the crop." The results, including the analyses of the milk, are tabulated for each cowseparately, t(»gi'ther with the analyses of the com meal, new ]>rocess linseed meal, wheat bran, vetch and oats, and soja beans fed, with reference to both food and fertilizing constituents. Although the individual cows dillered somewhat from each other in 154 tlio iimoimts of food consnniod niid milk prodnci'd atIiIIo on tho same ration, the g<'neral eliect of the iliften'nt rations wa.s siiuihir in all eases, so that the results for the six cows may be averaged for eaeli period. The following table shows the averages per animal during each of the three periods. In calculating the net cost of food, corn meal was val- ued at §24, wheat bran at 820, linseed meal at $20.50. hay at 815, green vetch and oats at $2.75, and green soja beans at $4.40 per ton, and 80 per cent of the value of the fertihzing ingredients of the food was deducted from the first cost. Yield of milk and cost of food per animal. Xot cost of food I»er animal. Yield of milk i)er animal. Averagp Not cost dry mat- of food ter con- perqn.irt samed. of milk, per quart of milk. Ppriod T. Grain, liay, and vctHi and oats $2..'>4 Period II. (irain, liav, and ."iiija bi-ans It.OO PeriodlU. drain and rowcn iiav 2.98 Poundt. 2.75 The analyses of milk show no considerable changes in composititm which can be attributed to the intiuence of the diiierent rations. The cows all slightly increased in weight during the experiment. The table indicates only slight differein-es in the average milk yield in the dry matter consumed, and cost of food per quart of milk in the several periods. The results in general seem to be slightly better during the first period, and are fiivorable to the green-fodder crops as compared with rowen hay. They are similar to the results obtained in ])ievious experiments with green vetch. Southern cowpeas, and serradella, and lead the author to "recommend very highly the raising of any of the stated new fodder crops, either alone or as mixed crops, for the purpose of increasing the fodder resources of the farm during summer and autumn. They may serve as green fodder as well as hay; most of them have a higher nutritive ratio than either English hay, corn fodder, or corn stover: they tend to im]>iove the soil chemically and idiysically; they yield liberal returns, and are, as a rule, highly relished by cattle." Creamery record of the station for 1889 and 1890 (pp. 54-C9).— This is a record for 1889 and 1800 of anumnts, kinds, and market values of the feeding stufis fed. the fertilizing ingredients of the same, the average composition of the milk, the cost of producing cream per quart and per space, the amount received for the same from a cooperative creamery, the calculated value of skim milk with whole milk at 3 cents per quart, the analyses of cream and l»ntter fat, and the fertilizing constit- uents of cream. The methods used at the station in the analysis of dairy products are fully described. The feeding stuffs given consisted of the ordinary grain feeds, hay, corn tVKlder, stover and silage, roots, and numerous gieen fodders. The following statements are from the author's conclusions : 1 F>r) Tot:iI cost nl lood for 1 <|ii.'ii-| of i timim Miiioiiiiltil in iss',1 to 1 1.(»!) crrits. ami in ISilO to 18.7r> cfiits. 'I')i(' lU't I'ost of lood ])<'r f|iiait, of rn-am a\« ra;(fil in ISSit. (i.i) cents, and in 1K!M), i;.()r> cents. Wc icc«>i\-(«il ]>cr qnait of cicani in IKSit, ll.Cil cents, and in IHiK). 1 1.U5 cents, tliorcliy sccnrinK a iirolit of I. Tit cents in 1SS9, and o.ll cents in IHIK). Fekdin(; KXPKuniKNTs Avrrir laaiijs, C. A. (loKss^rANX, IMi. I). (l>I». 7(>-l>()). — This is a nunc detailed aci-oiiiit of an oxjx'iiiin'iit n'poited in IJnlletin Xo. 37 of the station (see Expeiinient Station liecr)i'onn(i.s.. . . . 1 lUU tu 20U pounds 1 1 The aim has been untler both conditions to feed rations ]ia\in«i" the followiny," nutritive ratios: ^\'ith i)i.us weiiihinii' from I'O t(» 7t> pounds, 1 : L'.S to 1 : ;>: with those weiji'hin;; from 70 to I'M) ])onnds. 1 : .'>.(» to 1:4; and with those weif;hing" from I'M) to IMH) pounds, 1 : 4.."> to 1 :.">. From .Alay, ISSi, to {September, 1880, ten separatt^ exi)eriments were made, in which 57 pigs were used. The average results of each of these <'xperimeuts are given in the following summary, which is taken fiom the report. The pecuniary results are calculated on the basis of corn meal at 824, barley meal at 830, corn-and-cob meal at 820.70, and wheat bran and gluten meal each at 822. .")0 per ton; butteiniilk at l.">7 cents, and skim milk at 1.8 cents ])er gallon; and by G liesulffi of ten ftedhifi cspf>\meni>< niih pigs (1SS4-SD). Experiment. o s s 3 3 6 6 2 2 4 5 7 6 6 7 o'Z s ttx — g X ir' Articles of fodder used. ■get" c = 1^ I. May 21 to Sept. 22, C a 1884. \ b n. Nov. 5, 1884, to Mar. Ca 21, 1885. \ b m. April to Sejit. 16, 1885 . . . IV. Dec. 8, 1885, to May 31, ) 1886. 3 V. Sept. l.->, 1886, to Jan. ? 19. 1887. 5 VI. Feb. 17 to May 2, 1887. . . . Vn. June 28 to Oct. 20, 1887 .. VI n. Nov. 8. 1887, to Mar. 12, 1888. IX. Apr. 12 to Aug. 8, 1888 .. X. Apr. 26 to Aug. 28, 1889.. Pmindi. 48.8 47.6 30.1 28.7 49.8 32.9 32.6 54.4 24.5 25.2 19.6 20.3 Pound*. "39 0 Cent*. 5.15 4.30 5.91 5.51 6.41 6.33 5.40 5.69 5.15 5.32 4.89 6.07 Cent*. 3 45 25:5.9 209.7 227 0 Buttermilk, com meal ......do. 2.92 4.11 3 82 279.3 i:i2.4 175.0 l.->2. 8 193. 3 186.4 194.7 189.9 i 1 ^.Skim milk, corn meal > /Wheat bran, gluten meal ^ sSkiminilk, corn meal / /Wheat bran. ;;Iuten meal ^ s.Skim milk, corn mi-al > /Wheat bran, gluten meal ) s.'^kim milk, com meal i / Wheat bran, gluten meal < sSkimmilk. corn meal t /Wheat bran, gluten meal < ,Skim milk, corn meal 1 Wheat bran, gluten meal > 'Torn antl eob meal ) iSkimmilk, corn meal 1 Wheat bran, gluten meal S 'Com and cob meal S Skim milk, barley meal / Wheat bran, gluten meal J 4.40 4.20 3.38 3.74 3.: 3. .58 3. 27 4. :i.' Tlic (•oncliisions diiiwii rr<»m tlu'sc experiments are tlicsiiine as thosi- stated ill the Annual Reixnt of the station for 1889 (see Experiment Station Eeconl, vol. ii, p. .ji78). Eh'i'euth fcnliiuj e.rpcrhneni icith pufH (pj). 05-105), — This expt'iiiiiciit Avas marto with tive Yorkshire sows, weifjhiii^i- from ISi to 21 iwrnniK eaeh at the beginniiiji of the trial, and lasted from September KK iss'.t. to March 3, 1800 — 175 days. The pijjs were alH'ed alike. Eaeh animal received daily 5 (|n:nts of skim milk, except dnriiiji" the first 10 days ot the trial, when only 4 (piarts were iiiveii. The jurain added to this milk was as follows: September 10 to .{0. 2 ounces of corn meal per fpiartof milk; October 1 to Xovember ]], 0 onnees of a mixture of 1 ])art by weight of wheat bran and 2 parts of jiluten meal, which was iner»'ased with the increasino- weij^ht of the pig to from 30 to 30 ounces at tlie close of the period, when the pigs weighed from ^o to 05 pounds each: November 12 to December 30 a mixture of 4 parts by weight <»f corn meal and 1 each of wheat bran and gluten meal, of which 32 to 30 ounces j)er pig were given daily at the beginniug of the period, and 42 to 45 ounces at the close, at which time the pigs averaged about 130 pounds each; and December 31 to iNFarch 3. a less nitrogenous mixture. c(»m- posed of 0 parts by weight of corn meal, and 1 each of wheat bran and gluten meal, of which abont 48 ounces per day were fed toward the close of the trial. The nutritive ratio of the rations was thus, with a Hnc weight of 20 to J)(> ]>(muds (September 10 to Xovember 11), 1:3; with a live weight of 00 to 130 pounds (Xovembcr 11 to December 30), 1:3.8; and with a ir,7 live wciulil ol' l.'.U III ;il)(tilt LMH» pimiKls ( I )cciiiil)('i' .;() In .Miircli ."{), 1 :J.L'r>. I-'iill l:il)iil;it('7 cents. The pecuniary results are based on corn meal at -^ID, wheat hraii at -^KJ.oO, and glnteii meal at $23 per ton. and skim milk at 1.8 cents per gallon. Tirclftk fecdiiui experiment trith pigs (pp. 10(5-112). — Ei<]fht pigs, four Yorkshires and four grade Chester Whites, were fed from April 22 to iSeptember 1, ISOl), i)ractieally the same rations as those in the preceding- experiment, except that corn-and-cob meal was fed in place of the corn meal. Tlu^ details are tabulated in full, together Avith analyses of the corn and cob meal fed, and the fertilizing ingredients in the coru-andcob meal, w heat bran, gluten meal, and skim milk. The four Tork.shires gained 47.'). 04 ])ounds of dressed M'eight at a cost ]»er jiound of ."J.Ol cents, and the four grade Chester- Whites 484.02 ])oniHls of dressed weight at a cost per jwund of 3.40 ceuts. KoDDHK ANALYSES. C. A. GoKSSMANN, Ph. D. (pp. li;»-134). — Analy- ses map. J4'.>- 158). — Eleveu tMitli-a<:'re plats, the history of which was well known, each received a quantity of muriate of potash or jiotash magnesia sul- phate furnishing 12 to 13 pounds of potassium oxide, and of dissolved boneblack furnishing- 8.5 pounds available phosphoric acid. In achlition to this from 4 to 5 pounds of nitrogen as nitrate of soda or sulphate ol" ammonia, or 5 to 0 pounds as dried blood were applied on seven l)lats, the remaining four i>lats receiving no nitrogen. One plat received Ijarnyard manure. i)otash-magnesia sulphate, and dissolved l)onel)lack, furnishing approximately the same amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash as the other plats rec<'ived. The fertilizer applied to each plat was the same in kind and amount as that applied for corn the pre(teding year. The oats (Pringle Progress) were sown in rows 2 feet apart, each plat containing sixteen rows. Quite marked diflerences were noticed in the color of the plants on the dillcit'iit plats. '• r])on jdats whicli had received their nitrogen in the form of suli)hate of ammonia, as well as upon those which had received no nitrogen-containing manurial matter, a light green tint of the foliage was noticed in the earlier stages of the growth of the oats. In the latter case this light green color remained until the maturing began; in the former case (sulphate of ammonia) the color became a deeper green as the season progressed." The crop was harvested August 11. The yields of grain and straw and the dry mat- ter and fertilizing ingredients in the grain from each jtlat are tabulated. Excluding one plat, which was a failure, the yield of giain was smallest on the three plats receiving no nitrogen. ''The ]>lats containing )>ot- ash-magnesia sul])hate as the potash source yielded the largest amount ol" grain; each of these plats received its nitrogen su]»ply in a ditlerent form — ammonium sulphate, blood, and nitrate of soda. * * * In the majority of cases where muriate of imtash has furnished the i)ota.sh the maturing of the crop was somewhat later tlian Avhere snl])hate of potash was used." Influence of fertilizers on ilir quant it t/ mid (jinilitii of jinnninmt fothhr crops (p]>. 15'.)-l(i8). — A report of ])rogiess on an exi»eriment l)egun in 1884. Previous accounts may be tound in the annual re])orts of tlie sta- tion (see Experiment Station Ibilletin 2so. 2, ])art i, p. 8r>, and Exi>eri- ment Station Eecord, vol. it, \^. '>H{)). In 1890 all the i)lats used in this experiment were lertiliy.ed with (»00 pounds of ground bone and 200 pounds of muriate of potash pen- acre. Notes are given on the growth and yield of Kentucky blue grass (roa prafensis), redto^) {Afirostis rnlgn- ris), ]>okhara clover {Mcliiotus alha). sainfoin (Onohri/cliis s((ttra), Khode Island bent grass {Agrostis alba), meadow fescue [Fcstncn pratensis), and herd's grass {Fhlenm pratense)„ and of mixtures of redtoi> with herd's grass and meadow fescue with herd's grass. Analyses with reference to both tlie I'ood and fertibzing constituents are i-e]>oited for meadow fescue, Kentucky blue grass, alsikedover. medium clover, sweet clo\ cr, and sainfoin grown in 1889 and 1890. mo Experiments rcith field ami j/artlni cmpfi {\>\,. KIK-lsO. plMlrs i'). — Tlirsc Avore in continuation orcxi»eriinentsr«'port<'hatic slag, ^Nfona Island guano, and South Carolina lock were each applied at the rate of 8.")0 jxninds per acre, dissolved bone- black at the rate of 500 pounds, and apatite at the rate of 2,000 ]>ounds. P>eauty of TTebron potatoes were planted on all the jdats, in rows .3;^ feet ai)art, with the hills 18 inches apart in the rows. Maturity seemed to have been hastened by a drouth occurring in .7nl\ . The potatoes were harvested August 12-14, and assorted into market- able (sold at 00 cents i)er bushel) and small (sold at 20 cents). The yield and financial statement for each j^lat and analyses of the phos- l)hates used are tabulated. A statement of the yield and value per acre follows: Yield and ralio' of potatoes j^er acre. Tiohl of— Total Soiree of phosphoric acid. Large potatoes. Small potatoes. value of crop. I'liosphatir sla ji Buihels. 134.6 101.2 117.1 149.3 170.3 Bvghels. 43.0 .'W.3 47.1 48.7 56.8 $89.36 71 78 Mona Ishiiiil iiuaiio Ground a]>atitc 79 68 South Carolina phosi)liate 99 32 Dissolved boneblack 113 54 mo ''Tlio ortii>ns receiving lant«Ml during the coming spring." JiKTOKT OF VKUKTAULK PATHOLOGIST, ,1. E. lllMPHKEY, B. S. (pp. 200-22(5, plates 2). — This includes notes on the black knot of the plum, cucumber mildew, brtnvn rot of stone fruits, potato scab, and various other jilant (lis«'ases. JUaek knot of ihe plnm (pp. 200-210). — Brief account of the history of investigations of black knot of thejdum (Ploirrijihtia morhoso). and i»re- liminary notes on o1>servations by the author on the s]>or«' forms reviously observed is described and illustrated. Of the four kinds of si>ore fruits described by Dr. Farlow. the autluu- has observed those ])roducing ascosixnes and what seem to be second forms «)f pycniilia. The s])ermogonia and stylospores [Hen- (fer-sonnla niorhosa. Sacc.) have not been found as yet. Ctirnniher mildew (21l>-2]2). — The form of cucund)er ndldew first oKserved in this country in 18S0. and hitherto known as I'cronospora eiihen.sis. was found on cui-nmbers and squashes in ]\rassachusetts in 1S!>0. This species and P. anstrolis. found on the wild stai" cu( iniib( i. are toin]»ared and illustrated. The haustoria of lH>th sjx-cii's are of the small, knoblike type. Those (»f 7'. (■»//r».v/\are scattered over the yellow and dead-looking spots on the leaf and "do not form a «'lose felt, visible to the naked eye." P. anstralis. on the contrary, forms dense whit«' tufts, of small extent, on the leaves of the star cucumber. The strn«'- ture of the spore-bearing threads in the two s]>ecies is strikingly difVei- ent. t'v(>lo]im«M)t ot' small liausfi^ria is fiCfpitMitly foniiil, as in tbo graiu'vine mihlew ami in P. niistniUa, a )>innatc lirancliing (»f tho ronidial (liroails. an«l conidia witb an apical papilla, whicb jrorminate hy prodnoini; zoospmvs instead of a tnbe. In P. ciihcnsis \\v ]iav»^ tli«> anomaly of conidial tlirends wliicli follow the type of hranohinj; nsnally seen in the species with Itrnnched hanstoria. and eouidia of a violet tint, snch as are almost nnknown except among the latter jjronp. while the hanstoria are small and the eoni the a])ical pa])illa andjiri»dncezoos]>on'8 on germination. This species goes far to break down the distinctions held by some writers to exist between tin- twt> gronps %\liich const it ntc the gcn«>ra riiisniojuira nuil 161 Pfiiiii(ix//i>ru of recent writers, though all wer<- ixniKiis irnluded in Pi'ion'iiporn. If tilt- (listiiK-tion is to be niaintiiiiifil on the l>aHis of the j;frniination of the coiiidia, we nniHt then lall these two fnngi Plamnoiuirnaitittraliu, Spe^j^., ami I'laitmopara nihrnitiii, i>. ami ('. The formation of resting wjxires has not been f)bservefl in either speeies, yet it is evident tliat they have some means of survivinji the winter. Jiroini rot of ntofw fniitH (pi». 21.'i-L'Hi). — Obsi-ivations by tin- ;iiitln>r air cited wliicli iiulicate that Mnnilin frit cf iff etia survives the wiiit«T tliioii^li tilt' fnniiatioii of resting- cells or i). 2ir»-22()). — T-'xperinients ah»n<;- tlie lines suffj^ested l)y thos(! recorded in the Annual lJe]»ort of tin* stati(ui for 18sy (see F^xperi- nicnt Station Eecord, vol. ii. |». 580) were continued in ISlMh Of \:\ varii'ties of ])otat()es tested in ISIX) Kou;.;h Diamond was the only one which showed no scab, though Kural Xew Yorker and White Seed- ling were comparatively free from it. The plowing iu of winter rye on half of each idat produced no perceptible etfect on the amount of scab. Tin' results fr()m deep I's. shallow planting in 18(M) do not bear out the opinion doubtfully expivssed in I.S81>. that deep planting dimin- ishes scab. The free use of coal ashes iu the drill produced no observ- able efiect on the development of scab. " The thicker-skinned and red- skinned varieties showed no greater resistance t(^> scab than others; our best results in 181M> were from light-skinned and rather delicate fine- grained sorts." The results of investigations into the cause of scab by IT, L. liolh'v (see Af/n'ciiltKrol Srirnre. Se)»tend)er and October. 1800) and by K. Thaxter, as given in Bulletin Xo. 1(>."» of the Connecticut State Station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii. p. 4!>0). are briefly dis- cussed. The author finds it difficult to believe that the " deep" and "surface" forms of scab are entirely distinct. MiHteUnneouH notes (pp. 220-220). — (1) Dampituj off of cucumbers. — ( )bservations by the author indicated that this aftection is caused by the fungus J'l/f Ilium de harytion that this fungus is always the cause of the trouble, '' plants affected should be at once removed, with the soil immediately surrounding them, and burned. If this is done as soon as the seedling falls, the trouble can be held in check, since the fungus will be ih'stroyed before its reproductive organs have developed." (2) Brief notes are also given on the mildew of spinach {Peronospora effitsbcrries (Ca'oma iiifrus)^ hollyhock rust [Pucciuia malrarearum), and an undetermined disease of oats. Special work in chemical laboratory (pp. 227-312). — This includes the work dime by the station during the year in the inspection of coninierles of well water, and a compilation of analyses of agricultural chemicals and refuse materials used for fertilizing jjurposes, feeding stutls, fruits, sugar-producing ]dants, dairy i)roducts, etc. Commercial fertiUzerff (pp. 2L'8-L'.")8). — General remarks on commercial fertilizers and their insjtection. the trade values cjf fertilizing ingredi- ents for bSOO, the text of the Massachusetts fertilizer law, list of licensed dealers, and analyses of 158 commercial fertilizers, including bones, sulphate (»f ammonia, sulphat*' of potash, inuriate of ]»otash, and nitrate of soda. Of tin* ir»s sami»les analyzed, a-i were below the guaranty in one ingredient. !•• in t\v(Mngredients, and li in all three ingredients; "»() were abo\«' the guaianty in one ingredient, .>(► in two ingredients, and 4 in all three ingredients, "The delicicncy in r«'gard to one or two essential constituents was iu the majority of cases commer- cially <'ompensated by the excess of another one." Metkokology (pp. ;U."3-3H»), — Bri«'f notes on the weather and a sum- mary of m«'teorological observations for each nnuith of IS'.Hi. Kepoht of Tin:.\sri;i:K*. V. K. Pakie (p. .UT), — This is tor the year ending December .{1. IMMi. :iiiil lontains a summary of the property «»f the siation. in addition to a stafcuient (»f receipts and expenditures. Massachusetts State Station, Bulletin No. 40, July. 1891 (pp, 16). ]\rETEoi{OLOfTi('.vi. siMMAKY (i>. 1 ), — This is for tilt- months oi Miirrh to .lune, IS'.U. inclusivt'. Some diseases of lettice and ctn mukks. .1, K. llrMi'iiuEV, B. S. (pp, -, .">). — A brief announcement of observations on a sjiecies of lii)tr}iti>i or Pnlifdrtis as the cause of lettuce rot, and <»n the powdery mil- dew of the cucumber {OidiiiiH n-i/siphoiilfs, Fri«'s, var. ciicurbitdnim). Details will be ]>u])lished in the Annual Ke]>ort of the station for 181U. I'EKTILIZEKS, ( ', A, GoEssMANN, Pit, D, (p}). 4-0). — Analyses (»f 16 samjiles of commercial fertilizers and ."> samples of bom-. ;niil the trade values of fertilizing ingredients for 181H. Feeding experimems with steeks, C. A. Goess.ma.x.x, Ph. D. (pp, 7-I(»). — "With a view to detciinining the cost of the food recjuired for the production of beet under existing local conditions," an experi- ment, the first of a series, was made during tin- winter of lSSO-00 with two yearling and two L* year-old grade Shoi thorn steers. Two er 10, 1889, to March 25, 1890 (15 weeks). Fall tabulated data with rettneuce to food consumed, gain in live weight, cost of rations, cost of food per pound of gain, etc., are given for each animal, together with the fertilizing ingredients in each of the feeding stuffs used. In estimating the cost of food, wheat bran and corn-and-cob meal are each reckoned at $16.50; gluten meal at i^23; old -process linseed meal at $27.50; corn stover and sugar beets each at §5; corn fodder at 87.50, and silage at $2.75 per ton, allowing 8 per cent for the loss of fertilizing ingredients of the food. " The net cost of the food, therefiue, represents the cost of the food consumed after deducting from its original market i)rice 92 per cent of the money value of the essential fertilizing constituents — nitrogen, ijhosi)horic acid, and potassium oxide — it contains." A tabulated summary of the results for the whole experiment follows : Summary of results of feeding steers. Teiirlings : Xo. 1 Ko. 2 ■Jycar-olds:Xo. 3 No. 4 Livowciglit at begiu- niug of ex- piniiicnt. Pounds. 675 GOO 1, 235 1,180 Gain in live weight. Pounds. 220 210 i:!5 130 Dry matter consumed per jjoiind of gain. Pounds. 8.91 8.78 17.19 17.32 Total cost of food consumed. Total value k- $16. 92 17. 52 1. n'i>ort*'din r>ulletin No. 0 of the station (see Kxperinu-nt Station l\ec(»rd, vol. ii. p. 233), the ])lan followed was that adopted by the conference of experiment station rep- resentatives at AVashington in March. ISOl. and published in Circular Xo. 7 of this t)llice. Fifteen twentieth-acre plats were u.sed in each of the experiments except one. These plats were separated l)y intervening strips, making the total area 1 acre. Tlie soils represented were mostly loams, ranging from light .sandy to clayey loam. As indicated by the yields of the unfertilized plats, they were in g(iicv:il (juite even in fertility, being in this respect better adai>te(l for experimenting than nmny of those used in 1SS!>, Nitrate of soda at tin- rate of 1<»0 i»ounds ]»er acre, dis.solvcd boneblack at the rate of 320 pounds, and muriate (»f potash at the rate of 100 pcmnds were used singly, two l>y two. and all thr«*e together on seven plats; land i>lasler 10(> jtonnds. lime 100 ]»ounds, and bainyard nuinure ."i cords p«'r acre were each usi'd on one ]>lat. and •"» plats recei\(d no ai»i»lication. The analy.ses of these materials are gi^ en. The fertilizing nnitcrials were in all ca.ses api)lied broadcast u]»on the plo\v«'d huid an])lied by the station. I']ach experinu'nter was also furnished with maximum and mininuim registei' ing thermometers nnd a rain gauge. In nearly every case the wswere done in the ]>resence of an assistant. Kach of the thirteen exi>eriments, including two made at the station, is reported by itself, and details are given in each case with reference to the fertiliz(»rs a])i)lied ; the yield of corn and stover per acre ; the gain or loss compared with the nnfertilized plats; the result of nu>asurements made during the growing seas<»ii; the calculated results of the addition of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, potash, complete fertilizer, Itarnyard miinnre, land jHaster, and lime; the linaucial results; summary ot the \^(■;lthe^ obsei\ iitioiis; and analyses of the baruvard manure used. In 1G5 several instances tlu^ same land was used as in ISSO, ami in these eases the resnlts (>r IS'.M) often strcnj^tluMicd the conclusions reached in the |nt'ccdin>:' yvuv. 'ilw results of racli c\]>('rinn'nt are discussed at considcrahh^ lenj^^tJi and in most eas<'s piactical su^'^i^stions are made as to the treatnuMit of (he soil likely to give the most i)rolitable results. 'IMie foliowin^i are among tlie author's conclusions from the exju'riments: (1) OiU" rosultrt rtliDw that soila ditler widt'ly iii thoir ictj[iiiii'meut8. (2) Pdtasb, liowovcr, much more often proves beueficial or proves iiiiicli moro lar^t'ely beneficial tliau either ilitrojLjen or plioHithorie arid. (3) Totash as a rule most lar<;ely increases the yieUl of both j;;raiii an) The relative deficicncsy of potash in so many soils, shown now by the results of the work of two seast)ns, I believe justilies the Ibllowiujii: •leneral advice: In hrcakiufx up sod lands for corn, particularly that which is in fair condition but which has been under ordinary farm numagement, if fertilizers only are to be used •ijjply those wiiich are rich in potash. Use materials which will supply 80 to 100 pounds of actual potasb, from 25 to 30 pounds of phosphoric acid, and from 15 to 20 poinuls of nitrogen per acre. If a special corn fertilizer is to be used, apply only a moderate (quantity, say 400 to 5(K) pounds per acre, and use with it about 125 pounds of muriate of jjotash. It is believed this conibinatiou will produce as good a crop as 800 to 1,000 pounds of "corn fertilizer," and it will cost considerably less. With ordinary barnyard or stable manure for corn use potash. I would recom- mend usiiin aliout 1 cords of manure and 100 pounds of muriate of potash per acre. For Ibdib-r or silaj^e corn use, either in fertilizers or with manures, about one fourth more potash than above reconunended. In our experiments all fcutilizers and manures have been applied broadcast and harrowed in, and I believe this is the best method. Fornuilas based on the results of these ex]^crimcnts are given for live dirtereut fertilizing mixtures for corn. r>rief mention is made of an exix'riment at tin' station with fertilizers for iKttatoes, in which the arrangement of the plats and the kimls and <2(>, and corn m« al at >'2."> jier ton. nuiking no allowance for the value of the mannrr. According to the results as taludated, lot 1, r«'ceiving Bermuda li;i,\' and raw cotton seed, juodnced Initter and milk at the lowest cost. This lot produced milk at a cost of 7.7 cents per pillion and Initter at a cost of 17.4 cents per pound, hut the hut tor was of poor quality, heiug sticky and of poor flavor. The most expensive milk and hutt<'r Avere from lot 4. which was fed on Bermuda hay and corn meal, the milk costiuj; 12.8 cents per gallon and the hutter 41.4 cents per pound. [This ration cost more than twice as much as that given lots 1 aud 3, and was hy f;ir the most expensive ration fetl.] The hutter frtun this lot was of excellent quality, hut not so good as that from lot .S. and cost more than twice as nnuh. 'J'his lot also slutwed a loss of llcsh of ;^4 ])ounds. while lot 3 gained 214 jjouuds. As between Bermuda hay and tinnttliy hay (lots 1 and ."►) the result> were in favor of the fonner. Lot ■"> (timothy) "gained well in flesh, but produced only a small anuumt of milk."' Based on the gross cost of the food, the milk i^roduced by this lot cost 12.S eents per gallon, and the butter 20. .5 cents ]»er i>onnd. as eomiiared with 7.7 cents and 17.4 cents where lU^rmuda hay aud cotton seed were fed (lot 1). "Had the timothy cost the same as did theBernnula hay. the cost woidd ha\ c been only 0..~) cents per gallon for the milk and 21.0 cents for the buttei." The author believes from the work done at the station up to tin present time that in that section — 1»J7 (1) For tlio prodiu'tioii of milk a latiou cousistinj; of Lespedeza iiay auil raw cottou seed is tlio clioapost. (2) For the iiroduetion of butter a ration of lA-spedo/.a or licnnuda hay and steamed cottou seed is the most prolltahle. ('A) When fed cotton seed, either raw, roasted, or steamed, cows will ;cain in Ih-sh belter than when fed corn meal or cotton-seed meal. (i) Either liermnda or JA^apedeza hay is i)referal»le to timothy hay. (5) Coru meal is not an economical j^rain ration when fed with dry hay. (6) Steamed [cotton] seed will produce better butter than will eithi-r raw or roasted seed. JI((j/Jor icorking mules (p. 4). — An cxpciiiiu'iit in which thioc; woi k- inu' nailt's were, fod Bcrinudii hay and three others timothy hay (i'j per cent, the largest ditlcrence being 0.;38 per cent. Of ,14: tests by the Beimling method 18 gave results differing from the gravi- metric by 0.1 per cent or less, 4 by 0.2 per cent or over, and tlic great- est ditlcrence was 0.24 per cent. Twelve of the 17 tests made by the Patrick metliod differed from the gravimetric by 0.1 per cent or less, 2 by over 0.2 per cent, and the greatest difference was 0.27 per cent. Tin? foHowing are the author's conclusions: The Beimling method requires less time than does either of the others, but tln^ scale on the bottles is not as easy to read anliatc of ammonia, dried Idood. l)oi«i'- black, bone asli, rock itlmspliates, muriate of potash, sulphate of jxitash, double sulphate of jtotiish mid magnesia, kainit, and home mixtures; the schedule of trade vidiies adopted for ISDl by the Xew Jersey, Con- necticut, and ^lassaehusetts 8tatiotatocs, and for peach trees. The comparison of the cost per i>ound of nitrogen, i)lios]>lM»ric acid, and potash at the prevailing retail prices of raw materials with the schedule of trade values adojited for 1801 revealed the fact that " the station's schedule agrees ch)sely with the manufacturers' averages for nitrogen and potash, wliile in the case of available jthosphoric acid the station's prices are over !'(» per cent greater than the prices at which it has been bought by farmers direct from the manufacturers." The analyses of the Inune mixtures, which had been made according to fonnulas furnished, showed a very close agreement between the per- ct'utage of ingredients as calculated from the formulas and that actimlly found in the mixtures. The main objects of the analyses were to determine, (1) whether farmers, using the ordinary tools and labor of the farm, could make even mixtures of the materials used; and (2) whether in the cost of actual plant food, home mixing presented an> advantagesover the usual method of buying manufactured fertilizers. * * * Tlit- mixtiu-es do contain practically the amount and proportion of plant food that they were intended to furnish, and therefore show that farmers are able to make even mixtures of such raw materials as the market aft'. $2.92 greater than their cost. This represents the total saving only when the station- valuation of manufactured brands is equal to their selling price at the point of cou- BUini>tion. inn New Jersey Stations, Bulletin No. 82, July 3, 1891 (pp. 40). TllK KOSK CIIAFKU, .J. l>. SMITH (li{j;'.s. 1(»). — This is a i)«»i)iilar account of ol)s(n-vation8 and experiments by the author and his correspondents on llic lose chafer {M and 1S(M. Ref- erence is made to earlier ac«'ounts of this insect by Harris and i''it<-ii. and especially to an article by Kih-y ])ublished in Insect Life, \ ol. ii. ]>. L'Of), from which two of the ten ii^iures illustratinji- the l)nlletin are taivcn. The subjects tn'ated are, history of the insect in New Jersey, food habits, nioutli parts, habits of the beetle, date of appearance, egg-laying habits, the larva, breeding habits, life history, and remedies. This iiisiK't has done more injury ilnrin^ the past few ycar.s than any one otlicr species in the State of New Jersey, excepting perhaps the codling moth and jduni ciirculio. « * * From all that I can learn, the present invasion dates hack .some ■I to 6 years, and has been gradually extending and increasing since tliat time, until the larger part of the grape-growing region of southern New Jersey is invaded. K'ather more than 20 years ago there was a similar irruption, which lasted 4 or . "5 years and then suddenly ceased. In the interval the species was common, as it is nearly all over the State, but did no injury that attracted general attention. * * » It is a peculiar fact, for wliich I have no explanation, that some localities, often vciy small, are almost exempt, while all around sufi'er; and again, one spot may be totally destroyed and the other as completely exempt. One year a narrow road will limit their wanderings, another year sees as pread of many miles, unchecked by for- ests or streams. * * * [Numerous kinds of plants are mentioned as serving for food for this insect.] Pop- ]»ie8 were attractive and so was the foxglove — but those which ate of the latter ate no more. The plant is evidently poisonous to the beetle, as a circle of dead speci- juens around each indicated. There were few beetles on this plant, however, com- ])ared with those on more attractive food. This observation led to an experiment with digitalis, which was not as satisfactory as I had hoped. [The mouth parts of the beetle are described and illustrated.] The true mandibles arc small, mostly soft, and only partly chitinized, but with a hard, rough space at the iuncr side Of the base, which might be called a molar or grinder; above this is a piece furnished with a dense fringes of hair which looks as ir it might serve as a brush, and outside of that we find a third ])iece bearing a little jminted blade at the tip, which we can term the piercer. This might l»e considered sulHcient for all practical ]>iiri)oscs, but wc lind in addi- tion a second ]>air of jaws, set at the side of the lower lijt, and these are fuinished \\\\\\ a broad, hardened, chitinous tip, set with six pointed teeth. The lattei- are, I believe, the instruments with which the food is cut, to be afterward ground betwet'U the molars of the mandibles. The beetles are active only during the day and most active in bright sunshine, feeding most generally in the afternoon, when the day's flight is over. They are tor]>id at night and quiet in cold or wet weather, doing little or no feeding, and not moving about. In bright, warm weather they take long flights, and the air is lull of moving insects. They then fly from their breeding grounds and seek favor- able feeding places, lighting in swarms on attractive plants and remaining there if undisturbed. 1 am of the opinion that when a specimen once settles down on a food ]ilaut it does not leave it again until the food is exhausted, and this exjdains why vineyards arc usually injured ahuig the edges lirst. I have watched a marked pair feeding m\ the same rose 3 days in succession. In cold or wet weather the nearest liuxl plant will be selected, and thus the spread from the breeding places is prevented in favorable seasons, such as that of 1891. * » • 170 [The date of appearance] varies somewliat with the season, and ranges in tin- Vineland region from May 19 to May 25; it does not differ much for the rest of south Jersey, though they are about a week or 10 days later in the Xew Brunswick region and farther north. * * * During the season of 1890 I tried to get at the egg-h\ying habits of the species by watching the insects in the liekl; l)Ut though I made my examinations at all hours of the day, from sunrise to sunset, I never found them ovipositing, and got no defi- nite results. Yet eggs were constantly di>creasing in number, and in 1890 many that were examined June 13 had none remaining in the ovaries. * » » In order to discover the mature egg and the egg-laying habits of the insects, a con- siderable number were collected, only those in coi»nlation being taken, in order that the sexes should be equally represented. These were placed in a large jar filled to the depth of 5 inches with soil from the vineyards, in which the larvaj were found during the early part of the season. I'lenty f>f food (roses) was added and the jar was set out doors to give as nearly natural conditions as was possible. Before night a considerable number began burrowing into the ground ; sometimes the female only, Bometimes male and female working together and keeping side by side. Some of the beetles went down about 3 inches only, others burrowed to the bottom of the jar. More tlian half of them made no effort to burrow at all and fed until evening. • * » About the middle of next day I removed all those on top of the ground and placed tliem in another jar, prepared iu the same way and with fresh food. Next morning I foinid that nine si)ecimens had made their way to the surface in jar No. 1, and oth- ers were noticed burrowing in jar No. 2. Those in jar No. 1 were acting in a disjiir- ited manner, fed only in a half-hearted way, and about one half (females) were dead before night. These were examined and the ovaries were empty. Those still alive had not more than twelve eggs left in the ovaries — six in each. Turned out the earth carefully and found several more beetles still under ground and making little effort to move. In these cases the ovaries of the females were empty orhadonly avery few immature eggs. The most careful .search discovered only sonn six or eight eggs, although there must have been many in the jar. The dilfieulty wa> in the recognition of the difference between an egg and a coarse grain of sand. The egg is yellowish gray in color, oval, the skin quite tough and parchmeut-like, covered with dust, so that it was sinijtly iiujtossible to recognize it except by toueh with a knife point. They are evidently laid singly and at depths of from 3 to 6 inm the ground and before beginning to oviposit. Specimens taken from the groiuid May 25 showed the eggs in the ovaries very immature and scarcely more than separated in the tubes. Thirty-six, the normal nunil)er of eggs to each female, I found the rule from June 5 to 11. At that time. 2 weeks after their first apiiearance, egg laying was not yet general, but was beginning. A considerablenumber of holes under badly infested vines, more noticeable in tlie early morning, .seemed to indicate burrows for egg-laying purposes. My exjierience iu 18!K). when I found uiauy females with emjity ovaries on June 14, indicates that egg lay- ing probably begins about 10 to II days alter the insects first emerge, and that 1 week at the utmost is the jieriod reipiired l>y a single female to get rid of her stock of eggs. In 1891, I found at .lamesburg. .June 20, numerous specimens on ferns and bracken, sonu^ females with empty ovaries, some with twenty-four eggs. We may therefore assume rather less than 3 weeks as the normal period of life for a single insect, and .is the 171 lime of m:itmiiig tlio Ix't-tli'S rxtiiuls over alxiiit 1 wcik, or :it most 10 days, the noiiiml I weeks of tlic rosc.-biij; iuviisioii is accomiti'd for. Tlii' setlleiiu'iit of this iimslinii is not iniiiiii)ortant, for it siiows tliat viy;oroiis iiicasiires for the (hstriic- tion of llifse jjcsts, takiju early in Ihe st-ason of tlieii- apju-araiice, havt- a twofohl advantage: They not only h'ssen or avert iniinediate injury. l>ut they also ]»revent ()\ ijtosition, and thus lessen the next season's brood. [From oli.servations in dirtorent localities the author coni liidesj tiiat tlu- \vhth of June or perhajis later. How long this state lasts we do not know, but jirobabiy from 12 to 20 days. 'J'he larva feeds on the roots of plants, preferably grass, in light soil, descends below frost line during win- ter, ascends early in spring, and in April or in early May changes to a pupa. This state lasts from 10 to 30 days according to weather, and then from May 19-27 the beetles begin to transform and emerge, about 3 weeks being the life of an individual insect. Ill (•((iiiu'ction with the disciissiou of remiMlies to bo ti.sod lor this insect, IIk' bieathiiif? apparatus is described and iUustrated. Unsuccessful exjieriiiients are reported witli London jnirple, ('opi)er mixtures, pyre- thruni, kerosene enuilsion, kerosene extract of pyrethrnm, lime, tobacco, acetic acid, quassia, digitalis, corrosive sublimate, muriate of auunouia, cyanide of ]iotassium, Odorless Buij- Killer, slud«;ite or "zonionia," kainit, and ahmi. Experiments with hot water (125° F.) indicated that this is an eftectual remedy, provided the practical difficulties in the way of the ai)plication of the water at the proper temperature can be over- come. The ])lanting- of Spirwa and of blackberries as a means of attract- ins of Nortli Carolina, show- ing the isothermal lines and tlie t(jtal precipitation lor ditlerent parts of the State. North Carolina Station, Bulletin No. 76, March, 1891 (pp. 20). Plant dl^easks and how to comiiat them, (i. McCarthy, B. S. (tijis, l.'i). — Brief p'nrral stat«'nH'nts rej;ardin}^ fung:opnlar accounts of the followin.;; diseases, Avith su() pounds acid pliospliate. % C :!.">() pounds acid pliospliate. . < IT") pounds cotton-seed meal ( 75 i)ounds kainit Average yield per acre . Cost. 2.70 3.60 5.88 Yield per acre Yield Iter aci without pea -Willi ])ea vines. vines. Stiih. Lbs. n HO 10 32i 40 52J 44 Bti (Technical Bulletin No. 2), July 1, 1891 (pp. 11). INVESTIGATIOXS of the ABSKNITES AVITH KEFERENCE TO INJURIES TO FOLIAGE, B. W. KiLGORE, B. S. — This is a report of investigations from a chemical standpoint to determine the cause of injury to foliage from tin' ai»itlication of arsenites, and to lind a means for its pre^('ntion. The exix'iimeiits were made in July, 18!M). The eonelusious readied agree in general with those obtained from inde- ])eii(lent exi)eriments at the Iowa Station, an account of which was ]»ublished in J5ulletin Xo. 10 of that station (see Experiment Station llecord, vol. ii, p. 215). 174 Cliemical tests made in connection with spraying experiments ^vitli solutions containing- white arsenic, London purple, or Paris green, and with Bordeaux mixture revealed the tact that "in no case was injury noticeable where soluble arsenic was absent, but in all cases it waspni- portional to the amount of soluble arsenic." Seeing in this experiment the insolubility of the arsenites in Bordeaux mixture and the consequent exemption of foliage from injury, and kuo wing that London jmrple "was, in the main, an arsenite of calcium, hcing juoduced by the decomposititm of rosauiline arsenite by calcium hydrate (lime in solution), it was at once plain, from a chemical point of view, that lime would render the soluble portion of the arsenites in.soluble in water, and thus render foliage free fiom injury from them. Variims mixtures of an equal weight of pure lime (CaU) and white arsenic, London purple, and Paris green, separately in water, were made to test this point. Some of the mixtures contained as much as 4 pounds of arsenite in 100 gallons, but in only a few cases was so much as a trace of solul»lc arsenic found when tested by sulphureTed hydrogen. [The results of the application of these mixtures to foliage are tabulated.] In every case where there was solubh- arsenic there was also ''burning" of foliage, and this in all cases was iu direct proportion to the anutuut of solulde arsenic. "Where there was no arsenic in solution there was no burning of leaves except in one case, where white arsenic and lime had been standing only 24 hours. Another table shows the amount of soluble arsenit* c(mi])ounds found in 1 and lOOgallonsof arsenical mixtures, 1. .">.."», 7, and L't bours.and 10 days after mixing, and tbc cntiic absence of snch compounds wlu-n linic was present. AVhite arsenic, it will be seen, dissolves very slowly, requiring more than 10 days for complete solution, even iu a largt> volume of water and at summer temperature, while the soluble ])()rtion of Loudon pur])le goes into solution luactieally at cmce; and the same is ajiproximately true of Paris green. • • » The beiietieial effect of lime in the London purple mixture is due to its decomposing .ution upon the rosauiline arsenite by which insoluble arsenite of lime is fornx-d. This change takes place in a short time, as will be .seen from the loss of color of the mixture. Double and triple weights of lime to Ixuidon ])urple were experimented with, thinking it might require these amounts to eflect the decomposition, but an equal weight was found to be ample. The beneficial cftect of lime in Paris green and white arsenic mixtures is also due to the formation of the insoluble arsenite of lime. Kqual weights of lime to Paris green and white arsenic each were found xutlicient in all cases, and no more than this, even of the commercial article, need be added toParisgreen. But to be on the safe side, I think it best to add 2 pounds commercial lime (C'aO) to 1 pound white arsenic. One pound white arsenic ( As.Ot) requires approximately O.So pounds of lime (CaO)to satisfy the reaction iu the production of the insoluble arsenite, but slight excess of lime f water, 1 pound eonunerei.il white arsenic and 2 pounds <'onunereial lime, and diluting to reijuired vcdume, say 100 gallons. Other cxp«'rinu^nts showed — (1) That Bordeaux mixture prevent-; tlu' -^oluliilit v of iIh' .irseuiti s :nul tlu ir injiiry to foliage by virtue of its lime. (2) That the arsonites are more soluble in simple solntioiis of siilpliatc of c.iiiim r, siiljthate of irou, and chloride of iron than in water, and injun- fcdia^^e nir>rr llian w Inn aiiplied in water. (it) 'i'hat the arsenites are very Holiibh; in can celeste and ean celeste modified with s(i(hi mixtures, and do very "ijreat damage to foliage when applied in them. (t) That kerosene emulsidu is not a favoralde medium for apply inj; tin- arsenites. North Carolina Station. Bulletin No. 78, July 10. 1891 (pp. 31). SoAli: IN.HUIOUS INSECTS, (J. ^IcCAIMHV, I). S. {\)\). .""(-."{O, Ijos. .'M). — Tliis iiiclutU'S loiniuliis for ten of tlic most coimiion iiisoctieidcs, illiis t rations of spraying:;' api»aratus, aiid illustrated notes on the follow ini: insects: Cotton caterpillar {AUt'ui xi/lina), l)ollworni {JTrliofhis (inni !irnt), red spider {Tclranychii.s trlarius), tobacco worm {I'lih'Hrtlunitiiis Carolina), flea beetle {Crepidodcra cMc?a»erj»), greasy cutworm {Atiiotis iclifcra), tree cricket {(Ecanihus niveiis), chincli bn.i>' {Blisstoi hiicoj)- trnis), hill worm [Elatcr sj).), corn bill buo- (^ISphniophonis zew), vorn plant louse {Aphis imtidis), Hessian fly {Cecidomyia destructor), grain plant louse {Sijihnnophora avcnrc), angoumois grain weevil {Gchrhia ctrcah'Ua), harlequin bug {Murf/antia histrionica), cabbage catcri>ill:ir {Picris sp.), striped cucund)er beetle {Diabrotica rittata), Colorado ])otato bug {Doryphora lO-lineata), black blister beetle {(Jantharix nut- ialli), pea weevil {Bruchus pisi), codling moth {Carpocapsa pomoneUa), cankerworm {Paleacrita rernata), apple tree tent caterj)illar {('lislo- campa amcricana), plum curculio {Conotrachelus nenuphar), i>each borer {Sannina exitiosa), round-headed borer {Saperda hivittata), flat-headed borer (Chrysohothris femor((fo). ])ear twig girdler {Oncidcresciuf/uJatun)^ rose chafer {Macrodavtylu.s suh.spinosus), grai)eviue leaf roller {Dcsmia maculalis), spotted grapevine caterpillar (Proem americana), graixNine Ilea beetle {Ifaltica chalyhea), }xra\)e cMTCulio {Crajwni us ina'qualis), .June bug {Jji ch n outer n a fusca ) . Some beneficial insects, G. McCarthy, B. S. (pp. 30, 31, tigs. 4). — Brief illustrated notes on ladybugs {Coccinella .sp.), lace-winged flies {Chrysopa sp.), banded soldier bug {Milyas circinatus), and tiger beetle { I'as.siniachus clongatun). Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 11 (Second Series), December, 1890 (pp. 72). Ninth Annual Report, 1890. — This includes the reports of the board of control, treasurer (for fiscal year ending June 30, 1890), director, agriculturist, entomologist and botaui.st, veterinarian, and meteorolo- gist, and the " Insect Itecord for 1890." The reports consist for the most part of brief outlines and condensed summaries of the Avork of the year. A table of contents for the bulletins of 1890 is given in an appendix, and brief synopses of these are contained in the director's report. There is also an index to the publications of the year. 17G L'cport of Mrtcorolof/lst. TT'. II. BaVcr. — This inclndos tn1)ul:it('. .SV'.—r.rirfilhisl rated iK.fi-s ;nr fliven (HI the tollow inu' insects, wlii<'h were mon* or Irss ]ir(*valcnt in Oliio i>le tree eater \)i\W\\Y (I>7/.s,v;/.s' leueopterus), Hessian fiy {Cecidomyia destructor), .striped cucumber beetle (/>*rj/»v» tica I'ittata), imported cabbage worm (Pieris rap(C). calibage ai»hi> {Aphis tirassiea'), willow grove ]»lant louse {Melano.ranfhiis sa1irti),y\hi\f pine ]dant louse (Laehnns .s^ro/>/), jjotato stalk hinvv [Trichidniris trimt- tata), and apple maggot [Trypeta pomoneUa). 177 Tlic tollowiriu' iiitci cstiii^' discox »•!•> is reported in tlie case of the ciibbajic iipliis: During XovciiibiT wo diHcovered that the sexual Koifnition develops lute in aiitiinm on the cabbage, aiul that the egjjs jire lahl ou the eabbafjo leaves. The true male is a small, winged ereature,\vith a more slender body than the other winged forms. Tlie egg-laying female has no wings and is pale green in \ 2. 53 Per cent. 2.66 3 Kt Percent. o g4 11.67 1 16.42 16 08 Crude protein : Albuminoids Amides, etc 8.38 1.23 10.91 1.23 9.28 1.68 ! 8. 68 9. 63 8. 07 1.90 1.11 1.44 11.84 0.39 10. 53 1.67 Total 9.61 12.14 10.96 10.58 1 10.74 ! 9.51 12.23 12.20 Nitrogen-free extract : 5.19 17.45 24.24 30.84 9.13* U.05 32. 15 19. 97 12.63 8.23 23.87 6.76 14.40 20.49 6.71 14.74 33.95 13.78 14.06 15. 02 7. 63 34 •>7 Ifi 81 9.50 12 01 Starch I .'io.c:. Other material... 29.02 ' 29.39 16.55 9.73 26.63 Total 77.70 72.30 1 73.75 ; 71.04 1 71.95 i 7t>Ht\ 65.03 1 ri« 1(1 Other (t)i(ilyKi» of nuts and ffrains.* Other analyses of chestnuts : Pa yen Dietrich , Nessler and von Fellcnburg : Maroncs Early i-hestnnts Late' chestnuts Alhiui, from a number of Italian varieties, obtained the following: Minima Maxima Koiiig"s mean Other uut.s: Sweet almonds Walnuts Hazelnuts (tilherts) Acorua (shelled) Peanuts Cocoanuts (meat) Grains : Wheat Corn Beans Dry matter. P.et. 45. 79 51. 25 (?) (?) (?) (?) (?) 48.52 94.61 95. 32 96. 23 r>9 8.S 93. 50 53.36 Water-free. ' Ash. 86.35 86.88 85.24 P.ct. 4.04 3.21 3.16 3.51 3.69 3.00 3.30 3.54 3.13 2.13 1.90 2.:J2 .3.48 1.81 2.09 1.74 3.82 I I Nitrogen Protein. | Fiber, fri-e ex- tract. P.ct. 7.23 6. 36 14.50 15.75 12.70 5.20 9.30 11.29 25, 5« 17.17 16.24 7.21 30.21 10.29 14.30 11.33 28.47 P.ct. P.ct. 87.02 3.00 3.63 3.34 6.50 8.40 3.32 6.93 6.47 3.40 5.71 5.45 2.93 2.87 8.32 76.73 74.50 77.76 163.50 78.20 79.03 7.64 8.28 9.38 80.17 15.10 78.65 78.74 57.50 Fat. P. ct. 2.61 2.61 2.51 1.20 2. 1(1 2. P2 ."^.74 Ri. 9.'. 69. II-: 4. r.;i 49.01 67. 3.1 2.03 5.32 J. 8y ' From Konig's work on Human Foods. t Sum of sugar, dextrin and starch. The ininoipal lacts relating to the composition of the chestnut may be summarized as follows : (1) Chestnuts, like acorus, are starchy rather thau oily nuts; they keep better, and are more digestible than the latter, though the air-dry nuts contain miuh more water; their dry matter is not, however, so rich in protein. The European chestnut closely approaches wheat in composition, but contaius less starch and more dextrose and other water-soluble carbohydrates. (2) The small, tincultivated American chestnuts are more oily than the nuts grown in Europe, and contain less starch, though they differ little Ixom the other varieties in their content in sugars, protein, fiber, etc. (3) Varieties of European stock, when grown in this climate, though caref'ully cultivatcd, and attaining normal size, apparently tend to become more oilj, poorer ITI) in carbohydrates, ami ])ossibly less allmniiuoiis. On the other hand, Moon's Seetl- linjif, prodiieetl from Anicricau stock, had only three fourthw as much fat as tho native nuts, and less jtrofein, and in fjfoneral closely reseinbled tho seedlin;^s of Euroi)ean orijj;in j^rown in tiit? same locality. Utah station, Bulletin No. 7, July, 1891 (pp. 19). Draft or mowinc^ 3ia<]Iim:s, ,}. VV. Samjokn, II. S. — Accoimtsarc f;i\('ii of (lyiianionu'ter tcst.s oftlie dialt of mowing' inacliincs of sevrnil (liMV'icut kiiuls, in ('uttiiiened sickle than for one more nicely sharpened. (5) An old machine w ell repaired drew easier than a new one. (6) A 6-foot cutter bar drew easier per foot of cut than a 4i-foot cutter bar, and at a draft less than a ])low carrying an average iunow ; thereibre a pair of horses can draw a 6-foot cutter bar. (7) A pitman l)0x set tight gave a draft less than one run quite loo.sely. (8) A heavy loss (7.6 jier (M-nt) of force was observed when the truck at the end of the cutter bar failed to roll. {[)) AVhen cutter bar is not near right lini- witli pitnun Lod the draft is increased. (10) When guards are not true draft is increased. (11) When cutter bar is inclined upward the draft is decreasiid. (12) The draft was decreased 10 jiouuds by the driver walking. (13) When the sections of the sickle do not strike in the center of the guard tho draft is increased. Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 10, June, 1891 (pp. 27). Steek FEEDING, D. O. XouiJSE, U. 8. (pp. 4-13). — It was the pur- pose of this experiment to compare the effects (1) of corn silajre and hay, an ears old, were divided into six lots of two animals each, and after a preliminary period (►f a week were fed continutuisly from February 10 to April 14 as foUows: Lot 1, 37 pounds silage with 12 pounds corn meal. Lot 2,37 pounds silage with 12 pouiuls whole corn. Lot 3, 37 potmds silage with 8 potinds corn meal and 8 iiounds bran. Lot 4, hay od lihitiim with 12 pounds corn meal. Lot 5, hay ad lihilnm with 12 pounds whole corn. Lot 6, hay ad libitum with 8 pounds corn meal and 8 pounds bran. The animals of lots 1, U, and 3 were also given hay ad Ilbition in addition to the silage, but in the rations of the remaining three lots the coarse fodder consisted entirely of hay. 180 The results are fully tabulated in the bulletin, and from the.'^^o the fol- lowing statement, showing" tlie average per animal for each lot, is taken. In the caleuhitions of the cost of food, corn meal, whole com, and bran were eacli reckoned at 820 per ton, hay at ^U), and silage at $2.50. and no allowance was made for the value of tlie manure. Averageis per animal during entire experiment. Kinds of food. Lot 1, siLnge and com nioiil Lot 2, silage and wlmlc corn Lot 3, silage, com niuid, and bran . . Average of three lots on silaj. Lot 4, hay and corn nioal Lot .^, hay and whole corn Lot ti, hay, com meal, and bran Average of three lots on bay. Dry matter Gain in n food live consumed. weight. Pounds. 1, 502. 1 1,415.0 1.697.9 1, 53*1. 3 l,3iiarent gain, although there was a continuous inerease in weight to the end of the experiment, as will be seen from the following averages: Ciiin per animal. "With silage, i With hay. First :! wi-eks. . Second :i weeks Third 3 weeks . rb. 1 Pound*. 60.3 j 4.1. 3 57.7 ' 46.3 38.0 1 21.0 The sudden falling off in the average amount of gain after the first (! weeks of feeding is noticeable both where silage and where hay were fed. The average cost of food per pound of increase was 8.2 cents with silage and 11.2 cents with hay. ''It would seem that a variation so great as tliis w(»uld not all be accounted for by indi\ idnal ])eculiarities, but rather by the fact that silage is ver\ economical tt> give in moderate quantities to fattening animals."'' As between corn meal and whole corn the data indicate the former to be the most eccmomical, for while the average cost of food per jiound of increase in tlu* lots receiving corn meal was 7.35 and O.-'io cents resjuct- ively, it, was \).'.\ and 17.5 cents with those receiving whole corn inst«'ad. 181 "Perliiips tlic price of wholr corn is too liigli, as it costs considcrahlo to «'(nivert it into meal, but allowing one scvcuth for toll the bulauceis still nmch in tavor of the meal-fed lot." I'm; ]-'ki;i)1.\<;, D.O. Norusi;, 15. S. (i»i». 1 1-27, plates (I). — This (;xi»eii- nicnt was intendcil to ^cl additional inroiination as to tlieetlect of higldy «-iirl)onaceous ;nid of liigldv nidogeuous rations on tlie dcvcbtpMient of fill ;ind lean meat in pigs. Nine pigs were .select«'d for llie trial, six of wliicli were IJerksiiiie harrows, about 5 months old at the begiuning of the trial, and the remain- ing three a cross of Poland China aud Jersey Red, which had been at piistnre and *•' were the largest lean hogs, even in size and (pnility, we could procure"; they were from 7 to 0 mouths older than the lierk- shires. The pigs were divided into three lots of as nearly equal weight :is possible, each h>t containing two Berk.shires and one of the older hogs. Each lot received a dilfereiit ration, as foUows: Lot 1, corn meal alone; uutritive ratio 1 : 9 .0.5. Lot 2, 10 parts corn meal, 4 of bran, and 1 of beef scrap; nutritive ratio 1:5.82. Lot 3, 5 parts corn meal, 2 of bran, and 2 of beef scrap; nutritive ratio 1:2.3.5. Each pig was fed twice daily in a pen by itself, only as much food being given as would be consumed without waste. Ashes, charcoal, and salt were gi\en, but lutt mixed with the food. The animals were weighed at the eiul of each week, before feeding. The experiment was commenced August 19; October IG two of the ])igs in lot 3 died, and October 31 the third one died. An examination showed that "death was probably caused by lack of power to assimi- late the food." The feeding of lots 1 and L* was continued until Xovem- bei- lio, when they were slaughtered. Seven tables give the weights of the animals, food <'onsumed, dry substance consumed per 10(» pounds live weight and per pound of increase, co.st of food per pound of gain, data obtained at time of slaughtering, etc. ; and six jdates show cross sections of the carcass of each pig. There was no perceptible ditVerence in the ]n'0|)ortion of fat and lean meat in the hogs of the ditferent lots. The cost of the rations is based on corn meal at $20, bran at $20, cotton-seed meal at $25, and beef scrap at $-iO ]>er ton, making no allowance for the value of the manure. The gains aud cost per pound of gain for lots 1 and 2 were as follows : Gain per animal, and cost of food per pound of gain. Lot 1. No. 1.* No. 2. No. 'i. Average Weight at boginning of experi- ment, pounds 130.25 Gain in live weight during experiment, pounds , Cost of food per pound of gaiu, ceuta 140. 25 4.9 114. 50 90.75 6.6 103. 00 115. 92 137. 75 122. 92 4. 4 5. 3 Lot 2. No. 4.* No. 5. No. 0. Average 127.00 189. 50 4.1 108.25 157.50 4.8 109.50 153. 75 5.4 114.92 100. 92 4.8 * Had Iieiu at past\iro previous to the experiment. 8511— No. 3 1: 182 The author makes the following inferences from the results: (1) A very narrow ration is not fed with economy, and may, as in this case, even cause death through lack of power of the animal to assimilate food in so concen- trated a form. (2) Not the slightest difference is made in the jiroyiortions of fat and lean meat in pigs fed corn meal alone and corn meal, lieef scrap, and bran. (3) The second lot lost more in 21 hours after being dressed, and slightly more moisture was fouiul in both fat and lean meat when ort for An7fl^or/a zizifphi, Lucas); A Viviparous Cockroach {Panchhna riridis), by C. V. Kiley; The (xiasserie of the Silkworm, by P. Walker; Observations on Injurious and other Insects of Arkansas and Texas, by F. M. Webster; An Encyrtid {Jlcnuladia sinitkiij n. sp.) Avith Six-Lranched Antennaj, by W. II. Ashmead; History of the Uydrocyanic Acid Gas Treatment for Scale Insects, by 1). W. Coiiuillctt: Some of the IJred Parasitic llymeuo]>tera in the National Collection (continued); and Description of a New Tortricid {Semasia bucephaloidcs, u. sp.), by Lord Walsinj^ham. Tlie text of the ^lassiichusetts law against the Gypsy moth [(kni-ria disjmr)^ anil the regulations of the state board of agriculture for car- rying: out the provisions of the law, are given in full. Indexes to vol. Ill accompany this number. ld3 184 DIVISION OF ORNITHOLOGY AND MAMMALOGY. XoRTH American Faun'A Xo. 5. Eesults of a biological reconnoissance of south-central Idaho, C. H. Merriam (pp. 1-113, plates 4, figs. 4). — The reconnois- sance was made by the author and his assistants during August, Sep- tember, and October, ISDO, in Idalio, south of latitude 45° and east of the 38th meridian. The rejmrt inchides an itinerary, descriptions of the several regions traversed, a provisional detinition of the life zones of Idaho, check and annotated lists of the mammals of Idaho with descrip- tions of new species, an annotated list of birds observed in Idaho dur- ing the reconnoissance with notes on species previously recorded from the State, and an annotated list of reptiles and batrachiaus collected by the ex])edition, prepared by L. Stejneger. Idalio imsiuts groat diversity of physical featuros. comprising iuimousc conifer- ous forests, ranges of lofty rugged mountains, fi-rtile grassy valleys, arid sagelirusli plains and alkali deserts, and it is about equally divided between the Boreal [alti- tudes above 7,500 feet] and Sonoran [altitude below 6,400 feet] life zones. Its mam- mal fauna is correspondingly rich and varied. Sixty-seven species and subspecies of mammals are now known from the State and the number will be increased by future exjtlorations. The principal additions are likely to come Irom the bats and arvicoliiie mice, and, except in so far as the former grou}i is concerned, the numeri- cal relations of the several families are not likely to be disturbed; heuce a statement of the number of genera and sj)ecies in each may l>o of interest. For couvenienee subspecies are hero treated as species. The Horeal grouj) MititiluUv leads in genera but not in species, having 8 genera and 9 species. The family Mmidiv comes next in number of genera and outranks the Muxtclitla' in species, having 7 genera and 13 species, and the number of species is likely to be slightly increased. The Sciitriilw is represented by 5 genera and 10 si)ecies; the Crrvidn' hy i genera and 5 species; the BovuUv by 4 genera and 4 species; the Canidw hy 2 genera and 3 species; the /'eZirfte by 2 genera anil 2 species; thv Sorkidw lunl lAporidw each l)y 1 genus and 4 species; the Savcumi/idw V»y 2 genera and 2 species; the dcomttidiv by 1 genus and 2 species; the Ursidai by 1 genus and 2 species; and the follow ing families by 1 genus and 1 species each: Hiintricida', Zapodidw, LayoiHijidtv, Ca^loridw, I'roc!/o)ndw. The I'es- pertilionida; is probably represented by 3 genera and 4 or 5 species. The genera most largely represented in species are, Arricoia 5, /S/JcrmojjAi/MS 4, Lcpim 4, Sorex 4, Tamias 3. No other genus has more than 2 species. The new species and subspecies of mammals dcscribiMl are Sorcv idalioensin, iS. dobnoni, mi/.s huviKjastcr hrrri- caudus, Hesperomys crinltiiti, Arvicola macro2)i(-s^ A. iiiord((.i\ A. tuuius, Pheiiacomi/s orojyhilK.s, EcotnmiiH idahoensis^ Tlnnnomi/.s clu.sii(,s fiiscus, Lepiis idahocnsis. The list of birds includes l.~)7 species. A new sub- species of owl, named the dwarf screech owl {Mega^scnpN Jianinicolm idahoensis), is described and illustrated in a colored plate. Descriptions of a new genus and two new species of North x^iekican mam:mals, C. II.^]\Iekria:m (pp. 115-11!>). — A new genus and spt'cies of dwarf kangaroo rat {Microdipodops mi!i(irrpli<(h(,s) from Nevada is described from six specimens collected in Nevada in October and November, 18".M) ; and a new subsix-cies of red-backed mouse {Erotoinys (/((ppcri hrrrinanlKs) is described from two specimens collected in the Black llills of South Dakota in -lulv, 1888, ABSTHACTS OF RITOHTS OF FOIIFIIIN INVFSTIIIATION.l The grading of bone meal. J. Konig (Latuhr. Zff/. f. West/nlcn it. Lii>j>r, l.s!)/, pp. :'i,'). \'iiii). — rinlcssor Jvoiiig" desififnjitcs as " iionnal" lliat hone meal which has hccu freed of its fjit by chi'inical means (dissolviiii^- in hcnzinc, caihon liisnlphide, etc.), leaA'inj^' tlio "^'chitin iinat lacked. It thus contains from 4..") to 5,2 per cent of nitroj^en, and from 1 !).."> to 23 per cent of i)hosphoric acid. He states that it is a «'ommon ]>ractico amon^- mannfactnrcrs in Clcrmany to mix witli the ]>nn' meal pre[)ared in tliis way meal from Miiich tlie jiclatinous mate- rials have been extracted l)y treatinji' with superheated steam, thus fnrnisliino' a mixture whicli has a somewliat smaller ]»ercenta,!ie of nilrojicn and a larger [>er<'enta^'e of phos[»horic acid than the so-caHed normal meal. The jx'rceutaji^e of nitrogen is further dependent on the amount of meat, horn, etc., Avhich is mixed with the bones and which he ])ronounces of less manurial value than the gelatinous materials of the bones. These other uitrogenous materials can be quantitatively sei)arated from the bones, he says, by shaking with chloroform ; being lighter than tlie bone they rise to the surface. Normal bone meal may contain IVom 1 to 5 i)er cent of siu'h materials, hut not more than this amount should be i)resent. He suggests that the quality of the bone meal may be safely graded on the basis of the relation of the phosphoric acid to the nitrogen remaining after extraction with chlorolorm. and he pro- ])oses the following classilicatiou: (1) Bone meal containing 4-5.,3 per cent nitrogen and JI>.r)-2;> per cent ])hosphoric acid, and in wliich after treatment with chloroform the nitrogen and pliosphoric aci/ Etif/land.S scr.,;^,}^^- ■ lUx^—'JOaj. — These experiments were eoiiinieiiced in 1877, and were designed to show the effects of varions arriticial niannres and barnyard manure upon grain crops grown year after year on the same land. The results are here reported for the j^ears 1880 and 1800, the thirteenth and fourteenth years of the exijerimeuts. The plats were one fourth acre each, and the same fertilizers have, exeei)t in a few easivs, lu-en used each year since 1877 on the respective plats. Continuous growth of irhcKt. — The variety of wheat grown was IJro- wick Ked, of which 0 ]»('cks ]M'r acre were dilihlcd in l)y liand in the fall of each year. Tlie fertilizers applied i)er acre consisted of anuno- nium salts (sulphate and chloride in equal parts) and nitrate of soda, each in amounts ecjuivalent to ."»0 pounds of ammonia ]ier acre, used singly; a mixture of L*(K) i)ounds of potassium suli)hate, 100 pounds of sodium sulphate, 100 pounds of magnesium sulphate aiul 3."»(» pounds of superplu)sphate of lime, which was used alone and to which was added, in separate cases, anunoninn) salts (Miuivalent respectively to 50 and 100 i)ounds of ammonia, and nitrat«' of soda eipiivalent to 50 and 100 pounds of ammonia; rape cake, 800 and l,r>00 pounds respectively, furnishing nitrogen equivalent tr) 100 and IMM) i»ounds of anunonia; and l)arnyard manure estimated to contain nitrogen eiiuiv- alent to -00 pounds of ammonia. Two jtlats have rep<'ived no fertilizer whatever since 1877, and one plat has receivi'd (udy tlie mineral ferti- lizers (potassium, sodium, and magnesium sulphates, and sup(M'plios- phate of lime). The mineral manures wer*' applied Just before seeding, the top-dressings of ammonia salts and nil rat*' of soda in the spring (Ai)ril), the barnyard manure early in February, and the rape cake in the latter part of .January. Tlie yields of the duplicate iinm.inured plats ajjroe very closely in 1889; in 1890 plat 7 is rather higher. Minerals alone, without nitrosjen. have as usual tjiveu no increase. In 1889 ammonia salts, whether used alone or with mineral manures, ]»ro- duced a larger crop than nitrate of soda, hut in the drier year, 1890, the exact reverse was the case, nitrate of soda in each instance then showing the higher return. The appearance of the jilats on which these nitrogenous to])-dressings are used is in the earlier stages very poor, and the plant is very uneven; nevertheless, toward harvest they seem to ]>ull up wonderfully, and the yield is much more than it has seemed likely to he. The small increase (J hush els) from ]iuttiiig on in 1S?<9 the d<»uhle dressing of nitrate of soda is very noticealile, and while the omission of amnuniia salts for a single year reduces the grain to 21 bushels, the ettect of leaving out nitratt; of soda is to take it as low as 11.4 hushels, which is even below the unmanured yield. This greater diminution in the case of nitrate of soda is also very marked in 1890. The effect of rape cake, applied so .is to give 100 pounds of anunonia per acre, is greater than that of farmyard manure estimated to contain double that amount. Plat 11a [unmanured, having been manured last in 1882 with baruyaril manure] still seems to show the presence of some unexhausted fertility from the farmyard m.anure put on in former years. Continuous growth of harlcjf. — The fertilizers used in this experiment were the same in kind and amount as those iu the experiment with 187 wlicnf (l('scril»'(l nbovc. (loldcii .Melon hnrlry wiis sown n< Hie rato of !> |K'cks pel- iicic. 'I'lic niincnil manures avcit aijplicd Jnst brloic srcd- in^i. the l»;irn\;inl iiiaiiiiic as ;i top-dressin^i' JmsI alfrr sowing. I lie lajx' cake at altont the same lime, and the to])-dr<'ssin^s (»!" amnioninin salts and nitrate of soda in the sprinu'. TIic indications from tlic tahnlated rcsnits arc in t lie words ol' tlic ant lioi' ;is lolNtws: Miiu'ial niiiiiincs |iioonlilinj:j tins drcssiiif^ of nitrate of soda jjave only 4 hiisluds in ISSK, and 2 bushels extra in 189(). Ivather more relative increase was obtained from doublinf^ the ammonia salts, but nitrate of soda jjjave the hij^her total yields, 'i'lie omission of the top-dressing [of ammonia salts or nitrate of soda] for a sin;;le year did not iii citlier sea.son give sncli marked distinctions as heretofore, betw«'en ammonia salts and nitrate of soda when severally omitted. Thus, in 188!>, when annuoiiia salts were left out, the yield fell to LM.ll liuslu'ls. and to IS bushels when initrate of soda was not put on; but in 1890 the eroii grown on the residue (d'the nitrate of the former year was even higher tlnui that from the ammonia salts. It is only fair, however, to mention that in this year ]dat 8rt was very patchy indeed. In 1889 neither farmyard manure nor vajie eaki- a|iplied as top-dressing told well, and in 1S9() the etVect of the rape cake w.is not nearly so marked, when comiiared ^\ itii the farmyard iiiamire, as in the case of the wheat crop. Experiments with potatoes, J. A. Voelcker ('/o?//-. /I'o//. A(/l. S<><: <>/ EtujUmd, :: srr., .^\ pp. :i7(>^ 577). — In tliiscxjicrimcnt tlic fertilizers used ^vere (1) manure ]>rodii('od by steers fed on roots, luiy, linseed eako 2.8 pouiuls, barley 1 ])oniids, ami deeoiticated eotton eake 3.3 pounds per liead daily: {'!) manure prodneed by st<'ers receivinji- tlie same ration, exeei>t that undecortieated cotton cake wassubstitnted fordecorticated; (3) a barnyard manure "of indetinite nature;" and (4) a mixture com- posed of .">()() ])ounds of supevidiosjdiate, 300 i»ounds of kainit. and L'OO pounds of sulphate of ammonia per acre. The resnlts follow : Yield of polittocH per acre. riat. Manure per acre. Yield per acre. 12 tons (liiiiji (iJocortinatert cotton eako) 12 tons chilli; (uiule<'oiticate 14. OS" ];"•, 058 18,987 " By this it Avill be seen that the aititicial maiinic produced ihclaro-est ei"op. and it is worthy of note that there were no more .small jtotatoes in this i)roduee than in any of the others. The most inter«'stinji- ]»art of the exi)eriment, however, is that w hichbrinlanted on the same land only once in .'> or 4 years, or in regions wher<' tlu' laml is found to be naturally tobacco sick only once in 5 or (J years;* to plant in the mean time no hoed crops or other fodder plants, but instead cereals, which l^roduce less leaf growth; to give the usual liberal application <)f barn- yard manure either to the intervening crops or to the toba<'co itself, and in the latter case the manure should be applied in the fall, as recom- mended by A. jNIayer; and to strenuously avoid the use of all fertili- zing matciials containing chlonne. TTe recommends in addition to the barnyard manure a dressing consisting of about l.">0 ]HiMiids of ]>otassium sulphate or 2~>() i)Ounds of ])otash-magnesium suli)hate, with 90 pounds of Thomas ])hosi»hatc meal ]»cr acre ai)])lied in the fall, and 400 ]>ounds of nitrate of soda api>]ic(l in the s|)ring, half just before the jdants are set and the remainder when the plants are alxmt half developed. With reference to the relations existing between the chemical com- position and the (juality of tobacco, a large number of examinations have lH*eu made under the () grams or less per square uu'ter, he designates as delicate); ami, altlnaigh in a somewhat less de- gn'C, by the i)resence of considerable (iuantiti»'s of organic nitrogenous substances, espeeially nicotine, which at the same time has an et1"e<'t on the (|Uidity of tlie product in general, and l)y a n(»ticeable content of saltpeter. Deliinieiilal to the burning (piality were tituud to be first of all the chlo- rine compounds, as already mentioned; a coarse structure of the leaf (leaves weighing L'(H> grams or nu)re per square meter of dry leaf are designated coarse) ; and, in a less degree, the presence of any consider- al)le amounts of ammonium salts, phosphoric acid, resinous substances, or calcium salts. The i)resence in the same leaf of conditions both favorable and uti fa- vorable to burning quality, which in a test tend to cover ui) the <*t1'ects of any single conq»ound (tr condition, makes it very ditlicult to deter- mine the efCects of any single factor. For this reason Xessler* and later A. ]\rayer+ have studied this matter by impregnating paper with various materials and observing the effect on the duration of glowing. The author jmrsued this course, using tilter i>ai)er, which of itself gk>wed .") seconds, and straw paper, which glowed 15 seconds, and im])regnating in separate instances with 2 per cent solutions of potas- sium or sodium phos])hate, a '> per cent alcoludic soluti(m of resin, and a solution of 10 grams of fresh liquid ef^<^ albumen in ]0(l c. c. of water. The results M'ith both papers plainly show that in these trials the phosjdiates, in ])articular potassium i)hos]»hate, ami the resins are very irj-r)72; nhs. Jour. Chem. Soc, (JO, p. !)')()). — According to the inves- tigations of Passerini the fresh fruit of tomatoes consists of 1,;> i)er cent skin. *.ti;,L» ])er cent i)ulp and juice, and 2.;") per cent seeds. The pulp contains two coloring matters, a yellow amorphous substance, and a Dor Tabak, Mannheim. 1867, t I.andw. Vcr.s. Stat., 38, p. 130, X Laiidw. Vers. Stat.. 38, p. 138. IDO red cry.stalline substance. They are both insohil)le in -vrater, sohibh^ in auiyl alcohol, and very soluble in ether; and both are decolorized by chlorine water or bromine Avater. Cold alcohol dissolves the red crj'Stals Ijut slijihtly, Avhile the yellow coiui)ouii(l is very soluble. Hydrochloric acid has no action on either compound. The juice of the fruit has a specific gravity of 0.01833 at lo'^ C, and is laevorotatory. It contains a yellow colorinj; matter Avhich diflV'rs from that of the pulp in being solnble in Avatcr. insolnble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and light petroleum, and in not being decolorized by chlorine water or bromine wat<'r. Tlic acidity of the jnice is said to be due chiefly to citric aci9. 1(> Sodium oxido .">. 99 Calcium oxide 1.34 Majjnosium oxide 1^.09 Ferric oxide 0. 22 riiosjdioric ;icid 12.93 Siilpliurii' acid 3.19 Silica 0.27 Chloriue 19.14 191 In view of the fact that the fruit contains a very large amount of potash and the stems and leaves a large amount of lime (the crude ash of the stems contained 28.32 per cent of lime), the author recommends for tomatoes the use of n fertilizing mixture consisting ])er acre of about 2^ tons of barnyard manure, 30 pounds of superphosphate of lime (containing 18 per cent of phosphoric acid), and 55 pounds of muriate of jiotash (contnining 50 per cent of potassium oxide). Chemical composition and anatomical structure of tomatoes, G-. Brissi and T. G-igli (N/^'c Sprr. A;;mi|tl<' and -KI.S ]»cr cent in another. Time of extraction of paper coils in milk analyses by the Adams method, P. Vieth \AiKth/.st. in ^l.^'.il), p. J;.^>), — Test.-^ of the '•fat free" paper, piepaicd for milk analysis by Schleicher and Schiill, showed it to contain O.Oi'TS ])er cent of ether extract, or 0.(H*."> per cent when the paper was moistened with dilute acetic acid and then dried before extraction. The latter indicates the absence of any material of a soapy nature. The avcrajic amount (»f ether extract from a strij) weigh- ing 0 grams is therefore 0.0(H(> gram, which would increase the results of a fat determination by 0.03 per cent, "provided the same amount which is extracted in a blank experiment is also got out after ."> grams of milk have been dried on the pajter, I am not at all sure that the latter is the case." With reference to the length of time the ether extraction of the paper coils containing the absorbed milk is to l»e continued, the author made the following experiments: Two samples of milk, one of whole and one of skim milk, were extnicted for ditlerent lengths of time with the fol- lowing results in per cent of fat: Time of extraction. Whole milk. Skim milk. Ihonr ' 3.48 2 hours ; 3. .50 3 hours ! 3. 54 4 hours 0.28 *l. 30 0.28 0.28 111 six samples (three of whole and three of skim milk) the number ot siphonings as well as the time of extraction was noted, the object being to find out the shortest time required for extracting the fat. Tli«» results follow : Xumber of siphonings. Tiuie (uiiuntes) Sample No.l. Sample No. 2. 41 Sample No.3. 6 9 47 I 41 Sample No. 4. Sample No.B. 6 9 46 64 Sample No.<. Per cent of fat 0. 28 0. 24 0. 28 0. 22 0. 24 1. 24 0. 24 0. 24 0. 26 4. 18 4. 14 4. 24 3. 543. 68,3. 68 2. 84 2. 88 2. 90 193 In the cases of samples 3 and G there was little increase in fat after the lirst three siphonings, occui^yiug only about 15 minutes. In the opinion of the author "continuing the extraction for an hour appears to be more than suflicient for all practical i)urposes." A comparison of methods of determiining fat in milk, L. F. Nilson {('Itcin. Ztij., /J, pp. iii'J-(i5ii). — The ]>ri]u;iry object of this study of met hods was to test the lactocrite and Soxhlet aerometric methods for the rapid determination of the fat in milk, and to compare their accuracy with that of several gravimetric methods. In the course of the investigation considerable information of interest was brought out with regard to the gravimetric methods most generally in use, and chiefly these will be considered here. In the tests with the lactocrite a mixture of hydrochloric and lactic acids was used for dissolving the casein, instead of a mixture of sul- phuric and glacial acetic acids. Of the gravimetric methods in which the milk is absorbed by some porous substance and dried previous to the extraction of the fat, experiments were made with the following : (1) Pumice stone prepared by grinding and sifting so as to secure a material the particles of which were not over 1 mm. in diameter, wash- ing with Avater, and igniting. To about 12 grams of this material in a porcelain dish about 12 grams of milk were slowly added, and the whole dried at 97-98° C, the drying being hastened toward the end by placing in an air-tight oven partially exhausted by a Alter pump. The dried residue was collected and placed in a paper cartridge made of the best Swedish tilter paper, used double, which had been previously extracted with ether for at least 12 hours. A plug of cotton was i^laced in the bottom of the cartridge and another in the bottom of the extractor to retain the liner particles of pumice. A Soxhlet extraction apparatus and ether free from alcohol and water were used for the extraction. The objection found to ])umice stone as an absorbent was that its pores are too large and do not enable a sufficiently line distribution of the particles of inilk solids. The fat globules remain to some extent inclosed in casein, so that a pulverizing of the dried material before extraction becomes essential to accurate results. This method was discarded after a few tests. (2) The next material used to absorb the milk was unglazed, lightly burnt earthenware, which was reduced to about the same fineness as the pumice stone and washed on a sieve. This was used in the same manner as the pumice stone, except that about 22 grams of the absorb- ent were used with 10 grams of milk. Tests were made with whole and skim milk as to the time necessary to complete the extraction of the fat. The use of the double paper cartridge and the cotton made the percola- tion of the ether somewhat slow and thus lengthened the time necessary for the extraction. It was found that from 3 to 5 hours were sufficient for whole milk, but in the case of skim milk containing 0.85 per cent of fat 5 hours seemed not to be sufficient. 104 (3) Adams method. Examination of Schleicher and ScMill's "fat-free'^ paper showed that the strips contained a little over 1 mg-. each of material soluble in ether, and that 2 hours were sufficient for extrac- tion of this material. In usinj^ tliis mctliod the milk was poured upon the strip, the strip dried for about halt an hour, and then extracted in a Soxhlet apparatus. With regard to the duration of this latter extraction, experiments showed 3 hours to suflice for whole milk, but in his com- parisons of the Adams metliod with others the author extracted tVu- 5 hours in case of whole milk and for 12 hours in case of skim milk. The parallel tests by the Adams method agreed more closely than those by any of the other methods tested. The averages of parallel results (tbtained in comparisons of the differ- ent methods on the same samjiles of milk are given as follows: Percentage of fat in milk by different methods. Single cow's milk < Mixed milk \ Single cow's milk Two parts of skim milk and one of whole. Mixr.lmilk '-'4 hours nl.l Mixfd milk 48 hours old Ccntrifngal skim milk Gravimetric methods. Pumico stone. Percent. 3.65 3.64 2.95' Powdprcdl earthen- Adams, ware Per cent. 3.66 3.63 3.09 3.08 2.67 2.55 2.38 2.19 1.35 0.85 0.76 I Lacto- I crite. Percent. 3.74 3.73 3.18 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.28 1.43 0.94 0.86 0.74 0.48 0.40 0.33 Per cent. 3.71 3.62 3.13 3.10 2.72 2.52 2.43 2.23 1.41 0.90 0.80 0.69 0.42 0.28 Soxhlet's aeromct- ric method. Percent. 3.71 3. t> 3.2- 2.77 2. .'■>« 2.49 2.:n 1.47 1.02 1.94 * Not powdered after drying. The differences between the results by the Adams method, the earth- enware method, and the lactocrite are expressed in the following state- ment : Differoiices bctwooii — Ailanis and i'arth«niwaro Adiuiis and lai-tocritc Lactocrite and earthenware Maximum. -fO.U -fO.ll -1-0.06 Minimum. -fO.05 -f0.02 -0.03 ATorage. +0.088 +0. 0.">2 -1-0. 03."> The author feels certain that the invariably higher results by t lie Adams than by the earthenware method can not J)e attributed to tlie l>i'esence of an unaccounted for ether extract in the pa])er. and is inclined to the view that owing to the tineness of the interstices of the paper the fat globules are notable to i)enetrate the paper and so remain on the surface, largely freed from milk serum, where they arc more advantageously exi)osed to the solvent action of the ether. 195 The powdered cartlieuwure is not ie<[uiicd to be extracted Avitli ether l»ievious to ii>se, and can l)e used over and over again by igniting after use, as the milk ash remaining behind tends to improve it as au absorbent. (4) Supplementary to these observations the author made a series of tests in wliich the milk was dried on kaolin. For this purpose very tine particles of kaolin, separated by means of water, Mere formed into ])lates, which were baked and afterwards ground to pieces 0.5 to 1 mm. in diameter. Twenty-tive grams of this was used with 10 grams of milk, and the operation carried on as with earthenware. The results with w hole nulk and with skim milk agreed very closely with those obtained by the Adams method. This method is believed to be in every way equal to the Adams, and to present certain advantages over those where other absorbents are used. As a result of his investigations the author is led to the following conclusions: (1) The lactocrite, when a ndxture of hydrochloric and lactic acids is used, gives results reliable and coni])arable with those by the best gravi- metric methods, whether the milk be rich or poor in fat. (2) Kaolin prepared as described gives results in close agreement with those by the Adams method. (3) The Adams method gives thoroughly reliable results, provided the strips (jf paper are thoroughly extracted with ether before using. (4:) The Soxhlet aerometric method is less reliable than either the Adams or kaolin methods or the lactocrite ; with milks containing less than 2,5 per cent of fat it is unreliable, and with milk rich in fat it gives sometimes too high and sometimes too low results. The curdling of milk during thunderstorms, Tolemei {Ahs. Milch Ztg., ;J0 {1891), i). 519). — The author su^bjected fresh milk to cur- rents of electricity of different intensities, and under varying circum- stances, but in no instance did the souring of the milk seem to be hastened. On the contrary the souring seemed rather to be retarded, for while milk wliich was not treated with electricity was sour in 3 days, themdk treated remained sweet for fi-om 6 to 9 days. After showing in this manner that the electricity is not the direct cause of the souring, experiments were made on the effect of ozone on milk, in which ozone prepared by the Holtz electric machine was slowly conducted through milk. The milk so treated was found to curdle after a few hours. He concluded that the curdling of milk is therefore not attributable directly to the electricity, but rather to the action of the ozone which is formed by the lightning. The influence of milk preservatives, A. W. Stokes {Analy,sf, IG {lS91),pp. 122-1:2(>).—T]w author has made a study of the acidity of milk in from 400 to 500 samples. In these investigations the acidity was determined by means of decinormal soda solution, using phenol- phthalein as an indicator. His observations led him to believe that 196 milk as delivered to the London trade is always acid, the acidity being equal on an average to 0.2 per cent of lactic acid. Such an amount of acidity usually develops in the milk within 8 hours of its com- ing from the cow. In England, according to the temperature, in from 30 to 40 hours after it has reached an aciility of 0.2 per cent its acidity rises to 0.35 or 0.4 per cent, at which point it has acquired an acid taste and is said to be sour. Usually at an acidity of 0.6 to 0.7 i)er cent it separates or coagulates. If kept for a long period milk rarely develops a greater quantity of lactic acid than 2 per cent. In some milk, the acidity of which I determined, the highest acidity found was 2.34 per cent after 117 days of keeping. The reason of this is that when this amount of acidity is reached the acid formed is destructive to the fungus forming it. Milk that has not yet developed an acidity of 0.3 per cent but is near it, will coagulate on boiling; it is therefore customary in the trade to test the freshness of a milk, if it ia suspected to be stale, by boiling it. To study the eftect of different preservatives on milk not sealed up, a large quantity of the same milk was divided into 11 parts. One part was kept in its original state, another part was boiled, and to the other parts carbonate of soda, potash, salicylic acid, borax, boracic acid, and a mixture of equal parts of borax and boracic acid were added. The acidity was determined in all the samples at intervals of about 4 hours, the sam])le being tlnnunglily mixeest to use th<' powdered tnrmeric. For rapidly determining the acidity of milk in the trade he recom- mends the use of compressed pellets containing weighed amounts of car- bonate of soda and jihenol i>hthalein. In the discussion which followed Dr. P. \'ieth said he was quite sure that if the experiments were repeated during the summer and autumn the results would be very different from those obtained by the atithor from January to ^lay. There was n(» doubt milk soiu'ed miu-h more ([iiickly in summer and autumn, October and November being the most troublesome months. Farmers attributed thisto thedecayingleaves, and this was perhai)s not far from the truth. His own experience was that as soon as an acidity of from 1 to 1.5 per cent was reached fermentation practically ceased, or at any rate procefded with extreme slowness. With reference to the retarding action of boracic acid on lactic fernieu- tatiou, other exi)crimentcrs had not got such good results as ^Ir. Stokes. 197 He thought the method proposed for determining the acidity of milk was the most simple, haudy, and reliable that could be placed in the hands of the practical cheesemaker. The occurrence of common salt at different altitudes, A. Miintz {Compt. rencl, 112 {1891), pp. 447-449).— R-din water collected at liigh altitudes was found to be very i)oor in sodium chloride, as is indicated by the following figures : Rain in liigh mountains (8,650 feet) 0. 34 mg. of salt per liter. Rain in low land : Bergerac 2.50 Do. JoinviUe-le-Pont 7.60 Do. Water from streams in the Pyrenees contained on an average 0.9 mg. of salt per liter. The author gives the following figures as indicating that plants growing at a high altitude contain much less chlorine than those growing on the plains below, the distance from the sea being the same in both cases : Percentage of sodium chloride. Plains below. Hav 0.254 1.017 Wl'iite clover 0. 2jS5 0.505 Tliynu' 0.145 0.238 Kye straw 0.054 0.127 The milk of cows from mountainous regions was found to contain on an average 1.083 grams and that of cows from the lower land 1.35 grams of sodium chloride per liter. Treatment of apple scab and of grape and gooseberry mildew, J. Craig {Canada Central Expt. Farm Bui. No. 10, April, 1891, pp. 15). — Brief popular statements regarding apple scab {Fusicladium dendrit- icum), grape mildew {Peronospora viticola), and gooseberry mildew {Sphce- rotheca mors-uvce), with suggestions regarding the treatment of these diseases. Short accounts are given of experiments under direction of the author with ammoniacal carbonate of copper and other fungicides. Recommendations for the prevention of damage by some com- mon insects of the farm, the orchard, and the garden, J. Fletcher {Canada Central Expt. Farm Bui. No. 11, May, 1891, pp. 30, Jigs. X-'.s), — General statements regarding insects, means of repression, spraying apparatus, and the i^reparation and use of various insecticides. !Xotes are also given on the following insects, with suggestions as to remedies : American frit fly {Oscinis variabilis), clover seed midge {Ceci- domyia legmninicola), Hessian fly {Cecidomyia destructor), pea weevil {Bruchus pisi), wheat midge {Diplosis tritici), wheat stem maggot {Meromyza amerieana), apple aphis {Aphis mail), beautiful wood nymph {Eiidryas grata), cankerworms {Anisopteryx vernata and A. pometaria), 8511— i^o. 3 5 198 codling moth {Carpocapsa pomonella), fall webworm {Hyphantria eunea), tlat-lieadeh}s brassica;), ("cih\)age maggot {Anthomyia brassicw), Colorado potato beetle (Dnryphorn lOlincata), cucumber flea beetle (Epitrix cuciimeris), cut- worms (Xoctuida'}, imported cabbage butterfly [Pieris rapce), onion maggot {Phorbia ec^^rtrw^n), radish maggot {Anthomyia rndicum),i^c^nAA\ bug [Anasa tristis), strii)ed cucumber beetle {Diabrotica rittata), and turni]) flea beetle (T'hyllotreta rittata). Corn as a fodder plant, W. Saunders [Canad/i Central E.rpt. Farm Bnl.Xo. l.^,JniH\ Ls'.n, pp. 3-1j). — General statenuMits are made regai'd- ing the advantages of growing corn for fodder in Canada, time of cut- ting, selection of varieties, and methods of cultivation and storage. Tabulated data are given for tests of 32 dent. 1(J flint, and 41 swi'ct varieties of corn, together with 2 varieties of pop corn, and for an exi>erinicnt in planting c()rn at ditt'crent distances. The cost of raising aiul storing corn for silage, as calculated for an experiment at the experimental farm, was about $1.2.5 per ton. From the results given it would appe.ij- that the Thoroughbred White Flint, Long White Flint. Long Yellow Flint. Yellow iMittou, Large White Flint. Pearcc Pro- lific, and Longfellow are the most productive of the flint varieties, ranging in yield in the order nameil, and all of them excepting the Long White Flint attained a Bullicient degree of maturity to make excellent i*ilage. Among the different sorts of dent corn, none of which, however, mature as well as the Hint varieties, the folluwing have been fouml to yield the greatest weight of crop: Virginia Uorse-Tooth. G(dilen Beauty, Golden Dent, Blount Prolific, Mam- moth Southern Sweet, and Ked Cob Ensilage. Many sorts of sweet corn have given a large yield, the most prolific being Mam- moth Sugar, Crosby, Eight-Rowed .Sugar, Egyptian .Sugar, and Asylum Sweet. The earliest -ripening among these is the Crosby. Chemical composition of certain varieties of corn, F. T. Shutt {C. or an average of 555 acres per farm. The seed farms of Massachusetts and Connecticut average 142 acres per farm, while those of Iowa and Nebraska are 095 acres in extent, and are produc- ing seeds on a scale of equal magnitude to the other products of that section of the country. Several of these seed-pi'oduciug farms embrace nearly 3.000 each. » » » So far as reported there were but 2 seed farms in the country previous to 1800 (one of these was established in Philadelphia in 1784, and the other at Enfield, New Hampshire, in 1795), only 3 in 18^0, 6 in 1830, 19 in 1840, 34 in 18.50, 53 in 1860, IW in 1870, 207 in 1880, and 200 more were established between 1880 and 1890. leaving 189 unaccounted for as to date of establishment." American Pomological Society. — The twenty-third biennial session of this soci- ety was held at Washington, September 22-24, 1891. Pajiers were presented on the following subjects : Results of Keceut Experiments with Small Fruits, T. T, Lyon, South Haven, Michigan; How to make Small-Fruit Culture Pay. J. H. Hale, South Glastonbury, Connecticut; New and Promising Small Fruits, J. T. Lovett, Little Silver, New Jersey; Recent Progress in the Treatment of Diseases of Pomaccous Fruits, B. T. Galloway, L^. S. department of Agriculture; Chemistry of Peach Yel- lows, E. F. .Smith, U. S. Department of Agriculture; Pruning for Citrus and other Fruits for Florida, D. W. Ad.inis. Florida; Fertilization, Crossing, and Hybridiza- tion of Plants, C. E. Bessey, University of Nebraska; Immediate EtIVcts of Cross- Fertilization as Aftecting Quality and Conimerrial Value of Citrus Fruits, Lyman 203 Pliolps, Sanford, Florida ; Heredity aud EiiviroiiiTipnt in Originatinf; New Frnits, Thomas Meeluin, Gerinautown, Pennsylvania; Frnit Districts (Geologically and Cli- matically Considered, E. S. Gotf, experiment station, Madison, Wisconsin; Eeeent Advance in Dealing with Insects Affecting Frnits, C. V. Eiley, U. S. Department of Agricnltnrc; Does the Spraying of Orchards with Insecticides pay ? C. JI. Weed, Col- lege of Agricnltnre, Hanover, New Hampshire ; Some Local Poniological Problems, Charles W. Garlield, Michigan ; Pomology in the Eleventh Census, Mortimer White- head, U. S. Census Bureau; Apple Growing Commercially Considered, F. Wellhouse, Fairmont, Kansas; Commercial Peach Growing, J. F. Taylor, Douglas, Michigan; Section vs. Whole Roots in Propagating the Apple, J. L. Budd, Ames, Iowa; Novel- tics in Pomology, H. E. Van Deman, U. S. Department of Agriculture; General Frnit Growing, G. C. Brackett, Lawrence, Kansas ; Frnit Notes from a Canadian Standpoint, L. Wolverton, Grimsby, Ontario; The Grapes of Middle Virginia, Henry L. Lyman, Charlottesville, Virginia; Small-Fruit Growing in Eastern and Middle North Caro- lina, J. Van Lindley, Pomona, North Carolina; Poniological Resources of North Car- olina, W, F. Massey, College of Agricnilture, Raleigh, North Carolina; Pear Blight and Climate Influences, G. F. B. Leigh ton, Norfolk, Virginia; The Rooted Cutting System of Trans2)lanted Trees, H. M. Stringfellow, Hitchcock, Texas; Fruits of Western North Carolina, H. S. Williams, Eockledge, Florida ; Judging Citrus Fruits, J. E. Cutter, Riverside, California. Foreign Publications. — In a recently published article on Feeding Experiments at the North American Experiment Stations* Dr. Martin Wilckens, who visited a large number of the stations in this country during 1888 as a representative of the Austrian Government, discusses the silage system of the United States and Canada, and gives quite full abstracts of the work done at the Illinois, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mis^ssippi, New York (State and Cornell) Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, and Wisconsin Stations on the preparation, composition, and fe«*ding value of corn silage, and makes brief mention of experiments in other lines at the New Hampshire, loAva, Maine, Michigan, and Mis- sissippi Stations. He believes the teachings of many of these investigations to be applicable to the conditions prevailing in Europe. The tenth revised and considerably enlarged edition of Prof. Julius Kiihn's work on feeding — Die zweckmdssigste Ernahrimg des Eindviehs — has recently been issued at Dresden. The Office has received through the Department of State from W. D. Warner, United States Consul at Colog-ne, Germany, a copy of a work entitled Die Diingung den- wichtigsten tropischer Culturpflanaen, by Dr. A. Stutzer, director of the experiment station at Bonn. •Jour. f. Landw., 39, pp. 17-35. LIST UF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED DURING SEPTEMBEE, 1891. DrVT8I0N OF Entomoi-ogt: Periodical Bulletin, vol. in, Nos, 11 and 12, Augnst, 1891. — lusect Life. Division of Statistics: Report No. 88 (new series), September, 1891. — Report on Couditiou of Crops in America and Europe; Freight Rates of Transportation Couipauica. Division of Vegetable Pathology: Bulletin vol. vu, No. 1. — Journal of Mycology. Bureau of Animal Industry: Special Report on the Cause and Prevention of Swine Plague. Office of Experiment Stations: Experiment Station Record, vol. iii, No. 2, September, 1891. 204 LIST OF STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. DURING SEPTEMBER, 1891. Arkansas Agricultitral Experiment Station: Third Annual Report, 1890. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 109, Augixst, 1891.— Fertilizers. Storrs School Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 7, September, 1891. — Chemistry and Economy of Food. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois: Bulletin No. 17, August, 1891.— Experiments with Wheat, 1890-91 ; Daily Varia- tions in Milk and Butter Production of Cows. Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana: Bulletin No. 36, August, 1891. — Field Experiments with Wheat; Testing Grain; "V\Tieat Scab ; Forms of Nitrogen for Wheat. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 14, August, 1891.— Effect of Food upon the Quality of Milk; Calf- Feeding Experiment; A Feeding Experiment for Milk; Pig-Feeding Experi- ment; Reports on Entomological Work; Breeding of Orchard and Garden Fruits; An Aphthous Affection Among Dairy Cows of the State. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 20, July, 1891. — Experiments with Wheat. Bulletin No. 22, August, 1891.— Smut of Oats in 1891 ; Test of Fungicides to Pre- vent Loose Smut of Wheat ; Spraying to Prevent Wheat Rust. Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 34, August, 1891. — Commercial Fertilizers. Bulletin No. 35, September, 1891. — Experiments with Wheat and Oats. Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station: Annual Report, part iv, 1890. Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 41, September, 1891. — Weather Record, July and August, 1891; Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers ; Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College : Meteorological Bulletin No. 32, August, 1891. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota: Bulletin No. 16, April, 1891. — Sheep Scab and How to Cure it. Bulletin No. 17, August, 1891. — Migratory Locusts in Minnesota in 1891. Bulletin No. 18, September, 1891. — Notes on Strawberries, Raspberries, Sand Cherries, Buffalo Berries, and Russian Mulberries; Evergreens from Seed; Summer Propagation of Hardy Plants. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations : Annual Reports, 1890. Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico : Bulletin No. 3, June, 1891. — A Preliminary Account of some Insects Injurious to Fruits. 205 206 Cornell University Aoricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 29. July, 1891.— Cream Raising by Dilution; The EflPect of Delay in Setting on the Efficiency of Creaming; Application of Babcock Centrifugal Method to the Analysis of Milk, Skim Milk, Buttermilk, and Butter; The Eelation of Fibrin to the Effectual Creaming of Milk. Bulletin Xo. 30, August. 1891.— Some Preliminan- Studies of the Influence of the Electric iVrc Lamp upon Greenhouse Plants. North Carolina AGRicrLTUK.\.L Experiment Station: Bulletin t.'o. 75, April 15, 1891.— Fertilizers. Bulletin Xo. 79, July 20, 1891.— Facts for Farmers. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin vol. iv, No. 3 (second series), August 1, 1891. — Commercial and other Fer- tilizers on ^Vheat. Bulletin vol. iv, No. 4, August 25, 1891. — Experiments in AMieat Seeding, includ- ing Treatment of Seed for Smut; Comparative Test of Varieties of Wheat. Rhode Island State Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin Xo. 10, May, 1801. — Mixed Foolants. H. H. Harrington 21.") Tests of varieties of oats at Kentucky Station. M.A.Siovell and C.L. Curtis.. 227 Comparative tests of varietit's of wheat at Ohio Station. .1. F. Hicknnni 243 Field exi)eriments with wheat at Illinois Station. 185X>-91. H. E. Morrow 215 Field ex|)eriments with wheat at K.msas Station. C. C. (teorts were i)resented and discussed. The Dresden Kxjteiiment Station for Plant Culture, establislu'd A]>ril 1, 181)0, by the Saxon Government, and located in the Dresden Koyal Botanic Garden, was described by Professor Drude, director of the Botani<' Garden and su]>erintendent of the horticultural division of the station, and Dr. Steglich, superintendent of the agricultural division of the station. The description was of special interest as illustrating the ways in which the managers, with the advantage of the latest and best exi)erience, have planned the ai)]>liances and work of the station. Unlike the majority of the German stations, this is supported and con- trolled entirely by the Government. It has the same governing board as the station at Tharand. As that station, of which Professor Nobbe is director, was not i>rovi(le(l with the desired land for garden and iu'hl experiments, and the Dresden Botanic Garden as newly organized inchuled ami>le ground, an area of about 8.75 acres (3.5 hectares) was assigned to the new station. Buildings, including botanical and chem- ical laboratories, are being erected. An area of L*.8 acres (l.ll' hectares) has been laid out in plats for experiments on varieties, effects of ferti- lizers, and diseases of plants and their prevention. One ]V'culiar feature of the ])lat experiments is the i>lan for tests with tyi)ical soils of Saxony. For this purpose the scul of a measiu'ehi>('ars that a 1 per cent solntion of citric acid generally serves to indicate the amount of phos- ]>liori(' acid available to plants. There are, however, exceptions which are not yet explained. In the <(nirse of the discussion of the paper, Professor Orth of Berlin, whose stn«lies of soils are well known, remarked upon the need of detaileot cnlture had ]U'0ven very satisfactory. Parallel experiments had Ix-en made in ordinary earthen pots with results which agreed in the main with those obtained in the Wagner cylind<'is. Another line of stndy with reference to the needs of soils and the feeding capacities of jdants, namely, the growing of plants Mith ditler- eut fertilizers and analyzing the ])roduce. was ])resented in a paper by Professor Liebscher of the Agricultural Institute of tlie University of Gottingen. This gave the results of a series of experiments which have been in (quMation for se\«'ral years in the ex]teriniental garden of the institnte. Ditferent plats of land were ti<'ated with nitrogen, ph()s- phoric acid, and jtotash comjHMiiids. singly, two ]»y two, and all three together. In the crops which grew u\)(iu them the ipiantities of the same elements were determined. .Mthongh the resnlts thns tar (tbtained do not warrant broad generalizations. Professor Liebscher hoi>cd tliat such would be obtainal)le by further lu-osecution of the iiKpiiry. Professor Hellriegel addressed the meeting uiK»n quantitative vege- tation experiments and individual factors of growth. He laid special stress upon the imixutance of having the conditions of experiment under control, and so regulating them that while the i)articular factor in cpu'stion shonld be ada])ted to the inirimse of the «>xi>eriment, all the others should be favorable. In this way and in this way alone can exact studies of the effects of individual factors be made. He dwelt 211 upon the errors and evils wliieli result from neglect to observe this principle, and at the same time pointed out the great ditticulties in observing it pro])erly. He also urged the danger of hasty inferences and the need of repeating experiments. Dr. Morgen of the Halle Station cited the results of extended experi- ence and experiment in the detection of adulterants, especially Redonda ])hosiihate, in Thomas slag. The determination of loss on ignition is often helpful, a loss of 0.5 to 1 per cent indicating adulteration. The specific gravity method of Loges is also valuable, but instead of potassio-mercuric iodide solution for detecting Eedonda x)liosphate, Br. Morgen reconnnended bromoform (sp. gr. 2,9). The method of Eichter for separating Redonda phosphate from Thomas slag by dilute soda solution is excellent. Five per cent solution of citric acid dis- solves Thomas slag, but not Redonda phosi^hate. The method of Jantsch and Schucht is one of the best for quantitative determinations of Thomas slag. Dr. Cluss of the Halle Station cited some interesting experiments on the use of hydrofluoric acid as an antiseptic in the manufacture of alcohol. It prevents souring and promotes the fermentative action of yeast in a very marked degree. Dr. Wilfarth of the station at Bernburg described a germination apparatus for testing seeds, especially of sugar beets. It consisted of a brass sieve, the bottom of which was covered with muslin. On this were placed the seeds and over them another piece of nnislin was laid. This latter was covered by a layer of sand, which was kept moist. Professor Drude of Dresden and others gave the results of experience with fungicides on potatoes affected by Peronospora viticola. A paper Avhich excited especial interest was one by Dr. Gilbert on root tubercles and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by plants. It was a preliminary notice of methods and results of a large number of experiments at Rothamsted with annual and perennial legumes groAvn in sterilized sand and in rich soil, without nitrogenous fertihzers, and with and without inoculation by microbe seeding. A luimber of photo- graphs showed the development of the plants and of the root tubercles. The inoculated i^lants had a1)undant root tubercles, grew vigorously without nitrogenous fertilizers, and gained large quantities of atmos- pheric nitrogen. The connection between this acquisition and the root tubercles was perfectly evident, thus confirming observations of other exijerimenters. Esj)ecial attention was called to the develoijment of root tubercles at different periods of growth of the plants and to marked differences between the annuals and perennials. The author has fur- nished an abstract for the Experiment Station Record. In the discussion which followed the reading of Dr. Gilbert's paper, Professor Hellriegel, who was the first to show the connection between the root tubercles and the fixation of nitrogen and whose results it was one purpose of Messrs. Lawes and Gilbert's experiments to confirm, 212 cited some of his owu obsciN atious on the root tubercles, and urjjjed tliat a great deal of experimental study would be needed before their nature and action would be fully understood. To illustrate the praeti- cnl applications to be made of tlic information already jiaincd,he cited sojne instances of notable increase of lc;^uminous croi^s, which had been effected by spreading sand or other soil trom fields where legumes had flourished in small quantities over ground where the same lejiiimes were to be giown. This is simply a i)ractical ajiplicatiou of the methods of inoculating the roots with tubercle microbes, which have brought such remarkable residts in exi)eriments on a small scale. Science has thus far taught that the chief uses of tillage and manuring are to regulate the moisture and tempeiature of the soil and toi»rovide jiroper food for the plants grown upon it. This reveals another means for increasing the growth of our crops, namely, the furnishing of bacteria to enable the plants to i)rovide themselves with nitrogen trom the air. By request. Professor Atwater of this Otlic»' gave an account of the agricultural experiment station enterprise in the United IStates. — [\V. O. A.] ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Connecticut State Station, Bulletin No. 109, August, 1891 (pp. 40). Fertilizers. — Tabulated analyses are given of 57 samples of iiitrog- •euous siii3eri)liospliates and 38 samples of special manures collected during tlie present year, and of 19 home mixtures. Of the 57 brands [of nitrogenous superiihosphates] here reported, 14 are below their minimnm guaranty in respect of one ingredient, and 6 in respect of two ingre- dients. That is, one tliird of all the nitrogenons snperphosphates in our market con- tain less of one or of several ingredients than they are claimed to contain. * * * [Of the 38 special manures] 11 brands are below the maker's guaranty in respect of one ingredient, 2 in respect of two ingredients, and 1 brand is below in all three. * * * A comparison of the average composition of these special manures with that of the other nitrogenous superphosphates shows the former to contain on the Avhole considerably more nitrogen, nearly twice as much jxitash, and somewhat less phosphoric acid than the latter. * * * Comparing the home mixtures with the special manures it is seen that the former contain on the average (14 analyses) half of 1 per cent more nitrogen, over 1.5 per cent more phosphoric acid, and slightly more potash than the latter. The average cost of the materials of which these mixtures were made, delivered, was $34.82. To this must be added the cost of screening and mixing. * * « jf the average cost of the mixed materials is placed at $37 ])er ton it will probably fully cover all expense in every case. On this basis of averages the home mixtures, containing consider- ably more of both nitrogen and phosphoric acid and slightly more potash than the special manures, have cost $37 per ton, or 0.2 per cent more than the station's valuation of the ingredients; the si)ecial manures have cost $38.70, or 23.7 j^er cent more than the station's valuation ; and the nitrogenous super])hosphates, which contained con- siderably less nitrogen and about half as much j^otash but somcAvhat more phosphoric acid than the special manures, have cost $33.97, or 20.7 * per cent more than the station's valuation. Connecticut Storrs Station, Bulletin No. 7, September, 1891 (pp. 16). Chemistry and ecoinomy of food, W. O. Atwater, Ph. D., AND C. D. Woods, B. S. — This is a brief resume of the results of inquiries carried on by the authors for a luimber of years. Detailed accounts of these investigations will be published in the Annual Report of the station for 1891, Besides general explanations regarding the chemical composition and digestibility of foods, and the principles of food economy, the bulletin contains seven tables with data as follows: 213 214 (1) Percentages of nutrients, water, and refuse, and estimated potential energy in specimens of food materials (animal and vegetable) as purchased; (2) percentages of nutrients, water, etc., and estimated potential energy in the edible portion of specimens of food materials; (3) dig«'stil>ility of nutrients of food mat^'rials; (4) proportions of nutrients digt'stcd iind not digested from food materials by healthy men; (5) standards for dailj^ dietaries for people of diflerent classes ; (0) nutrients and ])oteiitial energy in dietaries of ditlerent peopk'; (7) amounts of nutrients furnished for 25 cents in food materials at ordinary prices. Tlie i>otential energy of the nutrients is estimated in Calories. "Tlie chemical composition of foods is compiled from American analyses, the digestion experiments are wholly European, and the dietaries are both Anunicnn and Kuro])ean. * * * Kot far from fifty dietaries of sev- eral hundred iieople in private families and boarding houses, mostly in New England, have been collated, and the chemical analyses of quite a large number of animal foods — meat, fish, oystei-s, and the like — have been made in the ehemical laboratory of Wesleyan University and by this station since 1880." Standard vs. actual daily dietaries for people of different clasnes. [100 grams = 3.5 ounces or 0.22 pounds. 1 onnc« = 28.35 grams. 1 pound = 453.6 grams.] Nutrients. Protein. Fat. Standards for daily dietariet. Voit et al: Cliildri'D, 1 to 2 years (German) Children, 2 to « years (Gorman) Cliildren, 0 to 15 years ((Jemian) Agt'd woniaji (tJe'nnan) Affed man (Gennan) Woman at moderate -work (German) Man at nuHlerate work (German) Man at bard work ((ienuan) riavfair: Man with mmlerate exercise (English).. Att! 28, 55 ! 75 j . 80 100 I 92 I 118 I 145 i I 119 1 156 I 185 ! 37 40 43 50 68 44 56 100 51 71 71 80 I 80 100 100 125 125 150 150 other I'aetory operatives, mechanics, etc., in Massa- | eliiisett.s i ( ;ia.s8 blowers. East Cambridjje, Massachusetts Fai-lory operatives, boarding house, Massarhnsetts . . .' Well-to-do privat-e family, Connecti- ( food i>iireliased. .; cut "■ } food eaten j College students from Northern and [ f"^^ P'>,^^„1'"'"'<1 • " | lj^.,stern States, boanliug club, two f;;;;;! ^'J.'^.l-ed:: dietanes, same club [food Saten 1 College ftMjtball team, food eaten Mecliaiiii'M (maeliinists), Connecticut .....' >Ia<-liiiiist, JJoston, Massai'busetts Teani.ster.s, marble workers, etc., at hard work, Massa- chusetts Brickmakers, Massachusetts U. S. Army ration U. S. Navy ration 118 204 127 186 95 132 114 150 129 183 128 177 161 204 138 184 115 163 104 136 181 292 105 147 182 254 2.54 .363 180 365 120 161 143 184 Orami. 75 200 325 260 350 400 500 450 531 568 568 300 360 450 500 531 481 522 467 466 680 622 460 421 557 399 617 826 1,1,10 4.54 520 Grams. 140 295 443 390 518 .536 674 695 701 795 824 460 .500 700 800 745 871 844 708 786 779 771 1,045 944 7.38 661 1,030 a51 1,053 1,443 1,695 735 847 Pot4'ntial en«'rg>- of nutri- ents. Cat. 765 1,420 2,040 1,860 2,475 2, 425 3,055 3,370 .3,140 3,630 3.750 2,300 2,815 3, .520 4.060 3,620 4,6.30 4,430 3, .590 4,000 4, 145 4,080 5, 345 4, 825 :i, 875 .3, 415 5, 740 3. 435 6,640 7,805 8,8.50 3, 8.VI 6,000 215 Illinois Station, Bulletin No. 17, August, 1891 (pp. 16). Experiments with wheat, 1800-91, G. E. Morrow, M. A. (pp. 1-0). — A record of experiments in eoiitinuatiou of those of i)revious years, reported in l>ulletin K^o. 11 of the station (sec Ex])erinient Station liccord, \(»1. II, p. 273). Tlie toi>ies treated are(l) (piantity «>l'seed, (li) time of sowinj;', (3) depth of sowing", (4) effect of fertilizers, (5) test of varieties. AVith the exc<'ption of some of the fertilizer tests, the exper- iments were nuule on the fertile, dark-colored i)rairie soil (►f the station faiiii. The season was nnusually favorable for wheat. Wheat, quantity of seed. — Notes and tal)nlate inches. The yields dimin- ished with the increased depth of planting. Wheat, effeet of fertilizers. — Notes and tabnlated data are given for experiments with commercial fertilizers and barnyard manure at the station and in fonr other locahties in Illinois. At the station the fields where commercial fertilizers were nsed and the yields in 1801 on plats where connnercial fertilizers had been applied in large amounts in 1889, averaged somewhat less than those on unfertilized plats. The results of all the trials with commercial fertilizers on wheat at the station indi- cate that such fertilizers are not profitable on the black praiiie soils of central Illinois^ 2\G Trials at Flora, Odin, and \asbville show a marked inoreaso in yield from nse of barnyard manure; those at Odin and Nashville, some increase from the use of siipt-r- phosphate of lime, but iu general not enough to make its use profitable. At HellevlUe neither barnyard manure nor superphosphate produced any considerable ptrcentago of increase in yield. At Flora the jilats with superphosphate yielded less than those without any fertilizer. In view of the results informer years, trials on a small scale with superphosphate of lime and cattle tankage are recommended for wheat on the light-colored soils of southern Illinois. The value of barnyard manure for these soils can hardly l»e overestimateus thesi* varieties w(»uld mature too late to be (b'sirable for Illinois, raiiiitbell's White C'hatt" wheat, a sitrino- variety from Canada. f cows, E. II. Farkington, M. S. (pp. lUKJ). — Diajjramsare ^.jiven which graphicidly represent the variations in the yield of milk and in ]M'r- centajie and amount of l)utter fat from «lay to day for each of two cows, the vaiiations in tlie nijiht's and mornin<;'s milk of one cow, ami tlu' daily variations in the mixed milk of three cows for periods of from 40 to <>nsid- ered separately were greater tlian in the mixed milk for flie day; (4) the ndxed milk of several cows was more uniform in amount and in (pial- ify than the milk of individual cows; ami (.">) "as a rule the nund)er of pounds of milk was low when the mean daily temperature was high and the nnnd)er was high when the temi>erature was low." It was noticed in the case of one cow that "when she gave a small mess of milk it had a per cent of butter fat l»cl(t\v her average, and the largest nnlkings were of her riclu^st milk.*" The maximum, minimum, and average daily yields of milk and of butter fat from May 1 to August 1 are also tabu- lated for each of six cows. Iowa Station, Bulletin No. 13 May, 1891 ipp. 120). Experiment in feeding fok' mii.iv, .1. Wilson, (1, i:. rAPKicK, M. S., C. F. CuRTiss, B. S. A., E. X. Eaton, B. S., and D. .\. Kent, B. S. (pp. .■)-.'?()). — This trial was made with eight cows and was designed to test th<» relative feeding value of corn fodder, corn silage, .sorghum silage, and mangelwurzehs. Each of these coarse fodders was fed during a period of 10 daysj the intervening transition periods being 217 5 clays each. The silage aud corn fodder were fed ad libitum^ from 40 t<» 45 pounds of roots were fed per animal, the grain rations were dif- ferent for each cow, and clover hay was fed with each of the coarse fodders in xarying anionnts. Data as to the amount of each food con sumed and the yield and composition of the milk are tabulated for each cow, and summaries are given for the eight cows on each coarse fodder. In the case of four of the cows the iiroduction of milk and of butter fat was largest when roots were fed; two otheis gave the largest yield with corn fodder, aud two with corn silage. About twice as nuich (-lover hay was fed with the roots, however, as with either of the other coarse fodders. It is obviously impossible to gain an idea of the real eft'ect of the different coarse fodders. The financial side of the question is not considered and the cost of the different feeding stuffs is not given. Treatment of fungous diseases, L. H. Pammel, B. Age. (pp. 31-71, plates 10, figs. 16). — General explanations of fungous diseases of plants and their treatment, formulas for various copper solutions, descriptions of spraying apparatus, and original and compiled notes on the nature and treatment of apple rust {Foestelia pirata), pear leaf blight {Entomosporiiim maculatum), plum rust {Puccinia pruni-spinosce)^ si>ot diseases of currants {Septoria ribis and Cercospora angulata)^ spot dis- ease of the cherry {Gylindrosporinm padi), apple scab {Fusicladiinu dendriticum), strawberry leaf blight {S2)ha'rella fragaria;), potato rot {PhytopMliora infestans), and clover rust (Uromyces trifolii). Apple rust. — Spraying with Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal car- bonate of coijper on two trees did not prevent the appearance of the fungus in abundance. tipot diseases of currants. — Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal carbon- ate of copper sprayed on the Blue Naples and White Dutch currants, largely prevented injury from spot diseases. S2)ot diseases of the cherry. — Ammoniacal carbonate of copper alone or following Bordeaux mixture was successfully used for this disease in several experiments. Glover rust. — This disease was first observed in the rowen of red clover in August, 1890. " Later it was found quite abundant on the campus and college farm. So severely did it attack some of the plants, especially the stem and leaves, that in toucliing the plants the hands became covered with brown spores." Weed pests, L. H. PAMikiEL, B. Agk. (pp. 72-75).— Brief notes on ox-eye daisy {Chrysanthemum Leucanthemnm), hawkweed (Hieraciuw 'iiirantiacum), Canada thistle (Cnicus arvensis), horse nettle or sand l)riar {Solanum carolinense), spiny nightvShade {ISolanum rostrafnm), ■And (Unhler {G use Ufa /n/oin) with a view to putting Iowa farmers on their guard against these pests, IVkeliminary report on the examination of some seeds, r. II, Rolfs, B, S. (pp. 75-80, figs. 7). — An examination ()f the seeds of a iininl>er of s]>ecies (»r clo\'ers and grasses purchased l»y the station^ lU3;j«>_Xo. 4 2 218 revealed the presence of sand, mixed grasses, and numerous weeds in considerable quantities. ^OTES ox METHODS OF CROSS-POLLIXATIOX, F. A. SlEEINE (pp. S7-92). — Two methods of oastratiug- the flowers of the plum were tried at the station in 1890, as follows: "(1) Careful opening of the buds and picking out the stamens with a tine i)air of tweezers. This was a verj' tedi(ms way, but the petals helped to protect the tender style and stigma. (2) The cutting or tear- ing off of the whole calyx wliich bears the petals and stamens, leaving the ovary uni>rotected. Tliis was done by taking the base of the bud betw«M'n tlic inongs of tlie tweezers, simply holding tlie])iul sutticicntly close but not pincliing it. tlicn by giving the tweezers an upward jerk the part of the eiilyx wliich Items the stamens will be removed." The same inetlnKis were used on the cherry, and the second method, with slight variations, on the apjde and n>se. Successful <*rosses were obtained by using the pollen of Kentucky blue grass on the female plant of Texas blue grass. '' In a white sport of red elover artitieial pollination was tried Mitli its own i)ollen, but seed was not i)roduced.'' From planting corn in an isolated part of the held, removing the tassels, and hand-pollinating the ears without covering better results were -118). — "The observations of the j)ast 30 years on the praiiies west of Lake Michigan sustain the proposition that the varieties of orchard fruits vary in hardiness of fruit buds and blossoms quite as much as they do in relative hardiness of tree. The ]>roposition can also be sustained tiiat the typical ironclad tree has hardier tVuil biuls and blossoms than the one that poorly withstands our trying changes of summer and winter." This is illustrated by references to a nundu'r of varieties of apples, eher- ries, plums, and ]i«'ars. Attention is «'alled t 5 — X ?i : s ss a z ^ '• 2 ^. ^., S -T S ?l ■*- ««•» w (*4 t a. — T 5 .- ij S I, — Tl — ^ » .». .2 V"i S 2 :. — 1 5 5 I-: ;" "*' «_ .soesw I OB • t^n — •tt _. _. _. "T^ :; ^ S -- X ■* — O J_ N "" ^r^':;^'^ — E — "~ - -,i. c .» 71 T « ' 3^ - r-; r: t -■ t: M X cs -— T '^ -^ V * = '*- s ••-■ L- -^J £7".-. OS o.*Mr5 •A p^ .5 P "S o «i gSio *= n cin ns «2: s . "Sric;^ ^ •— c 2 s ^^ A s •— ^ i (-rr- X ;ct CO ; si x' -- : M — « ^ ^ c=:«=^ •■" T -'XXX ji«. ^ ^- 1- M-. t-O SS S rfeoeo Ph J: ft. 3^ as a. r - I li r^ m I- — .= I -5 '" ""- '" 23 •S r '! ■ 0-21 Tlw foi-pg-oing tablo sIioavs tli;ii wlun (lio gluten meal, containing' larger amounts of protein and tat, was fed there was an increase both ill tlir prrrcntagr of total solids and fat and in the total amount of fat ]»roduced duiiiig the period in the ease of every eow. While tlieie were slight changes in the percentag<' of solids-not-fat, these changes seemed to he independent of the food, for in the case of every cow except No. ■>"» there was a steady increase in the percentage of scdids-not-fat from the beginning to the close of the exjx'riment regardless of the clianges made in the grain food. The proportion of the fat to the solids-not fat Avas noticeably larger with gluten meal. This would seem to be a case of a one-sided increase of the fat, such as has been previously noticed in a few isolated cases only. The increase in the percentage of fat when the cows were changed from the corn-and-cob meal to the gluten meal amounted in some instances to O.Gl and 0.70 per cent; and when they were changed trom gluten meal to corn-and-cob meal there was a (le(*rease of from 0.54 to 0.82 per cent in the fat. The interest of the subject renders additional data for a larger numl)er of animals very desirable. (Jalf-feeding experiment, J. Wilson, C. P. Citrtiss, B. S. A., 1). A. Kent, B. S., and G. E. Patrick, M. S. (pp. 143-151).— A com- ]>arison of whole milk and skim milk for young calves. Four calves, two Shorthorns and two Holsteins, a bull and a heifer of each, were used for the trial. They varied in age from 33 to 64 days, and were fed from April 1 1^ June 30 — 91 days. ]i^ach day the milk from three cows was divided into two erpial parts, one half being divided equally between the two bulls, and the other half set for Iii hours ami then skimmed, and the skim milk fed to the two heifers. An attempt was made to make the skim-milk ration approximately equal to the whole- milk ration by adding- 1.5 pounds of ground flaxseed per day to the skim milk of each animal. All of the calves received grain (a mixture of equal ]>arts of ground oats, ground barley, corn meal, and wheat bran) and clover hay in addition to the milk. The amount of these was the same for each calf, and was increased with the growth. The rations fed and gains made during periods of 15 days, together with a summary for the 01 days- feeding, are tabulated. During the whole ex]»eriment the gains on the whole-milk ration were. Shorthorn 178 pounds and Hol- stein 234 pounds ; and on the skim-milk rati(»n. Shorthorn 155 pounds, and Holstein 171 pounds. The best results as to gain came from the whole milk, but taking all things into- lonsidfration we regard the outcome of the experiment as quite favorable to the skim milk and flaxseed ration. If the calves were to be judged by their coudition as to thrift and general appearance, omitting the test of the scales, the verdict would be in favor of the skim milk and flaxseed. * «* ^^ Heredity may or may lint have tigured in the results, but if it did it was agaiust the skim-uiilk ration. Both skim-milk calves were iu better condition than either of the others. At the meal was replaced by 7 pounds of bran and 3 pounds of linseed meal, and fed with hay; and from June 9 to IS this grain ration was reduced one half and fed with pasturage. The data showing the amounts of food consumed and of milk yielded, and the com])osition of the milk are tabulated. " Tlie sulistitution of bran and oil meal for half the amount of corn meal resulted in a marked increase in both quantity and qualitj' of milk, the increase in quality being still more than the increase in quan- tity." Pig-feeding experiiment, J.Wilson, C. F. Curtiss, B. S. A., D. A. Kent, B. S., and G. E. Patrick, M. S. (pp. 162-105).— This is a record of the food consumed and the live weight gained by a .sow and her litter of seven ])igs for 15;; days. The principal food was ear corn and shelled corn, supplemented at dittVrent times by grouiid barley, linseed meal, corn-and-cob meal, and bran, all of which were soaked l)efore feeding. The sow and pigs together gained 6265 pounds live weight, and consumed 2,(U2 i)Ounds of grain during the trial. The cost of the rations is not given. Reports on entomological work, H. Osborn, M. S., and H. A. Gossard, B. S. (])1). ler alete success. Grasshopjiers are mentioned avS troublesome this season and the reports of Rocky Mountain grassho])pers {Coloptenus t^prctus) referred to. No present damage to Iow!» is apprehended from this latter species, and methods of controlling the common native species when numerous are discussed. The llavescent clover weevil [Sitonefi rtaveoccns] is found abundant at Amos. It« dist ribution is referred to and its method of work described. Information regarding its uccurrence in other parts of the State is reiinested. 223 Tlio wheat bulb worm [MewniJ/?^ a inn- iron a] Ims occurred in moderntc nmnbers, but ;il>iiuiliiii1 parasites l<'oelimu8 merom i/zm, a,xx([ twn nnfletei mincil s)ic(i('s| have been roimd to at tack it at Ames, and its serious mnltiplicati(»n is ui»t considcnMl proliahle. Directiuus lor making kerosene emulsion and arsenical solutions are briefly giveu. BrEEDINGt of orchard AISfD GARDEN FRUITS, J. L. BUDD, M. H. (pp. 181-190). — The exi)eiien('e of the author and other fruit jiiowersin Iowa, and other states of the Northwest is cited in support of the fol- io w i n g' ] >roposition s : (1) In the States west of Lake Michigan no important advances have been made in tlic great work of adapting fiuits to our ])eculiar climate and soil by growing seedlings from the varii^ties introduced from southwest Eiirojje. nor from their seed- lings originating in the Eastern or Soutliern )States. (2) Ourvahiable seedlings of the orchai'd and garden fruits have come from the varieties introduced from east Europe or uortli Asia and from our native species. i'A) Methodic crossing and hybridizing have given in the past and. promise to give ill the near future .more A'aluable aud certain results than we can hope for from cliaiK c breeding from intermingled varieties and species. Brief notes are given on the following crosses of apples made at th«^ station during the past 4 years: Crosses made 4 years ago. — Silken Leaf with pollen of Osceola, Roman Stem, and Longfield; Department ( 'ross witJi Osceola and Scott Winter. Grosses made 3 years ago. — IJcautiful Sweet with Garden Apple, Ostrokoffwith Ben Da^is, Depart- ment Cro.ss with Ben Davis, Antonovka with Wythe, Little Hat with liotuan Stem, Anisovka with Autumn Strawberry, Pyi'us Toringo with Wythe, Pj^us Ringo with Duchess. Crosses made 2 years ago. — I )u«'hess with Iowa Keeper, liawles Janet, Roman Stem, Tallman Sweet, Ben Davis, and Boone Crab; Iowa Keeper with Wythe ; Wythe with (Irimes Golden, Roman Stem with Wythe. The seedlings from the last three crosses are not at all promising. An aphthous affection among dairy cows of the State, M. Stalker, V. S. (pp. 191-195). — A brief account of observations on a disease which has recently appeared among cattle, especially milch cows, in southeastern Iowa. The symptoms are stated and suggestions made regarding treatment. The disease seems to differ in some respects from the forms of aphtha previously described. The cause has not yet been investigated. Kansas Station, Bulletin No. 20, July, 1891 (pp. 46). Experiments with wheat, C. C. Georgeson, M. S., H. M. Cot- trell, M. S., and W. Shelton (pp. 1-46).— These include experimer.ts on (1) methods of seeding, (2) effects of character of seed, (3) effect of top-dressing with plaster and of spring harrowing, (4) single varie- ties vs. a mixture of varieties for seed, (5) effects of pasturing wheat. (6) continuous cropping with wheat, (7) rotation experiments, and (8^ test of varieties. Accounts of previous experiments with wheat may 224 l»r IoiukI ill lliillctiiis Xos. 7 aii'l II ol tlic st;iti(iii fsoi' ExiH-riiin-nl St;i- lidii K'ccoid. vol. I, i». L'14. :iikI vol. JI, p. 1M1>)- 1)1 tlir (irst-nanu.'d live Jinos of thf-M- c^xperiujents ihc plats avcit niir i wt nliitli acre ill extent, iiieasiiriiijj oS Ity 66 feet ; with but few exeeptioiis not less tliitii live ])lats were subjected to the same treatment, and the eonelusions are based on the average yield of the five. Phits thus similarly treated are not j)laoed by the side of «^ach other, but. as fax as the formation of the land will ]iermit, they are placed along- side of and in alternation with the plats with whose treatment or non-treatment they are to he compared. A .space of 2 feet in width separates them along the .sides, and at the ends a turning row of 12 feet in widtli separates adioining .series. Tlie laiHl wjis l)plie^e(l to be (|uite <'v«mi in fertility. Methods of needing (pit. •>-\ hoe drill. (."») I»y roller drill. (0) listiuj;-, and (7) cross-drilling', each of the methods being tried on ti\e «litierent ]>lats. The land was a clay loam and iiad been used for oat's in 1S!M). Fiv»' ])ecks of Zimmerman se<'d per a<'re were sown on all except the listed plats, where from .i t<> 4 ])ecks per acre were used. The results arc tabulated for each method, and a summary is given of all the trials. '' l>roa). — The eticcts were studit-d ^^\\ IS ]»lats of using ''common," "light," "heavy," and selected seed, and seed from wheat cut while in the milk. The common seed was the wheat as it came from the thresher — simply cleaned from chatf and straw. It weighed 63 pounds per struck bushel. The light seed Avas taken from the screenings obtained by running the eommon seed through the fanning mill, aiul consisted chietly of small with some shriveled and cracked seed. It weighed .")8^ ]iounds to the struck bushel. The h«'avy seed consisted of the best grade that could be gotten by running the common s^l•(l tbrongh the fanning mill. It weighed 64^ pounds to the struck bushel. [The yield per acre and the weight of the wheat per bushel are tabulated for each kind of seed.] Taking the common seetl as the standard, which may fairly rep- resent the character of the seed usually sown by our farmers, this experiment shows a gain in the yield by the use of better seed, whether obtained by grading it w ith a fanning mill or by selecting choice heads and taking the seed from them, (^n the contr.iry, a loss is entailed by the use of seed cut too early, or light and inferior seed. Effects of top-dressing wheat irifh phister and of spring harrowing (pj*. \K 10). — Brief tabulated notes on the results of a])i>lying 40b ])oiinds of plaster jter acre to wheat, and <»1 harrowing wheat in the spring (A])ril JL') when the plants were 8 to 10 inches high. The plaster showed "no . 225 iii;n U('d ofiect on tlio yiel\k 10,11). — (>ii scncii |»lals Zimiuerniau, IJiickeye, iiud Rod May varieties were sown aloue and in mixtures of twos and of all three. The tabulated i-esults show that in eai'h case the yield where two varieties were mixed was larger than tlu* average yield of the same two varieties when used alone. Thus when Zimmerman and Buckeye were sown singly the aAcrage jield was 38.41 bushels, but when a mixture of the two was used tlie yield was 43 bushels per acre, etc. The lowest yield (39..33 bushels) was where a mixture of the three varieties was sown, being lower than the average of these three varieties when sown singly. I'lfrcfs of past)! rill (/ irJieot (pp. 11, 12). — Trials of wheat sown Septem- IxT 1."), on tiftccn plats, on five of which cows were pastured in October and November, and on five others in April, showed an average gain of l.."» bushels of wheat per acre on the five ])lats not pastured over those ]>astured. '^ Whether the food obtained by pasturing will equal the value rei)resented by this difference in yield, can not be determined on so small a scale. This pasturing of wheat is an imx)ortant practical question. Many farmers place no small dependence on the food that their wheat fields furnish in fall and spring, and cattle will occasionally even run on the wheat all winter." It is suggested that a wet clay soil would be more liable to injury from this practice than a dry one. Contiiiuouii eroppiiui n-itk wheat (pp. 12, 13). — The yields of Avheat on an acre of medium heavy loam land without numure of any kind, are tabulated for each year since 1880, Avhen tbe experiment was com menced. Excluding 2 years when the croi) was wniter-killed, tlie average yield ]>er year Iras been 29.27 bushels. The yield in 1891 was 3(^.75 bushels. Rotation experiments (pj). 13-19). — The plan is given at considerable length of two series of experiments in rotation, " with wheat as the basis, with a view to ascertain what system of cropping will yield the best returns." The .\ield of wheat for 1891 is tabulated. As this is the first year's crop of one series and the second of the other, ]u> special interest attaches to the results as yet. Test of varieties (j)p. 19-46). — Data are given for 240 varieties of wheat tested at the station during the past year. Arrangements ha\e been made by which photographs of the heads of the varieties tested will be furnished to all who may desire them, at a cost of $2.50 for the entire set. Kansas Station, Bulletin No. 21, August, 1891 (pp. 28). Second report on fi nctIcidks F(jr stinking^ smut of wheat, AV. A. Kellerman, Ph. I), (pp. 47-72, plate 1). — An accountof experi- ments with fungicides for stinking smut of wheat [Tilletia fu'tens niu\ 226 . T. tritivi) in continuation of those reported in Bulletin Xo, 12 of the .station (see E\|mi iinciit Station Keeord, vol. ii, p. I'L'O). Keleienee is also made to experiments on oat smut, reported in Bulletins 2s'os. 8 and 15 and the Annual Eeport of the station for 1889 (see Experiment Station lieeord, vol. i, p. 216, and vol. ir, pp. 340 and 638). The bulletin is illus- trated with a plate showiuf;- smutted and sound heads of wheat. The land used for the exi)eriments reported in this bulletin was upland soil used the previous season in experiments on oat smut. The seed used was artificially smutted. It was jilafed in a box and a lar;^e (jnan- tity of more or less broken smutted grain added, and the whole was thoroughly stirred with hoe and shovel till the grains were black with smut. Without furtlier preparation this was used for the alternate untreated plats. » * * nie variation in amount of smut on these plats was enormous, and the rca.son for it is not fully known; yet the fa«'t that all the untreated plats were ))lanted with the drill suc- cessively may account for at least some of the variatiiui, since the smutted grains are of much less specific gravity than the sound ones, and would be sown in greater abundance the maror the seed box was emjity. Ditfereut methods for treating the smut were tried uii •.•:; plats, each ('((iitaiiiing 0.04 of an acre; the alternate plats rciimiiicd untreated. Bordeaux mixture, can celeste, coit])or sulphate, <-(»]»jM'r acetate, cojtjjer nitrate, coppin' chloiide, nuircnric chloride, potassium bichronmte. and " Ward's Seed Manure" were used in different forms and applied. \\ ith one exception, during 24 hours. Tlot water at tem]>eratures varying IVom 138^ to 127^ F. was also used, the seed being dipped from ."> !<» ]."i minutes, and cooled in water at ordinary .summer t/emperature, in an ice-salt mixture or in I0i)er cent CuSO^ solution. The results as indi- indicated l)v the yields of smutted anlals, are stated in a table, and those on a number of j)lats are illustrated by diagrams. The following treatments destroyed all the smut and gave a yiehl of grain greater than the average of the two adjacent untreated ])lats: ('o])i)er suljihate 0.5, or 1 per cent .solution, 24 hours, or 0.5 per cent solution 12 hours, limed; copper acetate 0.5 per cent solution, 24 hours; co]»per nitrate 0.5 i)er cent solu- tion, 24 hours: hot water 137°, 136°, or 131° F., 5 minutes, cooled in water of ordinary summer temperature; 136°, 135°, or 128° F., 10 min- utes, cooled; 129° F., 15 minutes, cooled; 130°, 129°, 128°, or 127°F., 10 minutes, cooled in 10 per cent .solution CuSO,. In a considerable number of cases the yield on the treated ])lats was much greater than would be expected by merely replacing the smutted heads by .sound ones. Whether this extra increase is due to an increase in the percentage of seeds germinating or to an increased vigor of the plants from the treated seed, has not been determined. In general the results of the experiments reported in this bulletin confirm the conclusions drawn from previous experiments. The .stinking smut of wheat is efl'ectually prevented by treating the eee minutes. For cheapne.<»s as well sis for gi rater efficiency (without injury to seed), this is recommended over all other 227 I'liugicides. Not only is the yield itureased by an amonut equal to the portion destroyed by smut, but in nearly all <;ist-s tlicre is an extra increase, usually mncli beyond tliifi aniount. Kentucky Station, Bulletin No. 34, August, 1891 (pp. 23). COMMEECTAL FEKTILIZEKS, M. A. SCOVELL, M. S. — A X^Opular discussion on fertilizers and tlieir use ; analyses of 67 samples of com- mercial fertilizers, inclndin"" bone, offered for sale in the State during 181)1; and the schedule of trade values of fertilizing ingredients. Kentucky Station, Bulletin No. 35, September, 1891 (pp. 16). Experiments with wheat, M. A. Scovell, M. S., and C. L. Cur- tis (pp. 3-14). — This is a report of the third year of experiments with wlieat, the same soil (a blue grass soil) being used as in the l)re^^ous experiments. The experiments of previous years were reported in Bul- letins Nos. 21 and 30 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. I, p. 218, and vol, ii, p. 227). The season was on the whole a favor- able one for wheat. Test of varieties (pp. 4-10). — Tabulated data are given for 31 varie- ties of wheat, 21 of which yielded over 25 bushels of wheat per acre. The weight of wheat per bushel ranged from 57 to 63 pounds with the different varieties. Egj^jtian (33.5 bushels) and Canadian Finley (32.25 bushels) gave the largest yields. The station otiers to distribute, in small quantities, seed of any of the varieties tested. Several of the varie- ties have been tested for the i3ast 3 years. The tabulated yields of these varieties show that " the Egyi)tian wheat has made the highest average yield for 3 years; then come Hunter White and German Em])eror." Different methods of seeding (pj). 10, 11). — A tabular statement is given of the results of a comparison of drilling and broadcasting wheat, in each case at the rate of from 0.5 to 2 bushels of seed per acre; and also of drilling 5.5 pecks of seed per acre at dei)ths of 1, 2, 3, and 4 inches. The latter tests were inconclusive. Where from 0.5 to 1.25 1»usliels of seed were used per acre the results "were very much in favor of the drilling ; " but with 1.5 and 2 bushels of seed the yields were Ix'tter with broadcasting than with drilling. Test of fertilizers (pp. 11-14). — A continuation of the experiment with fertilizers for wheat, using the same kinds and amounts as in the 2 previous years. " The results are the same as they have been for the last two seasons — that fertilizers, whether ased in combination or singly, have no effect upon the yield of wheat. On the same lands, for corn, ]M>tatoes, hemp, and tobacco the results of potash fertihzers show very favorably." EXPERENIENTS WITH OATS, M. A. SCOVELL, M. S., AND C. L. CURTIS (l)p, 14-16). — Tabulated notes on 22 varieties of oats. " But one variety yifl<>\c K> l»nslii'ls. \ i/,. (lidilcii ('riiiiit Side. * * * St'\«*i;il other varieties yielded av«*11. the best being Barley |3S bushels], Welch |.»7.1i5 biishelsj, ami Kaily Dakota [.So bushels |." A coinyiarisoii of tin- yields of lit varieties, which hav«' been t-esteil lor .» siuecssive years, shows that '-the IJarh'v oats and Early T^akota oats have made the best average, both of which wc consider good staii(hnd varieties." Massachusetts Hatch Station, Meteorological Bulletins Nos. 32 and 33. August and September, 1891 pp. 4 each). A dail\ and int)ntiily snniinary of oi»scr\ ations for August anF SIIKKP. O. Llcailli:. I'll. 1). (pp. 7.">-S4. tigs. 7). — Popular descriptions of scalt iiiitcs, especially that causing tin- common scalt of shee]» ( Psoropfi s ronnininis, \ar. or/.s), artment eutitle. 70). from which six of the ligun's illnstiatin.u the bulletin are taken. Minnesota Station, Bulletin No. 17. August. 1891 (pp. 24). Mkjk'AToky i.octsts in Minnesota in ISIM, O. Lt'(;<;kk, Pii. D. (|>p. .S7-I0.S, tigs. lo). — Accounts of observations and exjterinu^nts by the author in the Bed Iviver Valley, illustrated descriptions of the Kock> Mountain locust [i'oJojttcuiis spntKs), lesser migrat(»ry locust {Mchmo- jtht.s atlatitix), and pellucid lo»ust {('re\ ions years in showing that the ]»Iowing of land after the i'ggs ha\(' heeii deposit«'d is an ett'ective means of repression. llopjuT dozers were used Avith good results. The following species of insects were observed to prey upon the locusts: Red mite {Trombidium Jortisto- riim), blister beetle [Epivduta prniiNylroiiica), ground beetle {('dlosonia rdlithon), rnsiitiarliKS sp.. and wolf s])ider {Phjiilippus fripioirtntHx), Previous rei)orts on invasions of hunists in Minnesota may be found in llnlletin No. 8 (.see Experiment Station lieroid. vol. i. j). L*;U)) and the .\nnnal Reixatof the stati(Ui tor IS88(sce Kxperiment Station Ibilletin .\(». 'J, part 11, p. 111'). 229 Minnesota Station, Bulletin No. 18, September, 1891 (pp. 24). XOTES ON ST1{A\VIU:i;KIKS and KAHPBEKRIKS, ISIH, S. B. (tKKKN, 1>. S. (PI*. llL-121), — iStraivherries. — Tabulated and descriptive notes on 30 varieties. The leading varieties in yield and quality were Wartield No. 2, Michel Early, Haverlaud, Bubach No. o, Park Beauty, Crawford, Sinister Gem, Jessie, Wilson, and Crescent. The Wartield No. 2 strawberry fertilized with Michel Early gave the largest yield (if auy variety growu. It yielded sonu^hing over 90 boxes of berries froiu one row 100 feet long. This is at the rate of about 7,000 boxes per acre. * * * [The strawberries tested] were cultivated on the matted-row system and were heavily mulched with straw as soon as the ground was frozen. This mulch was Ici't on to retard the plants until the new growth commenced to look a little yellow. It was then drawn away into the rows from directly over the plants to allow them to push through. This method we have found very satisfactory. Easpherries. — Descriptive notes tui 11 red and 5 cap varieties. "Among the reds T would recommend Marlborough, Hansell, and (^'ufli bert, and among the black caps, Oliio and Nemaha. Other varieties that should be in every garden, on account of their productiveness and sure bearing qualities, are Schaeffer Colossal and Caroline." Evergreens i-rom seed, S. B. Green, B. S. (pp. 121-120). — Brief accounts are given of exj)eriments in raising white pine {Pinus strobus)^ Scotch pine (P. sylresfris), white spruce {Picea alba)^ and European larch {Larix europcea). The seed was so^ai in the latter part of April. The Scotch pine seed started very strongly in 2 w eeks. The white pine seed did not start until 2 weeks after the Scotch, but the plants then grew with so much vigor that these seedlings were in a short time as large as those of the Scotch pine. Only a few of the white spruce seeds germinated, and they made a very slow growth. ' •' The larch seed was damaged and only a small per cent of it grew. The following suggestions are made from these experiments: (1) By following a few simple directions it is a very easy matter to glow ever- greens from seeds. (2) Evergreen seeds germinate readily aud the greatest danger comes when the plants are young and growing fast. 1'bey are then likely to die if the weather is Avarni and moist. (3) The damping-oft' of evergreens in the seed bed may be greatly reduced, if not entirely jireventeil, by covering the seed bed with sand or other mulch. (4) Moist laud is not safe to use for a seed bed, and the liest seed bed is a rather dry, sandy leaf mold. (.")) Young evergreen seeilliims need i)rotecti<)ii from tlie miii in \ ci^ liright or long- eontiuiu'd sunny weatlier, both in summer and winter. Tliis slioiild be so arranged that the beds may be shaded at pleasure. After ordinary lains the sliailes shouhl be taken off and need not be ])iit on again until tiie l»ed is well dried oti'. (fi) There is mu("h mor<' daiiiier to colli ferous seedlings from waiiii mnisi weatlier than from long-continued druiiili. l)iil we can .i;ii.iril against danger IVoiii either by exercising a little cal•(^. (7) So very manv seedlings may be grown in a small lied that I think it will pay nnrseryiiieii and Ibrcstejs to raise tlieii own seedlings, allbongh llle^ ^rnw \eiy slowly the Ihst few years. (K) Pruhablv I inch is al.onl lli< ri^lil dc|.rli :it whi.h (..sow t he seed nl' ii.ir.ly e\ elglcen.s ii:i\ iiii; iiilgc seeds, sm li ;is llic |)ilic> :ili we could keep the cuttings from wilting in the driest weather. It was also found that if the l>urlap was syringed with water it had much greater cooling effect, and that comparatively little attention was necessary in watering. New Mexico Station, Bulletin No. 3, June, 1891 (pp. 19). A preliminary account of some insects injurious to FKi its, C. H. T. Townsend (figs. 8). — Compiled notes on the following insects obser\ ed in X«'w Mexico in 1801, Avith brief accounts of observations by the autlior and suggestions as to remedies: Vine leaf lioi>per {Tt/ph- locyha vitis), codling moth {Carpocapsa pomonella), woolly louse of the apple {Srhizoiieio-a Innifjera), oyster-shell bark louse {^f^|tiInsl)i.s pomo- runi), scurty bark louse {Chioii((si)is fia-furux), ap]>le tree tent cater- pillar {Clisipvnmpa nmericana), peach tree borer (Sannina txitiosa)j ])ea«li aphis {M)/:iis prrsic(v), green June beetle {Allorhiua tiitida), ])hnii a[)hi;s {Aphis jy/«M//o/ji), twelve-spotted diabrotica {Diabrotica 12-punctala). New York Cornell Station. Bulletin No. 29, July, 1891 (pp.20). Cream raising by dilution, H. H. WiN-YDER, B. S. (l)]». 77-80). — Data are given on the coinparisou of the iiercentages of flit iiiy the Habcock method, the results of -3 (littered from those of the gravinietrie method by 0.1 j>er c«'nt «»r over, while only 7 (littered by 0.15 i>er cent or over, the largest dirterence being O.L'<» per cent. Sixteen of the 77 determinations by the Babcock method in skim milk dittered from the gravimetric results by 0.1 ]ier cent or over, the largest ditt'erenee recorded being 0.1' ])ei' cent. Three of the 10 determinations in buttermilk dittered l»y from 0.1 to O.is per cent fiom the gravimetric, and 4 (mt of the "> determinations in buttei- dilferc*! from the gravinietrie bj' from O.L'S to 0.7 per eent. K'KLATION OK FIHRIN To THE EFFECTTAL CREAMING »»F MILK, II. Snyder. B. S. (pp. si, sl'). — The results are given of nmnerous (letermin;ifions of the fibrin in tlic milk of several eows, made to ;iscert;iin wlietlier a relation exists between tlie facility of the creaming iind tlie content of tibrin. Pleasuring the tibrin i)resent by the volume of oxygen liberate(l when milk was shaken with hydrogen peroxide "it a])]»e:ns that there is no detinite relation between the amount of fat in the skim milk [thoroughness of the creaming] and the volume of oxygen liberated. The fat in the skim milk is the measuic of the efticiency (•< the creaming process, and the volume of oxygen liberated is sui>i>osed to be proportional to the amount of fibrin present; but the highest per- centage of fat in the skim milk is accompanied by as low a volume <»f oxygen as is the lowest jter cent. It is evident that there are other factors of equal if not of nune imp(n't.anee than til>riu that afteeted the creaming ]nocess of iiiesi- >ainples." New York Cornell Station. Bulletin No. 30. August, 1891 (pp. 40). Some I'REi.niiNAKV studies of the influence of the ele< TKIC ARC light I PON GREENmUSE PLANTS, L. IT. BAILEY, ^f. S. (pp. S."»-lL*L', jdates L*, tigs. 7). — A record of ex]teriments by the author in the winter and spring of 1890 and is'.tl in a low, tiat roofed forcing house (L'(» by (10 feet i. designed for the growing of lettuce, radishes. :ind cuttings. riif Imiisv is \ t iitil«UMl fiitiry steam, tile visor running overjifjul aurl tlio letnriis all lyin-; iiiidei (lie lienelies. This lioiisi' was iliviiled by a tij^lit board ]iaitition into two iiearl.v e<|ual ]>i)rl ions lor our ttnriiose. One compartment was Irealed l<« ordiiiHry I oiidil ions — siMili>;lit liy (Ihv and darkness by niiflit— antl llie uflni lia«l ^luiliubl dniiiii; lb.' day and rl.Tlii.- li,!;lil diniiii;.! imii ui w Imli- ..I'ibe iiii;lil. In ill 233 the experiineuts the lamp was suspended from the peak of the house, the arc being 1'^ feet above the soil of the beuch over which it was placed. * * During the first av inter (January to April, 1890) we used a 10 ampere, 45 volt, Hrush arc lamp of 2,000 nominal candle ])ower. This was run all ni^lit — from dusk until daylight — from January 23 to Ajtril 12. At lirst the light was started at 4:30 in the afternoon and ran until 7: 30 in the morning, but as the season advanced tin; run was shortened, until in April it ran from 7 o'clock till 5. For the first 6 weeks 1 lie light was naked, but during the remainder of the time an ordinary white opal globe was used. The experiments were in three series, (1) with a naked light running- all night, (2) with a light protected with a white opal globe and rnn- ning all night, (3) with a naked light running a part of the night. Experiments with a nalied lif/ht running all niglit. — These were with radishes, carrots, endive, spinach, cress, lettuce, and peas. " The general effect of the light was to greatly hasten maturity, and the nearer the plants gTew to the light the greater was the acceleration. This tendency was particularly marked in the leaf plants — endive, spinale3. Ash. Potash, K,0. Cliloro- pbyU. Total nitrogen. Albumi- noid ni- trogen. Amide nitrogen. Alhniiii- uoids (iil- bnmiiioid N.X6.25). Lifht lionsi', full li"lit Peret. 3.84 Per et. 0.38 0.34 0.13 Peret. e.22 6.12 5.02 Peret. 1.36 1.38 1.34 Peret. 1.24 1.20 1.01 Peret. 0.12 0.12 0.33 Perrt. 7. T.'j Light liouae, in sli:iw 3.76 3.20 7. .JO 0.31 Tlifsr lignns sliow lliiil the plinils iiiMb r tbi- on a larger scale, ami at a time when llic hours ol" sunlight were about crpial to tlie hotns ot elec- tric light. A tight wooden frame was placed upon the soil of a beiicli at one end of the light house. This frame was proviots, germinat«'d and made a very lapid, sjiindling, and nearly colorless growth for a short time, but in 3 or 4 weeks the young plants were all dead. Similaj results were obtaim'd Avitli h'ttuce, licans. corn, and ]tol;itoc.s. 235 Another series of tests Avas made by covering -well-establislied plants in the beds. A tight box, 18 inches square and 1 loot high, was placed over certain plants during the daytime, and was removed at night and placed over contiguous ])lants of tlic same kind. Thus one sot of plants received only electric light and one only sun- light, and inasmuch as both were covered during half of the twenty-four hours, any error which might have arisen from the covering itself (as lack of ventilation and increased heat) was eliminated. February 7 certain radishes in the light house which had been planted 2 weeks were covered. In 8 days some of the plants which were covered during the day were dead and the remaining ones were very weak. At the same time those which were covered during the night had made a better growth than they had before, and better than contiguous plants which had not been covered. An examination of the leaves of the plants receiving only the electric light showed th^t they contained no starch and verj' little or no chlorophyll. February 8 two lots of beans and radishes were planted in pots sunk to their brims in the soil between the radish rows in the light house. One lot was covered during the day and the other during the night, as above. Germination was the same in both lots. February 25 the daylight beans had made a stocky groAvth of 3^ to 4 inches, while the electric-light lot had made a weak growth of 8 to 9 inches. Rad- ishes behaved in a similar manner. March 3 the leaves of the electric light beans began to wither, and both beans and radishes were dead March 10. The daylight lots continued to grow thriftily. Similar experiments with plants of German ivy {tSe^iecio saxndens), carnation, begonia, and peas also showed the injurious efiects of the electric light. The above experiments show conclusively that within the range of an ordinary forcing house the naked arc light running continuously through the niglit is injuri- ous to some plants; and in no case did we find it to be profitable. But the fact that the light hastens maturity or seed bearing suggests that a modified light may be useful under certain conditions. Experiments with a protected light running all night. Early in March, 1890, an ordinary white opal globe was placed upon the lamp, and for 5 weeks experiments similar to those already described were conducted. The effect of the modified light was much less marked than that of the naked light. Spinach showed the same tendency to run to seed, but to a much less extent, and the plants were not afl^ected by proximity to the lamp. Lettuce, however, was decidedly better in the electric light house. Radishes were thrifty in the light house and the leaves did not curl, but they produced less than in the dark house, although the dif- ferences were much less marked than in the former experiments. These second series of experiments can scarcely be compared with the former ones, because of the greater amount of sunlight which the plants received in the lengthening days of spring. The figures obtained from radishes, however, may afiord a practically accurate com- parison because of their rapid growth. The following flgnires represent the average weightin ounces of radishes in the light and dark houses, respectively : Entire plant, 0.29 and 0.33 ,• top, 0.12 and 0.11 ; tubers, 0.17 and 0.22. The percentages of marketa- ble tubers were 89 and 94. The loss due to the electric light averages from 1 to 5 per cent in the different comparisons, while the loss occasioned by the naked light was from 45 to 65 per cent. It is also noticeable that while the tops or leaves were lighter under the naked light, they were heavier iiiidtr tlie niodilicd light than those of uorinal plants; an' showed some signs of curling. American AVonder and Advancr peas were grown, ami in every .i- transferred to the com])artment which hiul formerly been kept under normal comb tions. The same results were obtained, and th«' differences in the two crops wen- so marked as to arrest the attention of every visitor. The electric liyht plants were in every way as good in qu.vlity as those grown in flie dark house; in fact the t\\.. could not be told apart exce]>t for their different sizes. [In .inolher experiment where r.ainhelh Forcing ieltnce was grown] the electrit- iight plants were upon the benches 44 tlays hetoru tlic lilst heads were sold. Purlin; 237 tlais time tlu-re were 20 nights in avIiIlU tin liglit did not rnn, and there had been hnt 84 hours of electric light, worth about $3.50. la order to compute the cost of grow- ing lettuce by the aid of the electric light, it is necessary to know how f;ir thr influence of the light will extend. This we do not know, bnl Mnj lamp exerted thi.s influence tliroughont a house 20 by 30 feet, and the results were as well marked in the most remote part as tliey were near the lamp. The results obtained from lettuce suggest many questions, all of whieli must Iw answered by experiment. We need to know if there is any particular time in the life of the lettuce plant when the light has a predominating influence ; if a nuld light is as good as a strong one; if the failure of the light during the moonlight nights is a serious drawback ; to what distance the influence of the light extends ; if the same results can be obtained by hanging the lamp over the house instead of inside it, and by that means ligliting several houses at once; if other plants can be protitably forced by means of electric light. In all the.se directions, and many others, we are ]ilanning experiments for the coming years. The influence of the light upon productiveness and color of flowers was found to vary with different species and difterent colors within the same species. Several named varieties of tulips gave interesting results. * * * When these came into lull flower, it was found that in every case the colors were deeper and richer in the light house; Init the colors lost their intensity after 4 or 5 days and were indis- tinguishable from those in the dark house. The plants in the light compartment liad lunger stems and larger leaves than the others; and there was a greater number of floriferous plants in the light. The tulips were grown at a distance of 10 and 12 feet from the lamp. Verbena flowers near the light were iiniformly injured. * » * Scarlet, dark red. blue, and pink flowers within 3 feet of the light soon turned to a grayish white, and this discoloration was noticeable to a distance of 6 and 7 feet. The plants bloomed somewhat earlier in the light house than in the other. A few fuchsias were grown in both houses. Those in the light house were about 8 feet from the lamp, and they flowered 3 days earlier than the others. The colors were not changed. Heliotroijes of various-named varieties standing 9 and 10 feet from the lamp did iR>t appear to be aff'ected in any way. White ageratums stood at 3 feet from the lamp. The flowers soon turned brown and sere. Those in the dark house remained white three times as long. Chinese primulas at 7 feet fj-om the light were not afi'ected, but those 4 feet away, especially the lilacs, were changed in color. The lilac was blea'ched out to pure white wherever the light .struck squarely upon the flowers, but any portion of the flower which chanced to be shaded by a leaf or another XJctal retained its color for a time and then gradually became duller. * •■ * Petunias were much affected by the light. The plants were much taller and slen- derer in the light, even at the farthest corners of the house, and they bloomed earlier and more profusely. * * * White petunias were not changed in color by the light, but purple ones quickly became blue, especially near the lamp. « * * Coleus plants of various colors were placed at different distances from the lamp ^Nlarch 31. After 2 nights the plants within 3 feet of the lami) were much affected. I'eds became yellow, browns turned green, greens lost their brightness, and dark l>iu-ple became glossy black. [Plants farther away from the light changed color more slowly.] [Observations upon the duration of flowers of various colors and species in both houses are tabulated.] Perhaps the most noticeable feature of these figures is the lack of uniformity in duration under similar conditions. Xeither the distance from the lamp nor the hours of light received by the flower appears to determine the duration. The longevity of the flower is probably determined more by the vigor and general condition of the ]dant than by the variations in the amount of light, although this subject is oni' which demands closer investigation. 238 [Numerous auxanomctpr icadjiiys w.i.- m i.l. upon rfpiesentativo plants tluring 1890-91. A record of the growth of two petunia plants, alike mall resp»"rts, isgrjv«»n."l The average growth per hour is as follows : With electric light, 8 to 11 p. m., 0.0416 inches; 11 p. m. to 8 a. m., U.0243 inches: 8 a. m. to 8 p. m., 0.0312 inches. Without electric light, 8 to 11 p. m., 0.0234 inches : 11 p. ni. to 8 a. ni., 0.022;"i inches; 8 a. m. to 8 p. m., 0.0234 inches. The greatest growth took place when the electric light was burning. In all these experiments with ornamental plants it was noticeable that the light exercised a very injurious etie* t witliin a ratlins of about 6 feet. Between 6 and 8 feet the results were indirtVreut, ami l>c.vond that point there was usually a notice- able tendency towards a taller and straighter growth, and it seemed to us that at distances of a dozen feet or more the flowers were more intense in color, particularly when they first opened, There was usually a perceptiVde gain in earliness in the light house also. On the whole, I feel that it will be possible some day to use the electric light in floricultural establishments to some pecuniary advantage. Uxperimen ts else it h ere. The first experiment to determine the influence of electric light upon vegetation was made by Herv«5-Mangou in IWJl." This experinu-nt showeil that the electri' light can cause the production of dilorophyll or the green color in plants, and als^' that the light can produce heliotropism, or the phenomenon of turning or bendiiiu towards the light. In 18t)9 Prillieuxt showed that the electric light, in common with other arlilicial lights, is capalde of pminoting assimilation, or the deiomjiosition of rarlmn didxidr and water. [The only otlier ini|)i)rtant investigations of the subject from ahorti< iiltiiral staml- point appear to hav*- been those of C. W. Siemens in Kngland, and P. P. Deherain in France.] Dr. .Siemens's experiments* may be divided into two series; in one series the lamp was placed inside tlie greenhouse and in the other suspended over it. [In his first experiment a lamp of 1,400 candle power was used. Tlie foliage of melon and cucumber })lan1s jdaced within 3 or 4 feet of this lamp was much injured. When the ]dants were removed to a distance of 7 or 8 feet they showed sign- of recovery ami made new leaves.] In gent-ral all plants which were exposed t<> normal ns laced inside a house of 2,318 cubic feet cai)acity. The light was run all night and the arc was at first not pro- tected by a globe. The ''results were anything but satisfactory," the plants soon becoming withered. At this point a globe of clear glass was placed upon the lam)>. and therealter the most satisfactory n-sults were obtained. Peas, rasplterries, straw- berries. gra])es. melons, and bananas frrited e.arly and abundantly under continuous light — solar light by day and electric light by night. The strawberries are said to have been "of excellent flavor and color," and the grapes of "stronger flavor than tjsual."' The banan.is were " prcmoiinced by competent judges unsurpassed in flavor." and the melons were " remarkable for size and aromatic flavor." Wheat, barley, and oats grew so rapidly that they fell to the giound from their own weiglit. The ben- eticial influence of the clear glass globe was therefore most marked. * * » In the other series of experiments Siemens placed an electric lara]» of 1.400 eaiidl. power about 7 feet above a sunken melon pit which was covered with glass. Tin *Corapt. rend.. 53. 243. tCompt. rend., 69, 410. IProc. Roy. .Soc. 30. 210, 293. Kep. British A. A. S.. 1881. 474. See .also .abstract in Nature. 21. 4.56 (Mar. 11. 1880), ami an editminl iu the same issue. 239 light -was mndifiefl by a rloar mlnss fjlol.r. In tlic ))it sppds ;m(1 plants of lunHtard, (■allots, liiiiiips, licaiiM, (iiicimilitiis, and nudons wen- placed. JLc Jiglil ran ti Iiouih each night and the jdaiils had sniilijilit i>earance and history of the English varieties, on j>ollination and crossing, aiul on the insect enemies of cucumbers. For details regarding the general retiuirements of houses. temj>eratnre, and moisture for the forcing of cucumbers, the reader is referred to P>idletins Xos. i*.~) and 2S of the station (see Exjieriment Station Kecoilacentje tended to break away from the body, and in the cavities decay set in and extended finally to the Itaso of the fruit. All the fruits upon lants behaved in this manner. In no ease had the fruit been injured nor was the decay visible upon the exterior until it had extended well down the fruit. I am unable to account for it. In most instances the mongrel vines resembled the Mediuui (ireen (the staniinate parent) more than th(> Sion House. The fruits were generally intermediate, although almost every gradation was observed. Sometimes the fruits would vary widely upon the same plant. A number of vines bore beautiful frnit.«. twice as long .is the Medium Green, nearly cylindrical, with very few .spines, and we are looking for good results from this cross. 241 The lolltnvinj;- suimnary is takrii liuui Mu' l>iill<'tin: (1) Tlie English foroiug cucumber demands a rather high temperature^ (innl;inrc ot' \A:ilfr. ami it \ cry rich soil. (2) Great care should be exercised to luaiutaiii a vigorous growth (Vom the start. and particularly to avoiil injury from insects and mildew. (3) In this latitude English lucumlxrs produce marketable fruits from the seed in from 80 to 100 days. (4) The plants must be trained. Two or three strong arms may be allowed to each root, and these should be 8top]ied as soon as they reach the sjiace allotted to adjoining jdants. Part of the young growth should be removed, and in midwinter, especially in dark houses, some of the leaves may be removed to advantage. (5) The fruits should not be allowed to lie upon the soil, and the heavy ones are sometimes supported in a sling to prevent injury to the vines. (6) Siou House, Telegraph, Kenyon, aud Lome are good varieties. The fruits, especially of the longer sorts, are usually marketed before they attain their full size. (7) The English forcing cucumber has been produced by selection from shorter and spiny field sorts within recent times. (8) Hand pollination appears to be essential upon the first flowers ; but cucumbers set and mature with no polleu whatever, though in that case fruits are usually later and probably fewer. Pollination must be employed when seeds are desired. (9) Seed bearing is not necessarily associated with deformity of fr'uits, although upon some plants it appears to conduce to the production of swollen ends, which, however, appear to be avoided by swinging the fruits. (10) The spotted mite and aphis {Aphis rumieis ?) can be destroyed by Hughes's Kir Tree Oil, and the powdery mildew (Oidiuvi ert/siphoides, var. cucnrhitarum) is kept in check by fumes of sulphur and by the ammoniacal carbonate of copper. North Carolina Station, Bulletin No. 78a (Meteorological Bulletins Nos. 19 and 20), July, 1891 (pp. 34). Meteorological summary for North Carolina, H. B. Battle, Ph. D., and C. F. Yon Herrmann. — Xotes on the weather, and tabu- lated siimiQaries of meteorological observations of the IsTorth Carolina weather service, cooperating with the United States Weather Bureau, for April and May, 1891. Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 3 (Second Series), August 1. 1891 (pp. 20). Commercial and other fertilizers on wheat, C. E. Thorne AND J. F. Hickman, M. S. A. (pp. 57-71). — This bulletin contains an account of the second and third years' experiments with wheat on the same plats, the object being to test the profitableness of using fertili- zers for wheat on Ohio soils, and the special needs of the soil for this crop. The land used contained 22 tenth-acre x>lats, separated from each other by intervening strips 2 feet wide, and had been in clover in 1887. The fertilizers applied per acre each year were as follows: Dis- solved bonel)hick 320 pounds, muriate of potash 160 pounds, and nitrate of soda KJO pounds, were used alone and combined two by two, 2 12 and all three together; the bouihl.uk aud umiiate of potash combined in the same amounts were used with 320 pounds and ifM) pounds of nitrate of soda aud 120 ]K)unds of sulphate' of ammonia, resi)ectively; muriate of potash and nitrate of soda, 100 pounds each, were used with .■>()() pounds of dissolved South Carolina rock and 400 pounds of grouiul Thomas slaj;'. respectively; and barnyard manure 8 tons and linseed meal 1,800 pounds were eadi used on one jtlat. Each plat received the same fertilizers as in the jireccdiMji- year: and as before, 8 plats rt-maiucd uumanured. Penquite Velvet Chatlwlicat was sown on all the jilats the last of September in each year, the fertilizers beinj;; api)lied broadcast Just l»efore seeding, except the nitrate of soda, wliidi was apidied the ft»l- lowintMiin<'ut on a similar ])lan was made in Columbiana County in 1.s;m>. Tiu' results of all tiiree experiineuts are tabulated and discussed, aiul relereiu-e is made to the Kothamste(l experiments witii fertilizers ibr wheat. The results are also rejtorted of a trial at the station in whieh wheat was grown in a rotation, bcjui; i>re('e(le(i liy corn aiul <»ats. The authors' conebisi(uis from tiu' sev«'ral e\]»eriments follow: In 181(0 the vaiions iLilili/.i-rs used niuductd in every case some iiurease of croi*. Wlu'U nitrate of soda was used alone its eost was recovered in the inireas*' ol" erop. conntin't wheat at $1 per bushel, but in no other case in the station test was the cost of any of the fertilizers or combinations of fertilizers recovered, except in that of barnyard manure. In the test in Columbiana County llie imriase of cro]) on jilat L' ajiitaveutly justi- lied the use of sni)erphosphate, l>ut this increase was not rontirmed by the dupli- cate ])lats ,') and S; hence we are led to doubt whether this increase may not have been due to the natural superiority in the soil of this plat. In f^encral the fertilizers added less to the unaided yielil of the Columbiana County soil than they did to that of tlie station soil, uotwilhstandinij the fact that the unfertilized plats on the sta- tion farm yielded twice as much wheat on an averajje as ditl those on the farm in Columbiana County. In the tests of 1S91 at the station the fertilizers have in every case caused a decrease of crop where superidiosphate was used. Nitrate of soda, alone or with potash, has produced a slijiht increase; but in no case has the increase been snHicient to justify the use of the fertilizer, and this applies both to the wheat jjrown continuously on the same soil aud to that grown in rotation. In the tests of 1891 the wheat grown in rotation without fertilizers has yielded as large an average crop as the best obtained from the Jise of the fertilizers in 1890, although the yield from the unfertilized plats under continuous cropping was ])rac- t ically the same in both seasons. S03ll': FERTILIZING MATERIALS AND THEIR l^SES, C. E. ThORNE AND .1. I'\ Hickman, M. S. A. (p]). 71-70). — A popular discussion of thecom- nu'icial sources of nitr(»geu, [)hosphoric acid, and potash, and the use of ihese various materials. 243 Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 4 (Second Series), August 25, 1891 (pp. 23). Experiments in wheat seeding and treatment of seed fob SMiTT, J. F. Hickman, M. S. A. (pp. 77-89). — These included experi- meiit.s in (1) thick and thin seeding-, (2) seeding- at different depths and by ditterent methods, and (3) treatment of seed witli copper sulphate solutions and hot water for smut. The first two were in continuation of experiments recorded in i)revious xuiblications of the station. Accounts of these experiments in 1889 and 1890 are given in Bulletin vol. II, p. 115, and vol. iii, p. 175, of the station (see Experiment Station liccord, vol. I, p. 287, and vol. ii, p. 249). Thick and thin seeding. — In 1891 this experiment was conducted on light clay loam, with a gravel subsoil, which had been cropped with wheat for 9 successive years. Eesults are tabulated for Velvet Chaff (Penquite) and Deitz varieties. Owing to the ravages of the wheat midge, which were greater in the case of the Velvet Chaff", the results obtained from the two varieties are not comparable. The yields in 1891 ranged from 26 bushels per acre for the 2-peck rate to 28.8 bu.shels for the 6-peck rate. For the 10 years the 7-peck rate has given the highest average yield (37.9 bushels), but is closely followed by the 5 and 6 peck rates (37.4 and 36.4 bushels). " Seeding above 7 pecks per acre gives fewer bushels but a superior quality of grain." Methods of culture and different depths of seeding. — The results obtained by different methods of seeding, mulching, and planting at different depths are given in one table for 1891 and in another for seven seasons. The variety of wheat used in 1891 was Martin Amber. In 1891 the yields from planting at depths of from 2 to 4 inches were nearly the same. "Broadcast seeding has given as good results this year as drilling, but in a series of years drilling has produced the largest crop. Very light mulching has apparently been of some benefit this year. Heavier mulching has invariably injured the crop. Cross-drilling has shown no advantage this year. No larger crop has been produced this year from mixed seed of two varieties than from pure seed of the same varieties sown separately." Treatment of seed to destroy smut germs. — ]!^otes and tabulated data for an experiment in which wheat seed was immersed for 10 minutes in sulphate of copper solutions (12 gallons of water to from 2 to 12 ounces of copper sulphate), and in hot water (124° to 152° F.). Both treatments were effective, but that with hot water (132° to 135° F.) is much more economical. Comparative tests of varieties of wheat, J. F. Hickman, M. S. A. (pp. 89-97). — These were in continuation of the tests reported in Bulletin vol. iii, p. 184, of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. II, p. 250). In 1891 the test was on river bottom land, with 52 varieties on clover sod and 11 on wheat stubble. Tabulated data are given for the 63 varieties tested this year and for 16 varieties tested dur- ing 7 years. 244 Wheat, comi>fir.'i'iirr _i/(<7r/ «/' rtirii livi* fur 7 years. fRashe]* pf-r acre 1 Varietiea. 1884. 1886. 1889. 1890. ! 1891. I Aver- age. Tallpv I 38. Red iiiltz 38. Diehl-Meditiiianeau I 39. Royal Australian 40. !!Sri)ig«T Egyjitiaii Poole Penqiiite Velvet ("baft'. Silver ( 'liatl' Smooth . . . Tasnianiau Red Democrat Martin Amber Tbei88 Fultz Landreth Medit^-rraneaii Mcaii. 37.2 45.8 54.0 42.7 49. U 51.0 41.7 61.2 42.9 45.2 45.6 40.4 36.7 46.2 38.4 39.9 38.7 34.9 35.2 26.9 38.8 24.6 28.0 25.5 37.4 30.0 22. 1 24.5 21.4 29.5 32.0 22.3 33. C 30.9 .34.1 18.1 32.0 32.2 17.5 26.6 31.4 25.0 25.0 28.2 36.8 23.1 25.6 28.2 45.0 28.0 44.5 37.3 42.0 45.6 40.6 46.1 43.6 41.3 37.8 37.1 45.3 47.8 37.8 30.1 41.1 36.8 36.1 32.5 27.5 32.6 31.7 34.0 29.6 35.2 29.5 29.3 30.4 29.1 25.4 34.2 29.3' 39.5 32.4 37.6 24.5 31.6 37.2 35.9 27.9 30.1 ;t3. 1 38.1 28.8 30.5 35.6 25.3 34.5 40.9 31.9 32.7 ;$8.9 37.2 35.7 35.6 35.4 :»5.4 35.1 34.9 34.8 34.5 :«. 2 33.9 33.7 33.0 .(■2.6 31.5 34.8 "Anion*; tlie lU'wer varietios Mraly and Kudy are the most proinisiii};. * * * The variations in wei{,^ht per measured bushel in the several varieties between the screened and unscreened grain has run from nothiiijf ill some varieties u]) to 1."^ per cent in others. The propiution of straw to grain was greater this year on land where wheat had been grown for 10 years than it was on land where a system of rotation "had been followed.'' Rhode Island Station. Bulletin No. 10. May. 1891 (pp. 7). Mixed food in cases of faulty appetite ix hokses akd NEAT STOCK, F. E. KiCE. ^\. K. C. V. S. (pp. 12r>-128).— The causes of loss of appetite by farm stock are briert\ discussed and formulas for condiinental foods ai«' given. The follow inii foniinla is ustlnl in the of a pound, toinnion talde salt 2 ounces. If the animal sc«>nis in net-d of a tonic or is troubled with intestinal worms, there may be mixed with each ration, as above given, a desertspoonful of jiowdered gentian and a shkiH teaspoiuifnl of the dried sulphate of iron: these are to be ]iad of any druggist. Sore shoulders ok collak galls in horses, F, E. Kick. ^I. K. C. V. S. (pp. 128, lLn>).— The causes and treatnuMit of colhir galls in horses are brietly discussed. The autluu' advises the employment t)f a cast-iron coUar, such as is coming into use in some places, to prevent galling the shoulders. South Carolina Station. Bulletin No. 1 (New Series). July. 1891 (pp. 15). Fertilizer analyses. — Tabulated data for analyses of 118 sani])Ies of ammoniated iertilizers, 57 of acid jdiosphate (with or without ptitash). 30 of cotton-seed meal, and Ki of kainit. Nine of the fertilizers ana Ivzed were found below guaranty in one or more ingredients. 245 Texas Station, Bulletin No. 15, May, 1891 (pp. 16). Influence of climate on composition of corn plants, H. H. Harrington, M. S. (pp. 77-86). — This experiment was made with a view to determining- the variation in the composition of the same varieties of corn when grown in different sections of the country. The plan of the experiment originated Avith the Texas Station. Seed corn raised in Wisconsin, 'New York, Maryland, Kansas, Kentucky, Texas, and Geor- gia, one variety from each State, was sent to the stations in Mississippi, Maryland, Georgia, Connecticnt, New York, Wisconsin, and Kansas in the spring- of 1890, for planting-. Analyses were to be made by the Texas and the Connecticut State Stations of the seed corn used and the crop secured in each of the States, For various reasons reports were only received from Connecticut, New York, and Georgia. The 7 varieties of corn grown in New York and Georgia and 2 grown in Connecticut were analyzed by the Texas and Connecticut State Stations, and the residts are reported in the bulletin. Considerable discrepancies are noticeable between these two sets of analyses. Only the analyses by the Texas Station Avill be considered here. The corn raised in New York from seed grown in Kentucky, Mary- laud, and Texas was lower both in protein and fat than the seed fr-om which it came, and that grown from Wisconsin, Kansas, and Georgia seed showed a slight increase in protein but a decline in fat. The corn raised in Georgia from seed grown in New York, Kansas, and Kentucky was lower than the seed corn in both protein and fat, and that fr'om Wisconsin seed was slightly richer than the seed in both these constitu- ents. No wider differences were presented than those between com raised from the same variety of Northern-grown seed in Connecticut and New York, as will be seen from the following example: Composition of dry matter of corn grown in different States. Crude asli Crude cellulose Oude fat Crude protein Nitrogen-free extract Total Seed com grown in Wisconsin. Per cent. 1.39 2.41 4. 76 11.29 80.15 Com from same seed raised in- ^"cn^^'' l^^^'' Y«rk. Georgia. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent 1.53 2.29 5.59 9.07 81. 52 100. 00 100.00 1.71 2.67 4.62 12.24 78.76 1.02 1.83 5.43 11. m 80.12 100. 00 100.00 The corn grown in Georg-ia from Georgia seed likewise showed considerable variations in composition from the seed. It is obviously impossible to make any general deductions as to the influence of locality on the composition from the data at hand. 246 DiGESTiBLLiTY OF FEEDiTs'Gr STUFFS (pp. 86-88). — Partial data are given for tests of the digestibility of cottou-seed liulls and com fodder by means of feeding experiments with cattle. Analyses are given of the cottonseed hulls and the corn fodder fed. Comparative ash determinations, D, Adriance, M. S. (p. 89). — This is a comparison on 16 samples of feeding stuffs of the percentage of ash obtained (1) by the official method for 1890, (2) by burning in a muffle furnace, and (3) by moistening the material with sulphuric acid and then buining over a direct flame. "The work clearly shows that the methods are comparable only in exceptional cases." Miscellaneous analyses (pp. 89, 90). — Analyses of 6 samples of fertilizers, 1 sample of water, and 1 of roasted cotton seed. Texas Station, Bulletin No. 16. June. 1891 (pp. 15). Work in horticulture, S. A. Beach, B. S. A. (pp. 93-lU">). — A brief preliminary report is given on experiments in tile diainagc for pota toes, cabbages, and strawberries. The method of setting strawberry plants employed at the station is described. A mruber of foreign vaiieties of apples, peaches, pears, cherries, and ornamental trees and shrubs have been received from the collection of the Iowa Agricultural College for jiropagation and distribution in Texas. Brief descriptive notes on these varieties are compiled from the jmblieations of the Iowa Station and College. The list of fruits on trial at the station, as given in this bulletin, includes 167 varieties of peaches, 68 of plums. 32 of cher- ries, and 113 of ai)ples. The list of trees and shrul)s wliieh have been grown successfully during the past 2 years at the station includes 42 species of forest and shade trees, 17 of conifers, and 31 of shrubs and small trees. Vermont Station, Bulletin No. 26, September, 1891 (pp. 23). Maple sugar, W. W. Cooke, M. A., and J. L. Hills, B. S. (pp. 39-59). — This includes extracts from the act of Congress of October 1, 1890, giving the conditions under which the bounty on mai>le sugar will be paid by the National Government: the com])Osition of maph' sap; descriptions of the polariscope annttitableness of sirup and sugar. The following 247 table gives the relative value per gaUon of sirup containing different percentages of sugar, as calculated by the authors : Degrees Baum6 Specific Degi-ees Bris Approx- imate per cent of pure sugar. Tempera- ture of Weight Relative hydrom- eter. gravity. hydrom- eter. boiling point. per gallon. value per gallou. Degrees F. Pounds. 25 1.205 44.9 41 215.0 10.0 68 26 1.215 46.8 43 215.1 10.1 72 27 1.226 48.7 45 215.3 10.2 75 28 1.236 50.5 47 215.6 10.3 78 29 1.246 52.4 49 215.9 10.4 82 30 1.257 54.3 51 216. 2 10.5 85 31 1.268 56.2 53 216.6 10.6 8? 32 1.279 58.1 54 217.0 10.7 90 33 1.290 60.0 56 217.4 10.7 93 34 1.302 62.0 58 218.1 10.8 97 35 1.313 63.9 60 218.6 10.9 100 36 1. 325 65.8 62 219.5 11.0 103 37 1.337 67.8 64 220.3 11.1 107 38 1.350 69.8 66 221.2 11.2 110 39 1.362 71.8 68 222.0 11.3 113 40 1.374 73.7 70 223. 2 11.4 117 41 1.387 75.7 72 224.5 11.6 120 42 1.400 77.7 74 226. 0 11.7 123 43 1.415 79.8 75 227.8 11.8 125 44 1.428 81.8 77 229. 7 11.9 128 45 1.442 8.x 9 79 • 231.8 12.0 132 4<; 1.457 86.0 81 234.0 12.1 135 47 1.471 88.1 83 236. 3 12.3 138 " 1.486 90.2 85 238.7 12.4 142 The per cents of sugar oiveu above are calculated for a fairly good siruj). The relative values in the last ci/lnmn are based ou these per cents, but will be nearly the same for all except the poorest of sirups. The relative value is made use of as follows : A weight of 11 pounds per gallon and 33° Baum^. is taken as the stand- ard. Dividing the weight of the sirup by 11 gives the number of standard gallons. Multiplying the price that is to be paid for 11-pound sirup by the relative vahie ligure and dividing by 100 gives the price to be paid per standard gallon. [The following are the general conclusions from the investigations at the station ou maple sugar :] (1) An accurate thermometer is the sugar maker's best guide in determining how to handle his sirup to make a sugar that will draw the bounty. (2) When sap begins to boil its temjierature is about 213° F. ; as it boils down and becomes thicker the temperature at which it boils rises, until towards the end it may be 235°-240° F., or even as high as 245° F. (3) If the sirup had nothing in it but sugar and water, at a temperature of 230° F. it would test 80°, and at 253° F. it would test 90°. A degree means 1 per cent of sugar. (4) The sirup also contains mineral matter, malate of lime ("niter" or "sugar sand"), biunt sugar, and toward the end of the season various materials resemlding glucose, due to the starting of the buds and the beginning of the summer's growth of the tree. (5) These extra materials at the beginning of the season are about one sixteenth the weight of the sugar, and increase until in some very poor and black "last run" they may amount to 30 pounds for every 100 pounds of actual sugar xnesent. (6) Hence 100 pounds of a first-class sirup boiling at 228° F. instead of containing 80 pounds of sugar, contains about 75 pounds of sugar and enough of the other mate- rials (5 pounds) to make up the 80 iiounds, the other 20 pounds being water. (7) 8uch a sirup will have to be heated to 231'-' F. and some more of the water driven off before it will contain 80 per cent of actual sugar, and to 243° F. to con- tain 90 per cent sugar. 248 (8) The more the impurities the higher the temperature to which the sirup will have to be heated. (9) To make a sugar testing S0° by the polariscope, '* first run "' sirup will have to be heated to 233^ F. The general run of good quality sirup through the most oftlic season will need to be heated to 235° F., and if it is a little dark, to 236"- F. Toward the latter part of the season the temperature will need to be raised to 238^ F., and the saxae should be done at any time when a sirup gets scorched or for any reason seems to be of poor quality. This is always on the supposition that the sirup is stirred until it grains, according to the ordinary custom in Vermont, before it is poured into the tubs or pails. If the malate of linie is not removed these temperatures will need to be raised 2°. (10) The "last nin" can not be made into a sugar testing S(P. This is always true after the buds start, and usually the case with the one or two runs next previous. (11) A sugar containing 90 per cent of pme sugar can be made only from the best of sirup in the first half of the season. The sirup to make it will have to be heated to 242C F. (12) The simp that will make 100 pounds of sugar testing 80° and drawing a bounty of $1.75, will make 88 ponnds of sugar testing 90^ and drawing a bounty of $1.76, a loss of 12 pounds of sugar to gain one cent in bounty. The 90° sugar will need to be sold at 1 cent a pound higher than the 80 to make ui» for the loss in weight. Hence do not try to make a 90 sugar for tin- sake of getting the 2 cents a pound bounty, unless you have a special market that will ]»a \ you at least 1 cent a pound extra for the hard sugar. (13) A sirup boiling at 219° F. has a sjiccifie gravity of 1.325 and wrighs Just 1 1 ])ounds to the gallon. This will not granulate under ordinaiy conditions, but a( 220° F. crystals of sugar will begin to form. (14) A sirup weighing 11 pounds to the gallon will, if of gooil cjuaJity. make Sjf ])onnds of sugar testing 80° and drawing a bounty of 15 cents, or 7J i)ounds of sugar testing 90° ami drawing the same bounty. Wisconsin Station. Bulletin No. 28. July. 1891 (pp. 16). CoNSTRVCTiON OF 811 A»s, F. H. KiNu. — TIlis article is based on observations on 93 silos. " of which 70 are in Wisconsin, G in Michigan, (» in Ohio, and 1 1 in Illinois. Of the.se, 07 are lined wholly or in part with wood; 10 are latln^l. and jdastered with water lime: 11 arc stone, jjfrout, or brick, Avith cement faciui^; - are lined with metal, and 1 with tar paper." Wood-lined ailos. — Of the 67 silos lined wholly or in part with wood 34, or more than one half, showed .some rotting at the time of the examination. The oldest of tlnse silos have been filled (uily five seasons; 7 are rotting .it the end of the second filling : and 1, which was relined at the end of 3 years, has the new lining rotting after .i sin- gle year's use. Tliis appears like a dark record for the wood-lined silos, but there is a brighter side when the subject is studied in detail. We have found live varieties of wood lining now in use, as follows: (1) A single Layer of matched l>oarils. in 2 silos. One of these is rotting where it comes against a beam in the bam and the other has been used 1 year only. In tin latter the silage spoiled 1 foot in at the corners and from 2 to 4 inches on the side>. (2) Two layers of common boards without pa]»er and unpainted. Hiit one of these was examined and this wa« rotting in several iilaces after 3 years' 8ervic<>. Tin sil.agp h.ad spoiled to a considerable extent in it, but it shoiUd be said that it was built of cull boards, many of which were worm-eaten and even .'idly when fed from the sides than from the top, and since the most economical construction demands the largest possible feeding surface, it follows that the feeding should be, in general, from the top. The proper horizontal area of the feeding pit depends upon the amount of silage fed daily and the rate at which silage becomes seriously injured when exposed. I have not been able to gather facts enough to settle this important point. The spoiling is certainly more rapid in tlie sballow than in the deep silos, and more ra]iid when com or clover is juit in wholr than wlun cut. because it is inii)ossibl(' to t'tcd the surface down as evenly and keep it as smooth. My imjuession is tliat the sihige should bo lowered at least 2 inches daily, and that 3 would be better. Taking :> inches as thedci>th fed daily, 10 as the nuiiibi-r of animals. 150 days as the feeding period, and 1.5 cubic feet as the amount fed to each animal daily, a round silo 17.5 Icet inside diameter and o7 feet dee]» would be reijuired. The same conditions wonhl also be met by a round silo 22 feet inside diameter, 24 feet deep, with a ])arti1iou through the center. Where all the silage can be fed conveniently from one point and a large amount of silage must be stored, one silo with partitions is not only much cheaper but better than separate stru additional corners can not admit air from the outside when the pits are full and the round silo with partitions makes less corners than tJie rectangular ones do. Two-inch partitions give ample .strength where the tilling takes place on both sides at once; .and if it is desired to fill one i>it fasttr than tin- other, temjiorary braces may be placed in the em])ty pit and n-moved as it is lilletl. I believe that two tliicknesscs of boards with i)aper between make a better partition than the 2-inch plank, which appear to be more commonly used. Whatever tends to the expulsion and exclusion of lutangled air must conserve the silage, and whatever tends to leave or form cavities in which air can lodge in bulk, experience shows, leads to spoiled sihige. Cross rods, overhanging ledges, and jiro- jecting stones should be avoided, as they hold up the silage, forming cavities into which air collects,' enabling the molds to grow. When tlie feeding of the silage does not begin very soon after the completion of the tilling, a good covering lessens the waste. I have found the following practices in regard to covering : (1) Some do not cover at all .ind have G to 12 inches of waste. (2) Some have used straw with no gain and possibly greater loss. (3) Many use green marsh hay. cut, and sometimes wet, with gooil results. (4) A few use chafl' with good results. (5) One has used boards covered with S inches of dry earth, wliieh is used after- wards in the stables as an aksorbent. Silage keeps well. (6) One used straw and weighted with stone with poor results. (7) Some use cut marsh hay covered with plank, the cracks between planks cov- ered with boards, and the whole weighted with stone. Little loss excei)t at edges and corners. (8) Others use a layer of cut straw, tlien boards, then tar paper and boards :)^aiu. Keeps perfectly except at edges and corners. (9) Still others have used first paper, and then boards, weighted with stone, with good results. 251 The testimony in regard to covering is <(nite discordant. Some claim good results with a given method, while with others it has failed. Some have good results one season and very difl'ercnt results aiiotlicr with the same method. We need much more positive knowledge on this point tlian is now available. Nine of the silos examined have been infested by rats. * * ■* The .surest safe- guard against tlieni appears to be covering llie bottom of tlie silo witli a layer of small stones or grout before the cement is ai)plie(l. ^ * * The general verdict is that the freezing, so far as silage is concerned, is more au inconvenience than serious Joss. * * * At i»rescnt prices there is no available material on the market which can compare witli wood in clieapness of first cost, and if a mode of construction can be devised which will insure permanency to the framework, and at the same time give an effective service of say 10 years to the lining, the essential demands of a material for silo building will be met by it. [The following conditions essential to durability are stated:] Only sound and well-seasoned lumber should be used. * * * Wherever the conditions are for the rotting of silage there it is quite possible for the silo lining also to rot, as my observations have shown, and since ample depth insures better silage, it may also be expected to better preserve the lining. ^ * * [Since silage is most apt to spoil in the corners of the silo, the round form of silo is deemed preferable.] Perfect ventilation on botli sides of the lining is one of the first essentials to its i)rescrvation ; hence horizontal studding and the placing of linings directly against beams or sills should be avoided as well as the lining of stone walls witli wood. Silo linings. — In the majority of cases the best results have been associated with the lining consisting of two layers of boards with tar paper between them, bitt it does not appear essential that either should be matched ; they should be of uniform thickness, however, and the narrower widths are best. On account of the conditions which work for and against the rotting of linings I believe a still more effective and durable lining may be seciired by painting both layers of boards on one side only witli hot coal tar boiled until it is not sticky when cold. The tarred sides should be placed face to face in the silo, tar paper between them, and I would urge the paint- ing of the paper Avith cold coal tar after it is in jilace, but no faster than the inner lining is put on. * * * The sills. — These should rest on a good stone wall, well bedded in mortar after having theii- under sides and inner edges painted with coal tar, as described for the lining, and they should be everywhere at least 6 inches above the bottom of the silo inside and 8 inches above the earth outside. The comparative expense of different kinds of lining for round silos is estimated. The following- comparative calculations of the cost of rec- tangular and round silos are given: Rectangular silo, 180 tons. 14x24 inside, 30 feet deep. Foundatiou, 13.44 jiercli, at $1.20 $16. 13 Studding, 2x12, 28 ft., 4,704 ft., at $20 94. 08 Sills, et*;., 2x10, 26 It., 206 ft., at $19 4. 94 Sills, etc., 2x10, 16 ft., 426 ft., at $14 5. 96 Rafters, etc., 2x4, 20 ft., 400 ft., at $16 0. 40 Roof boards, fencing, 450 ft., at $15 6. 79 Shingles, 5 M., at $3 15. 00 Drop siding, 8 inch, 2,779 ft., at $16 44. 46 Lining, sur. fencing, 4,256 ft., at $15 6:;. 84 Tar paper, 426 lbs., at 2 c 8. 52 Coal tar, 1 b.irrel 4. 50 Painting, 60 c. per square ]5. 00 Hails and hinges 10. 00 Cementing bottom 5. 00 18 |-ineh bolts, 18 inches long 2. 70 Carpenter labor at $3 per M., and board 41. 16 Total 344.44 Hound silo, 180 tons. 20 feet iusido diameter, 30 feet deep. Foundation, 7.5 perch, at $1.20 $9. 00 Studs, 2x4, 14 and 16 ft., 1,491 ft., at $1 20. 93 Rafters, 2x4, 12 ft., 208 ft., at $14 2. 91 Roof boards, fencing, 500 ft., at $15 7. 50 Sliingles, 6 M., at $3 18. 00 Siding r.ibbeted. 2,660 ft., at $23 61. 18 Lining, feueiu'r. ripped, 2,800 ft., at $18 50. 40 Tar paper, 740 lbs., at 2 c 14. 80 Coal tar, 1 barrel 4. 50 Hardware 6. 00 Painting, 60 c. per square 13. 20 Cementing bottom 5. 00 Carpenter labor at $3 per M., and board ... 33. 17 Total 246.59 252 Details of constriictioii are illustrated by four figiu'es. The following suggestions regarding the repair of sdos are taken from the bulletin : The matter of vcutilation is tlio first point requiring attention. This can be secured in most of the silos Avliieh have earefiilly constructed dead-air spaces, by removing the upper board next to the plate or by sawing out sections between each l>air of studding. These openings may be covered with netting. Where paper has been placed against the side of the barn and strips of furring used to carry the lining, I believe the best way will be to remove the lining, take off the strips of furring, and apply sound lining directly to the paper, putting on new paper where the old is injured. Where stone walls have been faced with wood and the lining is rotting, the wood .should all be removed and the wall jdastered so as to be a little more than flush with the lining above, and those silos which have walls which set back under the lining above should be faced out tliish. A jog outward into the silo below is often admis- sible but the reverse never. Where only small ])at«lus of lining are rotting it may behest to cut out the rotting wood and j^aiut tlie edges well with carbolic acid or creosote oil to kill tli<' germs. Then fit in a block ami nail over it a jiiece of tin and paint this with a coat of hot, tliick coal tar. Where dirt has been banked against the lining it should be removed and tlie bot- tom lowered enough to let the boards become dry when the silage is removed. Kottiug silage should not b«' allowed to remain in the silo. When it nnist be left for a time, it sliould be thrown into the center away from the walls. The cases of rotting against sills and beams are tlie nuist difiimlt to meet. It is, of course, important to prevent the rotting from extending to the sills, and in sumo of the cases this may be done by jtroviding ventilation behind tlie lining and then removing the lower U feet of lining, facing each stud with a wedge-shaped strip about an inch thick at the bottom, b tting it t-xtend downward across the sill. Then, when the lining is restored and tlie wall below made flush with it, the ventilation will help to i>rotcct both sill and lining. ABSTKACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF STATISTICS. Report No. 88 (new series), Septejuber, 1891 (pp. 441-518).— This includes a report on the condition of the cereals, potatoes, cotton, tobacco, sorghum, fruits, and the relative numbers and condition of fattening swine September 1 ; a brief history of the development of the Eussian crop-reporting- system, with a statement of wheat production in Russia; a review of the rye situation; a reference to the cause of the reduction of the price of cotton; a local record of prices 70 years ago; a statement concerning crop conditions in Indiana and Illinois; articles on the agriculture of Ecuador, South America, aud on the People's Banks of Austria- Hungary; European crop report for September; notes on foreign agriculture; and rates of transportation companies. Statistics of Russian wheat for 7 years. Tears. Winter wheat. Spring -wheat. Total. 1883 Bushels. 54, 788, 053 79, 861, 622 77, 228, 474 40, 267, 325 98, 881, 512 110, 690, 919 41, 742, 626 Bushels. 172, 004, 515 187,581,242 100. 855, 926 123, 187, 948 179, 816, 405 185,011,574 136, 740, 826 Bushels. 226, 792, 568 267, 442, 804 178, 084, 400 163, 455, 273 278, 697, 917 295,711,493 178,483,452 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 71, 924, 219 155, 028, 348 226, 952, 567 Statistics of Eussian cereals and peas for 1S90. Ilussia. Chetverts. V/heat (winter) Wheat (spring) Eye Oats Barley Spelt Buckwheat Millet Maize Peas 13, 248, 100 22, 510, 900 113,065,700 90, 813, 900 27, 396, 400 1,853.600 7, 760, SOO 9,015,600 4, 068, 700 2, 580, 500 Bnshela. 78, 905, 684 134, 074, 920 673, 419, 309 540, 887, 588 163, 172, 958 11, 040, 042 46, 223, 325 53, 696, 914 24, 233, 177 15. 369, 458 Poland. Chetverts. Busliela 2, 078, 100 44, 300 7, 632, 400 6, 042, 000 2, 059, 100 524, 300 178, 900 886, 700 12, 377, 164 263, 851 45, 458, 574 35, 986, 1.52 12, 264, 000 3, 122, 731 1, 065, 528 5, 281, 185 253 254 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Cause and prevention of swine teague, T. S:>nTH (pp. IGG, plates 12). — This is the second special report on the iuvestigatious of infectious swine diseases conducted by the Bureau, the first being on hog- cholera (see Experiment Station Eecord, yol. i, p. 103). The present volume contains the details of investigations which have led to the dif- ferentiation of swine plague as a disease distinct from hog cholera. After a short introduction the subject is treated under the following heads: Brief description of the methods emidoyed in the investigations; brief summary of the earlier investigations of swiiu^ league (18S0-8M) in Illinois, Iowa, Maryland, and the District of Columbia; investigations of 1889-90 in the District of Cohnubia and New Jersey; swine plague ba<'teria, general characters, and resistance to dCvStructive agents; pathogenic action of swiiie-phigue bacteria — (1) ellect on small animals, (2) the disease in swine as produced by the inoculation of cidtures, (3) swine plague as observed in cpizoiitics. (4) disease of the digestive tract in swine plague; att<'nuated s\vine-]ilague bacteria in spora) measures to be taken in the prevention of swine plague; conclusions; ai>pendix — the presence of septic bac- teria probably identical with those of swine plague in the upper air passages of domestic animals other than swine, by Y. A. ^Moore. The general conclusions from the investigations reported are thus stated : (1) There arc tAvo iudepeiident infectious diseases of swine, swine plague and ho? cholera, each caused by an easily recognizaltle, specific disease germ. (2) Swine ])lague (in those outbreaks which have come to our notice) is lin\ited chielly to the lungs in its destructive etlect. The intestines may be and frequently are involved in the disease process. Hence it is au infectious pneumo-enteritie rather than an infectious pneumonia. (3) There is considerable variation in the virulence or disease-producing power of swinc-plaguc bacteria from different outbreaks. The greater the virulence, other things being equal, the severer and more extensive the epizootic. (4) The bacteria of Schwcincseuchc (German disease of swine) .ire identical with those of swine plague. (5) In the upper air passages of a certain percentage of healthy swine, cattle, dogs, and cats, bacteria exist which belong to the species of swine-plague bacteria, and w hich as a rule possess a relatively feeble virulence. While it is probable that suih bacteria may produce disease it may be regarded as pretty certain that it is largely aided by secondary causes producing unthriftiness, and is merely sporadic and not comnuinicable. (6) Inmany epizootics of swine disease both hog cholera and swine-plague bacterid, as well as the respective lesions of these liacteria, coexist. Such mixed diseases arc 255 due to the frequent presence of both huctciia in the surroundings of swiue, probii- bly a result of frequent introduction. Either disease may be primary, according to its relative virulence. (7) It is highly probable that the many attenuated varieties of either disease germ can produce disease only when assisted by the other germ or by the unsanitary, unphysiological methods of rearing swine, by which the latter arc reduced in vitality and made more susceptible. (8) It is pretty well established that there are a number of infectious diseases affecting cattle, buffaloes, deer, fowls, and smaller animals, the bacteria of which are closely related if not identical with those of swine plague. These plagues appear in various parts of the globe sporadically. ( Wild-und RiiuJerscuche, iarhone hitfaliuo, fowl cholera, rabbit septicaemia.) Their tendency to sprciid from one species to another, from cattle to swine for instance, probably depends on the degree of viru- lence of the bacteria as well as the opportunities afforded for such transmission. (9) Swine-plague bacteria are very probably introduced into a herd only in the bodies of animals, since they are speedily destroyed in soil and water by natural agencies. Virulent varieties are perhaps always derived from preexisting disease. Attenuated varieties may be introduced by healthy animals. Since these may under special conditions giA'e rise to disease, efforts to prevent and suppress infection must take into account the physical condition of the esj)osed animals. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF FORKIiiN INVt^STKiATlONS. Reports of the Prussian experiment stations for 1890. — The following l)iic't;il)stia(ts oltlic upoits of the cxitciiinciit stations in the Kingdom of Prussia are takossible. the digestibh' portion of al])uminoids from ditVcrent feeding stntVs would be dissolved with the sann' di'gree of rajiidity in dilferent cases. Con- siderable ditVerences were noticed in this i<'sj)ect. For instance, of 1(U) parts of digestible albun)inoids fiom cotton-seed meal aiul from ]»eanut meal the following percentages were dissolveeriments with different varieties of oats, wheat, and rye made under the direction of the German Agiiculhiial Society. ((») Expciiiiieiits with a method tor 25G 257 determining the Jiniount of fnsel oil in spirits. It was (onud to be pos- sible witli tlie improved method to detect the presence of 0.01 per cent of fnsel oil in spirits. The author refers to the practical tests at the Gottingen Station (see p. 259) of the method of artificial digestion worked out under his direc- tion, which throw new light on the determination of the digestibility of protein by artificial means. Bremen; Prof. M. Fleischer, director. — In 1800. besides numerous analyses of fertilizers and feeding stuifs, the work inclnded investiga- tions of dijferent moor soils, field experiments on moors, and vegetation experiments in pots, none of which are described. Breslau; (1) Experiment and Control Station; Prof. F. IToldefleiss, director. — The analyses and examinations by this station included 3,854 samples of materials, among which were a large number of feed- ing stuffs, food materials, fertilizing materials, substances used for technical purposes, and soils. The feeding stuffs were as a rule not only analyzed but also examined microscopically with reference to purity and to condition (spoiled or not). Here, as at Posen (see below), rye bran was found to be very extensively adulterated not only with weeds, including some poisonous varieties, but also with all sorts of spores from rusts and blights of the grain, in some cases to such an extent as to render the bran unfit for food. Of the fertilizing mate- rials bone meal and Thomas slag meal were more often found to be adul- terated than any others. Ground bone was adulterated by replacing the gelatinous materials which had been removed by steaming, not only with Inn^n, hair, and the like, but also with castor pomace. Aside from the analytical work the following investigations have been carried on during the year: (1) Studies of bone and bone meal with a view to devising a means of judging of the various preparations of bone which occur in the market. The results of this Avork have been pub- lished by Dr. Holdefleiss in a pamphlet entitled Bas Knochenmehl, seine Beurtlieilung und Verwendung; (2) field experiments with pota- toes and with different varieties of grain in different i)arts of the Prov- ince; (3) a critical study of the process employed by Chevalier Seeling von Saulenfels for removing the bitter taste of lupine. (2) The Station for Agricultural Botany and Seed Control; Br. E. Eidam, director. — During 1890 this station tested 1,905 samj)les of seeds and made various botanical examinations. (3) Institute for Animal Chemistry; Prof H. Weislce, director. — This is connected with the university at Breslau. In the exiierimental work the director is assisted by Dr. S. Gabriel. The work of the year included investigations in physiological chemistry and in animal nutrition, esi^ecially with reference to the digestibility of feeding stuff's. Bahme; Prof B. Ulhricht, director. — Besides chemical analyses and meteorological observations, the activity of this station has been along the following lines: (1) Pot experiments on the relative agricultural 258 value of |)hosp]ioric acid in different compounds and in different raw phospliates. The results of growing maize in unlimed moor soil, to which was added in separate instances 60, 120, and 240 kg. of phosphoric acid in the form of superphosphate, South Carolina phosphate, Lahn phos- phorite, Norwegian apatite, and Kladno phosphate meal, indicated that the a^id of the moor rendered the crude phosphorite valuable to the plants in a high degree. The results with 240 kg. of phosphoric acid in the form of Lahn pliosphorite and 120 pounds in the form of South Caro- lina phosphate were practically the same. Similar experiments were made \nth barley grown in soil which had received a dressing of lime. These later c.\i)criments showeer cent, were found. (0) Investigations of the methods of determining phosphoric acid. The percentage of ])liosphoric acid in nunuTous sam- ples of Thomas jiliosphatemeal rang«'(l IVom 15 to 23; two samples were found to contain IJedonda ]»hos])hate. The oxi>erimentson the above subjects will be continued in 1801, and in addition the following work is proposed: (1) Experiments to com- pare the agricultural value of the nitrogen in the forms of saltpeter and ammonium suli>hate; (2) feeding experimcMits with i)igs; (.'?) investiga- tions as to tlie occurrence of gypsum, lime, and marls in the Frovince of Brandenburg, so far as they are of agricultural interest; (4) lield experiments with the old and new varieties of potatoes, and (5) field experiments with maize. Danzig; Dr. Giintz, chemical director. — The work of this station has consisted largely of analyses of various materials and examinations of seeds. In a large number of analyses of Thomas slag the highest per- centage of pliosplioric acid found was 21. (50, the lowest 12.21; and ~^'.].6 I)er cent of the determinations showed 18 per cent or over of phos- phoric acid. In seven cases liedonda phosphate was found to be mixed with the slag meal. Eldena; A. von JToniri/er, director. — This is a control station, and its work during the year was confined to the fertilizer, feeding stuff, and seed controls, and the analysis of materials of interest to agriculture. 250 Geueiihe.lm; Prof. H. Miiller, director. — This station has made chemi- cal studies oil the coiupositiou of fruit wines, on the sugars in sweet fruits, on the sulpliuric, sulphurous, and carbonic acids in wine, and on other matters relating to wine manufacture. Gottingen; {1) Agricultural Experiment Station] Prof. W. Heiineberg,* director. — The work of the year 1890 was in part a study of the con- stituents of feeding stuffs and in part studies, with the aid of the respiration apparatus, of the processes of the formation of fat and lean meat. The first experiment was with regard to the much discussed ]n'oblem of the artificial digestion of protein, and was designed to settle the question as to the accuracy of the coefficients of digestibility of the protein in feeding stuffs, as determined by experiments in artificial digestion. The indications from these experiments were that the arti- ficial digestion of protein is identical with the natural digestion, but since animals excrete considerable amounts of nitrogen-containing metabolic products, the natural digestion seems to give lower coefficients of digestibility than the artificial. If, then, a method can be devised for estimating the amount of these metabolic products the results of artificial digestion may be corrected for the natural digestion ; and if the excretion of metabolic products is found to follow general rules, then it will become possible to calculate from the results obtained by artifi- cial digestion the true coefficient of digestibility for the protein corre- sponding with the coefficient obtained in experiments on animals. On the basis of investigations commenced in Weende and continued for the past 3 years at Gottingen, a method for accurately determining these metabolic products has been perfected and the laws governing the excretion of these products have been worked out. According to the results obtained, for every 100 grams of dry matter digested 0.4 gram of nitrogen in the form of metabolic products is excreted, which at present is reckoned as undigested protein. Eepeated experiments have shown the method to be reliable, but have indicated that the excre- tion of metabolic products is dependent upon two things, (1) the amount of dry matter digested, and (2) the amount of undigested dry matter in the food. The proportion of 0.4 j)art of metabolic nitrogen to 100 parts of digested dry matter is therefore not infallible, but applies in general where moderately concentrated feeding stuffs are used. The coeflicients obtained by experiments in artificial digestion must therefore be recalcu- lated to obtain results applying to animals. Thus the difference between the percentage (63 per cent) of the protein in dried diffusion chips said to be actually digested by ruminants and the coefficient (87 per cent) indicated by artificial digestion, is said to be fully explained by the metabolic products. The results of an experiment on the digestibility of oat straw showed that the digestibility of the straw was very considerably increased by treatment with a solution of sodium hydrate, for while 47 per cent * Died November 22, 1890; succeeded by Prof. F. Lehmann. 260 of the orofjinic matter in the uiitieatod straw was digested by animals, Aom 70.7 to 71.1) \mY rent was digested iiom treated straw. The experiments with regard to the nutritive value of cellulose, an account of which was given \u Experiment Station Ifecord, vol. ii, p. (J13, are referred to. (2) Control Station; Dr. Tli. P/clfrr, director. — This station reports analyses and tests of 687 samplesof fertilizing materials, feeding stufts, foods, seeds, etc. Microscopic examinations have often been of service in detecting the adulteration of feeding stutfs. Tlie addition to rice meal of so-called protein meal, a by-product from the manufacture of starch, was noticed to a considerable extent. Halle; (1) Agricultural Institute of Unircrsity; Prof. Julius Kiihn^ director. — Field experiments were made on the eftect of the continued use of each of several methods of culture and of diflerent fertilizing materials; on the means of combating the beet nematodes: and on the influence of root tubercles in tlie assimilation of nitri)gen by leguminous plants. Tests of varieties of plants, experiments on the prevention of the loss of nitrogen from nninures, aiul studies on the improvement of exact methods of iield experimentation are also reporte«l. Feen, which is under the auspices of the Central Agricultural Society ()f the Prussian Province of Saxony, was given in Exi>erimcnt Station llecord, vol. ii, p. 7r)l>. Jlildesheim; Dr. Karl Miiller, director, — The work of this station included critical examinatictns of 'J..~»70 samples of artificial fertilizers, feeding stufl's, seeds, et<'. Tnsterhurg; Dr. 11'. Hoffmeister, director. — Besides the detective «nd general analytical work of this station, scientific investigations have been carried on with a view to devising a method for tlie quantitative sei)aration of the ditlerent forms of wood gum, cellulose, and incrusting substances, and studies have been made of the sugars formed from the ditlerent w(>od gums. Kiel; (1) Agricultural K.vperiment Station; Prof. A. Fmmerling, director of the agricultural-chemical division, and Dr. M. Schrodt, director of the dairy division. — The total number of samples examined in the chemical lalmratory was 2.1 11. of which 1.17<» were in connection with the fertilizer control and .■>47 in connection with tin' control of feeding stuffs. Experiments were also iiKide on the determination of the fat in linseed cake, using an a]>])aratus devised at the station for drying in a stream of illuminating gas: on the estimation (tf the percentage of horn in bone meal; on the changes in composition and the percentage of fat of freshly mown grasses: and a large number of grasses from the Province of Schleswig Ilolstein were analyzed. The chemical division ])roi)oses in 1S!)1 to carry on studies as follows: (1) Tliorough micro- scopic and chen)ical investigations of the palm nut an«l the feeding 261 stuffs prepared from it; (2) on the cstimatiou of fat in linseed cake; (.)) on the behavior of fat toward animal charcoal. The dairy division has made analytical studies of the morning's and evening's milk of ten cows and of the milk of different breeds; exam- inations of butter fat and of the percentage of water in Schleswig- Holstein butter, and experiments with the Danish hand-centrifuge. Of the 158 samples of milk sent to the station for analysis 18 were found to have been watered and 21 to have been partially skimmed or diluted with skim milk. Twenty-five per cent of the samples, therefore, weie found to liave been tami)ered with, and 11 others Avere suspected. It is proposed during the present year to make experiments on the determination of solids in milk; on the value of fluorine salts, especially sodium fluoride, as a milk anointed toward a direct transmis- sion of the fat of food into the milk. The exiu'riments were with goats. The food consisted of bran, to which an increasing amount of i>alm nut oil was added up to the limit to which the animal would consume it. The saponifu-ation milk fat increased from 2.3."ito241; the equivalent for the palm nut (»il added to the food was 247. After feeding a normal ration for some time another trial was made in a similar manner, except that rai)e seed oil, having a sai»oniti<-ation e(|uivalent oJ'177, was added to the V)ran in ]»laee of ])alni nut oil, Tiie saponification of the milk fat fell during this feeding to 2HI. The report for 1890 states that experiments ou this suliject have been ciuitinued, and that the results agree in general with those previously obtained. Fish were also made the subject of feeding experiments to determine whether tish of prey could become accustomed to vegetable food in place of animal food, and if so to observe their condition ou an exclu- sively vegetable diet. Repeated attemi)ts to compel them \o aee<']tt vegetable food were unsuccessful, even after a long starvation ])eriod. Experiments were commenced iul890 ou the effect of different amounts of gypsum on the development of oat and barley jdants. In these experiments the condition of the ]>lants in soil ]»oor in gyjisum was er cent of gyi)sum, respectively, and in gypsum without soil, the other conditions as to fertilizers, etc., l)eing the sanu^ in all cases. Measure- ments of the leaves showed, as had been previously found with clover, that the gypsum was favorable to a luxuriant leaf growth, the leaves of plants grown in the soils containing large amounts of gyi»sum being ](Uiger and broader than the others. * Jaluesber. ii. Agr. Cbem., 1890, p. tllT. 203 The plan of 1891 includes studies of the roots of leguminous plants, culture experiments Avith six varieties of oats on twelve different farms, and a comparison of the agricultural value of the phosphoric acid in bone meal and in Thomas slag meal, for potatoes and oats. (!') l>((irij Lahoratory of the AgrkuHuml Institute of the Univer,sity; Prof. ]]'. Flcisckmann, director. — At present the laboratory is mainly used for purposes of instructiou. No report of iuvestigaticms is given. Marhurfi; Prof. Th. Dietrich, director. — The activity of the station ha?* been confined very largely to the making of analyses, examinations of various materials, and tests of seeds, 3,910 samples of all kinds having been examined. ]\[iinster; Prof J. KiJnUj, director. — The work at this station has been largely analytical, the number of samples of feeding stuffs, fertilizers, soils, seeds, etc., examined during the year being 3,748. The Alsatian and French iron ores aie said to contain snmllcr amounts of phosphoric acid than the German, so that Thomas slag derived from these ores con- tains a lower percentage of phosphoric acid than the iionnal, that is, 17 ]ier cent. These poorer grades were found in the market to a consid- erable extent at times. Phosphate meal with as low as 11 to 12 per cent of phosphoric acid is mentioned. The adulteration of Thomas slag was found to be very common, the adulterants noticed being Eedonda phosphate meal, and a precipitate from phosphates of iron and alumina; other mineral i)hosphates, as Atlas phosphate, have also been used for adulteration. Eedonda phosphate is said to consist largely of phosphate of alumina, and Atlas phosphate of phosi>liate of iron, the phosphoric acid being in both cases almost entirely insoluble in acetic acid, while about half the phosphoric acid of a genuine Thomas slag should be soluble in acetic acid. Rut it was not found possible to detect adulter- ation with these phosphates by the amount of phosphates of iron and alumina X)resent, since Thomas slag contains normally more or less of these compounds. PoppeUdorf; Prof. U. Ereusler, director. — The work of 1890 included the following subjects: (1) Investigations of certain nitrogen-free constituents of vegetable coloring matters; (2) the respiration and assimilation of plants; (3) the j)rocesses of decomposition accompany- ing fermentation, putrefaction, and decay, with special reference to nitrification and the gains or losses of nitrogen; (4) the value of grains grown under varying conditions, especially of wheat with reference to baking qualities; (5) the value of brusliwood [Holzreisig) for feeding- purposes; and (G) meteorological observations, Posen; Br. G. Loges, chemical director. — This station reports having made examinations of 1,G24 samples of various materials, including about 800 of fertilizers, nearly 000 of feeding stulfs, 100 of seeds, etc. Numerous cases were noticed of adulteration of Thomas slag meal with Eedonda phosphate, and less seldom with phosphorite. Of the 590 samples of feeding stuffs examined, 497 were tested as to iiuiity and 264 quality. A surprising condition was noticed with regard to the rye and w heat bran offered for sale in the Province of Posen. Of the 174 samples of rye bran examined, only 21.6 per cent were found to be jmre, that i> free from adulteration with other materials, and even these were n< »t always in a good and fresh condition; C8.2 per cent had received additions of rye chaff, 8.5 per cent sand or dirt (up to 18 per cent), and 18.2 i^er cent so nuich ergot that the bran was considered unsafe for feeding. Another adulterant used for rye bran was finely ground oat chaff, as large amounts of this material as 40 per cent being found in some cases. The oat chaff" is said to contain only 1.3 per cent of protein and 0.3 per cent of fat. It was also sold alone under the name of "oat bran" at the ])rice of (Tther brans. The oS samples of wlieat bran examinepcralion with an agricultural society in the Pro\ incc. Proskait; Dr. P. Sorttin r, tlinrfnr. — Sc\ < ral lu^w investigations have been made during the year by Dr. Sorauer on jdant diseases and plant l)hysiology. The report enumerates the following subjects: (1) The diflerence in the behavior of the wounds of fruit tr<'es pruned at different seasons of the year; (2) the symptcunatic significance of intumescence; (3) studies of the canker occurring on the genus Bnbus', (4) investiga- tions of the parasitic growth causing a blight on cabbages and other Cnici/ircc', and (5) certain diseases of the grai)e\ inc. Jn IS'.M studies of the first two subjects arc to be continued, and new oncr; undertaken on (1) the formation of gum by injured (diseased) plants as a result of the action of bacteria; (2) Vrrvnospofn vituohitWuX the means of condtating it; (3) trials of copper preparations for parasitic diseases; (4) therust«of fruit trees; and (5) the effect of noxious gases and fumes on fruit trees. Rcfjt'nwdJdc; Prof. H. Binier, director. — In 1800 this station made examinati. 525, 2(^5 ol" .sotbi with aud without supeiphospiuite, and of barnyard manure. The beneficial effects of nitrate of soda were apparent Avith all the varie- ties. (2) Experiments as to the yield of yellow and blue lupine and serradella, both grass and stubble, under the most advantageous condi- tions, the results of which are not yet reported. (3) A comparison of sowing lupine broadcast and in drills. This exi^eriment was made on eight plats, each 25 square meters in area, on lour of which the seed was broadcasted at the rate of 175 pounds per acre, and on the other four drilled at tiie rate of 80 pounds per acre. The results showed that at the time of blooming 85.2 i)er cent of the seeds capable of germina- ting had produced plants where the seed was broadcasted and 92.4 per cent where the seed Avas drilled. In the laboratory studies were made (1) on the effects of adding kainit and carnallite to lime soils; (2) on the relation between the free fatty acids and the spoiling of feed- ing stufis; (3) on the changes in finely ground feeding stuffs by long- exposure to the air; (4) on the culture of the oil turnip and its value as a fodder plant; aiul (5) on the culture and composition of Sfachys fuher- ifera. The results of these experiments have not yet been published. The investigations upon the changes in feeding stuffs showed, among other things, that by lying exposed to the air for G months linseed meal lost not less than 73 per cent of its fat. Wiesbaden ; Prof. U. Fresenius, director. — Five hundred and ninety- one analyses were made during the year, most of which were in connection with the control of fertilizers and feeding stuffs. To the above reports of Prussian stations the reports for 1890 of the station at Rostock and the seed-testing station at Hohenheim are appended. BoHtock; Prof. R. Meinrlck, director. — The number of analyses of various materials and tests of seeds made during 1890 was 4,877. Of these there were 730 samples of fertilizing materials, 45 per cent of which were Thomas slag. Adulterations of the latter with Eedonda phosphate were noticed in 23 cases. Three separate cargoes of Thomas slag, imported diiect from England, were each found by the author to contain Redonda phosphate. Of feeding stuffs 704 samples were ana- lyzed, the larger part being of peanut aud cotton-seed feeding stuffs. Field experiments were made to determine the best time for apply- ing nitrate of soda to winter and summer grains, the results showing that in general the nitrate should be applied just as the x>h^nt begins its vigorous growth but before it has commenced to shoot upwards. A comparison of the effects of different nitrogenous fertilizers for oats showed for the first year the following relative action as based on the best result at 100: Ammonium sulphate 100, ground meat 72, ground bone G5, ground leather 59, dried blood 58, and ground lioi m :v.>. The ])lats receiving nitrate of soda met with an accident, but the results up to that time appeared to be similar to those with ammonium suli>hate. Feedhig experiments were made with cows as to the effect of food on 1033G— Xo. 4 5 2G6 the fat conteut of the milk, the results of which iudieated an increase in both per cent and total amount of fat in the milk when cocoanut cake was fed as compared with peanut cake (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. m, p. C7), and the experiments of the i»revious year to compare the effects of sesame cake and peanut cake for fattening young lambs, were concluded, ^o striking differences were observed between these two materials, but each year the results were slightly in favor of the sesame cake. The station has also superintended during the past year a series of cooperative field experiments on forty different farms to study the requirements of the soils. The results were controlled at the station by means of pot experiments. In these trials large pots were filled with soil from each farm and the same kinds and amounts of manure were used and the same kinds of plants were grown as on the larger fields. These pot experiments, showing the effects of different fertilizers on the different soils, are said to have been of much interest and served as an object lesson to large numbers of farmers who visited the station. llohenhcim; Seed-Testing Station; Prof. O.Kiirhner, director. — During the year ending October 1, 1890, this station tested 836 samples, repre- senting over 28»>,000 i»onnds of seed, of whi<'h .~>00 sam])les were of clovers, the red ch)vcr predominating. Tlat experiments with red clover, which have been in progress since 1885, to observe the relative yield of clover from dillerent countries, have indicated that in that climate varieties from central Europe (those from Clermany, Austria, 8tyria, r>ohemia, Hungary, Poland, and England) differ very little in desiral)ility, pro- vided they have not come originally from America or southern Europe (Italy, southern France, simthern llungary, etc.). In similar plat experiments during 2 years with lucern from Italy, Hungary, Provence, Wiiitcmberg, and America the largest total yields of green fodder from successive cuttings was with Italian lucern and the smallest from American. In 1880 the yi<'ld of the American was 54.:5;{ per cent and in 18DU, 47.55 per cent as large as the yield of the Italian. Where Anunican seed was used about half the i>lants died out the first season. The author believes it to be undesirable that American seed be placed on their market, and warns farmers against sowing it. He states that equally unfavorable results have been obtained with American lucern seed in Switzerland and France. Investigations as to the changes in feeding stuffs by souring in the silo, O. Kellner, Y. Kozai. and Y. Mori, reported by O. Kellner {Landic. Ver.s. Stat., 39, pp. 105-111).— Y/.wXwv investigations by the author and J. SaAvano seemed to show that the decomposition of the nitrogenous constituents of feeding stuffs in the process of ensiling was, in some cases at least, accomi)nnied by the formation of ammonia, which was partially or wholly driven off during the drying of the material for analysis. Experiments with white clover as to 267 the extent of this loss and its proportion to the total nitrogen lost, indicated that when the ammonia which escaped during the drying of tlio silage was taken into account the amount of nitrogen in the sour silage was approximately equal to that in the original material before ensiling; or in other words that in the fermentation of feeding stufts containing much water under exclusion of air no perceptible loss of nitrogen occurs. The present series of experiments were carried on with (1) Impcrnta arundinaceaj (2) Italian vye grass, (3) buckwheat (upper part, in milk stage), (4) mulberry leaves, and (5) turnij) leaves (Japanese Daikon), each of which was treated as follows: About 5 kg. of the fresh material, from which the coarser stems, etc., had been removed, was cut finely and mixed, and while one portion was dried and analyzed at once another portion was sealed air-tight in a large glass bottle and buried about 1 meter deex) in the ground. From 7 to 7.5 months later the sam- X)les were taken out and weighed. They were all found to be well pre- served and entirely free from mold. The percentage of acid (calculated for lactic acid) ranged li'om 1.25 (mulberry leaves) to 28.16 pev cent (turnip leaves) in the dry matter. The nitrogen was determined directly, and after previous drying, in samples of the silage from each material. None Of the original materials except the turnip leaves contained more than a trace of nitric acid; the latter contained 0.795 x)er cent of nitric acid in the dried leaves. A determination of the nitric acid iu the silage from turnip leaves indicated only a trace. The nitric acid had therefore almost entirely disappeared during the souring i)rocess — a result which agrees with previous observations by the author on beet leaves.* The results of the analyses of the different samples of silage are in direct accord with the results of the experiments with white clover, and lead the author to the following conclusions : (1) The chemical processes during the souring of feeding stuffs under exclusion of air cause no perceptible loss of nitrogen as long as the material used is free from apj)reciable amounts of nitric acid. (2) In preparing the silage for analysis by drying, ammonia is gener- ated through dissociation of organic ammonia compounds. The loss by this means in these experiments varied from 3.2 {Impcrata) to 23.3 j)er cent (buckwheat) of the total nitrogen in the original material. Determinations were also made of the digestibility of the protein in each of the materials before and after ensiling, as indicated by Stutzer's modified method of artificial digestion. The tests of the silage included tests of dried silage and of that from which the acid had been extracted by digesting with absolute alcohol. It was found that iu general the process of ensiling had not rendered the protein less solu- ble in the digestive solutions, and in some cases in which the original material contained much celhilose the solubility of the protein was even higher in the silage than in the original material. *Laudw. Vers. Stat.; 26, p. 454. 268 To observe the effect which eusiling had on the digestibility of the albuminoids, the non-albuminoid nitrogen was determined in the fresh and in the ensiled materials. In exery case except that of Imperata the percentage of the non-albnminoids in the total protein was much larger in the ensiled than in the fresh material, i. e. the decomposition of the albuminoid materials during ensiling was very considerable in the case of the feeding stuffs very much richer in nitrogen, but in the case of Imperata (1.54 per cent nitrogen) there was coni]»aratively little change. Assuming the non-albuminoid nitrogen to be entirely digestible, it was found on calculation that the digestibility of the albuminoids had considerably decreased in ensiling wherever any considerable decomposi- tion of the all)uniinuids liad taken place (all exce])t Imperata). It would seem that the more soluble and digestible portions of the albu- minoids are attacked during tlie lernientation, so that the albuminoids in the silage ]»(»ssl'Ss a lower eoeflieicnt of digestibility. The loss of valuable ingredients of hay by exposure to rain, A. Emmerling {Ltnuhr. Wochiithl. f. ,Sclilr.sirl(i IfulsteiHj 1^'JU pp. 56'J-.')71). — i'KMn unpublished expcrinienls made at the experiment station at Kiel in 1883 and 1884, the aullior was led to believe that the ]<)ss of valuable ingredients of hay by exposure to rain Mas dependent upon the iiuiiiIxt o| r;iiny days and the amount ol rainfall; but similar experiments ill isiti did nut supp(»it this \ie\\. the amount of loss being proimrtionally nuieh in cxe»'ssol' that of 188;'. and 1S,S4. Since the aver- age temperature (tf the air in 18!>1 was (58° F. as compared with Ol'^ and 60° in 1883 and 1884, respectively, he reasons that the t 269 Professor Liebsclier of Giittingen presented the report of the coojierative fiehl experiments with cereals carried out in different parts of Germany in 1800, under tlie au.spices of the Society. Of 124 experiments made, 30 were with wheat, 32 with rye, and 62 with ojits. Severn! of the exi^erimcnt stations ])articipated in tiiese experiments. The results, aside from those relating to the tests of varieties, were in l)rief as follows: (1) The Aveight of kernel is a characteristic for the variety, and all ju't'vious observations have failed to show any change in this weight from continued culture. (2) The percentage of chaff or husk in the total weight of the kernel is also a characteristic for the variety, hut no very considerable differences have been noticed between the different varieties tested. (3) The proportion of grain to straw, on the contrary, is relatively little affected by the variety. (4) The protein content of oats is practically independent of the variety. (5) The pro- tein content of oat kernels is influenced in an exceptionally high degree by the kind and condition of the soil; and soil and climate also affect the pro])ortion of grain to straw. The protein content was found to follow the yield, being the largest on a rich soil where the yield was largest. Thus it was found that on an average 75 pounds of grain groAvn on a loam soil contained as much protein as 100 pounds of grain grown on a sandy soil. The proportion of kernels in the total yield Avas also found to be largest in crops grown on heavy soils, which, the author says, is contrary to the general belief. According to this, therefore, light soils not only give smaller total yields of oats, but a larger prox)or- tion of straw to kernels, which also contain relatively less protein. EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES. Alabama Stations.— D. Gillis, M. S.. has 1»c(mi appointed director of the Sonth- east Alabama Station vice T. M. Watlin.ntou, B. S., resij^ned. R. E. Biiiford, M. A., has become director of the North Alabama Station vice C. L. Newman, B. S. Colorado College axd Station. — A two-story stone and brick bnildinj;, to cost $9,000, is beinjjj erected fot the nse of the station as well as of the college. A forcing honse to be used for experiments in horticulture is also being built, together with a residence for the professor in charge of the farm. Exhibits have l»een made at several State and county fairs in Colorado of live stock, grain, and otluT agricnltnral products from the station and its substations. COXN^CTICTTT Storrs SCHOOL.— A. B. Peebles, B. S., formerly connected with the Michigan College and Station, has been appointed professor in chemistry at the Storrs Agricultural School vice J. R. Hutton, B. S., resigned. Iowa Weather and Crop Service Report for 1890.— This is the first annual report under the State law, approved April 25, 1890, and includes historical data regarding meteorological observations and crop statistics in Iowa; a sketch of the physical geography of Iowa, by R. E. Call; an article on climats; ^ icld of Grain per Acre; Freij^lit Rates ol Transjiortation Companies. OkKICE ok EXI'KIMMKM STATIONS: Exjierinient Station Record, vol. Ii, No. 1:.', July, 1891. 212 LIST OF STATION PUBLICATIONS RF.CEIVED BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS DURING OCTOBER, 1891. Ar.RICCLTIRAL EXPKRIMEXT Sl'ATIOX OF THE TJnIVERSITY OF ArIZOXA: Bulletin No. 2, September 15. 1891. — Notes on some of tlie Range Grnsses of Arizona ; Overstocking the Range, Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California: Bulletin No. 94, September 23, 1891. — Composition of tbe Ramie Plant; Fertili- zing Value of Greasewood. Georgia Experiment Station: • Bulletin No. 14, October, 1891. — Variety and Fertilizer Experiments with Oats; Variety Tests with AVheat; Variety Tests and Fertilizer Experiments -with Vegetables. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 21, August, 1891. — Second Report on Fungicides for Stinking Smut of Wheat. Bulletin No. 23, August, 1891. — Smuts of Sorghum; Corn Smut. Maine State College Agriciltup.al Experiment Station: Annual report, part iii, 1890. Bulletin No. 3 (secondserie8),Septeml)er 1, 1890.— The Babcock Milk Test Adapted to Testing Cream. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station: Third Annual Report, 1890. Hatch Experimext Statiox of the Massachusetts Agricultural Collkge: Bulletin No. 15, October, 1891. — Experiments in Greenhouse Heating; Special Fertilizers for Plants under Glass; Report on Varieties of Strawberries; Report on Varieties of Blackberries and Raspberries. Meteorological Bulletin No. 33, September, 1891. Experimext Statiox of Michigan Agricultural College: Bulletin No. 75, July, 1891. — Fertilizer Analyses. Bulletin No. 76, Octobei", 1891. — Kerosene Emulsion. New Jersey State Agricultural Experimext Statiox: Bulletin No. 83, September 15, 1891. — Analyses and Valuations of Complete Fer- tilizers. New York Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 33 (new series), July, 1891.— The New York State Fertilizer Control and Fertilizer Analyses. Bulletin No. 34 (new series), August, 1891. — Comparison of Dairy Breeds of Cat- tle with Reference to Production of Butter. Bulletin No. 35 (new series), August, 1891. — Some of the most Common Fungi and Insects, with Preventives. Bulletin No. 36 (new series), September, 1891. — Small Fruits. 273 274 Cornell UxivKitsixY Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 31, September, 1891.— The Forcing of English Cncnnihcrs. North Cahomxa Agricultural Exricui.MKXT Station: Bulletin No. 78rt, .July, 1891.— Meteorological Summary for North Carolina. Ajtril and May, 1891. Bulletin No. 79a, August 15, 1891.— Meteorological Summary for North Carolina, June and July, 1891. Ohio Agricultural ExPERnreNT Station: Bulletin vol. iv, No. 5, September 1, 1891.— The Wheat Midge. Rhode Island State Agricultural Experiment Station: Third Annual Report, part ii, 1890. Bulletin No. 11, June, 1891.— Fertilizer Law, Valuations and Analyses; Meteorological Summary. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 1 (new series), July, 1891. — Commercial Fertilizers. Tennessee Agricultural Experi.ment Station: Bulletin vol. IV, No. 3, July, 1891.— The True Bugs of Tennessee. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 17, August, 1891. — General Infuriiiation Ktlating to the Texas Sta- tion. Agricultural Experiment Station of Utah: Bulletin No. 8, August, 1891.— Silage. Vermont State Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 20, September, 1891.— Maple sugar. DOMINION OF C.\NA1)A. Department of Agricti.tui:e: Annual Report lor the Province of Ontario, 1890. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF FXPEKIMIONT STATIO^IS A. W. IIAKKIS, DUaOCTOli EXPERIMENT STATIC]^ RECORD Vol. Ill, No. 5 ISSXJltlX) DJCCElNIBIiili, ISOl PUBLISHED BY AUTUUIllTY OF THE SECKETAllY OF AGFaCULTDEE WASHINGTON gover:mment printing office 189 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pac;e. Editorial notes 275 Kecciit (jcniiaii mctliodis for ])lications of T^nittul States DiiiartiiKiit of Atjricultiiic — Cont'd. Division of Entoniolojiy 326 Insect Life, Vol. iv, Niis. 1 and 2, October, 1S91 320 Division of Vegetabb; Patliob>gy :!.'7 Journal of Mycology, Vol. VII, No. 1, September 10, 1891 327 Office of Irrigation In<(niry 32.S Progress Eeport on Irrigation in tlie United States 328 "Weatlier IJurean 32il Special Report for 1891 329 Abstracts of rejiorts of foreign investigations 331 Exjurinient station notes 362 List of pnblicatious of tbe United States l)ei>artnien1 of Agricnltnre issned . I>. llalsted 297, 39«; Koot tubercles and tbe tixati. ll.ilsted 3(i7 Notes on 7 Ex])erimeuts witb fungicide and insecticide conibiiicd. 1!. D. llalsted .S08 Journal of Mycology, Vol. Vll, No. 1, Sei»tember 1<1. 1891 82? /(H'U.OCV. Investigations in ostre;i(iiltnre in New .Iii sey, .1. Nelson 296. 3(12 Nematodes as enemies to plants, !!. |). llalsted 3t)8 ENTOMOLOGY — APICI'LTURE. rage. Analyses of foundation comb, F. T. Shutt ;J59 ExitcriMicuts with l)oos at oxperiniontal farms of Canada SlJO The wlii-at midf;c in Ohio, F. M. Webster 81") 'J'iie Hitcroptvra of Tennessee, II. E. .Summers 325 Notes on injtirions inseets and inseeti('i(b's. .J. J'>. Smith 2!I7, 309 Notes on inseets in New York 313 Notes on insects in South Cai'olina, E. A. Smytli, Jr 318 A new insecticide for the cotton worm, A. E. Menke and U. C. Davis 2S2 Kerosene emulsion and notes on insects, A. J. Cook and G. C. IJavis 290 Kejiort of entomohigist of Arkansas Station for 1890, C. W. Woodwortli 282 Kejiort of entomologist of Central Experimental Farm of Canada for 1890, ,J. Fletcher 359 Insect Life, Vol. iv, Nos. 1 and 2, October, 1891 32G MKTKOUOT.OGY. Meteorological observations at Massacbusetts State Station 287 Meteorological summary for North Carolina, June and July, 1891, H. B. Battle and C. F. Von Herrmann 314 Met(>orological observations at Rliode Island Station, January 1 to July 1, 1891, L. I". Kinney 315 Meteorological observations at South Carolina Station, M. Whitney 31G Special Keport of Weather Bureau for 1891, M. W. Harrington 329 SOILS. Soil investigations in New Jersey, H. B. Pattou 296,301 Mechanical and chemical analyses of soils at South Carolina Station in 1889, R. H. Longluidge 315 riiysical in\ cstigations of soils at South Carolina Station in 1889, M. Whitney. 316 FERTILIZERS. Analyses of fertilizers at Arkansas Station, G. L. Teller 281 Analyses of connnercial fertilizers at Massachusetts State Station 287 Fertilizer analyses at Michigan Station, E. C. Kedzie 290 Fertilizer analyses at South Carolina Station, W. B. Burnej^ 318 Analyses and valuation of fertilizers at New Jersey Station, E. B. Voorbees. .. 310 Field experiments with fertilizers in New Jersey, E. B. Voorhees 293, 299 Fertilizer inspection in New Jersey for 1889 and 1890, E. B. Voorhees 292, 299 Fertilizer inspection in New York, with analyses of fertilizers 311 Fertilizer inspectiim in Rhode Island, H. J. Wheeler 315 Facts for farmers, W. F. Massey 314 CROPS — VARIETIES — COMrOSITION — EXPERIMENTS. Field experiments with corn, potatoes, grasses, and sugar beets at Arkansas Station ■ 280 Analyses of corn, cowpeas, and soja beans, J. B. McBryde 318 Tests of A'arieties of corn and cotton in South Carolina, J. M. McBryde 322 Experiments in the culture of cornand cotton in South Carolina, J. M. McBryde. 320 De veloi)ment of the roots of the cotton plant, M. Whitney 318 Tests of varieties of cotton at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, B. M. Baker 285 Field experiments with fertilizers on cotton at Pine Bluff, Arkansas, B. M. Baker 285 VI Paga. Field experimeuts with fertilizers on oats, wheat, com, cotton, and niiscclla- neous cro^js iu South Caiolina, J . M. McBryde 320 Field experiments with fertilizers on potatoes in New Jersey 'MU Experiments with alfalfa in New Jersey, E. B. Voorhees 295. 300 Tests of varieties of grasses and legumes at Newport, Arkansas, R. L. Bennett. 284 Notes on some Of the range grasses of Arizona, J. W. Tourney 280 Notes on tests of grasses at Central Experimental Farm of Canada, J. Fletcher. 359 Com))ositi«)n of timothy grass atdifl'erent stages of growth, F. W. Morse 291 Field cxiu linients with nitrate of soda on timothy gra.ss in New .Jersey 2it9 Analyses of sorghum and sugar hcets at Arkansas Station, G. L. Teller 281 Field experiments with sorghum in New .Jersey 2iHJ Analyses of sugar lieets at Central Experimental Farm of Canada, F. T. Shutt. Field experiments with fertilizers on wheat in New Jersey 209 Tests of varieties of diflerent eroi)S at ex]ierinu'ntal farms of Canada 3(i0 VegetatioTi exi)eriments in hoxes, 1\ Wohltuiann and H. Seheftler ;il2 Plat and box experiments at the Dresden Station fur i)lant culture 350 cnors — crinxG axd storage. The feriuentation of tohacco, K. Suehsland .'V»4 Shrinkage of corn and sorglium silage in the silo at Arkansas Station 280 HOKTIClLTUnE. Tests of varieties of peas at Arkansas Station, R. L. Bennett 284 Field ex]»eriments witli sweet i)otatoes at Newport, Arkansas, R. L. Bennett. .. 284 Field ex))eriments with fertilizers on sweet potatoes in New Jersey 'MX) Experinn-nts with nitrate of soda on tomatoes in New Jersey. E. B. Voorhees. 293, 299 Tests of varieties of small fruits at Massachusetts Hatch Station, S. T. Maynard. 2it(> Notes on small fruits at New York State Station 313 Composition of apple tree leaves, F. T. Shutt X\l Experiments with fertilizers on ]ieach trees in New Jersey. 1'. U. Voorhees .. .2!i;'>, I^HJ An investigation of the causes of the failure of the jieaeli nop iu New .lersey in 185M), 15. 1). Ilalsted »U; Microscojiical study of peach buds, B. 1>. Ilalsted 30G Report of horticulturist of Arkansas Station for 18!K), J. M( Neil 282 Report of horticulturist of Central Experimental Farm of Canad.i. J. Cr.iig .. :<."»♦• Experiments in horticulture at experimental farms of Canada 3()0 I^xi>erimi>nts with fertilizers for plants under glass at Massachusetts Hatch Stat ion, S. T. Maynard 290 Experiments in greenhouse heating at Massachusetts Hatch Station. S.T. May- nard 289 FORESTRY — SEEDS — WEEDS. Experiments in forestry at ex))erimiiital farms of Canada .SfiO Eftect of solutions of copper and iron sulphate on the vitality of wheat seed, F. T. Shutt :^58 Seed distriluition by Canadian experimental farms 'X^Q Notes on wei-ds, B. D. Ilalsted 2i»7 The weeds of New Jersey, B. 1). Ilalsted :«t8 Notes on Ilchuiitm autumnale, E. A. Smyth, jr 318 VII FEEDING STUFFS— FEKOING OF ANIMALS. Page. Analyses of feediiiff stiift's by New Jersey Station, E. H. Vooihees 290,301 Analyses of feeding stnffs at Sonth Carolina Station, W. H. Hurney 318 Analysesof feeding stutVs atC'entral Experimental Farm of Canada, V. T. Slmtt. 357 Feeiling experiments witli steers at Arkansas Station, K. L. Bennett and A. E. Meiike 28 1 Comparison of dairy breeds of cattle with reference tft production of bntter at New York State Station, P. Collier 311 Feeding experiments witli difterent breeds of dairy cows at New Jersey Sta- tion, E. B. Voorhecs 296, 301 Feeding experiments with milch cows at Massaclinsetts State Station, C. A. Coessmann 287 Feeding of swine and cattle of difterent breeds at Central Experimental Farm of Canada, J. W. Robertson 356 IJeport of ponltry manager of Central Experimental Farm of Canada, A. (i. Gil- bert 359 Kxixriments with ponltry at experimental farms of Canada 360 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND TRACTICE. Investigation of Southern cattle plague, R. R. Diuwiddie 283 Notes on hog ehcdera and Southern cattle jilague, W. B. Niles 319 DAIRYING. Analyses of milk from ditl'erent breeds of cows at Central Experimental Farm of Canada, F.T. Slmtt 357 At what degree of acidity does cows' milk curdle on heating? AV. T. Tliorncr.. 355 TECHNOLOGY. Experiments in makiug sugar from sorghum in New Jersey 296 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. .\rtesian and underflow investigation in Nebraska and Kansas, E. S. Nettleton. 329 Progress report on irrigation in the United States 328 ST.\TION STATISTICS. Financial statement of Arkansas Station for 1890 280 Report of director of New Hampshire Station for 1889, G. H. Whitcher 291 Financial statement of New Hampshire Station for 1889 292 Reports of director of New Jersey Stations for 1889 and 1890 292, 299 Reports of treasurer of New Jersey Stations for 1889 and 1890, J. Neilson 292, 299 Second andThird Annu.al Reports of New Jersey College Station, 1889 and 1890.298, 310 Publications of New .Jersey Stations 298, 310 Second Annu.al Report of South Carolina Station, 1889 315 Report of treasurer of .South Carolina Station for 1889, 1. H. Means 325 General information regarding the Texas .Station, G. W. Curtis 325 Annual Report of Canadian experimental farms for 1890 356 Dairy building and piggery at Central Experimental Farm of Canada 356 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Report of Division of Statistics of United States l)ci)artment of Agriculture for October, 1891 326 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. III. ISSUED DECEMBER, 1891. No. 5. EDITORIAL NOTES. To obviate the difficulties met with in field experiments, various methods have been suggested. The chief aim has been to bring as many conditions as ])ossible under tlie control of the ex]ierinH^nter and to cliiiiiiiatc those irregnlaritics of soil, moistnrc, and ])lant food which ol'tcn \itiate tlie results of ticld cxpcriiiiciits. For this purpose use has been made <»f small (inantities of soil placed in ]>ots or boxes or in small plats sci>arated by partition walls snnk in the ground. The leading representative of this tendency of experimental inquiry Just now is Prof. P. Wagner, of the experinuMit station at Darmstadt, whose methods of experiinentingMvith soil in ])ots have proven most useful and are coming to be Avidely adopted. Wagner's system con- sists essentially in using cylindrical pots of zinc to hold the soil, which is carcfnlly prepared and thoroughly mixed so as to have the portions ill the ditt'erent pots as nearly alike as possible. Any desired soil can be nsed. The pots are pjaced on small i)latform cars which run oil rails, are easily moved, and can be put under shelter when necessary to protect Uw jdants from rain, hail, severe wind, or frost. To regu- late the water supply, the jiots are weighed by a convenient a])paratns, and water is added as often as is necessary to maintain the ]»ercentage of moisture in the soil best fitted for the growth of the ])lants. Wagner also uses larger cylinders set in the soil. In these the water supply can not be regulated so well, nor can the plants be pnt nnder sln^lter. Noteworthy as is the success of the system which Wagner has been elal)orating for more than a decade, a success i)roven by his own results and confirmed by the exi^erience of others Avho have followed his method, it does not meet all the needs, and other experimenters are trying to improve upon it. The plan of inclosing the soil in boxes, which was undertaken over a score of years ago by Woltf and Jlenneberg and has been prosecuted by Hamunaun, Lawes and Gilbert, Wohltmann, and others, has several advantages over that of pot exi)eriments. Larger (pmntities of soil are nsed so that more i>lants nuvy be grown. The ]»laiits 21b 276 have opportunity for more natural root development. The temperature of the soil ill the boxes is subject to less tluctuatious thau in the small l>ots, and is more like that of the soil in its natural state. The vro\vth are thus metre nearly normal. With i»roper ai>i»li;iiices the water supply can be kejjt under control, the water taltle maintuined at any desired level, the drainage water collected, measured, a 1 id ;n I :ily zed, and thus the statistics of incctnu* and ont.uo of water and plant food can be deternnned. Plans of box experiments adopted in the exjierimental jrarden of the Agricultural Institute of the University of Halle by Dr. Weddtmann, and at the newly orjianized Exju'riment Station for Plant Culture in Dresden by Dr. Stej^lich, are «;iven on jta.ucs .'UL*-3.~)-i of the ]iresent mnnber of the Kecord. By this method many of tlie dillicnlties of field e\|>erimentinided, most of its advantajics are retained, and a nundu'r of very desirable features are added. The ex]>eriments are (dose at hand and more easily watched than in a distant field. Any desired soil or selection of soils can be used. Eaidi soil can be earefnlly jireitared, sifted fre«' from stones, and tlKtroUi^ldy nnxed, so tliat it sliall be alik«' in all tlie boxes. Tlie boxes are set in the ground and plants are urown in tlie spaces between them. We thus have a series of «'X]»erimental iilats. asina Held experiment, oidy on a smaller and more convenient scale. Kaidi jdat is entirely isolati'd, so that thei)lants of one jdat can not feed ujion the nniterial of another, and is large enough for a number of plants to grow upon it and small emaigh to l)e mamiged with little labor. There are tubes for watering the soil from below and collecting the drainage water. The water suj)i)ly can be regulated at will and made the same for all. Thus drouth and excessive moistur«», whicdi injure or ruin so many experiments in the field. ar«' i»revente(l. and two chief sonrcesof error in field experiments — unevenness of soil and ine(iualityi)ly .and removal are found in the measurements of rainfall, water a]>itlied artificially, and drainag*'. Analysesof drainage wati'r show the amounts of plant food removed thereby. These, with weights and analyses of soil, fertilizers, and crops, sui^jdy the statistics of gain and loss of the elements of plant fi)od. The i)lants can be more easily cared Ibi- and better protected from depredations of animals and from disease than in field experiments. The quantities of produce are so snmll that the plants and their several parts can be easily measured, and can bo weighed and analyzed with comparatively little labor. In short, this is a sort of field laboratory. It is a device for applying to field «'xperi- menting the accuracy of method and convenience of mani])ulation which are indis])ensable for the best success. A method of field experimenting which has a nund)er of the advantages of the box experiment, has been adopted at the Dresden Station and is described on pages 350, 351. Small i>lats are used. These arc made 277 iiiiiform by caroful attoiition to tlio subsoil and tliorono-h mixirif? of the suifjice soil. Soils of several kiuils are tested side by side for coiu- parisoii. The ]>laii consists in removing' the S(nl to the depth of a meter (.'{9..'{ inches) ami i('])ia('in<;- it by the soil cliosen ibi- the exi)eriment, which ma.\' be bronght from a distance. For the experiments now being planned at this station typical specimens of five of tlie most important kinds of soil in Saxony have been selected. These are ])laced in ])osi- tion so as to i»rovierinu'nts, nor can the statistics of income and outgo of plant food and water be determined. Of course such arrangements as these are expensi\e. In Dresden, wln're labor is somewhat cheaper than in most places in the T^nited States, the plant for twenty experimental boxes complete cost about $1,()()(). That for the same number of small plats prepared as above described, cost from $750 to three or tVnir times as much, according to the expense of getting, preparing, and esx)ecially transporting the large quantities of soil. But if the expense is considerable at the outset the Avork of carrying on the experiment is less than in ordinary field exjieri- ments, because everything is conveniently at hand and the areas are small. For its box experiments the Dresden Station is iilanning a study of tlie acquisition of atmosi^heric nitrogen by plants and soils. While tlie atlliliated station at Tharand is investigating the action of bac- teria in the assimilation of the nitrogen of the air by plants grown in artificial soil, the Dresden Station is to study the practical side of the subject by exi^eriments in natural soil, so devised that the gain and ](»ss of nitrogen may be accurately determined. To this end boxes are to be filled with soils of different kiiuls and lupines grown in them. Some will be treated with bacteria from soils in Avhich lupines have been successfully cultivated, and thus the effects of the inoculation will be observed. Accurate account is to be kept of the amounts of nitro- gen in the soil at the outset, the amounts removed by drainage water and in the plants that are harvested, and the amounts left in the soil at the end of the experiment, which is to last several years. The balance will show how much nitrogen the soil and jilants have gained by the different treatments. — [W. O. A.] 278 The followiiifi' iuformation re^ai(liiieriment stations on the Island of Ja\ a. Tliree, which may be called sugar experiment stations, were organized and are supi)orted by associations of sugar producers. The fourth, whieh is supported by the Government, is connected with the botanical garden at Buitenzorg, and is devoted to investigations of trojtical ]ilants. especially those of commercial importance in Java. Of the three sugar experiment stations, one is situated at Kagok T<'gal in West Java, another at Samarangin Middle Java, and the third at Tassoeroean in East Java. The oldest is the West Java Station, A\liicli was ftmnded in ISS."}. Jt is under the control of an association of some thirty or forty sugar ]»rodncers, w ho furnish the means for its su]iport — about >«1(».0(M» annually — and apjjoint a committee from their number lor its nianagcnient. f'.xcry associate pays in iiro]i«»ition to flic ai-ea he cultivates. .Vt tlie tinu- of its organization the working siall included a direct(U', Dr. W. ivriigei-, and a chemist. The present director is ])r. Went. Some of the results of tlu^ investigations at this station have been reported by Dr. Kriiger in Dutch and also in Clerman in a volume entitled lUrivhtv dcr Vcr.suvh.s ,Siitation (without CO.). That by Dr. Kriiger is on Diseases and Knemiesof the Sugar Cane, and is in three divisions. The tirst, on diseases due to aninnil parasites, treats of diseases caused by borers and riii/sojxxhc the second, cui diseases due to vegetable jiara- sites, treats of blight, reanying the text are illustrati(»ns of S<-irpnphi(!i<( iutavtu; CliHo in/imca hlliis: IHatraa striafnlis; lil}i(i schistaccaiui; Thrips s.: Pill ant lirips liicits.suitenz(»rg. Its work is princi]»ally botanical, and, as above stated, it has to do with tropical plants, the development of which is so important in Java. Extensive investigations have been nuide with fertilizers at this as at the other stations, but their success has been interfered with by diseases which have attacked the plants. It is probable that other stations will soon be organized in the inter- ests of the production of coffee, quinine, tobacco, etc., and one especially for indigo. The numagement of the stations is liberal. The buildings, especially the laboratories, are very substantial, and are provided with water, gas, and other conveniences. The equipments for the i)articnlar lines of investigations are excellent. The salaries are generous — >'.j,0(K) per year for directors, $2,500 to $3,750 for chemists, and $1,500 for assistants. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE AGIHCrLTrRAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE I'NITEU STATES. Arizona Station, Bulletin No. 2, September 15, 1891 (pp. 12). Notes on some of the kan(;e ckasses of Akizona, .1. W. TOUMEY, B. !S. — This is a ])\\vt' ]>i('liiiiiii;uy icixut on sonic of tlio most im|K»rtiiiit jiiJisscs <;ro\\ iiiiion tin- t>\H'n mesa lands, in valleys, aiip}i(>riiim Itif/uroidcum, P(t)iicuiii lachtKnitltKiii, 1'. hiilhosKiii, and Muhhnhcrf/ia disti<-linj)lii/U(i. Attention is eallecl to the diminution of the itasturap' on the lanp's, due to overstocking-. The close pasturing' of the native jjras.ses, <'onil)ined with drouth, is eausinjj the gradual extinetion of the more valual>le forage plants on many of the ranucs. Arkansas Station, Third Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 155). I^'INANCIAL STATEMENT (p. 4), — .Vu iteilii/ed airount ofexpenditures by the station in ISIH). Shrinkage in silage (p. o). — A briet lalmlated statement of the ann>unt of <'orn and sor,i,^hum stoii-d iii ami (»rtlie sila.iie taken IVoiii tlie station silo. Experiments with corn, potatoes,- grasses, and sugar meets (pp. 5-12). — Corn after rye (p. 5). — A brief tabulated reeonl of the anniunt of rye and corn obtained from ten plats on whieh rye was har- vested at ditlerent dales from April !» to M;iy iL', inclusive, and was followed by coin. CovH, test of niririics (pp. (>. 7). — Taltnlatcd d;ita for II \;nieties grown in IS!>0. The results of .'{ years'experim«'Uts indicate lliat White Giant Normandy, u late variety, is best suited to mntliwestern Ar- kansas. Corn, fcrtiJhvr vrpcrhnvnt (p. S). — Tabidated data lor twelve ]dats of sandy soil, on which cotton-seed meal, acid iilntsphatc, and kainit. in diiferent combinations, were ('omi)ared with no nnmure for N\'hile (liant Nonnandy corn. The best results were obtained with cotton seed meal cond)ined with acid phosphate. 280 281 rotatocs, Jhiilizer expcriincitt (p. U). — A biicf labiilatfd iccdid ul' an experiment in wliicli tliliereiit fertili/crs were conipared Avitli ii(» niaiimc on seventeen plats wliere early ]»()tat(K's were ])lant('er acre, was with 50 pounds of acid phosi)hate. liEroKT OF Chemist, G. L. Teller, B. S. (pp. 1.3-28). — The autlior entered ui)on the duties of his ofiice September 20, 1800, siu'cceding (J. B. (Jollingwood, B. S. The report includes notes and taluilated data on analyses of sorghum, sugar beets, and fertilizers. Sorf/hnm analyses. — The work on sorghum during 1800 comprised a conii»lete analysis of 352 samples of juice, besides a partial analysis of 225 other samples, made in connection with (1) an experiment to study the effect of fertilizers on the yield of sugar, (2) a test of varieties, and (3) an examination of juice as an index to the selection of seed. Effect of fertUizers on yield of sugar. — Kainit, acid ])hosi)hate, and cotton-seed meal in different amounts and combinations were comi)ared with no manure on 40 fiftieth-acre plats planted with Early Orange sorghum. The highest i)er (;ent of vsucrose was obtained when the three fertilizers were combined, and in general the application of kainit seems to have had "a beneficial influence upon the amount of sugar in the canes and juice." This is in agreement with the results of a similar exi>eriment reported in the Annual Report of the station for 1880 (see Experiment Station Record, v(J. ii, p. 317). Test of varieties.^ A tal)ulated record of analyses of 18 varieties. "In nearly every case tlie degree Brix of the juices analyzed here is lower than in that of the cane from which the seed was selected. All of the varieties polarized on an average more than 14 per cent of sugar. Of the 6 varieties the juices of which showed more than 15 per cent of sugar, all but one (Link Hybrid) were said to be crosses. The same varieties show: a relatively high i)urity coetticient." Sugar-beet experiments. — Tabulated analyses are given of sam])les of beets grown in the experiment referred to above. In only one case (AAHiite Imperial 11.8 per cent) was the per cent of sucrose in the juice above 9 jier cent. Fertilizer analyses. — Analyses of 6 samples of commercial fertilizers. 282 Report of Horticulturist, J. McXeil, r>. S. (pp. lmm;1). — A report of experiments with tomatoes, ciuiiinlx'rs. apples, strawberries. l»lmiis, ai)ric'ots, and g^rapes. Tomntocs (pp. 29-31). — Xitrate of soda, kaiiiit, acid ]>li«is]>liatt', and cotton-seed meal were applied to Paraxon tomatoes. The lar^irest and most profitable yield (528 bushels per acre) was in the row '.'rtilized witli 800 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre. (Inciimhrr.s (]>]). 3L', 3.'>). — Tlie yields arc rcjjorted for l.'j varieties of (MKMimbers, planted in hills in the ordinary May and around a ])it lilhMl Avith stalde manure. Tlic ap:y,Tej!;ate yield favors the latter method of i)laiitinj:". but ~> <»f the \;uicties did better when ]>lanted in the ordinary way. ^{^tplcs (]ip. ;}.3-;38). — A list is {jiven of 1 Id varieties, to^rether with 1(5 of crab apples, jirowinji' in the station orehanl. An t'xperinn-nt is described in which ajiitles were kept in a st(»rehousc, the temperature of which was kcjit between 40° and "HP F l>y the use of ice. The l»i'olil, as cstiiiKited. was sullicient to waniint the ie]>etition of the experiment. Ai»|des di]»pcd in hoi pariillin did not keep ;iiiy lictter than th(»se left untreat«'d. IStrairhcrrirs (pp. 31M.~)). — A repriui ol nulletin >«'o. 13 of the station (,see Experiment Station b'ecord, vol. ii, j). IIKS). riitms (Old (iprirofst (p. 4(!|. — A brief note on the condition of the varieties of ]»lnins and ajjrieots •irowinu' at the station. ^'/v/yn.N (pp. Hi-t»l ). — Tabulated d;it;i for l.'.S varieties ]»];iiited in the sprinii' (»f isss and fruitinji' for the lirst time in 1S!)0. The yield, with few exceptions, was jxior. This is attriltuted to the Ibllowinji' causes: "(1) The evident untitness of many of the varieties for this locality, (1' the iirevalcnce of rot, (3) the dei>rcdationsof the .ur;i]tc leaf folder, and (4) the unfavorable situation of the vineyard." A MOW INSKCTKUDE FOR THE COTTON WOKM, A. E. MeNKE, 1 ). Sc, AND (r. V. Davis (pp. (JL'-«)!>). — A reprint of r.nllctin No. IT) of the stati()n (see ExperinuMit Stati<»n Kccord. \ol. ii, p. 318). Ki'U'oKT OF Kntomolo(;ist, < '. W \V( k ii) W( >K rii, M. S. (pp. 70-!»7. fiu's. L'). — r>ri«'f notes are liivcn on the following insects which injured crops in Arkansas in ISOO: Cntwoiiiis, white ^rub, jLjrain plant l«»usc. j^rape leaf Ibldcr, cotton worm, and l)olIw(»rm. tireat ditlerences in the ;imonnt of injury to the foliage of dilfcrent \arietics of j;r!i|)es by the iirape leaf folder were obscrxcd. ll\l»rid \arieties were especially attractive to the worm, while those of the species \'ulpina suH'ercd com- ]>aiatively little injury. An article on cotton W(Ujns is reprinted from Ibilletin No. 12 of the station (see Experinu'ut Station Kecord, vol. ii. p. I'.KS) and anotlu'r 8). Sonm additional notes are inserted in the latter article with reference to the relation betwei'U the stren.uth of the )>oison used and thi' injury )>ro- iluccd, and the ditfereuees in the amount of injury due to differeiices in 283 tlic time of ;ii»|>lic;iti(>ii. T]\o lollowiii!; tiiblcs (•oiilniii ;i siiiiiMuiry of I'xiK'iiincMts in which tlio art^euitcs wevv useiu[»()iti()ii of 1 piiit by wcij^ht to KM) or more parts of water: A series of 240 oxiieriments on the oak ])lica- tions were made on apple, grape, and i)each leaves, care being taken to make the ai'plieatious entirely i^arallel as to number, age of leaf, and method of application. Percentages of injury to apple, grape, and peach leaves. Poison used. White ar.senie Paris green . . . London i)urple First Se(!ond Third day. day. day. 14 58 51 52 36 27 67 GO 58 These applications Avero all made during 1 month, so that ftey probably sliow only the etfects of the different atmospheric conditions. * * * It set-jiis very evidinit that the condition of the leaf, which is dependent njjon the atmos])heric condition at the time, is the chief cause of this variation. The fact that ]>oison applied dry and kept dry can be applied in ahnost any quantity to a phint without injury would prove that the critical time is dependent upon the jK-riod of a]t])li(a- tion and sulise((uent rains and dews. Leaves do not have the same power to absorb moisture at all times. Eeport of Veterinauian, E. li. J:)inwiddie, v. S, (])]». DS-122, figs. 4). — This co^itaiiis an account of investigations of Southern cattle ])la,uue by the author. Reference is nuub' to ex])eriineiits ])ublislic(l in IjuHetin No. 11 of the Missouri Station (see Exiu'iiiiieiit Station Kec- ord, vol. IT, ]). 1()<>) and Bulletins Nos. 7, 8, 0, and 10 of the Nebraska Station (see Ex])eriment Station Eecord, vol. i, p. 12:3). Experiments by the anthor in the preventive inoculation of cattle in xVrkansas and 11233— No. o 2 284 ill tlie cultivation and production of the disease hy inoculations from different organs of diseased cattle and tlie manure of Southern eatth>, gave negative results. Further ex]ieriments failed to show any partic- iilar bacterium as the cause of the disease. The intracorj)uscnlar bod ies, first described by Dr. T. Smith of the Burciiu of Animal Industry of this Departmeut, were observed by the author in materials from the spleen and kidneys. Experiments with s^^'EET potatoes. 1{. L. IJennett, 1>. S. (pp. 123-12S), — These were at the branch stati(»n at Newport, Arkansas. The yields of !» varieties tested on saiid.N soil in ISIK) are given, together with a tabulated reotid of the clieiiiical coiii|tosilioii of the tubers and vines of the varieties tested, as determined liy the station chemist, and brief tabulated recorn the yield of tubers. Tile best results were obtained in the use of kainit and low eullnre. The yiel«l (b'creased 44. .5 bushels per acre where tlie \ines were remo\-ed. EXPKIflMKNT.S Willi (JKASSKS ANU LKlJl MKS, K. L. JlEN.NETT, !*.. S. (i>i>. lliO, I.JO). — A brief aeeount of 2 year.s' tests of ',i'^ varieties of grasses and legumes on the sandy soil of the branch station at Newport. None of the plants tested could be ]»rolitably gr<»\Mi for hay witiiout a lilteial nse of lertilizeis. "Oichaid grass, timothy, tall fescue, tall meatlow oat grass, Kentucky blue grass, alfalfa, redtop. im-adow fescue, and IJermuda glass ha\ ing succeeded better than others, are being fur- ther cxperinienied witli by the api)li«'ation of fertilizers." Field peas, IL \j. IJennett, 15. S. (|>i). KJU-i;^;?). — IJrief notes on 1) varieties of peas, an«l a table showing the comjiarative feeding \ allies of pea hay, timothy liay, and milh't. FEE1)IN(t EXl'EKIMENT AVITII STEEKS. \l. L. DENNETT, U. S., AM) A. E. MenivE, 1). Sc. (pp. i:?4-14(;).— The chief object of this experinu'iit was "■ to determine the ctfects, if any, of c<»tt(Ui-seed jtioducts, variously (■(tmbined. u|)on the tpiality of tlie tlesli and fat" when used for fatten- ing animals for beef. I^lexcn range steers, from 1' to 2^ years old, and varying in weight from ."iiio t<» T'.L' ]»ounds, were fi'd in stalls for a period of IK> days, as follows: Lot 1, cotton-seed meal and cotton seed hulls. Lot 2, corn and i)ea-vine hay. Lot 3, cotton-seed meal, cottonseed hulls, and jx'a vine hay. Lot 4, cotton seed, cotton-seed hulls, and ]»ea vine hay. Lot 5, cotton seed and pea vine hay. The rations Avere the same in kind throughout the trial, but the amount fed was regulated by the individual ai^ix-tites. At the close of the exi»eriment the animals were immediately shijijied to the Armour racking Comjiany at Kansas City, Missouri, where they were slaugli tered under the supervision of the station. The <'om])any dcteiniined the dressed weight, the weight of tallow and of rendered tallow, and 285 the meUiii^y point of the tiillow, ;iii(l also iiuulc cnrclul cxaiiiiiijitioiis of tlio t that of the two mixtures the one containing kainit generally gave the hirgest yields. Varieties ofeotUm (p. 117). — Tabidated yields for 21 varieties of cotton. Kansas Station, Bulletin No. 22, August, 1891 (pp. 25). Smitt of oats in 1891, W. A. Keller:man, Ph. D. (pp. 73-81). — Privious accounts of statistics and experiments on oat smut ( Ustiloffo (iroKc) imiy be found in Bulletins jS^os. 8 and 15 and in the Annual Iveport of the station for 1889 (see Exi)erinient Station Eecord, vol. i, p. 21(1, ami vol. II, pp. 312 ami (538). Tabulated data are given for counts of the amount of oat snuit in 1891 in fields on seven different farms near Manhattan, Kansas. Of the 28,807 heads counted, 1,()00 were smutted, show in g the average percentage of snuit to be 5.76. The amount of snnit in different fields varied from 3.2 to 7.92 per cent. The results of experiments with fungicides are also tabidated. Potassium sulphide was used in solutions varying from | to 20 per cent during from 5 minutes to 24 hours. In one case calcium sulphide was used, and in several instances different amounts of suli)hur. The potassium snlphide proved an effective fungicide this year as in 1890. '' It nniy be used in a Aveak solution (say 1 pound to 20 gallons of water), in which the seed 286 sliould he soaked I'ilumrs; or it may be used in a solution twice as strong:, allowing the seed to remain in it only 10 or lli hours. In previous exi)eriments, reported in the Annual Report of the station for LS8J) and in Bulletins Xos. 15 and 21 (see Exi)erinient Station Keeord, vol. ii, p]). 341! and 040, and vol. iii, p. 225), an extra increase of yield was observed on the plats treated with hot water or potassium sulphide. A further test of this matter in 1891 is rei>orted in detail iu tables and illustrated in dia*iili>liide, ^ per eent soiiitinn. l^ hours Kesults expected from simply replacing smutted heads with sound ones • BtmheU. Per cent. BtithcU SJ.IO I 02.10 1 16. 62. 10 16.76 60.75 14.40 60.30 13. .v. , 64.35 21.18 '58.50 10.17 56.35 6.11 4.40 3. m 8. (K) 2.15 * The seed being damp and swollen a smaller (juantity per acre was drille*!. THSTS of FrN(JH"IDES TO IMIKVENT LOOSE SMUT OF WHEAT, W. A. Kelleioian, I'll. D. (pp. 81-1)0). — A summary of available information regarding loose smut of wheat {Ustila go tritici) was given in tiic .\iiiiiial I{ci>ortof the station for 1880 (see ExiMM-imeiit Station Kccord. vol. ii, ]). 312), anil accounts of experiments with fungicides Ibr stinking smut of wheat {TUU'iia faicnH and T. tritici) may be found in Uulletins Nos. 12 and 21 of the station (see Experinn'iit Station Keconl. \-ol. ii. p. 220, and vol. Ill, p. 225). The anKUint of loose smut found un 25 \ ai^icties of wheat grown at the station in 1801, as stated in a tabh', ranged from 0 to 1(> per cent. Tabulated data are given for experiments with 54 difterent methods of treatment tested on as many plats, alternate plats r«'maiiiing untreated. The fiingicidt^s used were Ilordcaux mixture, eau celeste, co]»per sulphate, ])otassium bichromate. coi»per nitrate, \"erdi- gris, copper chloride, mercuric chlitiide. Ward's Seed Manure, and hot water. Very little smut ai»i>eared (»n the untreated idats, and the data reported do not conclusively favor any of the treatments. Spraying to prevent wheat ri st, W. A. Keleerman. Ph. 1). {\^\). 00-03). — Notes and tabulated data for an exin'iiment in which flowers of sulphur, jtotassium sulphide, chloride of iron, and liordeaux mixture were ajtplied singly at intervals usually of 8 days from Ai»ril 21 to July 2, 18!)1, inclusive, on Fifeand lUue Stem s]>riug wheat. Chev- alier, Four-llowed, Melon, Saal, Prize Prolific, and Algerian barley, and P>lack Winter oats, with a view to ]>reventingred and black rust( Pucviuia s]>.). The fungicides api»arently had little if any etfect. However, attention is called to the fact that fre«inent rains may have materially iuterfered with the success of the experiment. 287 Kansas Station, Bulletin No. 23, August, 1891 (pp. 15). Experiments with sorghum smuts, AV. A. Kellerman, Ph. I). (]))). OiVlOI, i)latos 3). — Two sjx'cics of siimt liavc been Ibiiiul on sor^liuni in Kansas, Untilagosorghi, wliicli attacks the individual j-rains, and Uatilago reiliana, which converts the whole head into a larj>"e black mass, UaiUago sorf/M (Passerini in Tliiini. TTerb. myc. oec. n., (>,'}) has been reported in this countrj' from Washington, I). C; Madison, Wis- consin; Xew York; Lincoln, Nebraska; and Manhattan and Sterling', Ivaiisas, on ]dants orown from foreign seed. i'stihu/o reiliana (Kiilni in Eabenhorst, Fungi europ.nei exsiccati, <'ent., 20, No. 1988) was found in 1800 at Manhattan and Sterling, Ivansas and in New Jersey, on plants from foreign seed. In a pre- liminary test in a greenhouse at the station with the seed of Red Lib- ciian, Kangoon, Early Amber, White Kaffir Corn, and a variety from ('alcutta the j^lants in nine of the fifteen pots in which infected seed was planted, produced smutted heads ( Usiilago soryM in seven cases and V. niliana in two cases). \ lield experiment with infected seed, and with potassium sulphide, chloride of iron, and hot water as fungicides to prevent the smut, is also reported in notes and tables. The untreated ]>lats gave from 1 to 3.3 per cent of snnitted heads and there was no snuit where either potassium sulphide or hot water was used. " The artificial infection of the seed does not seem to be successful." Experiments with corn smut, W. A. Kellerman, Ph. D. (pp. 101-10,")). — Attempts in the greenhouse and in the lield to infect corn l)y adding a quantity of the spores of corn smut {JJstUaf/o ze(e-mays) to the seed were unsuccessful. Spraying corn ]ilantswitli Bordeaux mix- ture, chloride of iron, or potassium sulphide did not prevent the devel- opment of corn smut. Details are given in notes and tables. Massachusetts State Station, Bulletin No. 41, September, 1891 (pp. 16). ^Ieteorology (p. 1). — Meteorological summary for July and xVugust, 1801. Commercial fertilizers (pp. 2, 3). — Tabulated analyses of 23 samples of commercial fertilizers, including tankage and bone. Feeding experiments with milch cows, C. A. Goessmann, Ph. D. (i>i>. 4-lG). — These experiments were designed to compare the etiects of like amounts of cotton-seed meal, old-process linseed meal, and gluten meal on the cost of food and the (piantity and (juality of milk ] )rod need. These materials were each fed with 3 i^ounds of corn meal and 3 itounds of wheat bran, and coarse foods consisting of rowen hay, corn stover or hay, and a mixed silage made of efjual parts by weight of green fodder corn and green soja beans. The rations fed each 288 period in addition to the 3 i)ouuds of corn meal and 3 pounds of wlieat bran, which were fed at all times, were as follows: Period 1, 3 pounds cotton-seed meal and rowen hay ad lihitum. Period 2, 3 pounds gluten meal and rowen hay ad lihilinn. Period 3, 3 pounds linseed meal and rowen hay ad libitum. Period 4, 3 pounds cotton-seed meal, 5 pounds rowen hay. and mixed silage rt/f/i/nVum. Period 5, 3 pounds gluten meal, o pounds rowen hay. and mixerevailiiig market prices there was no marked ditierence in the etfects of the cotton seed meal, gluten meal, and old-process linseed nu'al on the gross cost (d the rations. Making the usual allowances f(»r the value of the manure, the "3 pounds of cott(Hi-seed meal are 0.'.>4 cent eln-aper than 3 pounds of gluten meal, and 0.22 cent cheaper than 3 pounds of ohl i»rocess linseed meal. " (2) With regard to the milk yield, where the coar.M' foddi'r cou- sist^'d of rowen hay ahuie "cottonseed meal h'ads in live out of six cases," aneriment ; tiie notable changes were a]>i)aiently in a controlling degi,.,. dn^ to the par- ticular condition and individuality of the cow used in the trial." The superior feeding effect of green soja heans as a coarse fodder constituent in the diet of milch cows, has heen shown in our sumnu-r feeding ex]ierinients of ISJX). re]>orted iu the Annual Report of the station for 1890, pp. 39-54 [see Kxperiuiont Station Kecord, 289 vii of tlie following analyses: Composition of dry matter of com ailage and corn and soja bean silafje. Cniclonsh Cnuli' Cellulose I'm. If tat Crmlf in-i(fi-in.. Nitn.jren-tVei! ej Total .... Corn silage. Per cent. G. 73 2ti. 9(1 :f 27 8.97 54.13 100. 00 Corn anil soja lii-au silage. Pi'r cent. 11.04 27. 84 5. 33 14. 27 40.50 100. 00 The plear corn silage was obtained from the same lot of fodder corn wliiih served for the production of the mixed silage. The silos were in both cases filled in the same way, and as far as practicable at the same time; they were of corresponding size and contained fairly even quantities of vegetable matter. Both were opened for general use at about the same time — 4 months after hlling. The samples wliicli served for the analyses represent in each case the average of the silage obtained by cutting in a vertical direction through the contents of each silo. The couii)osition of the dry vegetable matter of the mixed silage comjjares well with that of a medium quality of red clover hay. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Bulletin No. 15, October, 1891 (pp. 16). Experiments in greenhouse heating, S. T. Maynard, B. S. (j)}). 3-7). — Keforence is made to previous experiments in which steam and hot-water systems for heating greenhouses were compared, as rei)orted in BnHetiiis iSTos. 4, 0, and 8 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, pp. 82 and 225, and vol. ii, p. 104). This article contains an account of experiments in the two greenhouses previously used, to test overbeuch as compared with underbench lieatiiig. The hot- water system was used in both houses, and each house was divided into north and south sections, "in the former of which were grown coleus, roses, and other jdants requiring a high temperature, wliih:^ in the latter were grown lettuce, carnations, and other plants requiring a lower tem- perature." The results of an experiment begun December 1, 1890, and ended April 12, 1(^91, are recorded in three tables. One of these contains the daily record of the temperature of the house and the amount of coal consumed for each day of January; the second gives the average tem- peratures and the amounts of coal consumed for each month; the third shows the distri])ution of heat through the houses during different weeks. It was found that " while the average tenq)erature of the water as it came from the boiler in the west house with pipes over the benches, was 4.810 higher than that from the east boiler, where the pipes ran under the benches, the house temperature was only 0.2.5° higher." Que hundred and seventy-nine pounds more coal Avas consumed in the west house than in the east one. The circulation of the hot water iu 290 tlio pipes over the benches was more r;i])id and rejjular than -where the ]>ipes ran under the benches. As rej;ards the o:rowth of phiuts, the results with carnations, lettuce, cuttinjis, and flower seed were in favor of the underbeiich pipin**'. The bhtssoius of lu'arly mature or buddiiij; ])lants came out more quickly where the pipes were over the benches. The heat was more erpially distribute(l tlirouj;h the honse-^ where the lti]»es were uud«'r the benches. Special fektilizkks- fok PLA^•T8 under glass, S. T. ^Iaynakt). I>. S. (])p. 7, 8). — These exjieiinieiits were in continuation of th(»se re])orted in J>ulletin No. 1(» of the station (see Ex]»eiinieiit Station ]iecord, vol. u, ]>. 'J'.'>~>}. and were carried on in the jireenhouses above mentioned. Durinji' M weeks the tolhtwino- numbers of carnation blos- soms were obtained with the use of ditlerent fertilizers: Nitrate of ])otasli 1,2<51. nitiate < if soda l,-).~>."5.su]]»hateof ammonia l..'i4.~). sulphate of ])ot ash l,47r», nitrat*' of ]»otash l.dOl. dissolved boiieblaek 1,(M»'.». The results of o ex]»eriments made in this line h;i\c varied: .> favored boneblack, 1 suli)hate of ammonia, and 1 nitrate of potash. Snl]»liate of jtotash stood second in each one of them. Tests of vakikiies of small fkiits, S. T. ^Maynakd, I>. S. (i>]» S, ](»). — Tabulated data are <;iven for IKi variKies of strawberries, 10 of blackberries, l'.> ol red ias]»berries. and \'A of blackca]) raspberries, with brief descri]»ti\ •• notes (»n a few of the varieties. Injuries to straw- berries by the Itlack jiaria d'arin dirniniti) anf f«'r- tilizers are jriven. to;;ether with tabulat«'d analyses of 40 brands ot fei'tilizers. includini: bone and "azotine." colh-cteil in the State during' 181)1. Michigan Station, Bulletin No. 76. October. 1891 ipp. 16 u Kerosene emt i.sion and notJ'.s on i.nsi'.cis. \. ,\. ("(mik. M.S., AND (J. ('. Davls, M. S. (tijis. 8). — Keference is made t« ]»revi<»us state ments re«iardin}; kero.sene emulsion in IWdletins Nos. ."»8 and 7.> of the station (see KxiJcrinuMit Station liccord, vol. u. pp. (!.>and 7.{0). Form- ulas are ;»iven for kerosene emulsion with soft ami hard soajt, kerosene 291 and milk oninlsioii, and korosonc and ]>yrotliriini oninlsion. Ex"pori- ments by the author and otlicis aro cited to show tliat kerosene eniul sion is an effective insecticide for lice on cattle, horses, and hogs, and for ticks on sheejt; and for the rose chafer {Mucnulnctiihis si(hs2)iiiosus), the hcdlyhock bug" [Ortlioti/lii.s (h-lindu.s), the yellow-lined currant bug {]'a'ciloca2)si(s lineatns), i)lant lice, ])ear and cLerry slug {Eriocamjya ccrasi), and i)ea weevil {Ih'uchus pisi). The ])yrethruin kerosene emul- sior. was also successfully used for the rose chafer, the hollyhock bug, and the yellow-lined currant bug, and the author believes that this insecticide will be effective for plant lice. Both enudsions have been found destructive to the eggs and larvfe of the squash bug {Anasa tristis), but failed to kill the mature bugs. A large number of experiments on different kinds of x)lants have imlicated that one part of kerosene to tifteen of the hard-soap solution is safe on all i)lants. Where soft soa]) is used the amount of soaj) Avill in many cases need to be reduced. When i)yrethrum is used with kero- sene, one part of kerosene to twelve of the soap solution is recom- mended. Hot water (1.30° to 150° F.) was successfully applied with a conunon nozzle to plants attacked by the rose chafer. The experience of the author leads him to believe that this remedy can be used only on warm days. The bulletin also contains descriptive notes on the holly- hock bug, yellow-lined currant Morm, oak caterpillar {Edema albifrons), Avhite pine sawtly {Lophyrufi ahbottii), and a white i)ine sawfly parasite ( I'criluDtpiis lii/alin us). New Hampshire Station, Second Annual Report, 1889 (pp. 72). KEroRT OF DiRECTOT?, (t. II. Whitcher, B. S. (pp. 7-62, plate I). — This consists of a brief survey of the work of tlie year; abstracts of Bulletins Xos. 5, G, 7, and 8 of the station (see Experiment Station Becord, vol. i, pp. 127, 130, 255); and a plan of the station grounds. Growth of timothy grass, F. W. Morse, B. S. (pp. 03-60). — This is a study of the changes in the nutritive constituents of timothy grass during its growth, with a vicM* to tinding the best time for cutting. Analyses are given of timothy cut CAcry 5 days from June 4 to July 31, together with the yield of green grass, and the calculated amounts of digestible food ingredients for each cutting. The following are the^ author's conclusions : Timothy grass grows A'cry rnjiidly until tlio Idossoiu appoars. Its fiiHtest growthi is lu'twceu the appearance of the liead and lietein. The mature grass is richest iu' carbohydrates (or fiber and nitrogen-free extract). Timothy yields the largest amount of digestible protein when cut at the beginning of bloom. The total amount of digestible matter is largest when the grass has passed out of blossom or gone to seed. 292 Miscellaneous analyses (p]). (;!)-71). — Analyses are jiivon of mixed fi^'d and liay heated in tlic mow with ictViciicc to food iiiiiicd- ients, and of IJeHamy bone phosphate, tobaeeo and siilplinr, mnck, iiiillc, butter, Insect Exterminator, and paint. Financial statement (p. 72), — Report of the reeei]>ts and expend- itures of the station for the fiscal year ending Jun«' 30, 1SS!>. New Jersey Stations, Annual Report, 1889 (pp. 355). Report of Treasitrer of State Station, J. Netlson (p. ll).— This is for the calendar year ISSO. . Report of Director, :\I. E. Gates, Ph. D. (pp. l.'?-22).— This is an outline statement of the work of the staticms durinji" 18SU. Special reference is made to the loss sustained by the stations in the death of the former director, George II. Cook, LL. D., which occurred Seiitem- l)er 22, 1SS<>. Fertilizers, E. V>. Vookiiees, M. A. (pp. 2;.)-l(H ). — Frrtiliztr sta- tistics (pp. 24-20). — This iiK Iiide.s statistics as to the amnnnt and \alue of the fertilizers sold in tlie State during ISSO, and a eomjnnison of ])ri('es, anionnt, and qnality with those of each year from 1SS2 to ISSS. .V rejtort from forty out of the tifty-six linns in the State dealing in ferlilizers. inelnding those ha\ ing the largest sales, indicated that dnr- ing 1SS!> tliey sold within the State 32,24(> tons of fertilizers, valned at $i,ioi;,22;;. i Tlu' « f>iiii>lcti' niannrps roprosoiit 7t per cent of tlie total nmulxT of tons sold and 77 jn-r < i>er ecnt lower, and that the averaj^o price of this year [ISSit] is alumt t percent hijrlier than that «>f l,ss7 and 1888. * * * [It is fnrther shown that] the decline in the prices of coni]>lete fertilizers from lS82-'87 was not accompanied by n corresjtonding deere.ise in the ahsolnte amonnts of plant food delivered to consnmers, and the increase in price for 1889 w.ns notaccom panied hy any increase in the amonnt of i>lant food delivered to ••onsnmers. * Couimercial rclatioufi of fertilizers (pp. 20-101). — rn; a ])optilar (liscnssion of the sources ^)\' sn|>ply of nitrogen. ]»h<)sph(trie acid, ami potash; general snggc^stions as to Intw lu buy ami how t<» nseectni mereial fertilizers: abstracts from the State fertilizer law ; a des( lipt ion of the statiftn's nu'lhod of «'nlle«'t ing samples of the fertilizers sold within the State; the schedule of trade values of fertilizing ingredients tor 1SS7. ISSS, and 1SS!>; and analyses of 230 samides of commercial fertilizei>. iiicliuling bone, lish scrap, horse meat, and kainit, collected in the Stale 293 during 1881), togctlu'r ^^it^l saniples of ''tailings from (■(nicnitiatiiig iron ore," flue dust from iron works, and tomato pomace, ExrEKIMENTS WITH NITKATE 0¥ 8()DA ON TOMATOES, E. !>. VOOE- IIEES, M. A. (pp. W2-V27).—A ro]nint of Bulletin No. (13 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, ^ ol. i, p. 261). FlEf-T) EXPEKTMENTS WITH FEKTILTZETJS;, E. B. VOORIIEES, M. A. (pp. 127-1^3).— Fcrfi I izers on clover (pp. 128-132).— In 1882 a series of experiments was commenced under tlie direction of the station on the farm of Mr. A. P. Arnold, to determine (1) ^'tlie effect of barnyard manure upon a rotation of crops compared with tlie effects of the leading elements of plant food used separately and in combinations; (2) the financial results which folloAV the use of commercial fertilizers," The rotation consisted of corn, sweet potatoes, clover and millet, and clover. The soil is described as "a very sandy loam, easily tilled, respouvsive to fertilizers, and especially suitable for the cultivation of sweet j)otatoes, berries, and small fruits." The experiment included 11 tenth-acre plats, and has been continued each year uj) to 1889, when clover was the crop raised. Each plat re(;eived the same treatment from year to year except in 1889, when no fertilizers were applied on any of the plats. On seven of the plats nitrate of soda, superph<)si)hate, and muriate of ])ot- ash had been used singly, two by two, or all three combined; plaster find barnyard manuie had each been applied on one plat; and two plats had received no fertilizer during the 8 years. The yield of clover in 1889, the value of each previous year's cro]>, the total valuer of the crops for 8 years, and the cost of fertilizers during this tinu' are tabulated for each of the eleven plats. The financial results for the B years show that where nitrate of soda or superphosphate, alom^ or combined, or plaster was used the total value of the crops, after deduct- ing the cost of inamires, was less by from $11.96 to -124.04 per plat than where no fertilizer was used. In the other cases there Avasa gain in net value over the unfertilized plats varying from 163.52 to 1157.33 per plat, the largest gain occurring where barnyard manure had been nsed. A considerably larger amount of fertilizing ingredients was supplied by the barnyard manure than by the complete fertilizer composed of nitrate of soda, muriate of potash, and superphosphate. " While profit has accrued from the continued nse of barnyard manure in large quantities, the yields have not only not been in pro])ortion to those quantities, but the ]»roiiortions of the elements removed in the crops have not been in the i>ro] tortious in which they have been su])])lied in the manure." Fcriilizo's o)i pmcli trees (pp, 133-137). — This experiment has been in l»rogress on the farm of Mr. S. C. Dayton since 1884, the fertilizers used being the same as in the preceding series of experiments. The results are talmlated for 1889, and com])ared with those in 1887 and 1888. '^Tlie best yields secured in 1889 were from those plats u])on which potash had been ap])lied, the highest yield, 166.7 baskets, being where a mixture of potash and nitrate of soda Avas used. This result is, as Mr. 294 Dayton says, contrary to all ])r('cc(l('nt, sui)erj)liosphate liavinji' Ixmmi the ruling' clcincnt on all ciops upon his farm in ]>re\ious years." Canada anhcs, domcsiic ashes, dissolcid iSouth Carolina rocl^ (oid Or cMUa guano (])p. 137-140). — This is a eomparisou of these materials on th<' farm of Mr. A, P. Arnold for 5 years, the rotation otash derived fiom muriate of potash and from kainit: anei iments one lentil acic each. In the corn e\]»eriments muriate of jxttasli ir»0 ami -!<>() jiounds, kainit (ion and SIX) pounds, and eomnion salt L'OU aud L'.IO pounds ]»er acre w«'re each used on one plat, three plats lemaining u n lei till /eij. in the potato e\]ieriments the treatment of tlu' plats was \cry similar, llie experiments were inconclusive. The season wa- very uiifa\(uable and tlie potatoes sulfered Irom the rot. Plios])liatie/erfilizersoai(l of agrieultiire. ex|»erinients were ]»laiiiied to test t lie relatix (' \ alue of like amounts of ]»hos]»horic acid in tlie loriii »>f boiieblack ()r South Carolina rock, and wlieat was selected as the cio)». 'i'lie experiments were carried out on four farms in Salem County ami on the colh'ge farm. "The farms in Salem County are all under- laid by marl beds." From (I to It tenth-acre ]»lats were used in each ex])criiiicnt. A mixture furnishing 1") i»ounds of nitiogeii and L'O ]>ou.mls of potasli ]»er acre was ai)i>li«Ml (Ui all the ]»Iats. In addition t<» this. .">.">0 pounds of boiieblack (containing 10. Ol' ])er <'ent a\ ailablr plio- ldioi ic acid) or 1 10 pounds of dissoh cd Seriment. ''Tin' value ol" croi»s on t liose ]»lats lertili/.ed with |)liosphoiic acid from either bone- black or South Carolina rock were piacticall\ identical. The widest 295 dirtcnMice in value of crops, $2.48 per acre, is shown on f he college fiiiin." Alfalfa, p:. B. Voorhees, M. A. (i»p. ir);{-i(;o)._Tliis is a i(']K»it lor ISSO of tlie yields of alfalfa sown broadcast and in drills, being a continuation of an experiment ectniineuced iul887 (see Experiment Sta- tion Bulletin Xo. 2, part i, p. 120). A piece of land 150 by 30 feet was seeded to altalfa in Ajnil, 1SS7, tlie seed l)eing sown broadcast on one half at the rate of oO pounds of seed i)er acre, and in drills U inches ai)art on the other half at the rate of 15 pounds per acre. The fertilizers were the same for both halves. In 1889 four cuttings of alfalfa were made—May 29, ,Iuly 5, August 12, and in September. The total yield of green foddei- trom these four cuttings is given at 22^ tons per acre for the l;uit, it is qnitr likely tliat Inr.c:^ quantities of this cIciiK'nt liad Leon secured from the deeper layers of subsoil."' Fodders and feeds, E. B. Voorhees, M. A. (pp. 101-177). — A brief discussion is given of the food ingredients of feeding stutts and of German feeding standards for animals under ditferent conditions. Analyses (with reference to both food and fertilizing ingredients) made at the station during 18S9 are recorded in tables for the followiiig feeding stuffs: Horse sorrel, gluten meal, fodder corn, alfalfa, and pasture grass (seven different kinds, as timothy third year after rye, timothy tirst and second years alter wheat, tirst year's timothy and clover, second years timothy and alsike clover, mixed seventeenth year, and llaritan Kiver m<'adow), and of timothy hay harvested in clear weather and that which lay through a confinui>us rain for 17 days (1) in the swath and (2) in cocks. Tlicrc is also a compilation of analyses (food and fer- tilizing ingredii-nts) inad<' at tlu' stati(»n. inchidiiig bn'wers' grain, corn jiieal, cotton seed nn'al, gluten meal, old and n«'W-process linseed meal, malt sprouts, ground (»ats, wheat bran, wheat middlings, wheat chaff, cl(»ver hay, oi-charH grass, jtasture grass, rye grass, timothy hay, Cier- nnin millet, alfalfa, fodfiercorn, cornstalks (stover), oat straw, and wheat straw : and a comparison bet\v«'en the food ingredii'nts in (JO ]»ounds of ])astnre grass ami in sevi'ii rations "assumed as used in g<'neral prac- tice," I'^XI'KRIMKNTS WITH Dll'l-KKKNT HRKKDS OK DAIRY CoWS, K. !>. VooRiiEES, M. A. (i>p. 17S-lS(i). — A reprint of the accounts of this exi>eriment given in liulletins Xos. 57 and 01 of the station (see Exi)eri- ment Station liecord, vol. I, pi). 258 and 200). S(»ij(;iir>r and stgar makixu (pp. 1S7-1S!>). — A statement <)f the experiments in tlie Held and in the sugarhouse at Kio Grande, New .Jersey, during 1SS!». A severe storm in Septeiidter so injured the croj) that the yield of sugar was mateiially reduced. Keport of Chemical Geologist, II. 15. PATTojf, Pii. 1). (pj). ]01-1!M>). — The first year of the work of the station in the line of soil investigations has been sjx'ut in reviewing the work already don*' in this and other <-ountries, in making a general study of the soils «)f the State, in <'ollecting typical samjiles of soil, and in determining the lines of investigation to be inuuediately undertaken. It has been decided to study the red soils of Xew Jersey with reference to tlu* relations between tlu' color of the soil ami its physical jiroperties and lertility. Questions relating to the llocenlaliou of soils will also l»e in\ cstigated. The nu'thod adoi>t(Ml for the i)reparation of soil samples for ( lieniical and ])hysical analysis is described. Keport of Biologist, J. Nelson, Ph. D. (pp. 1117-220). — The biol ogist of the station is engaged for the most part in investigations relat- ing to the oyster imlustry. The statistics of this industry in X«'W Jers«'y were given in tlu' Annual IJeport of the station for ISSS ^see 207 Exjtoiinioiit Stiition T>iillotiii Ko. 2, i»;nt i, p. 130). Tlio i)n'KOiit rc^port contains general statements reiL;ar(ling the condition and needs <>!' lliis industry iu the United States, a liistorical resume of'ostreacultural exper- iments and methods, and a brief account of experiments by the autlior in the culture of oysters in a chdrc at Key Port, Xew Jersey, and in the station laboratory. Most of the work of the year was i)reparatory and actual experinu^ntinji' was not begun until hite iu the season. The lab- oratory experinuMit was uuiterially interfered with by the impurity of the water used and the improper construction of the tanks. Tlie autlior records a discovery that spernnitozoa may survive the death of the oyster at least 5 days. Eepokt of IJotanist, F,. I). Halsted, 1). So. (pp. L'LM-L*3!>).— Tliis is for the tirst 10 months during which the statiou has had the services of a botanist. A considerable portion of this time was necessarily occn}»ied in prei»arat(>ry work. The r(>i)oit includes notes on weeds along the same lines as those treated in bulletin No. 5:^ of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, ^'ol. i, p. b>()); explauations regarding the ])olleii of plants, with a brief account of observations by a number of ])ersons in New Jersey, witli reference to the relation between wet weather at the time of the blooming and the setting and maturing of fruit. An outline of the ])lan of these experiments was given in Special Bulletin 0 of the statiou (see Experiment Station liecord, vol. i, p. 134). The season of 1S89 was very wet and thus unfavorable for such experi- ments. In the case of apples it was observed that no fruit was set when the flowers were not permitted to get dry. Keeping strawberry vines wet during the time when the fruit is setting is probably undesirable. Some exijeriments were made in clipping the lower half of currant clusters. This practice increased the number, size, and M^eight of the berries as compared with those on untreated bushes. There are also brief notes on potato rot [Vhytophtliora infestans), grape rot, cranberry gall fungus {Synchytriuni vaccinii), cranberry scald, cucumber mildew {'Pcronospora rnhcnsis), sweet potato rots {Rhizopus nif/ricans, Ceratoeys- tisjimbridta) leaf blight on lilac {Fhyllosticta halstedii), and fungicides. Oljservations on the two iliseases of the cranberry above referred to were reported in Bulletin No. Gl of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. i, p. UG3). The cucund)er mildew was first observed on cucumbers growing under glass, and was afterwards found on pumpkins, squashes, and field encumbers in various parts of the State. Report of Entomologist, J. B. Smith (pp. 241-313, figs. 22). — The author assumed the duties of entomologist to the station April 1, 1889. Considerable preliminary work was necessary in securing apparatus and making collections of insects. General information regarding this department was given in Bulletin No. 55 of tlie station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. i, p. 134). The report contains an account of the horn flj^ {Hannatohia serrata), taken from Bulletin No. 62 of 298 the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, 11. 2G0); coniitiltMl and oiiiiinal notes on the periodical cicada {Cicada scptouleritu), imported elm leaf heetle {Galeruca .ranthonicJa-iia), imported olni Itorer (Zenzera pynna), clover leaf beetle {rhyto)wmus 2)unctatus), asparagus beetle (C'rioc^'/'/.v anparagi)^ grape ftlume moth {OxypiUuH in'rinvvlidac- tyli(s), grape pliymatodes {Phymatorleft amwuus), codling moth {Carpo- capsa pomonella)^ yellowiH'cked a]>]>le treecati-rpillar [Datana minintra), plum curculio {Conotrachclus nenuphar), peach borer {iSannina exitiosa), white cabbage btrtterfly {Pieris rapw), fi\\\y>'ebv>'orin {Hyphantria cunea), gr:>i)eviiM' sawtly (Sclandria ritis), and cutworms; statements regard- ing the ]»rei)aration and use of Paris green. L(»ndon ]»ur]>le, tobacco, and kerosene eimilsioii as insecticides; and deseriptiation. Those that i)npated nnderthe bark of the trees were "very generally attacked l)y a fnngns that carried them otf by the thousands." The i)npa' can be readily destroyed l»y hot water sprinkled id the base of the tree. The anth(U' c(»ncludes from his obser\ations that "a sin- gle annnal br<»(Ml is the rnle in New -lersey, though there may be two in the sonthcrn jiart of the St;it«'." Asparayus heetlr. — Kerosem* a]»plie(l in a \'ery line spra\ killed a large proportion of the larva-, buf did not injure either tl»e eggs (u- per- fect beetles. London ]uirple. ap]>lie0 per cent of all the larva'. "The beetles were driven olf but soon returned, while the eggs were not injured in any way." White caldxiye hxtferfly. — X. O. Dust, ai)i)lied with a ]Miwder bellows, killed all the larva' that were touched by it. Appendix (pp. 315-33G, plate 1).— This contains the :uts of the State legislature relating to the station and to fertili/.i'r inspection; direc- tions for samjjling fertilizers and feeding stufis; the order of stjition W(nk; a brief description of the station laboratory; and a <"atalogue of the bulletins of the station fr, inclusive. A list of these bulletins to December 31, 1888, may also be found in Kxy)eriment Station liulletin No. '2. ]y,\rt t. p. 14-. iind abstracts of the bulletins lor 1881) arc contaiucd in Experiment Statigu liecord, vol. I, 299 Seoond Annual Kkport of Ni:w Jersey College Station (pi). 337-34li). — Tlii.s iiicliides ;v brief account of the ((ipiiiization of the «tatiou, aud a liuaucial statcuieut for the liscal year eudiiig Juuc30, 1889. New Jersey Stations, Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 585). Eeports of Tkeasurer (pp. 11 and 555). — An exhibit of the receipts and expenditures of the New Jersey State Station during 1890, aud of the New Jersey College Station during the liscal year ending June 30, 1800. IvEroRT OF Director (pp. 13-17). — A brief revicAv of the work of the year and a list of the bulletins i)ublished during that time. M. E. Gates, LL. D., acting director of the station, resigned October 1, 1890, and J. Neilson was appointed in liis stead. Fertilizers (pp. 21-101). — This includes statistics on the amount and value of the fertilizers used in the State during 1890; a comparison of th(^ year's trade with that of each i^receding year since Jssii; a com- parison of tlie Avhoiesale and retail prices of fertilizing ingredients for the past 3 years; a monthly review of the fluctuations in prices of cru(h^ fertilizing materials during th» year, together with a summary of th(^ same for each year since 1888; ai)Oj)ular discussion on the sources of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash; a reprint from Bulletins Nos. OG and 71 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecoid, vol. ii, pp. KJl and 280) of articles on the rational use of fertilizers, liome- mixing, the composition of incomj)lete fertilizers, etc.; abstracts from the State fertilizer law; general information concerning the method of collecting samples of the fertilizers sold in the State; schedule of trade values for 1888, 1889, and 1890; and analyses of 314 samples of qpm- mercial fertilizers and fertilizing materials, including nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried and ground fish, tankage, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, boneblack, bone ash. South Carolina rock, dissol\ed bone, ground bone, muriate of potash, kainit, suli)hate of potash, sylvauit, cotton-hull ashes, ground tobacco stems, wood ashes, precii)i- tated carbonate of lime, marl, wool waste, muck, and buckwheat hulls. Experiments with nitrate of soda on tomatoes (pp. 102-120). — A reprint of Bulletin No. 79 of the station (see Exi^eriment Station llecord, vol. iii, p. 30). Experiments with fertilizers on potatoes (pp. 120-142). — A reprint from Bulletin No. 80 of the station (see Experiment Station Ile a ton - the prottt from the use of nitrate is $1.29 per acre." . Fertilizers on siceet potatoes (pp. 150-152).-A prehnunary expernnent en 12 twentieth-acre phits on the tarm of G. E. Farry. The fcrtihzers consisted of nitrate of soda, 100 and 320 ponnds per acre, apph.-d all at one time. May 20, or half then and the remainder June LO, both alone and in eonnecti.m with superphosphate 320 pounds and muri- ate of potash 100 pounds per acre. One plat received the nuxture ot superph<.sphate and potash witlmut nitn.ovn. another 20 tons ot barn- yard manure per a^re, and tw<. remained unmanured. Tlie sod was Very li-ht ami sandy. TIm' tal.lr of yields shows the yield ot merehaut- ■tble i.otators to have been lar-est (120 bushels per acre) where barn yard manure was used, an.l next largest (85 to 00 bushels) wlu-re nitrat- of so.la was us,.! with superphosphate and potash. The doulde amount (Sn) pounds) of nitrate ..f so be without benefit to the en.,,, and where nitratut through a sieve with O.L'.j mm. holes. The beakers were then filled with water to a deptli of 4 cm. After thorough stirring there was noted (1) the time required for the soil or clay to settle, (2) the condition of the sediment after a given lapse of time." The results are stated in tables. The clays, ^vith the exception of one which more nearly resembleear to show this differejiei-. It woiilil ajij>ear, therefore, tliat the very line-jraineil soils naturally teml to lloeen- late. AVhat breaks up the lloceuhs at the surface is not so clear, wiiether tin- action of the frost or the nieclianical action of tlie plow, or whether it is )irodu<-cd by the action of chemical agents. Tlie effect of free anniionia (used experimentally lreak up llocciihrsj would .seem to iu'licate that the last is an elVectivc cause, as free ammonia is generally present in soils. This suggests that the too free use of .-inimouia-forming fertilizers, iis of manure, may vt-ry po.ssildy have the effe»t of rendering the soil heavy by breaking up the tloc<'ules. On the other hand, the well-known action of lime ou heavy soils is to make the soil light by assisting in the formation of floccules. Report of Biolooist, J. Ni:lsox, Ph. D. (pp. lMU-.'{l'(>). — A «letaih'd account of laboratory exi)eriments in ostreaculture by the anthor in the summer of 1S'.K» at the station, and at Key Tort and Oceanic, New Jersey. The ri'port includes a description of the lab(»i;itorv ecpiipmenl aiul of the artificial sea water u.sed; a list of questions m ostreacultnre, which the author's exiierieiice shows to be proper subjects for iuvestiga tion; an explanation of the methods of experiment ingemi>loyed, and of the terms used in the tabnlated recoid; tabulated data for obser\ations on a considerable nundnr of oysters; a calendar giving thedates ami the tenqu'iature of the air in the laboratawning began upon the respective beds very soon after the temperature reached the seventies. (4) Seed obtained from the more northerly beds spawned first, and finished spawn- ing relatively early. (5) Seed from the Chesapeake region spawned later, and was the last to show spawn. (6) The supposed evidence for the belief that the same oyster may repeat the spawning process more than once in a season Avas found insufficient. (7) No oysters were found in which all the eggs were capable of developing. (Perhaps 70 per cent represents the most fruitful result obtained.) (8) Seed which matures its sexual cells early produces more fruitful results in v igor and relative number of offspring than the later spawners of the same kind ot seed. (9) At Key Port after August 7 the spawning proper had ceased; only young Soutliern plants showed traces of sjiawn after this date. I'll ll8lolo(jy of oysters. — (10) Oysters removed from the water and left dry at ordi- nary siinuiK^T temperatures remain closed for about a week. (11) Wlicn oysters begin to fail in the -power of holding the shell closed thej- are not dead, for a stimulus will cause closure for a short time. (12) Such oysters are partially spoiled, through fermentative action of bacteria, and are unfit for food. (13) After this i)oiut of weakness is reached the death of the oyster is rapid. One day later it fails to respond to stimulation. (14) Freshening oysters increases very r.apidly the rate of weakening and decay of oysters. (The life period is reduced one half.) (ir») After an oyster is opened the death is rapid and in proportion to the length of time the oyster has been out of the water, (1(>) If oysters be placed in limited supjdies of sea water the postmarine life period is not lengthened, owing to the breeding of infusoria and bacteria in the water. (17) Oysters open and shut their shells according to a rythmic or automatic law (while "breathing"). (18) Oysters differ greatly in the rapidity of this rythm of respiration (the object of which is to clear the external gill or mantle cavity of mud). Parasites. — (19) Sever.al species of infusoria are jtarasitic in the stomach, etc., of the oyster, biit are not abundant enough to be taken account of iu culinary interests. (20) During tlie early portion of the spawning season there is abundantly present in a large proportion of oysters an infusorial parasite (average length ^tf inch), termed by us "cytohelminth" (wormlike cells). [Reference is made to an article by J. Ryder in Scie^ice, vol. i, p. 567, containing a description of a parasite, named 304 by Ryder SjArillum osirearum, and supposed to be tlie Trypanosoma haViiani of Certcs. The author of this ropfirt believes that this is ideiitieal with the eytohelniiiith observed by him, and that until its life history is better known it can not be assigned to any particular genus and species.] (21) These cytohelniinths are bred in a structure \vhich is or resembles the "crystalline rod," a flexible, gelatinous structure, shaped like a nematode worm, al)out an inch long, and-situated in a loop of the intestine known as the "pyloric" portion. (hjHier economics. — (22) Oysters that are ready to spawn, if «'ooked soon after removal from the sea bed, are extra good and palatable food. (23) Oysters in spawn deteriorate more rajiidly than at any otlier season, at the same temperature. (24) The warmth of sunmier acts upon oysters as upon other meats, especially fish, to produce ra]iid decay. (25) Oysters in market should be under stringent inspection. (26) Oystermen should not be rc(iuired to freshen oysters; this should be done by the caterer just Ix-fore cooking or serving. (27) Oystermen should not be hampered bylaws limiting the time or manner of taking or selling oysters. The spermatozoa. — (28) Spermatozoa removed from a rii)e male oyster and infused into sea water, begin a very active dancing motion either at once or after a "latent period" of a few minutes. (29) The length of time an oyster has been out of water often determines whether a latent period is i>reaent. (Post marine age in i>ro]»ortii»i to its length tenils to]>ro- duce this ])eriod.) (30) Tln' s]>enuatozoa survive the death of the oyster for a )>eriof tiiue which has elapsed b«-tweeii the taking of the oyster from its bed and the artiticial o]ieiiing of the s:ime. (31) The activity of the sperniato/i>a lasts during :» pends on wlntlier .n l.iteiit period is present or not. the jiostiuarine age of the oyster, the density of the water, the tem)ierat ore, tlu- ]»resence or absence of eggs, the age of the eggs if i)resent, and whether the oyster has been freshened or not. (32) Oysters with latiiit period have siiermatozoa witii decrejised periods of activity. (33) Fresh sjiermatozoa in their native sea water are active over 5 hours. (34) This jieriod is shortened in i»ro]»ortion to the ]iostmariiie age, in which {a^ the number of iliiys before the oyster is opened count as nearly equal in intluenci to (/>) those that have elajised since thi' oyster was opened. (Hy the end of a week the period is reduced to a quarter of an lumr. but (c) conditions of temperature and moisture atlect the r<\sult. The above exi)eriments were performed ujton oysters subjected to an average of 7.'»^ V., ami moilerately sliielded from evajioratiim aftei o]iening. ) (3r>) Densities of salt water above 2 ]ier tent shorten the active jieriod to about a quarter of aji hour, when 3^ per cent is reached. (36) Dtiisities weaker th;ni IJ per cent (i>r thereabouts) shorti'U the period to the same extent when one fourth ]ier cent is reached. (37) I'ostmariue age tends to shift the iqitimum strength of solution up the scale. For oysters nearly a week old the o])timnm is above 3 per c<'nt iustead of being below 2 i)er cent, as for fresh sjienuatozoa. (.38) Increase of teni])erature increases the activity but shortens the perio%v.r. withnut pro- ducing any unfavorable results so far as a "set" is concerned. (76) Embryos are more delicate than their infusorial enemies. (77) Embryos do not stand a sudden transfer into water weaker or stronger than Ij^ to 2 per cent without btinji greatly weakeTied. ItEPOKT OF Botanist, B, D. Halsted, D. Sc. (pp. 3l'1-4.j;>, pl;it<- 24, fij;. 6). — Tliis includes .an investigation of the causes of tbe failui* of tlie pca^'li croj) in ISOO, tlie offiMt of wet weather at tlie timeof Itlonni ing on the setting: of fruit, note.s on fungous . 501), together with a summary of the replies received. In many eases the answers show great variety of o]>inion and jMactice. though in the following eastv there was a much nearer api)roxiniation to unanimity: (1) In nearly all instances the ])each oreluird was naturally welldraine) "as a y\\\v the injurx . '1\M). Strawberries keptctmslantly wet by frecpuuit si)iinkling during the tiun- of flowering produced fewer and nu»re irregular berries than adia<'ent ]dants that were not s])rinkled. Plants covered by canvas al.'^o .set fewer berries than those left uucoveicd. The flowers on an .apple tree kejit wet by spraying failed to set fruit, although surrounding trees ol the same kind which were dry produced a full crop. Experiments on cranberry diseaaes (pp. .332^330). — As the result of 307 investigations reported in Bulletin No. 04 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, p. 263) on the cranberry gall fungus {Synchytrium vaccinii), an act was passed by the State legislature autliorfzing the officers of the station to enter upon any lands bearing vines or plants affected with injurious fungous growths and destroy the same by fire or otherwise. The full text of this act is given in the report. The bog in which the gall fungus was discovered was treated by withholding the water from the bog during the winter. This had a good effect, although in those parts of the bog which could not be kept dry the gall fungus was present in great abundance. Several exiMniments with fungicides, including sulphate of copper, sulphate of iron, flowers of sulphur, and lime are reported, but no deci- sive results were obtained. Experiments by J. P. Goldsmith in cover- ing bogs infected with the scald with earth to the depth of about an inch, have indicated that this method of treatment will materially decrease the ravages of the scald. Fungous diseases of the siceet potato (pp. 339-345). — A reprint of the concluding paragraphs of Bulletin No. 76 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 416). Field experiments with flowers of sul- phur, sulphate of copper, air-slaked lime, gas lime, common salt, and carbonate of lime for the soU and black rots of sweet potatoes, were con- ducted by several growers, but without decisive results. Fungous diseases of various crops {\)j). 345-366). — This includes notes on the fungous diseases which injured variousfield crops in the State in 1890, as follows: Potatoes. — Potato rot {Fhytophtliorainfestans), a disease thought to be due to bacteria, and potato scab. Cahhages. — Club root (Plasmodophora hrassicce), a mildew {Peronospor a parasitica), and l)lack mold {Macrosporium hrassicce). Radishes. — Club root [Plasmodophora brassic(e) and white mold {Cystopus candidus). Turnips and carrots. — A root rot caused by an undetermined fungus. Salsify. — A root rot due to bacteria, whicb also injured turnips, carrots, and onions. Onions. — A botrytis (probably Botrytis parasitica), onion smut ( JJrocystis cepulce), onion vermicularia ( Vermicularia circinans), and black mold {Macrospo- rium sp.). Spinach. — Besides the species of fungi referred to in Bulle- tin No. 70 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 241), a leaf blight {Cercospora flagilliformis, E. & Hals.). Eggplants. — Leaf sj)ot {PhyUosticta hortorum), ashy mold {Botrytis fasicularis), and anthracnose {Glceosporium. melonyenw, E. & Hals.). Peppers. — Two spe- cies of anthracnose {Glmosporium piperitum and Colletotrichum nigrum E. & Hals.) and a leaf spot {PhyUosticta). Horse-radish. — A leaf spot {Septoria armoracew) and a white mold {Ramularia armoracew). HoUy- hixk. — Rust {Puccinia malvacearum), leaf spot {Gercospora althaina), and Colletotrichum malvarum. Violets. — Leaf spot {Gercospora violce), PhyUosticta violw, a mildew {Peronospora violw), anthracnose {Glceo- sporium violw), and a white mold {Zygodesmus albidus, E. & Hals.). A number of other diseases of the violet were observed, and the whole 308 subject will be treated in a future bulletin. Carnatiorts. — Septoria dinn- thee and Vermicularia suhcffigurata. Mignonette. — Cercospora residcE. Plum and cherry trees. — Black knot. A brief summary of information, which was given in more detail in Bulletin Xo. 78 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 501). Fungicide and insecticide comhijied. — A brief account of successful experiments by J. M. AVliite with f'liniax Insect Poison (a preparati<»ii of London purple and starch) and aninioniacal carbouatr of cop])er foi- the codling moth and fungous diseases of pears, apples, and grapes. Nematodes ass enemies to plants (pp. 3G6-370). — Nematodes wei. observed in the roots of violets, oats, and roses, and upon the leaves »»r chrysanthemums, colcus, lantana, and bouvardia. Sporimens of the nematodes attacking the leaves of the above mentioned plants were submitted to G. F. Atkinson of the Alabama College Station, who r(pei mentStation Record, vol. 1. 1». 130); listsof 20 or more of the worst weeds of New Jersey, in the order of their vileness, by fourteen different observers in the State, with partial lists by five otlu'r jx'isons; an article on the weeds of Sussex County, New Jersey, by T. Lawrence and ^^ . M. Van Sickle; and a ]»reliminary classilied list of li(>5 species ni weeds found in New Jeisey, with an index to their <'ommon nanie>. Twenty four of the le:iding kinds of weeds of the TTnitcartment. The 30 worst weeds of New Jersey in the order of theii vileness. as deteiinined from the rej^nts of tlie observers above referretl to, are as follows: Wild carrot {Jhiurus mroM), ox-eye daisy (CAry«- anthemum Leucanthemum), sorrel {Jiumex acetosella), plantain {Plantago mtiJor).ruv]vi\ dock {Rnmcr crispus), ragweed {Anihrosia artemisiaifidia), Cjinada tliistle {Cniviis arren.sis), purslane {I'ltrtulaca t>l(r(nra),hnn\ork {Arctiinti lappa), to.uWhix {Li naria rulgarisi), wihl onion {Allium rineah . mayweed {Anthimus cofM^f),goosefoot {Chenopodium rt//>MWj), yellow y {h'ndhrckia hirta), pigwet'd {Aniarantus chhirostachys), <|uitch grass {Agropyrum repens)^ horseweed {Erigeron canadensis), beggar's ticks {liidrns frondosa), water pe])p<'r {Polygonum hydritjyiper), shepherd's ])Uise {('a}n«lla bursa 2)ast()ri.s), pepjter grass {Lvpidium rirginicnm), rib grass (J'lantago lancrolata), milkweed {Asrhpitis syriara), damlelion {Taraxacum officinale), burr grass {Ccnchrus tribuloides), corn <-ockle {Lychnis githago), velvet leaf {Ahutilon a riccnn a), thistle {Cnicus lancco- latus), ccies ol" New Jersey weeds 135 are native and 130 have been introduced iVom abroad: but of the L'«» worst weeds only 4 are native. As to length of life, the distribution of the specie^} is as follows: 309 ATinuals 105, bieimials 34, and ])oreiinials 12G, The following table shows the distribution " according to the somewhat arbitrary scale of worst, bad, and in different weeds": An- nuals. Bien- nials. Peren- nials. Total. 30 44 31 7 15 12 17 39 70 54 98 113 Indittereut weeds Total 105 34 126 265 Report of Entomologist, J. B. Smith (pp. 455-528, figs. 30). — This contains brief general notes on the work of the year; an abstract of an article on insecticides and their use, published in Bulletin No. 75 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 415) ; compiled notes on the following insects affecting sweet potatoes, with suggestions as to remedies: Two-striped sweet potato beetle {Cassida Mvittata), golden tortoise beetle {Coptocyda aurichalcca), mottled tortoise beetle {Coptocyda guttata), and black-legged tortoise beetle {Cassida nigripes); original and compiled notes on the squash borer {Mclittia ceto), striped cucumber beetle {Diahrotica vittata), boreal hidyhiid {Upilachna horealis), and melon aphid {ApMs cucumeris) as insects injurious to squash and melon vines; eight-spotted forester {Alypia 8-macnlata) as injurious to the grape; katydid {Microcentrus retinervis) and tip worm as injurious to cranberries; black peach aphis {ApMs persicce-niger) aMd peach borer {Hannina exitiosa) as iujuriousto peach trees; wheat louse (>S'rp/i I and IT. TiiiiiD Annuai. RErf>T^T OF THE New Jeksey Colleoe Station For. I'liR YEAR ENDiNfr .liiNE 30, 1800 (p]). aal-ooO). — This contains a bris of fortilizprs give any definite iiiforniation as to i\u- kiml of niati'iials iisfil in niakiii;; tlic (litlorent luaiids? (2) In tin- nunilirr of luands on the market, is tliero a variation in coniiio^it ioii sntlirirnt to fiillill .s]>c<'ial soil anil rro]> r('i|iiiri'nicnt!n lirand is fonnd to give satisfaction is iImtp any ovidcncr lliat it will not clian^e in <"oini»osition from yt-ar to year? (.5) Are tin- station's valnations of the ditVereni brands of any value as a j^niilf in their purchase? (6) Is it more advantaijeons to hny hijjh-firadi' than low-jrrade fertilizers? It is arc 11 dilVcrciit lirands for potatoes, varying widely ii position hotli as rejjards (|iiaiitity and quality of ]dant food. A talnilation of these lirands shows that the nitrojjen varies from 0.7(» to .'>.:<;i ])er cent, a\ ailaldi' |)hosphoric acid from '-Mil to !».T7 i>er cent, and potasii from 2.0J to TJ.l'l' jut cent. Tliis would seem to indicate either that manufacturers are not a unit as to tiicir ideas of the sjiccial rc<|uircmcuts of the potato, or that no piirticnlar sinniticanee shouhl be .attached to si)i-cial-crop brands as now ]trep.ired by the dilVcn-ut manufacturers. With reganl to tlie iclation between the guaranty and the results i>\' analysis, 114 (54 per <'ent) of the 212 brands analyzed were found to be below the guaranty with resjject to one or more ingredients. This leads (he author to conclude that ''the guaranty is not a safe guide as to the composition of mor«' than (Uie hall" of the brands on the niaikef in the State." HowcNcr. *' a careful study of the publislud :ui:i]yses »»l' 311 fertilizers i.s valuable in tliat it shows which of the manufaiiturers sell in a mixture at least as niueh of the valuable ingredients as they claim." By ;i eoniparisou of the analyses of the brands of three large linns for the ])ast 5 years it was found that "the composition is practically constant both in regard to proportion and amount of plant food contained," Of the -512 brands reported on, the selling i)rice of 2 was below the station's valuation; that of 128, or 60 per cent of the whole, was fioin 20 cents to $10 greater than the station's valuation; that of 05, or 31 l^er cent, was from $10 to $15 greater; that of 14 was fi-om $15 to $20 greater; and that of 2 was more than $20 per ton greater. The station's valaiitious ure of great service in the purchase of mixed fertilizers, Avhen used in tonnectiou with the information given by analyses. [The diftereiice is i)ointed out between high-graile and low-grade fertilizers.] The advantages to be derived from the use of high-grade fertilizers are, (1) a direct saving in cost per pound of the actual fertilizing ingredients; and (2) a reasonable certainty that the quality of the ingredients is such as to produce their full agricultural etiect. New York State Station, Bulletin No 33 (New Series), July, 1891 (pp. 23). Fertilizers, P. Collier, Ph. D. (pp. 533-553), — This is a continu- ation of the popular bulletins ]>ublished by the station, and contains an exiilanation of the terms of chenii<;al analysis, remarks on commercial valuation of fertilizers, ii tabulated statement of the composition of various chemical compounds, schedule of trade values of fertilizing ingredients for 1891, and analyses of 30 samples of commercial ferti- lizers collected within the State during 1891. New York State Station, Bulletin No. 34 (New Series), August, 1891 (pp. 48) Comparison of dairy breeds of cattle with reference to PRODUCTION OF BUTTER, P. COLLIER Ph. D. (pp. 557-002). — This bulletin is a continuation of Bulletins Nos. 18 and 21 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. i, p. 209, and vol. ii, p. 213), and is the beginning of the record of milk j)roduction in the test of different breeds, the two i^revious bulletins having been occupied with a descrii)tion of the cows, fluctuations in live weight, amounts of food consumed, etc. The record includes for the first 0 months of the period of lactation of each cow the amount of fat in 100 pounds of milk, and the propor- tion of this occitrring in cream, skim milk, buttermilk, and in the but- ter; data as to the fat recovered and lost; the relations of milk, cream, and butter; the daily yields of milk and of butter; the monthly yields of dairy products; the tempeJiatiu-e and time of churning; and the relative number and size of fat globules. In addition to these data a su n iiiary is given for the cows of each breed, from which the foUo wing- is taken: , 312 Tabulated 8tunmary of results for the first 6 months of hictniion. Pounds of fat in 100 pounds of milk Pounds of fat in skim milk from 100 poundsof milk. , Pounds of fat in < ream from 100 pounds of milk Pounds of fat in buttermilk from 100 jxiunds of milk Pounds of hiitttT from 100 pounds of milk Per cent of fat in milk ri-cov tlie lar<;e.8t iiiiuiiiiit of fat in tho milk proflncfs the largest amount of Imtti-r, it (loi-.snot holilgood that the amount of luit- .1 ter is, in every ease, jirojiortioiial to the amount of fat in the milk. While the amount I of fat in the milk of the Holsteins stanils thinl, the amount of liutter stands fifth. * The amount of butter jiroiluced from KH) |ioiinils of niilk « and which may lie chiinged l>y more extended observations, is that the amount of fat in the cream does not seem to be in most cases rel;ited to the amount of fat in the milk. Thus in richness of milk the order is, (I) Jerseys, (2) Guernseys, (3) Hol- steins, (4) Hohlcrnesscs, (5) Ayrshires: while in richness of cream the order is, (1) Jerseys, (2) Holsteins, (3) Ayrshiies, (l) (Juernseys, (5) Holdernes.ses. • * • While the average temjierature of churning does not vary greatly for the different breeds, the timeof churning varies from .SO to 67 minutes. The advance of the period of lactation appears from the data at hand to be acc4.'>). — Of the varieties tested at tlie station, Agawani, Erie, and Snyder are «*spt'. 643, 644). — Fay Prolitic (on light soils), Cherry, and Prince Albert (late) red vaiieties, and White Urape are excellent stand- ard varieties. Brief mention is made <)f tlie imported currant borer, American currant borer, imported currant worm, American sawtly, and current spanworra, with suggestions as to remedies. a oos cherries (pp. (;44-(;4(j). — The foreign varieties, such as Industry, Triumph, Wellington (llory, and lioesch Seedling, grown at the stati«>n in 18'Jl, kept entirely free from mildew, and bore an average of over 10 pcmnds of fruit jier jtlant. During tlic past 3 years potassium suli>liide (one half ounce to 1 gallon of water) sprayed at intervals of IS to L'O days from the time the leaves began to unfold, prevented the development of mildew. North CaroUna Station, Bulletin No. 79, July 20, 1891 (pp. 22). Facts for farmers, W. F. 3Iassey, G. E. — This, as the author states, is "a bulletin of infiumaticm on scientific matters in plain Ian guage for nnscientitic readers.'' and treats of the underlying principles t)f plant growth and plant nutrition, manures, sources of fertilizing uuitc rials, etc. North Carolina Station, Bulletin No. 79fl ( Meteorological Bulletins Nos. 21 and L'2), August 15, 1891 (pp. 34). Metp:orologicax summary for North Carolina, June and July, 1891, H. B. Battle, Ph. I)., and C. F. Von Herrmann.— Notes on the weather, monthly summaries, and tabulated daily recs«>iviitioiis on (lie wlieat midge {Diplosis fritiei), with transcripts ot notes on the ravages of this insect in ()hi(> each year from 1847 to 1878, inclusive, taken from the reports of the State board of agriculture. Larvfe thought to belong to this species were observed under the sheaths of young- plants. Adults were leared irom the heads of rye in July and from Volunteer wheat from September 1 to Novem- ber 3. The figures illustrating the bulletin are after Fitch. Rhode Island Station, Bulletin No. 11, June, 1891 (pp. 18). State fertilizer law, commercial value of fertilizer stock, and analyses of commercial fertilizers and miscel- LANEOUS MATERIALS, H. J. Wheeler, Ph. D. (pp. 131-146).— This includes analyse&of twelve brands of commercial fertilizers, fresh horse manure, street sweepings from the city of Providence, meadow muck, wood ashes, waste liquid from a rendering- establishment, and spring water; the S(;liedule of trade values of fertilizing ingredients for 1891; remarks on the valuation of fertilizers; the text of the State fertilizer law; and a copy of a proposition made by the station to the State board of agriculture to make all analyses of commercial fertilizers and wood ashes called for by the fertilizer law, and to compile and publish tlie same. This proposition was accepted by the State board of agricul- ture, but at so late a date as to somewhat delay the work of collection and analysis for the current year. Meteorological summary, L. F. Kinney, B. S. (p. 147). — Tabu- lated data on the weather from January 1 to July 1, 1891. South Carolina Station, Second Annual Report, 1889 (pp. 353). Acts relating to the organization of the stations (pp. 5-9). — Under this head are given the texts of the act of the general assembly of the State in 1886 establishing the South Carolina agricul- tural farms and station; the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, and the acts of the general assembly of the State accepting the i)ro visions of the act of Congress, discontinuing the station at Columbia, and establishing the Clemson Agricultural College and a new station in connection with it. Report of Analyst of Soils and Seeds, E. H. Loughridge, Ph. D. (pp. 11-43).— This report includes the tabulated resvdts of mechanical and chemical analysis of the soils and subsoils of the experi- mental farms of the station at Spartanburg, Columbia, and Darlington, 11233— :N^o. 5 4 316 and of sea island cotton and riort on cotton culture, Tentii United States Census, vol. V. Sam- ples were taken of soil and subsoil of each of the (experimental farms, which were situated in three representative localities, and separate anal- yses were made of each sample. In additi(»n to the results of the mechanical and chemical analyses, tlie calculated number of soil particles per gram of soil and their c<)mbined surface ar«'a are stated for each grade of the soil and subsoil of eaartanburg farm, which contjiined 11.2 per cent of ferric oxide, all of which was contained in the silt an«l clay." The ditterent sized particles were exposed for a time at 70-' F., and then the percent- ages of moisture lost by the ditterent grades in heating at 200° C. were determined. The tabulated results indicate that the i)ercentag«'S of moisture given ott""increase with the lessening tiiaiiieters of the grains." The autluu' concludes from this trial aii-«M»). — This incbnles remarks on the value of the sta]»le croi)s of the State for e\])erimentation, on the s»>ils of the State, and on the study of tyi»ical soils of the State. The investi- gations include laboratory exi)erinu'nts on the soils of the station farms, sea island ui»lanlan(l soils of different geological formations, su]»[>lemented by ol»scr\ ations in the field and by meteoroh)gical studies. The scojic «»! the work undertaken is indicated by the following brief outline: (I) interi)retation of the Jesuits of mechanical analysis, inclnding studies on the number (»f par- :ticles in a unit weight or volume (►f soil, on the diameter of average- :si7,ed particles of soil and the nu'an arrangement of the particles, and on the surface area of particles, tin' latti>ular discussion is given of the nntrition of farm animals, of the nutritive ingredients of feeding stntis and their functions, and of feeding standaitls; an ex)»lanati(»n of the scientitic terms used in the discussion of the subject of feeding, t^igether with a large amount of tabulated data, including analyses of nunu*rous American feeding staffs, takt'U from the c(»mpilati(tn pubbshecl by Dr. 1'^. II. Jenkins in tlic Annual Kcport of the ("onn»'cticiit State Station for 1888; the (-oelHcients of «ligestiltility t»f numerous matt'rials, tak«>n from the Annual ltei>ort of the Connecticut State Station for lSS«i; ;ind tlie calcnlat<'d amount of food nutrients required by different kinds of animals uiidi-i- different conditions, ]M'r head aner 1,(KK> ])ounds live weight, taken from (Icrman .soun-es. In addition to the above, analy.ses made at the station ar<' given of the following mate rials: Oats, oat straw, rice and its by pi«>ducts (/. e. clean lice, rough rice, rice flour, rice straw, and rice «'hart' ), Texas blue grass, crowfoot {Elrusine aegyptiani), ragweed, corn bran, Chimi benies, and ramie (plant and stems) with refer«'nce t() l>oth food and f\'rtili/ing ingrcdi cuts; and cotton-seed meal, cottonseed hulls, and wheat bran with refen'uce to food ingredients. Analyses of fertUizing materials (p]). 15.'i-ir).5). — Analyses of pine straw (needles), sui>er]»ln»spliate, dri«'d blood, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, Thomas slag, calcined marl, and whole cotton seed. Report of First Assistant Chemist, J. B. McBryde, B. A, (pp. 1,"»(I-1.S(I). — Cheniieal statisties of the Indian eorn entp nf Smith Carolina (]»!>. l."»(i-l(»9). — In tliis article on the value of the Indian corn plant the remarks of the author are illustrated by analyses of numerous samjdes of corn (kernels), corncoV>s, cornshucks (husks), and corn silage with reference to both food and fertilizing ingredients; a statement of the relation of parts of the plant, ])repared from observations on the croi)s grown during 1889 on thirtiMMi different farms; ami a comparison of the aiKilyses of South Carolina corn with those of Northern and Western- grown corn, reported in Bulletin No. 90 of the Conm'cticut State Station (see Experiment Station Iveciud, vol. i, p. 15), and the Annual Keport of the Massachusetts State Station for 1889 (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, i>. 579). 319 The antlior concludes, with regard to the relation of the parts, that " (1) in an average cro]) of Indian corn the ear is by weight approxi- matelj- one half of the entire crop; (2) about four fifths of the ear is grain ; and (3) about one half of the stover is stalk." The cowpea as a forage crop (pp. 169-179). — This is a chemical study of the cowpea plant with reference to botli food and fertilizing ingre- dients. The composition (including fertilizing ingredients) is given of i>ea-vine hay cut when in bloom, when the pods were forming, and when the pods were formed; the fertilizing ingredients in the roots and stubble are stated; and the hay is compared with oats (grain and straw) and corn (kernels and stover) with regard to composition and the total yield of nutrients, digestible nutrients, and fertilizing ingredients per acre, assuming a yield of 10 bushels of oats, 30 bushels of corn, and 3.6 tons (the yiehl observed) of cowpea vines. The pea crop lacks ouly 481 pounds of containing as much digestible organic mat- ter as the other two crops combined. It contains five times as much crude protein and fat (the most valuable constituents of feeding stuffs) as eitiier oats or corn, and three times as much as their sum. To equal the yield of the cowpea vines in digestible protein (976 pounds) would require 300 busliels of oats including the straw, or 175 bushels of corn including the fodder. Of digestible carbohydrates the pea affords nearly twice as much as the oats and a little more than the corn. It must be borne in mind that the figures given for oats and corn represent the entire crop, the straw and stover being included. The relative amounts of fertilizing ingredients per acre contained in the above-mentioned crops are given as follows : Fertilizing constituents in crop per acre. Oats ICom (ker- (jpain and; nels and Cowpea vines. straw). stover). Nitrogen Phosphoric acid. Potash Valuation . Pounds. :m 155 Founds. Pounds. 35 45.0 12 U.4 48 45.9 $41. 82 $8.55 $10. 14 As the cowpea obtains a part of its nitrogen from the atmosphere and a part, together witli some of its phos])horic acid and potash, from the sulisoil, the large amount of these coustitueuts left in its roots and stubble, and dead leaves cb'ox)ped by the plant, tend to eurich instead of impoverish the soil; in other words, its power of collecting and storing fertilizing materials from sources beyond the reach of the cereals makes the cowpea a valuable remedial crop. Composition ofsoja beans (pp. 179, 180), — Analyses (including fertiliz- ing constituents) of soja-bean vines and of hulls and vines after the beans had been threshed. Report of Veterinarian, W. B. Kiles, D. V. M. (pp. 181-192). — A reprint of an account of investigations on hog cholera, published in Bulletin N"o. 0 (new series) of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, Vol. i, p. 312), with brief statements regarding experiments with 320 Rtoiilizcd cultnios for the prevention of tliediseaso. and notes on South- ern cattle phi^iie. Field experiments, J. M. McBryde, Ph. I), (pp. 193-344).— The probable errors in plat experiments are discussed, and a description is jiiven of the tield experiments with oats, wheat, corn, cotton, and miscellaneous crops made during- isso at the experimental farms at Columbia, Spartanburg, and Darlington. Except in cases specified her«'inafter, the experiments were duplicated on the three farms. The experiments are in many instances in continuation of those reported in liulletin No. 5 (new series) and in the Annual Keport of the station for 1888 (see Experiment Station liecord, vol. i, p. 146, aud Experi- ment Station r.iillctin No. 2, i>art 2, j). U2). In the majority of cases twcntictii acre jilats were used. ExperimcnU icith oats (i)p. 108-200). — These consist of ex]»eriments with fertilizers for oats and variety lests, and were made at all three farms. "On account of the unfaxorable s«'as are tabulated. As mentioned above "the season was unfavoral>h' to small giaiu." hut the jtoiuts noticed in the fertilizer tests of the 2 years are given as follows: (1) The separate a])]ilifatiniis of potash, iiitrojjon, etc., wore without offect. (2) Tlu> value of tlie potash w.is nmiparatively sli-ilit. (3> Phosjihoric acid was of inarkiMl Ix-iii-tit to the (To]»; wlien used with the other < oiiKtitiieiits it waselearly the most iiniiortant or doniiiiaiit element. (4) Nitrojieii in eonihination added larj^ely to the yield. (.^) The half amount or dose of nitroiren was by no means as eflfective as the full amount fealeulated amount contained in a crop of .")0 liushels of jjrain per acre]. (G) The mixed nitro;en in the shajie of cotton-seed meal in the fall fjreatly improved the •growth dininj; the winter and early spring;, anil the superiority thus secured w.as maiutaiuid to tin- end. In t lie variety t<>st, as in 1888, " the South Carolina-grown wheats (lied May and Fultz) gave better returns thau the Virginia grown." hJ.rjh'riiiioifs irith corn (pp. 21()-2hosphatic manures, modes of ai>i)lying fertilizers, modes of ])lanting, nntdes of cultivation, varieties, and nttations. The season of 1SS!» was very favorabh' for corn, aud excellent crop* were harvested throughout the State." 321 (1) Fertilizers on corn. — As in 18,SS, "in addition to the full amounts of potash, phosphoric, acid, and nitioj>en {i. e. the amounts of each con- tained in a crop yiehling- 30 bushels of grain peracre),smallerand larger amounts of each were tested." The yields in 1888 and 1889 are tabu- lated for each farm, as well as the averages for the three farms. A coniparisou of the results for the 2 years sliows that the fertilizers gave much better returns at .Sp.artauburg and DarlingtoTi in 1889 than iu 1888> the increase of yield in the former year amounting to from 75 to 100 per cent. * * * Applied separately or combined in twos the fertilizers gave very poor returns. Potasli in small or half doses was of some little benefit. The full amount of phosphoric acid was called for but only half doses of nitrogen. Both constituents were of value to the crop. Increasing the yield of any one or more of the constituents beyond a certain point (the full or theoretical amount) gave no corresponding increase in the crop. From a pecuniary standpoint but four of the api)lications gave profitable results. (2) Special nitrogen^ phosphoric acid, and potash experiments. — The separate series of experiments to com])are the effects on corn of differ- ent nitrogen, pliosphatic, and potash fertilizers, when each was used in amounts furnishing the same quantity of nitrogen, phosjihoric acid, or potash, respectively, were contimied in 1889 on all three farms. The results in yield of corn and stover are fully tabulated for each series. The indi(;ations from the 2 years' trials are given by the author as follows: [Nitrogen.] (1) The corn crop does not respond to lieavy applications of nitroge- nous manures. Jloderateamoinits will jtrobably give fair returns. In our tests 120 pounds of nitratt^ of soda proved as ettective as 240 pouny the cost of its nitrogen. * * * The results of the tests bear directly upon a question of great practical importance, that of exchanging cotton seed for cottou-seed meal. Many mills offer 700 pounds of meal, and some 1,000 pounds in exchange for 2,000 pounds of seed. Would such exchange be judicious ? * * * It appears that as far as these tests go 560 pounds of cottou-seed meal are fully equal in fertilizing value to 1,560 pounds of cotton seed, a proportion of 1 to 2.79. In the oil mills a ton, or 2,000 pounds, of seed gives about 700 pounds of meal, besides oil and some waste product. Now 700 pounds is iu pro- portion to 2,000 pounds as 1, to 2.85. This close correspondence of fertilizing value to output is certainly remarkable. [Phosphoric acid.] The averages of the three farms for the 2 years show a slight difference iu favor of the acid phosidiate. The reduced phosphate (containing availal)le phosplioric acid) appears to stand next. The two basic phosphates — Thomas slag and floats — gave about the same average. It appears also that in every case the half amount of phosphoric acid gave nearly as good returns as the full amount. The true results, however, were undoubtedly masked by the dry season of 1888, which prevented the action of the fertilizers at all three farms, and by their fiiilure upon the thin, sandy soil af the Colinnbia farm botl^in 1888 and 1889. It is very probable that iu favorable years the acid phosphate would show its superi- ority, for the results thus fiir reached are iii favor of the soluble form. [Potash.] (1) It is doubtful whether potash was of any real benefit to the crop. (2) It is certain that the full theoretical anu)unt deduced from the an.ilysis of the plant was excessive, and that half this amount was abundantly sutiicient (perhaps 322 more than snfBrient) for the needs of the crop and soil. (3) Of the three potassic manures tested, one kind wa-s ahotit as ertVctiveaa another (when equivalent amounts were applied). Hence the employment of any one of the three is simply a question of its cost. (3) Modes of applying fertilizers for corn. — A comparison ot fertilizers applied broadcast aud in drills on the same plan as that followed in 1888. The indications were the same as in the preceding year, i. e. "the two methods of ai>plyin<.;- manures gave practically the same average returns." (4) Modes of planting corn. — A 2-years' trial of planting in drills and hills (checking), according to the i)lan dctaih'd in tlie first year's report, seemed to show '' that one method of jtlanting gave about as good results as the other, and that it madelitth' tlitiereuce whether the rows were 5 or C feet apart, or the checks 5 feet by .'3 feet or G feet by -J feet." (5) Modes of cultivating com. — As in ISSS, this was a test of "(1) the advantages of sub.soiling the seed furrow before i»lanting; (2) the com- ])arative effe«'ts of deep and sliallow <'ulti\atiun: and (."») the value of tliorniigli cultivation." As between the ditVeient methods tlic residts for the 2 years showed •• siir]»risingly little diflerence. • * • It a]i]>ears that subsoiling tlie seed fuirow did not improve the crop, :nid tliat deep culture and imperfci-t tillage did not materially alVect it. It should be explained, however, that our 'ordinary cultivation." that is the cultivation given to all the otlu'r plats, was much more thorough than the tillage given on the average farm." It is l>clieved that the advan tages of thor(Migh cultixation would have been more api>arent on heavy soils than on the light soils used. (6) Varieties of corn. — Tests at the Columbia farm of 1> varieties of corn. (7) Rotations for corn. — Tabulat^'d data on the yields in iss<» ,»| tlu» series of rotaticms for corn eomnu'uced in 1888. "Up to this time jno tective and green crops |oats and jieas] grown along with the coin have not nmterially alfected the yi«'ld one way or another." IJ.ipcriincnts with cotton (pp. 2<»8-.'U2). — "TheexperinuMits with cotton may be classified as follows: Tests of varieties, fertilizers in general, nitrogenous nninurcs. ])hosphatic manures, ]>otassic manures, composts, methods of ai)])lying manures, time lor applying nitiate of soda, modes of planting, top}>ing. and rotations, * » * Amounts of jtotash. jihos- phoric acid, and nitrogen found by analysis in a crop yielding .?(►(► poumls of lint i)er acre were ajjplied, except where otherwise mentioned. These are callecl the full amounts nr doses." The season of 1SS;> is said to have been very unfavorable for eott«m in many ]tarts of the State. (1) 7V.s7.s of rarirtiis. — The results are given t»f tests of 1.") \aiieties of cotton at Spartaid>urg, 47 att-obuubia, and 18 at Darlington in 1SS!»: the averages of 8 varieties tested at all three farms for 2 y«'ars: and the averages for varieties tested for several years at the Columbia farm 1 323 as follows: 41 varieties for 2 years, 37 for 3 years, 25 for 4 years, 13 for 6 j^ears, and 7 for 7 years. "The old Rio Grande (under the names of Texas Wood, Peterkin, Crosland, etc.) is certainly entitled, from the results of our numerous tests, to the position of honor." (2) Fertilizers on cotton. — The tests commenced in 1888 at each of the three farms were continued without change in 1889. Altliough the crop of 1889 was in general unsatisfactory, the indications of the 2-ycars' trial were that — Marl and coi)periis produced uo effect upon the crop; separate applications of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen were equally valueless; their combinations produced marked etfects ; phosphoric acid and nitrogen played the most important parts; potash was of relatively less value than the other two ; excessive applications of one or all three gave no adequate returns; the proportions indicated by analysis were not the correct ones; probably one half potash, one phosphoric acid, and one half nitrogen would be nearer ai)proximutions to the requirements of the plant. There is reason to believe, however, that the potash might be reduced to one third, and the phosphoric acid and nitrogen, respectively, increased to one and one half and two thirds Avith advantage. (3) Special nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash experiments. — These experiments were in all respects similar to the correspondino- series witli corn mentioned above, and were in continuation of experiments in 1888. The data are fully tabulated for each farm, together with the averages for the 2 years. The following summary of the results is by the author : [Nitrogen.] (1) Stable manure gave the best average for the 2 years at each of the three farms. The double dose [12 tons per acre] increased the crop, as com- pared with the full dose, by from 75 to 100 pounds lint per acre. At Spartanburg and Darlington the mixture of stable manure and nitrate of soda gave as good results as the equivalent amount of stable manure, and as good a combined average for the three farms. (2) The differences between the combined averages of the other kinds (nitrate of soda, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, and cotton seed wliole or ground) were com- paratively slight. The dried blood gave rather the best average. (3) Heavy doses of nitrogen were not recjuired by cotton. In nearly every case the half dose gave as good results as the full. (4) The point of most importance to our farmers is the remarkably close agreement in the combined averages of cotton-seed meal, whole cotton seed, and ground cotton seed. * * * Seven hundred and forty-five pounds of the cotton seed meal were fully e(|nal in fertilizing value to 2,080 pounds of cottonseed (whether whole or ground), that is to say, 1 pound of the meal was cfjual to 2.79 pounds of seed [the same proportion as was found in the corn experiments]. [Phosphoric acid.] The superiority of the acid phosphate is clearly shown through- out. Its average for the 2 years at each farm largely exceeded those of the other tiaee kinds. Keduced phosphate gave the next best averages. The slag and floats gave very nearly the same returns. The half doses proved inferior to the full. [Potash.] The agreement in the average results of both the full and half doses of f lie three potassic manures is remarkably close. They abundantly confirm those of the similar tests Avith corn. One source of potash is as good as another and the farmer's choice must be determined by tlie price of the potash in each and the freight charges. As a general rule kaiuit would be preferred for the above reasoua. 324 (4) Compoftfa on coffoyi. — This is a trijil nt tlio rolnnibia farm c)f tlic eight composts tested iu 1888. All of tlie composts gave as good results as the complete fertilizer supplying tlie theoretical amounts of ingre- dients. (5) Modes of (qyplyiiuj fertiUzers for cotton. — These experiments were to compare the effects of applying fertilizers broadcast and in the hill. As in the previcms year, fertilizers containing the full and one half the theoretical annmnts of ingredients were ap[»lied broadcast and in the hill, the same amount per acre being used in either ease. "From all the results of the above tests it would apjiear to follow that where heavy amounts nf fertilizers are used one modeof ai>plieati(tii answers just as well as the ()ther, but that moderate amounts can be ap]>lied more effectively in the drill. When apjilied by hand the cost of each method is the same." (()) I'imc for op/thfinff nitrate of sotla. — ICxperiments were begun u\ 1881> at the Columbia and Darlington farms to secure data as to the best time for a]>plying nitrat<' of soda — whether at time of ])lanting or in t»»p dressings during the growing season. I'sing the full thenretiral aiiMiuiits of nitrogen (as nitrate of soda). phos]>lioric acid, and pnfasli in all cases, tlu^ nitrogen was applied in one ea>;e liall" at tinn- of planting and half Iat<'r, and in anollier ease in two topdressings about .'J weeks apart. The land selected at Darlington jtrnved so uneven ''as to \itiate the I'csnlts.'* The results at Coliinibia indi<'ated "a slight dilleieni-e in favor of a|>itlying all the nitrate of soda in tojt dressings u]ton the grow ing cro]>s." (7) J>iJ}'trnit proportions of nitroi/rn, phosphorir ociiJ, ami potash fn cotton. — The results are tabulated for experinuMits made in ISS'J ;it tin Columbia and Darlington farms witli a view to ascertaining the jiiojxu- tion of nitrogen, phosphori<' aciears that either nn>de of ])lanting may be indilfer ently (Muploycd, and that the distance within the limits tested malt« is little. Our tests, howev(ii". covei* a jieriod of only 2 years, ed. indicated that "top]>ing produced no ben«'lieial eflects and involved an unnecessary outlay." (10) Rotations of cotton. — Tabulated data are given on tln^ yields ol cotton in 1889 under ea<'h ol" the ele\en systems inaugurated the year 325 prcYions. While "it is of course too early as yet to expect results," atteiitiou is called to the following points: (1) Thus far peas along witli the cotton, oats sowed among the cotton plants in the fall and turned under in the spring, and the return of the [cotton] seed of the pre- ceding year alone or in connection with the pea or oat crop, have been of but slight henefit to the cotton. (2) The difference between the effects of peas and oats is slight. (3) As remarked under the head of the rotations for corn, the pea and oat crops were certainly grown witliout injury to the cotton crop of the same year. I Miscellaneous crops (pp. 342-344). — This includes brief remarks on tobacco, sorghum, sugar cane, and soja beans raised at the station, and a statement of the yields and in some cases of the estimated financial results. Report op Treasurer, I. H. Means (p. 345).— An exhibit of the receipts and expenditures of the station for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1889. Tennessee Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 3, July, 1891 (pp. 22). The Heteroptera of Tennessee, H. E. Summers (pp. 75-9G, plate 1, figs. 12). — This includes an illustrated account of the terms used iu describing insects, a key to the families of Hete^-ojHera, and classified accounts of insects of this order which are found in Ten- nessee, together with suggestions as to remedies for these insects, and a description of spraying apparatus. Texas Station, Bulletin No. 17, August, 1891 (pp. 16). General information REaARDiNa the station, G. W. Curtis, M. S. A. (pp. 109-122).— The acts of CongTess and of the State legis- lature under which the station was established, a brief account of the organization of the station, with lists of officers, a summary of the results of experiments, an outline of the work iu progress, an inventory of station property, and a financial statement for each year during which the station has been in operation. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGIlltULTLKE. DIVISION OF STATISTICS. JlEPORT No, S9 (NEW SKKIKSj, OCTOBER, 181>1 {])]). 521-500). — Tliis includes articles er aeie of wheat, ne. l)ailey, and oats; the condition of corn, potatoes, buckwheat, and tobacco October 1; tlie crop of flaxseed in JS91; the wine industry of !N"apaCounty,Califonii;i : foreiji'ii tariffs on agricultural pr(»ducts; taritis under reci[)i'ocit\ treaties; agriculture in Bolivia and .lapan: European crop report i'"v October; and transportation rates for October. Fluxxei'd. — A Kjipcial iuvestigation, uudertakcn for tbe pnrposo of asctrtaininj; tlio production of flaxseed this year, slio.ws that there has been a large inirease in thr area devoted to this crop durinj; the la«t 2 years, the iucreuient l»ein|^ entii> i west of the Mississippi River, and confined mainly to the States of Minnesota, lou Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Tlie acreajje for 1891 is estimated at 1,927, li;'j acres, and tlie product of seed 15,455,272 buslnds. The season was mainly favorable and the avcraj^e yield lar<:e. * » • The enlarjiement is in those districts having the larger proportion of new lands. * * • Flax has been found the best cro]> for fii-st cultivation on sod land, assisting in getting the soil into good tilth forothercrops, besides beinga money crop. * • » Anotiicr jioteiit reason, however, for the heavy enlargement during the past 2 years is the fact that there has been a steady d<-niand for flaxseeil at prices which have paid for its cultivation lietter than the returns from whe;it growing. ♦ » ' An increased acreage based upon such reasons can not be permanent, and already, with lower oflerings on the farm for the seerocc«'dini:s of the Association of Economic Entomolojjists held at Washinjjton, 326 327 D. C, Aujiust 17 and 18, 1S!)1. The rrosidnit's iniuisnral address was doliveiod by J. Flctclicr of Canada. The following papers were read: Destructive Locnsts of North America, together with Notes on the Occurrences in 189 1 , by L. Bruner of Nebraska ; Cliilo saccharalis in New Mexico The White Grub of Aflorhina, and Miscellaneous Notes, l)y 0. H. T. Townsend of New Mexico; Notes on Blackberry Borers and Ciall INFakers and The Sijuash Borer {Melittia cucurhiUv) and Remedies tlu'.re- lor by J. B. Smith of New Jersey; Notes on the Cotton Cutworm {^Agrotis annexa), and A Nematode Leaf Disease {Aphehnchiis s]).), by G. F. Atkinson of Alabama; Kerosene Emulsion and ryrcMiruin, by C. V. Ivih^y of the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture; Work of the Sea- son in Mississippi, by 11. E. Weed of INIississippi ; Note on the Horn Fly {Hcvmatohia serrata) in Ohio, by D. S. Kc'llicott, of Oliio; Notes of the Season, by B. A. Ormerod of England; Notes on the Recent Outbreak of .Dissostcira longipcnnis, by E. A. Popenoe of Ivansas; Notes on aCorn Crambid (Crambun calujinosellm), by M. 11, r.eckwitli of Delaware; Notes of the Year in New Jersey, by J. B. Smith of New Jersey; Government Work and the Patent Office, by C. V. Riley of the TJ. S. Department of Agriculture ; A Note on Parasites, by L. O. I loward of the U. S. Department of Agriculture; Report of a Trip to Kansas to Investigate Reported Damages from Grasshoppers, by H. Osborn, of Iowa ; The Clover Seed Cater^llar ( Gmpholitha inter stinetana, Clem.), by 11. Osborn and H. A. Gossard of Iowa; Standard Fittings for Spraying Iklachinery, by W. B. Alwood of Virginia; Entomologi('al Work in Cen- tral Park, by E. B. South wick of New York ; Some Historic Notes, by A. J. Cook of Michigan; An Experiment with Kerosene Enudsions, l)y H. Osborn of Iowa; A Note on Silk Culture, by P. Wallace of California; Notes on a few Borers, by G. C. Davis of Michigan; The Pophir Goni- octena {Gonioctcna pallida, Linn.), by A. J. Cook of IMichigan; Notes of the Season tiom South Dakota, by J. M. Aldrich of South Dak<>ta; A Note onRemecUes for the Horn Fly, by W. B. Alwood of Virginia; The Chinch Bug Disease and other Notes, by F. H. Snow of Kansas. DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. Journal of Mycology, Vol. VII, No. 1, September 10, 1801 (pp. 63, plates 10).— This number includes articles on Sweet Potato Black Rot (Ccratocijstis fimhriata, E. and Hals.), by B. D. Halsted and D. G. Fairchild; Experiments in the Treatment of Want Diseases, part iii, by B. T. GaUoway; Diseases of the Orange in Florida, by L. M. Under- wood; Peach Blight {Blomliafnictlr/ena, Persoon),by E. F. Smith; the improVed Japy Knapsack Sprayer, by B. T. Galh)way; Notes on some Uredinese of the United States, by P. Dietel; New Species of Uredi- nese {Pucainia hemizonice, ^cidinm oldcnUndianum, and ^. maUas- tri), by J. B. Ellis and S. M. Tracy; A New Pine Leaf Rust {Gokospo-^ Hum pini), by B. T. GaUoway; Observations on New Species of Fungi 328 from North and South America — Puccinia heterogenea, Uredo gossypiij Doassansia gosHiipii^ Peronospora gonolohi ; Reviews of Recent Litera- ture— Untersuchungen aus dem Gesammtgcbiete der Mylologie, Heft /a', Miintster (Dr. Oscar Brefekl)^ Crittogamia Agraria, Naples (Dr. O. Comes); Der falsche Mehltau, sein Wtsen vnd seine Beh'impfung, Zurich (J. Morgenthaler) ; Index to North American Mycok)gical Literature (continued), by D. G. Fairchild. OFFICE OF IRRIGATION INQUIRY. Progress Report on Irrigation in tue United States (i>p. 337, phites 5). — This includes articles on Irri|jcation in the United States, by R. J. Hinton; Artcsiau and Uiidi-rflow Invt'stiuatioii, l>y R. Hay and by J. W. Gregory; Progress? of Irrigation iu Montana, Idaho, cast, ern Washington, and Oregon in 1890, by J. W. Nimmo, jr.; Irrigatimi Statistics and Progress in Colorado for LSOO. by L. G. Car]>cntci -. Artesian Water in Nevada, by C. W. Irish; Phrcatic Waters in Nvt- County, Nevada, by G. Nichols; Lnbibition of Kocks, by R. T. Hill; I The Cultivation of the Raisin Grape of California by Irrigation, con denscd from a recent j»ublicati«»n by G. Eiscn; Inigatioii in Anstialia. by R. J. llinton; and Alkali Soils and \N'aters in California, condensed from rc|)orts by E. W, Ililgard. A large amount of information is givrn regarding the history, present condition, methods, and legal relations of iiTigation in the United States. Lands under dilth in Ihr arid and stmiarid rcyion. StaU'8. Arizona* ralilV.iniii ('(iloriulo Idaho KaiiHat* (wcslvni) Montana Kfliranka (wi'«t*!ru) "Ntva.la !Ni'W Mcxiro Ortfion (la.Hlfin) Sonth Oakota (Ulack Uilk) KlMcwhfi-e in tlio l>ukotaa. . Texas riah AVyoniinji AVyoniinf; (i-aslcrn). Total. Uuder dit«h. 1889. Aerr$. .V«l. 2»)0 .1, 2!U. mm 2, S13, -.'73 TlTi. .VMI 5ll, IKJO 14-J,(MK) CilS, 455 v."), tXMt llKt. 000 200,000 700. INK) 1,946,«"6 75,000 cret. IH.1. 4.'>0 (M4. (MX) (H»4. IKIJI 18l.r>«M) WiO, (Htl UMl. IHNI eS.tKMI 150. IKMI 677.315 KM). (MM) 1(K), (KM) 2, (KM) 340. 0(K) 700. 0(K) »46. 87H 150, (KM) 12,764,304 16,064,160 Fnd<>r cultivaUun, 1890. Acret. 31(1. KM) 2. 444. (MMt I.-'Vh.-,. (xKt 327, (MM) KMI. (MM) 4(KI. (MM) 10. (MM) 75. (MM» 4.'>(). (MM) 45, (MMI 20. (MMI 2. (MM) KM. (KMI 413.1M)(I 175,000 60,000 7, 576, 100 * In Arizona for 18!)0 l»-o pstimaifs wi-ro wi-nt in. ono of ."»S7,4(K) arres under ilitoli and 2S5.2(K) rnlti- vatcd aciis, by tlie Arlitig (iinnmor; llif otliir, ClIO, 440 mrc* under dit< h .and 325,000 cultivat<> 245, 000, OOOi Artesian and undkkflow investigation in Nebraska and> Kansas, E, S. Kettleton (pp. U, maps and tables li*).— A report oir investigations in ISTon ember and December, 1890, in the valleys of tliC' riatte and Arkansas Eivers. The author states that in Kansas and Nebraskji — The necessity for irrigation is growing less and the line separating the himiid from the semiarid regions is moving we.st ward. This movement is, however, growing slower and slower, with each degree covered, and the point where it will stop will somewhere be reached. * * * TIki difference in the final outcome of irrigation development in Kansas and Nebraska and that in Colorado will be that irrigation in Kansas and Nebraska will be confined to disconnected and smaller irrigation districts and the more general utilization of the underground waters, and doubtless a much smaller percentage of land cultivated by aid of irrigation. The various metliods of irrigation available to a greater or less extent for this region are as follows : (1) The use of subterranean water obtained by ojien snbllow ditches. (2) The use of subterranean waters raised a few feet by mechanical means. (3) The use of subterranean waters raised from the ordinary farm wells by wind- mills. (4) The use of the small perennial flow of the streams on the plains. (5) The storage and immediate use of storm waters. (G) The use of the flow of artesian wells. WEATHER BUREAU. Special Eeport for 1891, M. W. RARRiNCrTON (]>p. 26). — This iiu'hides general statements regjirding the reorganization of the Bureau after its transfer to this Department July 1, 1891, and accounts of the oi^erations of the different branches of the Bureau. "Local forecast otticials" have been appointed at the larger cities, who are to study especially the climatology and topography of their respective sections, as well as the relation of the weather to the growth of crops. These observers are permitted to predict the Aveather for more than 1 day 330 in advance. The number of places wiicre weatlier maps are issued lias been increased to over 00 and the distribution of the maps lias been enlarged, especially in agricultural communities. The cotton region reports are now sent to the State weather service headquarters, as well as to the Weather Bureau centers, and telegraphic information of the first killing frost at every cotton region station will hereafter be included in these reports. A similar service is contemplated for the sugar region. An exhibition showing the working of a Weather Bureau station was recently made at a fair at Albany, New York, and it is intended to make these displays at other places. The method of prepar- ing and distributing the weather forecast is described in outline. States and Territorial weather services have been organized since July 1 in 11 States and Territories, making 39 such services now in operation. More than 100 new voluntary meteorological stations have been estab- lished. The number of weather signal display stations has been increased from G30 to over l,liOO. An index of meteorologi«al observa- tions in the United States is being prepared for distribution to the princi])al stations of the Bureau with :\ view to giving gn-ater jmblieity to tlu' data in the records of the oflirc Tiiere are at present about 2,L'00 voluntary observers in the Tnited States, an increase of alK>ut 400 in 3 months. A liberal policy in ]troviding these observers with instruments and information is recommended. An index to foreign meteorological observations is being ]»rei»ared. Other topics treat«'d in the report are the Pacific (Joast n of free nitrogen by plants, with special reference to the ocenrrcnce and functions of root tubercles. The following- abstract of his paper has been furnished by Professor Gilbert:] From the results of the experiments of Boussinganlt and also of those made at Eothamsted under conditions of sterilization and indosure more than 30 years ago, Sir J. B. Lawes and J. H. Gilbert had always concluded that at any rate our agricultural plants di, and they had hoj)ed to commence experiments on the' subject in 1.S87, but llu'y had not been able to do so until 1888. These first results show ed a considerable formation of nodules on the roots, and, coincidently, great gain of nitrogen in plants grown in sand (with the idantash) when it was microbe-seeded with a turbid watery extract of a rich soil. In 1889 and since they made a more extended series of experiments. The plants were gjown in pots in a glass house. Tiiere were four pots of each descrii^tion of plant, one with sterilized sand and the plant *A brief review of the history of investigations in this line was given by Professor Gilbert, but was not deemed by him essential for this abstract, which is intended to present only the general plan and results of the last Kothamstcd investigations, with a few typical illustrations selected from a large iinmber of exi)erinien(s. Fur a review of this subject see Experiment Station Record, vol, Ii, ji. (jSO. ;md vol. iii, p. 56. 11233— No. 5 5 831 332 ash; two witli the same sand and ash, but microbe-seeded with watery extract for some plants from a ric-li garden soil, for hipines from a sandy soil in which lupines were growing luxuriantly, and for some other jjlants from soil where the particular plant was growing. In all, in 1889 and subsequently, they had grown in this way four descriptions of annual plants, namely, peas, beans, vetches, and yellow lupines, and four descriptions of longer-lived plants, namely, white clover, red clover, sainfoin, andlucern. Without microbe-seeding there was neither nodule formation nor any gain of nitrogen; but with microbe-seeding there was nodule formation, and, coincidently, considerable gain of nitrogen. However, as in this exact quantitative series the plants were not taken up until they were nearly ripe, it is obvious that the roots and their nodules could not be examined during growth, but only at the con- clusion, when it was to be supposed that the contents of the nodules would be to a great extent exhausted. Another series wa« therefore under- taken in which the same four annuals and the same four plants of longer life were grown in specially made pots, so arranged that some of the plants of each description could be taken up and their roots and nod- ules studied at successive periods of growth; the annuals at three l>eriods, (1) when active vegetation was well established, (-) when it was supposed that the point of maximum accumulation had been approximately reached, and (3) when nearly ripe; and the plants of longer life at four periods, (1) at the end of the tirst year; (2) in the second year, when active vegetation was reestablished; (3) when the point of maximum acirumulation had been reached ; and (4) when the seed was nearly rii)e. Each of the eight descriptions of plants was grown in sand (with the i)lant ash) watered with the extract from a rich soil; also in a mixture of two )»arts of lich garden soil and on«' part of sand. In the sjind tlic infcition was comparatively loeal and limited, but some of the nodules (le\eIoj(ed to a great size on the ro(»ts of tin' weak jdants so grown. In the rich soil tin' infection was jiinch more general over the whoh- area of the roots: the ikmIuIcs were much more numerous, but generally \ cry much smaller. Ilventnally the nodules were i>ickeower of living organisms — that of assimilating an elementary substance. But this would only be an extension of the fact that lower organisms are capable of performing assimilation work which the higher can not accomplish, w^hile it would be a further instance of lower organisms serving the higher. Finally it may here be observed that Loew has suggested that the vegetable cell with its active protoplasm, if in an alkaline condition, might fix free nitrogen, with the formation of ammonium nitrate. Without passing any judgment on this jwint, it may be stated that it has frequently been found at Kothamsted that the contents of the nodules have a weak alkaline reaction when in apparently an active condition, that is while still flesh-red and glistening. As to the importance of the fixation for agriculture and for M'geta- tiou generally, there is also much yet to learn. It is obvious that different Papilionaceae, growing under the same external conditifms, manifest very different susceptil)ility to or power to take advantage of the symbiosis, and under its influencemay gain much nitrogen. This is of interest from a scientific point of view as serving to explain the souice of 334 some of the combinpfl nitrogen acciunulated through ag«'son the surface of the globe; and also from a practical point(>f view, since, especially in troi»ical countries, such plants yield many inijtortant food materia^><, as well as other inrlustrial products. Root tubercles and acquisition of nitrogen by legumes — inoc- ulation experiments in field culture, Hellriegel and Wilfarth. — In the account given in the jiresent vohune of the Experiment Station Record, p, HOT, of the meetings of the section for agricultural chemistry of the German Association for the advancemmewliat informal report by Professor Jlellriegel, director of the experinuMit station at liernburg, on the continuation of his investigations u])on root tubercles and the fixation of atmosjiheiic nitrogen by ])lants. It will be remembered that the experinuMits of Professor llclhiegel have been made mostly by the nirtlmd (»f sand culture, which lie has developed by many yeai's of experimental incpiirN . and that althongh the acquisiti(»n of huge (piantities of atniosi»heric nitrogen by leguminous plants li;id ItccH dfiiionstratcd l>efbre Hellriegers work at Bernburg on this snltject was undertaken, yet it was thr<»ugli th<>se investigations that the connection between root tnln-rcles, bacteria, and the fixation of nitrogen was first found out. F»'w discoveries in biological and agri cultural chemistry have brought (»r]>romise to bring such an important train of results as this. The develoimuMit of tin* subject ]ty various e\]»eii!nents has been recoriled from timetotimein th«' Hecord (vols, t, p. I'.M; II, p. «IS(;. and ill. pp. rid. 1 Km. Tliiongli tin- (•onrlesy o| rroft'ss«tr Hellriegel and of Dr. Willaitli. wiio has been assucialed with him in these in\ estigalioiis, the follow ing resmiH' of their latest I'c-^nlts, pre- ceded hy a Inief recapitulation of the earlier work at 15ernl»nrg. has been I'liniislird Ity the hit ter geiit leniaii lor puldication in the ItiTord: l're\ions iuN cstigations had shown that while the legnmiiions plants can a\ ail tliemselv«'s of the free nitrogen of the air, they can tlo this on]> when certain kinds of hacteiia have entered them and caused the ]>rodu«'tion of the root tnb»Tcles charaIants which are «ultivated in sterilized media and kept fre<* from bacti'ria during their grow th, so as to jtreveiit this symbiosis, and which in conse()uence ha\'e no tubercles, do not acrpiire nitrogen from the air. Thus cult ivatcd tlicy l»elia\t' like tlie non-leguminous plants, which, as experiments ha\i' ic]»catedl\ shown, can not assimilate free nitrf>gen. During the last few years a series of ex])crinients has been going on at r>ernbnrg with legumes which have been kept under «'onditions of sterility. These exjx'riments hav«' brought out the fact that tlie legunies thus kept sterile not (Uily failed to fix nitrogen, asjust stated, but akso when tlu'v were well su]>]>lied with other food and dejjrived of nitrogen comi)ounds in the medium in which tin'y grew, remained in a starved con- dition, though they grew well wlicu nitrogen compounds were supplied. 335 The later experiments liave shown still further that the sterilized legumes develoi) exactly iu proportion to the amount of nitrogen fur- nishelyiiig leguminous ]»liiiits with nitrogen. Olher coMijtonnds, such as cah-inm uitnite, do not agree so well with them. Lupines fed with the latter compound become sickly and their devel«)p- mcnt is imperfect. The statements just made refer to plants cultivated in pure sand by Hellriegel's nu^thod. By this method healthy plants and especially a normal development of seeds, can be obtained. This is illustrated bv trials with lupine plants iu two pots of equal size, (uie c(.nt;iining uMtural soil with bacteria, the other sterilized sau grams of diy substance, of which 26.7 per cent were seeds. A unmber of experiments were made in jiots with natural soil Whenever the soil was not sterilized the leguminous plants jiad tubercles on the roots and a notable acquisition of nitrogen was found. When they were kept sterile the plants grew only in proportion to the nitrogen contained in the soil, l)utwlien nitrogenous fertilizing material was added to the sterilized cultures, the amount of plant growth increased in proportion to the amount of nitrogen supplied. The roots had no tubercles and there was no evidence of acquisition of atmos- l>heric nitrogen. In this way the same ininciple is found to ap]>ly to culture in soil containing humus, as in pure sand. The view of Fiaidc who claims especial effects in humus soils, is thus refuted. Besides these pot experinu'uts a series of field trials were made with lupine and serradellato study the effects of inoculating with bacteria. The experiments at Bernburg bring out the fact (which has been confirmed by other observatnms, e. g., those of Nobbc, described in the present number of the Eecord, page 336) that different leguminous plants do not avail themselves of the same kind of bacteria, but rather that a given species may require a special form for the syndnosis l»y which the free nitrogen is fixed. Thus, for instance, the root tubercle bacteria of peas do not produce tubercles in lupines and serradella, and therefore do not enable them to acquire nitrogen i'rom the air. Now these different forms of bacteria are not found in all arable soils. Thus the cultivated soils in the vicinity of Bernburg contain an abund- ance of pea bacteria, but none or very few of the lui>ine bacteria, because lupines have never been cultivated in this region. On the other hand, 33G in regions where the cultivation of these plants has been carried on for many years the soil is full of lupine bacteria. In such a region a quantity of surface soil was jTocured fr<»in a field where lupines had been raised, carried to Bernburg, and used for inoculation in the field trials. For these latter a number of nar- row strips of the experimental fields of the station were i>lanted with yelh)w, bhie, and white lupines. On some of these strips the lni»ine soil Avas applied in diflerent quantities and plowed under to ditterent depths, while other strips received none of the lupine soil. Tlie quan- tities of inoculating soil used on the diflerent strips were 10, -."». .">(». 1(M». and liOO Centner per hectare, or from 440 to 8,025 pounds av<»ir(liii)ois l>er acre. Similar experiments were made with serradella. Tlie field was in pretty fjiir condition as to manuring, so that even the i)laiits which were not inoculated could develop tolerably well by feeding on the nitrogen of the soil. Nevertheless the efte*^t of the inoculation was ]dainly manifest on all the strii)s. At the time of blooming all i»lants which had been treated with lui)ine soil were easily distinguishable to the eye, even at a distance, by their greener color and better develoi)ment. The differences in the ])lants with the difler- ent (plant it ies of inoculating soil were likewise jilainly visible, tlu' ettect increasing with tin* amount ai)plied; in to liKi per cent (jf the i>lants of the blue ancu- latiiui. These exiieriments of the last few years, biken altogether, comjdet^^ly confirm the i>iopositions set forth as the result of the earlier investiga- tions by the station.— fW. O. A.] Experiments in the assimilation of nitrogen by leguminous plants, F. Nobbe, E. Schmid, L. Hiltner, and E. Hotter [La<'t<'iia ]»r<'sent. In the case of (ileditschia, no symptoms of nitrogen starvation were noticed for oxer 1' months. The |»hiiits grew, altiiough slowly, and luoilnced on an average altout four timesasmuch dry matter asthe (tiiginal seeds contaim-d. and in some cases a noticeable increase of nitrogen. No tubercle's were formed on any of the roots, and no beneficial effects from the inoculation w«'re jiei- cei>tible. The Ial)urnum jilaiits did n(»t glow well in the soil mixture used and were harvested early. The indications \\cr<' that plants of tliis genus resjiond slowly to inoculation. The first pea ]»lants to n-spond to the inotulation were those iimcu- laterodueed tubercles, faih'd to recover froju the starvation ])eriod, and the author lielieves they were no htnger capable of assimilating nitrogen even when the tubercles were present. It was noticed Avhere the inoculation of Kobinia was successful that in general the amount id" dry matter jyroduccd and the p«'reentage of nitrogen in the same were larger than when the plants receivetl a dress- ing of nitrogenous fertilizers instead. Thus, Avhile the inoi»lied to i)ea ]»lants was felt latest of all and the pea soil extract failed t(» ]»rodnce any perceptibh' etfect when ajiidied to Ifobinia. The autluns ai-e forced to believe from these results that the infusions of ditferent soils must contain bacteria which in some manner difler from each other. They believe, liowever, that tlu' solution of the (piestion must come through the study of pure cultures, as only indelinite results can be obtained with crude infusions. AVhile the ])ure cultures from Ifoliinia tubercles Avere etl'ective on Kobinia plants, the pure cultures from pea tubercles, as Avell as the infusion of pea soil, were entirely without etfect on Kobinia. But the fact that the' pure cultures from i)ca tubercles had almost no etfect on ]»ea ]dants rendered further trials necessary, although the authois suggest that the absence of acticm in the latter case may have been because the inoculation came too late for the rapidly growing pea ]dants. tSccond serh'n <{f experiments. — Peas, lu]>iiu\ and beans were used, ]iure cultures being employed almost exclusively. Pea plants were inoculated with pure cultures from the tubercles of ]>eas, lui)ine, and Kol)inia, and from extracts of soils in which these jtlants had been grown. The ])laiits inoculated with purecultiucs from either pea soil or tubercles and trom hii»iim tubercles ])roduced i-oot tubercles: the remainder failein«' tiibereles and soil, pea tubercles, Gleditschia soil, liobinia tubercles and soil, and laburnum tubercles. One vessel received no nitrogen or inoculation. The growth of the plants was weak in all cases. Only those ])lauts which were inoculated with bacteria fromlu]>ines ]»roresents no excepticni among the papiliona- «('ons i»lants with respect to the fornmtion of tubercles in sterilized soil. It was observed that where tlie ]>lants were inoculated with bean soil extract or with \)mv cultures of jtea tnl)ercle bacteria, the root tuber- cles were on snuill roots of tin* third orgen in the plant take place in the tubercles, and that the Lamhv. Jabib., 19 (IH^). 341 materials in tho roots of the fonrtli order wliich spring from the tubercles consist exclusively of metabolic products of the bacteria themselves. The question whether the bacteria take up and work over the free nitro.uen of the air or water directly, or whether the crude nitroficn- containing materials are transmitted to them from the leaves, although the latter seems most probable to the authors, is not further discussed by them. Other experiments. — In order that the conditions might be exactly the same for the ditfereut kinds of ])lants, peas, lupine, Robinia, lal)ur- num, and CJleditschia were grown together in the same vessel. Four vessels, each containing one plant of each of the above species, were inoculated with pure cultures of bacteria from Gleditschia soil, and from pea, Kobinia, and lupine tubercles, respectively; the plants in one glass remained sterile. All the plants in the same vessel were treated exactly airivc. In the case of each vessel that plant did best which was inoculated witli the bacteria peculiar tothetuberclesof its own species. Thus,inthe case of the inoculation with bacteria from pea tubercles, the pea plant far surpassed all the other plants in that glass in luxuriance of growth; where Kobinia tubercle bacteria were used the Robinia did better than any other plant, etc. Tlie fact that in most cases the root tubercles occurred at a depth eipiivalent to only about one third of that to which the roots extended, seemed to indicate that the spontaneous diffusion of the bacteria in the soil takes place slowl5^ This would, seem to explain the fact that there was no benefit from late inoculation. To test this point the following cx])eriments were made: Six pea plants were placed in each of two sterilized vessels containing sterilized soil; one vessel contained no nitrogen and the other contained nitrogen in the form of calcium nitrate. One ]>lant in each vessel was inoculated June 18 with 7 c. c. of extract of i)ea tubercles, directly on the upper portion of tlie root, by means of a pipette. At the time of the inoculation the plants in the nitrogen- free soil were Just beginning to show signs of starvation. The inocu- lated plant began shortly to show unmistakable evidence of recovery. On the L'Stli of August the inoculated plant in the nitrogen-free soil was about twice as tall and contained nearly twice as man 3' leaves as either of the other five plants. The effect of the inoculation in the vessel containing nitrogen, while less striking, was apparent. The indications are that the ability of these bacteria to diffuse in the soil spontaneously is quite limited. In this trial as well as in the first series of experiments, it was noticed that the pea plants Mhich Avere developed by the aid of inoculation either produced no flowers, or in case they did, did not develop seeds, while those that were not inocu- lated and those manured with nitrogen all bloomed and some few produced se»*ds in spite of their less luxuriant growth. This is stated as being a further indication that tlie action of the bacteria in leguminous plants encourages the vegetable growth at the cost of the development 342 of the reproductive organs; and it is siiggested that this may in many cases prove an inii)ortant practical consideration, as in the case of leguminous plants grown for fodder. * Some studies were made with reference to the morphology and nature of the root tubercles of the pea. The form and character of the tila- ments and hacteroids were carefully studied, and subsequently the tubercles ]>roduced on the pea under the iiitlucnce of lupiuc extracts were ol)served. In the latter case the tllaments were just as luimer- ous and of the same geueral appearance as where the inoculation was with bacteria from pea tubercles, and the bacteroids were of the form found to be characteristic for the pea. This leads the authors to assert that the formation of the tilaments and the general appearance of the bacteroids is dependent, not upon the kind of bacteria causing them, but upon the ])lant on which they are formed. This would seem to sujiport Frank's th<*orv. that both tlie fihiinents and the bacteroids are l)roducts of the cell [ilasin of the i)lant rather than of the bacteria them- selves. However, forms believed to be bacteroids were found, often in large numbers, in the jnue cnltnres and esjiecialiy in those of Injtine bacteria. This leads the anthors to agree with i'ra/.mowski tliat the bacteroids ] II oceed fnnii tlie bacteria themselves. They also express the belief that the nitr(»gen w liich the jdant gets by this symbiosis is very largely a jtrodnct of th«' nietalxdism of the bacteria, and that only a relatively small jiortion is derived thilii/si(>l. Lnhdrdtorimn u. >L VnsKrlisdnstaJt eiinients in the experimental gaidcn of the Agiicnltnial Institnte of the I'niversity of llalh', the pnrpose ol which, as exi»resscd in the title of his descrijitive memoir, was to fiirnisli "a contribntion to the testing and ini]»ro\('inent <»!' the nicfhods of exact e\]teriment for the solution of cnrrcnt qnestions regarding the treatment of soils and cultivation of plants." rntain inii)r<»\«Mnents njion Wagni'r's method of pot expe- riments as then develojied were attemjited by Wohltmann. and the o](|tortnnity was utilized for stutlying the gi(»\vth of jdants under the action of different fertilizers in a soil of a tyjic very common in north (lermany. Wagner nscs zinc cylinders, which are ]»]accd npon small cars s(» as to be con\ cniciitly liandlcd and iiin niider a co\ ci- when necessary for protection from storm (»r frost. To these cylinders Wohltmann makes scNcral objections, of which the chief are in snbstance that since they are c\|>osc(l on all sides to air and the son's rays, the soil in them must nnderg(» gieatcr changes in temperatnr«' than in its natural sitinition; that the surface area is n(»t large emuigh ; that tin- dc]»th is not snflicient for normal root d«'\ cUtpment : and that tlu' water supply and lants of the sanu? species as those grown in the boxes were also grown in tlie soil between them. To facilitate j)roper regulation of water supply from below, drainage, and collection of drainage water, a ]K'rforated zinc tube, which was coated inside and outside with as])Iialt varnish, was laid on the bottom of each box and covered by semicylindrical drain tile. This tube passed through the end of the box at tin; bottom. To the end of the tube outside the box was connected a pei'])endi(;ular glass tube so that water could be introduced at will and the height of the water table maintained at any desired level and conveniently observed. A faucet was attached to the tube at a height of UO cm. from the bottom. By this the drainage water was collected in a graduated o-liter Hask which stood underneath. The boxes were placed on a brick foundation. To provide for getting at the drainage tubes, pas- sages a little more than 1 meter deep were made between the rows of boxes. The boxes were tilled to a depth of 2o cm. from the bot- tom with pure qiuirtz sand (which thus served as subsoil), and then to within 2 cm. of the top with the soil selected for the experiment. This was a sandy loam which contained but little humus and had been cro])ped for 3 years without manure. The soil was taken li;om the tield to a dei)tli of 'So cm., i. e. so as to inchule only surface soil, and was sifted and tlnuonghly mixed, so that it should be of uniform character for all the boxes. Investigations Avere made of fineness (elu- triation), water-holding capacity, and chemical composition of both sand and soil. Seven kinds of ])lants Avere grown, barley, wheat, oats, yellow lupines, blue lupines, ])eas, and beans. The seed was chosen with a view to its special fitness for the experiment and was tested in germination trials. The individual seeds were carefully selected, so as to have those of each plant as nearly alike as practicable in api)earance, weight, aud specific gravity. They were sown at distances apart corresi)onding- to those in the best field practice. The fertilizing materials were furnished in nitrate of soda, sulphate of potash, and plain super]diosphate, each singly and all three together. To compare the efiects of phosphoric acid in different combinations, "double superphosphate" was used in some of the earlier trials, l)ut rei)lacerodnee and in tlie st-t'd and straw separately, and from these ar*' made calculations of tlie amounts contained in the i)ronnts of moisture, so that the figures do not show the aetnal comitosition of the plants, /. c. of water-free substance. The samples analyzed were taken from the boxes of oidy 1 of the 2 duplicate rows of }»laiits whieh received like treatnu'iit. Hence while the data foi- quan- tity of air-dry material represent averages of two duplicate trials, those for chemical composition represent only one of the trials. Barometric jnessure, rainfall as shown by rain gauge, temix'rature of air, and t»inperature of soil at the surface and at ditlerent d»'i)tlis of the soil ln'tween the boxes, ;us indicated by thenui)ly and nianurinfi-, the careful selection (»f sc^'d. and thorough <-iiltiv;ition. Since the results are of less conse(jueuce for the purposes of this abstract than the method, they mny l)e re(;i]»itu]:ited very briefly: (1) The effect of the jihosphates ;ind ]»otash sjijts ui»on the total yield, the i>roi>ortions of tin* diHereut i»arts, and the «'heniical eoiii]iositioii of theplsiutsjwasnot especially marked, except that in the experiments with oats, es])ecially the first season, the total yield was somewhat larjrer with tliese fertilizers than without them. It was evident that the soil, althouj^h it had been croj>ped for several years without manure, con- tained a considerable su]>ply of available phos])horic acid anil potash.* (2) With nitrate of soda, however, the total yi<'lf tln' barley, oats, and whciit was coiisideialily increased, thoujrh the ratio of irniin to st;ilk was uot materially atlected. The total yield of i)eas, on the cttlier h;ind. w;is not notably increased, while the rati«» of tlie seed to tin- tot;il weight (»f the i>lant w;is less anro]>ortion of st<'m ;ind leaf was j^Mcatei- with the nitrate of soda than without it. Tlie soil sujiply of nitro^M-n e\i(leiitly did not suttice for full jrrowth of the ccri-alsand Ilicy resjtoiided to the iiitro.^eii of tlu' fertilizer. The ]>eas. however, refused as usual to icspund to nitro^icn. that is to say, the total pr(»duct was not increased, thouj;h tiiere was a tendency to increase «>f stem and leaf and decrease <»f seed. Tin* i)rincipal eHe«'t of tin* fertiliz«'r seenn'd to be in cansinji' development of the ve^retative rather than the reproductive organs. {'.i) The increase of yield of the ccicals with nitiati' of soda was most marked with tlie barley and hast with the wheat, as apjiears from the following; tabnlai' statement: Tield {iceight of prodmr) irilh iiitralc of soda, thr yield wilhoul mdinin hiiinj tnkrit ns K"-. Average of three nraione. Cereal. Grain. Wheat Oats... Barley 13K.9 13.x 1 163.0 Straw. 137. .T 144). 2 157.3 |>hiiii 144. :< 150.8 * The neccssityofiivoiilinfioxcfssofavailalilo plant food i n soils in whirlioxpi'iiincii Is on the action of fertilizers are to lie made, is here illnsf rated. Even soils supposed to l)e well '' worn out" often have large supplies of the very suhstanees the artinn of which in the fertilizers is to he tested. In son>e of the Cernian stations a rejiiilar system is adojited for itn-jtarinjj soils for siicli ex])erinii'nt8 by growing ptantti upon them without manure for several successive scasous. 347 The percentages of protein were in general decidedly larger in tlie jdaiits Avhicli liad nitrate of soda than in those Avhicli wer, ii.(j()inni; in 1887, 1.7.j)nni. The fol- lowing figures give the differences found by subtracting the percentages of protein in the unnumured plants from those in the corresponding plants treated with nitrate of soda. It is to be renu-mhercd, ho\ve\ er, that the analyses were made of single and not of duplicate samples, and that the figures in this table, as in the one just preceding, retx^r to the airdry substance. It is not impossible that deteiininations of water and calculations of weight and comi)osition of water-free substance would have made some changes in the relative proportions, though it seems hardly probable that the tenor of the results would have been materially alteied. Increase (-{-) or decrease (— ,) in percentages of protein in produce with nilralc of mida as compared with no manure. Cereal. Barley AVlieat Gats . . Peas.. 1885. Relatively dry. Grain. Straw, -f2.6 +2.6 +2.1 +2.8 +0.6 +0.8 +0.7 +1.7 1880. Relatively wet. Grain. Straw. +0.2 -0.4 -0.9 + 2.4 -0.1 +0.7 -0.3 + 0.8 1887. Relatively dry. Grain. Straw +2.6 +;:.2 +1.5 +"2.8 + 0.9 +1.9 +0.4 + 0.4 Average of three .seasons. Grain. Straw. +1.8 + 1.8 +0.9 + 2.7 4 0.5 + 1.1 +(1. :{ + 1.0 (4) The percentage of ash was apparently not affected by the phos- phate and potash salt in any of the plants nor by the nitrogen in the peas, but in the cereals it was lower with the nitrate of soda than with- out it. (5) As regards the relative development of the different organs, the water supply seemed to have more influence than the fertilizers. When the rainfall was large the stems and leaves were developed at the expense of tbe seed. (6) The amount of water whicb escaped by evaporation from the soil and by transpiration through the plants during the growing season, varied greatly with the seasons. From the observed results Dr. Wohlt- mann has made computations of what he regards as normal (luantities in liters per x)lant and jier kilogram of dry substance. These, with the estimated amounts per hectare in cubic meters for each of the three sea- sons, are given in tabular form herewith. The quantities are for the periods of vegetation of a little over 3 months. 11233— Xo. 5 6 348 Amounts of tenter evnporatrd from soil and plant dnrintj thf firowing season. Estimated normal amounts — Per ])lant Per kilogram of air-dry plant Estimated amount per hectare — Season of ]x«5 Season of 1XH6 Season of 1887 Barley. Wheat. Oats. Peas. [Fallow Liter t. 2.0 350 Cuhi/; vieterg. 2. 46.3 3.475 2.900 Liter*. Liter*. 1. 6 2. 7 400 3.'»0 (\ibie Cubic meter*, mrter*. meter*. 2.702 2.666 ; 2.245 3.625 i 3.625 3.050 Liter*. 2.975 Liter*. 5.6 300 _^. Cubic C^iliie meter*. 2. 075 2. 800 2. 775 3. 575 2.000 The cxperimenfnl mrfhod. — D('si>ite tlic niis1ia]>s in thes»' ]»inti('nlar e.xiH'iinuMits, Woliltinaiin ic;:aiy leaks. The sides of th»» boxe,s next to the passagt-ways beiii}; suhjeet to outward pressure from tlie soil within ami not ]»roteeted by eorres])ond in j; lateral outside i)ressure, bulged out and pressed against the ui)right glass tubes. The joints of the latter were thus loosened and in some »ases the tubes were broken. This ami defective stopjx'rs were the causes of the leaks. A simi»le arrangement is proposed for reiiu'dying these dilliciilties and providing at the same time for drawing off the drainage water at the bottom instead of at a jioint 2(1 cm. ab(»ve the bottom, as was tlone in these experiments. This would al.>^o allow better regulation of the height of the watci tabic. (2) One essential lest o| the value of the nu'thiMl is the agreement of duplicate trials as shown by the amount of juoduce. In each ot" the three seasons' experiments four kinds of plants — barley, wheat, oats, and i>eas (the trials with lieaus and lupines were left out <»f account in the comi>aiison because of failure «tf a ninuber of plants, as alwtM- f;tatell cases there were ".. all with ])eas the secoml season, in which the ])lants of one of the duplicat<'s wt'ie .so (lete7 cases of the three seasons together, \.'^ per cent. It exceeded 5 per cent in 1(> eases, of whieli 8 were in ISSfJ. and exceedetl 10 per cent in 7 cases, of which .■> were in ISSH. The differences of over 5 per cent laiits. Here, in AVohltmanu's jiulgnieiit, lies the ('liid' (iiriiculty in the way of exaet experiinentiiig with plants on a small scale. The iiulivichiality of the ])lants is the one factor which is beyond contri*!. The oidy way to avoid its disturbing influence is to increase the nnniber of i)laiits and take the average results. It is to be notetl, li(»\\ CN cr, that the variations from the mean of the duplicates, vvhicli wonhl be ing the ]iots on small platform cars beside a glass Inmse, into which they are easily run, gives very valuable protection against frost and storms, e. //., severe rain or hail, which may sometimes ruin a whole season's work. (4) While Wohltmann recognizes the incompleteness of our present methods for physical and chemical studies of the soil, he still urges their great inqxtrtance for investigations of this class. In conclusion, the author calls attention to the usefulness of the boxes described by him for educational purposes. They offer a very conven- ient means for demonstration of experiments, and might be advanta- geously used by agricultural schools, especially those which have not adequate held and garden area. — [W. O. A.] 350 Plat and box experiments at the Dresden Experiment Sta- tion for Plant Culture. — In connection witli the precedinj;- article a description of the arraugements made for vegetation experiments at the station for agricultural and horticnltural plant culture in Dresden, Saxony, Avill be of interest as an illustration of the way in wliich anew station in Germany, with the fruits of large experience but only limited amounts of money at its disposal, utilizes the teachings of that experi- ence to secure the best results. The station was organized April 1, 1890, at the solicitation and in the special interest of practical farmers and gardeners, and is just now (autumn, 1891) completing its arrangements for experimental work. Its annual income for current expenses, exclusive of land, buildings, and outfit, is about $3,000. Its energy is to be devoted to inquiry in vegetable production, and as the neighboring station at Tharand, which has been under the direction of rrofessor ]S\)bbe for nearly a qnar- ter of a century, is engaged in more abstract researches in vegeta- ble physiology by the methods of the laboratory and the greenhons*', the Dresden Station will give itself to investigations on the growth of plants in natural soil, thus imitating more closely the conditions of practical culture. The agricultural division of the station, which is under the charge of Dr. B. Steglich, ]»roposes ex])erinuMits with ditVer- ent crops, on several kinds of soil, for the study of the jnerits of dif- ferent varieties of plants, the efiects of fertilizers, and the gains and losses of plant food by the soil. It recognizes the value of field t'xperi- ments, but wisely arranged to have them made in ditlerent ]»laccs in Saxony by intelligent farmers under its direction. The somewhat limited area of land at the station is thus left free for experiments on a smaller and more accurate scale, for which ])urpose it is ami)Ie. Tiie station is being well equipj)ed with buildings, greenhouses, and labora- tories, and the agricultural division has 2 hectares (about 5 acres) of land devoted to various experiments with plants. The special interest for our present purpose is in the arrangements for plat and box exjieri- ments. It was felt desirable to prosecute certain experiments upon the growth of plants on the kinds of soil most comnnm in Saxony, and to make them as accurate as possible. For this purpose the ni>])er stratum of soil of a certain area of the station laud is being removed and rejilaced by soils of the desired kinds. Soils of five typical classes have been chosen for the purpose. They are designated by the terms, heavy cla \ cy, loamy, calcareous, light sandy, and huunms. For these «litVerent soils separate lots are provided. Each lot is divided into ten long, narrow- plats, each plat being 25 met(HS long and 4 meters wide and containing 10 ares. The plats are separated by strips 1 meter \\U\v and around the border of the lot is a path of the sanu- width, so that the whole lot is 51 meters long and 27 meters wide, with the plats running across it from side to side. The clayey, loamy, and saudy soils are obtained near 351 the station, so that the cost of transportation is small. The others had to be brought from a distance. The surface soil is used in each case. In preparing each lot for experiment the original soil and subsoil are removed to the depth of 1 meter. At this depth the natural subsoil is sandy and pervious, and apparently uniform over the whole experi- mental area, so that it seems reasonably certain that the drainage and water supply from below will be alike throughout. The space thus excavated is then filled with the imported soils. These are very thoroughly mixed, shovelful by shovelful, so that each lot is uniform in physical and chemical characters. Two lots are to be devoted to the loam, on account of the prevalence of soils of this class in Saxony and its consequent importance for experiments. For the calcareous and humous soils, which have to be brought from quite a distance, one half a lot or five plats for each are used. To each of the other lands of soil one lot is to be devoted. By this means it is hoped to secure uniform conditions of temperature, moisture, and chemical and physical character of soil for all the plats of each ty^pe of soil. To protect plants at the time of the ripening of the seeds from the depredations of sparrows, which are very numerous in the locality, it is proposed to stretch wire netting over the lots. The same arrangement is planned for the box experiments to be described beyond. An attempt to frighten the birds away by a bird of prey confined by a chain near by, did not prove successful. Such an arrangement as this is fitted for tests of fertilizers, methods of planting or tillage, or varieties of plants. The first experiments her§ are to be tests of varieties of wheat, which is now a very important subject for farming in Saxony. But plat experiments, however carefully planned, do not entirely suf- fice. Even if the conditions of soil, subsoil, temperature, and rainfall are uniform there is no w^ay of measuring or controlling the supply of moisture. Other important questions, such as the gain and loss of l»lant food with dift'erent plants and under different methods of treat- ment, can not be accurately studied in this way. To facilitate such investigations the station had recourse to box experiments. In the language of Dr. Steglich, who has supplied the data for this account of the plans for experiments at Dresden, — For tests wLicli require scientifically exact installation tiud the control of certain conditions of growth, a system of vegetation boxes is provided. These are tilled with the soil which is to be experimented with and placed in the ground in rows. Each row represents a series of experimental trials. The soil between and around the boxes will bear the same kinds of plants as that within them, so as to secure uniform growth. Thus each box represents an entirely isolated portion of the whole experimental area. * * * In the present state of experimental inquiry an arrangement of this kind, especially in the light of what has been done by Wolff and "Wagner, is really indispensable wherever the purely scientific results of laboratory investigation are to be applied to practice, or wherever exact experiments aie to be made. 352 III ])]aimiiig tlio boxes for experiments. Dr. Steglicli stuflied earefnlly the ])laiis Avliicli liad l>eeu followed by Wolff, Wagner, Hanaiiiaiiii. ami others, and endeavored to improve ui><»n them. In order to make the area and depth of soil suflfteient for normal ji;rowth of a considerable numlDer f)f plants, it was decided to have the boxes 1 meter lon^r, wide, find deep (inside measuic). It was essential that they shonld he very strong and durable and not liable to be cracked by frost or disintegrated by the gases and liquids of the soil and the roots of the plants; and, finally, they must be water-figlit. Zinc it Avas feared would hardly fultill these conditi<»ns. Iron would rust unless it was <-oveied ]»y some enamel, and this was found to be hardly feasible for vessels of the desired size. (Hazed earthenware would V)e excellent, Init the informa- tion from manufacturers as to the feasibility of making such huge vessels was such as to discourage the attempt to get them. A prelimi- nary trial was made with earthenware tiles, Itut they were unsatisfactlates set in ccnuMif. The Ixtxes thus c(tnstructeossible. TwiMify boxes are jdared in four equal rows, w ith i>assages between the tirst and si'cond, and the third an meters. They are !.."► meters wide and an- faced (ui the sides and «'nds by a brick wall. Each of the two i>assages has a fall of Id cm., allowing water to How to the low t'r end. where it luns through ajtei tares in the wall into a ln'd of gravel outside csju'cially provided to recei\eit. The two passages ojkmi into 353 a third of like doptli aiul 1 meter wide, into which a stairway descends from the level of the j;r«mnd ontside. The i»assai;es are closed at the top by tarred planks which are covered by a layer of sand. The boxes of each row are separated from the i)assa^e wall and from each other by si)aces 0.5 meter wide. Tlie rows of boxes between tlie two ])assages are separated by a space 1.2 meters wide. These spaces are tilled with soil. Thns each box is surronn])ly tube, and thnmgli which water can be poured for watering tlie soil from the bottom. A small glass tube, projecting upward iuto this su})])ly tube from the bottom, serves to remove the drainage water. It can be raised or lowered at will, so as to have the upper end at the level at which the water table in the box is to be maintained. If by reason of heavy rain the water of the soil in the' box is increased so that the water table would rise above this level, the excess runs oil" as drainage water. If on the other hanly tube, which serves as a gauge. The boxes with the passages and stairway are surrounded by a strip of lawn aiul inclosed by a wire fence, the wdiole iuclosure being some 18 meters long and 14 meters wide. The cost of each of the boxes was, for glass $15, setting in cement and transport to the station $13.25, drainage and supply tubes and setting $2.50, drain tiles $1, total $31.75; or for the 20 boxes, ^OSn. To this must be added the cost of digging", setting the boxes, masonry, inclosing, etc. — about $250. Other expenses will probably bring the whole cost to not fai- from $1,000 foi- the conqdeted jdant for box exper* iments. Close at hand are appliances for meteorological observations, includ- ing rain gauge, barometer, psychrometers, and air and soil thernnmie- ters. The soil thermometers are placed on the surface of the soil and at depths of 0.02, 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.50, and 1 meter. The underground thermometers are inserted horizontally into the soil through a wall of a ]>assage 1.5 meters deep, specially sunk into the ground for the purjiose. The bulbs reach in to a Inuizontal dei»th of 0.5 meter, excei)t in the case of the two lowest, which extend to lateral depths of 0.75 and 1.25 meters, respectively. The scales reach outside, so that the tridaily readings can be made with the greatest convenience. The station at Tharand, with whi(dj the one at Dresden is closely affiliated, is engaged in the study of the action of bacteria in the assimilation of the ^nitrogen of the air by plants. In the division of 354 labor between the two, the Dresden Station has more to do with the application of the results of abstract inquiry. Accordingly for some time to come the box experiments are to be devoted to the study of the accumuhition of nitrogen in soil in which leguminous plants (in this case lupines) are grown. The purpose is tx) make an accurate practi- cal test of the teachings of late experimental inquiry regarding the ac(]iiisition of atmospheric nitrogen by the aid of bacteria. Two kinds of soil are to be used, one sandy, the other a loam, each in ten boxes. As the i)urpose is to investigate as thorouglily as may be the changes in nitrogen content of the soil in the presence of the plants, it is desira- ble to use soil in which no plants have grown. Accordingly in taking the samples for experiment the surface soil is removed as far down as the roots of the plants upon it extend and tlie soil below is used. For trials with each soil two rows of boxes, with live in each row, will be used. One row will be treated with extract from a soil in which lujjincs have grown, while the other will be left without this treatment, in orwth of Icgnnu's and the acquisition of nitrogen. Analyses of the soil will be made at the out- set and from time to tiiiu^ during the ])rogrcss of the research, and the amcmnts of water supplied and removed, the comi>osition of the drain- age wat«r, and the amounts and composition of the ]U()duce wdl be (h'tei-miued. The data thus obtained, together with tin* meteorological and other observations made in connection willi the experinu'Uts, will give the desired statistics of the gain and loss of nitrogen. If the investigation meets with the suci-ess which is hoped loj-, it will throw light upon one of the most imi)ortant]>rol)leins in agricultural science. — [W. O. A.j Concerning the fermentation of tobacco, E. Suchsland ( /w r. <1. dcuf. hoi. (its.. H (/>.''/). jij). ;.'/->/i. — This is a pieliininary report of investigations made by the autii(»r untler the jtersonal direction of ]*rofessor Zo])f. The autlior e\i)Iains that a \er> important i)art in the curing of tobacco is its ferm«'ntati()n, which (»ccins during the jtrocess known as bulking. The cured tobaccf* is ])acked closely together in large ]>iles, and after a longer or short<'r time. «lepending upon the amount of moisture tlu' tobacco coniaius.the mass heats, the toba<'co is said to '' sweat,'' and the aromatic anounds which con- tribute to the taste and odor of the leaf and give it tone, are fornu'd. It was to study these changes and to disc<»\ «'r if jtossible the organisms belie\e«l to be the «'ause of the fermentatitui that the author made the investigations here icported. The results of his work, which are (»nly given in brief, he believes to be of considerable ])ractical interest. Tobacco from Havana, St. Domingo, Kentucky, Brazil, Turkey, Greece, Kussia, Alsace Lorraiiu\ and other parts of lMiroi>e was studied, and in all cases large quantities of bacteria were found on the fernu'uting material, although the number of forms was small — usually only two or 355 three on eacli sort of tobacco. When jmre cnltnres of the bacteria peculiar to any sinjile sort of tobacco were used i'ov iiioculatino- tobacco of anotlicr sort, they induced tlie same taste and aroma as tliey liad in the tobacco from which they were derived. Positive results were secured in every such trial. The author therefore believes that the process of fermentation is one of nuich greater importance in improving- the quality of tobacco than has previously been conceded. Up to the present time the imi)rove- ment of the quality has been sought particularly in the nnprovement of the method of culture, and in the introduction of the choicest varie- ties; but this has been only partially successful since the forms of bac- teria inducing the most advantageous fermentation, were not imported with the seed. His results all go to show that tobacco of poorer qual- it\- may be very greatly improved in quality by inoculating with forms of bacteria common to the choicer sorts; and he claims that he has r('peatc have very little eft'ect on the rapidity of souring. To determine the degree of acidity at which milk would be coagu- lated l)y lieating to boiling, the author made a large nuinl)er of tests of milk kept from 2^ to 28 hours in a cellar in tlie sunlight and in the dark. The results all point»*d to 23° as the lowest degree of acidity at which milk would curdle on heating. Assuming 20° to be the limit of acidity allowed, he suggests that milk could be rrfi)idly and simply tested by adding 2 c. c. of deci-normal alkali, and a few drops of ])henoI- l)hthalein to 10 c. c. of well mixed milk diluted to 30 c. c. with water. 356 If a rofl color is produced, even though a weak one, the milk will not curdle on boiling. Canadian experimental farms. Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 314) {Report of Director, W. Saunders, pp. 5-53). — A sununary is <;iven of the report of experiments in early and late seeding of barley, oats, and spring wheat, recorded in Bulletin !No. 8 of the Central Experiniental Farm (see Ex]>eriment Station Record, vol. it, p. 520). The distribu- tion of seed of oats, barley, wheat, peas, and corn in 1890 is described, and reports from x>ersons who experimented with the seeds are sum- marized. The total nnnd^er of samples distributed was 12,-35.3 to 5,80(5 applicants. Notes and tabulated data are given for tests of 10 varie- ties of oats on small plats and 25 on large field plats; of 11 two-rowed and 5 six-rowed varietiesof barley on small and large ])lats; 15 varieties of spring. wheat on small jdats, 5 on large i)lats, ami ".> i»lanted in rows 2J feet apart; 9 varieties of winter wheat; 4 of winter rye; 1 of .spring rye; 5 of peas; 17 of turnips in one series and 22 in another; 21 of mangel-wurzels; 11 of sugar beets; 25 of carrots in one series and 21 in anothei-; and 94 of i)otatoes. Twelve hundred and forty live s;nn- ]»les of seed of grain, grasses, clover, vegetables, etc., were tested at the Central Ex]»erimental Farm in 1889 and 1890. The results, as stated in a table, show a wide variation in the average vitality of diflerent kinds of seed. There is an account of the results of the growth of two- i<»\\('d i)arle> IVoni seed inipuitctl by the (Jovernmeut of Canada, taken li(tm bulletin No. 9 (dthe Central ICxpcriinental Farm (see ICxperinieut Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. .■»20). Infoiiuat i(»n regarding experimental \\(»ik in forestry on the western jilains of Canada is given in a paper by the Director, which was read at the nu'cting of the American I-'oi- estry Association at (i)uebec, in Sept«Muber, 1.S90. A«-c«»unts an- gi\en of visits made by the l)ire; numl»er of bulletins and rei>orts sent out during 1SS!>. II. .".SI; during IS!»o, 2lS.12t>. The mail iug list of the Central l*Xi»erinicntal I'arm is 20.(i(Mi. in addition to a s])ecial dairy list of 1.000. IkCjiort of A(iriciil(i(iisf. ,1. U. h'ohtrtNon (i»p. 54-(iS. figs. 51). — This includes an illust rated dcsfiipt icm of theexiu'rimental dairy buildingaml the piggery erected at theCtMitral l''xi)erinu'ntal Farm. .Vcjvmnts are. given of the swine and cattle of dilfei'cnt br«'eds k«'i>t at tin* farm, with details regarding the rations fed to thcni. Jxcport of Ilortlriiliiiri.sf. J. Cnilfi (pp. (i9-102). — rndei' the lu'ad of orchard fruits. ni>tcs are given Iums, cherries, and apricots grown at the Central lvxi»erimeutal Farm, with special references to Hussian vaiieties of apples an«l pears; and also notes on varieti<'s of grai)es, strawberries. rasi>l)erries, blackberries, currants, aud gooseberries; and on 22 varieties of cabbages, 7 of celery, 357 12 of sweet corn, 10 of lettuce, 14 of peas, 13 of radishes, and 7 of tomatoes. An account is given of the distribution of ditfcreut varieties of seedling' forest trees and also of tree seeds. Experiments with fmigici(h's for apitlc scab {FiisicJadiion flciidrificKtn) are briefly recorch'd, and taluilated (hita are given for an ex]»eriment with fungicides on apple lea\('s, with ai view to ascertaining (1 ) the greatest strength in which th<' diflerent fungicides ean be ai>plied without injnry to tlie h'aves; (L*) the effect on leaves of the coi)]»er solutions with or without anunonia; and (3) the elfect on the knaves of a fungicide cond)ined with I'aris green. The Wealthy variety was used in this experiment. ('o]>- per sulphate, used in the pro^Hution of H oun(;es to 22 gallons of water with or without ammonia or Paris green, caused nnu'h injury to the leaves, while copper carbonate, 1^ or 3 ounces to 22 gallons of water, caused little injury. li'rportof ciir)nist,F. T. S/iiift {p]). Kl.J-irvi).— This repmt inclndes popnlar discussions of the physical pro[>erties and chenncal composition (»r soils, the \ahu' of nunl, muck, |»eat, nmrl, gypsum, w(»ol waste, gas lime, ami hunl>'s (jnarters [Clu HojKxIittiH (dbiDti) for fertilizing purjtoses, and anal\s('s of the same; analyses ol" foods and feeding stuffs, milk, ai>i»]e tree lea\es, well water, and foundation cond); a study oi' the etfects of sobitions of ct)])]ter snlphate, iron sul]>hate, and "■ agricul- tural bluestoiK'" on the vitality ol" seed wheat; and an article on sj^on- taneous cond)ustion. Fixldcr.s (pp. llO-l."}.']). — A i)opular er cent contain over 12 per cent of sugar, and oS ]>er cent over 13 per cent of sugar. The avt'iiigcs as they stand indicate a very fair factory hect, and, all things being considered, compare well and favorably with those of other conntries in whicli beet sugar is niannfactnred. Snfticient work has been done to indicate that both as regards yield ])('r acre and richness in sngar, with a more cai'efiil cultivation, sugar beets may be raised in niauN parts of Ontario fully e(|nal to those of Europe and tho t'uited .States. Kenuuks are also made on the culture of the sugar beet and on the value of the diffusion chips for feeding purposes. Milk (pp. i;');5-140). — Analyses are given of 93 samples of milk of Jersey, 11 ol stein, Ayrshire, Aberdeen, Angus, and Shorthorn coavs during short periods, together with the rations fed. (JomposltioH of apple, tree leaves (pp. 141-140). — This is from an artjcle on this subject read by the autlnjr at the Dominic m Fruit Growers' 358 convention at Ottawa in February, 1890, Tlie oomposition is j^iven ot the leaves of Duchess of Oldeuburg, Tetofsky, Wealthy, Fameuse, and Iforthern Spy apple trees, collected May 25 and September 20, and from these analyses is calculated the amount of nitrogen, phosjdioric acid, and ])otash contained in 1,000 pounds of fresh leaves from each variety. The averages of the 5 varieties. at each gathering are gl\en in the following table : Analyses of apple tree leaves. Gathered May 25 Gathered Septfiiiher 20 In green leaves. Pr.et. Pr.ct.Pr.ct. 72. 3t; 2. .33 2.94 60.71 3.46 I 2.4 per cent sulphate of iron and .">0.7 i>cr cent siilphat4' of copper. The solutions were pre]>aied l»y dissolving 1 iioiind of the material in S gallons of water. In the Urst exiH'iimcut s(» hours, and at the <'nd of that time was sown in earth in the conservatory to dctrrmine its jx'iirntage of vitality ; in tin* latter experiment the wheat was merely sjuinkled with the ditferent .solutions, allowed to dry, and sown at once. The results lea purity. In addition to the analyses, directions are given for detecting- adulterat ions of lioneyconih. Kqtort of Untomolof/i.st and Botanist, J. Fletcher (pp. 15-1:-2(K;, ])hites J), ligs. 7). — The entoniologii-al portion of the rei)ort contains original and compiled notes on the American frit &y {Oscinis variabilis), vii\}\y,\}i(i nuiggot {Anthomyia brassiccc), diamond-back moth {riutclki cruvifc- rarum), Mediterranean llournioth {Ephestia Mhniella), pea weevil {liru- cJufs j>isi), strawberry weevil {Anthonomus w*/Mr?^/M.s), and Vancouver Island oak looper {Ellopia somniaria). The ditferejices in the effects of the attacks of the frit fly, Hessian fly {Gecidomyia destructor), and wheat stem maggot (jl/r>-ow7/crt amrrieana) ure stated and the several stages of these insects are ditterentiated. Successful experiments were made with white hellebore as an insecticide for the cabbage maggot. A solution of 2 ounces of hellebore and 3 gallons of water was ai)plied with a syringe around the roots of cabbage plants from which the sur- face soil had been removed by hand. Kerosene emulsion proved the most satisfactory remedy for the cabbage plutella. The treatment of the seed of peas with bisulphide of carbon is generally adopted by Caimdian seedsmen. For the strawberry weevil it is suggested to try covering the beds after the formation of the flower buds with news- papers or strips of cloth held down at the edges with earth. These should be put on at the first appearance of the beetles and kept on nntil the flowers have expanded. The Vancouver Island oak loojiers, which defoliate oaks in the vicinity of Victoria, appear in the larval stage about the middle of August, pupate near the end of that month, and begin to emerge as moths by September 20. In 1890 they appeared in very large numbers. The insect passes the winter in the egg state. The eggs may be destroyed by spraying the trunks of the trees in early spring with kerosene emulsion. The larvse may be killed with the arsenites. Ichneumon cestus, Pimpla sp., and a Tachina fly were observed as parasites on the oak looper. Under the head of botany are given brief notes on 72 species of grasses which are being tested at the Central Experimental Farm, and lists of a number of species of native and foreign grasses with which some experimental work is being done. The nine plates which illus- trate this portion of the report are taken from the publications of this Department. Report of Poultry Manager, A. G. Gilbert (pp. 207-229).— Accounts are given of the methods followed in the management of various breeds of hens at the Central Experimental Farm. An experiment in setting hens on nests placed on dry boards and on the damp earthen floor of a cellar showed no great diflereuee in the results as regards the number of chickens hatched. Experiments in keeping fertilized and unfertilized eggs at temijeratures varying from 46 to 84° F. indicated 360 that ej^fts of either kind would incserve a jicuMl condition and flavor for several weeks, ev^en at the highest temperature tried. Duriuji two winters the effects have been observed of feedinf? warm mixtures of ground meal of various kinds, with or without the a«ldition of ground meat and red pepper, to stimulate laying. The results indicate that — (1) Tlie stimulating and fattening foods which go to eggs in the Spanish family, sucli as Leghorns, Minorcas, and Andalusians, make the Asiatics, viz, Hrahinu.s, Cochins, and Langshans, so fat as to lay soft -shell eggs or not to lay any at all. (2) Plyraontli Kocks and Wyandottes (breeds of American origin, and not to he properly classed with either of the foregoing) arc to be treated as Asiatics in the matter of food. (3) It is best when possibh' to keep the ]iullets of late hatch away fntm tlie two-year-old hens, for the reason that the hitter are at their best for egg |>ro(lu(ti<>n, and the fattening food that is suitable for jjuHets is likely to make the liens too fat to lay. The imjiortance of having jmllets hatclied as early as jiossible will thus be apparent. The author reecunmends that young chickens sh(»uld be fed Incad soaked in milk and stpu'czcd dry. At tirst this should be given every hour, but the numlicr (tf daily rations shotdd be decreased as the chick- ens grow older, and after L' weeks wheat nuiy be fed, sparingly at first. Hcport of tlir Siijx rinlnithnf niiiiintol Funn for the Maritiiiir I*rorin-L'.'iS). — Tabulated of barley. ."iO of corn, and (il> of jiolatoes. Ixrpurt of Stiprrintvmlrnt of K.rpcrimnttal Fitrm for Mmiitftha, S. A. Jirtl/'onI dip. '_*.>".»-L'(;!>). — Tabulated data are gixcn for tests of IVJ varie- ties of w heat sown on upland ]trairie and .'!"> sow n in a \ alley, L'O of oafs on the upland and in a valley. 11 of barley on the n])land and 11 in the valley, 7 of |ieas. !♦» of turnips. ."» of caircds, S.> nf j iota toes. .'>L' of f(Mlder corn, and lotinillet. Tlieieare also biief accounts of e\]»erinM'nts in sowing wheat and liarlcy at dilVerent dates, and wheat, barley, and oats at dilVerent distances and in drills and Inoadcast. Tabulated notes are given for the \arie|ies of ajiples. crab apples, clicnics. pears. ]»lnnis, gooseberries, currants, and 1 he s|»ecies of forest trees and shrubs plantetl at the faiiu. r]\|»eriinents are being made in the kee|»ing of bees. Ixvport of iSiijiniiitnidnif of' hJ.rprriniriifol Fiirni for tlir XortliirrNt Territorirs, A. Mavkaif (pp. l,'7(l-L".>L*). — Tabidated data aie given for tests of 4S varietit's (»f wheat, .'51* of barley, Hi of <»a(s. ."> (tf jieas, and L'."» of fodder corn. There an^ also notes on experinn-nts with forage plants, grasses, flax, buckwheat, beans, turnips, mangel-wur/.els, carrots, sugar beets, potatoes, and a nundier of other vegetables; with apjdes, crab api>les, ])ears, ])lums. cherries, currants, raspberries, goos«'berries, and strawl»erries; and with forest frci's anil shrubs. Ibief statenu'nts are made regarding the i»«'(ligrees of the cattle in the stati»Mi herd. Exper- iments with potdtry and with bees are in progress. 361 Report of Superiniendent of E.vpcriinrntal Farm for Brifish Coliimhia, T. A. Sharpr (])]). liy^-'iOD).— This incliulcs lists ol' viuiclics of appli'-^ peaches, jH^ais, (luiiu-es, apricots, nectarines, plums, elienies, lij;s, oranges, j»Tapes, blackbenics, cunants, <;•(>< isehenies, an' wheat, U of winter rye, 1!» of barley, i;> of oats, L'O of corn, L'O of beans, and 'M of i»otatoes; and lists of the species of for- est trees, shrubs, and vines planted at the farm. The nnml)er of e«i<;s laid by each of several breeds of hens during 1890 is given in a table. EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES. Arizona Station. — V. E. Stolltraud, C. E., has been appointed ni«'tcning December 1, will be held for 4 weeks. The statitm has purchased a now farm near its laboratory building, and has erected a dwelling house, l)arn, creamery, and greenhouse. The station is imw well equipetl for experiments in botany and dairying. Purchases of registered stock of the Jersey, Ayrshire, and Ilolsti^in breeds have been made. WASiiiN«iToN Station. — It is ex]»ected that tin- working staff' of this stati«iu will 1 rganized so as to cf>mmi'nce exi>erimcntal work during the coming season. Brazil. — The report for IWO oi the station at Campinas, of which A. B. U. Caval- cauti is director, has Imm-u receive«l. It includes analyses of soils from the Stale of Sao Paulo, analyses of coll'ee and an article on the culture of coffee in Bra/il, by F. W. Dafert, Ph. D., notes on alfalfa and other forage plants, with analyses of niiteoric wiiter, and record of meteorological observations. Halle, Germany. — J'erniirliH-Slutiun fiir Xrmatodeni-niilgung (\os\Tosio be j)ut on the mailing list of the stations, and especially to receive all publications on ento- mology and mycology. Its annual report will be sent in exchange. Address Dr. M. Hollrung, Wurchererstrasse 1, Halle, Germany. World's Columbian Exposition. — A committee appointed to prepare rules to govern the conduct of a test of dairy breeds of cattle, in connection with the Colum- bian Dairy School, has submitted its report. Two tests of breeds are provided.for. One of these is to continue 4 months, "1 month of which shall be devoted to cheese making, and shall be carried on in connection with the Columbian Dairy School ; the other shall be for 7 days, 30 days, and (»0 days, and be under the charge of the sanu^ committee as the 4 months' test, but the milk may be handled by the l»reeders." In the 4 months' test two classes of awards are to be made, (1) " for the best ilairy cows, considering all commercial products and the value of increase of flesh ; (2) for cows, herasis of the amount of butter or cheese made Tluring the 4 mimths." It is reconnneiided that the testing committee consist ol the superrutendent of the ilairy department as chairm.iu. one member ajipointeil by the World's Columbian Exjiosition. ojie by the Columbian Dairy Associ.itiou, lour by the Association of Americ.in Agricultural Colleges .and Experiment Stations, and a representative for each of the breeds competing. 362 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF W UNITED STATES DErAFJMENT OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED DURING NOVEMBER, 1891. / Preliminary Report of the Seci'etary of Agriculture, 1891. Division of Statistics: Report No. 90 (new series), November, 1891. — Report on Yield of CrojJS i>er Acre; Freight Rates of Transportation Companies. Division of Botany: Bulletin No. 14. — Ilex Cassine, the Aboriginal North Aiiiericau Tea Kntomological Division: Insect Life, vol. iv, Nos. 3 and 4, November, 1891. Office of Experiment Stations: Experiment Station Record, vol. iii, No. o, October, 1891. LIST OF STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS DURING NOVEMBER, 1891. Canebrake Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 12, October, 1891. — Grapes, Strawberries, and Raspberries. Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 16, July, 1891.— Ringworm. CoLORAiX) Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 1^, Jnly, 1891.— Artesian Wells of Colorado. Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida: Bulletin No. 14, July 1, 1891.— Annual Report. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 24, September, 1891. — Enzootic Cerebritis or Staggers of Horses. Louisiana Agriculturai. Experiment Stations: Bulletin No. 11 (second series). — Report of the Sugarhonse and Laboratory for 1890. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College: Meteorological Bulletin No. 34, October, 1891. Experiment Station of Michigan Agricultural College: Bulletin No. 77, November, 1891. — Comparing the Yield of Old Meadows with those Recently Seeded. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 16, September, 1891 — Glanders. New Jersey Agricultijral Experiment Stations: Bulletin No. .84, October 10, 1891. — Ground Bone and Miscellaneous Samples. 11233— Xo. 5 7 363 3G4 CORlfEI.L UXIVERSITY AGRICT'LTIRAL Exi'KKlMENT STATION": Bulletin No. 32, October, 1891. — Tomatoes. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 80ft, September 15, 1891. — Meteorological Summary for North Caro- lina, August, 1891. Bulletin No. 80d, October 15, 1891. — Meteorological Summary for North Caro- lina, September, 1891. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin vol. iv, No. 6 (second series), October, 1891. — Experiments with Small Fruits m 1891 ; Diseases of the Raspberry and Blackberry. Oregon Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 12. — Comparative Test of Strawberries for 1891; Meteorological Sumuiary. Bulletin No. 13. — Miueral and Mineral Water Analyses; Soils and Agricultural Survey. The Pennsylvania State Agricultural College Experiment Station: Bulletin N(». 17, October, 1891. — The Value of Cotton-Seed Meal as Compared witii Bran for the Production of Butter. Rhode Island State Agricl'ltukal Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 12, Augu.st, 1891. — Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers Collected under the State Inspection, 1891. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 2 (new series), July, 1891. — Cottiui Experiments with Varieties and with Fertilizers. Agricultural Expehiment Station of the University of Wisconsin: Bulletin No. 29, October, 1891. — Creamiug Experiments. DOMINION OF CANADA. Ontario Agricultural College Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 68, October 26, 1891. — Feeding Shorn and Unshoni Lambs in Winter. Bulletin No. 69, November 2, 1891. — Fattening Lambs for the British Market. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. W. HARRIS, DIRECTOR EXPEEIMEITT STATION RECORD Vol. III. No. 6 ISSUKD J^VNTJ^^-KY, 1893 PCBHSHBD liY A-Cl'LIOlirTX- OF THE SECKETARV OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 189 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. raj;e. Editorial uotcs 365 Notes ou progress in agricnltural reseaiih in 18!ll 3(35 General index of station literature 3(37 Abstracts of sta tion publications 370 Alal)ama Canebrake Station 37Q Bulletin No. 12, October, 1891 37O Arkansas Station 37I Hulletin Xo. l(i. July, 1«)1 37I California Station 37I HuUetin No. }»1, September 23, 1891 37I Colorado Station 373 Bulletin Xo. 1(5, .Inly, 1891 373 Connecticut Storrs Station 374 Third Annual Eeport, 1890 374 Florida Station 3gg Bulletin No. 14, July 1, 1891 38(3 Georgia Station 3^7 Bulletin No. U, October, 1891..... 3^7 Kansas Station 3g3 Bulletin No. 24, September, 1891 3j;!8 Louisiana Stations 3^() Bulletin No. 11 (second series) 3gt) Maine Station 392 Annual Report, 1890, Parts iii an Roots V8. silage for cows at New York State Station, F. E. Emerj' 404 Feeding experiment with different breeds of swine at Maine Station 392 Feeding ex]»eriments with pigs at New York Stat«' Station, W. P. Whet-ler 4(M> Feeding experiments with steers at Maine Stat ion 3!il Experiments in fattening steers at New York State Station, P. Collii-r 3i»;i Raising scrub stock for beef, F. E. Emery 404 Silage vs. dry fodder for steers and sheep at Utah Station, J. W. Sanborn 411' Feeding experiments with colts at Maine Station ■ 3H1 Experiments with poultry at New York State Station, AV. P. Wheder 3ity VEThMflNARY SCIENCE AND riJACTlCE. Ringworm in young cattle, It. R. 1 )in widdie 371 Enztxitic ccrelirit is of horst-s in Kansas, N. S. Mayo i!SS (ilanders, T. I'.ulk-r o\>^ DAI HYING. Determination of fat in sour milk. M. Kkenberg 41?0 Fat extraction and fat calciilatif.n in milk analysis. P. Victh 11!) .\ mit rococcus of lutter milk, H. \V. fonii .HS4 The effect of centrifugal action on the distribution of bacteria in milk, Scheurlen 421 Ripening of cream, H. \V. Conn liS\ Experiments with methods of creaming at New York Stat'*? Station. L. L. Van Slyke 401 The Babcock milk test adapted to testing (r.;ini, .T. M. |{iirllett 397 Testing milk by electricity, Kohrmaun.. . 421 Bacteriological studies of butter, F. I.afav 422 The behavior of bacteria of typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and cholera in butter, H. Easer 423 Investigations of the milk of sixteen thoroughbred Dutch cows during one period ot lactation. W. Fleisrofitable stock and the creameries have no valid reason fur refusing to pay for milk on the basis of its quality. Among more strirtly scientific investigations in agricultural lines none have attracted greater attention duiiug 1801 than those in which the lunctions of bacteria have been the subject of inquiry. Our knowledge of the ])athogcnic bacteria has been extended. This Depart- ment has published an inqiortant report on the <-auses and prevention of swine plague, in whicli it is definitely shown that swine plague and hog cholera are distuict diseases, each having an easily recognizable specific germ. Interesting researches have also been made in the application of Koeli's lymph to the diagnosis of tuberculosis in domestic animals. But the observations on bacteria which are useful to agricul- tiue have been far more striking in their results than any reported on injurious bacteria. The question as to the cause (»f the nitrification of ammonium saltsin soils has recently found a definite answer in the investigations of Wino- gradsky at Zuri<'h. The nitrifying organisms so often searched for seem to have been found, successtrilly isolated and cultivated, and their characters, nitrifying action, and methods of culture carefully studied. The most recent investigations of Lawes and Gilbert. Hellriegel, IS^obbe, and others not only confirm the results of earlier inquiries which have shown that bacteria are intimately connected with the acquisi- tion of atmospheric nitrogen by leguminous plants through their root tubercles but also indicate that particuhir species of bacteria perform this service for the several kinds of plants. Some experiments even indi( ate that bacteria may be turned to practical account in the produc- tion of leguminous crops. For example, it has been found on a small scah^ that the s]»rinkling of soil containing lupine bacteria over other soil in which lupines had been planted, promoted the growth of these plants. 367 111 tlic dairy tlie relations of bacteria to the souring- and creaniino- of milk liavo been more clearly defined, and it has been shown that the flavor of butter dei)ends in laro-e iiKMsm-e on the control of bacteiia during' tlie i»rocesses of butter making-, t^tudies of tlie bacteria which canse the fermentation of tobacco diir- iiiii the process known as bnlkino-, luive indicated tliat tlie kinds ot bacteria vary in different varieties of tobacco, Wlicn ]»iirc cultures of the bacteria peculiar to any sort of tobacco Avere used for inoculatiu.o- tobacco of another sort, it w^as found that they induced the sanu' taste and aroma observed in the tobacco from whi(;h they wtue derived. This suo'gests that tobacco of poorer quality may be improved by inocuhit in.;;- with bacteria pe(;nliar to the choicer sorts. Feeding experiments with dairy cows at several of acteria, etc., and creaming), handling of milk, inspection, butter making aud creameries, cliecso making and factories. (10) Technology. — Milling, starch, sugars, fermented liquors, fot^s and oils, tex- tiles. (11) Agricultural engineering. — Properties of materials, drainage, irrigation, farm inipleuieuts, roads aud bridges, fences, farm buililiu^s. (12) Station statistics. — History and organization, legislation, equipment, (appa- ratus, buildings, farms, implements, live stock), finances, bibliography. (13) MiacellaneouB. — Rural economy, agricultural education, .igricultural statia- tics. 369 111 this sclieme the logical di vision of subjects has been sacrificed as far as sociued lu-ccssaiy to increase the practical usefulness of the index. The arrangement is such that new divisions and subdivisions may be introduced without interfering with those previously made. One of the greatest difficulties in the classification of the subjects treated in agricultural science arises from their mixed nature, due not only to their economic relations, but also to their involving matters which in a strictly scientific classification would belong under two or more separate heads. This difliculty is increased by the practical necessity of keeping the index within reasonable limitations as regards size. As far as possible the duplication of entries by cross-references is to be avoided in an index of this magnitude. As the work of the ■ stations reaches out in many directions into the domain of pure as dis- tinguished from applied science, it was deemed desirable to set apart a ])ortion of the index for entries relating to the general principles of the various sciences Avhich lie at the foundation of experimental inves- tigations in agriculture. A further reason for this arrangement is that there will thus be a place in the index where any works on science which are found to be useful to students in agTicultural Lines can be referred to. This will afford the widest opportunity for the extension of the index by individual students for their own special purposes. It should be clearly recognized that any attempted classification of such varied and complex subjects will be more or less unsatisfactory to the individual student. Experience will doubtless show in what direction the classification adopted can be extended or improved. The index is printed on cards. This system has been adopted because experience seems to show that it affords the greatest opportunity for diversification of arrangement and for the indefinite extension of an index under a single classification. The cards are of the standard library size, individuals who have had most experience in the preparation and use of card indexes being almost unanimous in advocating this size of card. The divisions and subdivisions have been arranged on a deci- mal system, and are plainly indicated by the use of division cards of different colors. Each index card wiU contain the title of an article, the name of its author, a reference to the publication in which it appeared and to the ExiDeriment Station Record, and a condensed statement of its contents. At the upper right-hand corner of the card is a number indicating under A\^at head the card should be placed in the index. The order in which the cards are printed is indicated at the lower left hand corner. A key to the index, containing the system of classification, was sent out with the first installment of cards. One copy of the index will be sent to each of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the United States, where it will doubtless be accessible to students of agricultural science who may desire to con- sult it. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE AfiRlCrLTrHAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Alabama Canebrake Station, Bulletin No. 12, October, 1891 (pp. 10 j. Grapes, strawberries, and raspberries. — Grapes. — The station viucyiird phiiited in 1889 and the methods of cultivation employed therein are described in a passage quoted tVom Bulletin Xo. (> of the .station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. i, p. 188). Tabuhiteddata are given for 31 varieties of grapes, including "a description of the grapes, time of ripening, color, size of berry, condition in and out of sacks, quality, size and shape of bunch, giowth of vine, and prolihc- ness." The experiments thus far indicate that grapes can be success fully grown on the '^red prairie" lands. The effect of sackiug was very marked on the different varieties. All of the Mack varieties were perfect in sacks, except Telegraph and Black Eagle. The Telegraph and Black Eagle kept much better out of the saiks, the Black Eagle being pe;lect. All of the white grapes rotted more or less in the sacks and it does not pay to sack any varieties of them except Niagara. Beauty, and Maxatawney. It is not best to i»ut too many of them in the sacks. Delaware and Wyoming Red all rotteil in the sacks, while the other varieties of red grapes did well. Vergennes and Aga- wain kept better than the other red varieties. Perkins, Ivc«. and Norton Virginia kept best, and can be kept in sacks from 10 tu 30 days after ripening. The best black varieties for the prairie are Concord. Ives, Champion, Wordeu, Mernmac, Rogers No. 11, Wilder, and Norton Virginia. ■* * * Of the white grapes, Niagara, (iu-the. Heauty, and I'rcntiss do well. Delaware, Lindley, ^'ergennes, Agawam, and Wyoming h'ed are the best of tlie red varieties. Perkins is one of the best varieties that can be grown. Tlie vines are healthy, very vigorous, and prolific. They ripened as early as any of the varieties and a itiurli hotter price was obtained for them. It is best not to let them ripen thoritughlv. Then they are of a deep brown color and have a very decided foxy taste. Stratrhirrics. — In nccj-mlx-r, 1888, L'."> varieties were ]»lanted on "shelly land." Only a few of these varieties have ]n"oved in any way adapted to the canebrake lauds, and even these can not be profit- ably grown on i\ huge scale. For home use. Shiir|)less, Wilson, All)any, Champion of Kentucky, and No. KHIl are the most pi'omising varieties. Raspberries. — The varieties planted at the station on "shelly land" have pro\c(l raibircs. 370 371 Arkansas Station, Bulletin No. 16, July, 1891 (pp. 16). KiNCxWoiiM, 11. E. Di.NWiDDJE, M. D., V. S. (H«i-.s. 2). — A poitular account of the nature, syini)touis, cause, and treatincnt of a skin dis- ease of young cattle caused by the fungus Trwhoiihyton tonsurauH wiul commonly known as ringworm or "white scab." California Station, Bulletin No. 94, September 23, 1891 (pp. 8). Composition of the ramie plant, M. E. Jaffa, Ph. B. (pp. l-O). — "The object of the present investigation is to shoAv the actual annnints of mineral ingredients witlidrawn from the soil by the different ])arts of the [ramie] plant, and to point out the great necessity of returning to the soil the leaves and stalks after decortication." Reference is made to experiments at Padua, Italy, by M. Goncet de Mas, and at tlie Uni- A'crsity of California on a mucli smaller scale, whicli " have proved that on good soils where from three to four cuts can be made aunuall}^, tlie yield will be about 10 tons of dried stalks per acre. M. Goncet de Mas, in the third year after planting, obtained from two cuts nearly 9 tons of dried stalks. We are told by Mr. McAfee of Bakersfield that the best fiber is produced when three instead of four cuts are made annu- ally." Separate analyses were made of the whole plant, stalks (without barli), bark (inchiding fiber and gum), and leaves. The results are given in the following table: Composition of ramie plant. Whole plant. Stalk.* Bark.t Leaves. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 81. 26 81.75 80.91 80. 65 1.49 0.57 0.31 3.81 0.258 0.146 0.210 0.481 11.82 37.79 32.58 4.18 2.35 8.15 8.77 0.54 30.87 17.32 22.28 34.74 7.89 10.58 11.64 7.02 2.41 2.95 0.84 2.35 0.37 0. 35 0.18 0.12 7.29 16. 38 12.64 4.72 2.26 3.46 3.68 1.88 3:i. 01 1.56 5.24 42. 42 2.43 1.87 2.75 2.55 100. 50 100. 41 100. 60 100. .52 0.50 0.41 0.60 0.60 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 99.92 In fresh plant: Water Ash Nitrogen . . In 100 parts of ash : Potassium oxide Sodium oxide Calcium oxide Magnesinin (»xide Ferric oxide and alumina . Mcuoside mansanese Phosphoric acid Sulphuric arid Silica Chlorine Less excess'Of oxygen due to eliloriip Total ' Stalk without bark. t Including fil)er and gum. It is fouud that 5 tous of wet or fresh stalks are equivalent to 1 of dry. We find that the leaves constitute about 30 per cent of the dried plant, the decor- ticated stalk 51 per cent, and the bark 19 per cent. Of the latter, nearly 15 per cent is raw fiber, <'Outainiug 30 per cent of gum, thus nuxking- the percontage of pure fiber in the plant as grown here about 11. * '"' * The proportion of pure fiber referred to stalk alone [without loaves] is about 15 per cent. 372 The amount of valuable fertiliziug ingredients contained in four cut- tings of raiuie (per year), yielding 10 tons of dried stalks and 4.25 tons of leaves per acre, is calculated from the above data to be as follows: Fertilizing ingredients per acre in ramie crop. Whole plant (14.25 tons) Stalks (7.2.') tons) Bark (2.7.') tous) Leaves (4.2.') tons) Potash. ^""3^^^'""'^ Nitrogen. Pounds. 251. 98 155. 99 27.86 68.13 Pounds. 155. 70 67.71 10.86 77.13 Pounds. 369. 70 105.85 57.75 206.10 "A consideration of the data given in the table proves to what an alai'ining extent the soil Avould be depleted by a continuous culture of ramie when nothing is returned. * * * The draft made on lime is about (358 pounds, on potash 25L' i)ounds, phosphoric acid 156, and on nitrogen to the extent of 370 pounds per acre.'' Of these amounts, however, there is contained in the bark and fiber, the only products aimed at, less than 10 per cent of the potash, 3 per cent of tlie lime, 7 i)er cent of the phos]>hoiic acid, and 15 ]>er cent of the nitrogen, the remainder being contained in the stalks and leaves. If the leaves and stalks are returiu-d to the soil, the anioimt withdrawn i.*, . OO of the station (see Ivxperi- ment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 475). A comparison is given between the amounts of mineral ingredients and nitrogen contained in a crop (total and ]>arts of ])lant) of ramie per acre, and in crops (total and parts of ])lant) of hemp, tiax, cotton, wheat, and sugar beets, calculated from various analyses, and crops of grapes, oranges, pears, plums, and a]>ples. The amounts of nitrogen. ]»lios])lioric atal crt»p) are given as follows: 373 Fertilizing ingredients per aere in rarions eroj^s. Crop. Nitrogen. ^'•^"f?^\°"'' Potash. Ramie (yieklinf; 10 tons of dried stalks) Hi'iiiii (vifldini; 1.000 pound.s of clean liber).. Flax (vieMiiiirtioO pounds of fiber) rottoi'i (\ iildiiii; 41 Ml piiimdsof lint) , AVlii'at ( yicldiiiif "JO l)usliels of grain) Sugar beets (yielding 40,000 pounds of roots) , Poundn. ri()0. 7 62.7 74.5* 2;>.2t 42.0 17a. 4 Pounds. 1.55. 8 3^.2 40.6 22.5 19.8 116.2 Pounds. 252. 0 101. :i 43.8 35.3 43.9 387.4 * In straw and seed. tin seed. Of all the fiber plants, ramie stands first as regards depletion of the soil of plant food — a result wliich "was to be expected from the greater mass of the plant har- ve.sted, since from three to fonr cuts can be made of the ramie, wliile only one each of liemp and flax is made. Taking average crops, hemp is .second in total amonnt of ingredients removed, cotton third, and flax fonrth. * * * Qn the whole, ramie culture, when all "ottal" is returned, is fairly comparable to the le.ss exhaustive fruit crops; but without such return it must be classed among the most exhaustive cultures known. The fertilizing value of grease wood, E. W. Hilgard, Ph. D. (pp. 7, S). — All analysis is given of the ash of grease wood {Sarcnhatus I'ermicuIatKs), and a comparison of this with the ash of sainj)hire, sea- Meed, cabbage, and timothy hay. The grease wood contained 12.03 per cent of ash. Tlie composition of this was as follows: Per rent. Potassium oxide 18. 53 Sodium oxide .• 39. 45 Calcium oxide J 1. 36 Magnesium oxide 1. 09 Peroxide of iron ;ind alumina 7. 06 Phosphoric acid 3. 51 Sulphuric acid 4. 93 Chlorine 15.30 Silica 11. 81 Less excess of oxygen due to chlorine 103. 04 . 3.25 99.79 Nearly 40 per cent of the ash is soda, out of which over 25 per cent of common salt and nearly 8 per cent of Glauljer's salt are formed. There remains out of the total amount shown in the analysis 23 per cent that will go toward forming carbon- ate of soda, increasing its weight to altout 39 if returned to the soil. This means that out oOOO pounds of grease-wood ash 72 pounds would be ''alkali" of the usual composition of " black alkali," which would at the very least be of no use to any soil. Colorado Station, Bulletin No. 16, July, 1891 (pp. 28). The artesian wells of Colorado, L. G. Carpenter, M. S. (plates 3). — This includes a popular resume of information regarding the location and cost of artesian Avells, with special reference to their use for irrigation; a brief history of the artesian wells of Colorado; a 13748— No. G 2 brief sunimarv of an arcoiiiii ni iln- ucil- oi tlio Henvor Basin, publislunl in the I*ntni(«' <»f Iiiif^ation Iniiniry of this I )ri(ait- ment (see Expoiimout Station Ifcconl. vol. iii. p. .{-.S); and statiMiients foncernino; the wells in the San Luis liasin, largely derived from receut investij^ation.s by the author. The San Luis Valley has a mean eleva- tion of over 7.~)0I) feet, and is surrounded by tin* hijrhest mountains in tlic State. The rainfall is scanty, but with the aid of irrigation from tilt- IJio Grainle Kiver large crops, especially of cereals and potatoes, are grown. The first well was dug in ISST, but there are now pr<»bably as many as L',OOU. Many of thes*- wells are shallow and incxi)ensive, but at Alamosa one well obtains its flow from a depth of 932 feet. The t<'niperature of the water, as determined for nearly 1(K> wells in difter- ent parts of the valley, varies from 4U.2- F. at s."* feet to 74.7'^ at 9,'iL* feet. The pressure varies from 12 to oO feet. The wells are situated in the basin of an ancient lak<'. ^btst of the wells have beMiiiiei ainl operations of the station. IvKPoKT OF Tkkasi i:i:i:. H, ('. Mii.ks (p]). 7. S). — A statement oi n-ceipts and expenditures for the li.«scal year ending June 3(>, l.S!»o. llKPOKT or DiiJix'TOK, W. (). Atwatku, Ph. I), (pji. 9-11). — A brief review <)\' the lines of investigation followed at the station fluring the year. Acquisition <»i' ATM<»si>in:uic mtkowkn by plants, W. n. Atwatkk, IMI. I).. AM) ('. I). Woods. H. S. (pp. 12-14). — A sluut report is given of studies on the acquisition of atmospheric nitrogen by scarlet clov«'r, imarnat*' clovi>r. Japan <'lover, alfalfa, yellow lu)»in«', soja beans. re]>lied with the neces.sary amount of plant food, with tlie e\e«']>tion of nitrogen, and to .^<»nie of the jdants nitrogen was supplied in the form of calcium and potas.sinm nitrates. Kather more than hall ni the jilants were inoculated with infusions prejiared by treating soil taken from lu'ar the roots of growing i)lants of the same or allied .species.'' The alfalfa "made oidy a small gi'owlh (luring the suninier, and the roots are b«'ing wintereil over'' with a view to continuing the experinn-nt another season. On tlio wliolf till- scisons rt'siilt.s werr lu-jjativo r.tthfr tliaii jmsitivo. A fow Itism plants, with a fair iiiimlnT of root tiihrnlos. j;avi» :v gain of several inilli);raiiis of nitrogen. For tin- most part the nitrogen -fi-d plants showed a very large loss of nitrogen, probalily owing to deeompositiou of the nitrates feil. It is not thought that the negative results ohtaineil with these ditTeront species of legumes indirate that the plants may not. under favoralde circnmstanees, aiquiro atmospheric nitrogen ; but they seoni to ns to imply that, while we have learned 375 how to grow pea plants witli reasonable success in each experiment, we have not as yet learned how to grow all species of j)lants in such a way as to insure normal devclo]3ment. Meutiou is made of a series of experiments on this subject already planned, in wliich it is proposed to grow the plants in an atmosphere freed from nitrogen compounds. A greenhouse has been erected; a power air pump for forcing a current of air and apparatus for washing the air so as to free it completely from all nitrogen com- pounds, have been procured ; an air-tight case large enough to hold 30 pea plants in separate pots or jars has been constructed, and preliminary experiments are now in operation. If the winter's experience is successful, we hope to undertake the experiments proper during the coming spring and summer. Analyses of feeding stuffs, C. D. Woods, B. S. (pp. 14-25).— Analyses with reference to food ingredients of Champion of England and East Hartford early peas, Six- Weeks' beans, soja beans (vines and seeds), horse beans, cowi^ea vines, vetch (vines and seeds), vetch and oats, red clover, white, yellow, and blue lupine, fodder wheat, oats and peas, tall meadow fescue, fodder corn, corn (kernels), and buckwheat middlings. The analyses of the 2 varieties of peas and the beans follow : Analyses of peas and heans. Variety. Water. In 100 parts of dry matter. Crude cellulose. Crude fat, Crude protein. Nitrogen- free extract. Crude ash. Cliampion of England peas East Hartford early peas . . Six- Weeks' beans Per cent. 12.07 13.74 11.46 Per cent. 5.13 3.09 3.68 Per cent. 2.07 1.28 2.04 Per cent. 31.88 29.06 22.50 Per cent. 57. 32 63.12 68.05 Per cent. 3. CO 3.45 3.73 PHOXIMATE COMPOSITION OF GOOD AND OF POOR CORN, C. D. Woods, B. S. (pjj. 26-28). — By good corn is meant the merchantable ears, and by poor the soft ears and nubbins. In 1889 samples of good and of poor corn were taken from five and in 1890 from four field experiments. The varietj- grown was flint corn, and in 1889 the seed was all from one source. * * * [The results of analyses of these sam^iles are tabulated.] The percentage of jirotein in poor corn exceeds that in good by an average of 1.5 j)er cent, rarying from a minimum of 0.75 per cent in Mr. Healej^'s experiment to 2,3 per cent in- Mr. Dean's. There is very little difference in the amouut of crude fiber in the two grades of corn. The percentage of ash is 0.2 per cent greater in poor than in good corn. There is an average of 0.4 per cent more fat or oil in the good than in the poor corn. The x)ercentago of nitrogen-free extract in the good corn is increased by an average of about 1.4 per cent. Fertilizing ingredients in crop and in roots of legumes, C. D. Woods, B. S. (pp. 29-36). — This includes analyses with ref- erence to fertilizing ingredients of several samples of cowpea vines, soja beans (beans and vine), horse beans, vetch vines, clover, and white, blue, and yellow lupines; a calculation of the amount of these 37n iiij;r(Hli«*iits in cittjis (»f rlicsc jdaiils per iinc: ;iii;il>srs of (liiidicatv .l(' from (■i(»ps of CO. V peas, soja beans, lunse iM'ans, vet<-lies, clover, aner acre of nitro}X«^n, pliosjjhoric aeid, and i)otash removed with these cro]»s frojn 1 acre, the amount left behind in roots ami stubble, and the total amctunt found in cro]*. stnlible. and roots. For the purjjose of com])arison the amounts ot inuredients furnisln-d by different fertilizers are <;iven. Kemarks arc iiiaile ou the value of lejiuminous jtlants for jireen manniin.Li. FnDDKlJ Cliors lOlJ S(iII.lN(r AND FOR SII..\(;K. C. S. I'lIlOLrs. 15. 8. (pp. ;;7_i;3). — X(»tes on the jrrowinji ot foddei- wheat, silage corn, barley and itea fodder, vetch and oats, oats and peas, soja beans, and c(»w- ])cas, for fee«ling iiuri)oses, toi:cther with rc])orts from fanners wh<» have tried them. Sl'KCIAL NITKOCi^KN EXPKKIMKNT ON GltASS, O. S. PlIHLPS, 11. S.. AND (J. D. Woods, U. S. (pp. 44-o«>). — Tin- obji-ct of this experiment was to observe the efteets of diflerent nitro'^enous fertilizers furnishing the same amounts of nitrogi'n on the yield of grass ami hay, on the<'om- position of the crop. any nnmannred strips. The grasscon- sisted chicll.N of timothy, ledtnp. and Kent inky l)lne grass, with a slight admixture of clo\ er. All of the plats c\ce|it L' unmannre1'() p(»uuih per acre. On •> plats nitrate of soda . and 7."> jtoumls <»f nitrogen jtcr acr<'. The fcrtilizt-rs were all apjtlied Ajiril L".». 'I'lie grass was cut for hay -luiic !'."». The yields of hay pi-r acre, calculated to a water basis of 11 pel- cent: the linancial results. alh»wini: $1L' per t-: the pcr<-entage composition of the hay from each plat: and the cahnhitcd amount of food ingredients in the crojt from each jdat arc fully tabu- lated. The indications of the «'Ni>erinu'nt are as follows: Tlic :iilililii>ii <>r iiiiin r;il trri iiiziTK iiHTi'USftl tlu- yield of rloviT. csiKtijillN wliitr (lover, l»n( (litl iml seem to iiieie;ise in :niy inarkeil decree tlie yield i>t' .liiasses. Tlie yield (>rii;iy inereaxed willi llie 4ii!nitity nlnitroj^en supidieil, wlietlier it was ajtplied ill tlie form of nitrate id' soila or .siil)diate of ainiiKiiiia. Tliis favors tlie assiiini>tion that tlie ijiasses lesjionded direi-tly to the nit ro;i<-ii. Tlie yields olitained from flie nitrate-of soda plats \v«Te alioiit the same in ainoiint as those from the plats to whieh eorrf .nmmonia were ajiplied. In the latter the nitiojjteii cost 2 cents ])er ]ioinid more than in the forniiT, so that the linaiuial returns are in favor of the nitrate id" soda. The mineral fertilizert* when used alone wi-ro used at a tinaneial loss. The Itest tinaneial retnriis. .i -iain of $."> \>ov acre, were iddained from the ii>,- per aero of 320 pounds of nitrate of ^oda (M pounds of nilroyeii) in addition to the niLved minerals. 377 Thero was a differenee of 8 per cent in the water in the tieM-fure«l hay [from dif- fereiit phits.] - >f * This emphasizes the fact that eoiieliisions far from true may be drawn from tield weigliings without the adla8ter 400 ponnds was used on 1 plat and 2 remained unnmniued. In the experiment at the sta- tion 2 extra plats were added, 1 of which received stable manure 16,000 pounds, and the other stable manure 12,000 pounds, with dis- solved boneblack 320 pounds per acre. Other slight deviations from the above plan occurred. The soils represented were mostly loam, ranging from light to clayey. In two cases similar experiments had been made on the same soil the i)revious year. The results of the trial on each farm are tabulated, the yields all being calculated to a water content of 11 per cent. The indications were that the soil of one farm needed both potash and nitrogen, and that one especially needed potash, one nitrogen, and one phosx)horic acid. The results at the station were not conclusive, the soil proving uneven. Special nitrogen experiments (pp. 71-74). — Exi^eriments were made on two farms on the same general ])lan as the one with grass at the station described above, except that dried blood was added, being used in the same manner as the other nitrogenous fertilizers. Potatoes were grown in one case and oats in the other. The tabulated results show no very definite mdications in either case, both soils proving rather uneven. "The oats responded quite markedly to nitrogen." Special corn experiments (pp. 75-02). — "This class of experiments was X^lanned for the purpose of studying the best proportiims of phosphoric acid and potash for use in growing corn on soils whose peculiarities had already been studi'ed by means of 'soil tests.' In addition, the profit or loss from the use of the mixtures was also considered." Four of these experiments were made, the soils being medium-comi)act loam, a clay loam, and a tine light loam. Each experiment included 10 378 phifs. li of whicli rciiiaiiKMl miiiiamiKMl. On the others a nitrogen mix- tiiK' (oiiiposed of 75 pounds of nitrate of soda and 100 pounds of drie«l blood was used with 100 pounds of muriate of potash and 500, GOO, or 700 i)ounds of Thomas slag per acre; with 50 or 150 pounds of muriate of potasli and 50(> pounds of Tlioiiias slag; or witli loo pounds of muri- ate of potash and 500 jiouuds of dissolved bonebhick: or 5(M> jioundsof tankage were used with 100 pounds of muriate of pota.sh. The yields of corn and stover and the tinaneial residts are tabulated for each experi- ment. On two farms Thomas slag seemed to give about as good results as an amount of boneblack costing the same; on a third farm boneblack proved the more economical. On one farm "the brst results apix'ar to come from tlic use of large (pnintities of solul>le ])hosphates, together with 100 or 150 i»ounds of muriate of potash and about 25 ]>ounds of nitrogen from some readily available source;" on anothei- ''large quantities of j)hosi)hoiie arid and small quantities ot potash ap]»eai- to have giv^Mi the best linancial lesulls;" on a thiie tlie substan<'e most needed by the soil tor this (;rop. Effect of diffkkent fertilizers upon the compositiox of OATS AND .'^THAW, (\ D. \Vo«>DS, B. S., AND IT. B. GlUSON, B. A. (pp. IKJ-lOd). — Analyses were imuh' of the oats and straw grown in one of the special nitrogen experinu'nts reporte«l above with a view to obtain ing additional data on the etfeets of fj'rtilizers, especially nitrogemms fertilizers, on thr* i)ercentage of totnl ingredients in the grain and straw. The soil was a light sandy loam with sandy subsoil. The i>crcentage composition of the. grain and straw harvested from each of the 14 plats is givt'u, together with the food ingi'edients in the same per acre, and the average results obtained ar«' c(»mpared with the results of other American analyses of oats. The following table shows the average com]K>sition of the dry matt«'r in grain and straw from plats receiving ditferent kinds of fertilizers: Average composition of oaiv grown with different fcrtilizere. Gmin. Average of plats receiving — "U-J Straw. e-2 No fertilizer Mixeil minerals i 3. 01 12.52 Nilratoof soda ami iiiixeil miiieral.s... 2.72 10.45 Siilpliale of aiiimoiiia ami mixed min- ! I eral.s ! 2. 83 12. 56 Dried blood and mixed miuerala i 2.73 11.92 Pr. rt. Pr. ct. Fr. ct. Pr. ct.'Pr et. 3.29 14.96 .'-..53 13.66 |62. 56 5. 78 14. 31 164. 38 6.13 6.02 5.94 14.69 14.42 64.45 63 91 64.99 Pr.et. 4.63 4.81 4.26 4.45 Pr.et. 34.82 .37. 23 .'(8. 40 36. 8» 38.17 Pr. ct 3.48 3.41 3.57 3.39 3.18 * ,5 Pr.rt. 8. fM 6.04 5.44 6.67 5.42 Pr. rt. 4«. 62 4**. 69 47.78 48.79 48.78 It would seem tVoiii tlicsc averages that where nitrogenous fertilizers were applied the grain contained a larger percentage of fat and i)rotein 379 than when no fertilizers or only mixed minerals were used, the increase being- most noticeable with nitrate of soda and least so with dried ])lood. In the straw no perceptible increase followed the application of iiitrof-- enons fertilizers, unless possibly in the case of crude cellulose where nitrate of soda was used. There was an increase in pounds of protein per acre in the plats supplied Avitli nitrogenous fertilizers somewhat in proportion to the amounts applied. This increase was greatest in the plats to which nitrate of soda was applied. These results are in accord with observations made by the station upon the relation of the protein in maize and in grass to the nitrogen applied in the fertilizer. The increase in the amount of nitrogen in the crop did not equal the increase in amount of nitrogen applied in the fertilizers, implying that the plants were not able to avail themselves of all the nitrogen supplied. Effects of different fertilizers upon the composition of CORN, C. D. Woods, B. S., and H. B. Gibson, B. A. (pp. 107-111).— These studies are in continuation of those reported in the Annual Report of the station for 1889 (see Exj)eriment Station Eecord, vol. ii, p. 398), and include analyses of the corn and stover raised on the differently fertilized plats in two of the soil tests reported .above. Ko inferences are drawn from the tabulated results. Proximate composition of corn and stover of New Eng-land- GROWN maize, C. D. Woods, B. S., and H. B. Gibson, B. A. (pp. 112-119). — In connection with the studies at the station of the effects of fertilizers on the composition of the corn crop, analyses have been made during the past 3 years of 121 samples of kernels and 101 samples of stover of yellow flint corn, and of 1 sample each of kernels and stover of white flint corn. The maximum, minimum, and average per- centages of food iugredients found by these analyses in the corn and stover grown with diflerent fertilizers, are tabulated, and from these the average composition of the corn and stover analyzed is calculated. It was noticed that in general — The addition of nitrogen produced a com richer in protein than was obtained from the use of mineral fertilizers alone. * * ** The variations in protein of 5, in fat of 3, and in nitrogen-free extract of 6 per cent show that the water-free substance of corn kernels grown upon different soils, with different fertilizers, in different seasons varies greatly in composition and in feeding value. * * * The variations in percentages of water at harvest and in the composition of the water-free substance of stover are much more marked than those of corn. There is an extreme variation of more than .50 per cent in the water at harvest and of 7 per cent in the protein. In some cases the percentage of protein in stover equals that of average corn and exceeds that of some of the corn by nearly 2 per cent. The great range indicates the great differences that may be expected in the feeding vahies of stover from different fields or even from different parts of the same field when fertilized differently. On sources of error in field sampling of crops for analy- sis, 0. D. Woods, B. S. (pp. 120-135).— With a view to studying the errors which may arise from sampling even when carefully done, "dupli- cate samples were analyzed from each plat of a soil test with maize^ 380 ami triplicate sainiiles from <'a
  • erinient with grass." Tlie manner of taking the samples is ilescrilMMl as follows: Corn. — Arepr<'S«-ututive buuch of four to eight jilaiits was taken from evj-rv altt-r- uatestook [statki-il in th<- field for some time] and )>ut into a pile, takinfj about half of each sample from the exterior and half from tiie interior of the stook. The total sample thus obtained made a good-sized armful, varj'iug in weight from 10 to tr* pounds. Three distinct samples were taken in this way from each plat [the «lif- fereut sanjples from eacli plat being taken by the same person]. Kach entire sanijde was weighed and husked. Tlie stalks from each 8e])arate sam- ple were lut into about 1-inch lengths, and the whole, or very nearly the whossible by means of a vertical li:f>--cutter, and carefully sain]ded. A samjde of It to 4 (piart** was ground, being put through the mill once. This was again carefully sam)di'd. and enough to fill an S-ounce bottle was taken ami ground till it wouhl |)ass through a round hole 1 mm. in diameter. " • • The [sljellcdj com was carefully sampleut in a eotton bag for shipment to th«' laboratory. Several samples of legumes were taken by selecting for each an area of 4 square feet, the crop upon whieli seemed to fairly represent the average of the crop in the different ]>arts of the )dat or field, and cutting and taking the total yield of the 4 s(|uare feet for a sam]de. ' ' * The hay was prepan'd for analysis in the same way as stover. The entire sample of the legumes was ground, being jtut through flic mill once. Tliis was again 8ami>led an«l gmund till it would jiass through a round liole 1 mm. in iliameter. .Vnalyscs were m;Mlr \A' tlir (lil|ilii-:itr saiiiplrs of coin :in : Xitrogi-D 0.00 Kilt ' 0.01 Kit»pr 0. 01 -\sh 0.01 Pr. etJPr. H. Pr. et.Pr. et. 0.02 : 2.13 , 0.87 1 0.41 Pr. et. \Pr. ct.iPr. H. Pr. ct. I'r. rt. 10.30 { 4.09 0.38 , 4. SO , 1. y the laws of liquids. The film of <;is(iii aromiil tlie fat Las a sniface ttiision difterent from that of the fat, aud this tt'M>i()ii must lie overcome in order that the fat globules may fuse togetlier. Any- thing; wliieli would tend to rujiture tliat !ilm would assist in the fusion aner olhnctciia ill cuaiii as of very litth- value, since the nund)er is so larjje (liciim estimated at LMM».(t(M>-L».(l(M>.(»(M> in a sinf,de droj) the size (»f apin head ill some of the sju'ciim-ns studied) that anytiiiiij,' like an aitjiroxi- matioii to iicciiiacy is impossihle. I liave found a larger numlxr of baeteria in centrifugal cream than in the skim milk taken at tin- same tinn\ Tin- slime that eullects \tu tlie drum of the macliiue was found to Iiave nuue tJian either tin- milk or the cream. This is the same result as was rearhcd liy Wyss, who stated that this sliun- eimtained seven times as nmny bacteria as the milk. I did not find so great a numerical ilifterence. One of the rhicf oltjecis in this study lias been to determine h<»w great a variety there exists in the bacteria found in normally ripening cream, and to see if there is any one or any few species which .ire distinetly eharacteristic of the process. * * • At least .jOditVerent species or varii'ties of organisms liave lieou isolated and studied, including tiaetcria, yeasts, and molds, .\moug them are many of the well-kuowu Coiiiis descriliid in liacteriological text-lKioks, 1»ut also a large numtter of forms whiih do not agree with any descrii)tion that I have been able to lind. * * * Fnuii this great variety we must conclude that tlie special series of forms of bacteria which are present in any specimen of ri|iening cream is more or less a matter of accident. In the cream tlieriis a great battle of the forms with cacli other. The victors will be those which chance to get the Itest start, and this dejieuils upon such a variety of circumstances connected with the collecting of the cream that it is entirely beyond our kuowlcilge. No means at the ccuumand of thf dairyman can regulate the bacteria sujipli*'*! him by his eustoniers nor the variety which produce the rii»eniug of his cream. Uniformity in the ripening jtrocess does not ocmr even under seem- ingly uniform conditions. ' * ' The experiments in collecting the forms «>f bacteria found in ripened cream are still in progress and new varieties are being constantly found. I shall therefore reservi' a s)»ecial description of the individual 8]>ecies until it seems that a tolerably complete list of the common forms in cream can be given. It may l>c that a complete list can never be given, and that the forms are constantly uinlergoing modilicaticui. To determine this will of course require a hmg scries of years. .\t the present time, at all events, the tuily statements of value wliich can be mad<' are concerning the clas.ses of physiological .iction sliown by the various forms. For ccmvenieiue in d( scrijitioii the author diviiles tlie forms into the three classes recognized by Adauietz,t.c.(l) tlio.se causing the formation of acid in the milk, which precipitates the casein; (2) those curdling the milk without rendtiiiii; it acid: and .■») those having no visilile etVect on 383 the milk. With regard to the bacteria of the first class, the author has uotyet found any form which agrees exactly with Bacillus acidi lactici, described by Heuppe. Several bacteria have been isolated wliicli agree with it in most particulars, but in every case there has been some point of difference whicli has indicated that I have not had exactly the same form. The acid formed by the various members of this class is usually lactic acid, but acetic acid and formic acid have been found in some cases by Mr. Dains, who has made some chemical studies of my cultures. [The bacteria of the second class all] liquify gelatin, and many of them pro- duce spores. Butyric acid is one of the common bj^ -products of tlie action on milk. * * * The curd formed is not hard and fragmented, but is soft and jelly-liko or sometimes divided into fine flakes. It is further found that after a few days the curd begins to grow less in amount and a whey to appear. As the growth continues longer, the curd is seen to be slowly dissolved, and this gradual solution may con- tinue until the curd is completely dissolved into a limpid liquid. The solution may, however, in some species stop short of completion, and there may be thus formed a quantity of liquid in which a small curd floats. The liquid formed ditters widely in different cases. It is sometimes clear and sometimes cloudy. Sometimes it assumes an amber color, and in one case a brilliant yellow color was produced in the dissolved liquid. At other times the liquid becomes greenish. ^ * ^ That the curdling of milk and the subsequent solution of the curd are proc- esses independent of each _other, is indicated by the following observations: * ^ * Among the species which I have isolated from cream two have been espe- cially interesting in this connection. The first is an organism growing into long- rods, which occasionally branch and break up into short, oval, yeast like bodies. It has many points of resemblance to Saccharomtjces albicans. This species has a verj' characteristic growth on gelatin, forming a layer resembling ground glass, and is easily distinguished from any other organism which I have found. When first studied it was found that at the ordinary temperature of the room it would not curdle the milk, but that it did slowly digest the casein. The milk became clear and transparent after a few days, appearing exactlylike the peptonized curd of other species, but without the previous i)recipitatiou of the casein. When this species was grown in milk iu a warm oven, at a temperature of about 35"^ C, the curdling appeared first, and the peptonizing subsequently took j)lace. After several mouths of cultivation I found that this organism had lost its power of precipitating the casein. Even when growing iu the warm oven the power of curdling the milk did not appeal. The organism had, however, lost none of its morphological characters, and it still possessed the power of j)eptonizing the casein. The second species is one of the forms of bacilli which would be included under the general name of Ijacilius Jluorescens Uquefaciens. A number of liquefying forms seem to have the power of in-oducing a fluorescent appearance in gelatin, and the above name probably includes several varieties. The variety which I have isolated and studied acted at first like ordinary liquefying organisms, curdling the milk rapidly and subsequently dissolving the curd. This organism was kept in the laboratory for several mouths and carried through a large number of cultures. After 3 or 4 months it was noticed that its power of curdling milk was becoming less marked, as ^t required a longer time or a higher temperature for this pnrpose. Finally it disappeared altogether. The digesting power was not lost, however, for the milk was peptonized as usual. In these two cases it is plain that we have an indication of the independence of the two actions on milk, and see that one may be lost without the other. We can hardly be wrong then in assuming, with all experimenters, that these liquefying organisms produce two chemical ferments, one having an action similar to rennet and the other an action similar to trypsin. 384 The tbinl class of oi;j;:misms wliiih I woiiM ilistiiiguish has uo visible effect on milk. This does not mean that tiny have in» eftect, for they giftw ra]ii«lly an«l ]>rfi- duce various odors, iuditating that defomposition changes are going on in the milk. The milk occasionally hecoun-s slightly aciil, sometimes slightly alkaline, and somt- times the reaction is not affected. In no case, however, is the acid snflicient to curdle the milk. * * * One of the most striking results of the growth of diti'erent bacteria in milk is the character of the odors of the decompositions which an- produced. The subject is. however, too intangible to describe. We have uo names sutlioient to enable us to classify odors, uor have we sufficiently well-trained senses of smell to enable us to remember a new odor foi* a long time. It is certain that the odors produced in the dirt'erent milk cultures are widely varied and give plain indications of the forma- tion of numerous volatile products, but I have been entirely unable to classify them. These odors are important factors in producing the aroma of the butter which i> niailc from the ripened cream. If it were possible to develop the discrimination of this sen.se of smell, and to create a language to go with it, it is likely that a new anil important factor could be ad the format inn of lactic acid by the acid-forming class of organisms. The slight thickening is due to a more or less complete precii»itation of the casein in the form ol a curd. The odor is due to a mi.xture of the vcdatile products of bacteria growth. The peculiar aroma so im]iortant to the butter is due to the same cause. Tin greater ea.se of churning sour cream is readily exjdained by the fact that either tin a<"id formed by the bacteria or the trypsin-like ferment or both will tend to dissol\< the protein mass (fibrin?) which we have seen ludds the fat globules together. Af> soon as this tibrous mass is broken down the globules can more readily be shaken together so as to fuse inton butter of rii)euing tlu' l«' of l)itti'r (•Irani, ••oiH' of wliicli wa.s loiiml by siihst'([iu'iit expt'iiiiiciits to be the cause (»1 the bitter taste." It is explaineil that the bitter taste in iiiilU has IxM'ii supposed to Ite eoiiiie<*te liiinus solution which is added to the milk turns slightlv red. Later the color of the litmus is 385 bleached. The cnrd which is foriiicil soon bocjins to dissolve, though the solution is never quite complete. The liquid thus formed is slimy. [lu bouillon] its growth is iibuudant. A thin membrane forms on the surface. The bouillon b:'comrs remarkably slimy. :!nil run be drawn out into threads 10 feetlou". Od(U- and taste like that of bitter milk. Wlieiia quantity of bouillon iu which the, micrococcus had been grow- II i>; for a couple of days was added to sterilized millc, addiiii;' chloroform at t'le same time to prevent further growth, tlic milk curdled in less thiVA lialf an hour. "Since no bacterial growth ever produces curdling in so short a tinu;, and since, moreover, the presence of chloroform pre- vents the bacteria growth, there is no question that in this ca.se a chemi- cal fcriricnt must have been present in solution. Ihavenot yet isohited the teriueiit." Two separate trials were made in which cream was divided into two portions, one portion being aUowed to ripen in the ordinary manner and tlie other inoculated witli a "milk culture of the bitter organisms.'' Eacli cream was -, burning taste on the back of the tongue, Mhich could be perceived for half an hour after the butter was swallowed. The butter was, in short, not fit to use." The butter from the uninoculated cream " was a fair quality of win- ter butter."' The samples were salted and their keeping qualities tested. "In two days tlie test butter was strongly rancid, and the taste was strong and burning. The control butter was only slightly changed. "From these experiments it is plain that the bitter organism thus described is one which will prove an injury to the butter, and must be avoided in all attempts to obtain first quality butter.'- A test of the milk cultures of the organism indicated the presence of butjTic acid. On the Schulze-Tiemann jiethod of estimating nitric acid, H. B. Gibson, B. A. (pp. 163-173). — The sf>urces of error in the deter- mination of intric acid by this method are enumerated, and experiments reported which were intended to test the errors arising from (1) the absorption of nitric oxide by the caustic soda solution over which it is collected, and (2) the difference between the temperature of the nitric oxide and the surrounding water bath, where the modified Schiff azotometer is used. The indications of the experiments are- summa- rized as follows: Care should be taken to coneeutrate the sohitiou of nitrates as much as possible before adding reagents. The reagents should be added in a very ccuucutratcd i'ttrm, and the mixture allowed to digest well before heat is apj)lied. lu passing nitric acid through sidutions of caustic soda of various degrees of satu- ration, a saturated s(duti(m absiubs the least, but on stisuding over the same solu- tions it absorbs the most. In the use of the moditied Schitf azotometer with a saturated solution of caustic soda most of the absorption is obviated. 3«^ Tliat there is no liyilnxhloiir :i< nl ;i:i> <;iiii. In^jhly prolcihle.'liolh fruni the fact that its presence is not iletectetl by solntioni* of silver nitrate, and that the n suits olitained l»y colleetinj; the ga*j over 10 per cent hy«lro- chlorie aeid are lower than when the chnlze-Tiemaun method for esti- mation (if nitric aeid arise from careless manipulation or poor reageiits rather than from absorption of nitric oxide when collected over a saturated 6oluti«m of caustic foda, or from difJerences of temperature which occur when the temi)erature of the gas is assumed to be the same as that of the water surrounding the eudiometer of the azotometer. The fuel value of feeding stuffs, W. O. Atwater. Ph. D. (lij). 174-181). — This is a i»oimlur article on the luiictioiis of HkkI nutri- ents and tlie jtotential eneigy of food rations as a means of measur- ing; tlieir nutritive value, with statistics as to the comitosition and ])otential energy of rations fed to cows by ditferent farmers. Investigations with the caxokimetek, H. B. Gibson, H. A, (pp. ISl'-I'.H'). — The instrument and mctliml of work are de.scribtMl ; the results jfiven of determinations of the "heats of c«»udmstion'' in cane aufcar, milk sugar, dextrose, starch, mannite, stearine, fatof beef, fat of slKM'p. fat i»f swine, butter fat, olive oil. and sjierm oil: and the results for carl>ohydrates are compared with tht»se found by Berthelot and by Stohmann. MeTEOUOLO(;I("AL observations, C. S. IMlLl.l'S. 1>. S. (pp. \'Xi- lOO). — Urief notes months ending October M, ISIM); and a .summary of the ob.servations at the station for each month of ISJMJ. The yearly summary is as follows: Pressure (iiu-hes). — Maxiumm. .'iO.SJi; mininuim. LM»,;;»;: im-an. .'?0.(M. .l»r IrmprrntHre (degrees F.). — Maximum. .S*.>: minimuui, — 4.»»: mean. -HJ.j;. Humidity. — Mean rela tive humidity, 7S. I'reripitntion. — T<»tal (in<-hes), 4H.87: number of davs on which 0.01 iiirli or luore <»f rain fell. 111. \yeuther. — Nuntber of clear d;iv>;. lO.-i; niiiiiluT of fiiir '.»; nniiiber of eloud\ d;i\s. iL'l. Florida Station. Bulletin No. 14. July 1. 1891 pp. 42). Annual K'kimum. 1.s!M..I. I\ DkPass. — This is for the year ending June .SO, ISIM. and inrhides general statements regarding the work of the station: brief notes on peaches, pears. .Iap:ine.lums. grapes, api>les, tlie .l:i]»anese persimunui or kaki. wateruu^lons, muskmelons. .strawberries, ples, by L. C. Washburn, M. D., superintendent of the substation at Fort Myers. 387 Georgia Station, Bulletin IJo. 14, October, 1891 (pp. 20). EXPEKI31E^'TS IN THE CULTURE OF OATS AND WHEAT, R. J. liEDDiNG (pp. 73-78).— Fertilizers on oats (pp. 7o-75).— An experiment on 10 tenth-acre plats tft study the needs of the soil for growing oats. The soil, a '-gray, gravelly soil, with hard red clay subsoil, made a fair crop of oats in 18U0, followed immediately Ly peas, which Avere con- verted into hay. * * * The unaided productiveness of the soil increased from plat 1 throughout the series, plat 1 being of poorer (iuality than any." Xine of the plats received all three of the essential tV-rtilizing ingredients in varying amounts, supplied in the form of super- phosphate, muriate of potash, and cotton-seed meal; one plat remained unmanured. Three bushels of Appier oats per acre were sown on all the plats. The results as tabulated "indicate very decidedly that nitrogen is the most effective element as a fertilizer for oats on this land. In this case the cotton-seed meal was the only element which paid a good profit on cost, whether in single, double, or treble doses (32, 04, and 90 pounds per plat). The experiment was not sufficiently elaborate to indicate just what proportions of the different elements would give best results." Tests of varieties (p. 75). — Tabulated notes on Appier and Texas Eust- Proof oats. Culture of oats and wheat (pp. 76-78). — Brief recommendations for the seeding, growing, and manuring of oats and wheat. Tests of varieties of ivheat {-p. 76). — Tabulated notes on 10 varieties. EXPEREVIENTS IN THE CULTURE OF VEGETABLES, G. SPETH (pp. 79-90). — Tests of varieties of bush beans (pp. 79, 80). — Tabulated notes on 20 varieties. Fertilizer test with bush beans (pp. 81, 82). — The land used for the trial was a young pear orchard in which the trees were set the previous year. The soil was a sandj^ clay underlaid by heavy clay subsoil. The experiment included 24 rows each " an eighth of an acre long." On these superphosphate 400 jjounds, muriate of potash 100 pounds, and cotton- seed meal 400 pounds or nitrate of soda 200 jjounds per acre were used singly, two by two, and all three together; all three together with double the above amounts, applying the nitrogenous fertilizers either all at once or in two separate portions ; and barnyard manure 15,000 pounds used alone. Four plats remained unmanured. Early Valentine beans were planted in hills a foot apart on all the plats. The yields of beans at four separate pickings are given for each plat. According to these tlie total yields of the four unfertilized plats ranged from 1.54 to 4.07 ])ounds per plat. The yields were larger when nitrogenous fertilizers were used alone or combined than where muriate of potash and super- jihosphate were used, eitlfer alone or combined, without nitrogen. Where no nitrogen was used the yield was about the same as on the unferti- lized plats. The largest yield (8.47 pounds per plat) occui'red where 388 UH) ]»(»uiuls ot'sii]iiTi»liositliat«' ami 1(H> jxmnilsof imiriate of jKitash were ns<* jkhhhIs of iiitrat<* of soda and L'ieeedinart. The weijrht of roots and lea\ es from three averajfe be-etxS on eaii 'JS vanet i»>. Frrlilizrr toits iritli jh Hx (p. Stl,. — The soil and fertilizers Wele |»ia<'li- eall> the same as in tin* preeedin;; exiM-rinn'nts with hi-ans and heets, exeept thai no ltarn>arields were huj^er with than withoni nitrojienous fertilizers, and as between file two foiiio the lesults wer«' favorable to nitrate of siHla. The lai;iesl yields occurred where muriate ). — "The object of the exper- iment was to determuie the etVe<-t of nitrate of siNia ami <>otton-se<'d meal in ditVerent (-ondiinatiuns and rations on earlim-ss and ]irodtn-tiveness.'" the combinations ami amounts of fertilizers used beinj; very similar to those in the lu'eceiliiii; experiments. The laml used was an old orchanl. I'ach of the !'.> jdats incbnied one r<»w "a qmirter of an acre" lonjj. the rows beinj: <» feet ai»art. Nixon was tin' variety useens4' of earline.s.s." Kansas Station. Bulletin No. 24, September. 1891 pp. 12). EN/0<>TIC rHRKHKITIS < H ' IlntJSKS, N. 8. MaYU. D. V. S. (jtp. lOT-lKJ, plate 1). — Duriufr the autunni ami winter of 181MMH a disease ]Mi]»ularly designated "stajr^jers" caused the death of a considerable uumbcr of horses in Kansas ami adjoining Stat«'s. This article gives au aecount of investigations of the disea^se by the auth(U\ The .symp- toms and the residts of jiosl-mortem examinations are given. A feeding 389 experiment witli n 2-year old colt iiuliented that the disease war; caused from eating com affected with a mold— As2)en/ ill us glaucus. The appearance of ears of corn attacked by this mold is illustrated in the plate accompanying the article. Experiments by Kaufmann. and others in France and Germany, in which the death of rabbits was caused by inoculation with the spores of this mold, are briefly described. The author inoculated a guinea pig with spores of the same mold, with fatal results. Other outbreaks of what may have been this same dis- ease in horses are described by references to the publications of this Department. The following summary is taken from the bulletin : The disease variously known as •'• staggers," ''mad staggers," etc., as occniring in Kansas during tlie past fall and winter, is caused by feeding corn whicli has been attacked by a mold— Asjjrrgi litis {/laitcus. The spores of this mold gain entrance to the circulation and find lodgment in tlie kidneys and liver. The liver is more affected than the kidneys (probably on account of the lower pressure of the circulation). The spores germinate here, and cause inflammation of these organs. The cerebral symptoms are the result of the formation of an abscess in the cerebrum. This abscess is caused by an interference with the blood supply, probably from spores or raycelia of the mold in the circulation. Tlie spores of AfipcrylUuH fjlaucus seemed to retain their infectious properties for about 6 months, from October, 1890, to March, 1891. Neither mules, cattle, nor pigs contract the disease. Treatment. — In this disease an ounce of prevention is worth many j)ounds of cure. The method of prevention is obvious : Do not feed moldy corn or turn horses into fields where moldy corn can be had. In feeding ear corn from the crib care should be exercised to pick out the moldy ears or break off the moldy tip. • In case the corn has been shelled, it can be poured into water, and the moldy kernels, floating, can be skimmed off. After an animnl has been taken sick treatment is very unsatisfactory. The ani- mal should be kept as quiet as possible, in a clean, dry, well-veutilated, and strong box stall. A purgative may be given of about 7 drams of aloes. One dram of iodide of potasli or 3 drams of bromide of potash can be given in sufficient water every 3 hours, and cold applications to the poll by means of wet cloths are help- ful. In case the spinal cord is affected a moderate blister can be applied alon^- the spine. Care should be taken to excite the animal as little as possible and to avoid choking it in giving medicines, as it is often difficult for the animal to swallow. ' . Louisiana Stations, Bulletin No. 11 (Second Series), (pp. 34). Report of the sugaehouse and laboratory of the Sugar Experiment Station for 1890, W. C. Stubbs, Ph.D. (pp. 248-278). — Descriptions are given of the sugarhouse at Audubon Park, New Orleans, and its equipment ; and especially of the diffusion battery and the process of making sugar by diifusion. The results of twelve runs with the diffusion battery, from November 11 to December 8, inclusive, are tabulated. The percentage of extraction in sugar in the cane ranged from 93.58 to 98. Tabulated data are also given for the results obtained with different methods of clarification, (1) lime alone; (2) lime and bisulphite of lime; (3) lime and acid phosphate of calcium; (4) lime and sulphur; (5) Wilcox's albumen process; (6) lime, sulphur, and acid phosphate of calcium; (7) sulphide of alumina j (8) superphosi)hate of alumina. 13748— No. 6 3 390 "Will ox's i)roioss with albninon showfil no .special merit, witli the decided ohjcc- tiou of time required to perform the ditiereut operations. * » » For diflfusion juice coming hot from the battery, which takes sulphur with dilii- culty, the acid phosphate of calcium seems specially adapted. By liming to excess in the cells aud neutralizing the juices at once in the clarifier with aciil )dio8phate of calcium, excellent results are obtained. In mill houses where sulphuring lue- cedes the lime, the application of acid phosphate is not so easy nor so rapid. It is therefore of doubtful utility in these houses, especially at its present price. * * * The use of alum, sulphate of alumina, and superphosphate of alumina are, from our experience, to be strougly condemned as not only injurious to the juice, but strongly resistant to every elFort of rapid settling. The trial of Paiicher and Clarke'.s proces.s for the couver.sion of molas.<;o.s into sngar showed that there was no advantage to be gained by the use of tliis nietliod. Investigations in the sngarhousc and laboratory showed that — Whenever a solution of glucose, dextrose, or levnlose is treated with an excess o lime, a darkening of the solution takes ]>l;i(e with the conversion of these sub- stances into acids which gradually neutralize the lime, until linally if enough linie be present the entire glucose is destroyed and there remains iti the black solution 8itant of these acids (oxides of mercury) are poisons and can not be used in the :iits. Ivxin'riiiMMits with rrfcri'iice to tlii- iiithu'iMM- <»f wasli water mi tin- e<'ntrilngal are reporti'd which lead to the foUowing conclusions: (1) Massecuite in cooling gives a gre.iter yielil in the centrifugal, and suggest.s tlie jiropriety of the nu-tliod ailopt^d by many jilanters, of dropping their massecuite into wagons and keejiing for several hours in the hot room. (2) Mixing the water with massecuite before centrifugalitig gives larger yields than using the same amount in the centrifugal. (.3) For every pound of water used in the centrifugal more than a pound of sugar is dissolved. Analyses of the mill juices obtaiiuMl from cane grown on plats fertilized with dirterent substances, as reported in a table, indicate that little or no iiitluence was produced by the fertilizers on the ash and albuminoids of the juice. The analysis of the "tinaT' molasses obtained from cane grown on the difierent plats is also given. Investigations of the com- ]»oun() l>i»unds li\(' wciuht daily 1»\' the two luts is calculated, and tliese lijjfures are compared with the (lerman standaid recommended for animals under similar conditions. In no instiiiKf \v:is tho total amount of tligestil>le uutrieuts so larjjf as talk'd lor in thr staiulaitl rations, and there was uo case where the proportion of or(ion of the hitter being gradually increased to the end of the trial, when \ cry little milk was fed. A small amount of llungaiian grass and corn fod- der were also fed during one period, 'file feeding lasted from 175, toL'lO days with the different breeds. The r«»od consumed, gain in weight, and the rehition betwe«Mi gain in weight and anioutit of food eonsunu^d are tabulated for each breed. In gintral no striking ditVcremi's ar<' obsrrvrd in the rate of growtli. or in tlio relation of the amount of food to growth, with tliese several brei-ds of swine. The daily rate of growth of our animals issi-in to have been. Che.shires 1.2.S pounds, Yorkshires 1.1 1 pounds, ('Juster Whites l.ns poiinils, rolaud-Chinas 1.01 pounds, Berkshires 1 pounroxinuitely the first IW days of the exi)eriment, not far from '2 p«uinds of digestible food pro- diiied 1 pound of growth, while during the last ."iO days or thereabouts the ratio was 4 pounds of tligestible food to 1 jionnd id" growth. The ratio of the second period stands between those of the tirst and t bird. - - * Certain of the animals, notably the Herkshircs and Chester Whites, nnide during the first 3 numths a larger percent- age of their entire growth than diil the other breeds. The ditVmcnce, however, is not very marked. Fertilizkk hxpkkimknts, \V. Ualkntim:, :M. S. (pj). 70-101). EjD'cds u/d liferent forms and mixtnn's of fertilizers (pp. 79-89).— This is 393 a continuation of an exijeriment commenced at the station in 1880 on 30 twentieth-acre plats for the purpose of comparing the eftects of (1) different forms of phosphoric acid (dissolved honehlack, finei;Tonnd hone, and fine-ground Shosphates apjjlied to this fiehl with this crop, fiiie- gromul houe gave the highest yiekl of peas, whih* dissolved boneblaek stood next, the lowest yield being with South Carolina rock. The table also shows that muriate of potasli and sulphate of ammonia have little or no effect when a])plied alone, and that l)y far the largest yield of peas was obtained from the plats manured with stable manure. * * * The average yield of the plats to which no manure was applied is practically the same as the average yield of those plats which were manured with [a mixture of] muriate of potasli and sulphate of ammonia. The plats manured with dissolved boneblack show a decided increase over the unmanured plats [the comliination with muriate of potasli giving the largest yield] . ' *^ * This experiment shows quite clearly that for the soil on which the experiment was carried out and for this crop, the nitrogenous manure was not needed, and that it only served to increase the cost of the crop. * * * [Where complete fertilizers were used] in no case was the increased yield sufficient to pay for the cost of the fertilizers. Systcnis of nianuri tig {})]). 8d-9G). — This experiment was intended to compare barnyard manure with commercial fertilizers and with no manure in crop production. In 1888 a ten-acre field of clay-loam grass land Avas divided into 4 equal plats and for 2 years no fertilizers were applied to any of the plats. The grass was cut and weighed each year to determine the relative fertility of the plats. The average annual yield of hay per acre was as follows : Plat 1, 2,542 pounds; plat 2, 2,410 pounds; plat 3, 2,082 pounds; and i)lat 4, 2,510 pounds. In 1890 the entire fiehl was plowed and the following fertilizers applied: Plat 1, 50 loads (3 loads to the cord) of cow manure; ])lat 2, 2,500 pounds fine- ground South Carolina rock, 250 pounds muriate of potash, 105 jiounds nitrate of soda, and 40 ])ounds ammonium sulphate ; plat 3, 1,250 jiounds dissolved South Carolina rock, and otherwise the same as plat 2; and l^lat 4, no manure. Barley was sown broadcast on one half of each ])lat; the remaining half plats (1^ acres each) were each diAided into two equal parts, small Canada peas being drilled in on one half and Black- Eyed Marrowfat peas on the otlicr half '' The season was very unsat- isfactory for experimental work, both at the ox^ening and at the close, 394 on account of heavy rains." Tlie yields are tabulated for racli plat and each subplat. [Cousidering first the total yield of barley and peas for each plat] the hi^lirst yield is given here with stable manure. Then follows the plat to whirh the fine-ground South Carolina rock was ajtplied. Next in order conies the plat receiving acid South Carolina rolat. • * •• Plats 2 and .3 were treated alike as to fertilizers, excepting in the amount and condition «)f jdio.sjdioric acid. Plat 2 received about 2(I0 jtounds of insoluble ]tlio.sphoric acid prr acre, while plat 3 receiveil 70 pounds of soluble phos- phoric acid jier acre. It would semi from those results that [in this season] the 2CH) pounds of insoluble phosjdiorie arid was more effective in i>roducing an increase in the total weight of the crop than the 70 jxiiinds of soluble phosjdioric.acid. The yield per acre of barh'v and tlu' - varirti* ^ of peas is given as follows: Yield of barley and peas per acre icilh different fcrlilizcra. Fertilizers. Itarlcy. Black-EyMl pcM. Canada poaa. Grain. PoundM. 441 442 4.14 176 Straw. Feu. Vines. Pcaa. YinM. Poundt. 2.760 2.216 1.43« 1,048 PoundM. C48 Povndt. ma PovndM. 318 203 19S 256 1,314 Mixiart' the rlfects of South Carolina rock, both dissolved and liiicly ;;nnuul, with thoso of Tiionias .slajjwheii nsj-d alone or in j-onibination with l."»U pounds of nitrate of soda and 1(M> l)ounds of muriat*' of p.itash per arre. On*' thousand pounds of Thomas sla.LT and .")(>() jmuutls of dis.solved or 1,(100 i>ounds of linr jjround rm'k ])hosi»hate per acre were u.sed. One plat received in addition to the crimeut gives no evidence that the suj>erior eflect of tlie Tliomas slag over (ine-grouiul South Carolina rock is duo to the free lime con- tained in the slag. 395 [In tlie latter case] the crop was doubled by adding 150 pounds of nitrate of soda and 100 pounds of muriate of potash. * * * No addition to this crop was pro- duced by using South Carolina rock or Thomas slag. But the use of 500 pounds of acid South Carolina rock, costing $4.50, caused an additional gain to that nuide by the nitrate of soda and muriate of potash of 50 bushels, at a cost of 8 cents per bushel. The yields are also given of a crop of beans raised by Mr. IT. L. Leland, in 1890, witlioiit fertilizers, on plats Avhicli in 1889 had been used for the comparison of fine-gronnd (1,900 pounds) or dissolved (500 pounds) South Carolina rock and Caribbean Sea> guano (7135 pounds), described in the Annual Eeport of the station for 1889, pp. 135-144 (sec Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 048). The soil is described as " a dry, slaty loam, which previous to 1889 had received no manure for 30 years, had been subjected to continuous cropping," and had proved to be quite even in fertility. The phosphates were applied in cond:)ina- tion with muriate of potash and nitrate of soda, as in the exi^erimeuts of 1890, described above. In 1889 the largest yields of potatoes were with dissolved rock, the next largest with tine- ground rock, and the next with guano. The yield of beans on these plats in 1890 followed the same order. Tests op varieties op vegetables, W. Balentine, M. S. (pp. 102, 103). — Notes on 6 varieties of beans, 3 of sweet corn, 1 of peas, and 1 of beets. Report op Botanist and Entomologist, F. L. Harvey, M. S. (pp. 105-140, plates 2, figs. 13). — The subjects considered are, (1) ger- mination tests of seed, (2) tests of varieties of grasses, (3) suggestions regarding spraying experiments for apple scab and codling moth, (4) spraying experiments with Paris green for potato beetles, (5) discussion of causes of potato scab, (6) correspondence about strawberries, (7) notes on rib grass and fall dandelion, (8) notes on insects, (9) a list of varieties of orchard fruits and grapes planted at the station in 1890. Germination tests of seeds (pp. 107-112). — Tabulated data for tests of vegetable seeds, the results of which have varied widely. Experiments in treating seeds with weak solutions of corrosive sublimate (1 part to 500 or 1,000 parts of water) to prevent injury by fungi have indicated that the treatment destroys the fungous germs, but in some cases may have injured the seed. Spraying experiments ivith Paris green for potato beetles {])]). 114, 115). — • A brief account of experiments in which solutions containing from ^ to 1 J teaspoonfuls of Paris gTeen to 2 gallons of water were used for the potato beetle {Doryphora decemlineata). The solution containing 1 tea- spoonful of Paris green was effective, but weaker -solutions did not l^rove so. Causes of potato scab (pp. 115-117). — A discussion of the results of investigations by H. L. Bolley of the Indiana Station, reported in Agri- cultural Science for September and October, 1890, and E. Thaxtcr of 396 the Connecticut State Stiiti(»ii. ic]Mirt<' oftliiit sf;i- tion (see Experiment Station Itecmd, vol. ii. i>. 4'.K>). Notes on rib (frass and fall dandelion (]>i», 11!>, lUO). — l)esciii>ti(»ns •►t Plantagolanceolafa and Leontodon aiitiiinitalis. ilhistiated with diawinjii^s by Kate Furbisli. Notes on insects (py. ll'1-l.i'Jj, — Illustrated a -t-ouuts of the iMllowiiit; insects more m- less prevalent in Maine in 1890: Cecrojna enipcror moth (Plat j/sa mi a cw'roy^/a). wliit<'-iiiarked tussock moth {Onjui'i leitco- stigina), fall Wi-hwttvni { Hi/pliantriri c/z/ir^), eye-spotted bud moth [Tmeto- eera ocellana), woolly louse of the a])ple {Hehizoneura laniffera), rcd- Immped a]»ph' tn-e catcrpillcr ((Kdeinasia etnieiuna), fall caidcerworm [Anisoptcry.v iKunetaria), and forest tent caterpiller (r//.s/fKv(///y>^( dis- stria). KEPORT of METEOROLOfJIST. M. C. FeRNALD, Th. 1). (p]>. 141- 157). — This includes monthly summaries of observations from Ajiiil to Octobi'r, inclusive, with hyjrrometers, soil thermometers, terrestrial aud solar radiation theiinometers, and on tin' amount of sunshine, velocity of the wind, and r:iinfall. toji'ether witli a dail_\' record of the obser\a- tions for the month (»f .Fuly. I'our hy;:rometers were us«'d. tw(» in an open tield and two in a forest. I'rom observati |)er c«'nt. at 1 p. m. l."> per cent, at 7 p. m. 10 jter <'ent. Soil temperatuics taken at depths of from 1 to 30 inches gave tlie folhtwinu iiidicati<»ns: The mean daily raiiy at tlie (lei)tli of 1 ineh (Inriii;^ the jterioil uf oliservation was 5.62*^, at 3 iiuhes .'».li»i , at 6 iinhes I.IKV, at *J imhes I.IS . anil hcluw 12 inches very slijjht. At the (lejith <>1'3 inclies the average teuiperaturo of tlie soil wa.s somewhat lii^iluT than at the (lejith of 1 ineh. The snrfaco soil avt-rageil about Tr^ warmer than the soil ;{() inches hdow the s«irlae«'. • • <• ('oMi|»arin;; soil temprratnrcs witli air teiiipcratnrcs (Inriii;^ Ihc two scnsons umlrr notice the t'ollo\vin;i mean resnlts appear: At tlie (Icjithofl inch the teiiiinratnre of the soil was lower tlian that of tlie air liy 2.40 ; at the depth of Ii inches. l>y 2.11^; 6 inches, liy ;^.16'; 9 inches, hy 3.RI ; 12 inches, by 4.18- ; 24 inches. l»y ."i.TS ; .nid at the dejtth of 36 inches, hy 7.10- . Tlie mean loss of heat l»y radiation fni tlie seasons of 1SS!» and JS'.MI was ser\<'il was 1M..T. Tiie average excess of tiMnix'rature as determined by the solar radiation tliermomet<'r oNci'thc niaximuMi temperature iccorded l»\ llie thermometer in the shade was (ill-, 'i'he average amount of sunshine in 1 SIM) was 41 ])er cent. The average velocity of the wind in iss'.t was S.Oi' nules ))er houi-: in l.H!M), S.;U miles. The total rainfall in 1SS<» was IS.S.'i inclu's; in 1S!»0, ;?.')..")L» inches. Hei'ort of Tkeasukeh, (!. 11. ILvMLiN. — This is a statement of receipts aiul expenditures for the fiscal year eiuling June W. ISOO. Report OF Director, W. II. Jordan, M.S. — llrief statements regard ing the work of the station in fertilizer inspection, tield experiments 397 with fertilizers, and tests of breeds of dairy cows. Tlic niiiiling list of the station has increased to about 5,700 addresses. A forcing- lioiis(5 for jdants lias been erected, and it is intended to add a liorticnltiirist to the station staft". Maine Station, Bulletin No. 3 (Second Series), (pp. 8). The Babcock milk test adapted to iESTiNd cream, J. M. Bartlett, M. S. (ligs. 3).— The author remarks on the variability of the fat content of cream, and cites tests which he has made of several sam- ples of cream obtained from a creamery agent. ''Tlic lowest yield of fat was IL* per cent and the liighcstoOper cent. Most of the samples gave from 17 i»er cent to U2 per cent. If this creamery had allowed e(pial amounts of butter for every inch of cream a great injustice would have been done to some of the patrons." A description is given of the Babcock centrifugal milk test, and a proposed modification of the apparatus for testing cream. Tliis modi- fication consists in using a bottle with the graduated neck suttieieiitly long to allow the testing of cream containing uj) to 25 i)er cent of fat. In another form used for testing richer cream (up to 35 per cent of fat) the graduated part is made detachable, as the bulb is the part most likely to be broken. For this longer tube, however, a larger-sized centrifuge is necessary, as the ordinary one will not contain the tubes. The tubes are illustrated and directions are given for obtaining and using the apparatus. The author's recommendations for sampling sour cream which has curdled so that it can not be accurately measured with the pipette, are as follows : Pliici' the jar coiitainiug it iu water aud beat the whole to about 125° F., then pass the ei-i-aui tlirongh line wii-e gauze (a Hour sieve will do veiy well for the piu'iiose). Any lumps that remain on the sieve may be rubbed through with the finger. After passing the warm cream through the sieve two or three times, it will, after cooling, be in condition to measure with the pipette. On account of the small jiarticles of curd, sour cream adheres much more to the walls of the pipette than sweet cream, therefore a little water (4 or 5 c. c.) must be used to rinse the pipette into the test bottle. Unless this is done the results will be from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent too low. About 20 c. c. of acid should be used when the piiiette is rinsed. When the cream is frothing badly and contains a large amount of air or gas bubbles, as is sometimes the case with cream that is very sour or taken from a separator, it can not be accurately measured but must be weighed. The writer has made several tests Avhen the error in measuring frothy cream was over 5 i)er cent of the total fat. The only accurate method to pursue in such cases is to weigh the cream, and this can hi', very easily done by any one who has skill enougli to make the test. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Meteorological Bulletins Nos. 34 and 35, October and November, 1891 (pp. 4 each). A daily and monthly summary of observations for October and November at the meteorological observatory of the station, in charge of C. D. Warner, B. S. 398 Michigan Station, Bulletin No. 77, November, 1891 (pp. 6). Permanent vs. recently seeded meadows, W. J. Beal, 1*ii. D. — A report ou experiments on stiff claj' land which had been continuonsly I)astured for 25 years or more. In 1888 a number of i>hits, 30 feet square, were sown with grasses and clovers, singly or in mixtures. Other i^lats were h-ft in permanent meadow. The yields from the several phits in 1890 and 1801 are given in a table. The results varied considerably in the 2 years. Alsike clover, orchard grass, tall oat grass, and perennial ry«* grass have run out to a greater or less extrnt. The land is also not adapted to alfalfa. The average yield of the natural sod (timothy, June grass, and redtop) was comparatively light. Relatively large yii-lds were obtained from tall meadow fes« iie, red clover, timothy, and manmioth clover. By far the largest yield was from a mixture of timothy, tall oat grass, orchard grass, tall fescue, fowl meadow grass, red and mammoth clover, and Agropi/nim tcncrum. Mississippi Station, Bulletin No. 16, September, 1891 (pp. 15). Glanders, T. Butler, D. V. S. — A jiupular account of the hi.story, cau.ses, transmission, symptoms, and treatment of glanders. New York State Station, Ninth Annual Report. 1890 (pp. 488). Report of executive committee (pp. 1-3). — A stati-nient of ,rei)aiis made and Ituihlings erected, a bri«'f outline (»fi»lans. and a recom- mendatinn that tlu' State apprujtriation for can\ ing (»n the Work of the station be increased to .*;30,00(l annually. Rki'orT of Theasikek, W. O'HanloN (i)p. 4-r»). — A financial exhibit for the year ending September .iO, 1.SJK>. Report of Director, P. Collier, Ph. D. (pp. 7-lLM). Fccditiff crprnmeiits trifli milch (ows (])]). S-ijO). — Tlu- results an* recorded for a test with one Jersey cow fresh in milk, whi«'h was fed hay, wheat bran, and c(«rn meal during 3 nnuiths, the corn meal being partly replaced at difterent times by cotton seed meaJ or jtalm nut meal. There appears to be no relation between the aI))nniinoitl coustitueuts of the food digested and the amount of fat secured in the milk. There is. upon the other hand. e.S])eeially during the fourth to seveuth i)eriods, [when palm uut m«'al was fed.] n pretty close relation between the fat in the food and that recovered in the milk, the food during these periods having contained over 95 per cent of the fat found in the milk. ♦ » - [From the tabiilated yield of mornings" and nights' milk throngliout tlie trial it appears] that while during the entire period the quantity of milk hourly secreted was practically the same during the day and night, the amount of fat secreted was, ui»ou an average, lli^ per cent greater during the hours of the day than during those of the night. [In another case in which a .Jersey cow was feil ou wheat straw and corn meal, the latter being jjartially substituted by gluten meal, and later on hay with corn meal and wheat bran, the results showed] no relation between the (quantity of milk 399 produced or the amount of fot in the milk and the nitrogenous constituents of the food, since the increase of the alhuminoids in food by nearly 200 per cent was Avithout effect in increasing the amount of milk or its butter content. It is also iu this exper- iment at least noteworthy that the amount of fat in the food during the Hrst seven lieriods (unfortunately analyses were not made of milk during the last two periods) is identical with the amount found iu the milk produced during these same periods. The results are cited of a 4-days' test with 9 cows reprcsentiii<;- 5 dif- fereut breeds, which " show that the ainoimt, by weiglit, of milk serreteggii in dry j)acking, and cai3onizing. (1) Feeding foiols for the table. — An experiment was made with 8 Capons and 8 Cockerels " to obtain data in regard to meat production." The fowls suffered from roup and " none of them regained vigor enough to show any returns for the food," although the feeding was continued for some months. The data obtained are tabulated. (2) Homemade brooders and incubators. — Several forms tried at the station are briefly described and statements are made regarding chickens raised bj' these means. ^Yhile the chicks were fed very moderately and did not early attain heavy weightsj the growth, although slow, was healthy and satisfactory for chicks confined in small yards. One lot of White Plymouth Rock chicks from the first hatch averaged 1.7 pounds at 12 weeks old. Some from later hatches averaged for different lots at 10 weeks old, White Plymouth Rocks 1.1 pounds; ''Crosses" (four lots) 1.2 pounds, 1.1 pounds, 1.1 pounds, 1.2 pounds; Indian Games (two lots), 1.3 pounds, 1.2 pounds. Among the different lots of ''Crosses," which were S. Wyandotte and Buff Cochin by B. B. R. Game, were included quite a number of Light Brahma chicks. Some Pekin ducks reared in this brooder averaged about 3 pounds at 10 weeks old and not quite 4 pounds at 12 weeks. The results of incubator and brooder work are intended for a bulletin when enough data to be instructive are obtained. 400 The- tftiiiperatiires of many hoiis ol»s«*rvein<-r niontlirt from 1U3 F. to UH» ,niany Itcinji overKH) ; and of sittinjjf haeked in bran, aft «T tiic Hame jtreliminary handling, were all s]>oiIed at'ter 4 months. Eggs paeked in Halt during March and April, after wiping with vaseline to which salicylic acid had been added, kept 4 and 'y months without loss; the qnality after 4 months wa« much siipc'rior tt» ordiiuiry limed eggs. These pa«ke«l eggs were all kfjit in a barn c»llar, the ordinary temperature of which varied from «!0 to 70 F.. and each box was turned (»nc<' every U days. Little ditVerence was «d»served in tile keejiing of the fertile or the infertile eggs, and no ditference was noticeable in th<- keeping qualities of eggs from diflVrent fowls or from those on different rations. (4) Caponizing. During our experience in caponizing many "slips" have appeared among those birds which were erforme]>eared in this method. None have been lost here tiiis year from tlie_ opi-ration, and if care is taken in the fasting of the fowls and in selecting a bright day. there is no need of the fatality that is so olteii reported. Ferilinn rrpnimnits iritli p'njs pj). 141-l(!li. — .Vcnuiiits ;>i«> ^NV«']i <»f tlir I'Xin'iiiiM'iits n'])(»rt<'(l in Iliillttiiis Nos. L'L' and L'S of tin' station (mh^ Exju'rinirnt Statimi INmokI. \o1. ii. |»|i. JSl* anil 7.>."»). and analyst\»< of l>i<; nninnrr. Sorghum (pp. KiL'-HiSi. — Taliulatcil noirs on .iO vari«'ti«'s. rosnlts ol" examination of soi-^linni jnicfs. and analysis of one saniph' of sorglnini seed. A trial of t<»p dirssin;; onr lialtofi-acli row of .»;or;:linin witli rar- bonat*' of linu' ( 4,(I0(> jiunnds per acir) indicatnl no advantap' from limin^i in n'^ard to yield of «an(' and timr of matnrity. Tlio jni<«'s of tin' caiM's jjrown on limrd soil (12 varieties) av«'ra«red 11.31 per cent of «'ane siij;ar. and those of eanes of the same varieties ami sta;xf of Miatiirity j;i'o\vii on nnlinied soils, lO.L'S ]n"r cent. So lar as a single expiriiiieiif goes tliis ri-siiit is in accord with the idea that an a]i]ilication of some form of lime is of value to the sorghum croji on soils that contain litth" lime or in which the magnesia exceeds the lime. Every sample of soil from the station farm tli.it ha.s lieeii analyzed has contained leas lime than magnesia, the average in all the top soils being O.i;.') ])er cent of lime (Ci»(1) and l.'2l per cent of magnesia (MgO). Fiild cvptrimnif irith nnfs (jip. 1(»S. KIO), — A brief re]>ort of an nnsin-cessful fertili/er test with oats on "Jl t wentiethaere i»lats. "The whole field was badly atVeeted by rust.'' 1 401 Report of Chemist, L. L. Van Slyke, Pit. D. (pp. 170-256).— Tlie author entered upon liis duties July 12, 1890, succeeding E. F. Ladd. Data obtained in connection with the test of breeds of dairy eoics (i)p. 171-242).— These data include analyses of the feeding stuft's used, e. g., hay (timothy, red clover, clover and timothy, Kentucky blue grass, barley, oat, oat and pea, etc.), oat and vetch forage, oat and pea for- age, maize forage, altalfa forage, sorghum forage, maize silage, beet roots, mixed roots, linseed meal, ground oats, wheat bran, wheat middlings, cotton-seed meal, corn meal, grain mixtures, sweet milk, and skim milk; a detailed record up to the last of November, 1890, for each cow of the yield of milk and milk constituents, the composition of the milk, com- l)osition of butter, creaming and churning data, and the percentage of fat recovered and lost in butter making. Many of these data are incor- porated in Bulletin Xo. 31 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. iii, p. 311). A description is given of the methods used in creaming, churning, and sampling butter for analysis. Analyses of fertilizers (pp. 212-253).— Analyses of 69 samples of com- mercial fertilizers. Experiments ivith methods of creaming (pj). 251-256). — The general plan of a series of experiments commenced on this subject is discussed. The data are reserved for a ftitiu-e bulletin. Report of Acting Horticulturist, C. E. Hunn (pp. 257-308, plates 15). — The work of the year included tests of varieties of small fruits and vegetables ; a comparison of imported vs. Ameri'can-grown seed of cabbages and caulitlowers; a test of the relative yield of varieties of tomatoes grown by diflerent methods of culture; a test of varieties of potatoes, in connection with which an experiment was made on the liability to decay of tubers taken from varieties subject to decay last year as compared with tubers of varieties that were free from decay ; a continuation of exi)eriments in cross-fertilization of fruits ; and notes on insects and fungi and the means for their rejiression. Strawberries (j^p. 258-276). — Brief descriptive notes on 103 varieties gro^\Ti at the station, with tabulated data regarding the prevalence of blight on these varieties in diflerent years (1886-90), and descriptive notes on 43 varieties grown at Pulaski, J^ew York, by L. J. Farmer, and on 11 varieties grown at Rochester, Xew York, by Green's Xursery Company. The results of experiments in crossing varieties are illus- trated in 15 plates, accompanied by brief descriptive notes. "Of 1,000 seedlings fi'uiting during the seasons of 1888 and 1889, but 20 were saved as showing any indication of being of value. Of these 20, 15 have been discarded this season. Of 700 seedlings fruiting this year for the first time, less than 50 have been noted as good enough to give 1 more year's trial." As shown in the illustrations, many of the plants resulting fi"om cross- fertilization in 1890 produced fruits quite unlike those of either of the parents. 402 "Every plant of Crescent, without i«' of Idarkher- ri<'s, and !> oihla<-k currants, and a list varieties of i:oosel»erries which fruite-2SS). — iJrief descriptive notes on *.> varieties of bush lieans, .{ of poh' l)eans. 7 of corn, and ") of ci-lery. with tabulated data for 15 varieti«'s of beans. ('((hh(i(/r.sand cauliflowrrK I2SS-292). — Tabulated data for 10 \ ami nsoi caulitlowers and IH of cabbages grown from seed jtroduccd in Germany, France, and Englan«I, on Long Islaiul, and in the region of Paget Sound. The results obtained in ISOO agree with t]ii>se of the previous year in indicating that the Ameiit of the srcd fiom healthy and d«'cayed tnbers. Sircft pntdtots (pp. 20«!. 207). — "Nine varieties wi-rc grown m Is'.Kt, yii'hling tubers in paying the tnbers apj* >;ed very wet at harvest, and some of them were dried in the kiln of a hophouse f(U" '*'2 hours. A table gives the percentages of water <'vaj>orated from them. Titmntoes (]>]). 2t»7— "501;). — I)es<'riptive notes and tabulated data for P.I varieties grown in ditVerent ways. In spttiiiji tin- i)laiit8 I'.nrli row w.-w run i-ast .ind wc««t, then a wire trellis w.-vs rnn nortli .and poutli, taking; in the o.istcrn jilimt of oarh variety. Tlio next pl.int in earli row was kept trimmed, jillowin^ tin- sunlii^lit to jn'netrat« to the soil and reaeh every frnit. The three following plants wi-re allowed to mat at will. The sixth ]>lant Wiw trained to a stake, and the extreme western plants were grown on a wire trellis. The trimmed plants in almost every ease >;ave the first rijie frnits, hnt both west trellis .nnd stake ]ilants ripened 10 frnils ns early ns did the trimmed plants. A test of tomatoes from seed from ripe rs. green fruit begun in 188.'J was continued in ISOO. The restilts agree with those of previous years. Till- jdants from immature si-t-d ripened fruits todays in advanee of those from mat lire seed. The growth of vines in 1SSM1 was nmre vigorous than in previous years and the fruit larger. This was prohaldy diie to the faet that the speeimen fruit seleeted for seed in ISSfl w.%s of large size, and while very green had nearly obt,ained its maximum development. It is evident that the immature siM^d give the earliest fruits, and also that sueh seed laek vitality to give a large per cent of gerniin.itions and a good growth of leafage, but it is yet a question of how much further towards a perfectly ripe fruit it will be bt\st to go to procure seed that will give more vigor of idnnt and still retain the early-ripening qu.ilitiea of immature seed. 403 Insects, insecticides, and fiuujicides (pp. 307, 308). — Brief notes on experiments in the treatment of the flea beetle, currant worm, potato beetle, gooseberry mildew, and the disease of the hollyhock {Puccinia malvaccarum). The combination of hellebore for the currant worm and potassium sulphide for the gooseberry mildew did not prove satisfac- tory as far as checking the mildew was concerned, though tlie fungi- cide alone gave good results. Dipping tomato plants in a solution of Paris green at time of planting largely prevented the ravages of the potato beetle. The x)lant jirotector, tested in 1889, was used again in 1890 with satisfactory results. Eeport of AcTiNa PoMOLOGisT, G. W. Churchill (pp. 309-351).— In 1890 there was a general failure of the fruit crop in western New York, except in the case of grapes and strawberries. The failure of the apple crop was especially discouraging, as this was a year when an abundant yield was expected. Causes of this failure are briefly dis- cussed in this report. Grapes (pp. 310-332). — In recent years much attention has been given to the culture of grapes in New York, but many farmers have not taken sufficient i)ains to plant varieties adapted to the peculiarities of local soils and chmates, so that much inferior fruit has been put upon the market. The profits of the business have thus been greatly reduced. Certain diseases of the grape have also been very troublesome. The report contains extracts from correspondence showing the benefits of spraying vineyards with fungicides. The following diseases of the grape are described and suggestions are given for their treatment: Black vot [Pliysalospora hidivcUii), downy mildew (Pcronosporaviticola), anthracnose (*S^j/mceZomrtrt«(»it of tlie station for 1889 (see ExpcriincMit Station Kecoid, vol. ii, p. o'J'J). SUitioii arboretum (i)p. 347-351). — A list of 108 species and varieties of deeiduous trees and 19 of evergreen trees. Report of Farm Superintendent, F, E. Emery (pp. 3."iL*-4:71). — The folloAving toi)ies are treated: Cirasses and forage crops; peas best for forage; raising scrub stock ; comparisouof roots and silage; variety tests of wbeat; potato experiments, 1890; after effects of fertilizers, 1889; report on lysinieters for 1889: rations of dairy animals: meteor- ology for 1890. Grasses and forof/e crops (pp. 353-35G). — Xotes in continuation of those in the Annual Reports of the station for 1888 and 1889 (see Ex]>eri- ment Station Bulletin Xo. 2, part i, p. 101, and Experiment Station Eecord, vol. ii, p. 594:). Tabulated data are given for the yields iu 1890 of mixtures of forage plants seeded on large plats in 1886. , Peas for foraf/e (pp. 357, 358). — A brief account of a test of 4 varie- ties. The Canada pea gave the largest yield. Flax f/roiring (pp. 358, 359). — A brief account of a test (»f 1 varieties from seed grown in California. Iiaisinfi scrub stock (pp. 359-304). — Data including gain iu weight and cost of food are tabulated for four calves from native cows, which were raised to determine the cost of growth for Vieef. They were all sold for beef, their ages at the time of sale varying from 8 to 13 months. "At the prices given for food these animals were raised at a eousidei- able loss when offered in the common nnirket." h'oots rs. silaffc for cows (pp. 304-.3G8). — The results are briefly tabulated for a trial with two Jersey cows fed mangel-wur/.els and silage alternately for four periods of about 10 days each. Hay and a grain mixture composed of oats, linseed meal, and wheat middlings were fed with each ration. The results were favorable, financially and otherwise, to the silage. Test of varieties of wheat (pp. 309-371,*). — Notes and tabulated data for 5 varieties of winter wheat and 14 of s])ring wheat. Fuleaster and New Light And)er among the winter \arieties and Ku])anka. I'etali, Saskatchewan, Pure Scotch Fife, and rajestiiie anioni: tlie spring varie- ties gave the largest yields. Pof((fo crperi incuts (])]). 372—389). — These inrlnded e\i»erinu'nts with different amounts and kinds of seed, nu'thods (»f cultivation, and ferti- lizers. An account of the experiments of the previous year may be found in the Annual Report of the station for 1889 (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, ]). ~i*Xi). (1) ]Vliolf ti(l}crs of (tifrrciit sizes for srcil. — In an exju'rinient in wliich tubers of three different sizes w«'re ]>lanted, the largest yield was obtained from the largest tubers. (2) Whole tiihcrs rs. cnftiiii/s. — In this e\]»eriinent the following yiehls in bushels per acre were obtained: Wlnde tubers (i)lauted at the rat<^ 405 of 3.3 busliols 1)0.1- acre) 125.9, halves {22.r> Imsliels) 100, quarters (15 biisliels) 82.45. (.i) Ex'perhnenf with (liferent kinds of fertilizers. — Dissolved boue- blai'k, iniiriate siiid sulphate of potash, sulpliate of aniiiionia, and nitrate of soda, iu ditl'ereut coiiibinatious, were api)lieil in 1890 ou 10 plats. The results, as tabulated, agree in general Avith those of the previous year. Muriate of potash was more efteetive than sulphate of potash. The increase of yield due to nitrate of soda or sulpliate of ammonia was too small to make it profitable to use either of these lertilizers. (4) Chanr/e of seed. — The results of an experinu^nt in which seed of the White Star variety, grown at the station and in two other localities in New York, were planted, were inconclusive. (5) Flat culture vs. ploivinf/ up to the rows. — In an experinuMit under- taken late in the season the largest yields were obtained from Hat cul- ture. The iDlants in the rows plowed up to made a more vig(n(>us grow tli of vines. After effect of fertilizers on corn (pp. 389, 390). — The yields of corn are given for 13 twentieth-acre plats which had been used in fertilizer experiments on grass. Lysimeter record for 1SS9 (pp. 390-401). — N'otes and tabulated data on observations on the old and new lysimeters at the stafio.i. The peculiarities in the construction of the new lysimeters were described in the Annual Eeport of the station for 1888 (see Experiment Station Bulletin ^o. 2, part I, p. 151). liutions of diiinj aninuds (pp. 401-444). — Tal)les are given showing the quantity and chemical composition of the various foods eaten by each of the cows included in the test of dairy breeds referred to above, from April to September, 1890. Meteorology for 1890 (pp. 445-471). — Tabulated details of observations of the temperature of the air, raiufiill, directioii of tlie wind, amount of sunshine, and soil temperatures at the surfaces and at dei)tlis of from 1 to 18 inches. The yearly summary is as follows : Air temperature (degrees F.). — Maximum, 9().2 ; minimum, 2 ; mean, 48.05. Precipitation.— Total (inches), 3(5.88; number of days on wliicli precipitation was appre- ciable, 134. Wind. — Prevailing direction, W to S\V. Sunshijie (per centof possible). — Maximum, 01.4 (during July) ,• minimum, 12.1 (during December); mean, 33.0. New York Cornell Station, Balletiu No. 32, October, 1891 (pp. 49). Notes on tomatoes in 1891, L. H. Bailey, M. S., and E. Gr. Lode- MANN, B. S. (pp. 143-178, flgs. 3). — This is an account of exi)eriments in a number of difterent lines. Previous reports of investigations on tomatoes may be found in Bulletins Nos. 10, 21, and 28 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, p. 270, vol. ir, p. 3(jlj, and vol, III, p. 91). 13748— No. 6 4 406 Studies of fertilizers (pp. 143-149). — Experiments in tlic field and Ibicing house during- 3 years have uniformly shown that liberal manur- ing increases the yield of tomatoes. In order to determine whether the late application of fertilizers tends to decrease j^roductiveness before frost, an experiment was made in 1891 on 34 plats of light, gTavelly loam. Each x)lat contained about one fifty-fourth of an acre, and received 10 pounds of nitrate of soda (at the rate of 540 pounds per acre). On 17 plats the fertilizer was all applied at one time — June 25, 15 days after the plants were set in the field. On the other 17 plats the ferti- lizer was applied at intervals, as follows: 2 pounds June 25, 2 pounds July 13, 3 pounds August 3, 3 pounds August 28. Three plants of the Igiiotuin variety were grown on each plat. '"The results of the exju-ri- niiMit are presented in two tal)les, tlie former showing the yields previous to the last picking and the latter including the last picking (Octobers)." Yields of tomatoes with different methods of applying fertilizers. C'rii\t provioiis to last pick i ng. To;iil (•n)p Lot I, one application (10 pounds). Average niinib!>r of fruits pin- plant. 14.2 23.0 Average weight of crop i)i!r ]>lant. Pound*. Average weight of iufuvid- ual fruits. Ounce*. 5.7 5.4 Lot II, foar applicaUons (10 pounds). Average number of fruit-s per plant. Average Average weight of weight <> cnipjKT indiviil- plaut. ual fruit.' 13.2 24.5 Pound*. 4.6 8.1 Ounce*. 5.6 5.4 Tiicse results indicate that up to tlic last picking the single applica tion of the fertilizer gave the best yields, but that the eflfect of the inter niittcnt ai>pli(:ition of tlic fertilizer was to increase the yield at the last ]iieking so materially tliat the entire seastm's crop favored this method of a|>]>lieatioii, I'rost held oti' until tho second week of Octoher, so that it happoiierl tli.it tlie iiifcrmittciit fcitilizinj; RUVf ns tho bettiM- result, but bad frost conn' the last of Scptembor. as it fioquoutlv doo.'< at ithm-a, it wouhl have given us th • poorer result. It is therefore not advisable to apply nitrate of soda to tomatoes in this eliniate so late as the latter part of August. Ou the other hand, the tables show that the nitrato gives better results when applied two or three times than when the same amount i-^ applied at once. IJefeionce is made to somewhat similar experiments reported in ]>ulh'tin Xo. 79 of the Xew Jersey Stations (see Experiment Station Kecord, \o\. in. ]>. 3H). in which it was found that two ai^plications of nitrate of soda on the croj) m inuring in July and August increased the yield without delaying m iturity. while one h m \ e irl\- apidiratiou increased the yield at tiie expense of mituritv. Tn anotherexpevimenton 7f(H-tieth-arrei)latsof stony clay loainof poor ([uality. nitrate of sod i. boneblaek, and muiiate of potash were a]>]»lied singly, two by two. and all three together on Ignotum tomatoes .set in the Held June 12. The results, as tabulated, indicate that in single 407 troatmeiitsiiitratoofsodapive the poorest and muriate of potash the best results. In the (h)ul)le combinations the best results were Avitli nitrate of soda and boneblack. The hijihest yield was, howe\er, obtained when all three of the fertilizers were used to.iiether. These results, taken in connectiou with those obtained in 1800, show that nitrate of soda should not be used alone for tomatoes on poor soil. To see whether highly improved varieties of tomatoes would res]iond more readily to the application of fertilizers than small and unimproved varieties, two dozen plants of Ignotura, Ithaca, and the plum tomato ((lolden Fig) were set out on ])oor, hard clay loam. Half of the jdants received a single application of a ''complete fertilizer'' and the other half were not manured. The tabulated residts show that in the improved varieties increase in the number of fruits was accompanied by a decrease in the weight of individual fruits. In the unimjjrovcd variety there Avas less increase in number and no loss in size of fruits, so that there was a greater proportionate gain in the weight of the crop. Kiuiy and late settinrf (pp. WJ, 150).— Plants set in the tield May 9, 1801, gave larger yields than those set June 10, despite the fact that dry and cold weather followed the earlier planting. This agrees with the results of a similar experiment in 1800. Few and many transplantings (pp. 150, 151). — Two series of experi- ments were made. In one the plants were set in the field May 9 and in the other June 10. In both cases a comparison was made of trans- planting once, twice, and three times. The tabulated results show that two transplan tings gave the largest yields, though in one instance three transplantings gave the earliest fruits. Sccdn vs. cuttings (pp. 151, 152). — In 1800 seedling plants were much more i)roductive than cuttings. In 1801 Lorillard plants gave a much better crop from seedlings, but in the case of very poor plants of the Ithaca variety the results were reversed. The cuttings in both lots gave earlier fruits than the seedlings. In a single experiment where cuttings were taken from cuttings of the Lorillard variety the first fruits were obtained quite late, but the yield and size of the fruit were much greater than in the case of the parent plants. The second cut- tings made short, stocky plants with numerous branches, while the first cuttings made a tall growth. Trimming (pp. 152-154). — Experiments in 1800 in trimming plants twice (July 18 and August 25) gave increased earlincss and produc- tiveness. Similar experiments were tried in 1801 on some 40 plants of 7 varieties. Three trimmings (August 3 and 24, and September 18) were made. The results, as tabulated, show that there was increase in earliness only in one case and gain in j)roductiveness only in two instances. In two cases there was a decided loss. " It is therefore evident that if trimming is to be done at all it must be performed rather early." 408 Single-stem trainhifj (pp. int-l .">(;).— ••In the account of forcing toma- toes, given iu Bulletin No. 28 of the station [see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. iii, p. 01]. it was stated that the yield was about 2 pounds per square foot of floor space, which is over three times the yield of a good crop of outdoor tomatoes." To determine whether the house sys- tem of training is i)racticable for field culture several experiments were made. We used iu oue experiment stakes 1^ by li inches and 5 feet high, driven securely into the ground. In another we drove stakes in lightly and held them iu place by two wires drawn in between them iu an alternating fashion near their tops, the wires being held by posts sot every 16 feet. This made a wire and picket fence, except that the lower ends of the pickets were held iu the grouufl. This is the cheapest and best trellis which we tried. » * * We also used perpendicular strings stretched lictweeu two horizontal wires, one near the <'round and the other 5 feet high, and also one or two other trellises, but tlu-v were not so good as stakes supjiorted by wire. The phint was tied loosely to the support, at intervals of a foot or so, as it gr4-w, and all side shoots w«ii-iiinclied out as fast as they appeared. In this way only one stiniwas allowed to grow. Tlie plants were set a foot ai>art in the row, and the rows were 3 feet apart. Several varieties were tried, but only the average results are given. * » » Two series of trellises were erected, and the s:iiiie number of plants was set in an ordinary i»atch alongside each one. » • » Th«' trellis plants gave 1.6 pounds of rii)e fruit to each square foot, while the other plants gave 0.7.5 ponud, or less than half as much. It is to be uoted also that the former gave earlier results. We also found that rot was much less upon the trellis plants than upon the others. It is doubtful if this single-stem training c.in be jtrufitabiy used tur the main lield croi)s, but for early market or choice tradi- aiul Ibr iiome use it appears to possess decided ailvantag<-s. JlilliiKi (]K l"»i>). — An cxpcriiiiciit witli liiiintiiiii i»l;iiils on pom' chiy loam showed no ad\ ;nil;i,i;<' t'mni liillinu as rc,i;;ii(ls cither earliness (»r productiveness. "iy<^/7////"7>/"»^">"(pp- 1 •'»*'». '•'">• — IJuryin."; the stems of badly drawn ]»lants in a Ixtri/ontal position so :is to lea\e only 10 or 12 inches of the stem erect, increased earliness. nnmlicr of fruits ]»er phint. ;ind weight of «'i-op. Nor- ni;il i»l;ints, ]i»»we\c!-. naxc nunh better results than " leu'uy" plants, even wlien the liilter weic set deeji. rnidiK-ts of airhf a ml Inlc I'lidts (pp. |.'>7- 1 ."■•!•). — 'I'he results ;ire tabu- lated of an e\i>eiiMient in whi<'li seeds of S varieties from IVuits |>icked August "» and Sei»t ember 17. were compared. The averages for the seeds of the resperti\c , weight of fruits jjcr ]»lant 7.."> and !>. 1 pounds, weight of indi- vidual fruits 4.1 and 4.(! ounces. In e;iiliness tln-re was no ('(Uistaut ditference. Kererence is ininie to experiments reported in Uulb'tin No. 4Softhe Michigan Statiiui (see lOxpcrinu'Ut Statittu IJcccU'd, vid. 1. ]>. S!») in which the curly anguhir varieties gave better results fr(Mn seed from lirst fruits, while the reverse was true of the round or apple shaju'd varieties. The experiments thus far do not warrant detinite con<'lusions, but "little if anything appears to be gained by selecting seeds from lirst 409 ripe fruits witli no I'cforoiiee to tlie (•lijiractcr of tlio ])liiiit from wiiicli they come." Fruit rot (i>p, 15*.>, 1 •. etc.* — Yellow ap])l«'-shaped sorts. Little Gem, The Cook's Favorite, or similar kinds. — Large red sorts. — Grandifoliuin. Validnm. There is much direct evidence to sup)»ort this genesis of the tomato. The most donlttful point is whether the pear tomato has come from the cherry or is aboriginal with it. For a discussion of the reasons for this tabulation, drawn from morphologv . see an illustrated article in the American Naluralisl, June, 1887, p. 573. 411 North Carolina Station, Bulletins Nos. 80/> and 80^/ (Meteorological Bulle- tins Nos. 23 and 24), September 15 and October 15, 1891 (pp. 17 and 16). Meteorological su^imauy for North Carolina, August and September, 1891, H. B. Battle, Pii. D., and C. F. Von IIerrmann. — Notes on the weather, monthly snminaries, and tabulated daily records of meteorological observations by the North Carolina weather service, cooperating- with the U. S. Weather Bureau. Tlie bulletins are illus- trated with maps of North Carolina showing tlu; isothermal lines and the total j)recipitation at the stations in dift'erent parts of the State. Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 6 (Second Series), October, 1891 (pp. 19). Experiments with small fruits in 1891, W. J. Green (pp. 115- 123, plates 2). — This includes brief descriptive notes on 19 of the newer varieties of strawberries, 7 of raspberries, and 8 of blackberries, and an account of spraying experiments in the treatment of raspberry authrac- nose. The following- summary is taken from the bulletin: Strawberries. — The blossoms of perfect-Howered varieties of strawberries are more easily killed by frost tliau those having imperfect flowers. Haverlaud, Cresceut, Warlield, and Bubach are the most reliable of the fully tested varieties of straw- berries. Gaudy, Pearl, aud Miuer are suitable for pollen izers. The most promising new varieties are Brunette, Barton Eclipse, Beder Wood, Dayton, Enhance, Green- ville, Ivanhoe, Lovett Early, Muskingum, Parker Earle, and Shuster Gem. The following require further trial, but so far seem to be worthy: Bessie, Edgar Queen, and Van Deman. The following appear to have but little value, or at least sonie serious faults: Stevens, Great Pacific, Lady Rusk. Baspherries. — The following varieties are recommended for general cultivation : Gregg, Ohio, Hilborn, Palmer, Turner, Cuthbert, Brandywiue, and Shaffer. The fcdlowing new varieties are promising: Cromwell, Kansas, Lovett, Muskingum, Royal Church, Thompson Earlj- Prolific. Smith Prolific apjiears to be of little value because of its tendency to rust. Blaokherries. — The hardiest varieties and most suitable for this latitude are Snyder, Ancient Briton, and Agawam. Erie and Minuewaski are the most x>romising new varieties. The value of Early Harvest seems to have been overlooked. It is very early and comparatively hardy. Wilson Jr. and Child's "Everbearing Tree Black- berry" are too tender for this latitude. The latter name is a mLsnomer, and the variety is the most nearly worthless of any that have been tested here. Raspberry antliracnose. — The following fungicide has proved efficient: Copper sul- phate 4 pounds, lime 4 pounds, Avater .50 gallons. Four applications should be made during the season, the first before growth has connneuced in the spring and the last just before the time of blooming. Care should be taken in making the second, third, and fourth siirayiugs to direct the sjiray toward the young canes, and to keep it off the leaves of the bearing canes. Six ounces of copper carbonate dissolved in 3 pints of ammonia and diluted with water to 50 gallons is nearly as efficient as the above, but preference is given to the diluted Bordeaux mixture. Diseases of the raspberry and blackberry, F. Detmers, B. S. (pp. 124-131, plates 2). — A description of anthracnose of the rasp- berry and hlaokherry {Gloeosiwrium venetum), Septoria rubi, red runt {Cd'oma nitens), and a bacterial disease of the rasj)berry. 412 Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No 7 (Second Series), November, 1891 fpp. 28). Hessian fly, F. M. Webster (pp. 1.33-158, figs. 8).— Tlie ditterent stages of Ceci(hnnyi(( (Icsfnictor are described and illustrated. A brief account is given of the earlier investigations of this insect in thiseouu try, and a report of the author's observations in Indiana on the num- ber and develoi)nient of the broods, etfeet of the larvie on plants, and the effect of the weather on the development of the fall brood, together with a resum«i of preventive measures, taken from an article by the author in Bulletin No. 23 of the Division of Entomology of this Department (see Kxi)eri?nent Station Itecord, vol. iii, p. 55). Oregon Station, Bulletin No. 12, September, 1891 ipp. 9). Stkawhekries, (I. CodTi: (]>p. 3-S). — Notes and tabulat<'atte«l rows. .Mete()U«)L()GI('al sum.makv, Mahcii-.Iilv, ISIH, J.riLTON, IJ. S. A. (p. D). — A tabulated mcmthly suinnmry of meteorological ob.serva tieratures at de|>tlis of frtuu '2 to 48 inches, taken at tlie State Agricuit uial Colleg*-. Oregon Station, Bulletin No. 13. October. 1891 (pp. 8). .MiSCKI.l.ANEorS ANALYSES AM) SOIL IN VESTIC ATK ».\S, (i. W. SiiAW. M. A. — Tabula(«'d analyses of gypsum, mineral water, and a saline deposit from mineral water. The staticni intends to nmke studies of soils iMeliminary t(» an agrimltural survey of the State, and Un- this purpose desires t<» collect samples of .soils from dilVeient localities. Directions are given tor taking .soil samples. Utah Station, Bulletin No. 8, August, 1891 (pp. 16). SiLAGi:, .1. \V. Sanij<»i{n, 13. S. — A description is given of the station silo, the nu'thod of tilling the siht, and of two icediiig experiments with silage vx. fodder C(un, one with steers ami the other with .sheeji. The silage and fodder corn u.sed were from "nearly ripe "material cut August L'7 : •• t lie leaves and hu.sks were then turning yellow." The feeding trial included <> steer.s, averaging about 720 pounds each in weight, and 0 sheep. The steers and sheep were each divided into two Cipial lots, one lot receiving silage and the other dried fodder corn throughout the trial (alxmt 2i mouths). Both lots received the same amount of a grain mixture, compose ijounds, and tiiose fed fodder corn i»iiiiied 30 [)oimds. The tabidated results iuelude the \veii>lit of each lot at bei-iiiniiig- and close of the trial, the food and dry matter eaten, and analyses of the carcasses of 2 steers from each lot. The con- clusions drawn by the author are unfavorable to the silage system in Utah. Wyoming Station, Bulletin No, 3, November, 1891 (pp. 32). TUE SUGAR BEET IN WYOMING, D. McLauEN, M. S., AND E. E. Slosson, B. S. (pp. 35-63). — Information is given regarding the wcnld's supply of sugar; the (diniate and soil desirable for the sugar beet; and the cultivation, irrigation, harvesting, storing, and cost of raising the beet. The results of analyses of 70 samples of beets grown at the six experiment farms of the station in ditterent parts of Wymning in 1891 aie given. The analyses were made either by the station, the Utah Sugar ('ompany, or this Department. The bulletin also contains directions for reporting the results of ccuiperative experiments to be made by farmers in Wyoming in 1802 with sugar beet seed distributed l)y the station. The average i)er cent of sugar found in the analyses reported was 15.79, with a maximum of over 22 i)er cent; the average ])urity was 78,08. The presence of "alkali" in the soil did not reduce the percentage of sugar. The experiments seem to indicate that the climate and soil of Wyoming are well adapted to the sugar beet, and that the use of irrigation enables the farmer to so control the moisture in the soil as to secure a relatively large sugar content. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE FNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICLLTLKE. DIVISION OF STATISTICS. Eepout No. 90 (new seuies), Novemhek, 1S9I (pp. r)0.vr).'^4). — Tlii.s includes a report on the estimated yield ijer acre of corn, potatoes, cotton, buckwheat, hay, and tobacco; notes from reports of State agents; European crop report for Xovember; an article on agriculture in Par- aguay, South ximerica; notes on foreign agricidture; and rates of trans- portation comi)auies. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Insect Life, Vol. IV, ISTos. 3 and 4, November, 1891 (pp. 87-102, figs. II). — The princi])al articles in this double number are: The Larger Cornstalk borer (/>m/mvT .savrharalis), ])y L. O, Howard; On tlie Habits and Life History of Diahrotica 12-punctatn, by C. V. Riley; A New Herbarium Pest {Carphnxcra ptclearla n. gen. and sp.), by C, V. Riley; Vf/imyia irr/crt/m', the Parasite of the Japaiu'sc Silkworm, by J. Mik; Further Notes on Fanchlora, by 0. V. Riley; Some Studies of the Clover Hay Worm {Asopia costtilis), by F. ^I. Webster: Some of the Bred Para- sitic Hymenoptera in the National Collection (continued); The Three Pear Tree Psyllas {rsi/Ua pj/risufja, I\ pyri, and P. pifricola): The First Introduction of Blasfophafia pscncs into California, by G. Eisen; Com- ments on the Fifth Report of the U. S. Entomological Commission, by J. Hamilton. In the article on the larger cornstalk borer a bibliographical history of the insect is given, together with an account of its life history and habits, illustrated by three figures. In the summer of 1891 the borer was observed to feed on the stalks of gama g:rass {Tripsacum (lacty- loides), thus adding another species to the list of its food plants. For the past three quarters of a century this insect has been recognized as a serious enemy of sugar cane in the West Indies, and for over 30 years has infested cane and corn in the Southern States. It has been particularly abundant in the cornfields of Louisiana, where it was first recorded in 1S.")7. It has slowly si>rcad througlumt the cotton States, and in ISIU seriously injured corn in Virginia and Maryland. -Where 414 415 the old stalks are systematically removed from the field and burned after harvest or during winter, or where a constant rotation of crops is practiced, the cornstalk borer will never become a serious pest." Besides an account of the life history and habits of JHahrotica 12-punctata, the facts relating to the ravages which the larvseof the insect have in recent years been observed to make on young corn, are stated. Tlie different stages of the insect are illustrated, as well as a cornstalk showing punctures made by larvas. Experiments in breeding cages indicated that the eggs of the clover hay worm "may be deposited on the plants in the field, and thus the larvte be drawn to the stack or mow, and also the eggs may be deposited in the stacks in the field early in August." Bulletin No. 6 (Second Edition). The imported elm leap beetle, C. V. Eiley (pp. 21, plate 1, fig. 1). — A reprint of a bulletin on Galcruca .vanthomekvna, issued in 1.S85, with an api)endix stating some additional facts. Tlie observations of the past 6 years tend to modify j)revious conclusions regarding the number of annual broods. In New Jersey it has recently been claimed that there is but one annual generation, but in the vicinity of Washing- ton, D. (J., it is safe to say that there are two broods. Reference is made to a record of spraying experiments by J. B. Smith in Garden and Forest, June 19, 1889. In these exi^eriments a small quantity of kerosene emulsion was added to the arsenical mixture to secure thor- ough wetting of the leaves. The formula recommended by him was: Water 100 gallons, London purple 1 pound, kerosene emulsion 1 gallon. Dilution with 150 or even 200 gallons of water would make a safer and sufticiently effective mixture. DIVISION OF BOTANY. Bulletin No. 14. Ilex cassine, the aboriginal North American tea, E. M. Hale (pp. 22, ijlate 1). — An account of the botany, chemistry, distri- bution, history, and uses of Ilex cassine, a species of holly " growing in the Southern States along the seacoast, not extending inland more than 20 or 30 miles, from Virginia to the Rio Grande. Its leaves and tender branches were once used by the aboriginal tribes of the United States in the same maimer as the Chinese use tea and the South Americans use mate. But while the use of Thea sinensis and Ilex ;paraguayensis still, survives, the use of the shrub above mentioned has been almost abandoned by our native Indians and by the white people who once partially adopted it as a beverage." In 1884 F. P. Venable, Ph. D., of the University of North Carolina, detected the presence of the caffeine in the leaves. Somewhat later he 41G analyzed the dried leaves witli tLe lbll()\\'ing result: Water iu air-dried samples 13.19, extracted by water 26.55, taimiu 7.39, cali'eiue 0.27, uitrogen (on combustion) 0.73, asli 5.75 per cent. In 1885-80 no alkaloid was found by analj'^sis of the leaves and berries of Ilex ojHua, I. dahoon, and /. cassine, except cafifeine in the leaves of the last-named species. Further investigation is needed to show whether this plant can be utilized in any way. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. The distribution of starch in trees during winter, E. Mer {Coinpt. rend., is'Jl, pp. !J(iI-!J07; Centralhl. f. aJ, pp. 515-547). — The author studied the di.stributiou of starch in different kinds of trees diirini;' the nH)nths from October to April, and found it to he far from constant daring- this time. In the mitUUe of October lie found starch abundant in the bark as well as the bast and xylem. A month Inter it had nciirly all disap[»eared from the bark and bast of the brandies and ui)i)er part of the tree; and the amount in the xylem, while ditfering- with the kind of tree, Avas in all cases less than in summer. The resorption of starch went on steadily for a month or two, when it was nearly completed. This condition remaijied without change until early in JVIarch, when the starch granules first appeared in the green bark of the branches, then in the bast, and subsetiuently in the xylem of the upi)er portion of the tree. It appeared later in the bast and xylem of the middle i^ortion of the tree, and last of all in the roots. By the end of April, before the buds had commenced to develop, apparently about the same quantity of starch had been stored up in the tissues of the plant as had been there the September previous. This resorption of starch seems to the author to depend on the respi- ration in the xylem tissue, commencing at the time the leaves begin to lost^ their j^ower of assimilation and continuing up to the beginning of the dormant stage of winter. In support of this theory he cites the following results of experiments with different kinds of woody plants: (1) In beach trees from .which the branches and roots had been removed in x^ugust, the starch had fully disappeared by October. Branches of fir from which the leaves had been removed, when kept in a room, lost in 2 months the entire amount of starch which they had previously contained. (2) Oak, beach, fir, and pine trees were girdled in June some 25 feet above ground. The starch rapidly disappeared from all the tissues in that part of the tree below the girdle, the degree of rapidity of this disappearance varying with the different trees. (3) Young oak and beach branches freed from all leaves and buds, when kept in water away from the light, lost their starch in one case after 2 and in others after 3 months. 417 418 As long as tlie tissue coiitaius a certain quantity of wat<*r, he says the plaut retains its activity, and it may happen that the reserve starch is conipk'tely resorbed aft^r the dormant state has set in. Even after the falling;- of the leaves woody plants vegetate aud respire for a time. These signs of life seem to be strongest in the bast. It is believed that these investigations call attention to two processes in the growth of woody plants, which have long remained unobserved. The first of these is the resorption of starch in autumn, and the second the re-formation of the same in the simng — processes occupying from G to 8 weeks each. It would seem from tliis that the amount of starch stored in reserve in woody i)lants instead of being largest in winter is in fact least. To what extent can free atmospheric nitrogen be utilized for the nourishment of plants? B. Frank [Dviit. landic. rrcx.sv, is'.il. j). 77U). — The author rt'i»orts pot experiments, made with yellow lupine and peas, which lead him to believe that bacteria are not essen- tial in all cases to the assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen. His results indicate that both lupine and peas, when grown in sterilized soila containing liumus, secured considerable (|uantitiesof nitrogen from some source, since the crop harvested contained several times the amount furnished by the seed, and the soils were found to contain somewhat more nitrogen at the close than at the Ijeginning of the experiment. Thesynd)iosis was, however, of advantage to the plants, especially to the peas, or to the lupines grown in light soil deficient in nitrogen, enabling them to secure more nitrogen. Thus, while the nitrogen in the]M'a crop was 1,'i.l times tliat in the s«'ed wlien the plants were kept sterile, it was 2G.5 times that in tlie seed when they were inoculated; and in the case of lupines grown in poor soil, while the nitrogen in the crop was 2.7 times that in the seed wlien tlie plants were kept st«'rile, it was 18.5 times that in the se;'d when the symbiosis was alhnvi'd. Lupiiu' plants grown in soil to which hunuis was added contained, when kei)t sterile, 9.5 tinu^s and when iiiomlated 11.3 times as much nitrogen as had been supi)lied in the seeds. In all of the above cases the soil in tlie pots was slightly richer in nitrogen at tlie end than at the beginning of the experiment. It will be noticed tliat in. these experiments the yel- low lu])ine ])l;nits arunii'ed considerably moie nitrogen when grown in the po(n- soil tiian when grown in tlie richer humus soil, and that they were more benefited by the symbiosis in the former than in the latter case. In other experiments there was no jierceptible advantage from manuring inoculated yellow lupine i>lants with ammonium suli)hate or calcium nitrate, and in fact these plants contained a snmller quan- tity of nitrogen when manured than when grown in nitrogen free soil. The inoculated pea plants, on the contrary, were benefited by the manuring, es]>eeially with calcium nitrate. The author inters from these results that the yellow lupine is eminently adapted to green manuring on light soils deficient in nitrogen, and that for this purpose the land 410 need only be manured with pliosphoric acid and potasli manures. Trials with oats, bucicwlieat, sjjurry {Spcnjnla arrcnsis), and rai)c seemed to indicate that these plants also fix nitrojj^en. The plants were grown in glass jars filled cither with sandy or loam soil, to which potash, phosphoric acid, aud lime were liberally applied. The ])er- centages of nitrogen in the soil before and after the experiment and in the seed and harvested crop were determined. These figures as given show that the nitrogen contained in tlie oat croj) was 34.3 times, that in the buckwheat croj) 11.0 times, that in the spurry 0 times, and that in the rape crop 114.2 times that sui)plied in the seed. The i)ercentage of nitrogen contained in the soil at the end of the experiment was in every case slightly in excess of that contained before the experiment, indicating that the soil had not been depleted in nitrogen by the crop- ping. The author assumes that the nitrogen acquired by the plants was derived from the atmosphere, and without the aid of symbiosis with lower organisms. A new reagent for albumen, J. S. MacWilliam {Rev. intern, ties fahitic. 4, 212; Chem. Centralbl., 18.91, part 2, p. 590). — Sul])ho-salicylic acid is said to give in absolution of 1 part of albumen in i()(),Ot)0 a pre- cipitate which is free from urates, phospluites, alkaloids, etc. The reagent is prepared by heating concentrated sulpliuric acid with salicylic acid, allowing the sulpho-salicylic acid to crystallize out, and then recrystallizing from hot water at 120° F. In making the test the solu- tion to be tested is strongly acidulated, 1 or 2 drops of the saturated aqueous solution of sulpho-salicylic acid added, and the solution shaken. The apx)earance of a cloudiness or a i)recipitate in a few seconds indicates the presence of albumen. If the precipitate is dissolved by heating and reappears on cooling, pei>tones are present. Fat extraction and fat calculation in milk analysis, P. Vieth {Analyst, 1891, pp. 203-208). — In a paper on this subject read before the Society of Public Analysts, London, the author expressed the belief that the practical value of a mathematical formula expressing the relation between the specific gravity, total solids, and fat in milk is now very generally acknowledged by analytical chemists who i)ay more than a superficial attention to milk analysis. The more frequently such a fornuila is proved to be in accordance with the actual facts the more confidently will it b'e employed and the more useful will it become. In the laboratory under his charge (that of the Aylesbury Dairy Comp'iny, London), Avhere about 18,0(K) samples of milk are examined annually, the percentage of fat in the bulk of tlie samples is calculated from the specific gravity and jiercentage of total solids. But gravi- metric fat determinations are made continually, so that the results ol>tained by analysis have been compared in a large number of cases with those obtained by calculation. In these calculations, the Fleischmann formula is used where the solids are determined by drying the milk on 420 plaster of Paris, and the Hehner formula wtiere they are determined by the Adams iiicth(jd, using fat-free paper. Oat of 02S analyses in 1887 of whole milk and skim milk, in which the fat varied from ().l to 10 per cent, the percentage of fat as calculated differed from the per- centage of fat found by analysis by from —0.2 to +0.2 per cent, the average difterence being +0.02 i)er cent. The results of more recent comparisons are given in the following table: Comparison of percentage of fat in milk found by analysis and by calculation. Tear. I Number of samples. 1888 I 1889 .• ^ 1890-91 i 73 143 ^5 119 143 207 Description. Milk Skim milk.. Milk Skim milk. . MUk SkiiD milk.. —0. 2 to +0. 2 -0. -0.2 -0. 2 -0.4 -0.3 +0.2 -fO. 2 -hO.2 +0.1 +Q.I +0.001 +0.019 —0.00 1 +0. 057 —0.143 —0.048 Tlic aiitlioi iK'licvrs the larger average difference obtained in 1S!»(»-01 to be due to a change in the method of analysis — drying 5 grams of milk on plaster of Paris instead of 10 grams, as had previously been used. Differences due to this change have been repeatedly observed by liim in both the i)Iasf('r and iiajxT inctliods. but he is unable to offer any explanation for the difference, romitarisons of the results o])tained l)y the Adams method, using fat-free paper, and l>y calculation ]»y means of llehner's foiinula, show that the average difference in the case of 21 samples of whole milk was +0.03, ami in the ca.se of 70 samples of skim milk. »>.fl per cent of fat. In regard to the manner iind extent of the absorption of the milk by the blotting pai»er in the Adams methoil. Dr. Veith oilers the following explanation : .Milk .sfiiiiii, i. ('. milk iniiuia fat. must not 1h< considfrcfl .1 simplo solution of vjuioiis iHxlits in watt-r. Part of tin- salts, tin- milk sn^ar. and part of the jtrott-ids arc certainly dissolved in the water in the nsnal .si-nse of the term, bnt far the j^reater part of the jiroteids — the easeiii — in eoiineetion with the rest of the niiiural mattt-r, is present in a kind of swollen state, resemldin;; Itnt not identital with solution. * * * In the ])aper proicss the watery solution sinks into the hloftin;^ paper, and the easein eiieasinji the fat is left on and m-ar the snrfaee. .\< lordini; to this tln'ory the fat is left in contar-t with only aliont one thinl of the non-fatty solids, while altont two thinls, ine]ndin<{ the whole of the milk snjjar. are removed from it. That nnder sneli conditions extraction of the fat is made e.isier, ran be readily imaj^ined. H(^garding the n>lative propoifiroteids. and milk sugar in the iiroportion of 2:0:1.'?." Determination of fat in sour milk, M. Ekenberg {('Ik in. Z///., 7.7, ;). IlKi!)). — To make the milk homogeneous, so that an average sample may be taken, it is lecommeiided to add ."» per cent by volume of com- mercial ammonia, and shake. The milk is i<'ndered thin, and, as microscopic examinations imlicatcd, perfectly homogeneous. JScveial 421 determinations, by means of tlKj lactoeiitc, of the tat in sour milk so treated, showed very nearly the same percentage as had been contained in the fresh sample. A slight error was noticed, however, sour milk 2 days old showing an average decrease of 0.05 per cent in fat as com- pared with the fresh sami)le. A correction was tlierefore made by add- ing 0.05 to the results obtained by the lactocrite. It is recommended to make the lactocrite test directly after the addition of ammonia. It is essential to accurate results to add the ammonia to the whole volume of sour milk in the vessel in which it soured, instead of attempting to take an average sample from this, and it is therefore necessary to know the exact volume of the sour milk. j Testing milk by electricity, Dohrmann {MolJi. Ztg., 1891; abs. in Vtljahressch. it. Ghem. d. Kalir. u. GeiiKSfuntl., 6 {18.91), p, 13). — The test depends upon the fact that when a weak electric current is conducted through a column of milk, changes are induced in the strength of the current which can be measured by a galvanometer. It is claimed that the test furnishes reliable indications as to whether milk has become sour or has been watered. The apparatus consists of a tube through which the milk runs, intercepting a weak electric current which is in connection with a galvanometer, and is adjusted for normal milk at 10° 0. A deflection of the needle of the galvanometer to the left indicates sour, and to the right watered milk. The instrument is so arranged that tests can be rapidly executed, a sample of milk being taken auto- matically fi'om each can, which is cooled to 10° C. by passing through a cooler and then run directly through the column. The accuracy of the apparatus in case of watering has been questioned. The eflFect of centrifugal action on the distribution of bacteria in milk, Scheurlen {Arh. a. d. Kais. Ges. Amt, 7, pp. 3G9-282; abs. in Ghem. GentralbJ., 1891, part 2, p. 581, and Milch Ztg., 20 {1891), p. 851). — After proving that treatment in a centrifuge did not destroy the vitality or virulence of bacteria, the author found further that organisms not capable of motion (antlirax bacilli and spores, Prodigiosus, Staphylococous aurens, and tuberculosis bacilli), as well as forms capable of locomotion (il/^^a//v far the larger number of the bacteria contained in tlie whole milk i)ass into the cream, the remainder appearing in the skim milk, or a very small amount in the dirt of the separator. The anthrax spores and bacilli, bacteria of t\-i>hoid fever, and cholera spirilli follow the same course as the common milk bacteria, that is are largely separated with the cream, but the tuber- culosis bacilli are said to form an exception to the rule, being mostly separated by the centrifuge, but sinking to the bottom of the vessel on standing. More or less of the latter, however, remain in the separator milk and the cream. The tests were made with a centrifuge run at the rate of ti'oin L'.(>00 to 4.00() levolutions i»er minute. Bacteriological studies of butter, F. Lafar {Arch./. Hygiene, 13, 2)p. S'J). — The author made numerous determinations of the number of bacteria in samjjles of fresli butter direct from a creamery, and found that in the, majority of the samples the number of live germs per gram of butter ranged from ten to twenty millions. About twenty times as many germs wt without further loss. Samples kept at room temi)erature (lli- to lo^ C.) increased rap- idly in the number of organisms for the first few days, but after that, with theincreasing rancidity of the butter, the organisms rapidly original number of germs. Protractere less successful in reducing the number of germs than the temperature of the breeding oven. Tests of the effect of adding salt to l)utter kept at a low temperature indicated that while the addition of salt considerably 423 diminis"hed fhe number of bacteria, au addition of 10 per cent of salt, was not sufficient to comiiletely destroy all of the germs. Samples of artificial butter were examined according- to tlie same methods used for natural butter. The number of germinating- organ- isms found in 1 gram of the former was about 750,000, while the smallest number noticed in natural butter was 2,405,555. It is stated further that the appearance of the plate cultures of artificial butter in general was very different from those of natural butter. The forms found in the artificial butter were molds, sprouting fungi, and a bac- terium not further described. The effect of cold and of common salt on the germs in artificial butter was tested in the same manner as with natural butter, and the results were found to agree with those obtained for natural butter, the addition of salt up to 13 i^er cent and exposure to a temperature of — 9° 0. for 14 days being insufficient to destroy all the germs. The author announces the above investigations as merely the begin- ning of work which he proposes in these lines. The behavior of bacteria of typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and cholera in butter, H. Laser {Zeitsch. f. Hygiene, 10, pp. 513-530). — The author refers to the investigations of Heim,* who studied the abihty of certain pathogenic bacteria to live in butter. His experiments went to show that cholera germs sown in poor butter sh'ghtly sour lost their vitality in a few days, but in butter of the best quality they retained their vitahty for over a month. Typhoid fever and tuberculosis germs were found active after remaining in butter the former for 3 and the latter for 4 weeks. Gasperini recognized virulent tuberculosis bacilli among germs which had been in butter for 120 days. Laser arrived at different conclusions from Heim with regard to the length of time the germs of these diseases are capable of living in butter. He mixed tuberculosis and typhoid fever bacilli and cholera spirilli each in butter and in the fat and casein separated from butter by heating, and made daily examinations of duplicate plate cultures of each material. Colonies of typhoid fever bacilh ceased to be developed on any of the plates after the sixth day, and there was a steady decrease in the number of colonies each day from the first. Cholera bacteria could not be recognized in either the butter or the casein after 5 days, and those in the fat had disappeared by the fourth day. Heim's experi- ments were carefully duplicated in another series of experiments, but typhoid fever bacilh from fat ceased to develop colonies on the fifth, and those from casein or butter on the seventh day. The vitality of the tuberculosis germs was tested by inoculating guinea pigs. After the germs had been in butter for 6 days their number had diminished, but they still retained their vitality. After 12 days, however, all the bacilli capable of life or infection had disai)peared. «Axb. a. d. Kais. Ges. Amte, vol. 5. 424 Although disagreeing with Heim as to the length of time pathogenic bacteria can live in butter, the author concludes that the geiins of typhoid fever, cholera, and tuberculosis retain their vitality in butter fat long enough (nearly a week) to make infection with these diseases through butter possible. It was noticed in tlie above investigation that a Larger or smaller num- ber of colonies of Oidium laetis developed on every plate culture. Tests of 15 samples of butter of different origin showed the presence of Oidium lactis in every case. The author suggests that as Oidium lactic has not been noticed in other fats or oils, aiul as its presence is easily recognized by means of plate cultures, it might furnish an easy and safe means for the recognition of butter fat, which would be of use in some instances. Investigations of the milk of sixteen thoroughbred Dutch ccws during one period of lactation, "W. Tleischmsinn ( Land ir. J ah rb., j:*0 {1891 1. Siipjih iiiiiit ir. })j>. .v;^). — In issK tin- autlmr published a report of investigations made on the milk of a herd of Dut+^'h cows at the royal domain of Kleinhof-Tapiau during 18S7-8S. The object of these studies was to obtain reliable data forjudging of the value for dairy pur- poses of cows ])r('d in cast Prussia under the control of the East Prus- sian Ilerdbook Scuicty from stock imjjorted directly from Holland. In 1888-89 the investigations at Kleinhof-Tapiau were continued, the herd nuinlicring about 145 cows, 129 of which, on an average, were in milk, and more extensive investigations were made of the milk of IG cows during one period of lactiition. Observations on the milk of the herd. — The o])servations extended from October 1, ISSS, to October 1. 18S9. During this time the cows were milked twice daily, at 4 a. m. and between 4:30 and 5:30 p. ni., accord- ing to the season of the year. On Monday, Wednesday, and Friday of each week separate samples of the mixed milk of the herd were taken at morning and at night, and the speeitic gravity and percentage of solids and fat were determined. Trom these data were calculated the percentage of solids not-fat, the i)enentage of fat in the solids, and the total amount of fat containeoth lots were fed in the barn from October 18 to May 18, receiving during this time about the same coarse fodders, but the first group was led the larger amount of grain. From the middle of .May until the middle of Sei»tember the entire herd was at pasture; and from the latter date to the close of the exjierimentthey were fed largely in the barn, excluding the cows not in milk. The average yield of milk for the whole year was 8.76 kg. per day or 2,844 kg. per year. The average duration of the milking period was 325 days, the cows being dry on an avt'rage about 0 weeks during the year. As the cows were milked at about 4 o'clock in the morning and about 6 425 at night, the longest period between milkings occurred during the daytime. In accordance with this a somewhat larger amount of milk was yielded at night than in the morning. From October 1 to April 1 the cows averaged 1,325 kg. of milk containing 41 kg. of fat per ani- mal; and from April 1 to October 1 they averaged 1,519 kg. of milk with 50.4 kg. of fat. These averages are said to be somewhat lower than those observed during the i)revious year, but in both instances the largest yield of milk and of fat occurred during the summer mouths. In both years the largest average daily yield of milk per cow occurred between April 1 and July 1. In the present experiment the average percentage of solids in the milk of the entire herd was 11.755, of fat 3.214, and of soHds-not-fat 8.541 per cent. The specific gravity of the milk at 15° C. ranged from 1.0275 to 1.0312, the fat content from 2.827 to 3.746, and the soUds from 10.857 to 12.380 per cent during the entire year. The minimum specific gravity and percentages of fat and solids were confined to the last few days of feeding4n the barn and tlie second day after turning the cows out to pasture in the spring. The author believes that without doubt the change from winter to summer food afi'ected the general condition of a large number of the cows. The max- imum daily yield of milk was reached May 30, averaging at that time 12.07 kg. per cow. As mentioned above, the yield of milk was smaller in the morning than that at night, the difference being about 0.5 kg. per cow ; and, as has often been observed in the case of the smaller milkings, the morning's milk was richer than the evening's milk. In the morning's milk the specific gravity averaged 0.00018, the fat 0.077, the solids 0.136, and the soUds-not-fat 0.06 per cent higher than the night's milk. The results of this investigation are summarized by the author in the following general statements : (1) The milk of the larger milkings invariably showed a lower specific gravity and a lower percentage of solids-not-fat than that from the smaller milkings. (2) Taking the averages for the year, the milk from the larger milkings was poorer in respect to every ingTedient than that from smaller milkings, especially when the difference in the amount of milk was over 0.5 kg. (3) In winter, however, the milk of the larger milkings, even when the differences in quantity were very small, were richer in solids and fat and the percentage of fat in the solids was higher. (4) A rise or fall in the specific gravity accompanied an increase or decrease in the content of solids-not-fat. 426 Tlie author jrives the following averages and variations for the milk of the cows imder trial during the whole year : Averages and variationn of tht milk fur J t/ear. Fat Total 80li and 1.374 in 1887-88. The antlior was snr|»ri.> row.s was on one (Kcasi«>n as low as 1,(I2."»1* (at \~>^ C). This oi-cnncd on the evening of May 'JO, 1880, on the second day after the cows had been turned <»ut to pasture. OhHcrrntlons on the milk of siiufle roirn. — As mentioned alcove, these ob.servations were inacct t<» quantity and tjuality of milk, and to secure extensive ami reliable data which might possibly be of value in studying the ]>hysiology of milk s«'ntt<'r yielded by each up to the time the experiment commenced are given. The cows were all fe— 1.7."» kg. per day of a grain mixture (compo.sed of I kg. each. of ground mixed grains and brewers' grains, 1 or 1.5 kg. of wheat bran, 0.75 kg. of sunflower-seed cake, and 0.2."> kg, each of peanut meal and palm nut cake) was fed to each cow as long as she lemained iu milk. To this 427 was added at different times rye, liay, straw, distillery swill, silage froDi grass and serradella, commou salt, and phosphate of lime. The cows were milked at 4 o'clock in the morning and at between 4:30 and 5:30 at night. The milk of each cow at each milking was weighed and sampled. The specific gravity and the percentage of fat were deter- mined in each sample, the latter in duplicate by means of a De Laval lactocrite. The instruments used were carefully verified before use. The weighing and sampling of the milk were all done under the direct supervision of the laboratory assistant. From the yield, specific grav- ity, and percentage of fat calculations were made of the total fat in the milking, the percentage of solids (by means of Fleischmanu's formula*), and the specific gravity of the solids; and fi'om these data the per cent of solids-uot-fat and the percentage of fat in the total solids were obtained for the milk of each cow at each milking. While the cows were at pasture they were only Aveighed once; during the remainder of the time they were weighed once a week, the weighings being made in the morning after milking, 12-15 hours after the last feeding and 16-19 hours after the last watering. Larger variations in the weights of the animals from week to week were noticed when the animals were tresh in milk than when they were well advanced in the milking period. Careful n.easurements and observations were made on each cow with special reference to the external physical qualities supposed to furnish indica- tions of the nulking capacity of the cow. For the milk of each day the specifi;^ gravity was calculated from t'uit of the separate milkings, with due regard to the quantity of milk at each milking. The percentage of fat for the day was obtained by divid- ingthe total amount of fat yielded in the two milkings by the total milk yield for the day and multiplying the quotient by 100. From the specific gravity and percentage of fat the percentage of solids andother data were calculated by the formula given above. For each month the specific gravity and percentage of fat, and from these the other data were cal- culated in the same way as for the day's milk. The fat Avas calculated to butter containing 83.33 per cent of fat by means of the formula a; = amount of fat x , or amount of fat x 1.2. oo.oo This does not give the actual amount of butter which would be yielded if the cream was churned; to obtain the actual amount the results given by this formula must be decreased about 6 per cent. The monthly averages for each cow, including percentages of fat, solids-not-fat, total solids, and fat in total solids, the specific gravity, and the daily yield of milk are graphically shoA\Ti by means of irregu- lar lines. These lines show that in the case of the cows under trial ^ f = (1.2 X f)+ (^2.665 lOOs— 100 \ ^-^^^^ /=total solids, /^percentage of fat, and 8=siiecifie gravity. Kircliner's Milchwirtschaft, 2 ed., p. 134. 428 the percentage of fat in the milk increased with tlie advance of the period of lactation, and that in some cases this increase was iiaitic- ularly marked toward the close of the period. No increase in the ]>cr- centage of fat was noticed when the cows were turned to pasture in tlie spring. Pre^^ous observations by the author, extending over 10 years, on herds of cows in Mecklenburg showed that in general for several weeks after going to pasture there was a very considerable increase in the percentage of fat in the milk. The author believes that the absence of an increase in tliis case can not be due to the cliaracter of the pas- tiue, as it was of a far better quality than that on which the observations in Mecklenburg were made. The only explanation which he is able to ofier is that in the case of the Mecklenburg cows a considerably larger amount of digesti])lc nutrients was consumed daily immediately after being turned to pasture than had been consumed during the stall feed- ing preceding it. lie believes this could not liavebeen true in the case of the cows in the ]>resent investigation. The percentage of solids not-fat showed no very nuirked variations, but in the case of .several cows the percentage was lower in the middle than at the beginning or end of the lactation. The line showing the monthly variations in the i>ercentage of solids very closely follows all the deviations of that for fat. With the exception of - cows, the pemniiim- ot" solids and of fat increased with the advance of the i)eriod of lactation. In the case of 2 cows, one 12 years old and the other of inferior value for milking purp(»ses, the percentage of solids showed very little variation from beginning to end of the ])eriod. The line showing the changes in the percentage of fat in the total solids of the milk is of especial interest. With regaid to the factors governing this percentage, three conditions are conc«'ivable: (1) An in«'rease in the solids-not-fat proportional to the increase in the fat, /. f. the milk retaining its relative tat content and l»ec(»ndng ttnly absolutely richer in fat with the advance of the period; (2) a relatively greater increase in the solids-not-fat than in the fat, /. c. the milk beconung absolutely richer but relatively poorer in fat with the advance of the period; (.'?) a ndatively smaller increase in the percentage of solids not-fat than in that of fat, i. e. the milk becoming not se from the beginning to tlu' end of the period, that is the milk of the cows under trial became both relatively and absolutely richer in fat with the ad\ ance of the i>eriod. While the total activity of tii(» milk glands decreased more and more with the aroportionally slowest of all, that is the secretion of fat decreased more slowly than that of the albuminoids, milk sugar, mineral salts, etc. 429 The line for the specific gravity runs parallel to that for solids-not- fat. In general the yield of milk decreased after the middle of the period. From time to time temporary variations from this rule were noticed, and at such times the percentage of fat in the total solids showed an increase in the case of 8 cows and a decrease in the case of 6 cows. In the case of the majority, therefore, the temporary increase in yield was accompanied by an increase in the relative per cent of fat, that is the milk became relatively richer in fat. These temporary increases in yield, therefore, affected more especially the secretion of fat. Calculations are made of the milk and butter (with 83.33 per cent fat) yielded by each cow per 500 kg. live weight, and during a period of 300 days. The butter yield varied with the different cows from 82 to 148 kg. The author alludes to the unavoidable effect on the profit of dairying which such differences in cows must have, when with the same food and the same live weight, during a like period of lacta- tion, one cow yields 82 and another 148 kg. of butter, a relation of 100 to 180. For further comparison the cows are arranged in groups of four each with reference first to age and second to live weight, the yield of butter and milk per 500 kg. live weight during a like period of lactation being given in each case. The average results with each group are given in the following statement : Relation ietween yield of milk and hutter and age and iceight of cow. Kelation between age of cow and yield per 500 kg. live weight. Number of lac- tation. Yield during period of lactation. MilV. Butter. Kelation between weight of cow and yield per 500 kg. live weiglit. Live weiglit. Yield during period of lactation. Milk. Butter. Group 1 Groii]) 2 Group 3 Group 4 Ito 2 3 5 5 to 11 39.57 30.24 33.08 28.22 Kg. 118 126 126 96 Kg. 581 560 524 489 Kg. 28.74 29.80 31.22 33.35 Kg. 113 111 113 129 The above statement indicates that in this case the oldest cows yielded the smallest and those cows in the fifth lactation, in general, the largest amounts; and that the yield of milk per 500 kg. of live weight increased as the live weight of the animal decreased, that is within this breed the lighter cows gave a larger amount of milk in pro- portion to their weight than the heavier animals. With regard to the butter, while thehghtest cows yielded the largest amount, the difference between the heaviest cows and those of medium weight was not marked. If further investigation should show that under otherwise correspond- ing circumstances lighter cows require proportionally more food for the production of a given quantity of mQk than heavy cows, the lighter cows would still possess the advantage that per unit of weight they produce more milk and butter than the heavier animals. 430 The author states that it is a matter of frequent observation that iu the case of the same cow at two diffeiept milkings, that milking furnish- ing the largest quantity of milk will in general be poorer in percentage of solids and fat; and also that the mixed milk of a number of cows iu the same stage of lactation and receiving the same food, becomes richer in percentage of solids as the period of lactation advances. Reasoning from these facts, a general rule has been assumed to exist, namely, that individual cows or those breeds of cows remarkable for a large milk yield, give milk which on the average is poorer in solids than the milk of individual cows or breeds of cows of ordinary milk yiehl. He grants that under certain conditions such may be the case; but believes that the existence of such a general law or rule renuiins to be proved. With reference to this point tlie cows under exi)eriment were arranged in groups of four acconling to the averag** daily yield of milk per 5(K) kg. of live weight, and the average composition of the milk is given. The averages for each of these groups are given in the following state- ment: Relation biiiceen yield and composition of milk. Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Daily yield per 5 kp. live wei(;lit. Compo!aclied that with the.se cows a deoor, the explanation may be often tbund in in.sunicient nourishment supplied in proportion to the amount of work performed. An arrangement of the cows in groups of four, on the basis of the average percentage of fat in the milk, brings out the fact that with an increase in the percentage of fat in the milk all of the other ingredi- ents of the milk also iucreased. In general then, as shown by the per- centage of fat in solids, those cows which gave milk absolutely richer in f\it, also gave milk relatively richer in fat. The individual ability of the cows to secrete largOi' amiumts of solitl materials in the milk 431 glands did not affect the several milk constituents in the same propor- tion, but did affect the milk fat in a relatively greater degree thau the other constituents. The author summarizes the results observed with these 10 cows as follows : (1) With the advance of the period of lactation, the milk of the individual cows became not only absolutely but also relatively richer in fat; that is not only tlie percentage of fat in the milk, but also the percentage of fat in the solids increased, (2) In the majority of cases in which there was a temporary increase in the yield of milk, the milk became relatively richer in fat. (3) In general the per cent of solids and soUds-uot-fat in the milk was proportional to the per cent of fiit. (4) The milk of those cows which was absolutely richer in fat, was also relatively richer. (5) On the average, the cows giving a large quantity of milk also gave milk with a high content of solids. The concentration of the milk of cows giving a large quan- tity was not surpassed by that of cows giving only a small quantity. (6) So-called butter cows, the milk of which is relatively rich in fat but poor in solids-not-fat, or so-called cheese cows, the milk of which is relatively poor in fat but rich in solids-not-fat, were not found among the cows on trial. (7) In the milk of all the cows the quantity of fat varied more widely than that of any other constituent. (8) The specific gravity of the milk of individual cows was found in general to bo directly proportional to the percentage of solids-not-fat. (9) The milk relatively richest in fat was yielded by the youngest cow (No. 1),. and that relatively poorest in fat by a cow over 7 years old, which seemed to possess- only inferior ability in the secretion of fat. With regard to the manner in which the milk is secreted, the author puts the following questions, which are suggested by the above results: Are we to assume that in the milk glands of the coav as many different and more or less independent forces are at work as there are constitu- ents of the milk, and that each of these forces provides for the formation of a single constituent of the milk? Or shall we think rather of the milk glands as possessed of forces which are first of all directed to the formation of milk fat, and that the other milk constituents occur in a sense as by-products? Or is neither one of the above cases true? The author does not enter into a discussion of these questions. It has been shown that the diminution of the activity of the milk glands as the period of lactation advances affects the secretion of fat proportionally less than that of the other milk constituents. It was further observed that fluctuations in the regular flow of the milk during lactation usually affected the secretion of fat. Finally it was observed that not only the degree of concentration of the milk, but to a certain extent the milk yield also seemed to be determined by the relative tend- ency of the milk glands to secrete fat. The paramount importance of the fat secretion is further evidenced by the fluctuations in the per cent of fat, which are greater than those of any other constituent. In fact, the author states that it would almost seem as if the active forces in the milk glands were occupied to a very large extent with the formation 432 of fat, or in other words as if the whole milk secretion was more or les.s controlled by the secretion of fat. He says that if the facts indi- cated by this experiment should be confirmed by future investigation, the attempts at improvement in the milking qualities by intensive feeding, breeding, selection of individuals, etc., might reasonably be expected to haveau effect bothon the quantity of milk and onits richness in fat. Further, the fact long believed to be true in practice, that in general it is possible by increasing the amount of food nutrients to make the milk of cows richer in fat, absolutely as well as relatively, would seem to be fully confirmed. From this it would follow that in the case of good cows rations far in excess of the normal rations at pres- ent deemed sufficient could be used with good returns. The action of water on lead pipes, J. H. Garret {VII Intern. Congress for ffi/i/iene and Vemof/raphy, London ; abs.in chem. Centralbl,, 1891, part 2, p. 720.) — It is stated that previous to being dissolved, the lead in lead pipes used for conducting water is oxidized. This oxidation takes place either through the oxygen dissolved in the water ; or through the combined oxygen of the water which is freed by the action of the lead; or by the presence of other metals, in consequence of electrolytic processes; or, and principally it is believed, by the reduction of the nitrates contained in the water. The nitrites by oxidation to nitrates serve as an oxidizing medium, and by access of air provide for the continuous solution of the lead. Alkaline water containing carbonates acts only on new lead pipe, because a layer, i>robably consisting of a basic carbonate of lea, October 30. 1891,— The l)ij,'e.stibility of Cotton-?oe.l TTnlls. and of a Kation of Cottcm-Seed Hulls and Cotton-Seed Meal; Comjiari.son of Com- position and Di<;estibility of Wheat .Straw and Cotton-Seed Hulls; the Ferti- lizing Constituents Ke<<»vered in Manure in these Experiments. Ohio AGRicrLTiKAL Experimf.xt Station: Bulletin vol. IV, No. 7 (second series), November, 1891. — The ilebsian Fly. Oregon Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 14. — Notes on Insecta. South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 3 (new series) October, 1891. — Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin, vol. iv. No. 4. October, 1891. — Some Fungous Diseases of the (Jrape. AoRici i.tural Experiment .station ok Vtah: BuHetin No. 9, December, 1891. — Time of Watering Horses; Whole r». Ground Grain for Horses. WvoMIN»r AORUTLTrRAI. EXPERIMENT STATION: Bullotin No. 3, November, 1891. — The Sugar Beet in Wyoming. DOMINION OF CANADA, Ontario AoRicrr.TrRAi, College Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 70, December 1, 1891. — Feeding Grade Steers of Different Breeds. 66 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. W. HARRIS, DIRECTOR EXPEKIMENT STATIO]Sr RECORD Vol. Ill, No. 7 PUBLISHED 13 Y AUTDORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 189 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. rape. Editorial notes 439 Statistics of the agricultural experiment stations in the United States for 1891 439 Institutions for agricultural education and research in France 440 Abstracts of station publications 443 Alabama College Station 443 Bulletin No. 28, November, 1891 443 Arizona Station 443 Bulletin No. 3, October, 1891 443 Bulletin No. 4, November, 1891 444 California Station 444 Bulletin No. 95, December 10, 1891 444 Illinois Station 444 Fourtli Annual Report, 1891 444 Louisiana Stations 444 Bulletin No. 12 (second series) 444 Missouri Station 444 Bulletin No. 16, November, 1891 444 Nevada Station 445 Bulletin No. 13, October, 1891 445 New York Cornell Station 447 Bulletin No. 33, November, 1891 447 North Carolina Station 452 Bulletin No. 80, October 1, 1891 4.52 Bulletin No. 80r, October 30, 1891... 452 Oregon Station 452 Bulletin No. 14, December, 1891 452 Pennsylvania Station 4.53 Annual Report, 1889 453 Bulletin No. 17, October, 1891 468 Tennessee Station 470 Bulletin Vol. iv. No. 4, October, 1891 470 Utah Station 470 Bulletin No. 9, December, 1891 470 Bulletin No. 10, December, 1891 470 Vermont Station 470 Fourth Annual Report, 1890 470 Wisconsin Station 480 Bulletin No. 29, October, 1891 480 III IV Page, Abstracts of ]ml)liratioiiR of lTTiit<>d Ptntes DiparfiiK nt nf Agriculture 4X4 Keport on the T'so of ^fnizp in Europe 4K4 Division of VegetaMc Pathology 4X5 Bulletin No. 1 IK'S Weather Hureau 1X6 Monthly Weather Review. \ <•!. \i\. N i'each yellow s and peach rosette, E. F. Smith 4.*C> Sojue fungous di.scases of the gra]tc, F. LamsonSeribner 170 Some fungous diseases of ]dants in Vermont. L. H. .lones 179 Exi)eriment with combined fungicide and insertieide on potatoes ;it Vermont Staticm. C. W. Minott 4x«l l',\pci iiMCMls on pot.ito rot at \ eiiiiont Station, L. K. .bnies 179 KN TnMol.iMiY. Wire worms. J. II. < onistork and M. V. Slingcrland 117 The i)eriodical cicada in renn.sylv.ini a, W. .\. Buckhout 462 Kiitomological notes from Oregon. F. L. Washburn 452 MKTIoKoI.OliY. Meteorological observations at Columbia, Missouri n."> Meteorology at rennsylvania St.ition, W. Frear 4tU b'elation of meteorological conditions to the development of corn, W. Frear and W. II. Caldwell 4«W> Monthly Weather Review of United States Weather Bureau, Vol. xi\, Nos. 7. 8, and 9, .hily, August, and September, 1891 4XH WATKH. Water .in.dysis at .\rizona Station. C. B. Cosition of drainage waters tVom bare and eulti\ate(l soils. 1'. V. Deln'-- rain 492 FERTIl.lZEI'.r.. Page. The composition of hone of vnrions (Icgrees of liueness as fonnd in conimeroial ground 1 nmv. W. Frear 463 Comparative value of ditterent forms of phosphoric acid, H. P. Ariiishy and AV . H . C al d w el 1 461 Composition and fertilizing value of tannery ashes, W. Frear 468 Fertilizer analyses at Vermont Station 471 Fertilizer experiments at Pennsylvania Station, W. H. Caldwell 461 Fertilizer inspection in Louisiana, W. C. Stubbs 444 CROPS — VARIETIES — FIELD EXPERIMENTS. Introduction of maize into Europe, C. J. Murphy 484 Nitrogen supply of corn, W. Frear and H. P. Armsby 463 Tests of varieties of potatoes at Missouri Station, J. W. Clark 445 Tests of varieties of wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and corn at Pennsylvania Station in 1889, W. H. Caldwell " 453 Sugar beet experiments in Nevada, E. H. McDowell and N. E. Wilson 445 CROPS — CURING AND STORAGE. Silos and silage, F. E. Emery 452 Comparison of ensiling and field curing for Indian corn, H. P. Armsby and W. H. Caldwell 457 HORTICULTURE. Watermelons and cantaloupes at Alabama College Station, J. S. Newman and .1. Clayton 443 Strawberries, peas, and beans at Utah Station, E. S. Richman 470 Notes on new varieties of vegetables at Pennsylvania Station, G. C. Butz 461 Tests of varieties of vegetables and small fruits at Vermont Station, C. W. Minott 479 Experiments in horticulture at Missouri Station, J. W. Clark 444 Systematic testing of new varieties, G. C. Butz 461 SEEDS. Should farmers raise their own vegetable seeds ? G. C. Butz 461 Distribution of seeds and plants by California Station, E. .J. Wicksou 444 Germination tests at Pennsylvania Station, G. C. Butz 461 FEEDING STUFFS — FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Feeding standards and (•(>mi)osition of feeding stuffs, H. P. Armsby 453 The food value of brushwood, A. Stutzer 493 The food value of maize, H. W. Wiley 484 Changes in potatoes in keeping, E. WoUny 493 Effect of succulent food on the chnrnal)ility of the fat in milk, W. W. Cooke.. 472 Effect of heavy feeding of grain on (luantity and quality of milk, J. L. Hills. 472 The value of cotton-seed meal :is compared with wheat bran for the jjroduction of butter, T. F. Hunt 468 Digestion experiments with cows at North Carolina Station, F. E. Emery and B. W. Kilgore 452 Soiling system for milch cows, H. P. Armsby et al 453 VI Comparative effects of hay, silage, and cora fodder as fed to iiiilcb cows, J.L. Hills 473 Light i«. heavy meal for mildi rows, J. L. Hills 474 Effect ou quantity and <|uality of milk of the change from Ijarn to iiasture, J. L. Hills '. ] 477 Fattening ]aml).s for the Uriti.sh market, T. 8haw and C. A. Zavitz 496 Feeding shorn and unshorn laui]t.«iu winter, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 496 Effect of food on wool til>ers, \V. W. Cooke and L. R. Jones 471 Measurements of wool fibers, W. W. Cooke and L. K. Jones 471 Pig-feeding experiments at Vermont .Station 478 Time of watering horses, J. W. Sanborn 470 Whole VH. ground grain for horses at l^tah Station, J. W. Sanborn 470 On the re hit ion of live stock to fertility, H. P. Armsby 453 i>Aii:vi.\i;. Study of milk globules at Vermont Station, L. \i. Jones 472 iJeterminatiim of casein in milk. J. Koux 497 Itelation of fat and casein in milk. W. W. Co«ike 475 Cream raising by dilution. .1. L. Hills 476 Creaming exi)erimeiits at Wisconsin Station. S. M. Uabcork 480 Milking two ami time tiuus a day, J. L. Hills 474 MiTliaui«al losses in handling milk, .1. K. Hills 474 Miscellaneous notes on dairy work at NCrmout Station. W. W. Cooke 478 TKCIINoI.OliY — AiJIUc I Ml ItAl. KXX STATISTICS. Fourth Annual K.-jMut of Illinois Station, 1N91 Ill Keport of director of I'ennsylvania Station for 1X89 4.'>3 Financial statement of Pennsylvania Statiiui for 1889 4."»3 I>egislati(ui relating to Pennsylvania Station 4r»3 Kejiort of director of \'ermont Station for 1890 470 Finaiu'ial statement of Vermont St.itiiui for 1890 470 Abstracts of bulletins of Vermont Station 471 A<;U!« I I.TIItAL STATISTICS. Indian corn industry in the Lnitcd Stat< s, IJ. \V. Snow 484 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. III. ISSUED FEBRUARY, 1892. No. 7. EDITORIAL NOTES. Agricultural experiment stations are now in operation under the act of Congress approved March 2, 1887^ in all the States and Territories except Idaho, Montana, and Alaska. In several States the United States grant is divided, so that 49 stations in 46 States and Territories are receiving money from the United States Treasury. In the States ot Alabama, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and New York sep- arate stations are maintained entirely or in j)art by State funds, and in Louisiana a station for sugar experiments is maintained mainly by funds contributed by sugar planters. In several States branch or substations have been established. If these be excluded, the number of stations in the United States is 55. During the past year o new stations have been established, viz, in Washington, Wyoming, and Oklahoma. The sta- tions with this Office received during 1891 about $925,000, of which $680,000 was ap]n'opriated from the National Treasury, the rest coming from State governments, private individuals, fees for analyses of fer- tilizers, sales of farm products, and other sources. The stations employ 473 persons in the work of administration and inquiry. The number of officers engaged in the different lines of work is as follows: Directors 70. chemists 113, agriculturists 47, horticulturists 50, botanists 30, ento- mologists 36, veterinarians 22, meteorologists 14, biologists 4, viticul- turist 1, physicists 4, geologists 2, mycologists 3, microscopists 2, irrigation engineers 3, in charge of substations 26, secretaries and treasurers 24, librarians 7, clerks 19. There are also 43 persons clas- sified under the head of miscellaneous, including superintendents of gardens, grounds, and buildings, foremen of farms and gardens, apia- rists, herdsmen, etc. During 1891 the stations published 49 annual reports and 255 bulle- tins. The maihng list of the stations now aggregates about 350,000 names. At a low estimate a total of 40,000,000 pages, containing information on agricultural topics, have been disseminated among the people during the past year; furthermore the results and jirocc'sses of 439 440 expeiimeuts are described in thousands of newspapers and other periodicals. The calls upon station officers to make public addresses are numerous and increasing. The station correspondence with fanners is now very large, and touches on nearly every topic connected with farm theory and practice. A number of stations have made exhibits of the processes or results of their investigations at the State and county fairs. There have been many evidences of public ajtproval of the stations and their work, as indicated by acts of the State legislatures in their behalf; gifts of money by local communities, agricultural associations, and private individuals; and by commendations of their work in the agricultural journals as well as by farmers. The relatively large space given to reports of work of the stations in the agricultural press is also an indication of the favor in which the work of the stations Is held. Numerons changes have been made in the officers of the stations dur- ing the year. Under i)resent conditions it is ine\ itable that changes should often occnr. A large number of stations Inn e b^'cn brought into existence at one time under conditions little known even to local mana- gers. It must be exjjccted that some time will i)ass before the right men tind the right places. There are already evident advantages arising out of transfer of men from one station to another. It ishojx'd, however, that as the lines of work which each station may mostadvan tageously undertake become more clearly defined, and the advantages of cooperation and of division of labor are better understood, tin* dennmds of the work in particular localities and the lU'cessity for restricting the investigations of individual stations to a limited number of i)roblems will tend to develop si)ecialists and to make the tenure of their office much more permanent. The following statements regarding education ami research in agri culture in France are based on a re]>ort made to the recent International Agricultural Oimgress at the Hague, by K. Tisserand. The system of education ami icsearcli in agriculture now in operation in France includes (1) schools of agricultural science, (2) higher schools in which scientitic and practical instructitm in agriculture is given, (.?) secondary schools in which the theory ami pra<-tice of agiiculture arc taught. (4) schools of a]tprenticeship, (.j) courses in agriculture in con nection with institutions for general education or with universities, (0) agricultural experiment stations and lalxu'atories. In the lirst class the principal institution is the lust it ut yationat Ar primary schools. Especial develni«-tirf. (3) Sfroiiilarv ii^riiiilliinil Hrlionls (4) Aitprciitii'cshiii hcIihoI.s 3 veteriiiury achnolH with 18 I>rliate. kainit, sulphate of potash, nniriate of p()tasli, and laml plastei'; ami the text of the State law relating to I'aris gn'cn, with :in;il\ses df 10 samples of this in.sec- ticide and 3 samples of water. Missouri Station, Bulletin No. 16. November. 1891 (pp. 21). KXPKKIMKNTS IN HOlJTKl LTl RE, J. W . (LAKK, li. S. — TllC.se included an exiieriment in covering i)each trees to j»rotect the fruit buds fiom injury during the winter; ob.servationson thcsiu-ead of jn-ar Itlighi : and tests of strawberries, potatoes, and seedling fruits. 445 Peach trees, winter protccUon (pp. 3-8). — Notes and tabnliitod dntaon an experiuieut in which four trees, 3 years old, were bent (»\er to the ground and covered with straw to the depth of about 1 ineh, A self-regulatinj:; inaxiinum anrl iniiiiimiin tliirnioineter was plaot-d inside with each tree. One of these trees was supplied with an arianjicnient for vcntihition, and was opened rejruhirly in tlie morning and closed at night. The other tree was opened once a day and then only long enough to read the thermometers. The two remain- ing trees were not opened from the time they were covered until they were uncovered in the spring. * * * The effects of covering trees, as shown by this experiment, were: (1) Trees covered during cold weather were subject to less variation of tempera- ture than when unprotected. This was more marked when the change was sudden and of short diu'ation. (2) In cold weather the trees were warmer and in warm weather they were colder than the outside atmosphere. * * * (3) No perceptible injury was done to the trees or the crop in laying the trees down. I'hey blossomed as full and set their fruit as well as trees not treated. They also held and ripened their fruit and made as healthy a growth as the other trees. Pear blight (pp. 8-10). — Observations on the station orchard are reported which indicate that the germs of the pear blight {Micrococcus nmylovorus) spread in the direction of the prevailing winds, and that the blight works downward on the trees. Temperature andrninfaU (pp. 11, 12). — A tabulated record of the min- imum and maximum tcmiK'ratures and of the rainfall at Columbia, Mis- souri, April-September, 1801. Strawberries (pp. 12-16). — Notes and tabulated data on 102 varieties. Potatoes (pp. 17-21). — In a test of 10 varieties grown from Northern seed (1891) and home-grown seed of the second and third years' plant- ing (1889 and 1890) from Northern seed, the yield was largest in the case of 10 varieties from Northern seed of 1891. Tabulated data are also given for 68 varieties tested at the station. Dictator and Early Sun- rise have been the most productive varieties during the past 3 years. Seedlimi Jruits (p. 21). — A brief note on experiments with grapes, rasp- berries, and straAvberries. Nevada Station, Bulletin No. 13, October, 1891 (pp. 40). Sugar beet experiments, II. H. McDowell, B. S., and N. E. Wilson, B. S. (figs. 4). — An account of experiments in growing sugar beets at the station and by a number of farmers in Nevada. Data regarding the cultivation and growth of the crop and the analyses of samples are given in notes and tables. At the station and in many cases elsewhere irrigation was enii)loyed. The varieties used were Dippe Klein Wanzleben and Vilmorin Improved, from U. S. Department of Agriculture; Desprez, from Grand Island, Nebra.ska; and Improved Klein Wanzleben and Betterave a Collet Rouge, from Watson ville, California. 44G Tlic follrtwiii^^ smiiriKiiios of the results are taken fnuii the bulletin Average analyses of thesereral rarieties, State at large. "Varietv of beeta. Dippe Klein "Wanzleben Vjiniorin Improved PesprfTi JSfttcravc i Collet Rouge. . . Improved Klein Wanzleben Sucrose | p,,Htv in juice. ^""'>- Per cent. Per tent. 17.06 I 91.18 19.32 »5..^^ 12.57 80. lj)pe Klein Wnnzlehen 21.79 Vilinoriii Inijiroved 19.57 P.xpr.z. Mavis 22. 39 DiHprez. Mil V 19 21 . 66 Iiiipniveil Klein Wanzleben 2l>. 93 I?et trravo i Collet Rouge 17. 12 Improved Klein Wanzlel)on. July 1 i 16. 18 Percent. 19.41 17.90 20.05 20.00 17.88 15. 42 15.07 Per eenl. 89.(rr 91.4«> 89..^4 92. :u 85. 4J 90. U7 93.13 Ah far as is indicalid l>y siiyar cmitiiit al«»iu>, tliose varictii-s wliich liavo dono tin- best nvt-r tlif State at lar;iP arr I><'sj»nz, \ilnii>riii Inijirovi'il, and I>ippo Klein Wanz- lil.ni. ' * • l?«M'ts analyzed at this station varied in 8nen»so ])errentaj;e from 2.1 to something; over 2S (one )»erfe(tly fresli sani]ile analyzinles analyzed contained between 11* and IN j>er eent siurose, and 20 j>er eent eon- taine«l over 18 per ecnt snerose. * * The gent'ral averajje of all samples reeeived is total s(didB 17.17, snerose 13.20, purity 7fi.87 per cent. This .iverajiP of snerose, while not a« hifjli as wo could desire, is very fair, and cxr-eeds that of Germany last season, which was estimated at 12. .'v» per cent. Two of the factors quite prominent in lowerinj; this averajje of snerose percentape are, lack of proper lulf ivalion. )ir>nnittinp the ])eets to prow too larpe, and the raising of lu-ets on stronji alkali soils. I'liriiilions n/ siirrose in upprr and loirrr hnlres of fire sampler of heels. Total solids. SacroM. Purity. Number nf sample. Upper Lower half. half. \'^' Lower half. I'pner half. I«ower half. 1 Per et. Per et. 10. .M 11.51 12. 98 12. 89 2:<.01 11.64 14.37 : 17.14 20.40 19.23 PereL 7.00 9.M 4.40 10.00 14.90 PereL 8.70 10.40 14.60 18.00 PereL 66.60 73.11 19.12 69.58 73.03 Pet eL 75 58 80 68 3 64 43 4 5 8.V 18 93 60 447 The following meteorological summary by W. E. Barney shows the, cliniatic con- ditions under which the station beets were grown : Highest temperature (degrees F.) Lowest temperature Mean temperature Total precipitation (incties) Number of cloudy days Number of days on which 0.01 inch or more of rain fell. First frost - May. 77.0 :iO. 0 53.6 2.73 8 14 June. 89.6 32.5 ■59.2 0.41 July. 95.0 38.0 68.4 trace 0 0 Aug. 96.0 37.0 71.2 trace 1 0 Sept. 92.0 31.0 59.1 0.,54 7 6 24 Oct. 77.3 25.3 51.6 trace 2 0 New York Cornell Station, Bulletin No. 33, November, 1891 (pp. 80). WiREWORMS, J. H. COMSTOCK, B. S., AND M. V. SlINGERLAND (pp. 193-272, figs. 21), — This is a detailed report on breeding-cage exper- iments with a view to discovering a practical method of preventing the ravages of these pests, and the study of the life history of several common species. Previous notes by the author on wireworms and the means for their repression may be found in Bulletin No. 3 and the Annual Eeportof the station for 1890 (see Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, part i, p. 169, and Exi)eriment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 502). The breeding and root cages in use at the station are described and illustrated. The ex]>eriments reported were in the following lines: (1) Protection of the seed by a coating of Paris green and flour or of tar, and by soaking in a solution of salt, copperas, chloride of lime and copperas or strychnine, or in kerosene oil or turpentine; (2) destruction of the larvse by starvation in clean fallow or in soil in which buckwheat, mustard, or rape was grown; by the ajjplication of kerosene oil, kero- sene emulsion, crude petroleum (pure and as an emulsion), poisoned dough, or bisulphide of carbon; and by the use of the fertilizers — salt, kainit, muriate of potash, lime, chloride of lime, or gas lime; (3) destruc- tion of pup8B and adults (click beetles) by fall plowing or by trapping. Coafinff seed earn with Parh f/reen nnd Jfour {\^\^. 200-203). — Credit for suggesthig this method is given to C. H. Fernald, Ph. I)., who proposed it in connection ^vith notes on Aphodius granarius in the Annual Ee])ort of the Massachusetts Hatch Station for 1888 (see Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, part i, p. 91). In experiments covering 2 years "the only apparent result of such coating was to retard the sprouting of the seeds. When wireworms did eat seed thus coated they did not appear to be injuriously affected by the poison." Coating seed corn tcith tar (pp. 203-205). — The results of the different experiments varied considerably, but in general they show — That sometimes larvte will attack seed corn even when it is completely coated with tar. In actual practice but few of the kernels would get a complete coat; it requires considerable disagreeable labor to apply the coating; germination is con- siderably retarded, even when the kernel has been previously soaked in water; and corn thus treated can not be readily used in a planter. 448 Soaling seed corn in salt solution (i)p. LM>5, 1*00). — Corn was soakod in brine from 10 to 20 hours before planting. "Tliis series of exjter iments, extending over a jieriod of nearly a year, make it evident tliat corn soaked in a saturated salt soluti<»n is as readily eaten by wire- worms as if not tlius soaked, and no injury results to the wirewornis." Soakinff seed corn in copperas solution (]>p. 206-208). — "After two seasons of exiicriiiK'ntation with the copjieras solution we have no results which iiidicjite that wireworms will not rat and destroy seed soakecl in this solution as readily as an\' other, and re(ci\e no injuiy therel'roni." 'i'lie ad the kernels treated were not attacked by the wireworms, but opposite results were obtained in the following sjtring, so tliat the author is not jueparcd to recommend either of these treat nuMits. Soaking seed corn in strtfrltninr sartsof \\ater by weight were " neithei distasteful nor m;ide to the linding of '• fungus killed larva-" in the breeding <'agi's. Speci- nu'ns were submitted to Protessor Thaxlj-r, who rep<»rted that the dis ease was prob;il>ly i-aused by Mt ttirrhizinni tnii.sn/tlitr. Starratitin Inj rhan I'alUnr (pji. •Jll-21."»). — In October, 1S;k», hiiNa- wen' jilaced in j-ages in which j-lover an had been sown, and in others containing only a soil nnnle up ol sand and garden loam, or of these ingredients togetln-r with hat mold. About a year from that time "Just as many wiieworms remaim-d alive in the cage where no vegetation had been allowed to grow as in the cheek «age in which grass had been kept growing. In the cage.>-' where no more vegetation has would i>re\(iit the growth of wireworms. Tlu^ ravorablo n-sulta n'i>orttMl fmiii jimwinp a rrop of rajie liavo no (l«iiil»t Imcii dtjo in a yroat mcasnro to tlio fait fliat tin- crop is usnally nmwn antl rultivatod (liirinjj the summer months, tin- period wlien a hnur percentage of the wireworms are ehanginji to jtupa'. This is a eritieal ]>eviod witli these pests, for whenever they have l)een disturbed in our breeding cagesat tliis time the puj>ie and thehirva- whiih are eliauging to ]>up;e invariably die soon. E.rperiments irith insecticides (pi>. 2L'(I-L'2(»). — Kerosene emulsion was fouml tobenu>re etfective than kerosene oil. The former "is readily mis rible with water, and c;in be made to permeate the soil more thorotighly and t«» a greater depth without as much danger of injury to vegetation. 449 But iicitlior the ennilsion uor the pure kerosene cnii lie pr<>fitiil)ly jipplied on a large scale to destroy wireworms." The results with crude petroknrn, xmre or in emulsion, were not as promising as those Avith kerosene emulsion. Sweetened dough jwisoned with arsenic, which was used with some success to destroy the click beetles, did not prove attractive to the wireworms. Bisul})hide of car- bon at the rate of about 150 gallons per acre destroyed the larva\ "Its use will be practicable and profitable only on limited areas where choice l)lants are attacked." Experiments with fertilizers (i)p. 226-244). — The experiments with salt indicated that to destroy the wireworms it must be used at the rate of about 8 tons per acre, an amount very destructive to vegetation, and when applied at the rate of 1,000 pounds per acre (a heavy dressing) it "neither drives the wireworms deeper into the soil nor causes them to migrate any ai)preciable distance." Kainit used in experiments during 7 months seemed to have "but little if any effect on Avireworms in the soil even when applied in very large quantities, as from 4 to 9 tons per acre." It should be noted that these results are diametrically opposed to those obtained by Prof. J. B. Smith of tlie New Jersey Station. In Insect Life, vol. 4, Nos. 1 and 2. p. 45, Professor Smith says • "I have followed out my ijiquiries into the action of certain fertilizers as insecticides, and am more than ever convinced tliat in kainit we have a powerful ageut for the destruction of worms infesting sod land. Where tliis mateiial is used before planting corn even on old sod, cutworms and wireworms will do no injury. In addition 1 always advise fall plowing to give the winter a chance. Direct experiments in the laboratory show that Elater larvte will die in soil that contains kainit, though it acts slowly and 2 Aveeks are required to produce a complete result." Muriate of potash " had to be used at the rate of from 4 to (i tons per acre to have any effect on the larva, and then it was not as effective as the cheaper kainit or the much cheajjer common salt." " Lime applied at the rate of even 200 bushels per acre, either slaked, unslaked, or as limewater, had no effect u])on the wireworms." Clilo- ride of lime was effective only when used at the rate of nearly (i tons per acre. Gas lime "applied fresh and at the rate of from 20 to 40 tons per acre was partially effective against wireworms." Destruction of pupm and adults {cUch beetles), (pp. 244-250). — The experience of the author leads him to agree with those who recommend fall plowing as an effective means of checking the increase of wireAvorms. A short rotation of crops is recommended " to farmers having land badly infested with wircAvorms." The author thus explains the benertcial results which folloAV fall plowing: In the case of the more common species of AvireAvorms the insect assumes its adult form in August, but " remains in the ground in the cell in which it has undergone its trans- formation till the following April or May." This quiescent period seems to be necessary to the life of the insect. 15155— Is"o. 7 2 450 In f'V( TV case where the soil in the Ineedinp cages was disturbed after the itiHetts had traiisfurnied, the l»eetles perished. Tlie only way in which we have been able to rear active adnlts h.is been to leave the soil in the breeding cages nndisturbed from midsnmnier till the followinji spring. This experience clearly indicates that by fall ]dowing we can destroy the beeth-s in the soil, and thns prevent their maturing and de]iositing eggs the following sea- son. The plowing may be done at any time after July 20, for our experiments show that l)y that time all the mature wireworms have changed to pupte. After plowing the soil should be well pulverized and kejit stirred up so that the little earthen cells of the pupa; and adults may be destroyed. A summary is jjiveii of the fxperimoiits in trapping with iKtisoiiiMl baits, reported in Bulh'tin No. .i of tlie station referred t<) al>ove. "Tlie best results were ol)t;iin<(l l».v dipping a small handful of fresh-eut clover into Paris-jriccii water and jdaeiiiu" tlie bmielies under boards in various parts of the field," From May 1 to October 1, 1.SS9, six common tubular lanterns were kept lijjhted in tlu' field every nijjht. Oidy SO specimens of click beetles were captured, representing (5 jjfenera anr(interitni ilorsdli-s, Athom cvruUatm, A. nifi/mns, Melanotux cruheraits, M. ncrobicoUin, M. communis, M. safjittariuK, M. nmericanus, Conjmhites snlcicoUis, anp. L'.">l-L'."iS). — Notes on •»bsei\ations regarding the life history and habits of Agriotett manant, with a detailed technical descriittion of the larva. Of nearly 1.(MM) larva* received it was found that 111 ]ier cent wer<' of this species. From his obstMvations the anthor thinks it probable that the larval state lasts at least ."{ years. We found that as the sumnuT aupal state August 20. .\dults were tirst found .luly 31, thns making the duratiiui of the pn]»al stage about '.^ weeks. Astiplns ilrcoloratiis (pp. J.-iS-iMJi*). — Noti's on observations regarding the life history and habits of this s])ecies. with a detailed technical description of the larva. About '» p«T cent of the wireworms examined belonged to this sjiecies. Most of our larva' were taken from old sod land; a feiw were obtained in a culti- vated field. They range in length from 7"'"' to 25""". * * * On one occasion a large larva was seen with a smaller one held between its jaws. Thissuggeste). — Notes on observations regarding the life history and habits of this species, with a detailed technical description of the hirva. The larvte were placed in the cage April 24, and were not disturbed for over 2 months. On July 4 recently transformed Ijeetles were found in earthen cells in the soil. *f * * The change to a beetle takes place about July 1, but whether the beetles emerge so(m, as in the case of Asaphes decolorains, or whether they hibernate in the groniid we can not say. Cri/pfohi/piiKs abhreviafus (pp. 270-272). — Notes on observations regarding the life history and habits of this species, with a detailed technical description of the larva. The Avorms when mature are from 7""" to 9""" in length, and closely resemble the young larvie of Asaphes clecolorafKS. ^ * * Xhe larvte were placed in cages of growing grass in the spring and were not disturbed until fall; some remained undisturbed until the next spring. In October one cage contained live beetles in their earthen sells; and in the following May a beetle emerged in another cage. These 452 fartK indirnti^ that the larv.T mMl(i;;<» thtir transformations diirinp the latt»T part of the suniiiKT and the txM-tlc wliich is produced uoriiiall\ hilieruates in the soil, ajijicaring on the surfaci- early in the sjirinjj. North Carolina Station, Bulletin No. 80, October 1. 1891 (pp. 18). Silos a>'d silage, F. K. Emkhy, B. S. (tigs. 9). — A poimlar suinmary of information on tin* construction of silos and the storing and feeding of silage. The autlior estimates that tlie cost of a wooden roofed silo of two apartments, each 10 by 13.5 feet inside and 20 feet deej), in North Carolina, would be 8120. North Carolina Station, Bulletin No. 80r, October 30. 1891 (pp. 14). J>IGESTI(»N KXTKlflMEMS, V. K. K>1E1IV,B. S.. AM) 15. W. KlIJiOKE, 13. S. — Dif/esfiljilityo/cotfini-seed hulls (pp. .V7). — A trial with one Jersey cow nearly dry. lasting from December 1 to 12. The food consisted exclusively of cotton seed hulls, about 20 pounds per day. The «'xcreta were collected and analyzed the last 4 days. The data obtained during the trial aie talmlated. The coenicieiits found were, ash 27.14, cellulose 27.11, fat -SO.Ol. i>n»tein 24.«ll. and nitrogen tree extract 40..5 per cent. "More nitrogen and phos])horic acid were extreted tlian fed." This is believed to be due to loss of tlesh and to indicate that "cotton seed hulls did not constitute a maintenance latioii for the animal." The digestibility and composition of the cotton-seed hulls are compared with those ob.served elsewhere for wheat straw. TUf/rstihiliti/ of a ri(tioii of roitou-sced meal antl Imll.s (pp. S-IO), — The same cow used in the above trial was fed from December 12 to .lanuary I) a ration c«»nsisting of 21 iioniids of cotton .seed hulls and "» ]>ounds of cotton-seed meal ]>er (la\. Tlie excreta were collected on the last 4 days. From the tiata iil»taincen"ent age of fertilizing «'onsliluents in the hulls and meal are given, together with tlu' total annanits eaten and exared. Oregon Station. Bulletin No. 14. December, 1891 (pp. 14). Ent()M()I,(m;i('.m, notes, F. L. Wasihukn, li. A. (figs. 4). — Foindar account s of tiled ilVerent orders of insects, a list of fifty s])ecies of injurious insects loiiiid in Oregon in IS'.ll, mid notes on sexeral of these species. A successlul «'xi»erinieiit liy an Oregon t'armei- in the u.se of bisulphide of carb :i cniitiiuuitioii of those experiments with s(»iii(' iiKMliticiitions. FeeduKj experiments irith soiling cropti (p]>. ."i.VdT). — •• Th«' j;eneral plan of this ])ortion of the experiment was to «livier animal of 2.2 jMiunds of wheat bran and 2.2 pounds of a mixture of ei I ual parts of oats and corn conisely j,nound were fed in ade drojiped. The results of the feedin.L;. sliow in;^ the fiMid entcn :inrndiic<(!. aic tabu- lated. Tin- iiiit.st satisfactory liasis on wliirli to i-oiniiirt- iiastiiia-io ami soiliii>r is fli»> aiiioiiut of (ligostilih- matter wliiili tlii-.v loiitaiii. ' ' Tin- iiiitritivf vahie uf tluH dijirstible mattt-r is tfit-ater or I«-s.s as it roiitaiiis a gn-ati-r or l«-88 ]iro]iortioii <»f ]»roteiii. * ' " Poiniil for poiiuil of firotii weight, i>a.stnri» ^jrasK is the must val- uable of tin- (Tojis romitareil. elover next, anil rye third. Corn varies greatly in value aceonling to the time of harvesting, etr. When grain and hay are fe«l with the soiling erops an excess or deliri«-ney of pro- tein in the latter may he easily and cheaply eorreeted. In siieh a properly lialaneed ration the value of jiasture gj'ass 7). — 'fiiese include experiment s tiu the dii;estibility of fodder fro'm sweet corn cut when '-the «'ars vt-ie tit for ]uillin^." and from dent corn (thickly andthinl> seeded ). Karly Amber sorjihum, and pasture ^^rass. In all the cxperiiucuts e\c«'pt that \\ith ]»asture "lass sheep were used, tw(» animals in each case. Two stet-rs were used in the e\i»erimeut with i»asture oijiss. The duration of each ♦'XlH-rinicut wastmui 7 toll days. e\clusi\c of the preliminary i)eriods. The materials tested were each U-i\ alone. 'I'Im- pasture yrass was cut ilurin^' the sprini: months from the colic;:!' campus and consisted laruclN of blue "fass and white clover. It was ilrird Itetbrc l»eino- fed. The thick seeded dent fodder corn was fiom seed sown at the rate ot tw(» thiids bushels per aire, and the thin .seeded from MviX sow u at the rate of one half bushel. I'.oth were fed as the ears were bejiinuin;:' to tbrm, and the Ibrmer was also Wi\ before the «'ars were fonned. The composition of each teedino stuH and the data obtained in the dijicstiou experiments with each arc tabidated. The coenicients obtained are ijiven in the follow ini; table: 455 Coefficients of iligestibility. Sweet corn, Thin-seeded dent corn. Sheep Sheep i Sheep Sheep No.1. No. 2. 1 No.l. No. 2. Thick-seeded dent corn. Sheep Sheep No.l. No. 2. Thick-seeded 1 dent corn, Pasture grass, younger. Sheep Sheep No. 1. No. 2. Steer No.l. Steer No. 2. Sorghum. Sheep Sheep No.l. No. 2. Pr. ct. 78. 0.1 68.60 Dry TUiitter . . (Jrudeash Crude cellu- h)se Crude I'at Crude ]>n>tciu Albuminoids. Nitrogen- free extract. 81.43 Pr. ct. Pr. ct. 76. .')4 j 68.00 69. 0.") 52. 24 75.56 74.39 77.34 69.45 74.20 73.40 77.66 69.89 79.58 61.41 73. 35 55. 89 47.51 74.13 Pr. ct. 67. 25 46.34 60.06 71.61 56.78 48.27 74.06 Pv. ct. 73. 45 43.94 67.97 83. 77 63.71 48.00 78.83 Pr. ct. 70.92 48.10 64.79 81.2.'. 56.35 37.44 76.74 Pr. ct. 73. 69 61. 09 71.96 81.64 75.16 68.23 75.28 Pr. ct. 71. 36 60.71 70.84 76.14 72.46 64.76 74.61 Pr. ct. 75.65 50.49 76.50 74.89 76.45 72.74 77.13 Pr. ct. 71.93 45. 53 74.59 73. 99 73. 98 69.82 73.82 42. 70.84 Pr. ct. 60. 91 46.50 41.66 66.94 37.76 70.74 The results of earlier iuvestigations ou the composition and digesti- bility of corn fodder are summarized and illustrated by means of diagrams. Previous analyses of pasture grass and of sorghum are also cited. The composition and digestibility found for the dried pasture grass in 1889 varied considerably from that found in 1888. "The differences in the digestibility of the different samj)les of i)asture grass are as great as those between ])asture grass and any of the soiling crops." Yield and composition of pasture grass (pp. 97-101). — The same piece of land was used for determining the yield as in 1888 — a plat 7 rods long and 1 rod wide. The grass was cut with a lawn mower whenever it became long enough, or about once in 6 days. "There was ijroduced for the season ending October 15, 5,719.78 pounds of fresh grass per acre and 1,()1L'.91 pounds of dry material." The composition of the grass is given, and fiom this the amount of digestible nutrients produced per acre is calculated by means of the coefficients of digestibility given above. The rainfall during the season was very favorable to the growth of grass. The yield of digestible food ingredients per acre as compared with that in 1888 is given as follows : Yield of digestible ingredienis in pasture grass per acre. Alliuminoitls Non-alljuminoids Carbohydrates (nitrogen-free extract and tibur) rat . . . ; Poiindn. Pounds. 248. 97 160. 42 44.97 12. 37 760. 65 529. 64 70. .34 40.69 "The yield of the pasture was much greater this year than last, owing largely, undoubtedly, to the more favorable season and the less frequent cutting of the grass. The yield of rye was less and that of clover considerably less than in 1888." As in the preceding year, the rate of growth of the grass per day at different times in the season is calculated, and this is illustrated by a diagram. 45G Yield of soiling crops (pp. 101-106). — The yields per acre of rye, clover, aud each of the four kinds of corn arc given, tojicther Avitli the calcu- lated amounts of food ini(ls Xonalbiimiuiiiils. CarboliyilniU'S (iiitrarcd with those for i»astnrc grass in the following tabic: Yield per acre in one season. Pasture jjniHs. Soiling crops. Rye Clover Kve and 1 ^''"''f and dent and dent vouupcr 1 ..„,''. com. 1 com. dentcura.'j^^j JJ^^ Pound*. 1,123 249 I Pound*. Pound*. Pound*. Pound*. 5,776 5,914 3,145 3,38.3 328 374 355 1 4U1 We may say tli.it in rouml numUers the al>«»ve fijjnres show that we can jiroduoe from three to live times a.s much Wijicstible iooil per acre by means of the soiling crops above named a.s is proiliiceil by pastiiraj^e sueh as is represented by our small plat. • * * The hi^^hest yiebl of soiliuj; was obtaiueil by growiu;; rather eoarse aud fairly mature eoru, which had to be run throujjfh a fet-il cutter before fcediuii;. Relative evonnnij/ <>/ sitUiinj loul pusturmie (jip. KHi-irj). — -"l)!!!' ro(luced. Assuinin.ii this rate of yield, and that tlic milk would have averaged 12 per cent of solids, au estimate is made of the amount of milk which might have been produced from the edible digestible food ingredients calculated above for an acre of pasturage and of soiling- crops, and the value of the milk at 1 cent per pound. And on the assumjitiou that 25 pounds of milk make 1 i^ound of butter, worth 25 cents, the net returns per acre from the sale of butter are estimated for eac^h system. In conclusion, the authors state that "on the whole it seems to us an open question whether the farmer who raises his own grain will lind much advantage in the soiling system as practiced here compared with good pastures supplemented during the season of short pasturage by grain or green crops." Comparison of ensiling and field curing for Indian corn, II. P. Armsby, Ph. D., and W. H. Caldwell, B. S. (pp. 113-137). — For the purpose of making this comijarison, 4.2 acres were fertilized with 42 two-horse loads of barnyard manure, 125 pounds of dried blood, and (JOO pounds of dissolved rock phosphate, and were drilled at the rate of about 0.7 bushels of seed per acre with an " unnamed dent variety." The harvesting of the crop was commenced September 24, at which time the kernels were in milk and the lower leaves in most cases quite dry. The silo was of wood, and contained two j)its, each about 10 by 12 feet and 14 feet deep. The field was divided into tliree portions, one for each of the two pits of the silo and one for tiehl curing, as follows: For the first pit the 6 outside rows were cut, then 10 rows were left standing and 6 more rows cut, and so on through the held until the pit was filled. For the second pit the middle 6 rows out of each 10 left stauiUng were used, while the remainder of the crop was set up in stooks and cured in the field. * * * The material for both pits was cut ab»ut three fourths of an iuch long. * * * The first pit was tilled Septemher24 with 37,717 pounds, cut from 1.27 acres. * * » The filling of the second pit extended from September 24 to October 1, five layers in all being put in. * * * The temperature of the separate layers rose to So'^-iO^ C. before additional material was put in. The total amount of green material put into this pit was 34,755 pounds, cut from 1.21 acres. [In the case of both pits] the edges and corners of the pit were tramped, and the whole was covered with build- ing paper and straw. Neither pit was weighted. * * -^ The portion of the crop used for field curing was cut at practically the same time as that used for silage, and set up in stooks in the field. The green material was not weighed. The fodder was hauled to the barn after having stood about a mouth in the field and then weighed 9,610 pounds. The area from which it was cut was 0.87 acre. * * * The rapidly filled pit was opened December 27, and the slowly filled pit on February 8. Considerable moldy silage was found on the top and around the sides of both pits. * =* * The silage in the middle was well preserved and of good quality. It seems probable that had we been able to fill the pits a week earlier or had we weighted the material moderately it might nearly all have been well jire- served. » * * 458 In calculating the losses in onr experiment it would plainly he unfair to the proc- ess of ensiling to include our large loss from molding. In place of astinmiug any loss from this source we have preferred to calculate simply the loss hy fermentation, leaving it to the Judgment of the reader what addition to this ought to be made for the small amount of nxdding which not infre«iuently occurs. Analyses wore made of tlie i«*art'd subse- quently that these weie not suttieientl> numerous t4» fairly rrpre.sent the composition of this lot of silajje.'' The calculated amounts of food in<;re> ir..i -t i:ta« Tun 1-. :•: Fieldciinil riMlili-r: .Miitrriul taken Matfriiil rrctn errd . 'M - 4,7UU 4.1.1 304 1.372 1,183 oi 3. .MI 2. «m:{ 1,348 129 189 10 i HI * Tlir Hiiin -f nii:iiifl<-8 mi u|i|ian>nt caiu. Out of <'\ cPN liiiiMln-d ]Miiiiiil>i i>l' iniiiiiiiiilH Noil ;lllllllllilloillH friiil.- lilM-r Nilrii;;i'ii liX't" cxirart Fat Tola! Fipld ruriii|(. I'ovudn. 2 17 0. !)I +0. (Kl :{. IS l4. ."••• 0.17 W.98 If will lie oliserved that in the ahove talile there is an ajipareut loss of a«h. This of course should not he the case if tliere were no ]eak;ige from the silo, and there is difliculty in ex]>laiuing this loss even on tin- sii]i]iosition tliat some of the Juices of the corn soaked into tlic ground. * * As the general result of this jmrtioii ol" the experiment, then, we may formulate the following concjusiiuis: (1) 'I'lie silage lost about one half as much dry matter by fermentation as the tield- curcd fodder did by fermeutatiuu and niei liunic a) losses together. 459 (2) The silage lost about two fifths as much total protein as the fodder, hut over one fourth of its albnuiinoias was oouvertert into non-alhnniiuoids (a less valuable class of ingredients), while in the case of the tield-cureon the care and skill with which the l)rocess is carried out and upon the weather during the fall and early winter." Exi)eriments cm the digestibility of the silage and the field-cured fodder corn wew made with two grade Devon steers. These feeding stuffs were each fed exclusively for 2 Meeks, the iirst week of each feed- ing period being iegardeoiiiidit digcslibb- ma l< r. SiUge. 741 Um. $3,110 1.5U Fodder. 4.50 0.61 611 lbs. $3.(10 0. So 0. :erimcnts, the cost ol digestible I'cmmI per 1(M> pounds is pra<'tically the same in the silage ami in the fielder cent of digestible matter if tlie corn had be«'n «ure jniuuds of digestible matter in silage at 01 centsand in fiehl-curcd fodder at "jLlL'. Oil tin- whole tbo .almve coinimrisoii seonis to iiHliciitc that when fo«l«li>r in cured under the luo.st favoralde londition.s it will e«>Kt relatively .-iliout the same or per- hap.H ii little less than .silajje; while very uufavorahle conditions for curinjf may make the digestihle food in the fod«l«T cost very much more tlian in the sila>;e. Since, now, the conditions under which the Ios.hch observed in the exjieriments quoted above were experienced were exceptionally favorable to field cnniiji, the conclusion seems justified, that under ordinary ctmditions eusilinx is likely to be » cheaiier method of preserving the corn crop than field curinjj. even after allowin<; for the cost of the silo, an element not taken a<'count of in the above calculations. It must l»e left for further invest ij^ation to determine the validity of this deduction from coiu- icirativcly few experiments. 4G1 General fertilizer experoients, W. H. Caldwell, B. S. (pp. 137-158). — This is a report of progress in a series of rotation experiments commenced in 1881 to study the eifects of the different fertilizing ingre- dients used singly and combined, with reference to permanency, total yield of crop, relations of parts of plants, etc., as reported in the Annual Eeport of the station for 1888 (see Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, part II, p. 132). The yields are tabulated for each of the 36 eighth-acre plats, as well as the gain of the fertilized over the unfertilized plats. No conclusions are drawn, as the experiment is to be continued. Comparative value of different forms of phosphoric acid, H. P. Armsby, Ph. D., and W. H. Caldwell, B. S. (pp. 159-161).— Since 1883 an experiment has been in progress at the station on 12 twentieth- acre plats — For the purpose of comparing the effects of the three commercial forms of i>lios)>li()ric acid, namely, solubh^, reverted, and insoluble, and also of ground l}one, upon the ordinary four-course rotation of this section — corn, oats, wheat, and grass. [A pre- vious report may be fionnd in the Annual Report of the station for 1888, see Exper- iment Station Bulletin No. 2, part ii, p. 132.] * ^^ * The present report is intended to record simply the results obtained during tho past year [1889] and a sunmiary of all the results to date, without entering into all the details of the experiment. In 1889 the plats were in grass. * * * So far as the relative value of the different forms of phosphoric acid is concerned, the results of this year giA^e us little information, since they are quite discordant in the two series. The average results of such an experiment for a series of years are likely to be more trustworthy than those obtained in any single year. » * * [The total yields from 1884 to 1889, inclusive, indicate that] upon our limestone soil the ground bone has given the best results. This may be due in part to the small amount of nitrogen contained in the bone in addition to its phosphoric acid. With the other three forms the effect seems to be inversely as the solubility, that is the less soluble the phosphoric acid the greater has been its effect in these experiments thus far. It is the intention to continue these experiments through a series of years, so as to study the cumulative effect of the manuring. Systematic testing of new varieties — germination tests, G. C. BuTZ, M. S. (pp. 162-165).— A reprint of Bulletin No. 8 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. i, p. 295). Should farmers raise their own vegetable seeds? G. C. BuTZ, M. S. (pp. 166-170). — This article was also published in Bulletin No. 10 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 28). Notes on new varieties of vegetables, G. C. Butz, M. S. (pp. 170-177). — This article was also published in Bulletin No. 10 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. ii, p. 29). Experiments on the production of root tubercles, W. A. BucKHOUT, M. S. (pp. 177-181). — These were in continuation of the experiments reported in the Annual Report of the sitation for 1888 (see Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, part ii, p. 134). The first was undertaken [in April] in a small cold frame in the open air, the other two in the greenhouse during the winter. The first comprised twelve tumblers for water cultures and twenty-four 4-inch pots for sand or soil. In the water 4fi2 fultnres the sports werp pla««'d iip*>ii pieci-s ofnlate rut to fit into the tiinihlfmaltont an inch l»«'lo\v tht- tup, and jjirforati-d to allow th<* roots to run t)irou<;h to th«- watft below. Six of these water <, just lieture blossoming;; .June l.'>, when. just be^innin;; to fruit; and July li, when full <;rowth was att.iined anil they were be;;inninK '" decline. Tlic icsiiltsarc t;iliiil;it*e in NnveiiiJuT ami .laniiary. The exjieriiiieiits tliiis far made are .^iiniiiiari/ed as foIh>\vs: (1) Rout tubereles did not ap]ie:ir iu water cultures uf any kind. (2) While the cultures in a sterilized nu-diuin. supplied only with distilled watrr. were not entirely devoid id" tubercles, they \\eri' produced more tardily, were less abundant, and a less number of the cultures cuntaiucd them. (3) On the other hand the addition of a fertili/.er rendered the )>roduction of tuber- cles more ra|>id, nuire abundant, and in a ;:rc:iter number of culture.n. (4) As to relativi! abundance of tubercles in sand or soil, the results were cunllict- injj. In K''"<'r"l the better develujied the plant the better develojMMl the tubercles. (ri) The inei|uality uf the distribntiun uf tubercles u]ton the roots was very strik- inj;. In some eases they were cnntiiied to a sinjjle one of a scure or more of roots :ill ei|ually well ])laced. Krei|Ueutly all which a jdant bore were n|MUi t\M> i>r three roots only, all the utlurs beiu;; entirely free frum them. Where routs ran thruu^h the pots into the cinders upon which tin- puis were ])laceil, tubercles were in several places >;reatly develuped. beinj; larj^iT and mure iiumeruus than i>u the ruuts within. ,\ careful examiuat iun uf I he ruuts uf two species of I'ti^olftiiun and uue uf MimnKrtr in addition to Ihusc mentiuned in the ]ireviuus repurt, jjave nu tubercles whjit<'V.\ ri'i»Iirs to a eirnilar of iiii|iiiry snit out from the station. Invksih;ati(»ns i imin ^ikthods iok disi uiminatim; hktwkk.n PHosrilAIKS DKK'IVKI) I'b'nM HnNF, WD lllnsr, DKKIVKD FROM Soirii ("Ab'oi.iNA imcK. W. I-'ri:ai;. I'm. D. (pp. I.S.S-i;Mh. — lirief nifiition is mailr of thr in\esii;Xat ions o| von I/omi/.* ami Stockla.« tliiorine in ]>hosplial it- fntiii/ris, ainl thi- lonlts air ;;i\riMd' ilrtriininalions of the iron ami silira in six samples eaeh ot' ilissolvctl roi-k ami hone. The hijihest aiuuuul jier cent of potash, K.T.") jter y four jdates.) In no case were the conditions such as to secure a tull normal developnunt id" the ]dant. The results show that iu all the rows the cr«>p containe«l Krt'f***''" amounts of uitro-'en than were sui»|>lied iu the seed, Imt that under the conditions ahove mi'iitioiied the presen<-e of microorK^niisms obtaincil from fertile soil did not einilde the jdauts to assimilate more nitrogen than they assinulated wln-re tlrv extract was not used. The imrcase in quantity ol>servid may l>e attril-utcd to the sli;;htly availahle nitroK«'n of the sand, so that these ex])crimcnts yive us no dctinite kn«)wled;jc that maize is able to take up any free nitrogen from the atmosphere through the soil. It is also found that under the above ccuiditions of growth ni.ii/e is unalde to utilize peat nitro;jjen as well as it can that of nitrates. Altout one twentieth of the nitro<;en oftered as peat and about one third of that ofl'er.-d as nitrat«>s was taken up in the maize cnq). The total crop where nitrates wvw used was nearly nineteen times ;;reater than where no nitrogen was applieil. With peat nitro;;en the increase was not rpiite fourfold. Mkti:(»kology, W. Freak, IMi. I), ipp. l'OC^l'2;? and 2.57-27S).— The work in ISSO was along the same lines as tliat reporteteorological ob.servations and weekly croi) rei)«ti ts are given in the body of the report and the detailed record of daily observations in an appendix. 465 The results of the observations on soil moisture are recorded in the following table: Soil moisture. Interven- Date. ing rain- 1 tall. Days since last rain. Moisture. Date. Interven- ing rain- faD. Days since last rain. Moisture. 1 Inchex. July 2.-1 (*) Julvl2.i 0.53 July 19.1 1.55 July 26 . i 0. 00 Aug. 2.. 1.98 Per cent. 21.08 12.37 17.60 lT<.%i 15.92 19.56 21.77 17.05 17.41 22.61 Sept. 13 . Sept. 23 . Sept. 27 . Oct. 4 . . . Oct. 11 . . Oct. 18 . . Oct. 25.. Nov. 1 . . Nov. 8 . . Inches. 0 52 Per cent. 20.44 23.09 24.00 23. 13 17. .50 20.50 23.91 22.97 24. 49 1 4 7 3 2.31 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.69 0.42 1.79 1.51 2 1 4 Aug. 9 . . 0. 45 Aug. 16. 12.07 Aug. 23 . 0. 003 Aug. 30 4 2 1 2 1 8 Sept. 7 . . 0. 69 * 0.56 inch had fallen in the 30 hours preceding sampling. On the day of sampling, rain fell before the hour for taking the sample in the following cases: August 9,0.02 inch; September 7 0 47 indi September 13, 0,17 inch; Oitober 11, 0.01 inch; November 8, 0.42 inch. 1 August 14 had a rainfall of 2,25 inclies. It is somewliat surprising to uotf that the average amount of moisture in the soil this year was only 20 per cent while last year it was nearer 40 per cent, and yet the rainfall during the period of observation was greater this year. No errors in method or computation are discoverable. The samples were taken from the same spot, the principal differences being apparently in the heavier rain showers l»y which the earth might be compacted, the lack of heavy frosts during the preceding winter making the surface of the soil less porous than if it had been heaved by frost, as well as somewhat thinner vegetation. The following is the yearly summary of meteorological observations : Summary of metrorological ohservations. Tear 1889, Winter (Oc- tober, 1887, to March, 1888). Growing .season (April to Septem- ber, 1888), Barimieter (inches): Mean Highest Lowest Temperature (degrees F.) : Mean Highest Lowest Annual range Mean daily range Greatest daily range . Least daily range Moan daily relative Immidity (per cent). Kainfall (inches) ; Total 30,55 30, 93 (Mar. 13) 29, 01 (May 30) 49.03 92 (Mav 10) 10 (Jan. 20, 23) 82 18.18 63 (Feb. 17) 3 (Nov. 13, Dec, 17) 45,03 Greatest monthly 6. 48 (Nov,) 1.34 (Fob,) 2. 35 (May 31) 13.8 61.86 Lea.st montlily Greatest daily Number of days on which 0,01 inch or more rain fell Moan percentage of cloudiness Number of days on which cloudiness averaged 80 per cent or more Wind (miles) : Total miivoment* Maximiiui velocity ' 27. 6 (Dec. 20) Greatest daily movement 4J8. 7 ( Feb. 6) Last frost in spring , First frost in fall 14.6 22. 671 35.02 i.66 14.38 tl3 o 62.11 92 (Mav 10) 25 (Apr. 14) 20.36 37. 00 (Apr. 11, May 24, Aug. 30.) 78.80 26.06 74 55.28 67 Mav 29 t)ct.3 * Omitting June 16, 9 p. m., to July 1, 9 p. m. ♦ Number of days on which snow fell. l,5155_No. 7 3 4GG Soil tempera turcs, in degrees F., June to September, 1S80. At Borface. Below snrface. 1 inch. 3 inches. Highest Lowest Daily menn Mean 'l.iily range. .. GreateMt daily range 91 (July 10) 91 (Julv 10) 44 (S«-i»t. 21) 44 (Sept. '.'I) 66. 19 66. 77 9. 97 10. 84 26 (Aug. 30) 21. 50 (July 7) 84.90 49 66.51 7.52 15.50 (July 10) (.Sept- 21) (July 17) Below Bnrface. 6 inches. 12 inches. 24 inches. Highest . Lowe.st Daily mean Mean daily range Greatest daily range . 78.80 (Jnly 10) 51 (Sept 21) 6«.35 3. 4« 8.50 (Aug. 20) 74 (July 10) 68.50 I 54 (Sept> 28) 55 65.80 ' 64.22 1.03 I 0.33 7.50 (Aug. 14) 1 2 (Jnlv 30, Aug." 2, 3) (Jalt. 7) (July 19) I'rinripal periods of crop dtrelopment. "Wlioat: H.'a-26. Corn : Plant«'.l May 10. Ctit SejiteniWer 27-Ortoltor 4. Tin- winter was not very fa voralilc to jn"-iiii. having been qniteojien, thotiglj tlii."* was partially rilVstt by the searrity oflianl frosts, so that the wheat and grass was littli- winterlxilhil. The sjirinj: was warmer than nsnal, bnt very wet; still, i)lantin>; was .soin«'what e.irlier than in IHMM. and germination was good. The jjrogress of vegetation was serionsly arrested by a h.ard frost May 2i>. and by the tremendous raijifallsof May SO to .lune 1, amounting to 5.04 inehes. After tliis, fre. 223-L'LM)). — This i.s a rimtinuatidii of tho reconl of observations rejMirted in tlu' Annual K«'i)oil of tlio station for is,ss (aov 10\|M'iinn»nt Station Uullt'tin No. -. i^art ii. p. l.?(»). Seed from < 'li;im]»ioii Tear! Wliitc and IMa.sa (,)uet>n varieties was ]»lantO(l .May t>. The method of measurrimnt was as follows: .**ix jdauts were seleeted and the inerease in hi'ight noted at intervals of several days. For this purjic»se the tij) of each new i>airof le.ives was used as the i)oint of dej>artnre for the days immediately sueeeeding its a)t])earanee. From the ligures obtaineil an average was struck. whi interval, and by dividing by the number of days intervening the daily rate of growth w.as obtained. It was lioped that in this manner errors in nieasurenn'ut. arising from the ai»pearance of new nodes of growth, would h.- distributed over the ilitfirent jdauts aneriod; 4 p<>und.s corn meal and (> jjounds cotton .seed meal in the second i)eriod; and the same ration as lut 1 in the third period. Both lots received the same amount per head of hay and silage, green rye, or timothy and clovi'r, and corn stover Of/ libition. The foor tli«* hlack rot, brown rot {I'lronosjun-d rlticuho. aiitliranio.M'. ami Irat' Itliixlit, witli .siij^^cstioiis ri'jiardiii;,^ trcatiiiciit. TIhmt arr also gt'iieral state- iiieuts regariliii;: tlic ])r»'itaratioii and use of fungicides. Utah Station, Bulletin No. 9. December, 1891 (pp. 8). TiMK OF WATERING IloKSE.S J. ^V. SaNBOKN, li. S. (pp. ]-.">), — Two trials are reported, cadi with four hor.ses, the object of which was to t«st the «*fb'(t (HI the dijitstion of th«' food of wat«'ring horses before and after feeding grain. The tirst trial histed .i and the second al>out (i months. Tliese trials are m»t final. WlIOI.K vs. GIJDT'NI) GUAIN 1"(>U HOUSES,.!. \\ . SaNRoRN, li. S. {]t\>. (;_S). — Tlie grain fed in thes«' trials c<»nsisted of oats, wheat, ami <-orn. Tliis was fed ground to h>t 1 and whole to lot - frouj May !.*"» to .Inly (!, and from .Iidy 0 to Septcndier L'l ea<'h h>t was reverse«l. Th<' results, as tabulated, show that lot 1 made no gain on ground grain and lost 7."» jHinnds on whole grain, and that lot L' gained _(► ]»ouiidson whole grain an of pole beans. 1 ot Lima beans, and IS of bush beans. Of strawb»'rries the most |»r(nnising varieties an- Parker ICarle. Thomi»son No. 7, (lypsy, Itubach No. A, Jessie, and Captain .lack: of ])eas. AltMiidancc. llcck (iem, Pdiss l*'verb«'aring. liurjice I'rotusion, ('hani]»ion «»f IjijzlamI, Laxton Alpha, New Karly Prize, Sal/er Karly .May, and The Admiral: of pole beans. Old llouu'stead and Kentm-ky Won«ler; of bu.sh bean.s, i:arly Mohawk, bandreth First in the .Market. ( 'hnllcnge Dwarf, and W ardwell Kidney ^^'ax. Vermont Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1890 ipp. 192). FiNANciAi, statk:mkn'I (pji. ".», 10). — This includes an account of the receipts and ex])enditun's w ith referen<'e to the approjtriation from tlie rnited States for the tiscaJ year ending .June ;{(MS".Mi. ;md t<» that iVom the State of Vermont for the calendar y«'ar 1S.S<>. Pkpoht (»e Dikec'tok, \N . W. Cooke, M. A. (pp. 11-1.'m.— .\ list «»f the station i)id)lications for l.S".M>, a brief account of changes anliate rock, refuse from wool cleaning', peat, muck, lutrate of soda, muriate of pot- ash, land plaster, and water. In twenty-two samples of the commercial fertilizers analyzed determiimtions were made of the source of the nitrogen present and its solubility in pei)sin solution. A comparison is made between the average composition of sixteen brands sold in the State in 1880 and 1890. Valued on the same basis (that for 1890) the average commercial valuation of the ingredients in three brands is shown to be 11.84 x)er ton less in 1890 than in 1889. "The decrease in price of these sixteen brands has been 88 cents [per ton]." Abstracts of bulletins (pp. 34-51). — Abstracts of Bulletins iSTos. 18, 21, and 22 (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. ii, pp. 74, 377. and 515). Wool and wool measurements, W. \Y. Cooke, M. A., and L. R. Jones, B.S. (pp. 55-64). — The objectof these observations was, "(1) to learn the character of Vermont Merino wool as compared with wool from other breeds and localities, (2) and more especially to get data to serve as a basis for future experimental work upon conditions afiecting the wool fiber." The method of work is described at length. Measurements were made of the diameter of fiber from different parts of the fleeces of four registered Merino sheep — two rams and two ewes. The results of these measurements are given in detail. "The measurements show the fibers from belly and shoulders to be of nearly equal fineness, those from the belly being a little the finer of the two. The order of fineness and the average diameters are as follows:" Centimilli- nieters. TiAro inches. (1) Shoulder 2.252 (2) Belly - 2. 262 (3) Hip 2.327 (4) Thigh 2. 534 (5) Body wrinkle 2. 537 (6) Neck wrinkle 2. 709 0. 8866 0. S9(15 0.9161 0. 9976 0. 9988 1. 0665 " Comparison of the measurements on the rams with those on the ewes shows the rains' fibers to be slightly but not markedly larger than those of the ewes." Effect of food on wool fiber (pp. 63, 64).— An experiment, lasting^ 3 months, was made with eight registered Merino ewes 2 years old, some of the sheep receiving a nitrogenous and some a carbonaceous ration. Carefal measurements were made upon the wool at the beginning, the middle, and the end of tlie period, but as the differences between the measurements upon the same indiridiials were found to be greater than the differences between averages, no conclusions were thought justiliablo. * * * 472 Some of the slicrji did not do well, owiug to tlie rhang** of surronndings, and it was lomid that the tiberw nl'tluHe sheep were r<»rre(.jM»iidiii;;l\ shiiiiik<-ii in diauiet4T. 'J'he fait that the diameter of the tiher is Hhruuken r,\nu tin- hlH-ep is Kick \\ut> al.-. ijotiied in the case of one ewe. Study of milk globilks, L. 1{. Jonks. JJ, S. pp. »;.">-(];»). — Thi.s iii»lii(l<'s niiiTdscopic cximiiiiatioiis of tin* milk of sixteen cow.^ (.h-rsrys Dtvuiis, lloLsteiiis, Ayrsliiir.s, GiU'iiiscys, ami ;ri:»«U*s); a coniitan.Miii of the size of globules in wholi* iiiilk and in skim milk; and tests of the acciiiJK'y of det«*iininatioiis of tin* amount of fat in milk l>y nn-aiis of the niieioseope. It was fonner that have a beariiij; on the (|uestion of rhurnability." I'lie aiitlu»r tises the term elmrnability "to denote the thoroughness «>r I lie work of skimming and cliMining." The results of nine tests aie presented ill whirh the cicainiii;: antl ehiiiiiing of milk and cream when suceuleiit food (corn silage, green bailey, or jiasturage) was fvi\. wen* com)>ared in ]>eriods of »i to S days with that when dry fo«Kl (dry <-oiii fodder or hay) was fed. The grain was nsmilly the sanu' in cor- rcspnndiiig periods. The numbts- of «'ows in these comparative tests ranged from one to twelve, Tiie results are tabidated. Assuming " that the milk in each case counds of skim milk and 1*0 jmhumIs lit buttermilk," the results of three te>ts were in favor of wet fo pounds buck- wheat middlings, and (2) 3 pounds corn meal, 1.^ pounds cotton-seed meal, and IJ pounds linseed meal. The milk was analyzed, set, and churned, and the data obtained arc summarized. ''The tests in general may be said to indicate that such light feed as bran is often as good, weight for weight, as heavier meal for quantity and quality of milk, and to ;nld testimony to the belief that milk from such feeds creams less thoroughly than that from heavier meal." Milking two and three times a day, J. L. Hills, B. S. (pp. 00- 92). — Tests were made with two cows, one a farrow Ayrshire, the other a Jersey fresh in milk, which were milked twice and then thrice daily during ])eriods of from 3 to 14 days, frequent samples being taken of the milk. The hours of milking were o a. m. and G p. m. ; or 5 a. m., 1:30 p. m., and 8 j). m. Analyses are given of these samples, and in the case of the Jersey «>f the milk from each milking, together with the total yu'ld and constituents of milk. Less milk was given when the cow «-:is milked three times a clay in three trials out of four; in the fourth [lasting 3 daysj a marked inerease in gross yield followed the change as soon as made, but the second test of the same cow indicated that the etfect was only temporary, and that continuance hrought aliont a positive decrease. The quality of the milk of the wlndi- day was always lowered by luilkiiig three times a day. » • » Since less milk of poorer quality was given when the cows were milked thrice daily, it follows that there were less solid ingredients. * - • Under both conut twice a day one cow gave the same quality at both milkings, the other a milk at niglit that was richer in fat and poorer in sugar than the morning's milk. When milked thrice daily each cow gave the most and poorest milk in the morning, less but the richest milk at noon, and the least but of a medium «iuality at night. In these fluctuations of quality the fat only is concerned, the casein, sugar, and ash on the whole remain- ing constant. Mechanical losses in handling milk, J. L. Hills, B. S. (])j». 92-96). — Several trials are reported in which "a carefully weighed amount of milk was creamed or .separated, cream and skim milk weighed, cream churned, butter ami buttermilk weighed, and every- thing from beginning to end carefully sampled and analyzed. ♦ • ♦ In nine trials out of ten the sum of fats found in the butter and waste l)roducts has been less than that in the original milk, and generally uuich less. ♦ * * Generally s]M'aking, the casein, milk sugar, and ash have checked out within close limit.s, the sum fouiul in (he products being sometimes more and sometimes less than that present in the whole milk." 475 In thirty-two otlier cases dnriiig tlie year the losses were observed inci- dentally. "In tln'sc thirty-two tests but once did the fat in the butt^^r and wastes equal that originally taken in the milk. In this case a decided plus (+ 4.70 per cent) indicates error. In the otlier tliiity one, on quantities of milk ranging from 4:1.50 to 158.74 (and one L'Ki.OU) pounds, from 2.95 to 10,05 ounces of fat, equivalent to from 4.91 to i;i.5G per cent, is missing." On an average, 114,04 i)ounds of milk were taken, and there was a loss of 7.72 ounces of fat, or ioUd9. Total solids. Fat. Casein. Milk sugar and ash. 11.00=100 12.0<»=100 ]:t. 00=100 14.00-100 ID. 00=100 16. 00=100 28 29 31 33 36 38 26 25 25 25 26 26 46 4C 44 42 38 36 Each of these parts follows a distinarate series of tests, lasting t), 0, 1), and 4 days, respectively. Each test include«l .several cows, and in one ea.se the entire herd was u.sed. Analyses were made of the skim milk, and the.se, too-ether with the calculated loss of fat per 100 jxiunds of milk set, are oiven in tables. ** Kxcludin}j the tirst trial [in which] there was delay between milkinjj: and .setting, the warm diluted settings did as good work as the crence in the results, and such as appears has little significance. Shalloic setUrni in air (pp. 104-107). — Milk was set in both large and small pans, being in each case either undiluted or diluted with an equal bulk of cold water (47° F.) or with one fourth bulk of hot water (115'^ F.). Four tests Avere made with each method of treatment. In all cases the milk was skimmed after 48 hours' setting. From the tabu- lated results "it would appear that diluting with cold water causes loss, and diluting with hot water little gain over undiluted setting." Summary of results (p. 107): (1) The usual method of deep cold settiug did as effective work as any gravity creamiug process and did not carry with it certain disadvantages of other methods. (2) The addition of snow or pounded ice to the milk in the deep can caused good creaming, perhaps as effectual as with the usual method. (3) The direct heating of milk by external means and settiug at 58° to 60° F. and the dilution of rnilk with large quantities of cold water and setting at any degree, pro- duced relatively poor creaming whenever used by any of the systems. (4) The heating and increased fluidity of milk caused by adding from a quarter to a third its bulk of hot water (130° to 150° F.), produced on the whole as effectual creaming when set in water at 58° to 60° or shallow pans in cool air, as was the case with ordinary settings, but it entailed the serious disadvantages of increased tank room, thinner skim milk, and a rapidly souring cream. (5) There seemed little preference in the use of hot or cold water or of none at all in deep air settings. (6) In cool shallow setting nothing was gained by dilution, either hot or cold. (7) Delays in setting and manipiihition of the milk prior to settiug seemed to affect the creaming of the deep-setting more than tliat of the shallow-setting systems. Effect on quantity and quality of milk of the change from BARN TO PASTURE, J. L. HiLLS, B. S. (pp. 107-110). — Observations are tabulated on the yield and composition of milk on barn feeding and on pasturage of 4 cows calving in the fall, which " were barn fed in such a manner as to give, as nearly as inight be, a ration of the same nutritive ratio as they would probably get on pasture"; and of 6 fall cows and 81 spring cows " whose dry barn feed was less nutritive than the pas- ture." 478 In goneral it would appear that cows under the usual Vermont conditions of dry barn feed when turned to pasture maybe expected to give more and richer milk, the increase in flow being j^eatest in new milch cows and tiie increase in richness great- est in those farther along in lactation, but both quantity and quality increasing more or less in almost every case. When, however, cows pass from a barn to a pas- ture ration of equal feeding value, more milk, generally richer in total solids, casein, andsugar, and sonietinu;s richer, sometimes poorer in fat, is jisually given, which affords increase in gross yield of all milk constituents. The results of these tests and of many other changes from dry to succulent food which have been controlled by chemical analysis have warranted us in stating the general rule that pasture feeding and watery food do not make watery milk. Miscellaneous notes on dairy work, W.W.Cooke, M. A. (j^p. 110-113). — These include brief notes on ettect of da to milk (to aid in creaming), and adding ice water to milk. Three tests were made as to the ettect on churnability of mixing sweet and sour (Team in equal parts. Sweet cream, sour cream, and mixtures of the two were each churned at 68° F. in the first, "at a little lower temi>erature" in tlie second, and at "»2^ F. in the third trial. The i)er- centage of fat iu the buttermilk iu each test was as follows: Swwt cream Sour cream Mixture of the two First. 2.24 0.62 0.92 Second. 1.77 0.25 1.17 Third. o.rw u. IG 0.60 Pifr feeding. \V. W. Cooke, M. A. (pp. 114-li;s). — "The experiment began May 1- with all except the small Yorkshire, that did imt arrive until May ]!•. Tiie pigs were ai)out of the same age — 2 months, and were ted tlie same, the food in general consisting of 6 quarts of skim milk p«'r day and three (piarters of a pound of either corn meal or mid- dlings. This was given each day of the test. .Vs tlie jiigs grew older, whatever more food tlu'v wanted was made up of a mixture of one part by weight of wheat bran to two parts of gluten meaL The pigs were fed all they wanted, (»r rather all they could be induced to eat." The tabnhited results show for each breed the gain-< in live weight, food consumed, cost of food per pound of gain, et<'., t<»gether with the fertiliziivJT ingredients \}vr ton of the skim milk, corn meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings, and gluten meal. The lirst cost of the feeding stntVs is given as follows: Corn meal, gluten meal, and wheat middlings •'i'l'ti, and wheat bran >'L'4 |»er ton. and skim milk 1.") cents per 100 pounds. ''The prockton Pole. Ik'i'tH (p. Ml). — Tabii]ate2). — Tabulatcil data for 1«! varieties. "Dan vers proved the jnost satisfa<-tory." Corn (pp. ir>;}-l.jG). — Tabulatecl data for.'U dent and iMltiint varieties. tSiceet corn ([)p. 157, l.")S). — Tabulated «lata for 47 varieties. Cory, I'ride of America, Ivoslyn Hybrid, and No. 4.S were the earliest. Cucumherx (p. l.V.t). — 'fabnlated data for l.'i varieties. rctiif (pp. IGO-l(JL'). — Tabulated data for .'U early and L'."» medium varieties. With a few exeejitions there was little difference in the time ufedil)]e maturity ln'tween tlie early and nu'dium varieties. /'(ttdtorx (pp. 1(».".-177). — Tabulated data Ibr 1 7l' varieties ^mowii on li;;lit clay loam and n. and I'erfcc tion are especially ••omnu'nded. Turuipx (p. 17'.M. — Taltulated data for 14 varieties. Stridish iurnipx (p. ISO). — Tabulated data for H» varietie.'^. Piiftttttrs!, Vrrmnut rs. Mnryhuul seed (pji. ISl, ISi'). — Notes anil tabu- lated data lor an exiteriment in which duplicate plantings of bt>th Northern and Southern grown seen potatms (p. 1S."{). — Ibief notes on a sueeessful e\]»eiiment with theeondtiiied fungicide and insecticide for potato lot and the ( 'oloiado potato beetle. Wisconsin Station. Bulletin No. 29. October. 1891 pp. 18). ClJK.VMIMi i:\rKlMMKMS, S. M. i!.M{((MK, I'll. 1 >. ( pp. .J-IS). — "The chief object in undertaking the tests "o. 7 1 482 Estimating the fat in the buttermilk iu the manner described above, the average total loss of fat iu buttermilk and skim milk per lUO i>ounds of milk set is calculated for the two systems as follows: Comparative losses of fai per 100 pounds of milk creamed by centrifuge and deep setting. Lotl. Lot 2. Lot 3. Lot 4. Lots. Pounds. 0.1 4« 0. 107 Pound*. 0.257 0.109 Pound*. 0.239 0.110 Pound*. 0.245 0.110 Pounds. 0.382 0.129 0.041 0.148 0.129 0.135 0.253 When the Baby Separator was first tried by us the cream screw was so adjusted that the cream contained over 30 per cent of fat. This cream, when ripened, was too thick to churn well, the buttermilk containing from 0.5 to 1 per cent of fat. By diluting this cream with about one fifth its volume of water, the fat in the butter- milk was reduced to about 0.2 per cent and in some cases as low as 0.15 per cent. This improvement I believe to be due entirely to having reduced the consistency of the cream to a jioint where it was uniformly churned. This is closer work than is usual with cream from deep setting, and warrants the eonclnsiou that centrifugal cream, containing about 25 per cent of fat, will churn more etUciently than that from deep setting, which contains less than 20 per cent. Delayed setting (pp. 11-17). The following trials were undertaken to determine whether the creaming of differ- ent samples of milk would be similarly affected by delay in setting when deep setting is used. The tests were made with milk from the same groups of cows used in the preceding experiment. In each trial the milk from each group of cows was mixed and divided, one half of it being set immediately in ice water, the other half being set in the same tank after standing in the open air for periods ranging from 15 min- utes to 3 hours. The delayed milk was mixed just before being put into the tank. The samples were skimnu'd in tlie order in Avhich they wore placed iu the tank, both the delayed and immediate setting being allowed the same time — usually 12 hours — for creaming. In most cises the milk was drawn off to within 2 inches of the cream line, although some milk was skimmed to within 1 inch. All compara- tive trials were skimmed in the same way. [Eighteen comparative tests were made with milk from each lot. The results are tabulated.] • • ♦ Although on the whole these trials show considerable loss by delayed setting, their most interesting feature is the influence which delay has upon the creaming with different kinds of milk. The loss by delay with milk from lot 3 was practically nothing; with lots 4 and 5 the loss was also very small, while with lots 1 and 2 it was very large, being largest of all with lot 2. The loss of fat from delay appears to be independent of the amount of fat in the milk, although as a rule it is somewhat larger in the rich milk than in the poor milk. * * « If the loss of fat in the buttermilk be considered, the difference in favor of imme- diate setting would be still more marked on account of the increased quantity ol buttermilk from the delayed portions. * * * Test« in which the milk from each lot of cows was divided as before, one half being set immediately after milking, the other half after 30 minutes* delay, the milk being kept warm until put into the tank, [indicated] that the efficiency of the creaming by delayed setting is not materially imjiroved by keeping the milk warm. The results of similar experiments at tlio Miiinc Stiition. r('i)ortrd in the Annual lieport of that station for 181)0, part ii (see Experiment 483 Station Record, vol. in, p. 22), and the New York Cornell Station, reported in Bulletin No. 29 of that station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. in, p. 231), are cited. These results showed practically no loss due to delayed setting. The results with lots 3, 4, and 5 are in accord with these, but those witli lots 1 and 2 are at variance with them. The difference in the creaming between the delayed and imiiifdiate setting is shown in an entirely independent way by the quantity of cream obtained in the two cases. It is a general rule that where the separatiin of cream is retarded in any way it will occupy more space than where it is not rctardeenmark ruuk a« our best custoinerw for the nr:''". while .Spain and Norway and Sweden take a snuill i|uantity. Kxublic: serving it free or at ncnuinal prices; distributing literature giving full description of the grain, )irico .as comjiared with wheat, oatmeal, and potatoes, etc.; an;es and the general and agricul- tural press. The «'ffort, •■xtensively put forth and i)er8isted in. can not fail to have benelicial results. It would assist our farmers in an entirely ]>ractical manner, with benefits certain and jiositive, raising tlie price of every bushel of lorn gathered by till- American husbandman. • • • In order tr) obtain the best results, corn intended for human food in foreign eoTin- trios,shoubl be kiln-ilried before shijiment. When that is done it keeps for a long time in prime order. Kuroi>ean millers are not familiar with, or if so do not jirac- tice the jirojier methods of grinding r(»rn. consi(|uently an inferior meal \u i>ro- duced, which strongly militates against its introduction on tin- table. Kiln-ilried home-ground meal is the first essential in order to make an effective and croditnble dis]day of the nutritive ([ualitips and general excellence of the grain. • • « American canned goods of all kinds are largely sold in Europe, but it is a sad fact that the delicious canucil corn is rarely seen. This should not be; there is no reason why it should not figure on the table of the Kurojiean .as well as on that of the Anierieful of securing favorable consideration on the part ut the army officials of a bread to be 481 485 composed lialf of corn meal and half of rye meal, for nse as army rations, in place of a liread made of rye exclusively. I liavi; already caused several loaves of such bread to he baked, and have submitted them to various persons, amou-;- tlieni some Government ofdcials, and I uuiy state that in every case where tested this bread has receiveil the highest commendation. Its cost -will be much less than a bread consisting exclu- sively of rye, and I am satisfied tliat high medical authorities will substantiate its great value as a food. DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. Bulletin No. 1. Peach yellows and peach rosette, E. F. Smith (pp. G.j, plates 38). — The first part of this report is on investigations and exi)erinients during the past .'} years with reference to the coramunieability of peach yellows. The destructive nature of peach yellows and the character- istics of the disease are described. An account is given of inoculation experiments on a large number of trees in different localities. On the theory that peach yellows is at first a local disease, experiments in cutting away diseased portions of trees were made. "The results varied considerably, but in no case did the removal of affected parts stop the progress of the disease." Observations and experiments were also made with reference to the immunity of trees from this disease under certain conditions. The facts wliich the author regards as estab- lished by these investigations are as follows : (1) The disease is contagious. (2) It may be conveyed by seemingly healthy buds when these are taken from dis- eased trees. (3) Only a very small amount of infective material is necessary, provided it be in the form of living cells, which can be induced to unite Avith the actively growiu"- tissues of the tree. (4) The disease has a longer period of incubation than we have been accustomed to suppose. (5) The death of the entire tree occurs, ordinarily, onlj^ after a very considerable period, i. e. several years. [The hypotheses rendered probable are as follows :] (1) The whole tree is affected Avhen symptoms appear in any part of it. (2) In some cases — perhaps in many — the })eriod of incubation, i. e. the time between the insertion of a diseased bud and the appearance of the disease, is longer than any yet clearly established. (3) The disease is also communicated to budded trees in some other way than by bud inoculation. This is probable in case of many young trees, and is almost cer- tain in case of old trees. (4) The trees are not infected through the blossoms. This is inferred from the result of the excisions, and from the fiict that in some cases the disease appears to develop between fall and spring, and to stimulate the blossoms themselves to an unnaturally early developnu-nt. (5) Since diseased trees have been shown to be very full of infectious matter, it must be that, for unknown reasons, much of this iails to hud an immediate entrance into healthy trees, otherwise the peach would soon disappear entirely. Three special lines of inquiry are now under consideration and will receive undivided attention as soon as the laborious experiments with fertilizers have been completed. These are as follows: 486 (1) The period of incuLation of the disease prior to its first appearance, i. e. the greatest length of time a tree may be affected before it shows any symptoms of yel- lows. (2) The exact nature of the contagion. (3) Its method of spread other than by bud iuoculatiim. The second part of this report is devoted to peach rosette, a disea^se prevalent in Georgia, whicli was at first thought to be a variety of peacii yeHows. The characteristics of the disease are described and an account is given of inoculation experiment.^. The following summary is taken from the bulletin : (1) The rosette, as now understood, differs from peach yellows in the following particulars ; (a) The more tufted character and somewhat different appearance of the diseased growths. (ft) The much greater teudenry of tliese compactly tufted growths to devtlop in early Hjiring from winter buds and to appear all over the tree. (c) A smaller tendency to develop sprouts upon the trunk and main limits. (d) The absence of premature fruit. (e) The general early fall of leaves and fruit on affected trees, the fruit being small, yellowish green, and more or less shriveled and gummy. (/) Gummosis of the roots. {g) The occurrence of the disease in plums. (ft) The mncli more speedy destruction of affected trees. (2) The disease is virulently contagious, and it is probable that something might be done toward diecking its increase by tlie prompt destruction of all affected trees. I'liis should be done in early spring, as soon as the disease a]>jiears and liefore the leaves begin to fall. (3) The disease may exist for a short time in jiart of a trcf witliont being in the rest of it, but it soon involv«'S the entire tree. In other words, it woubl sfcm that the cause of the disease must enter the tree at some particular point or points and be carried gradually to all parts through the circulation. (4) As in peach yellows, tlie admitted fact that nrighboring trees are in)t always the next to take the .")-L'.'?2), — The oiigiu of tlie data from which thi.s publiration is prepaied is thus descrihed in the introduction of the July number, though the number of ob.*;ervers varies somewhat from month to month: This review is based on reports for July, 1891, from 2,402 regular and voluntary observers. The.se reports are classified as follows: One Inunlred an service, Kansas, Kentncky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississijjpi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New England, New Jersey, New York, North (,'arolina. North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Oirhate is re<'ommended, which precipitates all albumose but leaves the i>ei»tones in solution. The reagent in form of a fine powder is added to the solution to be treated to the i>oint of saturation. The comiilete pre- cii)itation of albumose recpiircs about L'4 hours. Peptone, according to Kiihne, possesses no nutritive value. The animal (ugauism can not use it to supply the requisite amount of albuminoids in the bolctely regenerated to albumiiKu'ds. au' closed at the outer end and paduated to tiftietlis of a cubic centimeter. Wlien 1 Tavity of the par- ticles, being- larger the lighter and larger the particles of meal. Thus in a test of a number of different kinds of meal and starch the space occupied by 1 gram of material after whirling 5 minutes ranged from ]li.() (rice starch) to oO tenths of a cubic centimeter. Alcohol and ether Avere tried in place of water, but the latter was found more satisfactory. It is claimed that adulterations of bran, flour, and the like may be detected by this means and quantitatively' estimated, at least ap])roxi- mately, and the results of numerous tests in this directicm are reported. The microscope is recommended as a A'^aluable supplement in recogni- zing the character of the adulterants. Butter anaJiiais. — The tul)e described above is also used for testing butter. To save time the sample of butter is measured instead of weighed. For this i)urpose a thin piece of glass tubing, fitting into the opening of the test tube and of such length as to contain 10 c. c, is used. Tills measuring cylinder is ti^lled by pressing it into the butter, and the butter is removed from the ends by passing a glass plate over them. The cylinder is then wiped and placed in the wide iiart of the test tube which has been heating in the water bath. The butter is quickly melted and runs down into the tube. The measuring cylinder is then removed and the tube is whirled in the centrifuge running at about 2,()()0 revolu- tions per minute for 2 to 3 minutes. At the end of this operation two layers are usually i^lainly perceptible in the aqueous portion, which is shariily divided from the layer of liquid fat above it. The lower aqueous layer is nearly clear and contains crystals of salt, mineral .substances, etc.; the upper layer consists priiici])ally of casein suspended in water. The relation of these two aqueous layers to each other is said to be very Aariable. Their sum represents the buttermilk content of the samijle. Ten minutes is said to be sufficient for the test. As the butter fat so separated is in a nearly pure condition, it maybe saponified to get the fatty acids and the index of refraction taken. For the saponification a tube is used, which is similar to the one used in most of the rapid milk tests, except that the neck widens above the graduated part into a bulb of about a third the capacity of that below. The nar- row pai't between the two bulbs of 1.1 to 1.5 c. c. capacity is graduated to fiftieths of a cubic centimeter. One c. c. of the butter Jiit is measured out into the tube by means of a pipette at a temperature of 100° C, butter fat, pipette, and tube being previously heated together in a 490 boiliiij; water bath to bring thera to this temperature. To this 1 c. c. of fat, 4 c. c. of ah'oholic potash sohitiou (prepared by dissolviiij; 1(K> grams potassium liydrate in as little h(>t water as ]K»ssible and then diluting to 1 litt-r with alcohol), and a eouple of ]>i«M-es of i)umiee stone are added and the tube hung in a water bath. In from 10 to 15 minutes the saiK»nitieation is eomi»h't<' e. e. sulphurie acid (1 : 4), heating in a water bath, adding hot watrr suftieient to bring the dissolved fatty acids up into the graduated part of the tube, and then whirling in the centrifuge for 2 minutes. The voluiiu' is then read otf at 100° C. The operation is said to lequire about iialf an hour. In numerous determi- nations by the author the fatty acids constituted in butter 90 to 91 per cent, in margarine 94 to!>.") i»er cent, and in other fats 9.") to 97 per cent of the fat taken. Finally, it is jn-oposed to determine the index of refrac- tion of the melted fat by means (tf a I'ulfri«h refractometi-r. The author claims that in a short time and without taking any weights, valuable data forjudging of the cliara(t<-r ot butter are secured by the method just deserit>ed. Concerning the direct absorption of ammoninm salts by certain plants, A. B. Griffiths iClinii. Xeirts, 64 {ISUI), p. 1/7).— The following experiments ai«' in eonlii niatioii of results ])re\i(»usly reached by Miintz, who found that the io<»ts of certain jdants (beans, barley, hem]t, and corn) were <'apable of absorbing ammonium salts without the latt«'r iK'ing first converted into nitrates. Young bean plantlets were immersed in a solution (»f coppt-r suli)hate for ;{0 minutes to destroy any nitrifying organisms that might be present, then washed in st«'rili/.«'d distill«'«l wat<'r, and the roots i)hued in a sterilized culture solution composed as follows: 1 liter distilled water, 1 gram ])otassium chloride. O.d.". gram ferrous carbonate, and ().."> gram ea<"h of sodium chloiihosi)hate, and ammonium suli)hate. Only i)ure chemicals were used. The cultures with the ]>lanth'ts w«'re ]ilace«l uiuler sterilized bell glasses and supi»lied with air filti-rcd through cotton wool to ster- ilize it. The plants grew well for 4 weeks, although the culture medium containiMl nitrogen only as ammonium sulphate whose nitrification was guarded against. N()t a trace of nitric nitrogen c«ndd be detected in any of tlu' twenty-four culture solutions at the end of this time. The percentage of ammonium sulphate in the solution, which was 0.05 at the beginning, was found to be diminished to 0.027 at the end. During the growth of the i>lants no luxlules w«'re formed on the roots, indicating that no nitrogen was derived from the air. Although in nature the ammonium salts may, as a rule, be changeil to nitrates before they are taken ujt by plants, these e\]»eriments seem to show that under certain cir«umstances unchanged ammonium salts may be directly appropriated by plants. 491 New experiments in soil inoculation, Schmitter ( Wochensch. tier pomm. okon. (its., ISDj^pp. 251, ^^.5;.^).— These expeiiiaeiits were made on the fields of the Agricultural Institute of the Leipsic University. Three plats (size not given) were selected from different parts of the field. Plat 1 was located in a garden; plat L' was among the experimental plats; and plat 3 was from a meadow long in grass, on which no pa]>il- ionaceous plants had been grown, the object being to secure a piece of land which had Ivng been uncultivated and free from leguminous growth. April 15 half of each of the plats was manured at the rate of 350 pounds superphosphate and 430 pounds of potash-magnesium sulphate per acre. Each plat was then divided crosswise into eight strips, each 1 meter wide, and separated from each other by intervening strips. Yellow lupine was sown on all the plats, and on strips 2, 4, 0, and 8 of each plat fresh lupine soil, rich in bacteria, was sown at the rate of from 1,800 pounds to 9 tons per acre. Lupine had not previously been grown on any of the plats and all were very much reduced in fertility. The lupines made a rather weak growth on all the plats till the last of June, when a more luxuriant growth commenced. On plats 1 and 2 this growthseemed to be equal on all the strips, andno difference was percepti- ble between the growth on the inoculated and the uninoculated strips up to the time of harvest. As com j)ared with j^revious observations, the root tubercles were very late in forming and scanty in number. The number of tubercles on the roots of plants from different strips was counted and found to average about the same for all the strips of plats 1 and 2. On plat 3, however, the case was different. At first there was no per- ceptible difference between the inoculated and the uninoculated strii)s, but about the middle of July the inoculated strips commenced to gain and soon were distinguishable from the uninoculated strii^s even at a dis- tance. When the tubercles were counted more and better-developed tubercles were found on the plants from inoculated strips. The plants on all three plats were harvested September 17 and dried under cover. Measurements were made on ten representative plants from eaoh strip, and the weights taken of the air-dry j)lants (hay and seeds separately). The results on plats 1 and 2 showed no advantage from inoculating the soil. The results on plat 3 are given as follows : Results on inoculated and uninoculated strips of meadow land. Yield of lupine. Hay. Seeda. Length of root. * Height of plant. No. of root tubercles per phint. Strip No. 1 2 inoculated 3 4 inoculated 5 6 inoculated 7 8 inoculated Total yield from inoculated strips . . . Total yield from uninoculated strips. Kg. 4,700 4,780 2,300 4,700 4,650 4,850 4,750 4,850 19, 180 16, 400 Kg. 2,850 2.950 2,350 2,650 2,400 2,800 2,550 2,800 11, 200 10, 100 Cm. 17.5 20.4 20.4 21.1 17.9 19.6 20.4 23.0 Cm. 87.8 95.8 98.0 100. 5 96.9 99.3 91.5 102.0 Length of longest root below the surface. 492 In the case of plat 3, therefore, the yield, ])ro«ln»ti(»ii it\' t nlicrcles, aii or received no fertilizer. From danuary (5 to duly 1."), IS'.io. the unmanurerogress»'» months from Novend)er, ISS!», to .Inly. 1S'.»0. the larger ])art. altliough not tlie whole, of the nitrogen applied in the ammonium sulphates was removed liy the drainag*' water. CuUiratcd soils. — Oats. hemp, rye grass. ]»eas. and cloM-rwere grown in pots (1) in good soil without fertilizer and (li) in worn-out soil with (mt fertilizer, and with dressings of mixed fertilizer containing (>..?-! gram of nitrogen per pot; an extract of barnyard manure containing Ki.Tl grams of organic nnitter and 1.47 grams of nitrogen per pot: and the two combined, furnishing 1.7'J grams (»f nitrogen i)er pot. The pots were set in the air above ground. These conditi«uis, as tlu- author remarks, wi're artificial in so far as the heating of the pots on the sides made tlu' s(til in them wainier and dryer than that in the Held. The higher temi»erature naturally conduced to a more inten.sive nitrilication. while the increased dryness of the soil haot was lost from the pea and clover cultures. On the other liaml the (puiutity of drainage 493 from the former was consideral)]y less than from tlie latter. The author Avould explain this excessive loss of nitrates from the le}j;uminous cultures by inability of these plauts to take up the nitrates from the soil in the same decree as other j)lants. With reference to the hciii]), the indications were that this plant was only able to appropriate the nitrates when organic nitrogenous matter was present, i. e. when the barnyard manure extract was applied with the nitrate. In its absence the plants seemed unable to prevent the wasliing out of considerable quantities of nitrates. Fallow cultures. — To prevent the loss of nitrojicn from the soil by drainage after harvest, it was proposed to sow rajtidly growing crops on fields where beets, corn, hemp, oats, and peas had been raised, and later to plow these second crops under. Although the season was dry and the crops winterkilled, prematurely terminating the experiment, the advantage of the aftergrowth was very apparent. In November, before the frost, the drainage water Avashed out on an average U.G X)ounds of nitrogen as nitrates from the bare and 0.36 pounds from the cultivated soil per acre. The case was similar where perennials (rye grass and clover) were raised. The food value of brush-wood, A. Stutzer (Deut. landw. Presse, 1891, p. 943). — Attention was called last year by Kamenn and von Jena, in a pamphlet published by them, to the fact that the brushwood or the younger twigs from trimming out the tops of trees {Holzreisig), pos- sessed a value for feeding purposes, and might be used to supplement the food supply when crops were po©r. In order to prepare the material for feeding it was to be crushed and broken up, 1 per cent of malt added, hot distillery swill or something of the kind poured over it, and then allowed to w^ork for 1 to 3 days. The material used by the author for analysis was obtained by treat- ing twigs gathered in winter in the above manner. The analyses fol- low" of fodder matle from beach, pine, alder, and common locust : Water Crude protein Amides and digestible albuminoids TTiidigestible protein Coefficient of digestibility of crude protein Beach. Per cent. 10. 12 4.50 1.25 3.25 27.80 Pine. Per cent. 7.51 5.19 2.13 3.06 40.90 Alder. Per cent. 6.87 7.12 3.56 3.56 50.00 Locust. Per cent. 6.98 7.94 5.00 2.88 63.80 The locust not only contains the largest percentage of protein, but the protein is the most digestible. Studies of the changes in potato tubers in keeping, E. Wollny {Forsvh. auf. d. Geh. d. acjr. Physik, 14, pp. ;JS0-W;.').—lt is a familiar tact that potatoes suffer a loss in weight by keeping, on tlie one hand by the evaporation of water aud on the other hand through the 494 changes occasioned by tlie process of respiration in the organic matter, especially the nitrogen-free extract. These losses and changes have been previously studied by other investigators, and in addition to a description of his ovra. experiments, the author briefly reviews the inves- tigations by Xol^be,* ]\[iiller-Tliurgau, and others. Xobbe studietl the changes both in weight and in chemical com- position under varying conditions of temperature, moisture, light, et<^. Brietiy, his exi)eriments indicated that the controlling factors in deter- mining the loss in weight by Iceeping were tirst of all heat (temi)era- ture), and next the state of moisture of the air, lieat increasing and moisture rather diminishing it, and that light had no iierceptible eftect on the loss in weight. .Measurements of the water and eaibonic acid given off indicated the former to be from three to four times that of the latter. The amount of carbonic acid given off seemed to be quite con- stant, but the transpiration of water increased in March to nearly twice the former amount. The per cent of starch increased in every instance where the tubers were kept at a high temperature (25° to 35° C). The starch content slightly decreased where the tuber.^ were kept moist and cold, and remaineil practically unchanged when kept dry and cold. Jfobbe's experiments were made entirely under artifical conditions, and his obs<'rvations were conliiied to a small number of tubers. The ]»iesent studies were on a much larger scale than those by Xobbe, and were confined to the changes in weight and certain outward appear- ances of the tubers. Of each o£ 11* different varieties of potatoes, KM) tubers were selected at the tinu- of digging (early in October), brushed, weighed, and placed in lead cyliiulers in a moderately dark. dee]), dry cellar, where the temperature ranged from (P to IPC. From October to April the tubers were weighed on the 1st and l.")tli of ea<'h month; after April 1 weights were taken oidy on the 1st of each month. The data secured indicate that under the conditions of the experiment the losses in weight were greatest directly after digging, and decri-ased from then till the 1st of .March, when they commenced to increase. The average percentage losses of the 1'2 varieties from month to month were as follows: October 2.02 per cent, November 1.18, December 0.50, Janu- ary O.r.O. February O.Sl. :\Iarch 0.41. April 0.r)0. In the case of each variety the loss in February was larger than in the month preceding or following, being in many cases doubled. The loss of weight during the colder i)eriod uj) to the 1st of May was much lower than during the foHowing sumnu'r. The former loss aggregated on an average 0.17 per cent of the original weight, and the latter (May to October) 21.57 per cent. The difference noticed in the losses of the different varieties did not seem to bear any fixed relation either to the size of the tubers or to the Laudw. Vers. Stat., 7 (X865), pp. 452-46J, 495 cailiiiess or lateness of the variety (diiratioii of the eliaracteristie period of growth). Thus the total perceiit.aj;e h>ss from October to INIay 1 varied with tlie 3 early varieties from 4.87 to 8.4S; with the "> medium- early varieties from 4.55 to 0.78, and with the 4 later varieties from 5.71 to 7.28 per cent. Siuee, according to Xobbe, about three fourths of the loss may be attributed to loss of water aud only about oue fourth to the respiration, the above losses wouhl indicate a loss of only l.li to li.l jier cent of organic matter. These losses by keeping are believed to be lower thau are usually assnnu'd and lower than those observed by ISTobbe. The author refers to the two important factors in determining the loss, i. e. dryness and temperature, the last of which was studied by Miiller-Thurgau,* and he gives a brief rdsum6 of Midler's ol)serva- tions. According to JMiiller three distinct processes go on in potato tubers, namely, respiration, sugar formation, and retrograde starch fornuition. It is explained that the respiratory process takes place in the living protoplasm of the cells and consists of an oxidation of cer- tain organic substances (sugar, etc.) through the atmospheric oxygen, *the products of the process being carbonic acid and water. The inten- sity of the process depends upon certain conditions, as age of the tubers, temperature, quantity of material present which is cai)able of su])i)orting the process, etc. Milller found tliat the process was more energetic the more sugar the protoplasm had at its disposal and the higher the temperature. The importance of the second process — the sugar formation — is readily seen from the dependence of the respiratory process upon it. The sugars formed in the tubers are cane sugar and glucose, the larger amount being of the latter. This formation of sugar is believed to be from the starch by means of a ferment, but this ferment can not be diastase, since, according to the author, it does not occur in the tubers, and more- over from starch diastase forms dextrin and maltose. Temperature has a greater influence on the respiratory process than on the formation of sugar, so that at lower temperature more sugar is produced than is oxidized, and so accumulates. This fact explains the sweet taste of frozen i)otatoes, for while scarcely any. respiration takes place at - 1° to — 2° C, the sugar formation is only slightly abated at this low tempera- ture. But the sugar formation is not accelerated by increased temper- ature in the same proportion as the respiration is, so that it follows that the amount of sugar iu potatoes depends upon the temperature at which they have been kept. The retrograde starch formation, or the re-formation of starch from sugar, takes place when potatoes which have become sweetare subjected to a warm temperature for a time. According to Miiller's experiments *Bot, Ce-fttralbl., 19 (1882), No, 2; Lanilw, Jahrb., 1882, pp. 751-828, aud 1885, pp. 8.31-912, 400 the tollowiiiji' amounts of sugar were used or stored u[) per kilct^nam of tubeis ill ail hour, at different temperatures : Temperature, C. 0°. 3°. Sugar nsod: i Mg. Mg. In respiration ' 2.3 j 2.8 YiiT .starch format inn 1. 7 ; 20. 8 Sugar stored up i 28.0 1 9.0 6°. 10°. 15°. Mg. I Mg. Mg. 3.5 4.5 C.5 25.8 31.3 32.8 4.3 a. 5 34.5 These figures point to O^-IO^ C. (3l'^-.~»0^ F.) as the most rational temperature for keeping potatoes, since within these limits the respi- ration is low. As soon as the sprouts begin to grow the losses of organic matter increase in proi>ortion to the growth of the sprouts. It is at this stage (after si)routing) that the greatest losses in the keeping of potatoes occur, and tlie shorter or longer time tliat elapses befure sprouting and jdaiiting the greater or less the amount of reserve material in the tubers. Feeding shorn and unshorn lambs in -winter, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz (Outiifio Aqr. Collrf/r E.rpt. Station Bui. No. 68, October ;.'ii, J'^m, pp. S). — Tiiis experiment was with twenty lambs, and lastetl from January <» to Ajtril -1», ism. Ten of the lambs had been shorn the last of the previous November. The shorn lambs averaged 01.8 ])ounds, and the unshorn l(>l,s."» pounds eadi in weight. lioth lots were kept in a elo.sed shed. Kach lot received hay ad lihitum, and definite amounts of nnground oats and peas, bran, and roots, the amounts being the same for both lots. Tlie total gains of the indi- vidual sheep in each lot varied widely, ranging with the unshorn sheep from Mi to ol pouiuls, and with the shorn from L't» t^) 70 ptainds. The total gains for the two lots were practically the same, being 4L'«;.."> ]»ounds t\)r the unshorn and IJ7.."» i)ounds for the shorn sheep. .V calculation of the linam-ial results, ba.sed on current i)ri<-es. and vabiing the hnnbs at 7 cents i)er ptiund at the close, shows the protit with the ten unshorn lambs to have been .$2(;.44 and with the ten shorn laml)s S30.14, but the latter inchnles •*."».0.''. received for the wool slnun from the second lot, and no account is taken of the value (M» lambs purchased by the station IH) were selected for winter fattening. They were all shorn October L'li and 1*3, and October -4 the experiment conunenced. From this tinie until November L'l they "were all<)wed to pasture on rape in the day- time when the weather was fine." and received in addition hay and grain composed of 7 parts by weight of oats, I i)art oat screenings. 3 parts peas, and 1 part bran. From November L'l until Apiil 24, the 497 (Jose of the experiment, tliey received hay, ^Tain, and roots (sliced turnips). JJuring the feeding the ninety land)s gained 4,513.5 pounds live weight, or 50 pounds per head. They were shipped to England, together with ten others, where they were sold tor sl,()(;i.O,S. The cost of transi»ortation and sale of the lambs was So75.L*l. iteckoning oats at 34^ cents, peas at 52 cents, and turnips at 8 cents per bushel, bran at 814 and hay at $4.50 per ton, and making an allowance for the value of the manure, there was an apparent profit of 8108.42. The cost of shipping *'was considerably more than the average outlay, which expe- rienced slii]ipers put at from $2.50 to $3 per head. This arose in part from the smalliu'ss of the shipment. * * * It is confidently believed that the cost of transportation and sale will be much reduced in the next shipment. * * * It is the intention to repeat the experiment in the coming winter and spring." Determination of casein in milk, J. Roux {Moniteur Scientif. (i), 0 pp. 478-4:82 ; ahs. in Chem.('i'ntralbl.^lf;si-, 1M»1, pp. 7li3 ami 775. TITLES OF ARTICLES IN RECENT FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS. Three years' experiment in inoculating lupine {DreijahrUje Imjyfverstiche mit Lupinen), C. FRUWiRxn-MoDLiXG.— i>(((/. Jandw. Presse, 1S9S, Xo. 1, p. 6. Experiments in the inoculation of serradella and single-flowered vetch ( Vicia monantha) {Impfrersuche mil Serradella loid cUihliiticjer Erve), C. FituwiKTii-MoDLiXG. — Deut. landw. Fresse, 1892, No. 2, p. 14. The dependence of the assimilation of free nitrogen by plants on species, sup- ply of plant food, and kind of soil {Die Assimihttioti J'rekn Stkkstoff ltd den I'flumen in Hirer Ahhdn(ji(jkeit von Species, von Erndhrungaverhdltnissen, und von Bodenarten. Arbeiten aus dem pflanzenphyaiologisclien Instifnt der M»\(jlielien landwirtschaftUchen Hochschiih in Berlin), B. Fha^k.— Landw. Jahrh., 21 {1S92), Heft 1 und 2, pp. 1-45. Contributions to the solution of the nitrogen question (Beitrdye zur Losung der '' Sticksiofffra(je"), H. Lmmexdorff.— Zrnirfic. Jalirb., 21 {1892), Heft 1 und 2, pp. 281- oo9. Transformation of albuminoids in the vegetable organism, IV ( Ueher den Eiweiss- nmsatz iin Pjlamenorganismus), E. Schulze (Zurich). — Landw. Jahrb., 21 {1892), Heft 1 und 2, pp. 105-130. The injurious action of aqueous solutions of copper sulphate and copper nitrate on soil and plants {Ueher die schddigende Wirkung von kupfersulfai- und knpfernitrathaltigem IVasaer auf Boden und Pjianzen), Emil Haselhoff. — Landw. Jahrb, 21 {1892), Heft 1 und 2, pp. 263-276. The adulteration of basic slag, Berxard Dyer. — Anah/st, 17, Januarii, 1892, p. 4. Concerning the nitrogen-free constituents of vegetable feeding stuffs ( Ueber die stickstofffreien Besfandtheile der vegetablischen Fatter mittel, E. Schulze (Zurich). — Landw. Jahrb., 21 {1892), Heft 1 und 2, pp. 79-103. Report of experiments made by the Royal Agricultural Academy of Pop- pelsdorf on the feeding value of brushwood {Bericht liber die an der koniglichen landwirthschaftlichen Akademie zu Poppelsdorf angestellten Beisigf utter ungsversuche)^ Uamu.— Landw. Jahrb., 21 {1892), Heft 1 und 2, pp. 149-173. On the storage of albuminoids in the fattening of grown animals, and some xe\a.teAc^\ieationB{UeJ)er den Eiweissansatzbei der Mast ausgewachsener Thiere, soivie iiber einige sich hieran ankniipfende Fragen), Th, Pfeiffer and G. Kalb. — Landto. .Jahrb., 21 {1S92), Heft 1 und 2. pp. 175-209. Field-cured and ensiled meadow grass as feeding stuffs ( Wiesengras und Press- fatter), E. Wolff and Jul. Eisexlohr.— irtwrfic. Jahrb., 21 {1892), Heftl und 2, pp. 45-77. A convenient method for the estimation of fat in milk {Eine bequeme Methode zurBestimmung von Fett in llilch), Emil Gottlieb. — Landw. Vers. Stat., 40, Heft 1, pp^ 1-27. Dairy investigations at the Institute for Animal Physiology, Royal Agricul- tural School, Vienna {Milchwirthschafiliche Untersuchungen des thierphijsiologischcn Lnstituts der k. k. Hochschule fiir Bodencultur in Tfien), L. Adametz and M. Wilck- ESS.— Landw. Jahrb., 21 {1892), Heftl und 2, pp. 131-148. Transactions of the Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations in the German Empire at the meeting in Halle, September, 1891. — Landw. Vers. Stat.^ 40, Heft 1. pp. 29-60. 499 EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES. Alabama CoLLKtiK and Station". — A. J. Bonduraut has been clfotird professor of agriculture aud agriculturist to the station vice J. 8. Newman, who has become vice director of the South Carolina Station. C. A. Cary, 1). V. 31., forinorly of the South Dakota Agricultural College ami Station, has been appointed lecturer on veterinary science. Cai.ii'orxia Station. — The annual report of the director will contain accounts of the work of the agricultural laboratory during the past 3 years; reports on culture investigations at each of the five .stations in the State for 1891: articles on special subjects and investigations; and rejiorts on insects, insecticides, auenroved cross on the ordinary rancli ewe. Many sheeji owners ha\ e been for years making crosses with the Merino breed, dwing to the increaseil demand for mutton, it is thought by m.iny to be more jirofitable to breed sheep of greater weight, even if their wo(d is of a ]iooi-er quality. To assist in working out this problem the station has purchased one food, though the growth of the animals was slower Avhen it was fed. Pigs fed in the pen made a much slower growth than those allowed to run at large. Ik'iJKAU OF AxiMAi. IXDrsTuv. — By the regulations for the prevention of South- ern cattle plague issued by the Secretary of Agriculture .January 11, 1892, no cattle 4ire to be transported from February 1.^ to December 1, 1892, to any jiortiou of the United States north or south of an area including the States of South Carolina, (ieorgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississii)])i, Louisiana, Arkansas, Texas, Indian Terri- tory, and i)ortions of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Virginia, except l)y rail, for immediate slaughter, aud under the regulations of the Department of Agriculture. Cattle which have been for 90 days in a certain restricted area in Texas may, however, be transported by rail into Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana for slaughter or grazing in accordance with the regulations made by those States and by this Deiiartment. Tiu^ following are among the results of recent studies on animal i)arjLsitos: In experiments to determine the sources of infection of American hogs with the thoni-headed worm, v>iiite grubs of the species Laclinostenia fl)T«rt/a were successfully infected with the larvic of EchinorhtjucliKs (jigas, but as the parasite has a larger geo- giaphical distril)ution than this insect the experimenter, C. W. Stiles, sus])ects that L. hirticidn and L. dubia may act as secondary hosts. (For details of this investiga- tion see Amer. Jour. Comp.Med. and Fel. Arch., December, 1S91.) Dr. Stiles also proposes a new genus, Myzomimtis (type species IT. scutafiis, Miiller, 1809), for Spiroptera scittata, Miiller, a nematode of the epithelium of the (esophagus of cattle. (For a preliminary note on this subject see Amer. Jour. Coinp. Med. and Vet. Arch., February, 1S92.) Investigations by the same author lead him to opposi; the theory ad\anced by IJabes regarding the migration of PeniaHtomum inniioidcH in cattle. He regards an active migration through the intestinal wall aud canal as exceptional, while Babes looks n](on it as the rule. Experimental infections with Penfa.stumum prvboncidium, an American species, have been made and the anatomy, histology, and eml)ryology have been worked out. (For details of this investigation and a bibliography of the order LinynatuJa, see Comp. rend., d. 1, Soc. d. B'wlogie, Parin, ISOl. pp. SiS-Sol, and Zeitseh. f. «■(••>•«. Zoiih, 1891, 52, pp. 85-157.) Dr. Stiles has also described a new protozoa, Cuccldium biycmhinm. a jtarasite in the villosities of the intestines of dogs. (For a preliminary note on this and other parasites see Bui. d. 1, Soc. Zool. d. France, 1891, pp. 163-165.) Dr. C. Curtice has made exi)eriments in breeding the cattle tick (Ixodes boris, Ivilcy), which he places in a new genus as Boophilun bovis. Further observations have indicated that kerosene emulsion may be used for the treatment of cattle infested with this parasite. (For details of this work see Amer. Jour. Comj). Med, and Vet. Arch., July, 1891, and January, 1892.) Dr. Curtice has also bred the ox warble aud shown that the common American species is Hypodermu lineaia instead of U. bocis. With regard to the migration of 502 this parasit'", he ailvauces the theory that when the hirviP are hatihed from eggs lai(«/ohimhi /KyjnnoHm. (For a (lescription of tlie new parasite see Amer. I'et. Review, July and September, 1891.) Belgium, — The Bulletin de V Agriculture, vol. vii, No. 7, contains the annual reports for 1890 of the experiment station at Gembloux, and of the agricultural laboratories at Liege, Ghent. Hasselt, Gembloux, Mous, Antwerp, and Louvain. The report of the station contains the titles of the articles published in 1890. as follows: Contribution to the Problem of Nitrogen; Experiment on the Decomposition of the Silicates of Arable Soil by the Oxide and Sulphate of Calcium; Clover Hay, Brown Hay, ;ind Dry Dirt'usion Chips of Sugar Beets; Chemical and Botanical Analyses of some IJelgiau Hops; Meteorological Observations; The Chemical Examination of Soils; Experiment on the Assimilability of Phosphatic Slag. The fir.st four of these articles were published in Bulletins Nos. 47 and 48 of the station. The investigations in progress are, experiments reganling the relation of atmospheric nitrogen to plant nutrition; study on the composition of the air ami of rain water iu their rela- t ions to vegetation ; experiments regarding the best time to apjdy Bordeaux mixture lor potato rot, and whether iron in some form can not be substituted for the copper iu this mixture; continuation of the inquiry on the starch content of different varieties of potatoes ; continuation of the chemical examination of Belgian soils; study of the different methods used in the chemical and physical analysis of soils, and meteorological observations. The agricultural laboratories are engaged in the analysis of fertilizers, foods, feed- ing stuffs, beverages, sugar beets, soils, etc., with and without control. Treatment of soils with soluble kluokink compounds. — In view of recent discoveries concerning the antiseptic vahie of hydrofluoric acid in the manufacture of alcohol, the following contribution from the Briissels Socie'te generate de Maltose on the treatment of cultivated soils with soluble fluorine compounds is of interest: Small doses of fluorine were fouiul to V)e of advautagt? in malting barley, botli in preventing spoiling and in aiding germination. At first the grain was soakeil in water acidified with hydrofluoric acid, by which process a small amount of fluorine was absorbed and the seed was at once tested with reference to its germinating ]>ower. Later it was found that the benelieial effect on germination was the same whether the seed was tested immediately after treatment with the hydrofluoric acid water or kept for a time, provided the seed had absorbed minute r|uanfities of fluor- ine. This latter result led to the suggestion that the fluorine might be introduced into the seed through the plant in a more natural way fty ai)plying fluorine com- liounds to the soil. This forms the basis of the claim for a patent. For this pur- pose all soluble fluorine compounds are said to be available, but the fluorides of potassium, sodium, and anunonium. as well as potassio-sodiuin fluoride are said to be preferable. Only a limited application is recommended, as an excess would be more likely to prove disastrous than advantageous to the plants. The fluoride must be thoroughly and evenly distributed throughout the soil. It may be applied dry with tlie fertilizer, or a solution of.'^ to 10 grams in 100 liters of water may be sprinkled on the soil. The latter plan is given the preference, as it insures a more even distribu- tion of the fluorine. Tlie kernels of grain raiseil in soil thus treated absorbed O.OOi? per cent of their weight of fluorine salts; and this minute quantity proved sufiicieut 503 to biinlacing a part of the albuminoids necessary to sustenance and was easily resorbed. In view of these facts the material suggested by Dr. Rieth would seem, as far as digestibility is concerned, to be well adapted to increasing the albumen content of cows' milk. The principal points claimed for milk prepared in this manner are tliat (1) it con- tains no substances foreign to human milk and consists chiefly of cows' milk and materials separated from cows' milk; (2) it is chemically and physiologically iden- tical with human milk; (3) it has the same taste as human milk with no tang or aftertaste ; and (4) it can be stei'ilized or evaporated. Alum ix oil cakks. — Dr. Moschales reports (Wochenschr. des landw. Ver. Baden) having repeatedly found alum up to 4 per cent in rape and palm nut cakes. In one case these cakes are believed to have caused the death of a calf which was fed on them. It is explained that in some factories it is common to sprinkle the material to be extracted with an alum solution which acts ui)on the c^ll walls, thus making pos- sible a more thorough extraction of the oil. The author belreves that oil cakes from material so treated should be used with great care, and since such treatment would tend to produce cakes with a relatively small fat content he urges that farmers should be cautious about feeding oil cakes poor in fat. Phosphate milk. — According to a report in the Journal de I' Agriculture, C. Gravier, superintendent of a model farm in Vichy, France, has succeeded by special feeding (not disclosed) in bringing the phosphoric acid content of the milk of a herd of eight cows lip to 2.3 to 2..5 grams per liter. The normal content is not tar from 1.7 gxams per liter of milk. This milk is put up in bottles and sterilized, and is at present used in several hospitals in Paris on account of its supposed therapeutic iiroiiertiea. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED DURING JANUARY, 1892. Division of Vegktabi.f, Pathology: Bulletin No. 1. — Adilitional Evidence on the Coninuinioiiliility of Pi-ach Yellows and reacli Rosi-tte. Division of Statistics: Report No. 91 (new scries), December, 1?<91. — IJeport on the Crops of the Year; Freight Rates of Transportation Companies. Division of Entomology: Insect Life, vol. iv, Nos. 5 and 6, December, 1891. Division of Botany: Bulletin No. 12, part ii, December, 1891.— Grasses of the Southwest. Wkathkr BruKAi-: Monthly Weather Review. October, 1891. Offick of Exi'KIUMknt Stations: Experiment Station Record, vol. ill, No. 6, January, lb92. 501 LISTOF STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS DURING JANUARY, 1892. Agricultural Experiment Station of the Agricultur.vl axd MeciianicaIi College of Alabama: Bulletiu No. 28, November, 1891. — Watermelous and Cantaloui)es. Bulletin No. 29, November, 1891. — Grapes, Raspberries, and Strawberries. The Coxxecticut Agricultural Experiment Statiox: Bulletin No. 110, December, 1891. — Notice as to Supply of Station Reports; Sam- pling and Analyses of Canada Ashes ; Substitutes for Canada Ashes. Agricultural Experiment Station of Florida: Bulletin No. 16, January 1, 1892. — Corn, Hay, Weevil, Rice, Cane, Texas Blue Grass, and Cotton. Georgia Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 15, December, 1891. — Fertilizer, Culture, and Variety Experiments on Corn ; Culture of Small Fruits. Hatch Experimext Station op the Massachusetts Agricultural College: Bulletin No. 16, January, 1892. — Brief Summary of Results iu Electroculture; Experiments with Lettuce Grown under the Influence of Dynamical Electricity. Meteorological Bulletin No. 36, December, 1891. Experiment Station of Michigan Agricultural College: Bulletin No. 78, December, 1891. — Glanders and Farcy. Bulletin No. 79, January, 1892. — Vegetable Tests. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 18, January, 1892. — Varieties of Cotton. Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska: Bulletin No. 18. — Preliminary Report on the Native Trees and Shrubs of Nebraska. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations: Bulletin No. 85, December 18, 1891. — Farm Practice and Fertilizers to Control Insect Injury. Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 34, November, 1891. — Dewberries. Bulletin No. 35, December, 1891. — Combinations of Fungicides and Insecticiden, and some New Fungicides. Bulletin No. 36, December, 1891. — The Effect of a Grain Ration for Cows at Pas- ture. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin, vol. iv, No. 8 (second series), November, 1891. — Forty Years of Wheat Culture in Ohio. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 1, December, 1891. — General Information, Organization, and His- tory. 505 50G Orkgox Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 15, January, 1892. — Horticulture. Rhode Island State Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 13, September, 1891.— Fertilizers. Bulletin No. 14, October, 1891. — Potato Scab ; the Bordeaux Mixture as a Pre- ventive of Potato Scab and Potato Bliglit ; Transplanting Onions. South Carolina Agricui-tural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 4 (new series), December, 1891. — Fertilizer Tests with Wheat; "\'^rieties of ^^^leat and Oats. South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 25, June, 1891.— Glanders. Bulletin No. 26, July, 1891. — Strawberries, the Sand Cherry, and Orchard Notes. Tennessee Agricultural PLxperiment Station: Bulletin, vol. iv, No. 5, December, 1891.— A Chemical Study of the Cotton Plant. Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 4, December, 1891.— Meteorology for 1891. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPEUIMENT STATIO^JS A. W. HARRIS, DIRECTOR EXPEEIMENT STATIOI^ RECORD Vol. Ill, No. 8 ISSUED Morten, 180;3 PUDLISHED BY AUTIIOIilTY OF THE SECREi'AKY OP AGraCULTUKE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1892 TABLE OF CONTENTS. PapTft Editorial notes 507 Some lessons from recent feeding experiments in Prussia 507 Abstracts of station publications 510 Florida Station 510 Bulletin No. 15, October 1, 1891 510 Indiana Station 510 Bulletin No. 36, August, 1891 510 Bulletin No. 37, December, 1891 512 Maryland Station 513 Third Annual Report, 1890 513 Massachusetts Hatch Station 517 Bulletin No. 16, January, 1892 517 Meteorological Bulletin No. 36, December, 1891 520 Michigan Station 521 Bulletin No. 78, December, 1891 521 Nebraska Station 521 Bulletin No. 18 521 New Jersey Stations .523 Bulletin No. 84, October 10, 1891 523 New York Cornell Station 523 Bulletin No. 34, November, 1891 523 Bulletin No. 35, December, 1891 524 Ohio Station 526 Bulletin Vol. i v. No. 8 (second series), November, 1891 526 Rhode Island Station 529 Third Annual Report, 1890 529 Bulletin No. 12, August, 1891 533 South Carolina Station 7 .533 Bulletin No. 2 (new series), July, 1891 533 Bulletin No. 3 (new series), October, 1891 5.36 Bulletin No. 4 (new series), December, 1891 536 South Dakota Station 537 Bulletin No. 26, July, 1891 537 Tennessee Station 537 Bulletin Vol. iv, No. 5, December, 1891 537 Abstracts of publications of the United States Department of Agriculture.. 543 Division of Statistics 543 Report No. 91 (new series), December, 1891 543 Division of Entomology 546 Insect Life, Vol. iv, Nos. 5 and 6, December, 1891 546 Division of Botany 548 Bulletin No. 12, December, 1891 548 Weather Bureau 549 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. xix. No. 10, October, 1891 549 III IV Page. AhstractK of reports of foreign iuvestigations 550 Titles of artielos in recent foreign publications 578 Experiment station notes 5S0 List of publications of the United States Department of Agriculture issued during Feltriiary, 1892 582 List of station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stations dur- ing February, 1892 Ct'3 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. CHEMISTRY. The use of animal charcoal in the determination of fat in feeding stulfr;, II. J. Patterson 510 BOTANY — .MYCOLOGY. Grasses of the f^onthwest. Part ii, G. Vasey ji48 The formation and oxidation of nitrites during nitrification, S. Winogradsky. 550 The formation of nitrates in the process of nitriticatiim, S. Winogradsky 551 On the fixation of free nitrogen by plants, T. Schlosing, jr., and K. Laurent 551 On the fixation of nitrogen by the soil, A. Gauticr and K. Drouin 552 Soil inoculation for yellow Inpine, Salfeld 5.5;{ Conditions most favorable to the beneficial action of fluorides on yeast feniien- tation, J. Effront '. .")5;^ Wheat scab, J. C. Arthur 512 Observations on strawberry leaf blight and blackberry rust at Maryland Station, T. L. Brunk .">15 C<>nil»inations of fungicides and insecticides, and some new fungicides, E. (;. LoiU-mann .">21 Experinu-nts with Bordeaux mixture for iiotat<» rot at Khode Island Statinn, L. F. Kinney 5o2 KNTOMOI.OGY — AriClLTLUi:. Insect Life, Vol. iv, Nos. 5 and ti. December. 1891 5 It? Kcport (d apiarist i>f K'liodc Island ."station fur 1890, S. Cushman .";!2 MKTEOKor.OGY. Meteorological record at Maryland Station for 1890 517 Meteorological observations at Massacliust-tt-s Hatch Station, December. 1S91, with annual summary, V. D. Warner 520 Meteorological record at lihode Island St.it ion (or 180O 5;?2 Meteorology in relation to tiie crops of the liiited .'States in 1891 '>\'.i Monthly Weather Review of United States Weatlur Bureau, Vol. xix, No. 10, October, 1891 519 IKUTU.IZKUS. Sodium as a plant nutrient, A. Atterlierg .551 Analyses of marls, muck, and marsli mud at Maiylaiul .>>tal iou, II. .1. Patterson. . 515 Analyses of groiiiul bonc^ and miscellaneous fertilizers, E. M. A'oorhees 523 Analy.ses of fertilizers at Rhode Island Station, II. .1. Wheeler 5I!0 Analyses of commercial fertilizers at Kliode Island Station. II. .1. Whi ebr and B. L. Hartwell 5:« Analyses of commercial fertilizers at South Carcdina Station 53ti CnOPS — VARIETIKS — COMPOSITION — FIELD EXI'KltlMKNTS. PngOr Soil test with fertilizers on corn at Marvliiiul Statiou, A. I. Hay ward 513 Coo])erativo field experiiueuts with iertilizers on corn, II. J. Wheeler 530 Field cxijerinients with cotton at Sontli Carolina Station, J. M. Melirydc 533 Chemical stndy of the cotton plant, J. B. McHryde 537 Grasses and leguminous plants at Maryland Statiou, A. I. Hayward 514 Experiments with potatoes at Khode Island Station, L. F. Kinnry 531 Field experiments with rye, oats, corn, and ])otatoes at Khod(; Island Station, C. O. Fla-vg 529 Experiments with sugar beets at Maryland Station, E. II. lirinkley 510 Tobacco culture in Florida, J. P. DePass 510 Field experiments with wheat at Indiana Station, W. C. Latta 510 Forms of nitrogen for wheat, H. A. Hnston 512 Test of varieties of wheat and oats at Maryland Station, A. I. Hayward 514 Experiments with fertilizers ou wheat at South Carolina Station, J. F. Duggar. 536 Tests of varieties of wheat and oats at South Carolina S5tation. .1. F. Duggar.. 536 Experiments in rotation of crops at Maryland Station, A. I. Hayward 514 CROPS — CUIIING ANI> STORAGE. Methods of filling silos at Maryland Station, A. I. Hayward 514 Description of the Syimues hay cap, A. I. Hayward 514 HORTICULTURE. Experiments with tomatoes, potatoes, and strawberries at Maryland Station, T. L. Bruulc 515 Studies on the ripening of cherries, on the products of fermentation of cherry and currant juices, and on the coloring matter of black and of red currants, W. Keim 555 Experiment with fertilizers ou apple and peach trees at Maryland Station, T. L. Brunk 515 The dewberries, L. H. Bailey 523 Kepoi't of horticiilturist of Khode Island Statiou for 1890, L. F. Kinney 531 Experhneuts in horticulture at South Carolina Station, C. A. Kefi'er 537 Electroculturo of i)lants, C. D. Warner 517 FORESTRY — SEEDS. Preliminary report ou the native trees and shrubs of Nebraska, C. E. Bessey .. 521 Northern vs. Southern seed corn, A. I. Hayward 511 FEEDING STUFFS — FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Feeding value of the cotton plant and its parts, J. B. McBryde 540 Tlie composition and valuation of Indiana feeding stuti's, II. A. Huston 513 Comparison of cut with uncut clover hay for steers at Indi.ina Station, C. S. Plumb 512 Cooperative feeding experiments with milch cows, fattening oxen, and fatten- ing sheep in Prussia by the Halle Experiment Station and by farmers 557 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Glanders and farcy, E. A. A. Grange 521 DAIRYING. Testing milk by means of electricity, W. Thiiruer 576 The method of W. Schmid for estimating fat in milk, J. Pinctte 577 VI AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Trials of a grain-testing machine, W. C. Latta 511 The uufU-rilraining of lany the station in coiqieration with intelligent farmers. In the jilanning and in the executitm of the work the teachings of science and the demantls of juaetiee were both carefully considered. Had the ]>rimary object been the study of chemical and physiological laws the investigati(»ns might better have been restricted to the laboratory, the stable, and the resjjiration ai>i)aratus. But the object was rather to help the farnu'r apply the teachings of s<'ience to his ])ractice and find in what ways it could be nuule more rational and profitable. To this end a subject of immediate importance was in each case selected; the questi«)ns were made narrow and si)ecific; the specialists of the university and the most intelligent prai-tical men contributed the fruits of tlu'ir study and ex[)»'rience; the results of information already gained and the teachings of abstract science were utilized. No reasonable i)ains were spared to make the investigations accurate and thorough, and they are being repeated not only iu a number of different i)laces, but through a st-ries of years. In the second place they enforce alesson of luactical \ alue lor farmers. The results inqdy very distinctly that the best ]M(»ducli(»n of meat and milk is brought about by liberal feeding and especially by 500 liberal jiroportioiis of protein in the food. Tliey accord with a very large amount of experiment and experience on both sides of the Atlantic in i iidicating that in regions where the farmer must buy concentrated foods, and especially where he must use artificial fertilizers, the advantage of feeding stuffs rich in protein is very mariced. The reason for this advantage is twofold. The protein is essential for the nutrition of the animals, and Avith it the carbohydrates and fats of other feeding stufts can be profitably utilized. The nitrogenous feeding stufts are an economical source of nitrogen and i)hosi>horic acid formamire. Unfortunately these principles are not always appreciated at their full value. Even in those parts of the United States where the high value of land and nearness to market call for intensive farm- ing, where nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers are largely used, and oil cake, bran, corn meal, and like concentrated foods are a necessity, comparatively few farmers or dairymen use such quantities of protein as accurate experiment implies would be profitable. (3f course a great deal of investigation will be needed to show just what proportions will be most advantageous for ditferent classes of animals and under the Midely different conditions which prevail in the United States, but there is no doubt that one of the essential reforms in our feeding prac- tice will be in using more nitrogenous feeding stuffs. — [W. O. A.] The experiments above referred to furnish another illustration of the futility of drawing general conclusions from a single trial or a series of trials, and the necessity of numerous repetitions of the same experiment. In the experiments of series E (page 565) the question Avas spe- cific and narrow — the effect of the addition of non-nitrogenous food to a ration rich in nitrogen; in other words the old question of wide vs. narrow rations. Instead of depending on two or three cows, as is often done, eight were used. They were all fed alike during each of five test ])eriods, with transition periods between, the food being different in the different test periods. The result was a clear gain of live weight with the narrower and loss with the wider ration, while the only change in milk yield was that which naturally came with advance of the period of lactation. The same experiments were made in another ]>lace with another lot of cows, and with results practically identical. The infer- ence which seemed to be so clearly Avarranted by the first series was strikingly confirmed in the second. The same experiments were rci>eated in a third place with six cows, but the results were the opposite of those of the first two series in respect to both change in live weight and milk yield. The cows of the third series lost weight with the nar- rower and gained with the wider ration, and the milk yield rose Avitli increase of non-nitrogenous food. There Avere slight differences in the kinds of food materials in the three cases, but not such as to account for the difference in result. The most plausil)le hy])othesis is that the cows in the last case were in poor condition. — [W. O. A.] ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE AGRirULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Florida Station, Bulletin No. 15, October 1, 1891 (pp. 14). Tobacco, J. P. DePass. — General directions regarding tlie culture of tobacco, with incidental references to experiments at the station. Indiana Station, Bulletin No. 36, August, 1891 (pp. 32). Field experiments with wheat, W. C. Latta, M. S. (pp. 110-128). — These iuchuled tests of varieties, rates of seeding, time of seeding, large rs. small seed, rotation rs. continuous grain crop])ing, exi)eriiiients with fertilizers, and trials of a grain tester. Previiuis accounts of similar cxi)eriments may be found in iiulletins Xos. 27 and 32 of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. i, p. 200, and vol. II, p.32<)). 2'e.st of varieties. — Tabulated data for 22 varieties tested in 1891, with the average yields of these varieties during fi'om 1 to 8 years. In 1801 the most i)rodu('tive varieties were Jones Winter Fife. Velvet ChaflF, and J'larly lv«'d C'lawson. The average yield of Velvet Chart" for 8 years was 31.3 bushels per acre. Quantiti/ of seed per acre. — Tabulated data are given for the yields of wheat seeded at rates varying from 2 to 8 pecks per acre during 7 y<'ars (188o-t)l). The average yiehl for the 7 years has been from 22.3 to 31.5 bushels per acre, increasing with in(treased thickness of seeding. Early and late seeding. — Tabulated data are given for the yields of wheat sown in ISSS, l.SSO, and 1800 at difterent dates from Sei)t(Miiber 18 to October 18. The results vary in the difterent years, bnf the average yields favor the September sowings. Large rs. small seed. — Tabulated data are given for ex]ieriments dur- ing 3 years. The average gain from Lirge seed for the 3 years is 2.5 bushels per acre. Rotation vs. continuous grain cropping. — The average yields in bushels per acre of all the wheat plats of each .series for 5 years (1887-in) were as follows: Grass and grain 21.8, grain alone 10.0, gain from rotation 4.8. Xo fertilizers have been used on either series of plats since the beginning of the exiieriment, and the entire crop has been removed in every case. 510 511 Commercial fertilizers and stable manure. — This is tlic second year's report on experiments wliicli arc to continue a number of years. Tabu- lated data are given for the yieklsof Avheatonfour series of plats (num- bered 2, 3, 4, and 5). The variety of wheat grown was Velvet Chaff". In series 2, 3, and 5 dissolved boneblack, muriate of potash, and sul- ])hate of ammonia, in combination, were compared with horse manure and with no manure. In series 4 the above-mentioned fertilizers Avere used singly, two by two, and all three together, and compared with horse and cattle manure, plaster, lime, and salt, used singly, and with no manure. The previous cropping of the different series was as fol- lows: In 1889 corn grew on all the plats except those of series 3, devoted to continuous wheat growing. In 1890 series 2 produced barley, and series 4 and 5 oats. " Winter rye was sown in 1889 and an intercrop after corn on series 2, 4, and 5, and was plowed under the next spring for the succeeding crops. Clover has been sown eacli spring as an inter- crop on series 3 and plowed under the same season for the succeeding wheat crop." The following is a general summary of the results of these experiments in 1891 : General averages. Four fertilized plats of series 2 Three adjiRciit ]ilat8 not fertilized — Tour fertilized plats of series 3 Three adjacent ])lats not fertilized. . . T«elv<' I'ci'tilized jilats of series 4 Five a(lj;u'i'ut plats not fertilized Four fertilized )dats of series 5 Three adjaceiir ]dat8 not fertilized . . . Twenty -four fertilized plats Fourteen adjacent plats not fertilized Yield. Grain. Straw. Bushels. 37.40 33.06 32.88 29.81 32.31 34.02 35.69 31.17 33.82 32.35 Pounds. 5,191 3,867 5, 110* 3,528 4,667 4, 039 4,960 3,700 4, 8801 3, 820 Increase. Grain. Bushels. 4.34 3.07 -i.'n 4.52 'i.'47 Straw. Pounds. 1,324 1,582 '"628 1,257 ' 1,060 * Average of three plats. tAverage of twenty-three plats. The grain tester. — Three trials of the tester, of ten weighings each, were made. In the first trial the wheat was run through a funnel and allowed to fall aljont 10 inches into the tester, which was then gently tapped three times with the ends of the fingers liefore taking the struck measure. In the second trial, after running the wheat through the funnel as before, it was lightly pressed with the hand before applying the straight edge. In the third trial the grain was dipped uj) with a small scoop and lifted just over the edge of the tester, when the scoop was tipped and the wheat run into the tester with as little force as possible. * * * Velvet Chaff wheat, one of the heaviest varieties grown at this station, was used in all the weighings. * * » The [average], maximum, and minimum weights, and range of weight, both in pounds and per cent, are all shown in the accompanjaug table. The per cent of range is based on the minimum weight in every case. 512 Weight per gtriick bushel. Aver.ige Maxiuiuni Mmimiiiii liange HuTcent.. Wheat i Wheat ; ^y, . poured and poured and j:_n„i shaken, i pressed. : «'PP«^- Pounds. 66.50 C7. 00 CO. 00 1.00 1.52 Pounds. 67.23 67. 50 67.00 0.50 0.75 Pounds. 63.60 63.75 63.50 0.25 0.39 The method employed iu the third trial is the one recommended by millers, aud although it gives tin- lightt-.st weight per struck bushel, as would be expected, it is evidently the fairest of the three methods used in these trials of the tester. These trials show (1) that wheat may be readily compressed into a more compact mass; (2) that slight differences in the rate of tilling a measure will increase or reduce the quantity of wheat that the measure will hold ; aud (3) that uniformity in filling the tester is just as important as great care in taking the samples to be weighed. The plain lesson of the experiment is that a number of fair samples of the wheat to be graded should be taken, and each weighed several times in a careful and nuiforni manner, and the average weight of the samples taken torejireseut the actual weight per struck bu.shel of grain. If the above-named i)i>ccaulions are carefully observed the grain tester will show, with ajiproximate aecuracy, the average weight of the wheat per struck bushel, and it is tlierefnre recommended as an unvarying and im])artial standard for grading wheat. Wheat scab, J. C. Arthur, D. Sc. (pp. 1l'!)-1;32).— In 1S<)1 an obscnre funj^fous disea.'^e of wheat cau.sed tlio loss i)f 10 to LM) jier cent of the croi) in certain tiehls near La Fayette, Indiana. It caii.'^es i)arts of the heaastiire, and lasted from 513 December 17 to Mnrcli 27, Dniiiij;- this time four auimjils received cut and four others uncut chtver hay, tlie grain aud otlier foods given being practically the same for both lots. The two lots " ate practically tlio same amounts of food, there being but 10 pounds difference in round numbers/' The cost oftlie food for each lot at current prices and the gains in live weight are tabulated. '' During the 100 days of feeding lot 1 gained 607 pounds and lot 2, 425 pounds. Tlie average gain per day in lot 1 for each animal is 1.51 l)Ounds, and in lot 2, 1.07 pounds, or nearly 50 per cent in ftivor of lot 1 — the animals fed cut clover — over those fed the uncut." The composition and valuation of Indiana feeding stuffs, H. A. Huston, M. A. (pp. 111-150). — This article includes a popular discussion on the food constituents of feeding stuffs; the valuation of these constituents; a comparison of the market selling price and chem- ical valuation per ton for a variety of feeding stuft's, alloAvingl cent per l)oun(l for protein, 2.75 cents for fat, and 0.63 cent for carbohydrates; and a table showing the composition of a large number of feeding stuffs grown or sold in Indiana. The very great differences between the chemical value of rye, wheat, and barley, and their market value, bring out very forcibly the effect of a demand for these articles for purposes other than cattle feeding. In the same way the demand for oats as a special food keeps its market price generally above its chemical value. * * » A common practice in pig feeding is to use nearly equal parts of bran, ground oats, and ground barley. A ton of this feed at the prices now prevailing (Novem- ber, 1891) would cost $21.04, while a mixture of equal parts of bran and corn meal would cost $14.69, or of bran and corn-and-cob meal $13.48. Certainly here is margin enough to justify a feeder in making a careful exam- ination into his ration to see if a part of it at least can not be replaced by a cheaper material. Analyses are given for two special foods sold under the names of Powdered Fenugreek and Locust Bean Meal. Calculated on the basis given above the Powdered Fenugreek is valued at $15.89 and the Locust Bean Meal at $11.97 per ton; the former was sold at 4.5 cents per pound or $90 per ton, and the latter at 5.5 cents i)er pound or $110 per ton. Maryland Station, Third Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 71). Report of Director, H. E. Alvord, C. E. (pp. 77-89). — Brief statements regarding the work of the station in different lines, im[)rove- inents in its equipment, publications issued in 1890, aud changes in the station staff. Report of Agriculturist, A. I. Hayward, B. S. (pp. 90-103). Soil test icitli corn. — " This experiment is a repetition of the soil te.st with corn recorded in the Annual Report of the station for 1889 (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 352). The plats and fertilizers used on them for the 2 years were identical." Hickory King corn was 514 grown on one half of each plat and Silver Yellow dent on the other. The tabulated yields lead to the following conclusions: (1) The nitrogen plats gave an increased yield of over 19 bushels as compared with those plats receiving no fertilizer. » * * The cost in the form of nitrate of soda (plat 2) was at the rate of $4 per acre. (2) Phosphoric acid when applied alone failed in every case except one to equal the average product of the nothing plats; the cost in the form of dissolved bone- black was $6 per acre. (3) The application of^hosphoric acid, or potash, or both, in addition to nitrogen, in no case gave a profitable increase of product. (4) The largest yield of dried fodder was from plat 7, receiving the " complete fertilizer," but in no case did a large yield of fodder follow the ajtplication of either potash or jihosphoric acid alone. In every case where nitrogen was used the yield was far above the average. Cooperative corn test. — The yields are tabulated of corn raised in Mary- land from seed grown in Xew York, Wiscon.'^in. Kentucky, Kansas, Georgia, Texas, and Maryland, being the results obtained by the sta- tion in the cooperative corn test planned by the Texas Station in 1890. The varieties from the more Northern States failed to do well. Although their germination and early growth were good, very few perfect stalks could be found on the plats, and hardly a perfect ear. * * * The varieties from Kentucky. Kansas, and Maryland being better adapted to this latitude, matured well and made a good growth, while the unusually long season permitted the fair development of the more Southern varieties. In an ordinary sea- son the varieties from Georgia and Texas would have been killed by frost before reaching maturity. The forage (jardcn. — A report on tlie growth of grasses, clovers, an unknown pea, and sqja beans. The yield of soja beans on 24 unfertilized eighth-acr*' ]»l;its is given. The crop was cut September 16, wlicn in bloom. One i>lat yielded at the rate of 8 tons per acre, and the total yield of the 3 acres was 13 tons. Variety test of irheat and oats. — Brief reference is made to the results of tests of 45 varieties of wheat, i)ublislied in Bulletin Xo. 10 of the station (see Experiment Station liecord, vol ii. p. Tl'S), and to an unsuccessful test of 40 varieties of oats. Rotation phits. — A report of the yield in 1S!K> on G plats laid out in 1888. Silos and sHaf/e. — A brief account of the tilling of three silos. MisceUaneou.s. — An account of the underdraiuing of a piece of land, and a description of the Symmes hay cap. ItEPORT OF HoKTicuLTUKisT, T. L. Brink, B. S. (pp. 104-117). — Tiie author of this report took charge of the horticultural department of the. station October S, 1800, succeeding \Y. H. Bislu.]), B. S. Tomatoes. — The results of experiments in 1880 were published in Bulletin No. 11 of the station (see Experinu'ut Station Record, vol. ii, p. 7L>8). Strawberries. — The tests of varieties in 1880 were reporteil in Bulle- tin Xo. 0 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii. \). 726). 515 Tbepercentagesof leaf growth and blight {Sj)h(creUafragarkc) observed during the autumn of 1889 are recorded for 75 varieties. Those varieties which had a thrifty growth of 60 per cent and upward, and not over 10 i)er cent ot blight, were the following: Bidwell 1 BiibacliNo. 5 5 Gaudy 10 Vau Demau 2 Bessie 0 Crystal City 10 Anna Forest 2 Cornelia 6 James Vick 10 Haverland 3 Arlington 7 Miner Prolific 10 Hoffman 3 Eureka 8 Jessie 10 Daisy 4 Mrs. Garfield 8 Kuby 5 BubacliNo. 132 10 Potatoes. — Notes and a tabulated record of yields are given for Early Kose, Early Maine, and Queen of the Valley potatoes in an experiment in which large and small whole tubers, single-eye cuttings, and "pieces as usually cut" were planted. The results as a whole agreed with those of previous years in indicating that "the most profitable seed potatoes, on the average, are those the size of an egg, one whole tuber being planted in each hill." "Duplicate plantings of both Northern and Southern- grown seed potatoes were made in 1800 at this station and also at the Vermont Sta- tion to verify the results of the previous year.'' The results, as tabu- lated, for 14 varieties agree with those of 1889 in favoring the Vermont- grown seed. This experiment is also described in the Annual Report of the Vermont Station for 1890 (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. Ill, p. 480). In every case with the 14 varieties tried the Vermont seed gave more merchanta- ble potatoes than the Maryland seed, and the total product Avas greater from the Vermont seed in twelve cases out of fourteen. The gross product from Vermont seed was almost double that from the Maryland seed, and the merchantable potatoes were three times as many. Blackberry rust. — Tabulated data are giveu regarding the amount of rust observed on 20 varieties of blackberries October 15, 1890. " Those which gave a strong growth of w^ood and were least affected by the rust were Wilson Early, Wilson Junior, Wachusett, Early Harvest, Crystal White, and Thompson Early ^Mammoth." The report also contains brief notes on the orchards and nursery of the station. Experiments with wild and cultivated varieties of grapes are to be undertaken. A fertilizer experiment on apple and jjeach trees has been begun. Dried blood 240 pounds per acre, muriate of potash 100 pounds, and dissolved boneblack 320 pounds, singly and all three together, were applied for the first time May 16, 1890. Report of Chemist, H. J. Patterson, B. S. (pp. 118-129). — This report includes an article on marls; descriptions and analyses of 14 sam- ples of Maryland marls, 1 sample of muck, and 2 samples of marsh mud; and au article on the use of animal charcoal in the determination of fat in feeding stufits. The following investigations are in progress: (1) Methods for the determination of hygroscopic moisture in feeding stuffs; (2) effect of food on the digestibility of milk ; (3) heat-producing power of various fats, 516 oils, waxes, and resins; (4) effects of acids and alkalis on fterniinating seeds; (5) methods of conijiosting marls in order to change the plant food to an available form; (6) sources of phosphates in fertilizers. The use of animal charcoal in the determination of fat in feeding stuffs. — All account of these studies was also publislied in i\w American Chemical Journal, vol. Yii, Xo. 4. To purify tlie ether extract and free it from extraneous matter, it is suggested to place a layer of animal char- coal ill the extractor just below the subi^tance to be extracted, from which it is separated by a plug of cotton. In all cases 1 gram of the substance was used. With grain and meal 1 gram of charcoal was used, and with hay, fodders, and the like, 2 grams. The amount of charcoal can be varied at the discretion of the analyst, but the above amounts were found satisfactory. The animal charcoal was a pure article, of medium tineness, thoroughly dried, extracted with ether and again dried, and preserved for use in a well-stoppered bottle. The cotton was of good (quality and clean, and had been extracted with ether previous to use. The tabulated results of tests with cotton seed oil, butter fat, mutton tallow, lard, and beef tallow show no appreciable losses from passing ether solutions of pure fat through a layer of charcoal. Comparative determinations of fat by the otiicial method and the moditied method were made on a variety of grains, by-products, coarse fodders, and dung from a digestion expi'iiment, Tlie otiicial method gave the higher results in every ca.sc, the dirterence in ]iercentage of ether extract between the two methods ranging from 0.1 (corn meal) to 3.59 (dried tomatoes), and amounting in the mainiity of cases to over 1.5 per cent. A few tests of the auKtunt of acid in the extracts, 8'ical DKrAinMENT, E. H. Hijinkley (i>ii. 1".0- 11V2). — A brief account of the work of this department of the station, with descriptive notes on various farm imi)lements purchased during ISJH). The more comitlete e^o. 8 2 518 surmounted with teeth; these collectors were united by metallic connection. Tlie result of this culture applied to cereals Avas to increase the crop by half. Tlie following experiment was also tried: Metallic plates 65 by 40 cm. were placed in the soil. These plates were alternately of zinc and copper and placed about 30 m. apart, connected two and two, by a wire. The result was to increase from two-fold to fourfold the production of certain garden plants. Fischer says it is evidently proved that electricity aids in the more comi)lete breaking up of the soil constituents. Finally he says that plants thus treated mature more quickly, are almost always perfectly healthy, and are not att'ected with fungoid growth. Later, N. Specuew, inspired by the results arrived at by his predecessors, was led to investigate the influence of electricity on plants in every stage of their develop- ment ; the results of his experiments were most satisfactory and of practical interest. He began by submitting different seeds to the action of an electric current and found that their development was rendered more rapid and complete. He experimented with the seeds of haricot beans, sunflowers, and winter and spring rye. Two lots of 12 groups of 120 seeds each were plunged into water until they swelled, and while wet the seeds were introduced into long glass cylinders, open at both ends. Copi>er disks were pressed against the seeds, the disks were connected with the poles of an induction coil, the current was kept on for 1 or 2 minutes and immediately after- wards the seeds were sown. The temperature was kept frpm 15- to 50- F., iind the experiments repeated four times. The ftdlowing table shows the results: Elpctrified Rords dcvelopod in Nouclcctriticd seeds dt-vcloiied in. Day*. Days. 2.5 3 4 C Day*. % 5 Dayx. S. 5 15 It was also observed that the plants coming from electrified seeds were belter developed, their leaves were much larger, ami their color brigliter than in those l)lants growing from nouelectrilied seeds. The current did not alVect the yield. At the Botanical Gardens at Kew. tbe following experiment was tried: Large plates of zinc and copper (0.445 m. and 0.712 m.) were ])laced in the soil and connecteil by wires so arranged that the current passed through the ground; the arrangement was really a battery of (zinc | earth | copper). This method was applied to pot herbs and flowering plants and also to the growing of garden produce; in the latter case the result was a large crop and the vegetables giown were of enormous size. Extensive experiments in electroculture were also made at Pskov, Russia. Plats of earth were sown to rye, com, oats, barley, peas, clover, and flax; around these respective ]>lats were placed insulating rods, on the top of which were crown-shaped collectors — the latter connected by means of wires. Atmospheric electricity was thus collected above the seeds and the latter matured in a highly electrified atmos- phere; the plats were submitted to identical conditions and the experinu'nts were carried on for 5 years. The results showed a consjment. Sixteen vines were submitted to experiment and sixteen were left to natural influences. In 519 the ends of the vines under treatment pointed ])latinum wires were inserted, to which were attached copper wires leadinij; to thi* tops of tall ])ole8 near the vines; at the base of these same Aaues other platinum wires were inserted and connected by ^.oppcr wires with the soil. At the close of the experiment, which be. S. The yearly summary for 1801 is as follows: Prossiire (inches). — Actual maximum reading 30.44, November 10, Khi. m.; actual mininuim reading L*8.40, January 12, 0 a. m.; mean reduced to sea level 3(>.018; annual range 2.04. Air tini pvrot iire (de.S. \Mn(l (prevailing direction). — N 19 per cent; S 13 per cent; XW 12 per cent: SSW 11 ]ier cent: total movenn-nt 15.l'12 miles; nuiximum daily movement 44.3 miles, March II; minimum (Uily movement 3 miles, January 1; mean daily movement l."»I.;; miles; mean hourly velocity 0.3 miles; maximum ]»ressure i)er square foot 10.25 pounds — 57 miles per hour — January 23, 3 p. m. rrccipitntiou. — Total rainfall or melted snow 34.82 inches; number of days on which 0.01 inch of rain or melted snow fell 112; total snowfall in inches 54.25. Wcnthrr. — Mean cloudiness observed 53 per cent; total cloudiness recorded by the sun thermometer 2.220 hours, or 50 per cent: number of clear \n^\^t\ion\{Rhamnusalnifolia),hin:kt\iovn {R. lanceolafus), Indian cherry {R. caroliana), New Jersey tea {Geanothtis americamis), red root {G. oratus), summer grape {Vitis a'stivalis), frost grape {V. cordifolia), early wild grape ( V. riparia), Yirginia creeper {Parthenocissus [Ann)elo2)sis] 522 qtiinqnefolia), kinnilciniiik (Conius serieea). ron;?li -leaved dogwood {€. asperifoUa), red osier dogwood (C. stoloni/cra), dogwood (C candidis- sm a), prickly gooseberry {Ribes cyjioshati), smooth gooseberry [R. gracile), Avild red currant {R. cereiim), wild black currant {R. JJoridum), golden currant {R. nurcum), witch hazel (Hatnamelis rirginidna,) bufl'alo berry {Shepherdia argentea), \^i\d plum {Prunus americana), sand cherry (P. ptimila)j chokecherry (P. virginiana.), dwarf wild cherry (P. demissa), wild black cherry (P. scrotina), nine bark {Xidlia opuIif(dia), red raspberry {Ruhus strigosus), black raspberry (P. occidenialis), black- berry (P. villosus), mountain mahogany {Ccrcocarpus parviftdius)^ climbing prairie rose {Rosa setigera), iname rose {R. orlansdna), tall rose {R. fendleri), low rose (P. iroodaii). wild crab apple {Pgrus coro- naria), hawthorn {Crativgus tomeutosa), hawthorn (C. coccinea), serv- ice berry {Amelanchier canadensis), small service berry {A. alnifolia), bearberry (Arctostaphylos nra-ur,si), shoe string {Amorpha c<(H('.s(rn.s), false indigo {A. fniticosu), redbud (Cercis canadensis), Kentucky cottee tree {Oymnoelad as canadensis), houeylocm^t {Gled it sia \G1editschia] tria- canthos), white ash (Fra.vinns americana). fireen ash (P. riridis).Tvd ash [F. pnhesccns), buttonbush [Cephalanihus nccidenialis). elder {Sanilnicns canadensis), sheepberry {Viburnum lentago), Indian currant {Sympliori- carpos vulgaris), wolfberry or buck brush (S. occidentalis). snowberry (aS. raccmosus, y.iT. paucijiorus), trumpet hdneysuckle (Lonicera smiprr- rirens), yellow honeysuckle (X. flara), small honeysuckle {L. glanca), sagebrush {Artemisia tridcntata). little sagebrush ^.1. cana). woiinwood (.4. JiJi/olia), gi'cen grease wood {(iutitrrezia euthamia). Tlic bulletin also contains the lollowiiig statciiK-nls regarding the origin of the Nebraska trees and shrubs: A close stiulyof tlip farts astotlip rtistribntion of our wooilyplants shows that nearly all have prol>al)lv inilaiiis from the Kast. Tliey have in soiiiecases done no more than to get a little foothold in the extreme southeastern eonnties, to whieli they have <'ome from the lieavy forests of Missouri. A f«'w have doiilitless erossed the Missouri Kiver from western Iowa, although this numher is eviih-ntly very small. Nearly all our trees have come up the Missouri bottoms and 8i)rea4l from the southeastern comer of the State west and northwest. Possibly a few may have come up the Hlue Kiver from Kausas, but these must eventually be traced to the Missouri River bottoms at the mouth of the Kansas Kiver. The trees and shrubs which arc found only in the western ])nrt of the State unquestionably came from the Rocky Mountains, and have spreau which to tie the fruiting canes, and for amateur cultiva- tion, at least, some such upright training s«'ems to be advisable. Only four to six fruiting canes shnnld be allowed to the plant. Some varieties, particularly Wiii- dom and I'artil, apjiear to do liest if tin- fruit is shailcd. 7. Twelve varieties of dewberry have been named and more or less disseminated duriug the last 20 years. Of these, 4 (omitting tlie Mauimuth) have gain«'d nmre or less ju'ominence, and are found to jxtsscss deciiled merits in certain )daces. This is a fair ]iro]iortion of good varieties to inferior ones, as indicated by the annals of other fruits. 8. Many persons have found dew bi-rry culture to be profitable. This is evidence that tlie fruit is an aei]uisition. lint it has not yet found general favor. anitear8 to be identical with Hartel. 12. M.'inatee is ]irobably valuable for the South, and it ajipears to be the most useful form of Hiihun iriviali» yet tested. \'^. Siuc(> this paj)er was written roots of 2 new dewberries — Skagit Chief and lU'lle of Wasliingfon — have been received frcun Avon, Washington. The varieties arc not yet introduced and thi'ir botanical features have not been studied. New York Cornell Station, Bulletin No. 35, December. 1891 (pp. 26), Combinations of fungicides and iNSErnriDEs, and some new FiNOiciDES, E. G. LoDEMANN, B, S. {\^\^. 31/)-33S). — Tills iiichidos iiotes iiiid tabulated data for exin'iiineiits at tliis station and a bi ief sniiiinary of similar exi>eriiiients at otluT stations. In tlie oxpcrinionts at the New York Cornell Station — i'lie aii]>lications were made to branches of ap])l(\ i)cach, iiiiince, and grajie; rows of potatoes and eggplants were used, otlu-rs being kept as checks. Only three 525 applications were made to eggplants. This was move than was rcqnired to destroy the insects. The foliage of the potatoes began to die abont the middle of Augnst, so that no definite observations conld be made later. All applications were made with a knapsack pnmp and Yermorel nozzle. The combinations were mixed imme- diately before being aiiplied. None of the plants were attacked by fungi except quinces, so that it was only upon these that some of the combinations could be tested as fungicides. Potatoes and eggplants were used to determine Avhat action the combination Avould Inive upon insects. The intention was to spray about every 10 days, but as much rain fell in .July the applications were made more frequently. * * * The hydrate, the borate, and the chloride of copper were ai)plied to pumpkin and squash vines, which are usually attacked by mildew {Oidinm crijaiphoides, var. cncur- hitarnm), in order to determine their real value as fungicides more accurately than could be done upon the quinces. The Bordeaux mixture was used for comparison. The fimgicides and insecticides used were as follows: (1) Ammoniacal carbonate of copper (3 or 1.5 ounces carbonate, 1 or 0.5 quarts ammonia, 22 gallons water), Avith Paris green or London purjjle (1 pound, 200 or 300 gallons water). (2) Carbonate of copper in suspejisiou (3 or 1.5 ounces, 22 gallons water) with Paris green or London purple (1 pound to 200 gallons Avater). (3) Sulphate of copper (0.25 or 0.5 pound, 22 gallons water) with Paris green or London purple (1 jiound, 200 gallons water). (4) Hydrate of copper (0.5 pound, 22 gallons water) alone or with Paris green (1 pound to 300 gallons water). (5) Hydrate of copper (0.25 or 0.125 pound, 22 gallons water) alone. (6) Borate of copper (0.5 pound, 22 gallons water) alone or with Paris green (1 pound, 200 gallons water). (7) Borate of copjier (0.25 pound, 22 gallons water) alone. (8) Ammoniacal borate of copper (3 ounces borate, 1 quart ammonia, 22 gallons water) with Paris green (1 pound, 200 gallons water). (9) Chloride of copper (1.5 ounces, 22 gallons water) alone or with Paris green (] pound, 200 gallons water). (10) Chloride of copper (3 ounces, 22 gallons water) alone. Tlie following sninniary is taken from the bnlletin: 1. Carbonate of copper. — (1) The action of the annnoniacal carbonate of copper as a fungicide does not appear to be lessened by the addition of Paris green or London purple. (2) The ammoniacal carbonate of copper gave better results as a fungicide when used at the rate of 1.5 ounces dissolved in 1 pint of ammonia diluted with 22 gal- lons of water than when 3 ounces of the carbonate and 1 quart of ammonia were used. (3) The fungicidal action of a combination of the carbonate of copper, held in sus- pension in water, and the arsenites is not marked. (4) ComVtinations of the ammoniacal carbonate of copper and Paris green or Lon- don purple, or of the carbonate of copper suspended in water and these arsenites, have a caustic action upon foliage as a rule. (5) Paris green renders the ammoniacal carbonate of copper more caustic than does an equal amount of London purple. (6) But when London purple is ajiplied in connection with carbonate of copper held in suspension in water the combination is more caustic than one in which an equal amount of Paris green is used. 2. Sulphate of copper. — (1) The effect of the combinations of the sulphate of copper and I'aris green or London pmijle upon fungi was unsatisfactory. r)26 (2) Tlie action of the coiiiiiu'rcial siilidiatt' of copper upon foliage is uncertain. (3) The injury done to foliage hy the sulphate of copper was increased from 10 to 20 per cent by the addition of Paris green or Londdu purjde. 3. Hydrate of copper. — (1) When the hydrate of copper cent when used at the rate of 0.125 pound in 22 gallons of water. (3) Thehydraff of coi»i»er when ajijdieil alone did little injury to the foliage, only the peach hcing affected. (4) The caustic properties of the hydrate is increased l>y the addition of I'jris green. The jieach was injured '^'> jier cent by such a combination. 4. Borate of copper. — (1) The liorate of copper when ajiplied in an luulissolved con- dition has little fungicidal action. (2) When applied at the rate of 0.') ]iound in 22 gallons of wat^r, two applications reduced injury from fungi about 20 ]>cr cent. (3) The action of the borate of copper upon foliage wascaustic when the substance ■was a]»plied in connection witli Paris green or Paris green and ammonia. The foli- age of the quince, apjde, jtcar. and eggplant sulVered least when no :iniin ounce of the < iiloride in 22 gallons of water injured the fidiage of apple anplied iu connection with the ammoniacal carbonate of ammonia does more injury to foliage than wouhl an equal amount of London ])ur]de. (2) London imrple. when ajijilied in connection witii the carbonate of copper held in suspension in w.iter. does more injury to foli.ige than would an equal amount of Paris gre»'n. (3) Lontlon ]>uri>le and Paris green increase the caustic action of the ammoniacal carbonate ofeo|q>er, of the carbonate of copjier snspenib*d in w.iter, of the sulphate, hydrate, borate, and chloride of coiq)er when insectici«I<- and fungiride were a]iplied together. (1) The injury done to foliage by the ctunbinations ispiobably due lo the arsenite which is dissolved by the ammonia or the liingicide. 7. T'arictien. — (1) Some varieties of certain fruits appear to be more susceptible than others to injury from the combinations. (2) The foliage of eggplants is the only foliage which was not injured by any of the (onibinations. Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 8 (Second Series). November. 1891 (pp. 30). F<1RTY YEAIJS OF WHEAT CULTUKE IN OlIIO, C. E. TlIORXE (pp. ir)!)-lS(;, iii;i]>s 7). — A .'Statistical study "svitli n'foronoo to the "relative adaptability to wheat culture of .soils df ditVerent jreolopic origfiu and history, and the ciVect of diflerences of latitude, drainage, and the use of coinniercial fertili/ers." The total yield and average yield jier acre of wheat iu Ohio for each of 40 years (1850-89) are given in a table, 527 and tlie average jaelds per acre in each connty of tlie State for four periods of 10 years each are shown with the aid of maps. The average yields in bushels per acre in the State during periods of 10 years each were as follows: 12.3 in 1850-59, 11 in 1860-69, 13.4 in 1870-79, 13.7 in 1880-89. " During the 40-year period under consideration there have been seven seasons in which the average yield for the State fell below 10 bushels per acre." " The farmers of Ohio are now spending nearly a million dollars annually in the purchase of commercial fertilizers, which are chietiy used in the production of wheat. These fertilizers were not purchased in large qiuintity i)revious to 1875, but since that date their use has rapidly increased." From a map " on which the average annual expenditure for fertilizers for each acre sown in wheat in the various counties of the State is shown for 10 years" (1880-89), it appears that there are two large districts in the northeastern and southeastern por- tions of the State in which this exx)enditure exceeds 40 cents per acre, and that tliere are twenty-nine counties, chiefly in the northeastern and central portions, where it is less than 5 cents. For a more detailed study the State is divided into seven sections, and the percentage of area in wheat and the jneld per acre are tabu- lated for each county in these several sections, together with the gain or loss in yield during the last decade and the cost of fertilizers per acre. A comparison of the yields in the difierent sections for the last decade with those for the sixties, when wheat culture (for the most part without fertilizers) had sunk to a low ebb, owing to exhaustion of the soil or unfavorable climatic conditions, is made in the following table: Effect of fertilizers on yield of wheat. Sections. Tield per acre. 1860-69. 1880-89. Increase per acre. Cost of fertilizers per acre. Nortlieastorn North central Northwestern Eastern Central Southwestern Southern Bushels. 12.7 13.1 11.6 10.5 10.9 12.6 8.2 Bushels. 16.4 15.7 14.2 13.5 12.7 13.7 9.7 Bushels. 3.7 2.6 2.6 3.0 1.8 1.1 1.5 $1.34 0.13 0.20 0.08 0.06 0.47 A more nearly correct idea of the trend of wheat production in Ohio may be obtained by comparing the yields of the different sections in two 20-year periods, although even in this case allowance must be made for the fact that the first period contains a series of abnormally low yields, and the second a like series of abnor- mally high yields. 528 Aveva'je yield of wheat in Ohio hij 20-ijcaf periods. Sections. Nortli eastern . !Nortli-central. Xortbwesteru Eastern Central Western Southwe.steru Southern Yield per acre. Increase. 1850-G9. 1870-89. BiigheU. BiisheU. Buthelt. 12.9 15.8 2.9 13.3 16.2 2.9 11.6 14.3 2.7 10.8 12.8 2.0 11.5 12.7 1.2 13.2 14.3 1.1 13.4 13.0 —0.4 9.3 9.4 0.1 A glance at the geological map of Ohio shows three broad bauds rnnniug across the State from north to south. That ou the east embraces the coal nu-asures, and extends across nearly cme third of the State; then follows a narrower strip, under- laid witii Waverly rocks and bordered by a nsfrrow belt of Huron shales, while the western half of the State lies over limestones. * • » In the following table is given the average yields per acre of each of these groups of counties for tlic 40 years under review and for each of the two 20-year periods, and the average increase in yield per acre during the last 20 years: Yield of wheat per acre in Ohio by geological divisions. Groiii>s. Fortv years, 1850-89. Twont wears. 1850-69. Twentyye.irs, 1870-89. Increase or de- crease (— ). Kortheni belt : Bunhelt. 13.5 14. G 13. 2 13.0 11.8 11.2 11.8 9.9 9.2 BMhfU. 12.1 12.9 11.8 12.2 n.2 10.5 12.1 9. ."> 9.2 BtuheU. 1.5.0 16.3 14.7 13.8 12.4 12.fr 11.6 10.4 9.3 ButlteU. 2.9 3.4 2.8 l^Iicl.ll.- l.elt; 1.6 1.2 1.5 Soul licni Im'II : —0.5 0.9 Twelve ciml eoiintie.s O.l Within 20 years the area annually sown to wheat in Ohio has increased from an average of 1.8(X), 000 acres during the eighth to 2.r»0O,OO0 acres during the ninth decade. This area represents 12 per cent of the area in farms within the State, but several counties are sowing annually 18 to 20 and even 25 per cent of their farm land to wheat. * » * The time may come when the average of the entire State will eciual the present average of Summit County, which means a total average production of about (50 million bushels, or bread for 12 million mouths. » * » It would seem that the profitable culture of wheat ou the steep hillsides of .southern Ohio is a hopeless undertaking; that the great problem before the wheat grower of the central belt of counties is winterkilling — a ])roblem which may be ]>arti:illy solved by nnderdrainage and the intelligent use of clover and manures; and that in the northern counties climatic iuHuences are more generally favorable to wheat culture than elsewhere in the State. 'i'hese statistics indicate that the wheat crops of Ohio have been sliglitly increased by the use of commercial fertilizers, but it appears that the average cost «>f this increase has equaled its market value, and that a general improvement in the methods of agriculture has contrilAUted more hugely to the increase of Ohio's wheat crops than the use of purchased fertility. 529 It would sociii that tlio total area undor wheat niijjjht he considerahly cnlarpjed and at the same time more closely restricted to lands ada])tcd to tillage, andtliattho yield per acre may he so increased that the total ])r()dn(t shall reach douhle the quantity now annually produced. Rhode Island Station, Third Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 196). liEI'OKT OV JJlIiECTOR, C. O. Flagg, B. S. (pp. 8-30). — Tlu> icjxnt includes plans and descriptions of the barn and slieds of the station, and of tlie stable ])lied separately. Tlie tabulated I'csults show the largest yields of grain to have been Avith stable manure and with seaweed. "We believe that Avith a good press for baling the straw, rye can be profitably groAvn in this section of the State." Experiments icitli (uds (pp. 15-17). — These Avere on 9 fourth-acre plats, 1 of which receiA^ed 233.75 pounds each of Earle's Horsefoot Guano, costing $14.02 ; 3 an equal value of a mixed fertilizer composed of muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, bone superphosphate, fine ground bone, tank- age, and ammonium sulphate; and 2 remained unnmnured. "The mixed fertilizer at the same cost, furnished approximately 11.5 pounds more of l>hos])horic acid, 20.0 pounds more of nitrogen, and an equal amount of piotash, allowing that the guano contained the full amount of the higher guaranty which commercial fertilizers seldom reach." Oats were sown broadcast on G i)lats and drilled in on 3 plats. The plats were overrun Avith charlock, Avhich was pulled up, but the crop was considerably i 1 1 J u red . According to the results, as tabulated, the drilled plats y iel ded about 11 per cent more grain and straw than those sown broadcast, and under like conditions the "mixed chemicals at the same cost gave 34.0 per cent more grain and 13.7 per cent more straw than Earle's Horsefoot Guano." Experiments icitli corn (pp. 18-23). — The yields of corn in 1889 and 1890 are tabulated for 17 tenth-acre plats manured with various com- ])inations of barnyard manure, seaweed, and chemicals. The corn Avas planted in hills 3 feet apart each way. The indications were " that the soil is A^ery deficient in phosphoric acid and that unless that element is supplied the expenditure of money for other fertilizing elements is a positive waste. The same money value of stable manure j)roduces better results than seaweed." Experiments icith potatoes (pp. 23-27). — Potatoes Avere raised on 24 fortieth-acre plats on aa hich were applied ammonium sulj^hate, nitrate of soda, ground bone, and barnyard manure, singly and in A^arious 530 combinations witli each other and with boneblack, sulphate of potash, and gyi)sum. The yields are tabulated. The 3 unuianured i)lats, 1 of which hud received seaweed the year previous, yielded 31', 03, and 17 bushels per acre respectively, and there were other indications of uneven- ness of the soil in fertility. The larf^est yields were where barnyard manure was used, but considering the cost the results were quite favor- able to a mixture of 400 pounds each of muriate of potash and boneblack and 200 ])ounds nitrate of soda. There were indications that the soil needed phosphoric acid fur this crop. Keport of Chemist, H. J. Wheeler, Ph. D. (pp. 31-107). General aualyses of fertilizing materialx, etc. (pp. 33-30). — Analyses of muriate of potash, dissolved boneblack, dissolved bone, ground hone, cotton waste, wool waste, wood ashes, sewage waters, well water, and a so called '' dyestuft," which proved to be only linseed meal. Cooperative Jiehl experiments trith fertilizers on Indian com (pp. 30-107). — During bSOO the station superintended a series of coiiperative experiments with fertilizers for corn which were carried out on ten dif- ferent farms within the State, besides the station farm Each exjieri- ment included -<► twentieth aeie plats on which nitrati* of soda 150 pounds, dissolv«' pounds, and muiiate of jxttahh 150 pounds per acre were used singly, two by two, und :ill tliree together; and a mixture of tlu' ab<»ve amounts of boneldack and nniriate of jidtash "was used with nitrate of soda !."»(», .KM), and l."»(» pounds, with ammonium sulphiite 112, 224, and 330 i»ounds, and with dried blocul 220, 44(>, and ()<)0 pounds, respectively. 'Ywo jtlats remained unmanured. Where pos- sible, unniannred stri]>s wen- lelt between the plats. The seed and fer- tilizers were furnished l>y the.station. The yields <»f the hard and s«)ft corn and stover and the tinaiu'ial residts are tabulated for ten exjieri- ments, the other exiterinuMit being omitted on account of errors. The general indications of tin' I'xperiments are sumujarized by the author as follows: Tho expi'iimcnts show tliat tliore existed a widr variation in the fertility of the soils, aiul that cases of uur-sided t-xhaustioii were not of nncouinion occnrri-Hi'e. In fonr cases at h-ast, potash a]i]>earc(l most dolicicnt, and it is interesting to oliserve that the two most marked cases of a deticieney of phosphoric acid were upon old pastures. In one or two instances the api)lication of nitri>};on, oven in small (juantities, resulted in little orno profit, and in general its ajiplication in large quantities, though it m some measure increased the crojt, resjilted in linancial lefts. Kitrogeu proved most profitulde upon soils with little sod and humus, i. c. light, sandy or gravelly loams. Taking all the experiments into consideration, nitrogen in the form of nitrate «»f soda was more certain to give fair returns than in either of the other funns. Its less<'r cost is also an adflitional argument in its favor. The suli>hate of ammonia gave, in one «>r two instances, hotter returns than nitrate of soda, though in two cases at least the ]terioil of growtii was prolonged by its use, which may perhaps have Iteen due to delayed uitrifieatiou. In one instance the sulphate nitrogen a]>]iears not only not to have lieconie availahle to the idant. hut to hav« hud a decideiUy injurious ollect, for it more than ueutrulized the otherwise 531 good effect of the potash aud phosphoric acid with which it was applied. The greater the application of the sulphate, the moi'e disastrous were the ri'sults. On the -^^■hole, nitrogen in the form of dried hlood jiroved inferior to either of the other forms. Report of Hoeticultukist, L. F. Kinney, B. S. (pp. 108-1 02, plates 5). — The facilities for work in horticulture were materially increased in 1890. " A collection of dried specimens of the native and introduced grasses of the State has been prepared, and numerous additions have been made to the collection of vegetable and noxious weed seeds." A list of the varieties of large and small fruits planted was given in Bulletin No. 7 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. II, p. 295). This report contains details of experiments with j^ota- toes, parsnips, beans, laAvn grasses, and new varieties of fruits and vege- tables. Potatoes, equal weights of seed per roic (pp. 109-113). — This was in con- tinuation of an experiment reported in Bulletin No. 5 and the Annual lieport of the station for 1889 (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. i, p. 297, and vol. ii, p. 423). In 1890, 30 varieties were planted, each in one row 50 feet long. The rows were 3 feet apart. Each row was divided into three equal sections, and equal weights of one-eye and two-eye pieces and whole tubers were planted in the several sections. The results are reported in detail in two tables, together with the following summary : Section A. — Sin pieces, 9 inches gle-eye apart. Section B. — Two-eye pieces, 18 inches apart. Section C. — Mediuni- sizccl whole potatoes, 36 inches ajmrt. ^ ^ f-< t-T3 ■ -M t4 ©^ >, ^ A i; S >-, .d |a^ tD bC fco ri P r- c -d §==•2 rs «!^ ^S3 g=2^ ^tt a s.a ® 3 s> a .!« >a > > >=" ^ > > t* > <( °-° < < ^o^ < < ^ <=>-^ < < Ounces. ■Bush. Ounces. Bush. Ounces.: Bush. Merchantable 61.0 4.6 248. 24 65.5 4.9 279. 18 62.8 1 4.9 1 268.83 45.4 1.3 56.34 47.9 1.4 57.73 46. 8 1 1.3 1 58.04 Total. 106.4 3.2 304. 58 113.4 3.4 '■ 336-91 109. 6 i 3. 3 ; 32fi. 87 Potatoes, equal iceight of seed per hill (pp. 114-121). — Equal weights ot one-eye and two-eye pieces and medium-sized and large whole tubers were planted in hills 9, 18, and 3G inches apart. Bliss Triumph, Thor- burn, and Weld Early were the varieties used. Details are given in tables. The yield was largest where whole tubers were planted, but the single-eye pieces produced the largest ])er cent of merchantable tubers. When the tubers or cuttings were of equal size the yield was largest from the hills 9 inches apart; the average weight of individual tubers was greatest from the hills 9 inches apart. Potatoes, test of varieties (pp. 122-136). — Descriptive notes and tabu- lated record of yields for 145 varieties. The following are considered most desirable for Rhode Island: Bliss Triumph, Brownell Winner, 532 Cliaiii])laiii, Cbarles Dowiiiiif;, ICarly ]5(';iiity of Ilfbioii, Early ruiitan, Eaily Vennoiit. (iretii Mountain. TIkhImiiii. an»l \'irtniv. lu this t<*st the hirgest yiehls \vci»' obtained with White SeeiUinj;, Victory, Alex- ander Prolific, Canibridf^e Prolific, Jones Prize-Taker, White Ko.se, Charles Downiiifr, and Jioiian/.a. Votnto rot (i»i». l."37-l.")2). — A brief account of tlie disease canseil by rin/tophthora iufcstanft, taken from a paper by F. Lamson-Scribner, IJ. S., and a detailed record of sprayinjf experiments with Bordeaux mixture. The first application was made July 1-. One i»lat was spray«Ml five times during; the season, 2 others three times, and 1 remained untreated. The results favored sprayin*; five times. The article is illustrated with five i>lates. Parsnijis, rUlijc vs. fiat cultivation (pp. l.")2, 153). The i»lat wlicre thf exiHTiiiicnt was coiiductcil was pr<'i>.in'«l for plantiny tnniiu;^ two furrows to;;ithhate of potash, inuriat<' iA' ]Hitash. sul|>hate of aininunia. and nitrate of soda were api»lie«l sin.ulyand «'oni]»;iied with no manure on ll'varie- tii's of bush beans. The yields, as tabulated. indi«-ate that the lar;;-est iiMMcase was eaus«'d by dissolved boneblaek. with sulphate of potash second and muriate of pota>h thiid. Tlie increase from the nitro;;e- nous fertilizers was not sullieient to make their use profitalde. I. turn i/rassex (p. !."»(»). — A brief account of an exjieriment in which K'hodc island bent grass {Atjmstis eanina) and Kentucky l>hie gras^ {I'oa pniteii.si.s) wer«' each i)Iante. 157-1G2). — Brief descrip- tive notes on a few varieties of strawben ies, In-ans. and caulitlowiiubles u small musknu'lon. Mirri:<>i{()i.(K}ie(tation of oV>taining a corre- P])ouding increase in the crop. Tlie gain in crhosphate, ammonium sulphate, nitrate of soda, cotton seed, cottonseed meal, and barnyard manure, singly and in a variety of combinations. The fertilizers were applied as toi)-dressings ^March 24. The land was very poor and it proved to be quite uneven, so that the results furnish no definite indications of the needs of the soil ibr this crop. For instance, the largest yield — 14.17 bushels per acre — was with barnyard manure; but an adjoining plat receiving the same amount of this manure gave only 8.17 bushels. Kainit seemed not to afiect the yield. Both nitrate of soda and sul- phate of ammonia seemed to be effective. The jields are tabulated. Varieties of wheat and oats, J. F. Duggar, M. S. (pp. 10-12). — Notes on o varieties of wheat and 3 of oats. 537 South Dakota Station, Bulletin No. 25, June, 1891 (pp. 24). Glanders, scab, and blackleg, C. A. Cary, D. V. M. (pp. 167- 188). — An account of the symptoms, causes, and transmission of glan- ders, and brief descriptions of common and head scab and blackleg of sheep, with suggestions regarding treatment. South Dakota Station, Bulletin No. 26, July, 1891 (pp. 18). Experiments in horticulture, C. A. Keffer, M. H.— This includes notes on strawberries, the sand cherry, plums, apples, and crab apples. Strawberries (pp. 3-9). — The experiments thus far made indicate that, owing to dry weather in the autumn, relatively few flower buds are produced. In 1891 the station j)lantation produced at the rate of only 600 quarts of berries per acre. The most promising of the older varie- ties were Crescent, Windsor, Manchester, Mount Vernon, and Glen- dale. ■ The only new varieties which li-uited in 1891 were Alpha, Pearl, Bomba, Jessie, Parker Earle, Woodruff, and Mammoth. Sand cherry (pp. 10, 11). — The sand cherry {Pruniis pumlla) is a native of the Dakotas. It produces fruit the third year from the seed and seems able to endure the dry and cold weather of this region. It is believed it will be of service in producing a variety of cherries suited to the Northwest. Plums (pp. 12-15). — Of the 11 varieties of plum trees which fruited in 1891, De Soto, Harrison Peach, Eare Eipe, and Wyant are thought to be adapted to the region of the station. Several varieties of wild plums native to the Bad Lands of South Dakota and a seedling vari- ety from northern Iowa are regarded as worthy of trial. Apples and crah apples (pp. 16-18). — l!^otes on the pruning and culti- vation of the station orchard. Gideon No. 25 and Dartt Greenwood, varieties of crab apples which have fruited at the station, are consid- ered promising. Tennessee Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 5, December, 1891 (pp. 27). Chemical study of the cotton plant, J. B. McBryde, C. E. (pp. 120-135). — The analyses here reported were made by the author at the South Carolina Station during 1889 and 1890, but have not hitherto been published. They include separate analyses of the whole plant, lint, seed, bolls ('^the empty burr or capsule after the seed has been removed"), leaves, stem, and roots; of parts of the seed (kernels and hulls), cotton-seed meal, and cotton-hull ashes; a determination of the relative weight of different parts of the plant; and a comparison of the fertilizing constituents contained in crops of cotton yielding 300 pounds of lint, of corn yielding 20 bushels, and of oats yielding 30 bushels of grain per acre. The analysis of the whole i^lant (six average plants with roots) and parts of the plant are given as follows : 538 Analysis of the cotton plant {wliole plant). Moisture at 100° C Cmde ash Nitrogen Phosphoric acid. . . Potassium oxide . . Sodium oxide Calcium oxide Magnesium oxide . Sulphuric acid Insoluble matter.. 7.360 5.810 1.460 0. 4:s9 1.334 0 106 1.416 0.517 0.199 0.433 7.55 22.79 1.82 24.38 8.90 3.43 7.40 Analysis of parts of the cottvn plant. Lint. Crop of 1889. Crop of 1890. Air- dry. Ash. Air- dry. Ash. Seed. Bolls. Whole seed. Air- dry. Ash. Crop of 1889. Crop of 1890. Air- dry. Ash. Air- dry. Ash. Pr.et. Moisture at 100° C Crud.-ii.sli >«'ilr«;;fu I'liosplioiicacid... Potas.siiiiii oxide . . Sodium oxirle Calcium oxide Magiifeiium oxide. Suljihuric acid Insoluble matter.. Pr.et. 6.72 1.50 0.28 0.066 4.41 0. 037 42. 47 0.026 1.76 0.15510.30 0. ml 7.41 0.086 5.71 0.023 1.56 Pr.et. Pr.et 6.77 1.80 0. 200 0.053 2.94 0. 848 47. 10 0.027 1.51 0.149 8.30 0.161 8.96 0.090 5.01 0.028 1.555 I Pr.et. Pr.et. 7.04 3.285 3.07 I 1.019 31.01 1.166 35.50 0.019 0.57 0,187| 5.68 0.499115.19 0. 128| 3.90 0.023 0.69 Pr.et. Pr.et Pr.et.' Pr.et. 114.36 7.03 I 0.865 Pr. et. 1. 840 0. 102 1.216 1.454 Pr.et 9.47 7.05 1.36 0.401 5.245 0. 170; 2.425 0.175 0.182 0.883 0.390 2. 905 37. 93 0.045 0.59 1. 092 14. 28 0.291 3.81 0.1 2G 0. 105I 0.558 7.30 0.580; 0.042! 0.269 3.52 3. 226 45. 895 0.045 0.04 0.775 11.03 0.2(»9; 2.97 0.315] 4.48 0.3051 4.34 Leaves. Crop of 1889. Crop of 1890 Air- dry. Ash. Crop of 1889.'Crop of 1890. Air- dry. Ash. Stem. Air- drv. Ash. Air- dry. Ash. SooU. Crop of 1889. Crop of 1890. Air- dry. Ash. Air- dry. Ash. Pr.et. Moisture at 100° C Crude a.sh Nitrogen Phosj)lioric acid . . . Potassium oxide.. Smlium oxide ('alciuni oxide Magnofium oxide. Sulphuric acid Insoluble matter.. Pr.et. 9.50 16.42 2.367 0.456 2.78 0. 828, 5. 04 0.366| 2.22 7. 082 43. 13 1.260 7.68 0.842 5.13 I 0.928: 5.65 Pr.et.^Pr.et. Pr.et. 12.14 12.05 ' 2.451 O.422I 3.50 1.327 11.01 0.206 1.71 4. 096 33. 99 0.762 6.32 0. 376| 3.12 1. 2OO1IO. 04 Pr.et. Pr.et. 8.41 3.925 0.830| 0.197 5.01 0. 915 23. 32 0.106 2.69 1.055 26.87 0. 431 10. 98 0.140 3. .57 0.0691 1.76 Pr.et. Pr.et. 11.71 4.23 0.739 0.173 4.10 1.453 34.35 0.091 2.14 0. 623 14. 72 0.300 7.10 0.082 1.95 0. 174 4. 11 Pr.et. Pr.et. 7.65 3.310 0.707 0.169 5.10 0. 861 26. 00 0.162 4.88 0.696 21.04 0.336 10.16 0.126 3.82 0.205 6.19 Pr.et. 6.93 3.36 0.591 0.135 1.342 0. 133 0.386 0.301 0.100 0.233 4.02 39.94 3.97 11.49 8.97 2.97 G.92 [The fir.st sample of lint was machine ginned, the .second] was separated from tlio seed by hand in the laboratory. Both were fair samples of ni)land cotton. » » • Both the insoluble residue and crude ash in these two samples are ])robably a little higher than the true amount on account of the dust blown into the lint by the wind, which it was almost impossible to remove completely. The ditt'ereuces in the phos- phoric acid and potash are undoubtedly due to variations in the two samples, which were grown in diflferent seasons and on different soils. Duplicate analyses verified these results. The seed was carefully selected, being a mixture of several samples of seed from which the lint had been sei)arated by hand. In this manner a sample almost entirely free from dust and sand was obtained. » • • 539 The analyses of the kernels and hulls are taken from the Annual Report of the North Carolina Station for 1882. The samples analyzed were carefully separated by hand. * * * [Analyses of the hull ashos showed a] marked difference between the conmiercial sample of hull ashes and the sample burned iu the laboratory, duo to the intense heat of tlie furnaces of the mills, which volatilizes part of the potash [and to admix- ture.s. While the commercial hull ash contained 26.88 per cent of potassium oxide, the sample carefully burned in the laboratory contained 48.75 per cent] . Next to the seed the leaves contain more nitrogen than auj- other j)ortion of the plant. They also contain a moderate amount of phosphoric acid and potash. The amount of lime and majfuesia is striking, the percentages of each of these constitu- ents being higher than iu any other part of the plant. The leaves show also the highest per cent of crude ash. * * * Although not as rich in fertilizing constituents as the other parts of the plant, the stem is by no means valueless, as it contains nearly 1 per cent of nitrogen, besides phosphoric acid and potash. The wastefulness of burning the stems can readily be seen. * * * In their chemical constituents the roots closely resemble the stem. The variations between the percentages of the individual constituents of the two samples of the stem, and the corresponding variations between the percentages of the two samples of roots are almost identical. * * * lu determiiiiiig the relation of parts of the plant "350 bolls, containing lint and seed, were carefully gathered and weighed. The seed cotton was then separated from the bolls and each part weighed sei^arately. * * * The weight of the leaves and stems was determined by weigh- ing these parts from twenty odd plants of all sizes grown in different soils and in different seasons (1889 and 1890)." The roots of a number of plants of all sizes were separated from the soil by hand, washed, dried, and weighed. The relation found was as follows: • Relative weight of parts of the cotton plant. In water-free plant. Weight in ounces. Weight iu grams. Per cent. 0.615 1.343 0.829 1.181 1.350 0.513 17.45 88.07 23.49 33.48 38.26 14.55 10.56 Seed 23.03 Bolls 14.21 20. 25 23. 15 8.80 Total 5.831 165. 30 100. 00 The average number of bolls per plant was found to be 13 ; the aver- age weight of one boll with lint and seed was 6.7 grams ; the average weight of a cotton plant, as computed in the table, is 1C5 grams ; the average of some twenty plants, carefully weighed, was 168 grams; the percentage of lint in seed cotton was 31.44 per cent. 540 The calculated amount of fertilizing ingredients contained in a crop of cotton (air-dry) yielding 300 pounds of lint per acre is given as follows : Fertilizing conatituenta contained in a crop of cotton yielding 300 pounds of lint per acre. Nitrogen I'liosplioric acid. PotaHsium oxide Pounds per acre. In 300 pounds lint. Pounds. 0.72 0.18 2.22 In 654 pounds seed. Pounds. 20.08 6.66 7.63 In 404 pounds bolls. Pounds. 4.50 1.14 12.20 In 575 In 658 ftounds I pounds eaves. stems. Pounds. I Pounds. 13.85 5.17 2.57 1.22 6.57 i 7.74 In 250 pounds roots. Pounds. 1.62 0.38 2.75 In 2,841 pounds total crop. Pounds. 45.94 12.15 39.11 In addition to the data mentioned above, previous studies of the com- position of the cotton plant by Jackson, White, Pendleton, and Ville are referred to, and brief suminaiies given of their results, together with an abstract from the Tenth TJ. S. Census on the yield of oil and by-products from cotton seed at oil mills. These latter data, expressed in per cent of the whole seed as separated at the mills, and the '' actual" percentage of parts of the seed are reported as follows : Separated at mills. Actual pro- portion. ]^Ip{,1 Per cent. 35.5 12.5 48.9 1.1 Per cent. 30.0 Oil 20. 0 Knjla 411.0 10.0 Total 100.0 1 100.0 • "The figures [in the last column] represent very closely the actual jjcr- centages in the seed. Tho.so for kernels and hulls were taken from the Annual Report of tlie North Tarolina Station for 1881, and are the averages of a hirge niinibor of weighings. The percentage of lint is taken from the Annual Iteport of the South Carolina Station for 1888, and the percentage of oil is the average of a number of tests." FlKI.l) TESTS OF FKUTILIZEKS ON COTTON, J. B. McBUYDE, C. E. (pp. 135-141). — This consists of a summary of the results of experiments at the South Carolina Station, reported in Bulletin Xo. 2 (new series) of that station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. in, p. 534), on fer- tilizers for cotton, and several formulas for fertilizer mixtures based on these results. Feeding value of the cotton plant and its parts, J. B. McBryde, C. E. (pp. 141-145). — Analyses with reference to food con- stituents are given of the whole and parts of the cotton i>lant and seed, and of the plant after picking, together with an analysis of dung from animals fed cotton-seed meal and hulls. 541 Food ingredients m the cotton plant and its parts. Lint. Seed. Bolls. Leaves. Stems. Eoots. Whole plant. Moisture at 100° C Per cent. 6.74 93.26 Per cent. 7.04 92.96 Per cent. 11.92 88.08 Per cent. 10.82 89.18 Per cent. 10.06 89.94 Per cent. 7.29 92.71 Per cent. 7.36 Dry matter 92.64 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Analysis of dry matter; 1.77 89. 75 0.65 1.61 6.22 3.53 24.13 23.26 20.61 28.47 8.33 36.90 1.57 7.84 45.36 15.93 11. 26 7.31 16.89 48.61 4.54 50.18 0.90 5.45 38.93 3. CO 52. 39 2.35 4.39 37.27 6 27 33.40 4.23 9.85 Nitrogen -free extract 46.25 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 The following table shows the composition of the plant after picking, both when gathered "as soon after picking as iDossible" and "late in the season after the last picking was over," as compared with that of oat straw and corn stover (analyses from other sources). Cotton plant after picking as compared with oat straw and corn stover. Cotton plant after picking. Oat straw. Com Gathered early.* Gathered late. stover. Moi.sture at 100° C Per cent. 6.51 93.49 Per cent. 10.76 89. 24 Per cent. 8.16 91.84 Per cent. 18.92 81.08 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 100. 00 Apalysis of dry matter: 5.67 37.79 2.80 6.48 47.26 5.98 45.13 1.16 6.36 41.37 5.78 39.13 2.58 4.17 48.34 5.03 32.02 1.65 7.92 53.38 100. 00 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 * North Carolina Station Annual Keport for 1882. The agreement between the two samples of the plaut after picking is quite close — closer in fact than could have been expected. The North Carolina sample shows, however, higher value as a food. As cotton is not generally picked out until late iu December, it would be impossible to cut the crop sooner; consequently there would only remain the stalks with part of the bolls, some of them unopened. The leaves and part of the bolls would drop off earlier iu the fall. The figures in the first col- umn will approximately represent the plant at this stage. But even taken at so late a period, the value of the cotton plant ground up as a feeding stuff agrees closely with the values of oat straw and corn stover. * * * The most serious objection to its use as a feeding stuff would be the cost of gathering and grinding, for unless ground and mixed with meal or grain of some kind it would be almost valueless. The table below shows the composition of the kernels and hulls of the seed carefully separated by hand, taken from the Annual Report of the North Carolina Station for 1882, and of the commercial cotton-seed meal and hulls. 542 Analysis of parts of cotton seed. Hand-separat«d seed. Macliine-hulled seed. Kernels. Hnlls. Meal. Hulls. Moisture at 100° C Per cent. 6.27 93.73 Per cent. 9.16 90.84 Per cent. 7.47 92.53 Per cent. 11 30 88 70 100.00 100. UO 100.00 100.00 Analysis of dry matter: 4.30 4.67 39.00 31.21 20.82 2.51 51.87 0.64 2.41 42.57 7.60 4.90 10.01 51.12 26.37 3 30 43 85 2.35 5 19 45.31 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Tlie difference between the composition of the hand-separated and machine-hnlled products "is due to the fact that vrheu tlie seed is hulled at the mills a small part of the kernel adheres to the hulls, therehy iiicreasinjT^ their value as a food. Tbe analyses, which a^ree very well with the average of a large number of analyses made elsewhere, show that the hulls have a comparatively low nutritive value. They rank along with straw and corn stover in their percentages of the most val- uable nutrients (protein, fat, etc.)." ABSTMCTS OF PDBLICATIONS OF THE mm STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUKE. DIVISION OF STATISTICS. Report 'No. 91 (new series), December, 1891 (pp. G37-G98). — This includes articles on meteorology in relation to the crops of 1891, statistics of the crops of the year, farm prices, condition of growing crops, distribution of spring and winter wheat, cotton imports of the United States, the canning industry, agriculture in Uruguay and in the Guianas, European crop rei)ort for December, and rates of transporta- tion companies. Meteorology in relation to the crops of 1891. — Summaries of the tem- perature and precipitation during the growing season of 1891 are given, and the relation of the conditions thus shown to the yields of different crops is discussed with tlie aid of diagrams. The following table shows the departures both in temperature and rainfall from the normal for each month of the year ending with October, 1891, in four of the prin- cipal agricultural regions of the United States : Months. 1890 October November December 1891 January February March April May Juue July August September October Middle Atlantic states. Tempera- ture. Degrees. —1.3 +1.2 -2.9 +2.9 + 4.4 2 2 +'10 —1.7 +0.2 —4.3 +0.9 +2.9 —2.7 Rain- fall. Inches. +1.77 —2.73 + 0.53 + 1.08 +1.51 + 2.10 -1.11 —0.34 —1.15 +2.20 0.00 —1.50 +0.20 Western Gulf States. Tempera- ture. Degrees. —1.4 +2.8 +2.9 +1.7 +1.2 —5.2 —0.9 —2.7 +0.5 —2.5 —1.8 +0.5 —1.7 Rain- fall. Inches. +0.57 —0.87 —1.91 +2.38 -1.45 —0. 34 —0. 15 -3.04 --1.20 + 1.40 -1.10 -1.20 —2.80 Ohio Valley and Tennea.see. Tempera- ture. Degrees. —1.7 +4.6 +1.1 + 4.4 +3.4 -3.0 + 2.1 —2.8 +2.C -4.0 —0.8 +2.0 -1.8 Rain- faU. Inches. +0.82 -1.49 -0.42 —0.08 + 1.89 +2.03 —1.90 —2.04 +0.13 +0.80 -0.30 —1.00 —1.80 Upper Missis- sippi Valley. Tempera- ture. Degrees. —1.2 + 3.7 +3.9 +9.3 +0.2 -5.4 +2.0 —1.0 +0.8 -5.8 —1.3 +5.4 +0.1 Rain- fall. Inches. +0.26 —0.51 -1.38 —0.01 -0.41 +0.36 —0.34 —1.90 —0.83 —0.80 +0.80 —2.50 —1. 40 543 544 The relatively high temperature of April, with slightly deficient rainfall, gave excellent opportunity for careful preparation of the seed bed for spring crops and for the prosecution of seeding. During May the characteristics which marked the season began to be felt. With but two exceptions, trifling in their nature, there wiia a marked deficiency in temperature in every district in the country, while the rain- fall was almost as generally below the usual supply for the month. Conditions very similar prevailed during the succeeding months of June, July, and August, with the exception that June was marked by a generally euflScient supply of rain- fall. * * » The month of September, however, so far as temperature was con- cerned, was a complete reversal of the previous record of the season. The tempera- ture rose very high, and as it was accompanied with less than the usual rainfall, it gave a month of hot forcing weather, crowding late crops to ripening and compen- sating for the somewhat unfavorable character of tlie previous portion of the sea- son. This compensation was noticeably marked in the great corn belt. » • * [A comparison of the meteorological peculiarities of 1890 and 1891 shows that] the condition of corn on the first of July was practically identical in the 2 years. It is always good at that date unless cold and wet spring weather has interfered with planting, germination, and early growth. Though maize can endure more heat and drouth than most other agricultural plants, the danger of long-continued absence of rainfall, especially in July and August, the season of development for this crop, is the greatest to which it is exposed. Note the sudden decline of condition in 1890, due mainly to drouth, as indicated by the report of the first of August. The August weather intensified the injury, whih' the favorable influences of September at least prevented further decline and led to sliglitly more hopeful views in the formulation of tlie local estimates of October. The record of 1891, in sharp contrast to that of 1890, commencing with quite moderate evidence of early growth, showed that the cro)) had endured the ordeal of drovcment continued to Octo- ber, and later through the autiimn season so important in drying the grain and per- fecting its quality. This has advanced a crop of medium status, in its germiuation and stalk growth, to a production above the average, or 27 bushels per acre, not the largest yield known, but one not often exceeded for the entire breadth. * » • A noticeable and unusual peculiarity of the year is the almost universal occur- rence of mediimi or large production. Ordinarily, a large yield of one crop is ofi'set by a diiuiuished product of another. The summer crops may be generally good, and the winter grains and grasses seriously injured by the severity of the winter. 645 StnfiMies of corn, wheat, and oafs. — The following summary has been compiled from the tables given in the bulletin: Total produc- tion. Total area of crop. Total valne of crop. Average value per bu.sliel. A verage yield iier acre. A verage value per acre. CORN. Average, 10 years, 1880 to 1889 Bushels. 1, 703, 443, 054 1, 184, 486, 954 Acres. 70, 543, 457 43, 741, 331 $068, 942, 370 504, 571, 048 Cents. 39.3 42.6 Bushels. 24.1 27.1 $9.48 11.54 Average, 10 years, 1870 to 1879.. 1890 1, 489, 970, 000 2, 060, 154, 000 71.970,763 76, 204, 515 754, 433. 451 836, 439, 228 50.6 40.6 20.7 27.0 10.48 10.98 1891 Total 3, 550, 124, 000 148, 175, 278 1, 590, 872, 679 Average, 2 years, 1890 and 1891 1, 775, 062, 000 74, 087, 639 795, 436, 340 44.8 24.0 10.74 WHEAT. A verage, lO'years, 1880 to 1889 449, 695, 359 312, 152, 728 37, 279, 162 25, 187, 414 371,809,504 327, 407, 258 82.7 104.9 12.1 12.4 9.97 13.00 Average, 10 years, 1870 to 1879 1890 399, 262, 000 611, 780, 000 36, 087. 154 39, 916, 897 334, 773, 678 513, 472, 711 83.8 83.9 11.1 15.3 9.28 1'' 81) 1891 Total 1, Oil, 042, 000 76, 004, 051 848, 246, 389 Average, 2 years, 1890 and 1891 505, 521, 000 38, 002, 026 424, 123, 195 83.9 13.3 11 10 OATS. Average, 10 years, 1880 to 1889 584, 395, 839 314, 441, 178 21, 996, 376 11, 076, 822 180, 866, 412 111, 075, 223 30.9 35.3 26.6 28.4 8.22 Average, 10 years, 1870 to 1879 10 03 1890 523, 621, 000 738, 394, 000 26,431,369 25, 581, 861 222, 048, 486 232, 312, 267 42.4 31.5 10.8 28.9 8 40 1891 9 08 Total 1, 262, 015, 000 52, 013, 230 454, 360, 753 Average, 2 years, 1890 and 1891 631, 007, 500 26, 006, 615 227, 180, 377 36.0 24.3 8 74 Cotton imports of the United States. — "Our official trade records show that during the 10 years, from 1880 to 1889, inclu.sive, our imports of raw cotton ranged from 4,000,000 to 8,000,000 pounds, with a valuation running from 13.5 to 20 cents per pound." The preliminary returns for 1891 show a very large increase in this importation, which it is estimated will reach 20,008,817 pounds, valued at $2,825,004 at 13.5 cents per pound. Much the larger proportion of the imports are made up of Egyptian cotton. Peruvian cotton, either from Peru or Brazil, is second in importance, and in addition small quantities are received from China, the East Indies, and other miscellaneous sources. * * * The peculiarity of the Egyptian fiber is its smoothness, brilliancy of color, luster, and silky nature of the staple. It is used by itself mostly in the man- ufacture of fine hosiery (Balbriggau, etc.) and fine fabrics, and also in mixtures for fabrics composed partly of silk and wool, in great variety. The staple is long and fine, but in these qualities does not equal our home-grown sea-island cotton. * * * The Egyptian fiber, it is claimed, receives and retains in original brilliancy the different dyes more readily than any other grade. 546 The Peruvian cotton is the product of the so-called cotton tree, growing upon plants or small trees from 8 to 12 feet in height. The peculiarity of its fiber is almost the opposite of the characteristics of the Egyptian. "Where the latter approaches silk the Peruvian cotton might be compared with wool; in fact it is sometimes called wool cotton. On account of the tieeciness of its staiile it is generally used in mixtures with wool, especially for rough fabrics and for certain classes of hosiery and knit goods. It would seem that this country, with its unrivaled conditions for the production of cotton, might be aide to produce every quality of fiber demanded by our mauu- factiirors for use in any class of goods. There are, of course, jieculiar climatic con- ditions surrounding tho cultivation of cotton in Egypt and in South ^Uuerica, but it would seem that with our extent of territory, approaching as near a tropical climate as we do, some area might be found for the production of either or both. The caiming inihiHiry. — The number of ca.ses of canned corn and tomatoes packed in the United State.^^ in 1801 is estimated as folh)ws: Corn 2,799,453, tomatoes 3,405,365. The value of tlie canned goods ex])oited in 1891 is estimated as follows : Salmon $2,090,957, ether fish $139,392, beef $9,068,900, fruits $703,880, vegetables $286,321, total, $12,295,456. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Insect Life, Vol. IV, Nos. 5 and 0, Decembek, 1891 (i»p. 163-230, figs. 14). — The principal articles in this double number are those briefly snmniaiized below: Mr. Kochch^s second trip to Australia (pp. 163, 104). — With the aid of funds appropriated by the California State legislature, ^Ir. Koebele has been sent to Australia and New Zealand to .search for beneficial insects. Four .species of ladybirds have been sent to California irom Honolulu for use against the black scale {Leeaniiim olea^). Specimens of Scym- nus arrrptus, S. consor, S. rillosus, S.farihirtus, and «S'. fofliis were col- lected in New Zealand and sent to California, though it is doubtful whether thi^y will accomplish any better results than thcs]»eciesof this genus already there. From Sidney were sent Orcus ehalybeux, O. aus- tnilaxiw, and a number of Scymnids — enemies of the red scale; another s])ccies found feeding on the flat scale (Lrcnnium hesprri(h(m) and the black .scale; and Jais cunf'onni.s, enemy of the woolly root louse of the ajiple. A number of these insects were received alive at Los Angeles, and an atteni])t will be made to ]>ro]>agate them in California. ^VlK■(^t and (p(t.ss stiirjUcs, (\ ]'. Jxilcy aiuJ C. L. MoleniN sj))). found on Graminew in this country. The adults of liut two species, />. arrrnsis and I>. collaris, have been bred. A female fly of the former species is illustrated. The eggs, larva?, and adults of Xematus {Mcssa?) niary1aii(licu.s are described and illustrated, and a brief account is given of the habits of this insect. 547 The larva and adult of Ceplins occidentalism a new species found on grass in California, I^evada, and Montana, are also described and illustrated. Mention is made of a number of parasites observed to attack the saw- flies studied. Plowing and rotation of crops are recommended as a remedy iu case these insects become troublesome. Importation of a Hessian Jiy parasite from Europe, IS. A. Forbes (pp. 179-181). — An account of the breeding of a generation of Semiotellus nigripcs in 1891 from imported Hessian fly puparia on infested wheat at Champaign, Illinois, and the successful distribution of the bred insects in fields infested by the fly at the station and in southern Illinois. Origin and devcJopnicnt of parasitism among the Sarcoptidw, H. Gar- man (pp. 182-187). — A paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Wasliington, D. C, August, 1891. The author holds that "mites are degraded Arachnidcc; that Sarcoptidce are degraded mites, and are not the lowest in rank of the order ; that their parasitic habit has been recently assumed 5 and that their immediate ancestors were free-living mites." Origin and development of the parasitic habit in MaUophaga and Fedicu- lidw,II. Osftorn (pp. 187-191). — A paper read before the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, at Washington, D. C, August, 1891. Peculiarities in the structure of members of these groups are described. For the MaUophaga the conclusion is reached that "with the exception of wings, the loss of which has been stated as occurring before the assumption of the parasitic habit, we must admit that para- sitism has resulted iu specialization and progressive evolution, not retrogression or degradation." The use of grape bags by a paper-mahing loasp, M. E. Murtfeldt (pp. 192, 193). — A paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Washington, D. C, August, 1891. Notes on observations on the rust-red social wasp {Polistes rubiginosus) which tore off fibers and layers of paper from grape bags, presumably for use in nest building. Methods of pupation among the Chalcididw,L. 0. Howard {p]). 193-196). — This includes the following general statements, which are enforced by references to particular instances: As a rule Chalcidid larvae "whicli are internal feeders on their hosts transform internally into naked and more or less coarctate pupae. With certain Encyrtince, for one of which Dr. Riley has proposed the excellent descriptive name of the " inflating chalcisfiy," particularly of the genus Copidowma, but also of Bothriothorax, Homalotylus, and perhaps others, the larvae inhabiting the host insect in great numbers, when about to pupate, cause a marked inflation in the host larva by the formation of oval cells around the parasite. * » * Species parasitic upon eudophytous larva;, and therefore feeding externally, trans- form to pupae close to the remains of the host in the burrow or leaf mine, usually attached at the anal end by the praepupal excrement. I have observed a curious variation in the case of Chrysocharis shigular'is in the mine of Li thocolletis Jiamadryadella on oak leaves, which I have described in tlie American Xaturalist for January, 1881. In this case the Chalcidid pupa is surrounded by small excremental pillars arranged in an ellix)se and connecting the roof and floor of the mine. * * * 548 The internal parasites of externally feeding bir\'?p. also transform to ont«i., reared l»y .1. 11. Ijuerton from the egg cocoon of an unknown S])i(ler. DIVISION OF BOTANY. Bulletin N<». 12. Grasses of the Southwest, Part II, G. Vasey (plates r)0). — This is the second half of the first volume of the Illustrations of North American Grasses. For an abstract of the first half of this volume see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. 250. The second part includes plates and descriptions of fifty additional species of the grasses of the desert region of western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, as follows: Aristida purpurea, Chloris suartziana, Cottea pappophoroides, Diplachne fascicularis, D. imhricata, D. reverchoni, D. rigida, J), riscida, Elionurus tripsacoides, Elyjnus sitanion, Eragrostis curtipediceUata, E. lugens, E.o.rylepis, E.purshii,IIilaria rigida. J.ycurus phleoides, Muhlenhergia hucMeyana, M. depaupcrata, M. nco mexicana, M. schaffncri, Munroa squarrosa, Oryzo2)sis ^fimhriata. 0. membranacea. 549 Paspalum distichnm^ P. lividum, P.puhijlornnij Phalaris intermedia, vnr. anguHta^Pappophorum apertum, P. wriyJitiij k^ehcdonnardiifi texaniis, Scler- o)}<)(lon karwinslcianus, Sporoholus ar(/utuN, *S'. huckleyi, 8. interrupt u.s, S. trichohpi.s, S. wrif/htii, Stijxt pnuiata, 8. scrib)ieri, Tricliloris plurijlora, T. ccrtieiUata, Triodia acuminata^ T. albescens, T.eratjrostoides, T. f/randi- Jlora, T. neallei/i, T. pulchella, T. stricta, T. tcxana, T. trinerviykimis^ Triseiuni hall it, T. interruptum. WEATHEE BUREAU. Monthly AVeatheii Review, Vol. XIX, Xo. 10, Ootorer, 1891 (pp. i;33-2r)8, cliai'ts (i). — Besides the data lor October on the topics rejiulaily treated in this publication, there is a sliort article by H. A. llazen containiiii;- some general statements witli reference to tlie fluctua- tions of temperature and i>ressure at the base and summit of Mount Washington in Xew Hampshire, which have been represented in charts in several recent numbers of tlie Keview. Tlie substance of this arti- cU^ is as follows: The last chart in this Review eontaius a continnatioii of tlie curves previously pub- lished, and completes these fluctuations for the mouths of January, February, and March, from 1871 to 1886, or for 16 years. (1) An interesting question arises as to the efiect of the mountain upon the tempera- ture of the air. The curves seem to show that if there is any effect it is exceedingly slight and can not influence the maximum and mininmm points, excejit to prevent the extreme rise and fall in warm aud cold waves tliat might occur in the free air; [u other words, the temperature in a warm wave might not rise quite so high if the summit were cooler than the air and might not fall quite so low in a cold wave if the sinnmit rocks were warmer than the air. It would appear that under any and nil circumstances the dips and rises in 1 he fluctuations of temperature at the summit would not be shifted ai)preciably in time of occurrence by the presence of the moun- tain. (2) Is the diurnal range entirely eliminated from the base curve? It will be noted that the base curve shows a great many minor fluctuations of temperature not to be found in the summit curve, aud a close inspection will show that many of thesfl are due to the diurnal range. For example, with a clouded sky the diurnal range has been overcompensated, since the clouds prevent radiation at night and isolation by day. These cases, however, are very few and the eifects are not sufficiently strong to obliterate the larger fluctuations. (3) As was to be expected, the fluctuations of pressure are almost exactly identical at the base and summit. Occasionally the change in temperature at the summit has preceded that in pressure to such an extent as to cause the pressure phases to lag behind at the summit. (4) As has been noted before, the most marked characteristic in the temperature curves has been their closeness at base and summit, indicating apparently a general effect, not essentially modified by local causes. The earlier change at the summit in both cold waves and hot waves is remarkable and does not seem to be due, as has been suggested, to the greater rapidity of the upper current which carries the warm or cold air from the west more rapidly to the summit than to the base. It will be seen that any eff"ect of this kind would be very quickly obliterated by the motion of the air. Again, while on some accounts warm air from the earth's surface might produce such an effect, it would seem that cold air could not have this source, but must come from above. Observations are much needed at very much greater heigiits, even up to 30,000 feet, in order to settle thes;^ and many other ({ucstious. 17^50— No. 8 4 ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OP FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. The formation and oxidation of nitrites during nitrification, S. Winogradsky [Cdiiipt. icnd.. 113 [I'^Hl), pp. 6.v-.''^-'; (ib-s. in Jour. Clum. ^S()(■., /.yy/, p. 1515). — 111 coiitiiiuatioii of iuvestigatious on iiitriticatioii (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 7.")1) the author made use of wsoil.s from different parts of the world. From these soils cultures were made in solutions containing: ammonium sulphate and other mineral salts togetlier with iiiaijiicsium carbonate. In every case nitiitication (commenced with the formation of nitrites. But when successive cul tiires were made the results were not parallel. With all the European soils the formation of nitrites proceeded slowly and with diminishing activity, ceasing alt(»gctlicr after a number of generations. With otlier soils the rate of oxidation was not only maintained, but could be increased by successive additions of ammonium salts to the solution. This was especially true of certain soils from Africa and South America. The formation of the nitrites was in general iiuu-h more rapid than their oxidation. Several ditlerent kinds of microbes were observed in the cultures, esi)ecially in those in which nitrates had been formed. One jnedomi- nant form closely resembled the nitrous microbe previously discovered. Several of the forms analogous to the nitromonad were isolated and found to retain tlieir power of oxidizing ammonia, Imt to soon lose tliat ()f oxidizing nitrates. Negative results were obtained in attempts to isolate the nitric organism from Tunis soil by gelatin culture, but the metliod ])ieviously employed by the author in isolating the nitrous microbe was m(»re successfully used. A solution of nitrites was sown with Quito soil, and when the oxidation had become regular a little dro]) of the culture was sown in gelatinous silica. Colonies of two dilferent organisms api)eared, one of which proved to be the nitric microbe. It has tlie form of a minute, irregular, angular rod, and bears no resemblance to the nitrous organisms found in the same soil. Sown in the solutions of nitrites, it changes them rapidly into nitrates but has no effect on ammonia. (Organisms with a similar function were observed in soils from Java and Zurich, These probably belong to a different genus from the nitrous organisms, each species having its habitat in a particular soil. 500 551 The formation of nitrates in the process of nitrification, S. Winogradsky (Ann. de VInstitut Fafiteur, 5 [I'^^Ul), p. 577; aha. in Chcm. Ztf/., 15 {1S91), rep., p. 345). — The author dra^vs the following- con- clusions from his more recent studies of the organisms of nitrification. The product of nitrification in normal soils is always nitrates exclusively, a fact long believed to be true. The oxidation of the nitrites to nitrates is not diminished in the least by the presence of even considerable quanti- ties of ammonia, but takes place immediately on their formation. There can be no doubt, he asserts, that in the soil as well as in liquid cultures the pure nitrous ferment produces nitrites exclusively; and that when these nitrites are once formed they can not be further acted upon and oxidized by the nitrous ferment, i. e. the nitrite organisms can not produce nitrates. The nitrites thus formed in the soil are constant compounds in the absence of the nitric ferment, whether or not the common soil microbes be present. But if the nitric and the nitrous ferments are both brought into sterilized soil provided with ammonium salts, nitrates result, and only occasional traces of nitrites can be detected. The nitrites formed are oxidized immediately to nitrates, no matter how much ammonia is present which the nitrous ferments have not attacked . These conclusions agree in the main with and confirm Warington's results and views. Eegarding the morphology of the nitrifying organ- isms there is some difference of opinion. Winogradsky describes the nitric ferment as consisting- of long, pear-shaped rods not over 0.5// long and usually about one half to two thirds as broad; and the nitrous ferment as fioni four to five times as large as the nitric organism and more nearly elliptical in form. On the fixation of free nitrogen by plants, T. Schlbsing, jr., and E. Laurent {Compt. rend., 113 {1891), pp. 776-77.9).— A report on experi- ments in continuation of those described in Comptes rendus, 111 (1S90), p. 750 (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. in, p. 116). Both the " direct" and "indirect" methods of determining the acquisition of nitrogen were employed, as in the previous experiments. In these later experiments, however, natural soils were used, which were treated as follows: To a poor, sandy soil was added lime and a mixture of richer soils (gar- den soil and soil on which grain, clover, lupines, and beans had been grown). A mineral solution was used as a fertilizer. After the seeds of various plants had been sown a liquid mixture of distilled water and the soils above mentioned was poured over the surface of the soil in the pots. Two series of experiments w^ere made. In the first, which extended from May to August, the plants grown were Jerusalem arti- choke, oats, peas, and tobacco. There were also pots w^hich contained no plants. After a time the soil in all the pots was more or less covered with green plants of a low order, especially certain species of mosses and algfe. The results showed that in every case gaseous nitrogen had 552 been acquired by the soil or the plants, the amount varyinj; in a general way with the amount of the green vegetation above referred to. In the second series, from August to October, to prevent the growth of the green organisms the soil was covered with a layer of calcined quartz sand. Oats, peas, nuistard, cress, and spurry were grown, and, as before, pots were left without plants. There was no growth of tlie mosses and alga* and no appreciable aoiuisition of nitr(»g«'n, save in the case of the peas, Avhich in this series, as in the tirst, acc^uired a large amount of nitrogen. On the fixation of nitrogen by the soil, A. Gautier and R Drouin {C(>mi)t. rend., 113 [J'^ni). pp. '■^;jo-<^l^'j). — In partial agreement with the investigations of SchKising, and Laurent above described, the authors quote from Coiiipie.s rrndus, lOG (1888), \t\^. 1174, 1233, and 1234, reports of former experiments by themselves in which the importatit functions performed by alga* in aiding the accjuisition of nitrogen by the soil and growing plants are shown. They do not, however, believe that the presence of alga- is essential to this process. AVith the aid of illustrations drawn from their own investigations anerthelot they attempt an ex]»lanation of ditlerent i)roeesses in the fixation of nitiogen, which may be l>rietly summed up as follows: By reason of the porosity of the soil, and the juesence in the soil of oxi- dizable organic substances (humus) and of ai'-ntbic microbes which c(m- tiiuiously cause oxidati(Ui, a snudl (juantity of combined nitrogen is fixed in the soil from the surrounding atmosphere. The preparatory absor])tion of this nitrogen by the microbes is without doubt one of tlio conditi(»ns of its oxidation. These organisms afterward give it out to the soil in the form of organic and amide nitrogen. The alga*, nitrous and nitric ferments, etv., in their turn take part in the fixation of these residues. P.ut they do not ajjjiear to be indispensable to the process, as was indicated by the exp«'riments of the authors, especially those in which neitlu'r alga' n<)r nitric ferments were present. In this way are explained thejiart i)erformed by humus materials, tlie usefulness of the ventilation and cultivation of the soil, the non assimilation of nitrogen by soils sterilized by heat or antiseptics (as long since obscrvetlby Ber- thelot), and the infiuence of algjc growing on the surface of the soil. To establish the fact that the alga- directly fix free nitrogen it would be necessary to cultivate them in inclosed nu'«lia incapable of tixing combined nitrogen, and to show under these c<»nditions the direct accu- nuilation of nitrogen in the substance of these organisms. The organic material which exists in all arable soils is the indisi)ensable interme- diary of the fixation cM' the IVce or ammoniacal nitrogen of the atmos- jdiere. For further discussionsof s(»tassium were rei)la<'ed by like amounts of sodium in the first series and of calcium in the scioiid series. The second series received no sodium salts. It was expected that with the diminislied sup]ily of ]>otash salts the yield would fall off, but should the plants be able to use the sodium in i)laf plants. ThrtMigh ]»iivate t'orrcspondence he learns that Professor Wagner of Darmstadt has obtained results similar to tlie above. 555 Studies on the ripening of cherries, on the products of fermen- tation of cherry and currant juices, and on the coloring matter of black and of red currants, W. Keim {Zeitsch.f. analyt. Chem., 13, pp. 401—137). — In his studies of the changes during the growth and ripening of the fruit of the cherry {Prunus cerasus — early egriot), the author paid especial attention to the nature of the acids and the sugars present, since he projiosed to study the products of fermentation of the juice. Between May 15 and June 19 samples of the fruit were gathered at intervals of from 1 to 2 weeks, and submitted to chemical and micro- scopical tests. The results of these follow : Cherries at different stages of ripening. Date. May 15 May 21 May 28 June 10 June 19 Aver- Total Conditiou of fruit. weis"t of ten cher- ries. Water. acid cal- culated to malic. Invert sugar. Cane sugar. Ash. 6 rams. Per ct. Per ct. Perct. Per ct. Per ct. Green ; .size of 6. 375 88.88 0.213 2.74 0.187 0.478 a pea. Green; slight- 8.259 83.73 0.310 3.13 0.516 ly larger. Turning red . . 13.210 82.13 0.412 4.14 0.28 0.64C Near! J' ripe... 30.80 83.63 0.421 9.12 1.17 0. G56 j Fully ripe 37.19 81.22 D.4C2 10.26 0.739 Acids present. Malic, citric, and s u c- cinic. ....Do ...Do Malic and citric. .--.Do Glucoses yjrea- ent. Not deter- mined. Dextrose, Icvn- lose, and ino- site. Do. !N o t deter- mined. Dextrose, levu- 1 o 8 e, and traces of inosite. The cane sugar in the leaves was determined on the four last dates, the percentages found being 0.436, 0.465, 1.321, and 0.831 respectively. With the commencement of the development of the fruit the dry matter increased steadily from 11.12 to 17.87 per cent. At the time the latter content was reached an increase in the size of the fruit took place, the average weight of ten cherries increasing from 13.2 to 30.8 grams. With this increase in weight the percentage of sugar in the fruit doubled and increased in the leavesj and the starch disappeared from the fruit and increased in the fruit stalk. The increased weight of the fruit is believed to have been due to an additional storage of water and accel- erated sugar production during this period. The percentage of acids increased throughout the ripening, which is contrary to the old view that the sugar is formed at the expense of the acids. The sugar in the leaves increased with the increase of sugar in the fruit, and diminished when the fruit became ripe, which is in accord with observations by Keubauer and Hilger on the grape. No other sugar but cane sugar was detected in the leaves (the probable seat of its formation) and since no acid was present in the leaves, thus excluding the possibility of an inversion, the author is led to assume that cane sugar is the first stage in the production of the sugar, the glucose in the fruit resultiug from an inversion by means of the acids there. 556 Besides malic, citric, and siKMinic acids, crystals of calcium oxalate wore found in considerable quantity with the inicroscojM\ and traces of formic and acetic ai>caranc«* of succinic acid as ripeness api)roached suggests tlic theory that the a<-ids present iu the ripened fruit were formed synthetically from succinic and oxalic- acids. Analyses were made of the ash of cherries gathered when the fruit was green, turning red, ami tully ripe, with the following results: Jsh of cherries at different gtages of ripcninij. Hav 21. Mar 28. June 19. I'ortioii Rohililr in water: Si (J, PeretnL HCI so,. N8,0 K,0 «■<>, I'lirtioii Nojiilil)- in IK'l: Nut |iri'<'i|iitjit«'rtii>ii nrtlic ammonia prccipitaU' hoIuIiIp in acetic arid: C:iO .M.'O .252 .143 .124 .57« .774 .907 Ptreent 1.510 0.424 4. (i«>:i 3.4:w l.xii 40. 9uu 14.831 3.540 1.949 4.919 3.318 3.446 11.500 Per eenL 1.8420 1.2340 3.1800 5.4034 1. 3«20 44.201)0 \5.MG0 3.1929 1.5441 4.2071 2.0003 3. 0H7« 8. 0174 I*uhil>le in aietic acid: ' K.,,0, 0.918 2.552 4. 502 1.15J 0.800 2.018 1.6521 A1,0, 0.8126 r,(>s 2.5361 Total 98.707 100. 226 99.5603 Till' results show a steady increa.^e in the water soluble portion, es|M'ci;illy in the potash ami tlie pliosjtlioric acitl combined with alkalis, while the amount of cah-ium in condtiiiation with organic acids was highest May L'S. and fell olf as tlie fruit ripened, Tliis latt«'r occurrence agrees with tlie amount of organic acitls Ibund. Tlie ph«»sphate of iron incr«»ased and the pliosj)hate of calcium and magnesium slightly tlimin- ished as the fiuit ripened. Thirteen e\]icrimeiits were math- on the fermentation of tlie juice of cherries and cunants, both with ami without tlie addititui of yeast, sugar (U|) to L'O per cent ). anti water. 'I'lu> resulting wines were botlletl and kept in a cellar for "5 months, atti-r whicli they were analyzed. Theacidr; were found tnh;i\e diminished mo.Mtin tho.se sanii)les to which yeast was athhil. so tluit the decrease nf acids was greater tlie more lively the fermentatinu. The decrease of the lion volatile acitis tlurillg fermenti'tion was relatively great«'r in the case of cherry juice than of the currant juice. 'J'his tlitference is attributetl to the character of the fruit acids ]Mesent. malic acid lu-edoiiiinating in the cherry ami citric acid in the curi'ant. Malic acitl seemed t<> dccnmpuse more easily under fermentation than citric acid. 557 The amount of volatile acid seemed to be dependent on the duration of the fermentation. The addition of sugar to the juice slightly increased the glycerin and very considerably increased the alcohol in the product. The action of nitric and hydrochloric acids, ammonia, limewater, acetate of lead, barium hydrate, amyl alcohol, zinc and hydrochloric acid, and copper sulphate on the juices of red and black currants, was compared with their action on huckleberries, cherries, mallow, and Phytolacca berries, and studies were made of the spectra of the juices of these fruits. The results of both chemical and optical tests of the juices of red and black currants corresponded quite closely, from which it api^ears that the coloring matters of the two truits if not identical are closely related. Cooperative feeding experiments with milch cows, fattening oxen, and fattening sheep in Prussia, by the Halle Experiment Station and by farmers. — During several years past a number of series of feeding experiments have been conducted in the Province of Saxony, Prussia, which though intended for the study of questions of local importance are of more than local interest. The results are summarized here because of the light they throw upon the questions of narrow vs. wide rations, larger vs. smaller quantities of digestible nutrients, and watery vs. dry feeding stuffs; and because of the illustrations they give of the advantage of cooperation between the station and the farmer and of a way in which such cooperation may be successfully carried out in feeding experiments. The experiment station of the Central Agricultural Society of the Province of Saxony is located at Halle in a region where farming is conducted upon a highly intensive system. The i^olicy of the station has been to ally itself closely with the farmers and to institute experiments among them for the study of x)ractical questions regarding the use of fertilizers, culture of sugar beets, feeding of animals, and the like. In this part of Germany the sugar beet industry is very prominent, and the diffusion residue from which the sugar has been extracted is a very important feeding stuff". The manufacture of alcohol from pota- toes is conducted upon a large scale on many farms, and the potato residue is likewise an important factor in feeding. Large quantities of concentrated feeding stuffs, such as oil cake, barley meal, and the like, are also fed with the hay, straw, and other coarse fodders. It is a question among the farmers of this region whether more liberal rations than the current feeding standards, such as Wolff's, provide for, may not be profitable. It is also desirable to know how miich of such watery food as the beet and potato residues may be fed to advantage. And finally the question of the proportion of nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous material in the concentrated foods, in other words, the old question of wide vs. narrow rations, is felt to demand more thor- ough testing than it has received. 558 In accordance with a suggestion l)y the director of the station, Pro- fessor ^laercker, an arrangement was made between the station and the Halberstddter landwirthschaftlicher Vcrein, one of the branches of the provincial agricultural society, by which these questions should be put to the test of cooperative erperiment. It was provided that the plans should be drawn up by a commission, consisting of members of the Verein and the director of the station ; that the tests should be carried out by a number of farmers who were in condition to make them accurately with a considerable number of animals; and that analyses of the feeding stutfs and tlie milk should be made by the sta- tion, which should also work out and publish the results. Dr. Morgen, one of the assistants of the station, was placed in the immediate charge of its share of the cofiperative enteri)rise. A brief account of the results of the trials of the first season was published shortly after their completion. Although they have excited mnch attention in the Province, and are regarded by experts in Ger- many as of metre than usual interest, they have receiveer day, while others do not fear to give 110 pounds or more. "With potato residue the range is still wider — from 1.") to l-'5 gallons per head jter day. (2) "Starting with a ratiim of attested quality and (juantity, how much concentrated foihh'r can be a«ldeer day as large as can be used to advantage, while others regard 11 i)Ounds or more as the most profitable. With regard to these questions it was clearly understood at the out- set that categorical answers ajtplicable in all ]»laces would be impossi- ble, so wide are the dillerences in individuality and productive capacity of different herds. But as the farms on which the experiments were *A preliminary report by Professor Maercker and Dr. Morgen was published in the Magdebnri;iHclic Zeitunji;, November 21 to Doccniber 6, 1888. Abstracts of this are given in Ceutralbl. f. Agr. Chciu., 1889, p. 460, and Juhresbcr. ii agr. C'heui., 1889, p. 611. 559 made were sugar beet farms, either with or without distilleries, and the methods of inaiiagemeut were essentially similar aud the herds not very different from one another, there was nothing in the wa^' of experiments on a eommon plan. At the same time the authors are par- ticular to warn against too general application of the results, the more so as they have largelj^ to do with pecuniary profits. The concenti'ated feeding stuffs used in these experiments, namely, cotton-seed, palm nut, peanut and barley meals, and the hay and straw of the coarse fodder, were analyzed in advance. The beet and potato residues had to be analyzed from time to time during the l^rogress of the experiments. The digestibility of each feeding stufi;' was computed by use of Wolff's coefficients (as given in Mentzel und V. Lengerlie's landic. Kaleiider), except that for the protein in a consid- erable number of cases determinations of digestibility were made by Stutzer's method.* Using the proportions of digestible nutrients as computed from the figures for composition and digestibility, the quan- tities of the several feeding stuffs in each ration were calculated aud fed to the animals. In thus making up the rations some difficulty was experienced from the fact that the straw was fed ad libitum and the quan- tities which the animals consumed were variable, hence changes were required in the quantities of the other materials so as to make the rations as a whole uniform. There was, however, only one instance in which it was not practicable to make the rations satisfactory (series B, p. 562.) One valuable feature of the experiments as tests of the economy of tbe different rations was the method of estimating the financial results. The accounts were kept on each farm by a system proposed by a specialist in agricultural bookkeeping, Professor Howard of the Agri- cultural Institute of the University of Leipsic, and carried out under his direction on a considerable number of farms. In the reports of the experiments estimates are made of the pecuniary gain or loss with each ration. For this purpose valuations appropriate to the locality were made of the feeding stuffs consumed, the milk, the increase of live weight of fattening animals, and the manure produced. The valua- tions of manui'e were based upon the quantities of nitrogen and phos- phoric acid as estimated from the composition of the feeding stuffs. Xo account was taken of the potash or other ingredients. In making these estimates it was assumed that all of the nitrogen and phosphoric acid of the fodder which was not stored in the bodies of tlie animals or converted into milk would be saved in the manure. The estimates of cost of care and keeping of the animals included interest on capital * The accuracy of the estimates of digestible protein in these experiments has been called in question by Pfeiffer, Centralbl. f. agr. Chem., 1890, p. 424, but explanations by Professor Maercker (ibid., p. 553), with details not given in the report, sho^v that they were made as correctly as the circumstances would allow, and are to be relied upon. 560 invested, rent of buildings, etc. In tlie calculations of financial results the following valuations were used : Feeding stuffs per 100 pound'*. Cents. Hay (including clover hay) GT) Straw and chaff (of cereals) 22 Pea straw 28 Lupines 100 Maize meal 130 Barley meal 1 14 AMieat bran 87 Cotton-seed meal 137 Peanut meal 135 Palm nut meal 114 Poppy cake 95 Diffusion residue of beets 6. 5 Potato residue 8. 1 iirf iccight of uuimulH jur pnund. Cents. Oxen, before fattening '). 6 Oxen, after fattening 6. 2 Sheep T). 6 Milch cows 5. G Milk jier jjound. 1.08 cent.s. Vahial'lr iiifiiidinitii of /rrlilhrrii per pound ( potnok not reckoned), CciitJi. Nitrogen 13. 0 Phosphoric acid 4.3 £xpin> jicr ten head j>cr ort, but use has also been made of nnimldislied (lata kindly supplied by Messrs. Ma«'rek«'r and .Mor;,fen. in tlie tables that have been constructed from thedata tlius made available, comiinta- tions not inchnled in theorifjinal Iia\ e lieen added, namely, those ol" the ])otcntial energy (fuel value) ofthc digestible nutrients — 1 gram of loyod in the expt'iimeiits, Avliicli (lirtrnMl Iroin tliose of st-ries A iu that beet ditliisioii residue and potato re.sidue were used tojjether, the former in decreasing; and the latter in increasinj,' ijuantities in the dilVerent experiments. The basal rati<»n contained. a]»pro\iinately, per head ]>er day, in pounds, hay .">.">, straw 8.4, palm nut meal 2.1', and cotton-seed meal and barley meal in (|nantities such as to make the amounts of dijjestible nutrients in tlic whole ration the same in th*' dill'erent jieriods. In the third periotl, however, there was an error in the make-up of the ration liy which the quantities of protein and fat were unnle too small. JUitionx; yield of milk; gain in lire ircight; Jinancial results. Periods. I and V. II and IV. III. Beet difl'iision residue imt head per day pounds.. Potato residue per bead per day i- l»';ul jht day iulili-il to li.i.Hal ratimi: ('iitliiii-scT(l meal " j»ouiidn.. 1.78 I'.iiil.v iii.al ilo. . . . 4. 40 Diflralililf iiutrii'iits in tiilal I'imhI : I'lT licad )i<-r (lav— l'r..l(iii do. ... :i. 17 Fat.-* do 0. BJ Carltoliydiatfs do 6.34 Per I.fi" day ceiitt*. .1 28. 6 3.23 3.39 3.76 0.77 6.19 2.74 0. ."■)« 9.00 1:4.2 2«. 800 52. 03 4 1- 192 2S.5 in. 4.69 2.38 4.42 0.97 6.06 3.22 0.71 9.70 1:3.0 30. 075 52. JW — 0.275 29.5 Series D. — Conducted by Tlerr Braune in Winningen. Eight cows averaging 1,100 pounds live wciglit. liasal ration jut head per day in ])oun(ls, beet diffusion residue 00, clover bay ~Ki), chaff and straw 15.4, l»alm nut meal 2.2; peanut meal and barley meal added to this in (piantities as stated. Ilationn; yield of milk; gain in lire ireighl; financial results. Periods. I and V. II and IV. III. Qiiantit ii's prr lir.id per dav added to basnl ration : ! I'cmiit iiiial ". pounds.. 1.94 3.70 Itarl.y ni.al do....| 4.66 2.82 Digi'.stililr iintrii'nts in total foml: ! I'lT head jut dav — Prot. in ....'. do... .1.26 3.76 Fats do. . . . I 0. .'Jl 0. 55 f '.irbohydrat CM do 15. 03 lli. 22 Per 1,000 pounds live weight per dav — Protein ". do....' 2.96 3.42 Fats do 0.46 I 0..''iO CnrUolivdrate.s do.... l.MiC 1.X84 Nutritive ratios 1 : .'>. 0 | 1:4.4 Potential energv in digestible nutrients per 1.0HO pounds live weight \H'T day Calories . . :if.. 4.10 37. 970 Milk vield per head per day pounils . . 2."). 04 2o. 4 1 (Jain in live weight per head per day do 1. 44 0. 41 Financial gain jier head jtrr day cents. . 5.4 C. 6 .■i.17 2.57 4.47 0.66 15.18 4.06 o.eo 13.80 1:3.8 39.680 27.30 0.48 8.3 565 The quantities of food in all the experiments of both series vrero liberal, as appears from the figures for potential energy. In series 0 the estimated energy of the digestible nutrients per 1,000 pounds live weight per day ranged from 27,815 to 30,075 Calories. In series D the range was from 36,450 to 39,690 Calories. These numbers exceed the 29,700 Calories which Wolff's standard calls for by from 22.7 to 33.6 per cent. The digestible protein is large both in absolute quantity and in relation to the other nutrients. The amounts per 1,000 pounds live weight ranged in series C from 2.3 to 3.22 pounds, and in series D from 2.96 to 4.06 pounds. These quantities are from 8 per cent smaller to 62.4 per cent larger than the 2.5 pounds of Wolff's standard. The nutritive ratios range from 1 : 5 to 1 : 3.8. The widest is narrower than 1 : 5.4 of Wolff's standard. In series C the cows yielded hardly more milk with the largest ration than with the smaller ones. This the authors think was not strange, since the cows were very near the limit of their capacity for milk pro- duction with the smallest ration. The change in live weight was inconsiderable. The estimated financial gain was a little the largest with the largest proi)ortion of nitrogen {i. e. with the largest amount of oil cake), which increased the value of the manure. In series D the milk yield increased somewhat with the increase of total nutrients and nitrogen. The increase in live weight was slightly larger with the smallest ration than with either of the others. The financial showing was a little the best with the largest ration, but here, as previously, the estimate is made more favorable by the value of the manure than it would have been if the milk product alone had been taken into account. Indeed the value of the manure was a very large fiictor of the gain. (2) Effect of one-sided increase of non-nitrogenous food. — To test the effects of large rations with wide nutritive ratios, three series of experi- ments, E, F, and G, were made. They were made up in the same manner as those on the effects of narrow rations (series C and D) except that in adding oil meal and barley meal to the basal rations the barley meal was increased and the oil meal diminished to make the wider rations. Series E. — Conducted by Herr Luedecke in Hoetensleben. Eight cows averaging 1,100 pounds live Aveight. Basal rations per head per day in pounds, potato residue 112.2, beet diffusion residue 33, hay 5.5, straw 8.8, i)alm nut cake 2.2; peanut meal and barley meal added to this in quantities as stated. 17450— No. 8 5 566 Rations; yield of milk; gain or loss in live weight; financial resulta. Periods. I and V. n and IV. m. Quantities per head per day added to basal ration : Peanut meal jwnnds. Barley meal do — Digestible nutrients in total food: Per head per day — Pretein do. . . Fats do . . . Carbohydrates do. . . Per 1.000 pounds live weight per day — Protein do. .. Fats do. . . Carbohydrates do. . . Nutritive ratios Potential energy in digestible nutrients per l,0'M pounds live weight per day Calories Milk yield per head per day poiin(l,<. Gain ( + ) or loss ( — ) in live weight per head per day do. . . Financial gain per head per day cent s 3.23 0.35 12.01 2.94 0.32 10.92 1:4.0 30.050 33.04 i -rl. 10 13.2 1.96 1.80 3.39 0.37 13.16 3.08 0.34 11.96 1:4.2 32,600 32.41 -0.51 12.7 1.01 4.40 3.41 0.40 14. 52 3.10 0. :«i 13. 20 1:4.5 3:>. 260 33. 42 -1.37 10.8 Series F. — Couducted by Herr Zimmerniauii in Beukeudorf. Six cows averaging 1,375 pound.s live weight. Ba.sal ration per beaer day in pounds, b*H't diftiision residue OfJ, clover hay 5.5, straw 8.8, itaAuk nut meal, 2.2; peanut meal and barley meal added to this in qualities as stated. 567 Haiious; ijicld of milk; a ? ^ * © <1 Pounds. 1,375 1,100 1,100 1,375 1,100 t- ? s- ! S ft + ■So £ O •r ared with the 2.5 pounds which the standards cited call for. As a corollary, the rations are narrow, the range in width being from 1 :3.6 to 1 :5.G,that of Wolff"s standard being 1 :."t.4. Taking the series one by one there are jteculiarities worthy of spe- cial note. In series C the starting ration. i)eriods I and V, was the smallest of all, reckoned i>er 1.000 ]»ounds Vwr w«'ight. But the cows were large, so that reckoned jxi- head the food was lilieral. The yield of milk was very large. Increasing the i>rotein from 2.3 to 3.2 ptmnds l)er 1,000 pounds live weight, increasing the energy from 27,800 to 30.000 Calories, and diminishing tlie width from 1:4.0 to 1:30 did not materially aflect the milk yield. This, as Maercker and ]\Iorgen say in their report, was not surprising, since the cows were ajiiiarently near the maximum of their capacity for milk i)roducfion at the start. The slight increase in the estimated i»ecuniaiy gain was due to tlu' ineieased value of the manure. Series D tells a sonx'what different story. The quantifies of nutri- ents per 1,000 ])oinids live weight were larger than in series C, luit the cows were smaller an<>site — loss of weight witli the wider rations and gain of weight and increase of milk production with the nar- rower rations. The most [daiisible explanation of this difl'erenceis that the cows were not in as good tiesh in the last series as in the two pre- vious ones. In these experiments with milch cows two points of special interest are brought out : (1) On the whole, more liberal rations, and especially rations richer in protein than the accej>ted feeding standard^' call for, were the most advantagcons. Farmers and dairymen in the rniteit4-in J'illS CiirlinliydruteH Nntritivf nitioM I'otfiitial I'lii-r^y in dif;<'>itible nutriunts per 1,000 iKUindn livi- wiiirlit JM'V day (iaiii ill 11 vr uri^lit ]ht Ill-ad jht day I'iiiaiK'ial jjaiii piT lii'ad jier day...." .pounds. do... .do., .do. . .do.. 1.6 4.29 2.99 8.41 4.07 3.K 0. 59 0. 73 12.84 i 12.78 .do.... 3.20 I 3.70 .do I 0.54 I 0.66 .do....| 11.68 I 11.62 Il:4.1 1:3.6 .Calories..! 33.200 . .Iiounds..] 2.C4 cents.. 1.0 34.810 2.81 3.0 4.38 2.42 4.0 0.86 12. 47 4.18 0.78 11.34 1:3.1 35.835 2.86 4.0 Tlie total (jnantitics of dig«*sti])h* nutrients are about as in WolflTs stan(lariiies 2.75; cotton-seed meal and wheat bran in quantities as statcil. Duration of experiment from January 23 to May 5 — 104 days. 573 Eations; gain in live weight; financial results. Lotl. Lot 2. Lots. Quantities per ten head per day added to basal ration : Cotton-seed meal pounds . . AVheat bran do Digestible nutrients in total food : Per ten liead per day — Protein do Fats do Carbohydrates do Per 1,000 pounds live weight per day : Protein do Fats do Carbohydrates do Nutritive ratios Potential energy in digestible uutritnts per 1,000 pounds live weight per day Calories.. Gain in live weight per ten head per day pounds . . Financial loss per ten head per day cents. . L43 9.68 3.32 0.57 12.83 3.15 0.54 12.15 1:4.3 34, 125 1.67 —'0.1 3.08 7.48 3.81 0.68 11.90 3.60 0.65 11.27 1:3.6 33, 825 L94 — 3.8 4.62 6.27 4.38 0.84 11.70 4.15 0.79 11.08 1: 3.2 35, 275 2.13 — 2.7 Series M. — Effects of one-sided increase of non-nitrogenous foods. Cotton-seed meal and maize added in different quantities to hasal ration. — Coiiducted. by Herr Henneberg in Wasserlebeii. Thirty sheep averaging 99 pounds Mve weight, divided into three lots of ten each. Basal ration per ten head per day in pounds, beet diffusion residue 66, wheat straw 7.7, pea straw 1.1, wheat bran 2.75 j cotton-seed meal and maize in quantities as stated. Duration of experiment from January 23 to April 5 — 73 days. Eations; gain in weight; financial results. Lotl. Lot 2. Quantities per ten head per day added to basal ration: Cotton-seed lueal pounds . . Maize do Digestible nutrients in total food : Per ten head per day — Protein do Fats do Carbohydrates do Per 1,000 pounds Uve weight per day: Protein do Fats do Carbohydrates do Nutritive ratios • Potential energy in digestible nutrients per 1,000 pounds live weight per day Calories.. Gain in live weight per ten head per day pounds.. Financial loss per ten head per day cents . - 2.75 1.10 3.50 0.75 12.91 3.53 0.76 13.04 1:4.2 37, 855 2.13 — 3.2 2.31 3.30 3.50 0.77 14.28 3.53 0.78 14.42 1:4.6 40. 815 2.02 — 0.0 L87 5.39 3.50 0.77 15.62 3.53 0.78 15.78 1:5.0 43, 595 2.55 — 5.2 Series ISF. — Effects of one-sided increase of non-nitrogenous foods. Poppy cal-e and wheat hran added in different quantities to hasal ration. — Conducted by Herr Wohltmann in Mahndorf. Thirty sheep averaging 92.4 pounds live weight, divided into three lots of ten each. Basal ration per ten head per day in pounds, beet diffusion residue 66, wheat chaff" 7.15, pea straw 8.36, lupines 2.75; poppy cake and wheat bran in quantities as stated. Duration of experiment from January 23 to April 23—91 days. 574 Eai'ions; gain in lire weight; financial results. Lotl. Lot 2. Lots. Qnantities per ten head per day added to basal ration : Poppy cake ponnds.. Wheat bran do Digestible nutrients in total food : Per ten head per day — Protein ponnds. . Fats do.... Carbohydrates do Per 1,000 pounds live weight per dflv — Protein pounds . . Fats do.... Carbohydrates do Xutritive ratios Potential energy in digestible nutrients per 1,000 pounds live weight per day Calories.. Gain in live weight jier ten head per day pounds.. Financial gain per ttrn head per day cents.. 4.07 3.96 3.01 0.53 12.34 3.26 0.57 13.36 1:4.6 36.995 2.82 4.0 2.42 8.14 2.97 0.4« 13.82 3.21 0.52 14.95 1:5.1 39.925 3.26 4.7 11.66 2.97 0.42 15.20 3.21 0.45 16.45 1:5.5 42,660 3.17 0.9 Wolff's standard for fatttMiing: sheep calls for digestible nutrients in pounds per 1,000 pounds live weight, protein 3.2, fat O.G, carbohy- drates 14.8, with a nutritive ratio of 1:5, and .50,000 Calories of energy. As compared witli such a .standard, the ration of lot 1 in each of the three series of ex]>eriraents was liberal in total quantity of nutrients and large in amount of ]irotein. The largest gains in live weight and best financial returns were in series N. in which the width of the ration was in the neighborhood of 1:5. The eflects of the nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous rations with fat- tening steers and sheep are recapituhitcd in the talmhir statement herewith. Wohf 's standards provide sdinewhat ditlrrciit quantities for diflterent fattening periods. The figures here ust'd are means. Recapitulation of results of esperimcnts on effects of narrow and xcide rations in the fat- tening of steers and sheep. Dieestible nutritive ingredients and increase in lire weight per 1,000 pounds of steer or sheep per day. Experiments. Scries. Narrow rations. K, steers L, sheep Lot. Wide rations M.sliop ^ JJ, sheep ( 3" Average Average Financial live weight increase of paiu( + >or at begin- I live weight ] loss( — )per ning of per steer jstt-ororten experi- or ten sheep sheep per nient. per day. day. Pounds. I 1, 100 IOC 106 lOG Pounds. 2.6 2.8 2.0 1.7 1.9 2.1 C. I •J.O 2.6 2.8 :». :t :t. 2 I CenU. -f-1.0 + 3.0 + 4.0 -6.1 -3.8 -2.7 — 3.2 — 6.0 — 5.2 + 4.0 -t-4.7 + 0.9 Digestible nutri- ent.*. Pro- Jfon- tein. protein. WolfTs standards for 1,000 pounds live weight: Fattening oxen Fattening sheep Pounck. 3.2 3.7 4.2 3.2 3.6 4.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.3 3.2 3. •-' 2.7 3.2 I Pounds. 12.9 13.1 13.1 13.4 12.7 12.9 Nutri- tive ratio. 1:4.1 1:3.6 1:3.1 1:4.3 1:3.6 1:3.3 Potential energ}' in digestible nutrienta 14.8 1:4.2 10.2 1:4.6 17.5 1:5.0 14.6 1:4.6 16.1 1:5.1 17.5 1:6.5 16.2 16.2 1:6.0 1:5.0 Calories. 33.290 34,810 35,835 34,125 33.825 35,275 37.855 40, 815 43.595 36,995 39,925 42,600 35,070 36,000 Increase in live weight per day. Povnds. 2.4 2.6 2.6 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 ::.o 2. fi 3.0 3. C 3.4 575 In tlie experiments witli steers, of whicli there were fifteen, divided into lots of five each, the rations were all richer in protein than WolfTs standard, but only lot 3 had as much total nutrients as that standard calls for. There was notably more increase in live weight with lots 2 and 3 than with lot 1, and that increase was greater as the protein and the total amounts of nutrients increased. It is to be regretted that the trials with corresponding increase of non-nitrogenous food could not be carried out so as to compare the effects of wider and narrower rations upon the increase in live weight. There is no proof here of any special advantage in using such large proportions of nitrogenous foods. With sheep there were three exijeriments, each with thirty animals, divided into three lots of ten animals each. In series L, with one-sided increase of protein, the smallest ration was rich in protein, but small in amount as compared with Wolff's standard. ^\llen nitrogenous foods were added so as to bring the total amount up to that standard, the increase in weight was larger. Pecuniarily there was loss throughout, but it was least with the largest ration. In series M, with one-sided increase of non-protein, the quantity was large in the smallest ration, with the addition of non-nitrogenous food 5 there was, nevertheless, an increased gain in live weight, but the feed- ing was not as profitable financially. In series K, also with one-sided increase of non-protein, the smallest ration was likewise liberal. With the first addition of non-nitrogenous food there was increased gain in weight, but where still more was added the gain was not larger. In like manner the pecuniary gain was larger with the second and smaller with the third than with the first. On the whole the results seem to favor quantities fully as large or larger and fully as rich or richer in protein than Wolff's standard. CONCLUSIONS FEOM EXPERIMENTS WITH WIDER VS. NARROWER AND LARGER VS. SMALLER RATIONS. In discussing the experiments the authors lay stress upon the prac- tical rather than the physiological outcome, and urge that the pecuni- ary results are dependent upon the local conditions where they were made. But, with the statements above given of the costs of feeding stuffs and of care of the animals and the valuations of the products of milk, meat, and manure, it is clear that even the financial outcome is not devoid of general interest. The final conclusions are set forth essentially as follows : 1. All the highly nitrogenous rations, including those with the very high content of 4.4 pounds of digestible protein per day and per head of cows and oxen and per ten head of sheep, proved profitable, while all the rations with very large amounts of digestible non-protein gave financially unfavorable results. 2. The inferences are, (1) an excess of carbohydrates and fats is always to be avoided in feeding whether it be for milk or fattening. According 576 to these experiments, it does not seem profitable to feed more than 13.2 pounds of non-protein* per head of neat cattle or ten head of sheep per day. (2) There is no objection to feeding considerably more protein than current usage and feeding standards call for. The advan- tage rests partly in the increased production and partly in the higher value of the manure. An account of some more recent experiments on the feeding value of wet vs. dry diffusion residue of beets will be given in the next number of the Record.— [W. O. A.] Testing milk by means of electricity, W. Thdrner {Chem Ztg., 15 [1891), pp. 1073, 1074). — The autlior claims to have conceived the idea of arriving at the percentage of water and fat in milk by measuring the resistance which milk j^resents to a current of electricity, previous to the announcement of Dolirniann's experiments (see Experiment Sta- tion Record, vol. iii, p. 421 ), and that the results recorded below were made independently of Dohrmann. In his experiments he used an instrument on which from 0.1 to 10,000 ohms could be quickly and accu- rately measured. The experiments were all conducted in a flat-bottomed glass dish, filled to the same de]>th with milk each time, and all measurements were made at 17^ C, with a distance between the eh'' 1S33). — Sclimid's method as modified by the author, is described by the latter as follows : Ten c. c. of milk are heated in an Erlenmeyer flask with 10 c. c. concentrated crude hydrochloric acid till tlie curd is dissolved, but not too long, lest traces of the fat be decomposed. The contents of the flask are partially cooled and then poured into a graduated burette, the flask being thoroughly rinsed out with a mixture of equal parts of ether and j)etroleum ether. The burette is then nearly tilled with the mixture of ether and petroleum ether, reversed, and agitated, and the solution containing the fat allowed to rise to the surface, where it is read off. An aliquot part of the fat layer is pipetted off, evaporated to dryness, and the residue weighed. It is advisable to allow the fat layer to thoroughly separate, so that it con- tains no water when the aliquot is taken. If insufficient time is allowed for a complete separation, it is suggested to filter through a dry, fat-free filter to remove the water. TITLES OF ARTICLES IN RECENT FOREIGN PUBLICATIONS. Lupanin, the alkaloid of blue lupine ( Ucber das Liipanin, das Alkalvid der hlauen Lupine), Cakl Sikbkkt. — Arch, der Pharmazie, 229, pp. 531-646; abs. in Chem. Cen- iralbl., ISO.?, part I. Xo. 3. pp. SS. On a new non-saturated fatty acid of the series C"H-"-^0- (Sur iin tiouvel acide gras nonndliircdt: In m'nc C"ll-"'^0-), A. Aiinand. — Cmnpt. vend., 114 (1S02), pp. 70-81. Composition of crystallized egg albumen ( Zummimn^etzung dcx Krystallinierten Eieralbumins), V. Hoimkistku. — Zcituch. /. phiixioL Chem., 1S9.?, p. 1S7. The analysis of peptones, C. W. Kkato.v and S. A. Vasey. — Analyst, Feb., 1S03, pp. 28-34. A rapid method for estimating the starch content of potatoes (Evaluation rapide de la richesse en fctule des pommcs de tevvc). II. B<»iuiyr. — .Joitv. y. Aijv. Soe. i>f Enghiud, vol. 11, ser. 3, part IV, pp., 657-702. The nitrifying ferments of the soil, J. M. H. Mrxico. — Jour. Roy. Agv. Soc. of England, vol. II, si v. .',, pavl IV. pp. 702-717. On the existence of the phenomena of nitrification in media rich in organic substances and having an acid reaction (Snv V cxistenec de jdienomenes dc nitrijica- tion, dans drs jnilieiij- vivhes m siihslanres ovganiqucs et a vtaction acide), E.C'iuai{1>. — Compt. vend., lit (ISO.'), pp. 1S1-1S4. Influence of the proportions of clay and organic nitrogen in bare soils on ^he fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, the conservation of nitrogen, and nitrifi- cation {Injlutneen, dan-i les tevves nues, den pvoporlions iV nvgile el d' azote ovganiqne suv la fij-ation d' azote almo8i)hi'nque, snr la consevvation dc /' azote, et khv la nitrification), P. Piciiard.— Com/*/, rend., 114 (1SH2), pp. 8I-.S4. On the spontaneous oxidation of humic acid and hvunu8(5Mr /' oiydation spon- tanee de V aeide hnmiqne et de la tevve vegetalc), IJr.iMiiKLoT and Axnui':. — Compt. rend., 114 {1892), pp. 41-43. Ammonia in the atmosphere and rain •water of the tropics {L\immnniaque dans ralmosjiliire el duns h.s jilnies il'nne vegion tvopieule), ^'. Maiuano and A. Mi'"vrz. — Compt. rend., 113 {1801), pp. ::0-:Sl. Ammonia in rain w^ater and in the air ( L' am moniaqne dans les eaux depluic ct danx V atmosphere), A. yWw/..— Compt. vend.. 114 (ISO]), pp. ISi-lS'!. Some ne^v observations on the determination of sulphur in humus aud on the nature of the compounds which it forms [Qnelqnes obsevvationM nonvelles xnv h dosage dii sonfve dans la tevve vegetalc, et snv la natnve des composes qii'il constitiie), BEUTiiEr.OT and Ani>kk. — Compt. vend., 114 (1892), pp. 43-46. 578 679 Contribution to the study of the fermentations of farm manure {Contrihution a V etude des fermentaUons du fiuniev dc fcrmc), T. Sciilusing (pere et tils). — Ann. Agron., 1892, torn 18, pp. 15-18. Ammonium phosphate as a fertilizer (Ammuiiphuspltal als Diingenalz), J. H. YoGEh.—Zeituch. f. angcw. Chcm., 1891, Ileft 19, pp. 568-573. The Florida phosphate beds {Mitiheihingen iiher die Phosphatlager in Florida), A. Keller.— 67icm. Ztg., 1802, Jan. 16, p. 65, Jan. 20, p. IS, and Jan. 27, pp. 110-113. Composition of Leguminosae, F. L. NiLSOX. — Eongl. svenska landtbruksakademiens handliugar, S. A., pp. jcl2; (//>*■. in Centralhl. f. agr. Chem., 20, Heft 11, pp. 734-736. Contribution to the study of the growth of cereals (Contrihution a V Mude du devrIoj)j)(>)niiit des cereales), IIei!Ei:t. — Ann. Agron., ISO.', torn 18, jtp. 33-47. Effect on the yield of potatoes of harvesting the tubers as fast as they become large enough for xa.a.x'^et {Her F/mtluxn dcr KniknoUung der Kartoffelpllauze, auf deren I'rodukliouKveriuogen). — Forsch. auf d. Geh. d. Agr.-l'hgsik, 14, pp. 42o-440; abs. in Fiihliiig's hvidw. Ztg., 1802, Feb. 1, jyp. 103-106. Influence of boracic acid on germination (Action de Vacide borique nur la germi- nation), J. MoKKL.—Comjyt. rend., 114 (lS02),pp. 131-133. In opposition to the theory of the formation of fat from albuminoids in the animal body ( Ucberdie Fntatehung von Fett aus Eiwciss im KiJrper der Thiere), Eduakd Pfluger.— P/iiryer's Arch. f. d. ges. Fhysiol., 41 (1891), p. 229; abs. in Chem. Zlg., 1892, Jan. 23, rep. p. 17. The comparative feeding values of decorticated and undecorticated cotton cake, J. A. Voelckek. — Jour, Boy. Agr. Soe. of England, vol. ii, ser.3,parl ill, pp. 585-594. Bran vs. cheaper mixtures of feeding stuffs of equal nutritive value ( Ucbcr den Ersatz der Eleie durch billigerc Fultermiscliungen von gleichcm Nahrsioffgehalt), A. MoiiGEN. — Zeitsch. des landw. Cent.-Ver. Sachsen, 1891, jypi. 301-313; abs. in Centralhl. f. agr. Chem., 20, Heft 11, pp. 729-731. Feeding experiments with fish press cake (FiitterungsversuchemitFischpresskuchen auf Alnarp in Schiccdm), H. Wixhkkg. — Tidskrift for landt. mon, 12, pp. 522-528; abs. in Centralhl. f. agr. Chem., 20, Heft 11, pp. 736-740. Effect on the live weight and the composition of the bones and teeth of ani- mals of adding different salts to the food, III ( Versuche iiher den Einfluss, ivelchen die Beigahe verschiedener Salze zum Fatter auf das Eorpergewicht und die Znsammen- setzung der Knochen und Zdhne ausUbt), H. Weiske. — Landw. Vers.-Stat., 40, Heft 2 pp. 81-108. The effect of feeding precipitated phosphate of lime on the chemical com- position of milk ash ( Ueber den Einfluss des verfilltertcn prdcipitierten phosphorsauren Ealkes auf die eheminche Zusammensetzung der Milchasche), E. Hess and Sciiafeer. — Landw. Jahrh. d. >'lainly marked upon each package or bag coutaiuing such seed the year in wliidi said sied were grown, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof sliall be fined not less than ten dollars or more than fifty dollar.s. or imprisoned not more than thirty days for each and every offense: Provided, Tliat the provisions of this act shall not apply to farmers selling seed i]) open Imlk to other farmers or gardeners. "Section 2. That any peixtm or persons who Mhall, with iiitentiitn to deceive, wrongly mark or not label as to date juiy paekiige or bag containing ganlen f>r vege- table seed, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof sliall be fined nut less than tin nor more than fifty dollars, or impris«ined not less than ten nor more than tliirty days. " Section 3. That this act shall be in force from and after tlie first day of September, 1891. " Ratified March 5, 1891." BuRKAT OF Animal lNi>rsTRV. — The liver fiuke de8cril»ed by Francis in Bulletin No. 18 of the Texas Station, for whieii the name Dinfomiim tuoniciim is proposed, is considered by Dr. C. \V. Stiles identical with Fa^ciola americana, Ha«sall, which is probably the same as the Distomum magnum described some years ago by Bassi (Amer. Vet. Rer., March, 1S92). Queensland. — Bulletin-No. 12, November, 1891, of the Department of Agriculture, Brisbane, contains an article on butter and cheese making liy J. Mahon. Bulletins Nos. 4, October, 1890; No. 7, March, 1891; No. 9, M"ay, 1891; and No. 13, December, 1891, contain descriptive notes on a considerable nuuiber of species of plants found in Queensland, l»y F. M. Bailey, tho colonial botanist, 580 581 Ammonium chloride in cahxallite. — The presence of nitrogenous compounds in Stassfurt potash salts has recently been recognized. Ammonium chloride was some time ago found to occur frequently in rock salt and in the manufactured pro- ducts. W. Diehl found 0.01 per cent of ammonium chloride in crude camallite, and 0.015 per cent in artificial carnallite. He says that in the concentration of carnal- lite brines a deposit is sometimes formed containing 80 to 90 per cent of ammonium chloride. More recently Neimke, of Leopoldshall, reports finding 0.8 per cent of ammonium chloride in artificial carnallite. White carnallite furnishing 22 per cent of muriate of potash contained 0.25 to 0.27 per cent of ammonium chloride, while the colored salt, with 18 per cent of muriate of potash contained only about 0.09 per cent of ammonium chloride ; and the artificial carnallite made from the white salt contained 0.8 per cent. According to a very exact determination on a large number of samples of the Neustassfurt salt the crude carnallite contains up to 0.08 and the artificial up to 0.012 per cent of ammonium chloride. Concerning the origin of this ammonia, it has been suggested that it may be traced to organic materials present at the time the salt beds were formed, which by putrefaction yielded ammonia. Lime on clay soils. — The beneficial efi'ects of an application of lime to clay soils is explained by M. Johnstone {Xaturw. Rundschau, 1891, p. 323) as follows: Clay is a productof the decomposition of silicates which contain alkalis and alkaline earths, besides aluminium. Thus a clay derived from feldspar might contain the hydrated silicate of aluminium plus potassium silicate (or sodium or calcium silicate). Clay particles of this composition lose their potash when treated with carbonic acid water. The author's experiments indicated that the resulting potash compound was a carbonate when an excess of carbonic acid was present, and a soluble silicate when insufficient carbonic acid was present. If lime is present in the latter case it unites with the silicic acid and the potash is freed to combine with any other available acid forming a salt useful to the plant. Hence, the action of lime on clay consists in com- bining with the silicic acid and setting the potash free. Milk cake. — Wilhelm Rehustrom of Sweden proposes to utilize the skim milk from the cream separator for the preparation of a feeding cake for animals from the casein it contains. The process is briefly described as follows: The precipitated casein is dried, ground, mixetl with various nitrogenous feeding stuffs, and pressed into cakes. These cakes, it is claimed, furnish an exceptionally valuable feeding stuff for milch cows and other animals. The process is said to have been patented in several countries. 17450_Xo. 8 6 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED DURING FEBRUARY, 1892. Fanners' Bullrtin No. G. — Tobacco, lastructions for its Cultivation and Curing. Division of Chemistry: Bulletin No. 31. — Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Convention of the Associu- tion of OiHcial Agricultural Chemists. Wkather Bureau: Monthly Weather Review, November, 1891. Office of Expeki.ment Statiuxs: Experinn'nt Station Record, vol. in, No. 7, February, 1892. Division of Botany: Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, vol. in, No. 1, February 2.3, 1892. — Monograph of the Grasses of the United States and British America. Division of Statistics: Report No. 92 (new series), January and February, 89 . — Htport upon the Num- bers and Values of Farm Aniuials ; Freight Rates of Transportation Companies. ]?ukeau of Axi.mai. Industry: Sixth and Seventh Annual Rejiorfs, 1>0^9 ami 1890. Division of Vegetabi.k Pathology: Farmers' Bulletin No. 5. — Treatment of Smuts of Oats and Wheat. LIST 0FST.4TI0N PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY TRE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS DURING FEBRUARY, 1892. Agkicui.turai. E.\ri;ui.Mi.xT Statidx oi- the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alaba.ma: Bulletin No. 30, November, 1891. — Apples, Pears, Peaches, and Plums. Bulletin No. 31. November, 1891. — Irish Potatoes and Sweet Potatoes. Bulletin No. 32, November, 1S91. — C^oru, Wheat, and Oats. Canf.brake Agricultural Exi-kuiment Station: Bulletin No. 13, Deceml)er, 1891.— Corn. Arkansas .Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 17, October, 1891. — Grapes, Strawberries, Raspberries, and Plums. Agricultural Expkim.mext Station of the University of California: Annual Report, 1890. Bulletin No. 9(1, January 25, 1892. — Sulphuring in Fruit Drying; Fig Trees at the Experiment Stations; Notes on Persian Palms. Colorado Agricultural Experi.ment Station: Bulletin No. 17, October, 1891.— Fruit Interests of the State. Bulletin No. 18. December. 1891.— Index of the First Seventeen Bulletins of tin- Station. Special Bulletin .V, January, 1892. — Subjects Investigated by the Experiment Station. 582 583 Thk Dklaware Agricultural Experiment Station: Third Annual Report, 1890. Bulletin No. 9. — Creamery Studies of Methods and Machinery; Creameries as a Business. Georgia Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 16, February, 1892. — Cotton — Fertilizer, Culture, and Variety Testa. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois: Bulletin No. 18, November, 1891. — Dairying Experiments. Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 15, November, 1891. — Sugar Beets; Injurious Insects; Soiling Experiment; Time of Sowing Grass Seed; Winter Wheat; Best Varieties of Oats; Fertilizers. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 25, December, 1891. — Experiments with Sorghum. Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 13 (second series). — Sweet Potatoes. Maine State College Agricultural Experiment Station: Annual Report, 1891, part i. Maryland Agricultural Experiment Station : Bulletin No. 8, March, 1890. — Some Feeding Trials. Bulletin No. 12, March, 1891.— Pig Feeding, Massachusetts State Agricultural Experiment Station: Circular, January, 1892. — Analyses of Concentrated Feeding Stuffs and Commer- cial Fertilizers. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College: Meteorological Bulletin No. 37, January, 1892. Experiment Station of Michigan Agriculturai. College: Bulletin No. 80, January, 1892.— Fruits. Mississippi Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 17, December, 1891. — Insectn Injurious to Stored Grain. Bulletin No. 19, January, 1892.— The Southern Tomato Blight. Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska: Bulletin No. 19.— Farm Notes for 1891. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations: Special Bulletin M, November 23, 1891. — Field Experiments with Soil and Black Rots of Sweet Potatoes. Special Bulletin N, November 30, 1891. — Insects Injurious to the Blackberry. New York Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 37 (new series), November, 1891. — Investigations of Cheese. Bulletin No. 38 (new series), January, 1892. — Oyster Shells as Food for Laying Hens. Bulletin No. 39 (new series), January, 1892. — Feeding Experiments with Poultry. Cornell University zVgricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 37, December, 1891. — Sundry Investigations Made during the Year. North Carolina Experiment Station: Thirteenth Annual Report, 1890. Fourteenth Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 80a, October 1, 1891.— Synopsis of the Published Work of the Botan- ical and Entomological Division of the Station. Bulletin No. 81, December 15, 1891.— Feeding Cotton-Seed Hulls and Meal for the Production of Beef. Bulletin No. 81a, December 31, 1891. — Meteorological Summary for North Caro- lina, November and December. Bulletin No. 82, January 15, 1892. — Fertilizer Analyses and the Fertilizer Control. 584 NoRxn Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 3, October, 1891. — Diseasea of Sheep. Bulletin No. 4, December, 1891. — Potato Scab and Possibilities of Prevention : A Disease of Beets Identical with Deep Scab of Potatoes; Hastening the Maturity of Potatoes. Ohio Agriclltural Experiment Station: Bulletin vol. iv. No. 9 (second series), December, 1891. — The Apple Scab; Spray- ing of Orchards. The Pennsylvania State Agriccltcbal College Experiment Station: Annual Report, 1890, part n. Bulletin No. 18, January, 1892. — Notes on New and Old Varietiea of Orchard Fruits and Small Fruits. SoDTH Carolina Agrk tltlral Experiment Station: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 18, October, 1891.— Liver Flukes. Bulletin No. 19, December, 1891. — Com Fodder. Agricultural Fxi'kriment Station ok Utah: Second Annual Report, 1891. Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College Experimkkt Station : Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 11, October, 1891.— Vegetables. Washington Agricultural Expkriment Station: Bulletin No. 1, December, 1891. — Aunouncements. ■\Vest Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 18, September, 1891. — Comnurcial Fertilizers. Bulletin No. 19, Novi'mb«r, 1891. — Your Weeds and Your Neighbors. Wyoming Agricultural Experi.mknt Station: Annual Report, 1891. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFiaCE OF EXPERIMENT STAT10:NS A. W. HARKIS, DIKECTOK expeeime:^t statioit RECORD Vol. Ill, No. 9 ISSUED A.PRIL, 1893 PUBLISHED BY AUTUORl'ir OF THE SECllETARY OF AGRICULTUEB WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE / TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Editorial notes 585 Meteorological work for iigriciiltural colleges and experiment stations 585 Need of investigation of the fermentations of silage 587 Abstracts of station publications 588 Alabama College Station 588 Bulletin No. 29, November, 1891 588 Bulletin No. 30, November, 1891 588 Bulletin No. 31, November, 1891 589 Bulletin No. 32, Novemljer, 1891 589 Alabama Canebrake Station 590 Bulletin No. 13, December, 1891 590 California Station 590 Annual Keport, 1890 590 Connecticut State Station 601 Bulletin No. 110, December, 1891 601 DelaAvare Station 602 Bulletin No. 9, 1890 602 Florida Station 604 Bulletin No. 16, January 1, 1892 604 Georgia Station 604 Bulletin No. 15, December, 1891 604 Maryland Station 607 Bulletin No. 8, March, 1890 607 Bulletin No. 12, March, 1891 608 Massachusetts Hatch Station 609 Meteorological Bulletin No. 37, January, 1892 609 Michigan Station 609 Bulletin No. 79, January, 1892 609 New Jersey Stations 610 Bulletin No. 85, December 18, 1891 610 New York State Station 610 Bulletin No. 37 (new series), November, 1891 610 New York Cornell Station 613 Bulletin No. 36, December, 1891 613 Bulletin No. 37, December, 1891 615 North Dakota Station 619 Bulletin No. 3, October, 1891 619 Bulletin No. 4, December, 1891 619 Ohio Station 620 Bulletin Vol. iv, No. 9 (second series), December, 1S91 620 Oklahoma Station 621 Bulletin No. 1, P§ceraber, 1891 .,,,,.,„,=„,,,,,...-.-:,.: ^ 621 III rv Pag*. Abstracts of station puljlitations — Contiuiicrt. Oregon .Statiou 622 bulletin No. 15, January. 1892 622 Ehode Islan«l .Station 622 Bulk-tin No. 13, Spptember, l.S-U 622 lUill.tiu \o. 11, October, 1891 623 South Dakota l^tation 623 Fourth Annual Kiport. is;(l 623 Utah Station 624 Second Annual KcjKirt, ISIll 621 Virj^inia Station 625 Hulhtin X«). 11. O.toh.T. ISiU 625 Wa.shiii'j;ton Statiou 627 HulittinNo. 1, December, 1831 627 AVcst ^'ir>rinia Station 628 Hullelin No. 18, Si-ptenil>rr. IS'M 628 Bulletin No. 19, November. 1^91 629 Wyouiin}i .Station 629 I'irst Annual IJejiurt. 1H!I1 62;t Bulletin No. 4. Deieiulter, 1K91 630 Abstrarts uf publiratinns of the Tniteil States Department of Ajijrieulture . .. 6S1 Farmers' Bulletin No. H 631 Division of Vefjetable I'atbology 631 FaruR'rs' Bulletin No. 5 631 Divisi4 Experimeut st.ttiou notes ()57 List of publicatiims of the rniteii States Department of .\griculture issued during March, 1892 6G3 List of station publications received by the Ofliec of Experiuieut Stations during March, 1892 663 SUBJECT LIST OF AB.STRACTS. t in.MIMKV. Tests for olive oil adulteration, L. l*ai>arelli .593 Comjiosition an^>s of the United States and liritish America. G. Vasey 631 The l>otauic garden at California ."^tatitMi, E. L. Greene 592 Chloride of sodiiuu in pluutti, V, Lcsage GiSd Page. Importaiicf of pliosplioric acid to cliloropliyU formation, O. Loow 634 Nariation in root jn-essiuti in different species, A.N.Prentiss 616 Krt'ect of boracic acid on germination, J. Morel 635 Apple scab in Ohio, F. Dctmers 620 Potato scab, natnre and treatment, H. L. Bolley 619 Potato scab and blight. L. F. Kinney 623 Verbena mildew, treatment, L. H. Bailey 619 Treatment of smuts of oats and wheat, W. T. Swiugie 631 ENTOMOLOGY. The horn lly, M. V. Slingerhmd 617 Variation in Hessian fly injury, C. W. Woodworth 600 The use of gases against scale insects, F. W. Morse 601 Spray and band treatment for codling nmth, C. W. Woodwoil h 600 The spraying of orchards, W. .7. Green 620 Farm practice and fertilizers to control insect injury, J. B. Smith 610 Sclu)ol instruction in entomology in California, ¥j. J. Wickson 600 SIKTEOliOLOGY. Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Hatch Station, .lannary, 1892, C. D. Warner 609 Meteorological observations at Utah Station, 1891, J. H. Walker 625 Meteorological observations at Wyoming Station, 1891, B. C". Bulfnm 630 Meteorological work for agricultural institutions, M. W. Harrington 631 WATER. Analyses of California waters 590 SOILS, Soil tcMiperatures at Utah Station, ,J. H. Walker 625 Analyses of California soils 590 Analyses of rock, clay, marl, peat, and gypsum at Cali.o.uia St. .lion .590 Analyses of soil at Utah Station, W. P. Cutter 624 Investigations of " alkali" in soils, E. W. Hilgard and M. K. .lati'a 590 Recent observations on the amount of sulphur in arable soil and on the nature of the compounds which it forms, Berthelot and Andre' 637 Effects of different proportions of clay and of organic nitrogen on the fixa- tion of atmospheric nitrogen, the conservation of nitrogen, and nitrifica- tion, P. Pichard 636 The spontaneous oxidation of humic acid and humus, Berthelot and Andre .. 635 FERTILIZERS, Popular notes on the use of fertilizers, R, .1 , Redding . . . .' 607 Composting in the heap vs. composting in the furrow, R. J. Redding 606 Analyses of Canada ashes at Connecticut State Station 601 Analyses of fertilizers in Rhode Island, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell 622 Fertilizer inspection in West Virginia, J. A. Myers 628 Fertilizers in California, E. W. Hilgard 592 CROPS — VARIETIES — COMPOSITION — EXPEIIIMEXTS. Experiments with fertilizers on barley grown for hay at the Sierra Foothill Substation in California 599 Experiments with corn, wheat, and oats at Alabama College Station, J. S. New- man and J . Clayton 589 VI Page. Experiments with coru at Alaljama Canebrake Station, W. H. Xewman 590 Test of varieties of corn at Georgia Station, R. J. Kcdding 606 Deep vs. shallow culture of corn. R. J. Redding 606 EfiPectof pulling fodder, R. J. Redding 606 Fertilizer experiments on corn at Georgia Station. R.J. Redding 604 Crashed cotton seed rs cotton-seed meal and hulls as fertilizers for corn, R. J. Redding 606 Fiber plants for California, E. W. Hilgard, M. E. Jaffa, and E. J. Wickson 594 Tests of varieties of grain at California substations 599 Grasses and forage plants for California, E. J. Wickson 595 Potatoes, tests of varieties at Virginia Station, W. B. Alwood 626 JLxperimeuts with potatoes at Alabama College Station, J. S. Newman and J. Clayton 589 Hastening the maturity of potatoes. H. L. Bolley 619 Analyses of sugar beets at California Station 591 Analyses of sugar beets at Utah Station. W. P. Ciitter 624 Tobacco, cultivation and curing, .1. M. Estes 631 Experiments with various crops and with silage at Florida Station. .1. P. DePass 604 Tests of varieties of field crops at Ftah Station. A. A. Mills 625 HOKTICLLTt'liE. Influence of the de]»th of transplanting upon the heading of cabbages. L. H. Bailey 618 Tests of varieties of cal)bages and cauliflowers at UtJih Station, E. S. Ricbman. 625 Transplanting onions, L. F. Kinney 623 Large rs. small sweet jKitatoes for seed. J. S. Newman and J.Cliyton 589 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Michigan Station. L. R. Taftanil H. P. Glad- den 609 Some new veg4t:ildcs. L. H. Bailey 617 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Oregon Station. G. Conte 622 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Virginia Station. W. B. Ahvimd 625 Grapes from Persia and Italy. L. Paparelli 595 Grapes, raspberries, and strawberries. ,T. S. Newman anlants by California Station, E. J. Wickson 595 Miscellaneous plants distributed by California Stati«in, C. H. Shinn 5iHJ Weeds of California, E. W. Hilgard .598 Some California weed seeds. H. P. Dyer .599 Some notewortliy weeds, A. N. Prentiss 616 Weeds as fertilizers, C. F.Millspaugh 629 VII FEKDIXG STUFFS — FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Working oxon fed for beef at Maryland Station, H. E. Alvord 608 Feeding heifers ou silage only at Maryland Station, H. E. Alvord 607 Feeding old milch cows for beef at Maryland Station, A. I. Hay ward 607 On the eftect of a grain ration for cows at pasture, I. P. Koberts ami II. H. \Ving 613 Feeding experiments with wet r.'*. dry dift'usion residue of sugar beets, by Halle Station 640 Field cured and ensiled meadow grass, E. Wolff and J. Eisenlohr 638 Summer treatment of pigs, H. E. Alvord and A. I. Hay ward 608 Feeding trials with pigs and sheep at Utah Station, J. W. Sanborn 624 A new material for preserving eggs, I. P. Roberts 617 VETEKIXAnV SCIENCK AND I'UAfTICE. Diseases of sheep, T. D. Hinchaudi 619 Deliorning at New York Cornell Station, I. P. Koberts 617 DAIltYIXG. Creamery studies of methods and machinery by Delaware Station, C. L. Penny 602 Investigations of cheese at New York State Station, L. L. Van Slyke 610 Dairy investigations at the Institute for Animal Physiology, Royal Agricultural School, Vienna, L. Adametz and M. Wilckeus 652 TECHNOLOGY. Comparative tannin assays of canaigre roots grown in California, C. S. Bonner. 591 STATION STATISTICS. Financial report of California Station, 1891 601 Report on field work at California Station, E. J. Wi(kst)ii 592 Reports on California substations .599, 600 Oklahoma Station, history aud organization, J. C. Neal and A. C. Magruder.. 621 Fourth Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1891 623 Second Annual Report of Utah Station, 1891 624 First Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1891 629 Washington Station, history and organization, G. Lilley 627 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Report of Division of Statistics of I'nited States Department of Agriculture for January aud February, 1892 632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. III. ISSUED APRIL, 1892. No. 9. EDITOEIAL NOTES. Lines of iiieteorolofiical work in wliich the a^Ticultnral colleges and experiment stations can profitably engage are pointed out by M. W. Harrington, chief of the Weather Bureau, in Experiment Station Bul- letin iSTo. 10, recently issued by this Office. Since these institutions are as a rule rightly located at a distance from the railroads, telegTaph, and telephone centers, it is impracticable to make them a part of the net- work of telegraphic weather stations, from which are sent the daily reports of observations required for the weather map and its accompany- ing predictions. This leaves them free to carry on meteorological work of a more scientific character and of more permanent value. The nature of this work is outlined by Professor Harrington in the introduction to the bulletin as follows. '■'■ This is the work of special investigation into meteorologic and cli- matic problems, which requires long-continued and patient observation combined with a high order of ability in i)lanning observations and experiments and in discussing them when once made. They afford a field for the display of skill and talent which is not surpassed in any other branch of science, and the surroundings of the exi)eriment station and agricultural college are verj- favorable for carrying them on. Among these are included such problems as the distribution of temperatures within such heights m the air and depths in the soil as are occupied by animal and plant life and the changes of temperature with th^ hour of day, with the season, with the weather, and with the topography; the problems of an- drainage; the occurrence of frosts and protection from them; the distribution of moisture; the problems of condensation and evaporation of water in the air; the solar and terrestrial radiations and the disposition of them; the action of the meteorologic elements on organic life and the reactions of life on them; the actions and reactions of weather, climate, and soil; the precipitation of the moisture of the air and the disposition of it. 585 586 It "Another field which these institutious could piobablj' occupy is that of the collection of data when no great haste is requii ed and the mails fill the need. This is the case for general meteorologic phenomena, where the material is to be used for study, not for immediate prediction. Thunderstorms have been long studied in this way and with excellent results. The same method may be pursued for ice storms, hailstorms, tornadoes, and for secondary storms generally. To be successful a special meteorologic ser\ice for the season must be formed by corre- spondence. If the area selected is small enough the observers can be so thickly scattered that no phenomenon of importance will escape them, and yet the volume of data collected will not be too large to be digested and discussed bj' the meteorologist of the station or college. This is a matter of great importance, and experience abroad has shown that a country like Bavaria can be covered with so close a network of vohmtary observers that practically no local storm escapes them. This country sliould be thorouglily covered by such local and special serv- ices, especially during the warm season, when secondary storms are most common and most distinctive. The necessary expense involved is that of corresi»ondence, jiostage. and clerk hire, and that of i)roviding at least a few of the correspondents m ith instruments. "The investigations mentioned so far can be better carried on from agricultural institutions than elsewhere: there remains a class which contains problems (jften of the highest agricultural interest, but which can be conducteil by any competent i)erson who has the necessary data at his command. These are the ]>roblems of climatology, whether geo- gia]>hic, as of Stat«'s, cities, or natural topugrai)liic ar«'as; or of produc- tions, as of the cotton or corn area: or of special clinnitological features, as of drouths or special winds, (lenerally the data necessary are in the possession of the National Weather Bureau, oi\ through its publications, in public libraries or in the hands of private meteorologists, (ien- erally, too, tliey are in the libraries of the agricultural colleges. Where the necessary meaus exist there is no more promising tiehl of study, and it artbrds the advantage of ])resenting c(»llected data instead of requir- ing years of jtreliminary work in gathering them." Some of the colleges and stations are already carrying on work on some of tin* topics suggested in this bulletin. It is hoped that these institutions will soon be able to devote more attenti»»n to this subject and that many others will in the near future find it pray thus raising the grade of their meteorological work and bringing it into direct relation with their other researches in the sciences on which agriculturedepeiids.it is believed that these institutions can make this branch of their work of great value to their several localities and at the same time «ontribute to the advancement of scientific and practical meteorology^ by which the interests of all classes of our people are promoted. 587 The account on page 640 of investigations at Halle and elseuliere of the effects of fermentation upon the composition and digestibility of wet feeding stufl's is interesting in its bearing upon the question of the chemical changes in green fodder in the silo. Eecent investigations have made it clear that bacteria and other so-called organized ferments are very active in the silo, that the chemical changes which they bring about are complex and variable, and that the effect upon the digestibility and nutritive value of the conn)oundsmay be very disadvantageous. The feeding value of the compounds affected by these ferments maybe diminished in four ways: (1) A considera- ble quantity of nutritive material may be lost by decomposition. The amount of this loss may be either inconsiderable or very large, accord- ing to the nature of the fermentation. (2) Where the fermentation is accom])anied by evolution of heat the potential energy of theresultiug products in the silage will be less than that of the original compounds by the equivalent of the amount of heat evolved. (3) The more soluble and easily- digestible products are in general the ones most subject to decomposition and hence the material which remains unacted upon may be less digestible than the original material. The experimental results bearing upon this phase of the general question are, however, somewhat conflicting. (4) Products may be formed which are positively detri- mental. In the present state of our knowledge we are able to speak of these things only in a general way, but enough is known to make it certain that a thorough study of fermentations, such as those which take place in the silo, is greatly needed. The beginnings already made in this direction in American and European stations and in biological and chemical laboratories of other institutions are in the right direction, but to get the definite and reliable results which are so pressingly needed nothing less than the most patient and thorough work of the specialists in bacteriology and biological chemistry will suffice. Here is a field of inquiry which presents manifold attractions to the investigator. It is comparatively new, the research needed is of the highest order as view^ed from the standpoint of abstract science, and the results promise to be of the greatest practical value. — [W. O. A.] ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE AfTRirrurRAL EXPERIMENT STATION'S IN THE LNITED STATES. Alabama College Station, Bulletin No. 29. November, 1891 (pp. 23). Grapes, raspberries, and STRAwnBERRiES, J. S. Newman and J. Clayton. — In view of the intere.>. are tabidatcd. Most of the varieties which proved successful were Soutlicrn seedlings. The following are especially recommended : Winesaj), Limber Twig, Horn, Simmons Red, Astrachan Red, Elgin Pippin, Ben Davis, Carter Blue, and Kittageskee. 2*ears. — In 1S8."), .'34 varieties of the European t^i^e and 6 of the oriental were i)lanted. Tabulated data of o])servatioiis on these varie- ties are given. Very many of these have been destroyed by pear blight. 588 589 Among the European varieties, Duchess de Angonleme, Seckel, and Winter Nelis have been conspicuous for resisting the blight. Of the oriental varieties, Iveifter and Le Conte have proved the most valuable. Peaches. — A list of • h varieties planted in 1885 is given, with data regarding time of riiuMiing. A previous report on these varieties was made in Bulletin No. 11 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. II, p. 8). Plums. — To compare the effects of different stocks on the longevity of the Wild Goose variety, there were planted in 18S5 on peach stocks, seedling plum roots, and plum cuttings, 30 trees (12 on each stock) of this kind. November 2.'3, 1891, there were living, in good condition, on the peach roots 8, on seedling plum roots 3, and on ])lum cuttings 1 of the trees planted, '' Several varieties of peaches budded upon cuttings of the Brill plum have proved very satisfactory." Alabama College Station, Bulletin No. 31, November, 1891 (pp. 8). Irish and sweet potatoes, J. S. New man and J. Clayton. — Tabulated data are given for an experiment in which 9 varieties of Irish potatoes were planted on i)lats where manure was applied in three dif- ferent ways — on and under manure scattered in the furrow, and on manure scattered in the furrow and mixed thoroughly with the plow. The results, on the average, favored planting under the manure. The largest yields were given by Burbank Seedling, Peerless, and White Star varieties. In an experiment in which different methods of culti- vation were used for Peerless potatoes, half or full bed culture gave larger results than level culture or mulching between the rows. Whole potatoes of the same variety gave much larger yields than three, two, or one-eye pieces. Large sweet potatoes used for seed yielded 136 bushels per acre, while small potatoes yielded only 99 bushels. Alabama College Station, Bulletin No. 32, November, 1891 (pp. 10). Corn, wheat, and oats, J. S. Newman and J. Clayton. — Tab- ulated data are given for 18 varieties of corn. "On one half of the space occupied by each variety two stalks were left to each hill and one stalk on the other half." The yield was uniformly larger from the hills containing two stalks. Blount ProUfic, Experiment Station Yellow, and Clayton Bread were the most productive varieties. The last 2 also gave the largest yield in ordinary field cultiu'e where 6 varieties (not including Blount Pioliflc) were compared. The tabulated results of experiments in top-dressing Ewing and Mexican Rust-Proof oats with various fertilizers indicate that nitrate of soda (150 pounds per acre) somewhat increased the yield. Kansas and Texas Eust-Proof oats compared on fourth-acre plats gave nearly the same yields per acre. 590 Notes and tabulated data are also given for 14 varieties of winter wheat. De Kieti (red) and Richelle de Naples (white), from seeith fertilizers on drained and undrained land, and with i)eas and melilotus as soil renovators, in continuation of the experiments reported in Bul- letin No. 10 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 473). The results for 1891, as described in notes and tables, confirm those of the previous year in indicating that drainage is more profitable than tlie ajjplication of fertilizers on "black slough" bottom land, and that peas and melilotus furnish the cheapest and bevSt means for improv ing the canebrake lands. California Station, Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 329). Analyses of soils (pp -3-o0). — Analyses of 49 samples of soil from the Sierra foothills. Great Valley, Coast Range, and southern California. Analyses ok waters (pp. 61-82). — Analyses of «54 sami)les of water from streams, lakes, springs, common wells, and artesian wells. Analyses of rock, clay, makl, peat, and gvi'sum (pp. 83-8r)). — Analyses of i)hosphate rock, soft limestone, clay, cement rock, clay and limestone, marl, peat, and gypsum. Alkali (j)]). ST-lOo). — Tiiis includes tlie synoitsis ot a lecture deliv- ered at a farmers' institute by K. W. Hilgard, Ph.D., on alkali, its nature, causes, and repression; analyses of 11 samples of alkali; and a report by M. E.Jaffa, Pii. B.,ou further experiments on the reactions between alkali sulphates, calcic carbonate, and free carboni<' a0. The botanic gakukn, K. I^. (Ik'EENE (pp. 149, 150). — Brief state- ments regarding preliminary work in the establishment of a general botiinic garden in additicMi t<> the nanlcii of r((»nomic ]»lants Itegun a numl)er of years ago. It is ]ir<)pi>si(l lirst <>l" all t<> lonii a li\iiii; lulliriinn or >;iir«lfii of the native tn-i-s, shrubs, aiul luTltati-ons plants of tin- Stat)- of California, ^atlu-rin); in at the sanu- tinip, as rapiilly as our liinitfil farilitii-s will ]>('rniit. tliosi- of onr n«'i>:hborinK Statos on tlio Patitir roast. No n-^ion of tin* worM has a more iiitvrrstinj; or varied native veK«'tatiou than this coast, and scanely niori* than a lM>;;inninK has b«M'n nnule at the sciontifii' study of it as a wiiole. Tin- moderate eliniate of Berkeley, exempt fr oi.ive oil (pi». 150-177). — This i)ieludes not^js on varieties of olives by W. G. Klee, reprint«'«l from Bulletin No. S5 ol the station (see Exi>eriment Station Kecord, vol ii, i». 11), with brief statements regarding seedling olives grown at the station, and. articles bv Ti. Paparelli on the K'ipening. Picking. As.sju'ting. and Conservation of Olives (read before the Fruit (Irowers' Convi'Utiou at Santa Cruz, November 21, 1S90); Proper Fertilizers for Olive Trees (pulilished in the California Fniif (irmnr, March 14, ISKli; Nides on California Olives, their Adaptation and Oils, reprinted from Bulletin No. 9J of 593 the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. ii, p. 629) ; Tests for Olive Oil Adulteration (part of a paper read before the Olive Growers' Association at San Francisco, July 8, 1891). The following- statements are taken from the article regarding the fer- tilizing of olive trees : Analysis of the olive tree. Ash AVator ami organic matter Coinpositiun oftheanh Potash Soda I^ime Magnesia Oxide of iron Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Silica Chlorine Wood. Large brant-hes. Per cent. 0.941 99. 059 100.000 19. 1G5 2.250 57. 574 3.652 3.275 11.681 2.119 0. 281 Trace. Small branches. Per cent. e.963 99. 037 100. 000 20. 492 4.778 50. 412 6.760 3.284 12. 437 1.160 0.677 Trace. Leaves. Per cent. 2.506 97. 494 100. 000 50. 260 1.614 46. 155 4.424 1.414 10. 470 4.754 0.649 0.260 Fru:t. Per cent. L422 98. 578 100. 000 60. 744 2.225 16. 282 3.770 0.096 8. 334 L104 5.670 L581 The experience of many years has proved to the European olive growers that trees growing in calcareous lands are the richest in mineral matter and give oil of the best quality; these olives are always richest in potash. The other ingredients are not considered so important, because the small quantity needed is always found in the soil. It seems also that an excess of lime exi.stiug in the soil facilitates the assimilation of the potash by the plants; therefore we may say that the olive needs a calcareous soil, rich, especially in potash, and also not deficient in phosphoric acid. Besides the ingredients mentioned, it is important to observe that there was a large quantity of nitrogenous matter contained in the fruit, the kernels being richest in this respect. This fact is not only important in regard to the crop, but also to repro- duction by seed. Without a sufficient supply of nitrogen the kernels would not be completely developed, and therefore the few plants that we should obtain from them would not be vigorous, and would not make fine trees, even after being grafted with good varieties. * * * From the investigations of Professor Hilgard, we know that nearly all the soOs of California may be considered as abundantly supplied Avith lime; almost the same can be said for the potash, while phosphoric acid is more sparingly represented. Nitrogen is also found in small quantities only, except in some localities where there is a certain amount of nitrate. According to calculations made from my analyses it appears that a large, robust olive tree, well cared for, in a soil suited to its develop- ment, takes away yearly in its growth and crop the following proportions of the principal ingredients. Pounds. Potash Nitrogen Phosphoric acid 1.016 2.006 0.458 In brief, it may be said that California soils are naturally very well adapted to olive culture, provided we increase, by the use of manure, their proportion of nitro- gen and phosphoric acid in localities where these ingredients are deficient. * » » 19378_No. 9 2 594 Being so fortunate as to have good soils in this State, we should provide for main- taining their fertility ; and in order to obtain constant Buccess in olive culture I would recitiiiniend the use of a compound fertilizer, more convenient to the olive growers tlian liigl)-]irired special fertilizers. A very good fertilizer may be pre- pared by niakiu'i a (((iiipost of stable niautire, olive leaves ami twigs, black waters obtained in pressingoil. vegetable ashes (especially those from the olive), a little sheep- corral manure or human fa*ces, scraps of horn. bone, ami oHal from the slaughter- hiMise. and wool and leather wa.st<'. We shoul days in case of light (mes. After that timo the bottom of the trench is covered with a thin layer «if tine earth, and u]>on it is place manure is placed in a round hole nia«lo in the soil on the njiper side of the tree, so that the water in filtering through the soil carries the nutritive juices iut<» con- tact with the root.s V)elow. The quantity of the manure to be given varies with the age and cruning pro|iortion- ately to the quality of the soil or the quantity of the manure employed. If the manuring was abundant, little pruning ought to be given; if. on the contrary, the manuring was slight, pruning ought to be heavier. In this way the vegetative e(iuilibrium is maintained ami the production will not suft'er. It is impossible to indicate precisely the time for manuring. Autumn is the time for cold .soils, where manure will decomixise very slowly, so that at the starting of vegetation the trees may lind the nutritive ingredients ready for use. Spring is the proper time for warm, very permeable soils, or those subjey E. W. TTIl^'anl. PIkD.: (~'oiii])ositi«»n of the lianiie Plant, by M. K..Iatla, Ph. B.; and Fhix for Seed and I'iher, by E. J. Wicksou, M. A., reprinted from PuUetins Nos. W and 94 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 471, and V(d. in, ]). 371). 695 Grapes from Persia and Italy, L. Paparelli (pp. 193-195). — Brief notes on a number of Persian varieties recently received by the station and on Italian varieties imported by the station, as reported in Bulletin Ko. 91 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. ii, p. 629). The black wattle (pp. 195, 196). — This article was prepared from notes by the late W. G. Klee, and gives estimates from Australian sources showing the profitableness of the culture of the black wattle {Acacia decurrens) for the tannin contained in its bark. Distribution of seeds and plants, E. J. Wickson, M. A. (pp. 196-201). — The statistics of the distribution of seeds and plants by the station for 5 years (1886-90). The plan of distribution is that explained in Bulletin No. 84 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. I, p. 190). Grasses and forage plants for California, E. J. Wickson, M. A. (pp. 201-220). — This includes brief extracts from the correspond- ence received by the station regarding the grasses and forage plants which it has distributed and general statements regarding the adapta- bility of the plants to California, from which the following summary has been prepared: Japanese wheat grass (Agropyrum japonicum) has done well on the experimental plats at the station, growing vigorously and resisting drouth. It was distributed for the first time in 1889, so that its general value for the State has not yet been demonstrated. Texas blue grass {Poa araclmifera) has made a good growth when j)lanted from "root sets" and will probably do well "in fairly loamy soils in regions of moderate rainfall." Schrader brome grass {Bromus unioloides) has shown itself to be well adapted to many parts of California. While some localities are too dry for it and it is to a certain extent dependent on volunteer seeding for its permanence, it nevertheless "resists drouth wonderfully, and under moderately favorable conditions the roots live from year to year." Hungarian or awnless brome grass [Bronms inermis) is likely to please the grower better than Schrader brome grass in the central coast region of the State, but is not so hardy. Tall oat grass [Arrhenatherum avenaceum) starts quickly after the fall rains and makes an excelleut winter growth. In loose soils it roots deeply and holds its verdure late in the summer, but is more sensitive to drouth than the brome grasses. It seems suitable for northern Cali- forrua and the other Pacific coast States. Mixtures of this grass with alfalfa and with orchard grass should be tried. Many-flowered millet [Milium multiflorum) requires careful manage- ment to get a good stand, and has not generally proved satisfactory, though it grows well on the experimental plats at the station. Rye is largely grown for winter feeding of stock in the foothill regions of the State and at points along the east side of the Great Valley. 596 Among European varieties distributed by the station, St. John's Day has proved best adapted to local conditions. It makes a heavj- and strong growth. Kaffir corn and millo maize have been found valuable, and by many are thoujilit to be superior to the "old variety of Sorghum vulgare^ known as dhoura but commonly designated in this State as Egyptian corn, whicli has for many years proved of great value in the Stat€, both when cut green as summer food for stock and when allowed to ripen its seed, which is widely used for i)Oultry, and to some extent a« a substitute for barley as food for horses." Johnson grass [Soryhiim hatepense) has been found to be a great pest in cultivated ground and very difficult to eradicate. "As to the value of Johnson grass as stock food, there is some difference of opinion, arising, to some extent at least, from the stage of growth at which different growers have used it. It is undoubtedly acceptable to animals when the growth is young and succulent. It is also rea\' tlie station are gen- erally favorable. " It is evident that its growth will be freest anil most satisfactory where moisture is abundant, and that in exceptionally dry and hot situations its giow th may be small and thejdaiit of little a<'connt. It also shows liability to injury by frost in some localities." Black medic (Medieago lupulina) is recommended only for moist^ retentive soils in the iippei- coast regions of the Stat«'. .Japan clover yLvspciUza striatu) has jiroved a failure in California. Tangier pea {Lathgrun i\ngiianui<) has been distributed on a limited scale since ISSO, with favorabh' resiUts. Tagasaste {Cytinus proUfcrus^ww. albus) in Calitbruia grows as a tall shrub with woody stem and branches and is without special value as a forage plant. Jersey kale at the station " has piodnced green fodder at the rate of 1(» tons i)er acre, starting (piickly again after cutting." It se quite vakiable." Plants ALONfr North SriiAwnKRUY Ckekk, Umvkksitv of Cali- fornia, C. H . Shinn (pp. L*;3G-1-'3S). — I>iief accounts of trees, shrubs, and %'ines g:rowing- on a portion of the K/c/«r,* I\. acetosella,* Amaranthus retroflexus, A. alius, Chenopodixim album, C. bonus henricus, G. vulvaria, Portulacca olcracea, Claytonia perfoliata, Cnlnndrinia men- ziesii, Silenc gtilliai.* SteU((ria media,* Spergula arvcnsis, Mollugit rertieil- lata, Malva ])(irviil<>ra* Erodium ricutarium,* E. mosehatum* (Uranium carolinianum, 0.v(ili.s rorniculata, Rhus dirersiloba,* Pterin aquilina,hnrv clover {Mcdicago denticulate),* sweet clover (Melilotus indiea),* sand lui>ine (Lupiuu.s/nrmnsus),* native lieoricr {(llyryrrhiza hpidota),* tar- w«'ed {('hauuvbatia fidiidosa), evening primrose {(Enothera ovata), Epilo- bium paniculatum, Megarrhiza spp., Cucurbitafutida, tocsilote {Centaurea melitensis)* ]»rickly tar\v«'ed {C. sohtitialis),* Cotuhi rulgarifi.* barley grass [Ifnrdium juh(itum), //. muriuum,* Silbyum marianum.* A'anthium strumarium,* X. spinosum,* Sonchus oleraceus,* Senecio vulgaris,* Erige- ron canadrnsr, Cichorium infyhus, Matricaria discoidca. Chrysanthemum Leucnntltemum, Madia satira,* Ilemizonia luzuUv/olia* If. elegans, lldi- anthus annuus,* 11. caUfornieus, Tro.rimon spp., llypoeharis apj)., Aehyracho'na mollis, Matricaria oceidentalis, Anagallis arrensis,* Apo- cynum eannahinum, Aselepias fascicularis, A. fremtnxti, A. eriocarpa, Gomphocarpus tomentosus, Erythra-a muhlenbcrgii, Gilia squarrosn. Phaeclia tanaeetifolia, Amsinckia intermedia,* A. lyeopsoides,* Conrol- rulus eall/ornicus,* C. arren.His,* Cuscuta trifolii, C. salina, Solanum 7iigrum, Datura stramonium. />. mctcloidcs, Xicntiana attenuata, Veron- ica peregrina, IScrophularia cali/oruieus, Mimulatus lyratus, Ortho carpus purpurescens, Staehys bullata, lirunella vulgaris, Triehostema sp., Verbena offieinalix, Plantagn major, P. mollis, P. hineeolata,* Setaria glauca,* Uriica holoscrica, U. uren.s. Euphorbia lathyrus, Eremocayrus sctigerus, Anemopsis cali/ornica, Sisyrinchium bellum, Caloehortus inre- nustus, fJ uncus cjf'usus, liromus sec((linus, B. mollis, B. sterilis. Lolium temulentum,* wild oats [Arena fatua). Poa annua, alkali grass [lUstichlls maritima), eagle fern. While the al)()V<^ enumeration seems, at lirsf siglit, to present the weed i{iiesti<>n a« somewhat formiilabh^'in resi)ert to the niimher ofs|ie(ies eoncerhed. yet. iia a matter of faet, "getting into the grass," that eonstant Itughear of the Eastern farmer, eon- fronts the Californian cultivator only in exceptional seasons; anstati(>Ti was estal)lislied in 1890 u^^ar I'oinona, Los Aiif;eles Comity. A brief account of the substation was jiiv*'!! in Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 135. The present report includes statements ro^ardinjj the Avoik and equii)nient of the substation: notes on orchard fruits, jifrapes, soigluim, and other jjlants; and a list of the varieties planted, as folh»ws: 71 of gi'a])es, 40 of apples, 70 of pears, 10 of cherries, .50 of plums, 15 of prunes, 49 of jieaches, 14 of apricots, G of nectarines, 14 of almonds, 22 of figs, 20 of olivets, 10 of oranges, 7 of lemons, 7 of other citrus fruits, 8 of Japanese persimmons, 3 of pomegranates, a number of mulberries, etc. School instruction in entomology, E. J. Wickson, M. A. (pp. .303-307). — By an a<-t of the California legislature apjuoved March 15, 1887, i)ractical eutouiology was included among the branches to be taught in the public schools. The present article contains .suggestions to teachers regarding methods of instru<-tion and abstracts from re}>orts of school ollicers sliow ing how the law is being carried out. It appears that ettorts are being nmde to give attention to this subject in the schools of many localities, and that on the whole there is satisfa<'- tory progress in the introduction of this new branch into the s<'hool curriculum. There is great need of an elementary manual on economic entomology as a guide to teachers and pujiils in «-oniuM'tion with oral instruction and object lessons. Spray and hand treatment for the codlinu moth, C. W. WooDWORTH, M. S. (pp. 3(>S-;U2). — Notes an, 4S(i, or 040 gallons of water) were s])ray<"d on apple and pear trees three tinjes (in most ca«es) within 30 days after May 3. During this ])eriod there was very little rain. The uu>st sat- isfactory results w«'re obtained with Paris green, 1 j>ound to 100 gallons of water, by which a saving of two thirds of the fruit which wcmld otherwise have been injured, was ettected. The band treatment destroyed less than half of the larva*, and then only after tiiey hacr cent of fat. were taken for the .separator trials, which occurred at er cent of fat, and that from the sweet cream contained from 1.61 to 2. CO, averaging 2.22 per cent of fat; that is to say, with the sour cream process on an average l."» per cent of the fat in the total whole milk waslost in the buttermilk, and in the sweet- cream process from (i.OS to 0.S5 i)er cent. It will appear from the sliowings of the two jirocesses, as would be expected, that they «litl'er essentially in the yield of the churn; tlie ditference in the work of the separator is within the limits of its tiuctations. The elHciency of the sour-cream process is 4.03 per cent higher than that of the sweet-cream jirocess; but the but- termilk in the latter ca.se contains ri.37 per cent more butter-fat than in the former. • * • A comparison of butter made by the two jirocesses will show that the amouutd of water and curd are both a little greater in the sour cream than in the sweet-cream butter, and the acidity twice as great in the f<)nner as in the latter. The mechanical condition of sweet-cream butter is less favorable. It lacks the firmness, the "stand-up" quality of the other, and it is considered by creamery men not to stand shipment, handling, or warm weather so well. Its taste is peculiar to tho§e unac- custiMiied to it, but to some ])eo]de it is preferable. In a Avord, however, sweet- croam butter is less profitable to make and harder to sell than the sour-cream butter. 603 The butter extractor (pp. 24-32). — Ten trials were made with this apparatus. The extractor is designed to make butter directly from sweet wliole milk, and is essentially a separattw and a continuous churn combined. The jiroccss diiiers from the sweet-cream process only as to the time the operation lasts (probably not more than a second for any particular drop of milk), and in the lower temperature at which the milk is separated. The work is done by means of a revolving bowl like that of a separator, a device for churning the cream inside of this bowl and another for patching the butter underneath. The milk^ which is fed at the top, is first sep- arated into cream and the cream is churned almost instantly to butter. The butter is received at once into a tub of ice water, from which it is taken and worked imme- diately, and again worked on the following day. The results of the two best trials and the analyses of the butter are tabulated. In these 816 and 1,034 pounds of milk were used, contain- ing 3.79 per cent of fat. The percentage of the total fat recovered in the butter was 84.6. In the two trials the average rate of work per hour was 960 pounds of milk and 38.65 pounds of butter. A comparison of the efficiency of the extractor with that of the sour-cre.am and the sweet-cream process shows it to be 8.74 per cent below the former, and 3.81 per cent below the latter. The difference between the extractor and the sweet- cream process is chiefly due to the greater mechanical losses on the part of the extractor and in smaller degree to less jjerfect separation and less perfect churning. To determine how far the higher yield of the sour-cream process is due to difi'er- ence in the churnability of sour cream and sweet cream, the experiment was tried September 8, and repeated November 28, of taking sour or ripened cream, separated by the De Laval separator, and ready for churning by the sour- cream process, adding thereto the corresponding quantity of fresh separated milk, and running it through the extractor just as fresh whole milk. The results seem to confirm the conclusion that butter is more easily and completely separated from sour cream than from sweet cream. The trial on sour cream made September 8 gave an efficiency of 86.18 per cent — an increase of 1.58 per cent over the sweet milk runs, and the trial on November 28 gave 85.28 per cent. The falling off in the second instance is due to the imperfect separation done by the extractor on that day. Hence it seems clear that if the extractor could work on sour cream it might easily increase its efficiency from 1 to 2 per cent. * * * An experiment was further tried November 28 to ascertain if the large quantity of butter left in the wash water could not in part be recovered by running the wash water through the extractor just as the whole milk. The result was 80.08 per cent without this addition and 81.74 per cent with it — an increase of 1.66 per cent. Although the gain is considerable it is doubtful if this would be a useful practice, inasmuch as the butter thus recovered appears to be decidedly peculiar. It retains after working, over 27 per cent of Avater; it lacks the cohesive quality of the other butter; and it is whiter in color and less firm. It seems so far inferior to the other butter that it would be impossible to work up the two together without great injury to quality. As to the quality of the extractor butter, a point of more importance to the cream- ery man even than the yield, all that was said of sweet-cream butter may be repeated. In some instances strictly first-class buttei', in the opinion of experts, was made when the examination was made at a rather low temperature. The "grain" is considered excellent, fully as good as that of the best grades of sour- cream butter. The taste is the same as that of the sweet-cream butter, to some people agreeable and even preferable to the other. So far as could be observed, G04 liowever, the majority of people prefer the sour-creani butter. It is said, and «loiil.tl<«8 justly, that thi-s i.s largely a matter of f.lii,ati..ii. and that after a Ion • trial the uiibia-st-d taste alway.s inclines to the pro.lu< t of th.- ixtra.tor. \\h. properly made and k.pt in a .ool place this butter rivals in firmnes.s and appearance the best of the other makes. It is not considered, however, to stand handling warm weather, or shipment so well. The analyses -iven show no notable quanti- tative difference from the other kinds, except that there is usuallv considerably more water. The acidity is practically the same as that of the sweet-cream bntteV made in the churn. * • * [It is belicve.l that the use of the extractor would result in no saving of poWeror hand labor,] hen.eone feels justified in con.lu.liiig that if the quality of the butter be left out of account, the extractor, as at ^iresent, offers no substantial advan- tage that IS not outweighed by defects, and that it would not allow any saving in expenseover t lie pHM-ess it is designed to supplant. * * • Its future develop- ment is proI>ably a question of the relative merits of sweet-cream butter and sour- cream butter. If experience and an educated taate shall tinallv favor tlie l..r i, the extractor may be expected to take the jdace of the s.parator and th.- chunii but unless the de.ision shall fall in that direction it is doubtful if the new device ever comes into g.-iieral use. Florida Station, Bulletin No. 16. January 1. 1892 pp. 14). EXPEIUMENT.-; WITH VAKKH S (ROP.s! AND WITH SILAGE. J. V. DkPas.^^.— Aocouiits an' <,nv('ii of rxiM-riinciits in l,s;»l with «orii, rice, su^rjir cant', Texas hhw ^^lass, and .utton. Tlir sea.sou was nnnsually dry. Kx]«'rinu'nts with composts on com and i-otton indicated tliat thcapi)lication ofiron in the fonu <.f coppnas was lu'iu'ticial on tin- sandy .soil ottlM' station. Tlic stiiiipini; of t-oni for fodder decreased the yiehl .somewhat and was of donlitfnl advantaffe. Snjr;;e.stions ar. nnule rcgardinff hay makinjr and the cultivation of corn witli reference to the repression of the weevil. Kiee on old. .sandy land did not «lo well even wlien heavily f.-rtili/eeriment Station b'ec-ord, vol. ii, p. ."»()). The nitrogenous fertilizers— nitrate<.fs'G OXEN FED FOE BEEF, H. E. ALVORD. C. E. (pfj. 15, 16). — This is a report of the gains in live weight and the production of manure by two large working oxen, 6 years old. from January 2o to May 20. The feeding stutts used were corn meal, cottonseed meal, hay, rye straw, and molasses. The two oxen gained over 600 pounds in live weight during the 116 days of feeding. They were sold at 7 cents p.S.V (i»p. 117-152). — The tiial included two lots of six pigs each from two litters, farrowed November is and December 20, 188.S, and lasted from June 1 ^» December .iO. From .June 1 to October 21 lotl w(!re kept in pens and fed swill, to which a little wheat middlings was occasionally added, and lot 2 were alloweber21 to Dt'cember 30, the time of slaughtering, both lots were fed alike for fattening, receiving whole corn ad Uhifion, and from 1 to 1.2."» ]>ijjs ina2- 160).— This trial was with two lots of five pig> each, and the pigs were about a month ohler than those used in 1880. They averaged alunit 80 ixmnds each in weight. The trial busted from May 5 to .lanuary 6. From May 5 to October 21 lot 1 was pen fed. receiving "Patajisco" middlings, weeds, and refuse, and lot 2 ran in the woods. From October 21 to January 6 both lots were pen fed, receiv ing whole corn, Patai)sco middlings, and boiled potatoes in amtuints to suit the api)etites of the pigs. The results f«)r each lot are tabulated. (1) The pi-nned jiigs made the greater total gain, gross weight, and dressed weight, but the greater gain was couliiied to the summer months. 609 (2) The pigs which ran in tlie woods 24 weeks, without cost, gained nothing during this period, but were the better feeders' while fattening and gave the greater gain at this time. (3) The •'i>astured" lot, after fattening l)cgan. made a jiound td' i)ork at less cost than the penned lot. (4) The {lenned pigs diay well for their s])e<'ial summer care. (;i) The pigs running out in summer showed ]»y their anatomy, as well as by their appetite and growth, greater vitality, vigor, and eapicity for assimilating food dur- ing the fattening period. (6) The two lots were jiraetically alike in shrinkage when dressed. ConclusioH. — The results of these trials ibr 2 years indicate that for fall or winter pigs, which are to be killed when about a year old. it is more profitable to let them run in pasture or woodland during the warm mouths and shift for themselves until within 8 or 10 weeks of killing time than it is to feed them iu coutiucment during the summer. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Meteorological Bulletin No. 37, January, 1892 (pp. 4). A daily aud monthly summary of observations for January at tlio meteorological observatory of the station, in charge of C. D. Warner, B. S. Michigan Station, Bulletin No. 79, January, 1892 (pp. 23). Vegetable tests, L. R. Taft, M. S., and U. P. Gladden, B. S. — This includes descriptive notes aud tabulated data on old and new varieties of vegetables, as follows: Busli beaus L'6, ])ole beans 10, beets 14, celery 8, cucumbers 10, lettuce I'T, peppers 12, radishes 26, squashes 6, tomatoes 37, cabbage 38, sweet corn 26, peas 57. Among varieties especially commended arc the following: Bvsh Jjeans. — Wax heans. — Cjdinder Black Wax, Speckled Wax, Saddleback, and Mammoth Wax. Green -podded varieties. — Osboru Forcing, Dakota Soup, Hatt No. 3, and Shah. For field culture. — Burlingame, Snowllake, and Hatt Xo. 2i. Pole beans. — Challenger, Ford Mammoth, Golden Champion, Golden Cluster, and Old Homestead. Beets. — Bassano, Blood Turnip, Edmund Blood Turnip, Half Long- Blood, Salzer Beauty, Landreth Early, and Lentz. Celery. — Golden Dwarf, Golden Self-Blanching, and Pascal (new). Gucumhers. — ForpicMing. — Green Prolific, Long Green, Russian, Pari- sian, and Everbearing. For tJie table. — Hill White Spine, Pera, and White Japan. Lettuce. — For hotbed or summer use. — Chicago, Tennis Ball, California Butter, Hanson, and Sim]»son. New varieties. — Hothouse (forcing), New York, aud White Star. Eadishes. — Early. — Ne Plus Ultra, French Breakfast, Wood Frame, Rapid Forcing, aud Long Bright Scarlet. Summer. — Chartier, Scarlet Short Top, Surprise, and White Summer. Sfiuashes. — Cocoanut (small) aud Sibley. 19378— No. 9 3 610 Tomatoem. — Ijrnotum is the "best all round'' variety; of the new varieties Long Keeper and Potomac (pink) and Cmnberiand Red and Mitchell (rerl) gave the best satisfaction. Plants from green seed had no special advantage over those from ripe seed. Commercial fertili- zers did not promote earliness or productiveness. Seven difl'ereut kinds of trellises were tried with about equally good results. A trellis having four wires, " two on each side of a H iiuh fence board and about a foot apart," was very easily constructed and retpiired the least attention. (Jahhofjeft. — Etampes (very eariy), Henderson Summer, All Seasons, Fottler Brnnswick, Diamond Winter. Marblehead, and Yandergaw. iSiceet corn. — Cory (earliest), L;ick«'y, Leet, Perry, Crosby, Concord, Old Colony, and Mammoth. Onions, transplantinff. — Onions of .i varieties sown in a hotbed April 10 and tiansplanted May Ki were much more i)roductive than those s()wn in the field May 16. New Jersey Stations, Bulletin No. 85, December 18. 1891 (pp. 12). Farm PRA.CTICP: and IEKTILIZERS to control 1N^>ECT IN.TURY, .1. B. Smith. — A popular arti<( nitrate of soila, and both as a toi>-drtssing. IMant your crop, whenever possible^ so as to either get ahead of or away behind all danger of insect attack. • • • Rotation is an important means of checking increase of insects, by ilepriving the species of it^s normal food and either starving it out or forcing it to wander else- where. New York State Station, Bulletin No. 37 (New Series), November, 1891 (pp. 70). Investigations of cheese, L. L. Van Slyke, Ph. D. (pp. 647- 716). — These investigations were made to study the various conditions which affect the yield, the composition, and the quality of cheese. Th«^ questions investigatcMl were: (1) How much fat can l)e readily worked into cheese! (2) the influence of the percentage of fat in the milk upon the amount of fat and of nitrogenous compounds recovered in the cheese; (3) is the recovery of fat and of nitrogenous compounds more thorough by the stirred curd i>rocess than by the (^hedi»oitioii, of milk fat Inst in the whey increased gradually, but not unitoniily, when the anu)unt of fat in tlie milk increased. The average amount of fat lost in the whey in all the experiments was altout one third of a pound for 100 pounds of milk, which was about 7.5 per cent of the milk fat. Talking only those experiments Avhich most nearly represented average factoiy milk, the average amount of milk fat lost was one fourth of a pound for 100 pounds of milk, which was nearly 7 per cent of the milk fat. Wliile it Avas true that the loss of fat increased, both absolutely and relatively, when the amount of fat in the milk increased, it was not trne that all the additional fat above 4 per cent or even above 5.5 per cent was lost in the whey. * * * In the comparison -.nade between the stirred-curd and Cheddar processes, the amount of fat lost in the third and fourth exjieriments is practically the same, the fat in the milk being 3.88 and 3.96 per cent, respectively. In the fifth, sixth, and seventh experiments, when the fat in the milk was about the same, being between 4.7 and 4.8 per cent, the Cheddar process gave considerably better results. That the difference in favor of thi- Cheddar jirocess in this case was due to the Cheddar proc- ess we can not say; changes due to other conditions in the process of mannfaunt of fat, the loss of fat was least. When the amount of fat became considerably greater than the amount of casein and albumen, then the h>s8 of fat increased, t'omparatively large projxirtions of casein served to hold the fat more completely in the cnrd, as would be expected. The amount of fat in the milk appeared in no way to have any inlluence on the amount of casein and albumen lost in the process of manufacture. Influence of corupoiii I ion of milk on compoxHion of rliieie. — The pr<)])ortiou of fat in the cheese showed a tendency to increase, but not uniformly, whru the amount of fat in the milk increased. There were about 24 pounds of fat in IW jioundsof clieese made from the skim milk, while 100 pounds of the umen in 100 pounds of cheese. » »■ * 'Ihe i>roj)ortion of casein an»es. — In one case, when the milk ron- tained about 4 per cent of fat, the i)rop(ution of fat lost was the same in both ]troc- esses; in the other ca.se, when the milk contained lu-arly 5 per cent of fat, the loss of fat was less in the Cheddar ]irocess. In one case the loss of casein and albumen was 3 prrrtut less in the Cheddar j>roc- essthan in the stirred-cunl jtrocess, while in tin- other roportion of fat than the cheese made by the stirred- cnrd process. No influence appeared to be exerted in regard to the propctrtion of ca,sein and albumen in the cheese. In both trials the Chedilar jtrocess made a larger amount of nuirketable cheese, producing 1 pound more of cheese from 100 pounds of milk than did the stirred curd process. In the two ixperiments in which comparison was made, no ditVcrence in any respect could be noticed that could be attributed to diftereuce in the rennet extract used. 613 Changes takitif/ place in the ripeii'mfj of cheese. — Tlic loss f)f weight varied for the first 5 wt'eks from 6.!")8 i>ouii(l8 to 9.30 pounds lor each 100 pounds of cheese. There was a mechanical loss of fat, tlie exact amount of which was difficult to determine. There was practically no ai>prcciah]e loss of casein during the lirst 5 weeks. Analysis of two green cheeses indicatcil between 1 and 2 per cent of albumen in the cheese. There ajtpeared to be a general tendency for the insoluble casein to become less in quantity and for tin- soluble nitrogen com))ound8 to increase. The siduble nitrogen comj)oiinds showed a tendency to increase more rajjidly in the chet'ses containing tlie larger amounts of fat. The acidity showed a marked tendency to diminish as the cheese became older. A statement is <>iven of the quantity of milk of different composition which was reumpkin ration was about 47 pounds per cow j>er day in two feeds." The milk of each cow was weighed at every milking, and unce each week, except at the first, when the intervals were longer, a sample of the mixed milk of the eight cows at two successive milkings was taken for analysis. On the basis ol these data the yield of milk and of buttei- fatfor each lot was calculated. Theresultsare tabulated and graphically represented in diagrams. During the 22 weeks lot 1 (grain-fed) pro- duced 22,G2S.5 pounds of milk, and lot 2 (no grain) 17,(307.75 pounds, or a gain of nearly 5,(M)U pounds of milk by the grain-fed lot. But lot 1 consumed 2,(500 ]>ouiuls of corn meal an'5(>,70. "If we estimate the milk at "Jl \)vi 100 pounds, which is rather more than the average returns from cheese factories in this State will warrant, the 5,000 ixmnds would be worth !?5(>. • * • On the basis of the value ot the milk for butti)lied to the drying of samples of horse and hog manure with satisfactory results. J)etfniiliif(tiles taken with a di])i)er and of mixed samples of the same milk. Some noteworthy weeds. A. X. Prentiss. M. 8. (pp. 300-30S. lig. 1). — l>escrii>titnis of golden hawk weed [Hieraciuni atntnitidvum). lield chamomile (Anthcmis arrcnsis), a nve the ground anparently in a viiiorous condition of growth." In the following table the results ot the experiment are sh()\\n. trac- tions being omitted. In file fourth loiiimn the variation in root pres- sure is reibieetl to ei|ui\ ah-nt \abics. the h»\vest being taken as the unit. Km )>l.llllS ]<:i1>4:iiii a ... UalsiiiM I.... i{iilK:iiii <• ... JJeponi.a :i .. I5i-j;onia 1> . . Kuralyjilns CoU'Us Ui-raniuiu . . Total rise Avernjr* of \v.iter ; rist- of" in tbe water ]ier tube. 24 lioiirx. Inclift. Incite*. 97 11 49 5 «l 5 ' M 3 .'•7 2| 1..1 15 1 1 l.-l j i root presbUiv. ()17 "Tho length of time in days diiiino- wl)icli the water continued to rise in the several tubes may be determined apitroxiuuitely by di\idiug" the figures of the first column by those of the second." Dehoknixg, I. P. Roberts, M. Agr. (pp. ."572-370).— Dehorning has been jmictieed at the station for:, days «i'l"f8(-) preceding "" ^^^^ °* oi.erati..u j *>Peratiou. r,ain(+) or loss (— ) ! Total gain ou day fol- 1 or loss in lowing " ■'"•- operation. Cows dphorned : Potuids. Carrif ; «. 00 IJaisy 8. 00 Ida I 12.25 I'jindora I 26. 50 Koxy 27. 25 Average Cows not dehoriKul : I Heha 40. 00 liertha I 16.25 yreddie ! 43. 00 ( llista ' 21. 50 Vearl 26. 75 Uiibv 20. 50 Shadow .32. 50 Average Potinds. +0. 75 +0.25 +0.75 —2.00 —2.00 Poundn. —0.75 —0.50 —0.75 —6.00 +0.00 Pounds. +0. 00 —0. 25 +0. 00 -8.00 —2.00 Varialiou bftwieu largest ami siualle.st yifld in 11 days (Oct. 31- Xov. 10). -0.45 —1.60 -2. 05 —6. 00 +0.75 +0. 00 + 0.00 +2. 50 +3. 50 —3.50 +2.50 —1.50 +0. 25 +2.25 —2.25 —1.50 +0.00 —3.50 —0. 75 +0.25 +2.25 +0. 25 +2.00 —3.50 —0.39 —0.04 —0.43 Potiiidx. 1.75 1.011 9. Oil 2.75 3.95 8. .50 1. 75 4.25 3.50 5. 25 5.00 12. 00 It was found that for the 5 days following the operation as compared with the o days preceding, there was an average daily loss of a little less than one half a pound of milk from the five cows dehorned, while in the same period the seven cows not dehorned gave 0.7 pound jjerday less than in the 5 days preceding the dehorning. A pair of patent dehorning clipjters, acting on the ])rincii»le of prun- ing shears, has been successfully used at the station. A NEW MATERIAL FOR PRESERVING EGGS, I. P. ROBERTS, M. Agr. (p]). 370, 377). — A trial of a mineral preparation composed chiefly of silicates of iron, lime, and aluminum indicated that it was in no way superior to salt as a preservative for eggs. The horn fly, M. V. Slingerland (])p. 37S-.381). — Compiled notes on Hwmaiobla serrata. Some NEW vegetables, L. H. Bailey, M. S. (pp. 382-403, figs. G). Husk tomatoes (pp. 382-389). — Illustrated descrij^tions of Physalis 2)i(hesce)is, P.jyeruvlana^ and P. capsicifolia, which have been grown by the author. " One of these (P. puhesvens), variously known as the Strawberry tomato. Golden Husk tomato. Dwarf Cape Gooseberry, 618 and Improved Ground Cherry, is well worth growing in the home gar- den. The true Cape Gooseberry {P, peruviana) is too late for this lati- tude. The pepper-leaved physalis (P. capsicifolia), erroneously known as Physalis edulis, is unfit for general cultivation for fiait, although it is an interestiug plant to the experimenter [on account of its variabil- ity]." Pepino (pp. 389-394). — An illustrated account of ^So/aHMW muricatum, which has recently been advertised as a novelty under the names of pepino, melon pear, melon shrub, and Solanum guatamaUnse. This has been grown at the station for the past 2 years. " K it could be made to set fruit more freely in the North it would be an acquisition for the kitchen garden and for market. It is a good ornamental plant. Alto- gethf-r it is deserving of a wider reputation." Choroyi (j)]). 394-400). — An illustrated account of Stachys sieholdi [tuherifera], a small perennial plant of the mint family, the value of which lies in the great number of crisp white tubers of small size which it produces Just under the ground. This plant has been grown at the station during 2 years. Acc(»unts are given of the experience of various growers with it, as well as chemical analyses of the tubers from se\ »m al sources. The analyses made at the station resulted as follows: Water 78.9, protein 12.01, ash 1.09 per ceut (coutainiug phosphoric acid 0.19, yiotttsh 0.64, and lime 0.03 per cent). All the analyses show that chorogi rates fully ii.s liigli as potatoes in food and fertilizing value. • * * We have eaten the tubers pre])ared in several ways, and I do not hesitjvte to pro nounee the plant the most important a((iuisitioii to our list of secondary vegetal>lis which has been made in several years. The tubers can be cooked iu a great variety of ways, or tliey may be eaten raw. They are fried, roasted, baked, pickled, jire- served, stewed iu cream, and made into various fancy dishes. The tubers may be dug as wanted during the winter, and ordinarily enough of the plant will be left iu the ground to ])niiiagate it the following year. The greatest fault with the vegetable is the fact that the tubers shrivel and spoil if expo.sed to the air for a few hours. This will interfere with their market qualities. They can be kept iu earth, however, and the French market them iu moist shavings or iu sawdust. Much of their value depends ujxin their crispness. Spanish salsify (\)\\. 401-4(>3). — An illustrated account of Seolymiis hispanicKs, ''a vegctal)le whicli promises to be of considerable vahie in this country." It is larger and more productive than the ordinary salsify. The greatest disadvantage of the plant is its very prickly leaves. Influence of the depth of transplanting upon the heading OF CABBAGES, L. H. Bailey, M. S. (pp. 403-40.')). — Sunnnaries .-ire given of experiments in 1889 and 1890, reported in Bidletins Nos. !"> and 25 of the Station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. i, i>. 2s;i. and vol. ii, p. 508). In 1891 deep and shallow planting were comi>are«l for Early Wakefield and I*remium Drumhead cabbages. The results do not indicate that deptli of planting exerts any decided iutiuence on the extent or weight of the crop. G19 Verbena mildew, L. H. Bailey, M. S. (p. 405), — Sulpliide of ixjtassium (oue fourth of au ounce to 1 gallou of water) lias been found to be an efi'ective remedy for Oidium erysiphioides on greenhouse plants. North Dakota Station, Bulletin No. 3, October, 1891 (pp. 14). Dlseases of sheep, T. D. Hinebauch, V. S. — Popular notes on the syuiptonis and tieatniont of anthrax, contagious and sporadic foot rot, head and connnon scab, intiamniation of the lungs, and pleurisy. North Dakota Station, Bulletin No. 4, December, 1891 (pp. 31). Potato scab, nature and treatment, H. L. Bolley, M. S, (pp. '*»-l 7 and Ul—U, plates 2, tigs. 4). — The nature of this disease is discussed \\ ith special reference to the investigations of the author reported in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, August, 1890, and in Agricultural Science, vol. iv, Xos. 9 and 1<>, and those of R. Thaxter, reported in bulletin No. 105 and in the Annnal Report of the Connecticut State Station for 1890 (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 490, and vol. iir, p. 9). Additional observations by the author showing that the fungus discovered by Thaxter is the cause of the scab, are cited, with illustrations. The author is still inclined to doubt the existence of "deep" and "surface" scab as distinct diseases. Microscopic examinations and culture tests have indicated that i)otato scab is common on beets. Swedish turnips, carrots, and cabbage roots are also apparently affected by the same disease. Experiments in planting potatoes in various kinds of soil and under different conditions have indicated that (1) scabby seed potatoes will induce the disease in the new crop upon any kind of soil, and (2) the disease germs will remain from year to year in ground where potatoes have grown. Notes and tabulated data are given for laboratory and field experiments with the following preventive treatments of seed tubers: (1) Bru.shing and washing clean with water; {2) soaking in solutions of corrosive sublimate (0,001 to 0.003 per cent), potassium sulphide {(>.'> per cent), potassium hydrate (0.5 per cent), hydrochloric acid (3 per cent), copper sulphate, or hot water (55° to 60° C.)j (3) drying in a hot oven (45° to 80° C); (4) rolling in sulphur; (5) exposing to sulphur fumes (2.5 hours). The results indicate that brushing and washing tubers selected with reference to their freedom from scab, will insure a healthy crop on unin- fected land, and that soaking in a weak solution of corrosive sublimate is an effective remedy, but hardly to be recommended on account of its poisonous nature. Potassium sulphide and hydrochloric acid have given promising results. Hastening the maturity of potatoes, H. L, Bolley, M, S. (pp. 18-20, fig, t). — A brief account of small experiments in which Early Eose and Charles Downing potatoes, planted after being allowed to sprout from 2 to 5 months in a light, dry room, were compared with 020 tulxTs of Mio same varieties planted after storagre in a root cellar. Wlieic tiie sprouts were 2 iiioiitiis old before planting the results showed an increase in yield and in earliness. Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 9 (Second Series), December, 1891 (pp. 35). Apple scab, F, Detm?:rs, li. S. (pp. I87-11H', plates 3). — An illus- trated account of Fuskladium dendritkum^ which was very jirevalent in Ohio in 1891. The spraying of orchards, W. J. (Jreex (pp. 19.3-21S. plates 0). — This includes an account of experiments in si)raying to prevent ai>ple ocab, the plum curculio, and the "shot hole" fungus of the phim; directions for the preparation of fungicides; and a list of manufacturers and dealers in .spraying apparatus. iSprai/ing to prerent apph- scab (pp. 19.3-213). — With a view to making spraying experiments on a commercial basis an orchard of about 3(» acres in the vicinity of tlie station w as leased. One third of this orchard contained Xewtown Pii)pin ap]»h's. the (tther varieties being Northern Si)y, Kliode Island Greening, Baldwin, .Jonathan, Westheld Seekno- further. Smith Cider, BellHower, and Uoxbnry Russet. Similar experi- ments werecarried on nnder the direction of the station in two other localities. About 1,(KK> Itnshels of apples were gathered from the trees inclnded in the ex[>eriment near the station, and more than loo bushels were as.sortetl and count^'d in nniking up the lecord. In tlu' (»tlier jilaces the work was nearly as extensive. In that ]»art of the orchard containing Newtown I'i]»pins the follow- ing mixturi'S were conii)ared: Ammoniacal carbonate of c«)pper, modi- hed eau celeste, dilute Bordeaux mixture (cojipei- sulphate 4 pounds, lime 4 ponnds, water ."»n gallons), in<'cipitated carbonate of copi)er, and aniuinniacopper sulntion. These w«'re a]>plied April S, May 7 an. and .lnl\ Kl. iMning May and June the weathei- wa-- very rainy. 'I'he relative efliciemy of th«' dilferent compounds is shown in the following table: Hiliitiri ifftiutictj of Hpray'utii iiiiiijioiiniln. C I'recipitatt'il ciirbuiiatt' of copi>er 14 AiiiDU)iiia-('i-r .toliitioii 1 I'lisprayi'tl Per ernt. Apples very Mcaliliv mill iininiir ket4ibl<:. Per cent. Calculations of material and labor are given which indicate that the dilute Bordeaux mixture is the cheapest of the eomi»onnds used, whether applied alone or in combination with Paris green or Loudon puriile. fi21 The effect of the scab on the size of a]>ples is shown from the fact that a bushel of Xewtown Pippins \vhi(;li were free from scab contained L*Oli apples, while 317 scabby api)les were put into the same measure. The average weight per ap[)le was 4 and L*.5 ounces, respectively. With respect to tlie effect of spraying on different varieties, calcula- tions ar«! given wliicli may \)v summarized in the folU>wing table: Gain from spray liiff wit It dilute Bordeaux mixture. v„.i ,,. n. i.u..,l.er In si/.e of I" number , ' ' I " liible appluii. ' Percent. ' Percent. ' Percent. Itenoiii *<1 20 :!1 >>'ortlu',ni Sjiy 4'.i I'i! , 12 Newtowu lii)i>iii 15 i 10 49 Kouie Beauty 92 30 19 In value per 100 biisliels. $28. 10 24. ii.=i 2.;. 1 1 :j:;. 74 The brief accounts of similar ex[)i'rrm('iil.s in L;iwrciice County, Ohio, iu coopi'iation with tlic station. c(»rr()b(»iate tliose of the cxi)eriments al)0ve described. Similar e.\i>'eriments to i»revent p<'ar scab are brietiy reported, in which the dilute Bordeaux mixture and modified eau celeste were about ecjually beneficial, but the latter injured the foliage to some extent. Spriiji'infi for the plum cnrotVu) (i)p. 213-21G). — Reports from a number of fruit growers in Ohio are given, in.dicating- that spraying with Paris green is considered an effective remedy for the plum curculio. The need of caution in the preparation of the mixture in oider to prevent injury to the foliage, is urged. It is thought that 1* ounces of Paris green to 50 gallons of water is sufficient, if three or four applications are made during the season, and that the use of the dilute Bordeaux mixture in connection witli the insecticide will prevent injury to the foliage. This mixture of fungicide and insecticide was also used with beneficial effects on ])ear trees affected by the curculio. Sprayhifi for ^' .shof-/iol(''\fini(/i(s of flic plum (pp. 21G, 217). — Septoria crra-sina was prevalent in plum orcliards in 1 Hrst cabbage was cut rlune 18. The results of germination tests of 3H varieties of cabbages are tabulated. Tabulated data are also given for 27 varieties of cab- bages sown in the spring. Pea.f. — New Alaska and First and Best peas sown November 14 came to marketable maturity May 12 and 20 respectively. Tabulated data are given for 24 varieties sown in the spring. Lrftmr. rtnlishps, and fnnllffmrrrs. — Notes and tabulated data on 15 varieties of lettuce, 8 of radishes, aiul (5 of caulitlowers. Rhode Island Station, Bulletin No. 13, September, 1891 (pp. 14). ANATvYSES of fertilizers, H. .1. WlIEELEK, PlI. D., AND B. L. Hartwell, B. S. (pp. 1<»1-172). — Analyses are given of 32 samples of commercial fertilizers, including bone, and of homemade fertihzers, 623 limekiln ashes, wood ashes, soft phosphate from Florida, and dried ref- use from the extraction of garbage with uaplitha. A summary is given showing the manufacturers who sold goods within the State the past season, the number of brands analyzed, and the relation of the guaranty to the amount of nitrogen, phosplioric acid, and potash found, Rhode Island Station, Bulletin No. 14, October, 1891 (pp. 16j. Potato scab and blight, L. F. Kinney, B. S. (pp. 175-187, tigs. 3). — The nature of potato scab is discussed in brief compiled notes. An experiment with reference to the conditions favorable to potato scab was made on 5 plats, each 30 by 33 feet. Five varieties of pota- toes were planted over and under stable manure or seaweed and with- out any fertilizers. From the tabiilated results the following average percentages of merchantable tubers affected by the scab are taken : No fertilizer 13.7, on manure 26.4, under manure 44.5, on seaweed 13.2, under seaweed 10,4. An experiment in the use of Bordeaux mixture for potato scab, described in notes and tables, is summarized as fol- lows: Method of planting. Oil stable manure lightly covered with earth On stable man II re , Under stable manure Average No Bor- deaux mixture. Per cent. 23.5 37.7 43.8 35.0 Vines sprayed. Per cent. 22. 6 30.8 24.7 26.0 Seed sprayed. Per cent. 11.2 10 5 8.7 10.1 Where potato vines were treated with Bordeaux mixture three times during the season to prevent the rot the average yield was 177 bushels per acre as compared with 124 bushels from plants not sprayed. Transplanting onions, L. F. Kinney, B. S. (pp. 188-190, fig, 1). — Kcference is made to previous experiments by T, Greiner and W. J. Green, The results obtained by the latter were reported in Bulletin vol. III, No, 9 (second series) of the Ohio Station (see Experiment Sta- tion Eecord, vol. ii, p. 605), In a small experiment at the Rhode Island Station in 1891, Weathersfield Red, Yellow Danvers, and White Portugal onions sown February 20 and transplanted May 1, were com- pared with those of the same varieties sown in the field April 15. "The yield of first class marketable bulbs was somewhat larger in the trans, planted rows." South Dakota Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 14). Report of Director, L. McLouth, Ph, D, (pp, 193-203). — This is for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891, and includes brief descriptions of the buildings and equipment of the station, general statements regarding the work puisued during the year, and abstracts of the 624 bulletins issued. Investiy;atioiis in dairyiuj:^ have beeu fommenced, and a dairy Iiouse and barn have boen erect»'d. An insectary and a veterinary laboratory have* also been built. P^xperinients in api( iiltiir*' have beeu undertaken. Keport of Treasukek ([). LJ04j. — This is for the fiscal year ending June 30, isfjl. Utah Station, Second Annual Report, 1891 pp. 62). Financial statement (p. 4), — This is for tlic fiscal year en.\ eeedinii trials, J. W. Sanborn. B. S. (i>p. lM»-40). Fei'flinf/ pujst (p]>. 20-32). — Six lots of pigs (number not stat^'d) were U'{\, Crom December -2. to March 2, rations compos refused to eat tlie desired anu»unt of grain. As a result the gains were in all ca.ses small. Tiie tabulated results indicate that the largest gain was made by the lot receiving corn and the next largest by the lot receiving wheat. .\lt:iir:i oor pi^x were fed and slow jjrowtli niadr. yet all of tin- farts indic'itc dial ]>ork can Ix- siuccssfnlly ;;rowii in ITlali at Utah pricos. and that pij;s an- far more l>i-o(ital)le to feed our grain to than are lattle. It is also seen that winter feeding is successful when shelter is proviles of s(»il from the colleg*' farm, and the composition and heat value of Utah fuels. The analy.ses of sugar beets nuule by the Utah Sugar Factoiy showed that beets containing from 14 to 10 per cent of sucrose were raised in the Territory during the past season. 625 Compofiition and heat value of Utah fuels (pp. 45-51). — With a view to ileteniiiiiin<;- the itdative vahie for heatiug purposes of the more common fuels in the Territory, analyses were made of thirteen samples of coal, all but two of which were from mines withiu the Territory, and of red pine, bird's-eye pine, white cedar, red cedar, balsam fir, maple, birch, quaking- asp, mahogany, wild cherry, and hawthorn, and the num- ber of Calories liberated in the burning of 1 gr, of these materials was detennined. These results are tabulated and an explanation is given of the methods of determining heat values. (1) The major part of coal sold iu Utah is bitumiuous and of good quality. (2) The anthracite coal from Colorado, on account of its large content of ash, is not of much greater theoretical value than the bituminous coals. (3) The wood of the Territory is principally derived from mountain forests and is ''soft wood." The methods of selling wood by the cubic cord make the purchase sonu^tliing of a lottery. (4) From the data at hand, we conclude that 1 cord of pine wood is of as great heating value as 1 ton of bituminous coal, and it is probably somewhat greater. Further investigation may slightly modify this conclusion. Keport of Horticulturist, E. S. Eichman, B. S. (pp. 51-50). — This includes a list of the experiments in progress, and brief descrip- tive notes on tests of 45 varieties of cabbages and 16 of cauliflowers. Landreth Earliest, Henderson Succession, Maule Midsummer, Maule Prize Flat Dutch, Improved Brunswick, and Premium Large Flat Dutch were the most promising varieties of cabbages. Early Snow- ball, Imperial, Landreth First, and 3Iaule Prize Earliest proved to be tho most desirable varieties of cauliflowers. Eeport of Superintendent of Farm, A. A. Mills, B. S. (pp. 59-02). — Short accounts are given of tests of varieties of wheat, oats, barley, corn, forage plants, root croj)S, and grasses. Meteorological observations, J. H. Walicer. — Tabulated daily records of observations from March to December, 1891, inclusive, together with soil temperatuies at depths of from 1 to 24 inches. Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 11, October, 1891 (pp. 31). Tests of vegetables, W. B. Alwood (tigs. 3). — This includes accounts of tests of varieties of tomatoes, potatoes, onions, cabbages, and cauliflowers, which have been carried on at the station during the past 3 years. Tomatoes (pp. 3-14). — Tabulated data and descriptive notes are given for 10 early and 13 late varieties. Earliness has been especially con- sidered and the tests have indicated that the fact that one variety ripens a few fruits 10 or even 20 days before another sort, is of little practical consequence, as is shown in the following tables: 19378—^^0. 9 4 626 Frsiilts of tests of larielies of tomatoes. Variety. Source of seed. First ripe. Yield ! Yield August after Au- 1-15. j gust 15. 1 Lbt. oz. I Lbt. oz. 7 4 I 32 1:j* Total yield. Aver.nge yield per plant. Last ripe. Early: Ariiie Dwarf Champion (Jem (Hallock New)... (joldsniitli Haines X<>. 64 Pcrli-ction Pn-lii.lc Early Kiiby Golden Sunrise Table Queen Late: Koaiity Favorite Ignulum l.oug Kecj>er MeCullom Hvluid Mikado I'aragou , T'otomac Primate Red Cross Stone Triumph "400" Livingston - Harris- ' Hallock ...' Livingston.! Station I ...Do Thorhurn. .1 Henilerson.| Station ..... Henderson .1 Station I Tait ' Sfcition j Tliorbum. .' Vick I Station ! '...Do I Harris | Tliorburn..; Hallock....' Li\ ingston. Hallock Henderson . Jnlv 28 JulV 20 July 24 July 22 July 30 July 30 Julv 22 July 14 July 30 July 30 Aug. 6 Aug. 14 Aug. 3 Aug. 3 Aug. 3 Aug. 10 Aug. 14 Aug. 14 Aug. 6 Aug. 10 Aug. 10 Aug. 10 Aug. 8 0 13 •^\ 9 0 Oi 9 8 11) 2 4i 8 7 8 2 3 5 8 11 1 12 26 9 27 3 29 9 38 4 35 r>i 33 U 17 loj 32 13} 61 3 37 2* 31 llj 28 10 30 0 44 7 31 11 41 6 26 7J 35 ^ Lhi. oz. 40 3 31 5 32 8 31 S 43 2 39 10 39 12 31 6 37 9 68 12 45 14 34 0 37 1 38 2 47 12 40 6 41 13 53 13 Lbt. oz. 13 6i 10 7 10 l^ IC 8 14 6 13 3i 13 4 10 7i 12 8i 23 I 15 4f 11 5i 12 5i 11 Ui 15 14i 13 5i 14 6 13 7 11 7 18 5| 9 5i 12 10| 17 5 Sept. 2 Sept. '.' Sept 2 .Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Aug. 27 Aug. 27 Sept. 2 Aug. 27 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Aug. 27 Sei.t. J Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Sej.t. 2 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 Sept. 2 The method of transplanting tomatoes described in Bulletin No. 9 of the station (sec Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 670) was tried again in 1891 with some 25,000 plants, with decidedly favorable results. The transplanting was done in cold frames instead of in the field, as in (he ]>revious season. The e.\i)erienceof the station in the use of fertilizers for tomatoes indi- cates that they were "injuriously afitected by the application of nitrate of so(hi alone and arc not benefited by the use of ])otash •>r phosphoric acid singl\ ,"" but that all three t4)gether applied shortly after transplant- ing to the field materially increased the yield and improved the quality ttf the fruit. I'ofatitfs (])p. l.'l-lSi. — A list is given of 127 varieties tested in ISOl. Previous reports of similar tests may be found in Bulh'tins Xos. (Jand >> of the station (see l'iXi)eriment Station Kecord, vol. ii, pj). 133aiid ()tjl>). The following tabnhited summaries for 10 varieties grown during the leasts years are taken from the bulletin: 627 Hesults of tests of varieties of potatoes. Variety. Early : Charles Downing Corona (Corona Beauty) Early Ohio '. Early Rose Early Hebron Early Electric Eai'ly Essex Juno Eating (Crane June Eating) Smii-ise Medium early : Beauty (Rose Beauties) Burbauk Climax Cream (Cream of the Field) Early Seneca Green Mountain La Plnnio Rural Kew Yorker No. 2 Snowtlake (Late Snowflake) Vermont Chami)ii>u ' Average Estimated estiniat«d yield per acre, 1891. Biishels. 171.5 132.0 144.1 240.0 261.8 163.4 165. 2 215.4 150.1 258.7 170.8 210. 3 236.6 133.1 224.7 245.4 232. 7 225. 6 261.3 yield per acMi tor 3 years. Bushels. 237.2 192.0 145.0 189.6 148.3 193.4 251. 7 254.5 195.4 214.0 149.7 240.9 240. 3 200. 2 299. 8 164.9 147.5 265.3 201.7 Date of ripening, 1891. Aug. 4 Aug. 8 Aug. 4 Aug. 4 An;;. 12 Aug. 4 Aug. 4 Aug. 8 Aug. 12 Aug. 10 Aug. 10 Aug. 18 Aug. 8 Aug. 12 Aug. 10 Aug. 13 Aug. 12 Aug. 12 Aug. 12 Condition in celliir March 6, 1891. Firm. Do. Do. Do. Fairly tirm. Do. Do. Do. Solid. Firm. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Onions (pp. 10-23). — A list of 40 varieties tested at the station during the past 3 years is given. The following are especially commended : White Barletta, Large Flat White Italian, White Globe, South Port Wliite Globe, Red Bermuda, Yellow Danvers, Eed Wethersfield, Giant Hocca, and Prize Taker. General directions are given for the culture of onions. The method of trans]>lanting onion sets grown from seed in a foriting house or hotbeds has been tried at the station with favor- able results. Reference is made to experiments in this line by T. Grciner and AV. J. Green. The latter has published an account of his work in Bulletin vol. iii, No. 9 of the Ohio Station (see Exi^eriment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 005). Cabbac/es (j)p. 24-29). — Tabulated data and descriptive notes are given for 15 varieties grown in 1891, together with a list of 20 other varieties tested. The following are especially commended: Early Wakefield, Newark Early Flat Dutch, Nonesuch, Strang, and Louis- ville Extra Drumhead. Caulijioioers {\^\^. 30, 31). — A list of 30 varieties tested at the station. Karly Dwarf Erfurt, Snowball, Ideal, and Carrara Rock are esx)ecially commended. Washington Station, Bulletin No. 1, December, 1891 (pp. 15). History and organization, G. Lilley, Ph. D. — This includes extracts from the act of the State legislature of March 9, 1891, estab- lishing the Agricultural College, Experiment Station, and School of Science of the State of Washington, and from the acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, and August 30, 1890, and general statements regarding the history, organization, equipment, and plans of work of the college 628 and station. The institution is located at Pullman, Whitman County, in a region possessing uiinsual aftTieultural resources. The climate is comparatively mild. The annual precipitation averages about 40 inches. The college and the station own a tract of 220 aores of very choice and valuable land, consisting of valley, sidehill, and table-land. The farm is about 1 mile east of the business part of the town. It is rt-markably well adapted for horticultural, fruit, and forestry experiments; for grazing and hay; for the culture of the various cereal grains and other farm i)roducts; for lawns; and for parks and campus. The soil is of great depth ami is inexhaustible, and contains those salts and sili- cates so essential to plant life. It is a sedimentary deposit, evidently of volcanic origin, as it is <-omposed of a sandy loam, disintegrated basalt, and ash. It is very porous and readily drinks in moisture and gives it out as needed, allowing the salts to rise to feed the crops. The farm is inclosed and the greater part of it is now under cultivation. During the past year it produced good crops, consisting of wheat, oats, barley, and rye. A <»ne-story brick building, 60 by 36 feet, has been coiiipleted, at a cost of about $2,.500, which will bo used temporarily for class pur- poses. The college and station are under the control of a board of man- agers cousisting of five members, together with the governor of the State as advisory in('ml)er and tlic director of the station as secretary. The station staff at present im ludes (1. Lilley, LL. D., director; J. (TB. Scobey, M. A., agriculturist; E. K. Lake, M, S., horticulturist ann of tlie flora of the State; tests of grasses, forage plants, and fruits with lef'ei-ence to their adai)t- abilit> to this region: and investigations in I'urestiy. It is exjx'cted that much preliminary study, of the nature of an agricultural survey, will be needed to find out what are the lines of work which will be of greatest service to this new commonwealth. West Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 18, September. 1891 ^pp. 16). Inspection of fektilizeijs, .). A. Mvehs, Vn. 1>. (pj). KKi-llS). — This includes the text of the West Virginia fertilizer law, (lirecticms for taking samples of fertilizers for analysis, instructions to manufacturers and general agents, tlie trade values of fertilizing ingredients for 18'.)1, and analyses of 81 samples of comnu'rcial fertilizers. From the results of the fall insjiection the author concludes that ''27 per cent of the commercnd fertilizers sold in West N'irginia fall below the manufactur- ers' guaranty." Kac fertilize)- hue (i>p. lo.i-lOf;^.— Tliis was i>assed March (I. ISOI. It requires all fertilizers to be sold under guaranty of comiiosition, and plac-es the fertilizer control in the hands of the station. A license for the sale of fertilizers is to be ])rocnred ea. t>. {i>i>. 07-l»4, tig.^. 7).— Brief illustrated doscription.s of the apparatus used in taking observa- tions and tabulati'd records of G inontlis' (July-Deccnilier) ol)servatiniis at the station, with records of teniperatun- and precipitatioii for tlu- tirst half of the year, furuishe*! by an officer of the U. S. Weath«'r Bureau. The general .suuuiiary is as follows: /VfSAMre (inches). — Mrau (September-December) i'2.1»7. -I ir ivmpcratiin- (degrees F.). — Maximum 82.5, August 13 ; minimum — 1'.. December?; mean 40.9; maximum daily range, July-December, .")(».".» (August 7); minimum «laily range, .luly- December, 4.1i (December I'M); mean daily range .Iuly-De«cmber. I'd.l. Humidity (July-Decend)er). — Mean relative humidity 60.4, mean dew l)oiut 30.1. Precipitation (inches). — Total 13.JIL', maximum monthly L'.O'J (May), minimum monthly 0.30 (October). UV(*//G in. lies 18. G, 72 inches 51.7. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Farmers' Bulletin No. C. Tobacco, cultivation and curing, J. M. Estes dtp. S).— Biief iiistructious for the manageuient of tobacco by farmers. DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. Farmers' Bulletin No. 5. Treatment of smuts of oats and wheat, W. T. Swingle (pp. 8, plate 1). — This popular bulletin includes brief illustrated descriptions of tbe loose smut of oats ( Ustilago aveme) and the stinking smuts of wheat {Tilletia fcetens and T. tritici)', statements regarding" amount of damage caused by smut; directions for treatment with hot water, potassium sulphide, or copper sulphate; and a list of publica- tions on this subject. DIVISION OF BOTANY. Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, Yol. Ill, No. 1, February 25, 1892. Monograph of the grasses of the United States and Brit- ish America, G. Vasey (pp. 89). — This number includes classified descriptions of about half of the 800 species of grasses found in the United States and British America. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Experiment Station Bulletin No. 10. Meteorological work for agricultural institutions, M. W. Harrington (pp. 23). — This contains suggestions of lines of mete- orological work api)ropriate to agricultural colleges and experiment stations, together with statements regarding the necessary outfit. For a further account of this bulletin see p. 585 of this number of the Rec- ord. 631 632 DIVISION OF STATISTICS. Eeport No. 02 (new series), January and February, 1S02 (pp. 44). — This iucludes articles on the number and value of farm animals; cotton crop; European crop report; notes on foreign agriculture; new railway construction, 1891; and rates of transportation com])anics. The following summaries of the number and value of farm animals in the United States, as estimated for January 1, 1891 and 1892, are taken from the bulletin: Xumber and value of farm animals. Number. Value. Stof-k. 1891. 1892. Increase or decreaae. 1891. 1892. Increase or decrease. 14,056,750 2, 296, 532 16, 019, 591 36,875,648 43.431,130 50, 625, 106 15, 498, 140 2.314,699 16, 416, 351 37,651,239 44, 938, 365 52, 398, 019 +1,441,390 + 18, 167 + 396, 760 + 775,591 + l,r.07,229 + 1,772,913 $941,823,222 178, 847, 370 346, 397, 900 &44, 127, 908 108, 397, 447 210, 193. 923 |1, 007, 593, 836 +«eS 770 4U Mules ililch <(.WH Oxen auit oUier catUe 174,882.070 | — 3. 965. COO 351, 378. 132 1 + 4, 980, Zi-i .'■>70, 749, ir>5 + 26,021.247 Sheep 116.121,270 ' + 7,723,823 241,031,415 + 30,8:17,492 Total 103,304,76:t 169,216,813 ' +5,912,050 1 1 2,329,787,770 1 2,461,755,678 +131,967,9tt8 1 1 DIVISION OF CHEMISTRY. Bulletin No. 31. Proceedings of the eighth annual roNVEXTTON or rur. Asso- riATioN OF Official Agkicultuual Ciikmisis (p]». 2."»3, tigs. 8). — These are lor the meeting of the As.sociation hi'hl at \\ ashiiigton, D. C, August 13, 14, and 15, 1891, and are edited by II. \\ . Wiley, secretary of the Association. Reports on methods and results of aiialy.scs are given on the following subjects: Fermented liquors, Ity W. IJ. Kisiiig; dairy products, by W. W. Cooke; feeding stuft's low in /-s/j. — -Mixtuics ot pure >iiiciuns .^and and clay which showed no traces of nitrogen at the beginning of the experiment contained notice able quantities after 7 months— (M)7 pr. in a kg. of soil containing 10 per cent of clay, 0.12 gv. in soil with LM» per cent of clay, O.L'O gr. in soil Mith 30 i»er cent of clay. The amounts of nitrogen fixed were nearly l)roi>ortional to the amounts of clay. Small quantities of nitric and annnoniarevious ones by Berthelot and others, including the author. The addition of plaster sligditly increased the proportion of nitrogen lixed, as well as of nitric acid and ammoiiiacal nitrogen. The favor able inlluence <»f clay ami of i(last<'r was also seen in mixtures of clay, sand, and cotton oil cake. The inflnenee ol chiyon the conservation of the nitrogen and the fixation of atmosi>heiic nitr(»gen was clearly seen in '•(•omitlete" soils, containing sand, clay, oilcake, plaster. an(i lime. In soils containing ai»i)roxiniately 2 and 3 gr. of organic nitrogen i»er kg. the eftiect of the clay on the conservation of the nitrogen was still seen but did not directly nmnifest itself in the fixation of atmosplu-ric nitrogen. In these soils there was no gain of nitrogen. The proi)ortion of clay within the limits of from 10 to 40 per cent did not clearly affect the nitrification. Increasing the quantity of organic nitrogen from 1 to 3 gr. per kg. of soil was «learly unfavorable to nitri- fication. Not only the relative proportions, but also the absolute (pmu- tities of nitric nitrogen decreased as the amount of organic nitrogen 637 inrreased. The proportion of ammoniacal nitrogen, however, was not appreciably increased in the soils containing 2 or 3 gr. of organic nitro- gen as compared witli those containing only 1 gr. per kg., and con- se(inently the absolnte amonnt of ammonia prodnced was larger in the former soils. The following i)ra('tical conclnsions are drawn from these experiments: (1) Jf it is desired in the preparation of composts to transform nitrog- enous organic matter into nitrate, the mixture should not (contain over 1 gr. of nitrogen per kg. Thirty per cent of clay or marl and 0.5 per cent of plaster may be added. The compost will then be in a favorable condition to fix atmospheric nitrogen. (2) If the production of ammoniacal nitrogen is desired, the amount of organic nitrogen per kg. of compost may be increased to 2 or 3 gr. or even more. From 10 to 40 per cent of marl and 0.5 to 1 per cent of l)laster may be added. (3) In soils where there is no danger of arresting nitrification by the formation of a medium which is too ammoniacal it will be useful to increase the amount of lime or to use unslaked lime in combination with plaster. Recent observations on the amount of sulphur in arable soil and on the nature of the compounds which it forms, Berthelot and Andre {Cowpt. rend, 114 {1893), pp. 43-46).— In connection with researches regarding the formation of sulphur compounds in plants (see Annales de Chimie, ser. 6, torn, xv, p. 124) the authors made some observations on sulphur in arable soil. The soil in which the plants were grown contained per kg. of dry earth 0.372 gr. of sulphur (total) and 0.1G9 gr. of sulphate. Treatment with a potash solution (boiling) gave 0.357 gr. of sulphur in the soluble portion and 0.023 gr. in the insoluble portion. The total sulphur, 0.38 gr., did not materially differ in amount from that given above. The potash solution did not entirely decompose the sulphate in' the soil, for the liquid filtrated after this reaction contained 0.114 gr. of sulphate (after potash without heat) and 0.139 gr. (after potash with heat), whereas the total sulphate was 0.100 gr. The organic sulphur in this soil was 0.372-0.169=0.203 gr.; the organic nitrogen 2.350 gr. In another soil containing 1.17 gr. of total sulphur the organic sulphur was 0.01 gr. and the nitrogen 1.07 gr. In the former case, therefore, the percentage of organic sulphur as com- pared with nitrogen was 8.7; in the latter 36.5. The latter soil also contained 19.1 gr. of organic carbon. In animal albuminoids (albumin and Hbrin for example) the percentage of sulphur is 10 to 11, while in horny substances it is about 20. In animal organisms in general, as analyzed by Bidder and Schmidt, the percentage was about 7. But this mode of comparison is not snflQciently wide. In arable soil, generally speaking, the relation between organic carbon and nitrogen by weight is entirely different from that in albuminoids and animal 640 The hij2:lier difrestibility of the ether extract of the silaiEce, as com- pared witli that of the grass from which it was made (60.94 vs. 45.65 per cent), is likewise attributed to the volatile organic acids in the silage. Besides the increase in digestibility of the ether extract and the wide decrease in the digestibility of the crude protein by ensiling, the results show that the crude cellulose increased and the nitrogen-free extract diuiiuished in digestibihty. Tliis hitter fact is in accord with the changes o(tcurring in making brown or "burnt" hny (Brennheu); for Weiske* found, in experiments with sheep, that the digestibility of crude cellulose in burnt hay made from alfalfa was 44.6 per cent as comi)ared with 34.2 per cent in carefully dried alfalfa hay, while that of the nitrogen-free extract diminished from 65.3 in the dried hay to 54 in the burnt hay. A calculation of the ])erceutage losses of crude and digestible ingre dients in grass by ensiling, based on the coclhcicnts touiid anil on the observed loss of total dry matter by molding, etc., gives the following results : I'ercenlage loss of food ingredients by ensiling. Dry matter. Per cent. Loss of cnuh- ingredients 42. 67 I<088of (ligi'»til>leingrtMlient8.| 47. 76 A«h. Percent. 30.77 28.57 Organic matter. Per cent. 44.09 49.08 Crude protein. Percent. 35.54 68.63 Crude fat. Percent. 27.07 2.35 Crude ,^'"J^°" cellaloae. J^^_ Per cent. 45.21 36.88 Per cent. 46.76 53.93 The exact eftect of feeding the silage could not be definitely deter- mined, but the indications were that it was less, ]>ouud for poun«l of organic matter, than that of the original grass. Thus in the picsent ca.sc there was a loss by ensiling not only in total amount of organic matter, but also in its digestibility and (probably) feeding value. Feeding value of "wet vs. dry diffusion residue of sugar beets. M. Maercker and A. Morgen. — Tli('(liilnsi(»n rnctliod tor extracting sn;.Mr fr»»iii beets as pr.Ktiifd in (lermany is a great imi)rovenient upon the older i>rocess of expressing the.juice. It has, however, the disadvantage for the farmer that the residue is very watery and less valualjle for feeding than the pressed residue. The farmers who grow the beets and the mamifacturers who make the sugar cor»perate in ways more or less analogous to those practiced in this country in the making of l»utter in creameries. The beets are taken lo the factory anry and those in the factory and on the farm, 19378—2^0. 9 5 642 The subjects treated in the report are, (1) the disadvantages of storing the wet diflfasioii residue and of feeding the stored material; (2) the construction and operation of the drying apparatus; (3) the composi- tion and nutritive value of the dry residue; (4) plans of feeding experiments with wet and dry diffusion residue and ways in which they were carried out by patrons of the Hadmersleben sugar factory; (5) results of feeding experiments; (6) practical experience obtained at the Hadmersleben factory and ten others regarding the drying of the diffusion residue; (7) review of practical experience regarding the dry- ing and feeding of diffusion residue; (8) replacing of wet diffusion resi- due, hay, and concentrated feeding stuffs by dry diffusion residue in equivalent nutritive proportions, and mixtures of diffusion residue with other materials appropriate for different animals; (9) review of results of experiments ; (10) tabular statements of composition of feeding stuffs, rations, and results of feeding experiments. The. disadvantages in .storing and/ceding icet dif'uf>ion residue. — These are largely such as come with the storage, handling and feeding of very wet materials in general. The principal difficulty comes from the changes in fermentation in the pits or sih»s in which the material is stored. The loss is estimated at one third of the whole dry substance when stored in pits and one fifth when stored in walled silos, these figures being general estimates from the results of observations made in connection with these investigations and otherwise. The ditlnsion residue contains in general less than 10 per cent of dry substance, its water content being about the same as that of turnips. The active fer- mentation and large loss of material in the pit or the silo accords with the general observation in tlie ensiling of green fodders. th:it large water content and a<;tive and injurious fermentation go together. In dis- cussing the subject, the authors avail themselves of the results of late experimental in(|uiiy regarding the fermentation and consequent chemi- cal changes which take place in watery material when stored in the sUo or otherwise. Fermentation of feeding stuffs in pits and silos and its effeets upon digestibility and nutritive value. — The inferences as to the effects of these changes upon the nutritive value of the diffusioTi residue are of inter- est in their bearing upon the effects of fermentation in the silo upon the composition of silage in general. The general conclusion is that the products which are formed by fermentation of diffusion residue, when stored in the pit or the silo, have a more or less diminished nutri- tive value as compared with the compounds in the firesh substance from which they are formed. "According to our i)resent knowledge of the processes of fermentation and of the nature of the products formed thereby, it may be accepte*! as a general principle that fermentation products are not more easily digestible nor are they in any way of higher nutritive value than the compounds from which they are formed.'' On the other hand, the gen- eral tendency of the fermentation is to diminish both the total quantity 643 and the digestibility of the substances. This is more or less true of both nitrogvnous and non-nitrogenous compounds. [It is of course understood that the fermentations here referred to are in general those which are caused by bacteria and other so-called organized ferments, and which result in more or less of cleavage and kindred cliemical changes, such as the formation of lactic and acetic acids from carbohy- drates and of amide-like compounds from albuminoids. Such changes as those of starch into glucose and albuminoids into peptones would not be included,] As regards the effects of the fermentations upon the digestibility of the non-nitrogenous compounds, categorical conclusions are rendered difficult by the lack of convenient and accurate methods for the deter- mination of digestibility. "This much, however, may in general be atlirmed: When a mixture of digestible and undigestible non-nitrogen- ous extractives is exposed to organisms which cause fermentation and putrefaction, the more easily soluble and digestible {;om])ounds are the first to be decomixtsed and hence are most exi^osed to loss. The infer- ence is that the non-nitrogenous extractives which remain and which have been less influenced by the fermentation must contain relatively larger i)roportions of the unresent averag*' results of testes by Stutzer's methotl : Coefficients of digestibility of i)rotein in dried diffusion residue 86,7 per _v Morjuu, Jour. f. Lautlw., H6 (1H88\ p, .318, and by Kellu.-r, Kozai. and Meated day after day its etiect ui)on the destruction of i»rotoplasni may be such as to cause notable loss of flesh. To prevent this loss larger quantities of protein must be supplied in the food, and its place can not be filh'd by carbohydrates and fats." Special disadrantfif/es of orerfcrmentcd food. — The authors call atten- tion to the bad eflects of the ferment«'d ditVusion rcsidiu' ui)on dairy products and its tendency to induce disea.se. The considerations are of interest as illustrating the disadvantages of overfermented silage in general. Manifold investigations show that the ill smelling and ill-tasting fer- mentation products injure the taste and kee|>iug (|ualities of milk, butter, and cheese. It is not that they pass directly into the milk through the lacteal glands, "but in the stable in which the material is fed the microscopic organisms that cause the fermentation are • Ungarischer Arch. f. Medizin, 1888; also Centralbl. f. agr. Chem., 1891, p. 175. 647 distributed through the air in large numbers, get on the hands and clothes of the milkers [and the udder and teats of the cow], are thus conveyed to the milk, lind their way into the butter, caus(j ill-tasting compounds to be formed, and injure its keeping quality. That the sugar beet disti'icts of Germany are characterized by very poor butter, there is no doubt." This, the authors imply, is due, in part at least, to the cause above explained. A number of diseases of cattle and sheep are likewise named by the authors as a])t to be induced by the organisms which find most favora- ble conditions for development in the fermenting diffusion residue and in the very wet manure jiroduced from it. The observations of veter- inarians are (pioted which indicate that the danger of disease is much less in feeding the dry than the wet residue. Drying of diffusion residue. — The drying of the residue is very effect- ually accomplished by the apparatus referred to. This consists essen- tially of two parts, a furnace in which brown coal or other fuel is burned, and drying chambers in which the wet residue is exposed to the hot draft from the fire. Arrangements are provided to keep the material in motion and thus secure more rapid drying, and to admit cold air into the chambers so as to lower the temperature when the material is nearly dry and thus prevent its being injured by the heat. The report gives results of investigations of the composition and digestibility of the dry residue which are very favorable for the drying process. Feeding experiments with wet vs. dry diffusion residue. — A number of j)atrons of the sugar factory at Hadmersleben desiring to obtain by per- sonal experience an insight into the feeding value of the dry residue as compared with the ensiled residue which they had been using, arrangements were made for cooperative exi)eriments. Several other proprietors or managers of large sugar beet farms joined with them, and several series (O-V) of experiments with milch cows and fattening oxen and sheep were planned and carried out in 1889 under the direc- tion of Professor Maercker and Dr. Morgen of the Halle Station. Each experiment with cows included a preliminary period and three test periods, the latter being separated by transition periods. The test periods were 10 days each and the transition periods of the same or nearly the same length. Of the test periods the first and third were with wet and the second with dry, or the first and third with dry and the second with wet residue. The results of the first and third were taken together and compared with those of the second, to elminate as far as practicable the effect of the change of the milk during the period of lactation. In the experiments with fattening oxen or sheep, the animals were divided into two (in one case three) equal lots, one receiving the w-et and the other the dry residue. In each series a basal ration of coarse and concentrated foods was used, and to this was added either the wet or the dry residue. The 648 rations for each series were so adjusted as to contain as nearly as prac- ticable tlie same quantity of digestible nutrients in the different periods, so that the only difference should be in the amount of water in the dif- fusion residue. The feeding stuffs were analyzed and the quantities of digestible nutrients determined or estimated by the station. Before the beginning of the feeding tests each experimenter set aside a sufficient quantity of coarse food — hay, straw, chaff, etc. — and samples were taken for analysis. A supply of each of the concentrated foods — oil cake, meal, etc. — sufficient for all the experiments, was obtained trom a single source, a sami)le analyzed, and portions distributed among exi)crinienters. A sample of the dry residue used by each experimenter was analyzed. As the wet residue varied in composition special means were adopted for frequent analyses of the material used in each case. This caused some inconvenience and a little disturbance of the unity of the trials on account of the difficulty in determining the composition before the material was fed. The quantities of the materials fed were calculated from the percent- ages of digestible nutrients. The mctliods of estimating the rations and the financial results are given in detail in the report. They will be found decidedly helpful in the planning of similar experiments else- where. The estimates of cost of feeding stuffs and value of products are based upon figures similar to those above qiu>tt'd for the experi ments of series A-N. The details of the composition of the feeding stuffs and of the results of the experiments are given in tabular form. The results of the experinumt^s are summarized in tabular statements which are given below. Experiments with milch cows. — From the figures in the tables it will be seen that the rations in series O were liberal, and although the quan- tities of nutrients in series P are less, they exceed those of Woltfs standards, except in period III, in which, o^ving to variations in the composition of the wet residue, they could not be determined in season to make tlie proper allowance in the making up of the ration. On this account the results for period III can iu)t be averaged with those of period I to make up for the change in the composition of the milk with the advance of the period of lactation. Of these two series the authors say: '' Unfortunat«»ly only to April 17 — 42 days. liutions; ii'iehl of milk; gain in live weight; financial results. Quantities por lieail pt^r day added to basal ration : Wet dinusiou residue pounds . Dry dittu.siou resiilue do. . . Digestible nutrients in total food : Per head per day — Protein '. do. . . Non-protein do Per 1,000 pounds live weight per day- Protein do . . . Non-protein do Nutritive ratios Potential energy in digestible nutrients per 1,000 pounds live weight per day Calories . Milk yield per head per day pounds. Gain in live weight per head per day do. . . Financial gain per head per day cents. Periods. 3.85 18.5 3.44 16. 5G 1:4.8 41, 000 37. 47 0.15 12.0 n. 3.9C 19. 18 3.54 17.17 1:4.8 42. 450 39. 25 2.90 13.5 m. 55.00 4.14 18.94 3.70 16. 95 1:4.6 42, 330 39.53 0.23 12.0 Series P. — Experiments with icet vs. dry diffusion residue. — Conducted by Herr Schafer in Wanzleben. Ten cows averaging 1,203 pounds live weight. Three feeding periods of 10 days each with transition periods of same length. Basal ration per head per day in pounds, hay 5..j, chaff 7, palm nut meal 3.3, cotton-seed meal 1.8 to 3.4, wheat bran 3.3 to 6.7, and wet or dry diffusion residue added to this in quantities as stated. Duration of experiment from March 1 to April 20 — 50 days. Rations ; yield of milk ; gain in live weight ; financial results. Quantities per head per day added to basal ration : Wet diffusion residue ." pounds . . Dry diffusion residue do.-.. Digestible nutrients in total food: Per head per day — Protein do Non-protein do Per 1,000 pounds live weight i)er day- Protein '. _ do Non-protein do Nutritive ratios Potential energy in digestible nutrients ]>er 1,000 i)ouiuls live weight per day Calories . . Milk yield per head per day pounds.. Gain In live weight per hea*l per day do Financial gain per head per day . . ." cents - . Periods. 66.00 3.45 15.70 2.87 13. 05 1:4.5 32, 640 27. 94 0.23 4.7 n. 3.30 15.09 2.74 12.54 1:4.0 31,330 29. 22 1^97 4.0 in. 2.79 13.71 2.32 11.39 1:4.9 28, 105 27.94 2.52 650 Experiments with fattening oxen. — Series Q differs from the others in having three lots instead of two. The object of lot 3 was a teat of the question whether the hay of the basal ration could be replaced by the dry residue, an extra amount of the latter being used for this purpose- As the hay used for lots 1 and 2 was richer in protein than the dry residue, this deficiency in the latter was made up by lupines. The results were most favorable for the dry residue. In series R the animals did not consume the dry residue t'omi>letely at first and the ditfereuce had to be made up with concentrated fodder, and furthermore the dura- tion of tlie experiment was shortened by warm weather the middle of April. Hence the results are not as satisfactory as they would other- wise have been. The outcome of the two series is favorable both for the dry residue and for the more liberal feeding. t^eries Q. — Experiments icith ensiled vs. dried diffusion residue. — Con- ducted by Herr Rimpau in Schlanstedt. Fifteen young steers divided into three lots of five each. In estimates of results tlie animal in each lot having the smallest increase in live weight, was left out of account. The remaining four animals in each lot averaged l,(Hi5, 1,01 L', and !>'.>7 pounds live weight, respectively. P.asal ration per head per day in pounds, hay 5.5 (lot 3 none), chaft" «».i> to (J.-S, rice meal 1.1 to 5.1, lupines 3.1 to 4.L', i)otato residue from 44 to <»<"», aiul ensiled or dry beet diffusion residue in quantities as stated. Duration of experiment from Januaiy 28 to April 28—91 days. Rations; gain in live weight; financial results. QiiautiticM ]>cr liciiil piTiliiy atltled to basiil ration: Ensiled iliirnsioii nsid'iie pounds. . Dried ditt'nsion residue do Dij^Hstible nutrients in total f.. 4'/ (/>.'';'), pp. /.;/-/;>). — These iii\ estigati(»iis iueluded trials of hand milk separators, comi»aiis()n of butter from sweet and from sour cream, and experiments with the use of pure cultures in but- ter making. In tlu^ tests witli liand se|»aiators a sami>lo of fio.shly drawn milk was found to cream more thoroughly than the saini»les which came from a distance and were several hours old, from which the authors infer that transportation diminishes creamability of milk by the cen- trifuge. 653 Seven trials were made, in each of which the sample of fresh cream was divided, one part bein^ churned while still sweet and the other kept for a time, usually until quite sour. In all cases the fat separated more completely from the sour cream than from the sweet cream in churning-, as Avas shown by the analyses of buttermilk. The sweet cream butter was mostly soft or of abnormal consistency and did not keep as well as the sour cream butter. Two trials, made to determine whether the more thorough separation of the fat in churning is regu- lated by the age of the cream or by its acidity, indicated that below certain limits of acidity (not fully determined) the age of the cream was the controlling factor. Adametz suggested that possibly in keeping cream for a long time, especially at a low temperature, the fat globules might crystallize, in a measure, and favor a more complete churning. Seen under the micro- scope, the larger fat globules took on an irregular, notched outline. If this theory were true the butter yield from very fresh cream, in which this crystallization of the fat globules could hardly have begun, might be expected to be exceedingly poor, and in fact this was found to be the case, the buttermilk from a cream only an hour and a half old con- taining 7 per cent of fat. In the studies of the effect on the butter of souring the cream by means of pure cultures of bacteria, some sixteen tests were made, using, jjure cultures of "milk yeast" {Saccharomyces lactis, Adametz), Quist's lactic acid bacteria, or a mixture of the two, and in one case Tyrothrix tenuis, a foi?m used in ripening certain French cheeses, and said to impart to the butter a mild aroma. The fermentation products of the milk yeast are given as ethyl alcohol and traces of acetic acid and fruit ethers. These ferments were added to separate portions of cream in varying amounts, and the cream allowed to ripen for different lengths of time. The butter churned from the ripened cream was sub- mitted to a committee for testing and was tested as to keej)ing quality. The cows producing the milk were fed silage, and where pure cultures were not used the butter tasted of the food. As a general result of the addition of lactic acid bacteria and milk yeast to the cream, the butter was improved in taste and keeping qualities, and retained no taste of the food (especially of silage). It is stated that the fermentation of the milk sugar induced by milk yeast can be held in check by the addition of lactic acid bacteria. TITLES OF ARTICLES IN RECENT FOREIGN PUBUCATIONS. The alkaloids of the barberry {Ueber Berlerisalkaloide), C. Eudel. — Arch, der rharmazie, 22r), pp. 051-666. The alkaloids of the betel nut ( Ueber die AlkaloidederArekanusa), E. Jauns. — Arch, do- Phnrmazie, 239, pp. €69-707. A search for a cellulose-dissolving (cytohydrolytic) enzyme in the digestive tract of certain grain-feeding animals, H. T. Browx. — Proc. Chem. Soc, 1892, pp. 30-33. Determination of nitric nitrogen (Zur Bestimmung der Is'itraisUckstoffs), K. Ulscii. — Zcitsrh.f. angcw. Chcm.. 1S91, p. 71S. The quantitative determination of nitrogen in nitrate of soda {Die quantitative Bestimmung des Stivkntoffs im Xatronttalpeter), Aluerti axd Hempel. — Zeitiach. f. angew. Chem., 1S92, Heft 4, pp. 101-104. A new method of analysis of organic substances {Sur une nouvelle mcthode d'ana- hjse orgauiquc), BKRTitr.l.oT. — Compt. mid.. 114 {1S92), pp. 317, SIS. Determination of the freezing point of very dilute aqueous solutions ; appli- cation to cane sugar i />t'^'/"»i'/i(i'i'"i (?» piiint dc coiuicliitinii dcx dixsuhitionn aqucuKCfi tres diluees; application au sucre de canne), Raoilt. — Compt. rend., 114 {1892), pp. 268- 271. Anew form of fat-extraction apparatus for liquids. A. Smetiiam. — Analgxi, March, 1S92, pp. 11, ■/', Jig. 1. Fat extraction and fat calculation in milk analysis, II. D. RiciiMoxn. — Ana- lyst, ^farch. 1S92. pp. 4S-.-2. A new means for recognizing fatty oils in lard ( Uehcr eine neuc lieaktion zur Erkrnnung ron J'ctlcn Oclcn im Schircincschmah), P. Wei.man.s. — Vharm. Ztg., 36, pp. 798, 799. A sensitive reagent for albumen in urine {Eine empfindliche Reaction auf Eiweiss im Ifarnr), E. Simkulkr.— />Vr. d. drut. chem. Gck., 2.'> {1892), Heft 3, pp. 37'>-S78. A convenient method for arranging the apparatus used in determining free and albuminoid ammonia, (i. Kmhkky. — Auahist. Mnnh. lS.i2. pp. 41-13, jig. 1. Silica in plants (N«r la nilicc dann le-t vigetaiix), Bertuei.ot and Andre. — Compt. rctid., 114 {1892), pp. 2.'>7-263. On the presence and function of sulphur in plants (Sur la presence el sur le role du noufrr dans leu n'gclaur], HKKTiir.Mir and Andkk. — Ann. t'him. et I'hys., torn 25, s6r. 6, pp. 341-363. The substances accompanying chlorophyll in leaves {Des principles qui accom- pagnent la chlorophglle dans les feuilles), A. Etard. — Compt. rend., 114 {189S), pp. 364- 366. Development and significance of the root tubercles of Leguminosae (Die Ent- wickclung nnd licdcntung der Legumino.scnknoUchen ). A. Kocir. — J'iihling's landw. Ztg., 1892, Heft 4, pp. 124-132, fig. 1. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the soil and plants (.Smt la fixation de I'azote almospht'riquc par Ic sol et Ic* regclaux). A, (jrAUTlEK aud R. DBOUIN. — Bui, Soc. Chim. de Paris, tom 7, S, scr. 3, pp. S4-97. 654 655 studies on the action of fluorides on yeasts, J. Effroxt. — Monit. soientif., 5, pp. 1137-1144. Digestive ferments in the fetus of the cow and the sheep, and in newly born dogs and cats {Die Verdamingsfennente beim Embryo mid Xeugeborenen), F. KrOger. — Centralbl.f. Physiol., 5, p. 612. On the determination of mineral substances in humus and on their function In agriculture — a method of analysis {Sur le dosage des matieres minerales contenus dans la terrc r^gvtale ef siir leur role en agriculture — Methode d' analyse), Bkrtiielot and Andkk. — Ann. Chim. et Phys., torn 25, ser. 6, pp ,?S9-51L The history of the nitrogenous substances contained in humus {Faits pour ser- vir a I'historie des principes azotes renferm^s dans la terre v4g^tale), Berthelot and AXDRE. — Ann. Chim. et Phys., torn 25, s4r. 6, pp. 314-336. The nature of the sulphur compounds in the soil {Sur la nature des composes sul- farh contenus dans le sol), Berthelot and Andre. — Ann. Chim. et Phys., torn 25, ser. 6, pp. 356-341. Investigations on humic substances (Becherches sur les substances humiques), Berthelot and Andr^. — Aim. Chim. et Phys., torn 25, s6r. 6, pp. 364-403. Calorimetric investigations on the humic acid derived from sugar (Becherches calorime'triques sur I'acide humique deriv4du sucre), Berthelot and Andre. — Ann. Chim. et Phys., torn 25, s6r. 6, pp. 403-420. Comparative nitrification of humus and of purely organic materials, and the influence of the proportion of nitrogen in humus on nitrification {Nitrification comparee de V humus et de la matit-re organique non alteree, et influence des proportions d'azote de I'humus sur la nitrification), P. Pichard. — Compt. rend., 114 {1892), pp. 490- 493. The formation and behavior of basic calcic phosphate and its connection •with Thomas slag {Bildnng und Verhalten basischer CalciumphosphatexmdihreBezieh- ungen zur Thomasschlake), O. Forster. — Zeitsch.f. angew. Chem., 1892, pp. 13-22. The manufacture of superphosphate from phosphates rich in arsenic ( Ueber Herstellung von Superphosphaten aus arsenreiehen Phosphaten), Schucht. — Zeitsch. f. ^angew. Chem., 1891, pp. 667-671. Field experiments w^ith barnyard manure preserved with superphosphate gypsum {Feldversuche mit Superphosphatgyps-Mist), J. R. Schiffer. — Zeitsch. d. landw, Ver. f. Bheinpreussen, 1892, pp. 43, 44. Effect of increasing amounts of nitrate of soda on the yield of rye ( Wirkung gesteigerter Chilisalpeterdiingiingen auf die Boggenernte), G. Marek. — Wiener landw. Ztg.; abs. in Braunschwg. landw. Ztg., 1892, p. 14. Nitrogenous fertilizers for winter grain {Die Stickstoffdiingung fUr Wintergetreide), A. Leydhecker. — Oesterr. landw. Wochenbl.; abs. in Braunschwg. landw. Ztg., 1892, pp. 5, 6. Variations in the composition of Jerusalem artichoke {Des variations dc compo- sition du topinambour), G. Lechartier. — Ann. Agron., 1892, torn 18, pp. 68-91. Chemical composition of light and heavy oats (Cftemiscfte Zusammcnsetzung des "leichten" und " schiveren" Hafers), R. Heinrich. — Landic. Ann. d. meek. pat. Vereins, 1892, No. 6, pp. 46-49. Composition and value as food of tubers of Stachys tuberifera {Zusammcnsetz- ung u. Ndhrwert der Knollcn von Stachys tuberifera), F. Strohmer and A. Stift. — Oesterr. ungar. Zeitsch.f. Zucker-Ind. u. Landic, 20, p. 803. Ne^w varieties of potatoes {Nouvelles vari4t6s de pommes de terrre), A. Dubois. — Jour. d'Agr. prat., 1892, tom 1, pp. 282, 283. Improvement of potatoes by selection of seed tubers rich in starch {Die Ver- hesserung der Kartoffelsorten diirch Auswahl stdrkereicher Mutterknollen), E. Marek. — Fiihling's landw. Ztg., 41 {1892), Reft 5, pp. 164-171, and Heft 6, pp. 209-214. Improvement in the culture of potatoes in France ; results of the campaign of 1891 {Am6lioration de la culture de la pomme de terre induatrielle et fourragere en 656 France; r^sullats de la campagne 1891), A. GiRATiD.—Compf. rend., 114 {1892), pp. 366-3G8. Cooperative field experiments -with potatoes, beets, and turnips at Bors- beke, Belgium {Experiences pratiques exe'cutees en 1891, a Borsbeke-lez-Alost), P. de YVYST.— Brussels, 1892, 15. Investigation of the effect of stripping off the leaves of the vine on the ripen- ing of grapes {liecherches sur TeffcuiUatje de la viijne et la maturation des raixiii.i). A. MuxTZ.— C'omj)<. rend., 114 {1892), pp. 434-4-37. Report of the feeding-stuffs control at the experiment station at Hohenheim for 1891 {Bcricht iiber die Kontrolle des Ftitiermittelhandcls in Wiirtemherg, 1891), E. W'oiAV.— WHrtemh. Wochenhl.f. Landw., 189 \ Xo. S. pp. Sl-S'>. Gases in the paunch of cattle after eating different kinds of feeding stuffs {Die Gase des Hinder pansens nach dim (icnKS-sc rerschiidner Futterviittel, mit Beriieksicht- ignng des akuten Aufbldhens und dessin lUhandlung durch gasahsorbierende Arzncimittel), M. LrxdWiTZ. — Arch./. Ttcrhiilknndt'. IS, ]tp. SO-110. Linseed cake rs. sesame cake for milch co-vrs. — Wekelijsche Landbouw Kroniek; abs. in Uraunxchng. landw. Ztg.. 1S92, Xo. S, p. Si. The variations in the composition of milk from fractional milkings at irregu- lar intervals {i'ntersuchnngen iiber die .Schwankungen in der Zusammensetzung der Milch Im gchrocheiirm Melken), H. KaULI..— ./fts. in Milch Ztg.. 1892, Xo. 7, p. 104. The reactions of cow^s" milk and human milk, and the relation of these to the reactions of casein and phosphate {Vcbirdii IUa2). pp. 597, 398. Report of the experiment station at Brunsw^ick, Germany, for 1891 ( luriiht iiber die Thaligkrit der LandmrtschnftUchen I'crsiichs Station in 1891), H. ScuULTZE. — Braunsrhwg. landw. Ztg., 1892, p. 15. Report of the experiment station at Miinster, in "Westphalia, Germany, for 1891 {Ilericht iibrr die Thiiiigkcit der landw. I'ersuchs-Slation in Miinster, 1891), J. KOsui.— Landw. Ztg. f. JVcslfalen u. I.ippe, 1892, Xo. 8, pp. 62-64, and Xo. 9, p. 70. Report of the seed-testing station at Hohenheim for the year ending Octo- ber 1, 1891 {Jahrcsbericht der k. Samenpriifungs-Anstalt Hohenheim), 0. KiRClLXER. — Wiirtcmb. Wochenhl.f. Landw., 1892. Xo. 3, pp. 23-26, and Xo. 4, pp. 33, 34. Third annual report of the Halle station for experiments in the repression of nematodes, 1891 ( Drifter .hihrexhcricht der Versuchs-Station fiir Xematoden- VertUgung), .M. lUn.l.v.vso.—Ualh, pp. 35. EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES. Colorado College. — A. Ellis, Ph. D., LL.D., has accepted the presidency of the college for a term of 5 years. Dr. Ellis was born on a farm in Kenton County, Ken- tucky, in 1847 ; graduated at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, in 1867 ; and after teach- ing in Kentucky for several years he became superintendent of schools at Hamilton, Ohio. He afterwards held a similar position at Sandusky, Ohio, but in 1887 was called back to his old position at the head of the Hamilton schools, which he has held up to the present time. He has been active as a worker in teachers' institutes, and as a lecturer at farmers' institutes. He also served for 5 years as a member of the board of trustees of the Ohio State University. Georgia Station. — H. J. Wing of Auburn, Ohio, has been elected dairyman of the station. The station laboratory is now equipjied for work, and will be in charge of the assistant chemist, R. E. Hardee. It is proposed to erect a tobacco barn and to undertake iield experiments with tobacco in view of the fact that the farmers of the State are becoming interested in the culture of this plant. Illinois Station. — S. A. Forbes, Pii. D., has been appointed a member of the board of direction. The report of the State entomologist, covering the years 1889 and 1890, has recently been issued by Dr. Forbes. The report includes articles on the history, description, and life history of the fruit bark beetle (Scolytus rugulosus), with suggestions regarding remedies and abstracts of the literature on this insect; feeding and insecticide experiments with the plum and peach curculio (Conotrachelua nenuphar); descriptive notes on the American plum borer (Euzophera semifuneralis), with references to literature ; notes on the life history of common white grubs of the gvnenh Lachnosterna and Cydocephala, their food and feeding habits; experiments with remedies, accounts of parasites and description of a few species, and a list of 31 species of Lachnosterna found in lllin.ois, with a key to these species ; additional notes on the life history of the Hessian fly {Cecidomyia destructor), with a table of results of new and old breeding-cage experiments, and a brief account of experi- ments in breeding the fly on grasses; a summary history of the corn root aphis (Aphis maidi-radich) ; notes on a bacterial disease of the larger corn root worm (Dia- hrotical2-punctata); descriptive notes on the diseases of the chinch bug (Micrococcus insectorum and Sjyorotrichum globuliferum), with accounts of culture and infection experimerit.s, and abstracts from recent literature on this subject. An appendix eon- tains an analytical list of the entomological writings of W. Le Baron, M. D., the second State entomologist of Illinois. The report is illustrated with four plates containing 23 figures and a portrait of Dr. Le Baron. Massachusetts College. — The Twenty-Ninth Annual Report of the college, issued in January, 1892, contains, in addition to the formal reports of its several depart- ments, articles on military instruction in educational institutions, by L. W. Cornish, and on tuberculosis, especially as affecting domestic animals, by J. B. Paige, B. S. Massachusetts Horticultural Society.— At a recent meeting of this society W. E. Endicott read a paper on the library of the society, which contains many rare and valuable works. The society desires that all persons who are interested in hor- ticultural sul)jects should avail themselves of this library " as fully and freely as is 19378— No. 9 6 657 658 consistent with its preservation." As a mark of its intcrfst in this matter the society voted that a copy of Mr. Endicott's paper should be sent to each of tlie horti- cultural societies aud agricultural experiuicut stations in the country. Michigan College and Station. — P. M. TIarwood, M. 8., has het-u appointed pro- fessor of agriculture in the college and agriculf iirist to the station; F. B. Muniford, B. S., has been appointed assistant in agriculture; and K. J. Coryell, B. S., assistant in horticulture. Pennsylvania College and Station. — H. J. Waters of the Missouri Station ha« been appointed professor of agriculture in the college and agriculturist of the station vice T. F. Hunt, B. S. G. L. Holter, B. S., assistant chemist, has accepted the position of professor of chemistry in the Oklahoma College, and chemist to the station connected with that institution, and E. J. Haley has taken his place as assistant chemist to the Pennsylvania Station. Utah College and Station.— The legislature of the Territory has appropriated $108,000 for the erection of college buildings. Though it is only abont 18 months since the college was opened, it has some 300 students. The station has added to its live stock pure-bred Shropshire sheep, Jersey. Shorthorn, and Angus cattle, and Berkshire pigs. J. Dryden has liet-n nppoiuted stenographer vice J. II. Walker. Vermont Station. — C. W. Miuott, B. S., has resigned his position as horticultur- ist of the station. D. D. Howo of Brooktiold, VeruKuit, has been ajipoiuted super- intendent of the farm. Wyoming Station. — A. A. Johnson, D. D., president of the University of Wyo- ming, has been elected director of the station vice I>. McLaren, M. S., resigned. Bureau of Animal Ixdistry. — A report has beeu made of the recent experiments in La Salle County, Illinois, with a view to testing the value of inoculation as a preventive of hog cholera. The results have brought out additional evidence of the danger of introducing and spreading the disease by the practice of inoculation. Division of Fokkstry. — Am.000 1H80 1890 2, 326, IMMJ 3, 108, 000 1,776,000 2, 144, 000 747, 409. 000 1, 234, 950, 000 19,46t-.tt00 22, 08«i. 000 Imports of grain, flour, and meal. Year. Wheat. Flour. Maize. All other corn, meal, and dour. V.-ilue of all o<>i II. iiwal, and tldiir im- ported. 1870 1880 Cwt. .30.901,000 55. 262, 0(10 60. 474, 000 Cict. 4, 81*4, 000 10, .'i58. 000 15,773,000 Cwt. 16, 757. 000 37, 225, 000 43,438,000 Cict. 21.640,000 31. 128. 000 35,935,000 £. 34, 170, 000 62. 857, 000 53.485.000 1890 ru.wcE. — A rojiort on \\\f International Congress of Exporiniont Stations, liehl in connoction with the Paris Exposition of 1889. has rocontly b«M»u issued by Messrs. L. and H. Gran(h:iu. Besiih'S the jiroceedings of tlie conijre.ss the rejiort contains a large amount of statistical information reg.irding the hist(uy, organization, work, ^ndjiuhlications of the experiment statitms in France and other countries, and arti- cles on .special suhjects in agricultural science. Brazil. — Dr. M. Gerlach, formerly assistant at the experiment Station in Halle. Gernittny, has accepted a call from the Brai^ilian Government to establish in that country an agricultural exi>erinient station ou the ]ilan of the Halle Station, and will proceed to Brazil immediately for that purpose. Tkstixg im.atinic cui.oKiiiK A.s TO ITKITV. — A. V. llolleuian (Chem. Ztg., 1892, p. 3.">) ]toints out that while Kr.iuch's manual for testing cliemical reagents* retpiires only that ])latinic chloride should dissolve to a clear sobition in alcolwd and leave a residiu'. on evaporation, wholly insidiiblo in dilute nitric acid, these tests alone are insutlicient to prove the jnirity of the reagent. He mentions having found snljihiiric acid in jtlatinic chloride i)ut uj) by one of the Ijest-known (ierman manufacturers of chemicals, and which the tests given by Kraucli indicated as pure. For use in (|uan- titative potash determinations, according to the present nu'thods, it is essential that the platinic chloride be absolutely free from this acid, for otherwise error may result from the formation of barium sulphate, from the traces of barium in the solution, along with the i)otassium-i>latinic chloridt> precipitate. Martin slag and Thomas slag. — The Martin process for purifying crude iron ores^ which differs in many respects from the Thomas-Gilchrist process, has recently been "Dr. C. Krauch, Priifung der chemischen Reagentien auf Beinheit. 6G1 introduced into several iron works in Gcrmauy. In outward appearance tlie ground slug resulting from the two processes closely I'csemble each other, and Martin slag is reported to have been frequently sold under the name of Thomas slag. The Bonn Experiincut Station calls the attention of farmers to this, and pronounces it an adulteration, since the Martin slag contains, as a rule, only about 12 per cent of phosphoric acid, while Tiiomas slag should have 15 to 17 per cent or even more. A sample of Martin slag analyzed by the station contained 11.14 per cent of phos- phoric acid, 40.86 per cent of calcium oxide, 14.31 per cent of silica, 17.85 per cent of ferric oxide, etc. No trials have yet been made as to the value of Martin slag Ibr fertilizing purposes. Oleomaugauink in Berlin. — The Hannover land u. foratw. Ztg. states that the, consumption of oleomargarine in Berlin the past year reached at least 30,000,000 poimds, while the consumi)tion of butter was about 70,0(X),000 pounds. Estimating the population at 1,500,000, this allows 20 i)Ounds of oleomargarine and 46.6 pounds of butter per head. The use of artificial butter is said to have increased enormously within a few years. The effects are most felt by the small farmers. The remedy is believed to be in the establishment of well-conducted cooperative creameries, where,' with the aid of machinery and the most improved appliances, a better quality of butter may be produced at a relatively less cost. Dairy scHOt)LS for men and women. — A creamery school for men is to be opened April 1 in connection with the cooperative creamery at Giistrow for the instruction of pupils from Mecklenburg-Schweriii, Germany. Besides having a good common school education the api)licants for admission must be at least 18 years of age and have had a year's experience in some creamery. The course coveis 1 year and is divided into two terms. The students are to receive both practical and theoretical instruction in all matters relating to the handling of milk, together with instruction in the principles of feeding, the care of animals, machinery, and bookkeeping. Students attending both terms can afterwards enter the creamery as voluntary assistants for a longer or shorter time, but receive no regular theoretical instruction. A dairy school for girls will also be opened at Badendick near Giistrow. Here also the training is to be both practical and theoretical, but it is intended more especially to lit women for dairy work on large farms rather than in creameries. The course coveis 1 year. A new annual on fermentation. — Volume 1 of the Jahrcsherlchl iiher die Forf- schritte in dei' Lehre ron den Gdhrungfi-Onjauizmen, by Dr. A. Koch, Gottingen, has been received. In this annual an attenii>t has been made to review the cnrrent liter- atnie on fermentation, nitrification, and allied subjects. The subjects treated are, (1) handbooks; (2) methods of work, new apparatus, etc. ; (3) morphology of bacteria and yeasts; (4) fermentation — alcholic, lactic, and other fermentations of milk'and dairy products; uric acid, acetic acid, cellulose, bread, and other fermentations; nitrification, and the root tubercles of Leyuminosu'; (5) ferments — diastase, iuvertin, pepsin, rennet, and urea ferment; (6) luminous bacteria. The present volume is for the year 1890 and covers 190 pages, .55 of which are given up to reviews of recent literature on the fermentation of milk and dairy products, the use of pure cultures in dairying, sterilization of milk, fermentation of uric acid, nitrification, and root tubercles of Leguminoscv; and over 30 pages to ferments. The remainder is taken up largely with discussi(ms of methods and apparatus, and alcoholic fermentation. The work is conveniently arranged, and contains a 8ul).ject and name index. Adulteration of rape cake meal. — Many cases have recently been reported in Germany of adulteration of rape cake and rape cake meal. According to the Bonn Station the seed of the wild radish and Indian rape especially have been found as adulterants. The latter is characterized by its relatively high percentage of mustard oil, and may be detected by its pungent, burning smell when meal containing it is mixed with water and allowed to stand some time. In large amonnts it renders the meal injurious for feeding. 662 Dr. Loges, director of the Posen Station, rejiorts that out of 30 samples of rape cake meal examined only 6 were found pure. The remainder contained either no rape or only .such small amounts that they could not properly be termed rape cake meal. Wild radish seed was the principal adulterant found. Beets for eeeding. — Herr Simons, a farmer near Cologne, is reported (Sachs, landw. Zeitsch., 1892, p. 68) to have succeeded by continued selection in considerably increasing the percentages of sugar and of dry matter in the ordinary field beet used for feeding cattle. Two varieties have been produced, Simons, Lanker and Simons, Ovoide des Herres. These contain over 11 per cent of sugar and only 82.2 per cent of water, as compared with 8-9 per cent of sugar and 88 per cent of water in the varieties commonly grown for feeding. The improved varieties are said to equal the older varieties in yield, and resemble the sugar beet in form. An analysis of the Lanker showed, besides the sugar, 4.58 per cent of nitrogen-free extract, 0.1 per cent of fat, 1 per cent of protein, and 0.8 per cent of ash in the fi-esh material. Simons recommends manuring for beets with barnyard manure to which ground bone has been added, but not with nitrate of soda, which he says is disadvantageous to the 'production of food material and to keeping quality of the roots. Cooperative expeiuments in tobacco culture. — In accordance with an invi- tation from the German Potash Syndicate, representatives of the Governments of Prussia, Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Baden, Hess, and Alsace-Lorraine, including in most cases the directors of experiment stations in the several states, and of the German Agricultural Society, the Mannheim Tobacco Union, and the German Pota.sh Syndi- cate, met in conference at Carlsruhe, Baden, December 14, 1891, to consider the (|ne8- tion of inaugurating a series of cooi)erative experiments on tobacco culture. After a protracted discussion the following articles were agreed upon: (1) The experiments are all to be made on one general plan, the details of which are to be worked out by a special commission previous to the beginning of the experiments. (2) The cost of each individual experiment is to be borne by the State or society under the auspices of which it is conducted. There is to be no centralization of funds for this purpose. (3) The exj)eriments are to commence in the sj)riug of 1892 and continue for 4 successive years. (4) A central oflice is to be establislietl, the duty of which sliuU be to purchase seeds and fertilizing materials for and at the expense of the individual exjierimen- ters; have general supervisioii of all the experiments; test the tobacco pro)iortiiig lliis central oflice is to be borne by the Pota.sh Syn- dicate up to 3.3(X) marks ($825) per year; beyond this the syndicate pays 10 per cent and the Italanco is to be made up by an assessment of the coiiperating States and societies. (G) Representatives of the States and societies oofiperating in these experimeuto are to meet annn.illy to eonsider the results already rea<"hed and to make any changes in the general plan which these results may seem to warrant. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED DURING MARCH, 1892. Division of Statistics: Report No. 93 (now series), March, 1892. — Distril)nti«iii .ind Ci)n«iiiiipti(»u of Corn and Wlioiit; Freight Rates of Transportatiou Companies. Division of Fokkstuy: Bulletin No. 6. — Timber Physics. Circular No. 7. — The Government Tiinl)er Tests. Circular No. 8. — Strength of Boxed or Turpentine Timber. Weatiikk Bukkau: Monthly Weather Review, December, 1891. Instructions to Voluntary Observers. OfFICK of EXI'KRIMENT STATIONS: Experiment Station Record, vol. iii, No. 8, ^lareh, 1892. Experiment Station Bulletin No. 10. — Meteorological Work for Agricultural Institutions. LIST OF STATION PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED BY THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS DURING MARCH, 1892. Agricultural Experiment Station of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 33, December, 1891. — Cotton. Bulletin No. 34, January, 1892. — Cooperative Soil Test Experiments. Bulletin No. 35, January, 1892. — Glanders. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Arizona: Second Annual Report, 1891. Arkansas Agricttltural Experiment Station: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station: Annual Report, 1891. Georgia Experiment Station: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Special Bulletin No. W)t, March 1, 1892. — Announcement Regarding Station Pub- lications. Bulletin No. 17, March, 1892. — Irish Potatoes ; Sweet Potatoes ; Tomatoes ; For- age Plants. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Illinois: Bulletin No. 19, February, 1892. — Experiments with Oats ; the Chinch Bug in Illinois. Agricultural Experiment Station of Indiana: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 38, March, 1892. — Small Fruits; Treatment of Powdery Mildew and Black Rot; Vegetables. 663 664 Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 26, December, 1891. — A Comparison of Varieties of the Strawberry. Bulletin No. 27, December, 1891. — Crossed Varieties of Corn. Hatch Experiment Station of the Massachusetts Agricultural College: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Meteorological Bulletin No. 38, February, 1892. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota: Bulk-tin No. 19, March, 1892. — Dehorning; Cream Raising; Cheese Making ; The Babcock Test. Agricultural Experiment Station of Nebraska: Fiftii Annual Report, 1891, Bulletin No. 21, March 1, 1892. — Experiments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebraska. Agricultural Experiment Station of New Mexico: Bulletin No. 5, March, 1892. — Notes on Fruit Insects. Cornell University Agricultural P]xperiment Station: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. North Carolina A(iKicuLTUKAL Extkriment Station: Bulletin No. 83, P'ebruary 19, 1>!!)2. — Growing Celery in the South; Cultivation of Onions; Notes on Horticultural Work During 1S91. North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 5, February, 1892. — Sugsir Beets. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin vol. iv, No. 10 (second series), December, 1891. — Tenth Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin vol. v, No. 1 (second scries), January, 1X92. Orkg<)N Kxperiment Station: Bulletin No. l(i, February, 1892. — Notes on Varieties and Yield of Wheat. Bulletin No. 17, February, 1892.— Sugar Beets. Tennessee Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin vol. V, No. 1, January, 1892. — Fruit Trees and Experiments with Vege- tables. Washington Agricui.turai. Kxi-kkimknt Station: Bulletin No. 2, .January, 1S92. — Report of Fanners' Institute held at Colton, Washington. West Virginia Agricultural Expeki.ment Station: Fourth Annual Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 20, January, 1892. — Potato Ciiltme ami Fertilization; Testa of some Viirieties of Tomatoes. Bulletin No. 21, April, lS!t2.— lujurioii.s Insects and Plant IMseases. Agkicultural KxrEKiMENT Station of the Umvkrsity of Wisconsin: Bulletin No. 30, Jaimary. IH92. — Sugar Beet Experiments. Wyoming AGRirui.TtuAi, Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 5, February, 1892. — Best Varieties and Brerds for Wyominr DOMINION OF CANADA. Ontario Agruui.tuhal .College Experiment Station: Bulletin No. 71, February 22, 1892. — Exi>eriments with Sjiring Grains. Bulletin No. 72, February 29, 1892. — Roots, Potatoes, and Fodder Com. U.S. DEPiVRTMENT OE ACxRICULTURE OFFICE OF FXPFUIMFNT STATlOiSa A. W. HARRIS, DIRECTOR EXPEEIMEN^T STATION RECORD Vol. III. No. 10 ISSUED IVIA-Y, 1893 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY UF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 18913 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pace. Editorial notes (j65 Problems in soil invustif^atious 665 Improvemeut of Americau grasses and cereals Ijy increasing the nitrogen content 671 An error in our agricultural production and tae remedy, W. O. At water 672 Abstracts of station publications 684 Alabama College Station 684 Bulletin No, 33, December, 1891 684 Bulletin No. 34, January, 18'J2 684 Bulletin No. 35, January, 1892 685 Arkansas Station 685 Bulletin No. 17, October, 1891 685 California Station - 685 Bulletin No. 96, January 2.5, 1892 685 Colorado Station 686 Bulletin No. 17, October, 1891 686 Bulletin No. 18, 1 )(^ceml)er, 1891 686 Special Bulletin A, January, 1892 686 Delaware Station 686 Third Annual Report, 1890 686 Georgia Station 691 Fourth Annual Report, 1891 691 Bulletin No. 16, February, 1892 691 Bulletin No. 17, March, 1892 693 Kansas Station 696 Bulletin No. 25, December, 1891 696 Bulletin No. 26, December, 1891 697 Bulletin No. 27, December, 1891 697 Louisiana Stations 698 Bulletin No. 13 (second series) 599 Massachusetts Hatch Station gyg Fourth Annual Rejiort , IS'Jl g99 Meteorological Bulletin No. 38, February, 1.S92 700 Michigan Station 700 Bulletin No. 80, January, 1892 700 Mississippi Station 702 Bulletin No. 17, December, 1891 7O2 Bulletin No. 18, January, 1892 702 Bulletin No. 19, January, 1892 702 Nebraska Station 703 Bulletin No. 19 7O3 Now Jersey Stations 703 Special Bulletin M, November 23, 1891 703 Special Bulletin N, November 30, 1891 705 IV Page. Abstracts of station publications — Continued. New York State Station 705 Bulletin No. 38 (new series), January, 1892 705 Bulletin No. 39 (new series), January, 1892 707 North Carolina Station 708 Thirteenth and Fourteenth Annual Reports, 1890 and 1S91 708 Bulletin No. 80«, October 1,1891 710 Bulletin No. 81, December 15, 1891 710 Bulletins Nos. 80e and 81o, November 15 and December 31, ISHl 7i:i Bulletin No. 82, January 15, 1892 712 Pennsylvania Station 712 Annual Report. IS'JO 712 Bulletin No. 18, January, 1892 722 South Carolina Station 723 Fourth Annual Report, 1K91 723 Tennessee Station 723 Bulletin Vol. v, No. 1. .I.iuiiary. IsiH' is.i Texas Slatiiui 721 FtHirth Annual Report. is;tl 7l>j Bulletin No. 18, Octolier, IS'.tl 7l>.-, Bulletin Nr». 19, December, 1891 725 Washin^iton Station 720 Bulletin No.2, January. 1S92 720 Wyoniiiiii Station 727 Bulletin No. 5, February, 1X92 727 Abstracts of ]>ubli(ations of the United States l>epartineiit of .\fjricultMre . . . 72X J >i vision of Stat rxti<"8 72S Kfport No. 93 (new series), March, 18!I2 728 Bureau of Animal Industry 729 Sixth and St-veiith Auiiiial Iveports, iSMt auns 732 Titles of .articles in recent foreign publications 718 Experiment station notes 752 List of pulilications of th< liiitcd States Dei>artment of Agriculture issued during April, 1N92 I'tii List of stati| l.'Ari.-. ciir.Mi>ri;Y. Comparative tests of methods for determination of total pliosphorie iicid in samples containing organic matt»"r. .F. A. Fries 72ort of iMitomologist of D.laware Station, 1890, M. 11. Heckw ith G90 METEOKOLOGY. Meteorological observations in Delaware, G. A. Harter 690 Meteorological observations at Massachnsetts Hatch Station, Febrnary, 1892, C. D. Warner 700 Meteorological snraraary for North Carolina, October, November, and December, 1891, II. H. Battle and C. F. Von Herrmann 712 Mcteorobjgical observations at Pennsylvania Station, W. Frear 720 Meteorological observations a t Texas Station 724 SOILS. Soil moistnre and tempera tnre at Pennsylvania Station, W. Frear 720 Coiiiierative soil tests in 1891 in Alabama 684 FERTILIZERS. On the relations of live stock to fertility, H. P. Armsby 713 Studies of soils and crops with reference to the nse of commercial fertilizers, A. T. Neale 686 Fertilizer analyses and the fertilizer control at North Carolina Station, H. B. Battle 712 Fertilizer experiments with varions crops at Pennsylvania Station, W. H. Cald- well 718 Coutribntion to the study of fermentations of manure, T. Schltising, sr. and jr. 736 CROPS — VARIETIES — COMPOSITION — FIELD EXPERIMENTS. Crossed varieties of corn, third year, W. A. Kellerman and C. H. Thompson.. 697 Imliau corn as a grain and forage crop, W. H. Caldwell _ 713 Cotton, test of varieties and fertilizers at Alabama College Station, J. S. New- man and J. Clayton 684 Experiments with cotton at Georgia Station, R. J. Redding 691 Test of varieties of cotton at Mississippi Station, E. R. Lloyd 702 Experiments with forage plants at Massachusetts Hatch Station 699 Potatoes, test of varieties in Delaware, M. IT. Beckwith 689 Experiments with potatoes and forage plants at Georgia Station, G. Speth 693 EH'ecr on the total yield of potatoes of removing the tubers from time in time, E. Wollny 740 Tests of varieties of roots, potatoes, and fodder corn at Ontario College Sta- tion, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 743 Tests of varieties of grain, potatoes, and roots crops at Penn.sylvania Station, W. II. Caldwell ! 719 VI Experiments with sorgliam at Kansas Station, G. H. Failyer and J. T. Willard. tilMi Experiments with scarlet clover and sorghum at Delaware Station. A. T. Neale 687 Experiments with spring grain at Ontario College Station, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 743 Notes on farm crops at Nebraska Station in 1891, C. L. Ingersoll 703 Varieties of field crops for Wyoming, D. McLaren and B. C. Buliiim 727 CROPS — CURING AXD STORAGE. Test of a new method for curing tobacco at Xorth Carolina Station 709 HORTICULTLRF.. Experiments with sweet potatoes and tomatoes at Georgia Station, G. Speth.. 093 Expcriiiuiits with sweet jjotatocs at Louisiana Station, H. A. Morgan and IJ. U. Koss 698 Tests of varieties of vtget;iblos at Penu.sylvania Station, G. C. Butz 719 Slachys tuhetij'rni, composition 710 Tests of varieties of tigs and Persian palms at California Station. C. II. Shinn. (ji97 Tests of varii9 Fruit testing at the Mirhig.in Substation, 1891, T.T. Lyon 7er ]>hysics, B. E. Fernow 729 ir.r.niNr, stiffs — fkf.oixg of ANmAi>^. Analy.ses of feeding stutVs at 1 tela ware Station. ('. L. Penny 690 Comitosition of dried lirewers' grains. W. Frear 720 Silage vs. corn fodiler. II. P. Arnisby. W. Frear, and W. II. Caldwell 713 Experiments with «<>rn (mliler at Texas Station. G. W. Curtis 72r» Feeding stanilarils and ctnniiosition of feeding stulVs. II. P. Arnisby 713 Breeds of live stock for Wyoming. H. McLaren and B. ('. I'.nlVnm 727 Feeding experiments with cotton-seeil hulls .and meal forcatlleat North Caro- lina Station. J. K. Chamb.Tlain. F. K. Emery, and I?. W. Kilv;ore 710 Feeding grade steers of diO'erent breeds. T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz 711 Linsee Steamed rs. cr.icked corn for fattening pigs. 1>. A. l>e .long Tyn 717 Oyster shells a« food flant growth had stimulated research into the chemical com- jjosition of soils and plants. Avith a view to explaining the cause of the fertility of agricultural lands. A large amount of chemical data has been collected, but the investi- gations have shown that there is no simple relation between the chemi- cal composition of a soil and plant and the fertility of the land, and there seems to be no sat isfiictorj' interpietation of the. results. For this reason most of our experiment statious are very loath to give the necessary time for the chemical analysis of soils, knowing that the results in most cases will h:ive so little value. It hiis long been recognized by piactical men, as well as by many of our scientific investigators, that the texture of the soil and the physical relation to moisture and heat have much to do with the distribution and d(ivelo])ment of crops. Years ago Jolinson went so far as to say, in How Crops Feed, ii. 21G, that "it is a well-recogiuzed fact that next to temperature the water sujqdy is the most influential factor in the ])roduct of the crop. Poor soils give good crops in seasons ot plentiful and well distributed rain or when skillfully irrigated, but insutticient moisture in the soil is an evil that no supplies of plant food can neu- tralize." Storer also, in recording the experiments of others in his 665 666 more recent work entitled Aj;n'iculture,lia.s mnrli to say of the effect of the physical properties of tlie soil as related to ]>laiit jirowth, and of the physical effect of fertilizers and manures on the soil. Praetieally, how- ever, this has been neglected in all of onr fertilizer work, and the old theory of fertilization still holds, that soils vary in their power of snjjply- ing food to crops and that the chief use of fertilizers is to supply the deficiency of available plant food in the soil. It is beginning to be realized that sufficient iini)ortance has not been given to the physical properties of the soil as a controlling cause in the fertility of the land, and it now appears that the chief value of coniiner-* cial fertilizers and manures may be in their physical effect on the soil. That the interest in this subject is growing may be seen from tlie fact that several of the experiment stations have provided tor investiga- tions of the physical properties of soils. At tlu' recent conference of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations held in Washington in August, 1891, a resolution was adojjted asking that the work of the Weather Bureau "shouhl be enlarged to include the physics, condi- tions, and changes of agricultural lands." It may be interesting to outline a general ])lan upon which these soil investigations should be carried out. Tiie investigations are based u|)on tin' following geiieralizations: The local ly may b(^ maintained within the soil for the crop, and U]»on the relatiiui of the soil to heat. Soil exhaustion is due to a <-hange in the arrangement of the soil grains, changing the relation of the soil to moist in e :iud heat. The chief value of commercial fertilizi'is and manures is in thcii' jthysieal etiect on the texture of the soil or the airangenu'iit of the soil giains. which changes the iclatiou of tlicsoil to moisture and heat. The oltjecls of the work are to study the iclation resent agri- cultural value. The lattt-r should not only include the familiar classi- lication into wheat, <'orn. tobacco, and tiuck lands, but the natural herbage should also be determined, as showing what conditions jirexail in the soil best ada])ted to the neerobably be W(»rlment of the tobacco plant. A method is needed for the determination of the juoisture in the soil without removing the sample from the field, as will be referred to later, and the ordinary form of soil thermometers needs to be im]>roved n])(m. These records should show the actual conditions of moisture and heat within tlie soil, for, as we see in greenhouse culture, these conditions largely determine the development of plants. Sut^h observations luive shown plainly the cause of the local distribution of cotton and tobacco in some of the Southern States. The relation of soils to heat is so dependent upon the moisture of the soil that it is difficult to give a true interpretation of soil tein])eratures or to show their relation to plant developnu^nt unless accompanied with a record of the soil moisture. The relation of soils to water should be carefully studied in the laboratory and in pot experiments. Samples of the soils should be taken with care for laboratory work, and for pot experiments to confirm the laboratory results. The laboratory work should be based upon the mechanical analysis of the soil, as this shonld show the texture of the soil. The method of mechanical analysis should be further perfected so that more separa- tions could be conveniently made, especially of the very smallest- sized grains of sand and clay. The clay grou]) has an important value, due to the extremely small size of the grains. There should be a uniform scale of separations for the comparison of soils from different localities. Tlie relation of soils to water resolves itself into two lines of investi- gation, the forces wliich move the water and the conditions which determine the relative rate of flow. Tlie forces which move the water within the soil are gravity and the tension or contracting poAver of the exposed water surface. The approximate extent of the water surface can be calculated from the mechaiucal analysis of the soil. The surface tension and the eflect of manures and fertilizers on the surface tension can be found by the ordi- nary metluxl of tlie rise of li(]uids in capillary tubes, using as a solvent pure water or extracts of the soil, rex>resenting as nearly as possible the ordinary soil moisture. What little data we have show that the diflerent fertilizing materials have a very marked eff'ect on this pulling ]>ower of water. The same class of substances may differ widely in their eftect. Kainit, for instance, increases the surface tension of pure water, but 668 nitrate of potash lowers it very considerably. This opens np an inter- esting- Hue of in vest! .nation. Th« relative rate of circulation of water within the soil depends upon the amount of empty space in the soil; the number of grains per gram, showiuf; the extent of subdivision of this empty spaf How determined experimentally and that calcnhitetl from the nieclianical analysis of the soil should give an idea <»f the arrangement of the s(»il grains, if the influence of the organic matter is assumed to he the same in both sfuls. For examjtle, a tight, ahnost impervious potleiy (lay has been slu)wn to have no more clay (45 per «ent) than the subsoil of a fertile grass laml in a limestone forma- tion. The relafi\<' rate of circulation calculated from the mechanical analysi's of these two mat«Mials would be about the sanu», but a quan tity of water passing through a given depth of the liuu'stone subsoil in one huiulred minutes would requiie several days to jiass through the ini|»ervious pottery clay. The dillerence in the rate of nu>vement, in this case, \v<»uld l>e due to the dilleience in arrangen)ent of the soil grains. The inlluence of the amount and coiulition of the organic mat- ter on the rate of flow should foiin a separate line of investigation. T(t detrrniine the actual rafe ot<'irculalion of wati-r in lln' s(»il or sub- soil in its natural position in a lield. a hole shonld be dug aiul the soil anth at which the observa tions are to be ina«le. A column of the soil or subsoil, - or more inches square and 1 ami bottom of the frame, a ]>iece of linen tied over the under side, or, what is better, the frame can rest on sonu^ coarse sand ass through the satuiated soil. The initial depth of water over the soil must be the sameiu all the experiments. The per cent of empty space mustof course 669 be deteniiiiied in this or in similar samples taken from the field. Similar Avork can be ddiic on samples of soil and snbsoil bionj;ht from a distance and loaded into tnl)es, bnt the chaiii;es dne to the drying ont of the soil and the (lilhculties of loading the soil into the tnbes are such as to make the method unsatisfactory for conii>aring soils from ditt'erent localities. Eight inch argand lamp chimneys with linen tied over one end may be conveniently used as soil tulies. The eil'cct of fertilizers on the texture of soils opens ui) a wide field of investigation. The eftect on the surface tension or contracting power of the soil moisture has already been referred to, but there is also a more permanent effect of the fertilizers on the arrangement of the soil grains through flocculation or the reverse, by which the rate of circulation of water within the soil may be very greatly modified. Experiments could be very conveniently <'arried on in tubes or pots, noting from time to time the effect of the fertilizers on the evapora- tion from the soil or on the time it takes a quantity of water to pass through the saturated material. The per cent of empty space in the soil must be given in all cases. A method is here given for the determination of the actual rate of circulation of water in the soil in its natural position in the field, and "it has been suggested that a relative rate of circulation can be cal(;u- lated from the mechanical analysis. The difference between the observed rate and the calculated rate of circulation as compared with the type soil, will sliow the difference in the arrangement of the soil grains and in the amount or infiueiiee of the organic matter. If a soil is thus shown to be either more open or closer in texture than the type soil, -then the class of fertilizers best suited to the improvement of this local soil will be indicated. Actual pot experiments, with or without ])lants, can be made to confirm this and to show that these conditions in the soil can be so changed as to adapt them to the need of a particular (;rop. A convenient method is needed for the determination of the moisture in the soil in its natural position in the field, as part of the ordinary metetu'ological observations of an ol)serviug station. The ordinary gravimetric method of determining the moisture in a sam^jle of sod removed from the field is too inconvenient, and the results are not strictly comparable, as different samples of the soil have to be used for each determination. Several methods have been proposed for determining the amount of moisture in the soil without removing the sample from the field. A method based on the change of electrical resistance of the soil with (5hangiug moisture content gives promise of good results if good con- tact can be secured between the soil and the plates. The method consists of burying i)lates of carbon or of some other good conducting material in the soil at such distances apart that the eleetrieal resist- ance of the intervening soil Avill be about 1,000 ohms when the soil 670 has about 8 or 10 per cent of moisture. An electric current from an induction coil is sent across from one plate to the other, and the resist- ance of the soil measured by a Wlieatstone brid,!j;e arran.uemcnt with a telephone instead of a g"alvaii»nncter. The drier the soil the higher will be the resistance. The soil ai»pears to move away fiom the plates, however, and the resistance gradually increases from this cause. The movement of the soil }j;"rains seems to depend npon the barometric pressure, chang- ing temperature, and changing moisture content of the soil. This oifers two interesting lines of investigation: (1) To perfect this or some other method for the deternnnation of the moisture in the soil without removing the sample from its natural position in the field, and to investigate this movement of the soil grains to see wlicthcr it is due to the substance of the fiaeign body or whether it is simply due to the form of the snrface, or whether it is independent of tlie i>resence of the foreign snbslance; (li) to study the relation to the nieleorological e(»n- ditions of atmospheric pressure, changing tempeiatnre, iind moisture content of the soil, it would seem that this must have an imporlant bearing on the tleveIoi>meut of roots in the- soil. The relation of soils to heat is largely dependent upon the relation of soils to moisture and the amount of moisture contained in the soil. It takes nmre heat to raise the temperature of a pound of water one degree than to laise the temper;ilure of a ]t«uiud of soil the same amount; so that the more moisture there is in a soil the mor«' material there is to be heated, and this added material is harder to heat than the substance of the soil itself. Tiie tcmp«'iatuie of the soil will deitend alsu upon tiie amount of evaporation iVom tlie soil. It has been sli(»\\n that IVoni I his cause alone the t^^mpeiatiiie i"evailing in this country, but also to find out how our own standard varieties can be improved by selection and cross-fertilization. Culture and fertilizer exx)eriments should be made in connection with the work on varieties. Many more analyses of our jtroducts are also needed to determine how far those already made truly represent the comi^osition of our crops in different localities and under different climatic and culture conditions. To encourage work in this line this Department proposes to import the seed of grasses now grown in Germany and to distribute it to such of the stations as are prepared to undertake the investigation of this interesting and important problem. AN EKKOK IN OUR AGRICULTCKAL I'lKiPLCTlON AND THE REMEDY. If the data ;it hand are to be taken as representative, our national dietary and onr agricultural luoduction are out of balance. Our croi>s, our food supply, and the food we consume contain, when taken to«j:ether, too little of the materials which make muscle and tendon and t mudi of those whicli serve tlie body for fuel to furnish licat and muscular force; that is to say, they lack protein and have an excess of fats ant? carbohydrates. This is an ecoTiomic error of ;i;rave import. The fanner ispiimarily resjHJUsible. lie is the first loser and he must take the lirst stej* towards ret'onii. 'IMiat stej) w ill he the i>roduein<; of jdants richer in ]»rotein and meats, with more lean and less fat. For the accurate diafiuosis of the evil and the successful ajiplication of the remedy the stations have rendered and <-an render invaliial»Ie aid. The trouble h;is been more t»r less va;iiU'ly tell, but the »'\act «lifh- cull.N hits not Itecii i,fcnei;illy understood. Some late studies of diet- aries l>y the writer help to l)riii_u: ••'d the. error in our Ibod eonsnniittion. The comi)ilation t»l' analyses ot .\meriean leedin.i; stnlfs by Messrs. Jenkins and Winton, lately publishcil in the lOxpeiiment Station Kecin'd (vt»l. II, \>. 7(»1), shows the deliciiMicy of |irot«'in in <»ur feedini; stutts. Much more in(|uiry is needed t^t just ii'y detinite anunliased. • will jiaid maeliiui.sts, etc., at nioder- < S .lie work ( Food eaten , Hlacksinitlis, Lowell, at hard work IJrickiiiaker.s, Mass. ; 2:!7 persons at very severe work Mciliaiiics, etc., in Ma.s.sacliu.setts and Connecticut; average of 4 dietaries of mccbanics at severe work (not i 111' hiding No. 5) Average of 20 dietaries of wage-workers in Massachii- .'ictls and Coin ICC ticut Average of i> dict;irie8 of ju'ofessioiial ( Food purcliased.. men and college students in Middle- < town, Conn ( Food eaten EUROPEAN (ENGLISH, GERMAN, DANISH, AND SWEDISH). AVellfed tailors, England, Playfair Hard- worked weavers, England, Playfair r.laa ill inccliaiiics. ^Iiinicli, Voit Carpenters, coopcr.s, locksniitlis, Bavaria; average of 11 dict:M)i'S Miners at severe work. Prussia, Steinbeil Hrickinakers (Italians), Munich, diet mainly maize meal !ind cheese, severe work Oerinan army ration, peace footing (Termau army ordinary ration, war footing (ieinian army extraordinary ration in war University professor, Muni(-h; very little exercise Lawyer, ilnnich, Funster Physician, M unicb, Forster Pliyslcian, < 'oiicnliagen, .Tiirgesen Average of 7 dietaries of professional men and students. . DIETARY STANDARDS. Adult in full health, Playfair Active biborers. Playfair >raii at moderate work, Moleschott Man at moderate work, Woltt" Man at moderate work, Voit M an at bard work, Voit Man with moderate muscular work, Atwater. Alan with ai-tive ninscular work, .\twater. . . . Man a( sc^vcre muscular work, .\< watei- JMaii ;it very severe muscular work, Atwater. Nutrients. Pro- tein. Grm. 9.5 r.i2 12(i 1.^.2 1:j:j i:i1 151 176 117 151 122 133 107 114 134 192 100 80 127 135 114 119 156 130 125 118 145 125 150 175 200 I Carbo- Fata. by- i drates Poten- tial energy Grm, 132 200 188 1,52 304 365 225 163 39 43 71 08 54 34 113 117 39 58 45 100 125 89 140 111 51 71 40 33 56 100 125 1.50 250 350 Grm. 481 549 420 402 795 1,150 508 489 525 022 067 345 479 570 034 675 480 489 078 240 222 362 239 285 531 508 5.50 .540 500 450 4.50 500 050 800 Cal. 3, 590 4, 050 4,010 3,490 0,905 8,850 6,705 5, 275 4,140 3, 925 3, 055 3, 570 4,115 2,525 3,085 3,150 4,195 4,540 2, 800 3, 095 3,985 2,325 2, 4U0 2, 830 2,835 2,670 3,140 3, 030 3,100 3,030 3, 0.55 3, 370 3, 520 4,060 5, 705 7,355 Nutri- tive ratio. 7.6 6.8 7.3 7.4 ILO 7.5 6.6 4.7 4.8 4.7 4.3 4.0 5.3 6.7 5.6 5.0 4.0 4.1 4.7 6.3 4.4 4.1 4.7 5.5 4.7 4.9 4.9 5.3 4.7 5.9 5.0 0.9 7.9 For the computations of potential energy in the table the estimates of flubner are nsetl, which assume 4.1 Calories for each grain of protein and carbohydrates and 9.3 Calories per gram of fat. For the estimate of nutritive ratios, one part by weight of fat is taken as equal to two and one fourth of carbohj drates. The American dietaries in the table selected from the whole number examined are intended to show the range of variation and the averages. The quantities of nutrients are those in the food purchased, unless oth- erwise indicated. I^o. 2 is the average of 7 dietaries of families and large boarding houses in Lowell, Lawrence, Lynn, Holyoke, and Boston, 21820— No. 10 2 fi74 Massarlnisctts. Tlie majority of tlic people wore ojtoratives in cotton mills, but some were mechauics, clerks, dressmakers, and persons in other occupations. Most of the jieople in Nos. 2 and 0 belonged to what would be regarded as the lower rather than the higher grades of wage- workers, in respect to quality of work and amount of earnings. No. 3, on the other hand, was the dietary of mechanics above the average grade in respect to work, wages, intelligence, and plane of liv- ing. Kos. 4 and 5 represent the food of men at heavy manual woik. No. 1 was the smallest and Ko. 5 the largest of the 21 dietaries of work- ing i)eople examined. As the work of the men of Ko. 5 was unusually trying, and it was thought that the food consumption might be excep- tionally large, it Avas not included in the averages of No. G. The num- ber of wage- workers whose food consumption is here set forth is con- siderable, and the range of wages, character of work, and scale of living are reasonably wide. The European figures are selected from a number collated from various sources and are intended to illustrate the diet of i)eople with incomes siifficient for good maintenance as estimated by the standards of living in the countries mentioned. In cximparing the American and European ligures in the table it is noticeable that the total quantities of nutritive materials are larger, the quantities of carbohydrates and especially of fats are eonsideiably larger, and the nutritive ratios are much wider in the Ameriean dietaries than in the European dietaries and standards. This is noticeably the case in the comparison between the dietaries of professional men and stiulents and is also true in a marked degree in those of wage- workers. The nutritive ratios in the European dietaries and standards range from a]»]»ro\imatoly 4.5 to 5.5, while in the American they range from (J.G to 8 and over. The object of tlie statistics of the table is to show that our dietaries are one sided — that the food contains excess of carbohydrates and especially of fats. If the Eur<>i»ean dietaries and standards are to be taken as the nu'asure of the needs for nourishment, the American die tarics here cited are decidedly ill-balanced. Ai'C the European dietaries well balanced and are the standards correct? The Eurojtean dietaries above cited represent the food consumed by people believed l)y physiologists ami other exi)erts in this branch of science to be well nourished. Unfortunately the food of a large ])art of the population of Euroi)e is much below the grade here represented. The European standards are believed by the same authorities to repre- sent average requirements for ample nourishment. My reason for pro- posing dietary standards with larger quantities of protein and energy is that people in this country live more intensely and work harder, and hence may be presumed to need more food. The relative proportion of protein is smaller and that of fats is much larger; in other words the nutritive ratios are considerably wider in the standards i)roposed by 675 myself than in any of tlio. Euroix'aii standards. The wider ratios are a concession to the eatinj;;' habits represented in the American dietaries. I seriously question how far the concession is justiliable. Certainly the (Jernum standards a^ree very closely with the teacliiiij^s of carefully observed experience and with the results of the best experimental inquiry regarding- the uutritiou of man, and they are fully in accord with the latest and best investigation of tlu' nutrition of domestic animals, which has been much more thoroughly studied than tlu' nutrition of man. The only argument iu favor of large amounts of liicl material and wide nutritive ratios in the American dietaries is that tliey repre- sent the food of people who eat what they want and all they want; that, in other words, the dietaries are natural ones. But the same is true of the dietaries of well-to do people iu Euroi)e who have so nuudi less of fuel material and yet are well nourished. The quantities of fat iu the Euro[)ean dietaries range from 1 to 5 ouiKtes per day, wiiile in the American the raugc is from 4 to 16 ounces. In the daily food of the well-to-do professional men in Germany, who are amply nourished, the <|uantity of fat is from 3 to 4,5 ouiu-es per day, while in the dietaries of Americans in similar conditions of life it ranges from 5 to 7.5 ounces. The (piantities of carbohydrates in the European dietaries range from 9 to 24 ounces, while in corresponding American dietaries they are from 24 to GO ounces. People in this country eat what is set before them, asking no questions for economy's sake, i>rovided it suits their taste. We are a generation of fat and sugar eaters. The simplest explanation of this fact is the abundance and toothsomeness of foods con- taining fat and sugar. Without doubt a very considerable proportion of fat in the American dietaries here examined should be deducted in order to get at the amounts actually eaten. If any one doubts this let him observe how much fat of meat is left with the butchers and how much of that which is cooked and served ujion the table is left on the plates, to be sold to the soap men or thi'own into the garbage. It may be urged that people in our Northern States need a larger amount of fuel in their food on account of our rigorous winters. To this there are three objections. The actual difference in tem])erature between those regions for which the European estimates are made and the northern part of the United States is not great. Even if our winters are slightly colder, we sj^end our time in well-warmed houses and are warmly clad, so that the actual difference in exposure is far less than the difference in temperature. And finally, the differences in demand for food fuel for warming the body in regions of different temperatures are not so large as is often supposed. Summary. — The American dietaries here reported contain much larger proportions of fuel material than the best evidence implies to be appro- priate. This one-sidedness is manifested in the large quantities of fat and in the wide nutritive ratios. Allowing that the food consumption here exhibited is approximately representative of that of people in the United States generally, our uational dietary is decidedly out of balance. G76 ONE-SIDEDNESS OF OUR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION. Our agricultural production is out of balance. Our national dietary is in the same condition. Our animal and vegetable food product** taken together lack protein and have an excess of fats, starch, and sugar. The reasons for this are simple enough when we understand them. In the first place our vegetable products are deficient in protein. Corn, our great staple, is poor in protein at best. From careless cul- ture and insufficient manuring our grasses, grains, and other crops con- tain much lower ]>roportions ot nitrogen than tln'v ought to and much less than the same crops do in Europe, where farming is more thoroughly done. It would be an interesting and valuable study to compare the (juan- ti ties of nitrogen in plants grown in diflcrent i)la(es under ditlcrent conditions of manuring and culture. Unquestl<»nably one result would be to show that the ]>ercentage of pr»>tein in many if not all tuir more important grasses, forage jilants. grains, and jH-rhaps other crops increases with good culture antl abundant manuring. The illustrations of this general fact are manifold, though much inquiry will be needed before we shall know Just how to forninlate it. In the better cultivated jtarts of Europe much larger crops are gen- erally grown than is usual with us. The statistics at hand imply that the grasses and forage crops at least are much richer in nitrogen. In the following table are given the average ])ercentages of protein in three common species of grasses and in icd clover. Taiu.k II. — Comparison of proportions of proltin in Anuriran and European grasses and clover. Species. Timolliv (Phlnim prateiitf) Ori'liiinl y:r;«.sM ( l>arti/lU ijlnuicrata) . IJIuf ^riiss (I'liti iiratrinris) lied rlovpr (Tri/olium prattnuc) : Past lire In 1.11.1 Early in lili)nsi>in Kiill l>Iosst(ni Nearly ripe American. Spori- nicnH an.-ilvzcd. in wal«T- freesuli- stjincv. Per cent. 8.0 9.0 11.8 15.7 14.2 Speri mens analyzed. Enropean. Protein ill waltT- fro* 8ub- sUincf. Per eeiit. 11. « 14. 'J 11.6 25.5 ai. 5 17.9 16.1 16.7 The American figures are from the compilation of American analy- ses by Messrs. Jenkins and Winton, above mentioned. The luiropean are from Dietrich and Kiinig's Znaammenseizung und Verdattlichkeit
    ha- size the value of narrow rations. Similar and more striking results have been found in an extended series of experiments in feeding cows for milk and steers for beef conducted under the auspices of the Halle Experiment Station (see Experiment Station liecord, vol. iii, pp. 557 and 640). Even with coarse foods of good quality — hay, clover, and straw — very large proportions of concentrated nitrogenous foods were found advantageous. More protein and narrower rations than those of Wolff's standards were found most i)rofitable. In the second place, our meats, upon which we depend to supi)ly the lirotein which our vegetable foods lack, are excessively fat. This fact, which is well understood in a general way, is made very clear by chem ical analj'sis. Thus in Konig's* compilation of the analyses of beef the average of the European analyses (French, German, and Austrian) for "medium-fat beef" gives 5.4 per cent of fat. The average of a series of analyses of Chicago beef,t such as was said to be of medium fatness, was not far from 27 per cent. A few of the analyses which gave this average were reported some time ago and are incorporated by Konig with those of very fat beef, for which his average is 29.3 per cent of fat. *Cheinie fler menschlichenNahrnngs-nnd Geuiissmittel, dritte Anflage, B. 1,187. t These with others are detailed in the Kepoit of the Comiecticut Stoiis Station for 1891. 6Y8 In an experiment on the effects of different food material in nutrition, lean beef is often used to supply i)roteiu. In the physiological labora- tory of the University of Munich, where more work of this kind has been done than anywhere else, many analyses of such beef have been made. The method consists simply in taking the ordinary beef as sold in the market and trimming out the visible particles of fat as thoroughly asi)ossil)le; the lean thus remaining is found to contain on the average about nine tenths of 1 per cent of fat. Voit found this percentage so constant that he felt warranted in assuming this figure for the quantity of fat in the lean muscular tissue of beef used in exact physio logical experiments. A number of s]»C(inu'ns of beei' were obtained in Middlet^jwn, Connecticut, and prepared in exactly the same way, the writer's experience in Voit's laboratory being useer cent. An interoting liut brought out by the analyses last referred to and others of similar character miwlo in Connecticut in the same series of investigations, is the mutual replacement of fat and water in musroduct in the valleys of the Ohio and Misissippi and on the ranches of the ^^'est, and the natural tendency is to condense as nuich of it as i)<)ssible into meat. The manufacture of meat is a ])roces8 of transforming the vegetable protein, carboiiydrates. and fats <»f grass and grain into the animal i)ro- tein and fat of bet'f. mutt4»n, and ])ork. In the normal gr(»wth of the young animal to matnrity, a considerable portion of muscle, tendon, and other tissue, of which ]»rotein is the basis, is formed from the pro- tein of the food, but in the process of fattening it is chiefly fat which is made from the food and stored in the body. As the animal becomes fatter relatively less protein is formed and the material stored becomes more and more exclusively fat. At present the swine grower and the ranchman convert a laige i»art of the soil jnoduct of the country into the fat of pork and beef. The European feeder can not afford this extravagance. His soil ]>roduct is too precious. His feeding stuffs are richer in j)rotein than tlie grasses and grain of the Central and Eastern States. He makes tt'ndcr. Juicy beef, of excellent flavor, without excess of fats. reoi)le there do not call for the lean of overfattened meat anutting fat in its place, and that as this fat docs imt increase the aninial's weight he gets no ]>ay for it when he sells it. The <'onsunier of tlie meat if he be a man with haid muscular work and without enough fuel nmtvrial in liis food otherwise, reaps a benefit from this extra fat, but must i)ay dearly for it at the ]>riees at which the fatter kinds of beef are sold, tor the simple reason that so much material was used to make it. lie might much bett«'r get the same fuel material in other foods at a fraction of the cost. If he is like many of liis lellow W(U"kingim'n he will not need it. for his other food will supply an abundance and t Ik- very fat meat will l»e simi)ly an expensive luxuiy. Jf, (Ml the other hand, he be a num of less active ]»li.\sical exercise, with such a diet as the facts stated in the preceding i>ages imply that very nmny if not most of the jn'ople of the country in his circumstances live upon, he will have an excess of fat in his diet and will c(uisume ]>art of the excess and reject the rest. I'.oth of tin- i>arties to the transaction. ]>rodneer and (u^nsunu'r, are thcieforc loseis from this abnormal i)ro- ducti«ui. What nuikes the matter worse is the fact that the fat of meat serves the same purpose in nutrition as butter, sugar, the starch of the grains and of potatoes, and c(»tton seed oil, which is beconu'ng an imi>ortant food product. Nor is this all. IVtndeum has hugely rephn-cd the 681 animal fats and oils for purposes of injumfactnring and illnmination, so that tliey have scarcely any sale outside, the food niaiket, which is so overstocked and in which the competition is so severe. Indications of the excess of fat in our food products are abundant. We may find theui in the quantities of fat of meat which are cut out of the "trimmings" at the but(;her shops and in the fat left uneaten on the plates on our tables. In the Report of the Connecticut Storrs Station for 1891, above referred to, a number of cases are cited in whicb the quantities of fat thus rejected were determined by weighings and analyses. In a piece of roast beef weighing 1(! jxtuiids, tlie "trimmings," which consisted of the bone and the meat cut out with it and which were left for the butcher to sell to the soap man or get rid of as he might otherwise choose, weighed 4.5 j>ounds, so that 11.5 pounds of meat went to the consumer, who of course paid for the whole. The 4.5 pounds of "trimmings" consisted of, approximately, 15.25 pounds of bone iiiid 0.5 pound of tendon ("gristle"), which would make a most palatable and nutritious sou]), and 1.75 pcmnds of meat, of which 1 pound was lean and 0.75 pound fat. The customer Avas so desirous of getting rid of the fat and bone that he did not mind the lean which the butcher in his hurry trimmed out with it. The butcher said that he sold this sort of beef largely to the ordinary people of the city — mechanics, small tradesmen, and Liborersj that many of his customers preferred not to take the "trimmings;" and that these were not exceptionally great in this case either in amount or in the ratio of meat to bone for that "cut" of beef, which was the " rib roast." Inquiries of other butchers brought similar infonnation. One of the dietaries in Table I above is that of well to-do machinists and other people of moderate incomes in a boarding house in Middle- town. One ninth of the whole nutritive material of the food was thrown away with waste from the kitchen and table. One sixth of the whole of the fat was thus left uncousumed and most of this fat came from meat. This wastefulness is not mere x>erverseness. It is in i)art at least in obedience to a natural instinct which leads us to reject material which we do not need for nourishment. The percentages of fats in the American dietaries above detailed, the magnitude of Avhich is so striking when compared with the corresponding percentages in the dietary standards and European dietaries, explain the physiological reason for the rejection of fats in the household and meat shops and the falling off in demand for fat meats in the market at large. These things are the response of the natural instinct to an unnatural usage. They are the protest of nature against an abnormal diet induced by an abnormal agriculture. In the wise ordering of nature such evils tend to work their own cure. Tlds case is no exception to the rule. There are indications that the taste of consumers is changing. Very fat beef is in less demand than 682 formerly. Tbo same is true ol pork. Tlie Ensjlish market calls for leaner pork than is made in onr,u:reatcorn-g:rowing Stjites. Pork pack- ers say tliat their wares find less ready sale in the South than they used to. Butchers in the Eastern States report a foiling otf in the demand for fat meats. In other words, the surest possible incentive for improve- ment is being developed in tln' market demand. The diagnosis of the difficulty leaves no dou]»t as to its nature. The method of cure is equally plain. It is dear tliat we need to grow feeding stuffs richer in nitrogen than we now have. This can be accom}>lislied by breeding and importing varieties of plants richer in nitrogen and by cultivating more legumes. Of what may be done to improve by breeding we have abundant illus- trations. Tlu^ increase of sugar in the sugar beet from 10 to nearly liO l)er cent is a case in point. The comjiihition of American analyses referred to above shows the percentjige of protein in kernels of dent corn to rang<' fiom 7.5 to 11. -S and of tlint corn from 7 to 13.7. For tlie improN'ement oi corn it wonid seem tliat what is needed is to select corn with large protein content aneits is greater than farmers generally appreciate. Tlie loss from insufficient protein in the I 683 food in fattening steers and feedinc: niilcL cows appears to be greater than Las lieretofore been snpposed. Nitrogen is the most costly ingredient of fertilizers. Farmers in the older States pay millions of dollars every year for nitrogen in nitrate of soda, sulpliate of ammonia, dried blood, tankage, guano, and other nitrogenous materials. Surely it is proved conclusively that our common legumes — clovers, alfalfa, cowpea, lu]>ine, etc. — are able to obtain nitrogen from the .air, so that by growing them it is clear that the farmer can have nitrogen for nothing instead of pur- chasing it in artificial fertilizers. Sumviary. — The fat of meat, lard, butter, and cotton-seed oil, and the sugar and starch, which con.stitute the larger part of the nutritive material of wheat and other grains and nearly the wliole of that of potatoes, all do the same work in nutrition — they are the fuel of the body. Taking our food production and the demand of the country for nutriment, each as a whole, we have a large excess of the materials which serve as fuel, while the protein compounds which build muscle, tendon, bone, and other tissues are relatively deficient. In consequence the cattle grower, the pork producer, the dairyman, the sugar maker, the raiser of wheat and potatoes, and the cotton i^lanter are competing with each other in an overstocked market. Meanwhile, there is a relative deficiency of protein in our food pro- duction for both man and domestic animals. The farmer needs more protein for food for Ms cows to make more milk at less cost; for the steers and swine he is fattening for market so as to make more and leaner meat; and for his horses and his oxen so that they will do better and more economical work. The people at large need more protein and less fat and carbohydrates in their food so that they may be nourished in a more healthful way and at less expense. The needed increase of protein may be obtained by breeding and importing varieties of grains and gTasses richer in nitrogen than those we now cultivate and by growing more legumes. The advantage of legumes to the farmer is manifold. They do not require nitrogen from manure but obtain it from the air. They elaborate the nitrogen into protein for fodder. By mixing leguminous i^roducts with poor hay, straw, and constalks the large quantities of carbohydrates in the latter can be most j)rofltably utilized. The food thus produced for stock is what is needed to make leaner meat and mor6 of it, and more milk at less cost; the nitrogen not transformed into meat or milk makes rich manure for grasses, grains, and other crops; and finally the richer manure heljjs to bring crops richer in protein. — [W. O. A.] ABSTRACTS OF PCBLIPATIONS OF TOE AfirimTrr.AI. FATERIMENT STATIONS IN THE IMTEll STATES. Alabama College Station. Bulletin No. 33, December. 1891 (pp. 12). EXPEEIMEM'.S WITH COTTON, J. S. NEWMAN AND J. CLAYTON. — These iiu-liide a test of varieties aiul experiments w itli tritilizers. An acjount of i)ievious e\]>eiinients was j;iven in IJnllttiu No. l'l' of tin* station (see Expeiinieut Station Jleeord, vol. ii, ]». 548). Test of rnrictics. — Descriptive notes and tal»Ml:ifeerniu'nt a test of the (Inllctt and Pratt ^nns was inad«'. whi> 4 to 4 by 1 feet, and Peeler, a loni: limbed varict\. was jdanted at distances of IVom L' l»y I to 4 by "» fe«'t. 'i'lic largest yield jn both cases was from the plaiitiiii: at the shortest distan<*es. E.ijui'nnnit uilli /irlili:rr.s. — An e\j»eriment with acid jihosjdiate alone and combined witli cotton seed meal bcuiin in is'.io wns continii«-d in ISKI. The yields for botli \ ears are slated. In 1SIM> tin' two ferti li/,erscombined j;ave the bt'st results, bnt in is'.U i lie results on ditVerent plats were contlictinj;. Alabama College Station, Bulletin No. 34. January, 1892 ipp. 46). (%)()rEiJATiVK SOIL TKsrs IN ISMI. — Thes«! were with fertilizers tor cotthosphate or floats 240 pounds each, and muriate of |iotasli (It j)onnds, u.se«l sinp;ly, two by two, and all three toucthci : i^reeii <'otton seed .S4S ])ounds, used alone or with lloats; cotton .seed meal L'tO |tonnds, nsed Avith acid phosphate; and stable manure 4,L'40 ]>ouuds, nsed alone. Each e\i>erinieiit included 10 jdats, the size of which is not jriven. The results ol each e\i>erineriinents reports are jjiven of special nitro gen and ])otash ex])erinn'nts, interenltnral ex]»eriiuents. and a test of 14 varieties of eottS(mI. 684 685 "Althouc^li the expeiiineiits are not peifcctly accurato, they point to several conclusions with some degree of certainty. Potash does not seem to pay; phosphate applied alone does not have much effect; nitrog- enous fertilizers in any forui give an increased yield; and only nitrog- (•::()us fertilizers increase the yield when applied interculturally." Alabama College Station, Bulletin No. 35, January, 1892 (pp. 19). Glanders, C. A. Cary. — A popular account of the synii)toms, causes, and methods of tran.sniission of dill'crent forms of glanders; suggestions regarding preventive treatment; and the text of the State ]A\y approved February 28, 18S7, "for the prevention and suppression of infectious and contagious diseases of horses and other animals." Arkansas Station, Bulletin No. 17, October, 1891 (pp. 16). Tests of varieties of fruit, J. F. McIvay. — Xotes are given on grapes, strawberries, raspberries, plums, and pears. Grapes. — Descriptive notes on 22 varieties. Out of the many varieties tested only a few seemed adapted to Arkansas. Those which are free from disease are derived from Vitis a'stiralis and V. cordifolia. The varieties derived from V. lalrrnsca can be successfully grown in this State only by systematic treatment with fungicides. The following varieties are recommended in the order of ripening: Moore Early, Cottage, Eumelau, Delaware or Brilliant, Perkins, Ives, Concord, Eaton, Cynthiana or jS^orton, Cunningham, and llerbemont. Strawberries. — Tabulated data are given showing the comparative keeping quality of 27 varieties stored for 7 days in a room the tem- perature of which ranged from OO"^ to 80^ F. The varieties that ke])t best were Charleston, Cloud Seedling, Crawford, Hoflfman, and Wilson. Descriptive notes are given on 17 of the most promising varieties. The following are recommended for Arkansas: Bubach ifo. 5, Wariield No. 2, Haverlaud, Stayman Nos. 1 and 2, Cloud Seedling, Crescent, Crawford, Hoffman, Michel Early, Beder Wood, Yau Deman, and Cap- tain Jack. Raspherries. — Brief descrii)tive notes on 8 varieties. Marlboro, Han- sell, Ohio, and Gregg are especially commended. Flnms. — Brief descrii)tive notes on 11 varieties. Pears. — The Le Conte and Keifter varieties are compared. The latter have suffered less from blight and seem to be the more valuable variety for Arkansas. California Station, Bulletin No. 96, January 25, 1892 (pp. 8). Sulphuring in fruit drying, E. W. Hilgard, Ph. D. (pp. 1, 2). — The author reaffirms his views regarding the harmfulness of sulphuring fruit as stated in Bulletin No. 8G of the station (see Experiment Station 6Sf) Kecoid, \ ol. u, p. 08), Experinients witli solutions of bisulphite (►f soda us a substitute for sulphur are in progress at the station. Tests of vaiileties of fig trees, C. H. Suinn (pp. 3-C). — A list is given of 50 varieties which are being tested at the different sul)stations in California. There are also brief notes on the relative hardiness of a number of these varieties in different i^arts of the State. Among the varieties wliich have proved hardy in the different localities are Doree ifarbus, White Adriatic, and Du Roi. Tersian palms, C. H. Siiinn (pp. 7, 8). — Brief notes on the varieties recently ])hintc. C. S. Crandai.l, M. S. — This is a i»reliminary report on the condition of fniit growing in the State. While this is a comparatively new industry in thisregion it has a promis- ing outlook and the area dev()ted to large and small fruits is ra]>idly increasing. A nund)er of examples are given to show what individual growers in different parts of the State are doing in the culture of vari- ous fruits. Tliere is also a preliminary list of the varieties of fruits gr()wn in tin' Stiit*-, which includes the following: 277 varieties of ai>)>les, 10 of crab iijiples, 0 of apricots, 10 of blackberries, 7 of currants, 13 of cherries, (J of gooseberries, G8 of grapes, 15 of peaches, 2!) of pears, 3 of prunes, 31 of plums, 1 of quinces, 15 of raspberries, and 31 of straw- berries. Colorado Station, Bulletin No. 18, December, 1891 (pp. 9). Tliis includes an index to the lirst seventeen bulletins of the station. Colorado Station, Special Bulletin A, January, 1892 (pp. 10). This contains statements regarding the lines <»f work puisued by the several sections of the station, and .suggestions regarding ways in which the correspondents of the station may aid in its work. Delaware Station, Third Annual Report, 1890 (pp. 176). Financial statement (pp. 4, 5).— This is for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1800. Report of Director, A. T. Neale, Pn. D. (pp. 7-24, figs. 5).— A summary of the work of the station in its several departments. There is also an illustrated description of the extractor used in the experi- ments with sweet-cream butter, an account of which is given below. Sti dies of soils and ckops to lead if possible to a MORE rational AND EC^ONOMICAL USE OF COMMERCIAL FERTILI- ZERS, A. T. Neale, Ph. I), (pp. 25-35).— A description of cooperative 687 experiments reported in RuUetiii No. IL of tlie station (sci; Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, i). 71<»). The study of forage and other special-purpose plants, A. T. Keale, Ph. D. (pp. 30-43, fio-, l),— Scarlet clover (pp. 36-39).— This i)lant is briefly described. It is used in Delaware largely in poach orchards, seed being sown at the la.s't culti- vation of the trees. * * * For seed it is sown on rather poor land; no fertilizers are nsed. A crop of buck- wheat may be put in at the same time to shade the young plants as well as to utilize the ground. Two hundred and seventy bushels of clean seed were actually sold last summer at Milford from 17 acres, representing au average of IG bushels per acre. Ten bushels per acre is generally regarded as a good crop. Its market value at wliolesale was $5 per bushel. Filteen pounds is said to Ve enough to seed an acre, but 1 bushel to 7 acres often satisfuss practical farmers. A popular way of raising scarlet clover is to seed corn land late in July, using aCahcion sower. A lair growth is made after the corn is cut off in the fall. By the lirst of May blossoms will be seen, and by the (iftcenth the croi> may be turned under in time for potatoes or a second corn crop. It may be cut and packed into silos for green food. Testa of all these methods have resulted favorably. A trial was made at the station of seeding this clover between rows of sorghum 32 inches apart, sowing July 20 and August 2, 10, and 20, 1889. The crops were seriously injured by clover canker. They were cut May 12, 1891, when in full bloom, with the following yields of green clover per acre: Seeded July 20, 10,428 pounds j August 2, 17,464 pounds; August 10, 26,566 pounds. Analysis demonstrated that more than 82.5 per cent of the clover was water; hence, 13 tons, 556 jiounds is equivalent to 2 tons 611 pounds of perfectly dry hay. This sample was handled under conditions which excluded all possible loss of leaves, etc., hence its analysis given in detail in the chemist's report indicates a product much higher in value than ordinary red clover hay ; its value in fact being equiva- lent in chemical composition to an average grade of wheat bran. As to its manurial worth, this much can be said: The green crop, weighing 13 tons, 566 pounds, contained 115 pounds of nitrogen, 131 pounds of potash, and 35 pounds of phosphoric acid. To secure this amount of plant food in the shape of commercial fertilizers would involve an outlay of nearly $24. * * * Seventy per cent of the total value is credited to the nitrogen, the element which the clover can take up from the air; 30 per cent is credited to phosphoric acid and potash, elements which must come from the soil alone. In the above estimates it will be noted that no credit whatever is given to the plant food stored in the clover roots, nor can credit be given to the indirect but extremely valuable effects caused by the decomposition of this mass of green matter in the soil. * * * At least 450 bushels of seed found a market in Delaware last July and August, a quantity, at the usual rate of seeding, sufficient for nearly 3,000 acres. If results are favorable this year it is predicted that this acreage will be doubled in August, 1891. Sorghum (pp. 39-43). — The results are reported of tests of varieties at Harbeson, Odessa, and the station. At Harbeson 1,638 canes were grown from a single seed head from Rio Grande, New Jersey, believed to be a cross with Early Orange. Seventy-four representative canes were selected for analysis. " As regards sugar, more than one half of 0S8 the caue equaled- the parent stalk and exceeded it to very marked degree in i)urity. Another i>oint is tliat tlie heavier eaiies on an aver- age were the better eanes. This i)oiiit was taken as a standard, and in saving seed from the rest of the plat, heads from large, well developed stalks were culled out and cured separately." The Honduras from pedigreed stock grown in Kansas was also tested. One cane of the Honduras type, cut on Oftot)er 29, illustrates one of it« character- istics. This cane was 16 feet 8 indies tall; its seinl top weighed 3 ounces; when stripped and tojijted the cane itself weighed 4 itouuds, 2 ounces. Chemical analysis indicated 9. 3!l per cent of sugar, 59.8 degrees purity. Ktl'orts at selection from tlii-^ seed h(^ad will he made next year. [At Odessa Folgcr Early anil an unknown variety frf>m Kansas were tested per cent sugar. 72. 4 degrees purity. The second variety tried was Folger Karly (N'ew.irk seed from ."Sterling, Kansas, lireeding). Testes during i the interval from Septemlier IS to rJclolter 9 ranged from ll.tW per j-ent to 13.87 per centsugar. Theaverageof all tests was 12.(J9 percent sugar, 70.8 degree's juirity. On. variety sup]dements the other to a certain exU'ut. Folger Karly gave its highesi tests in .Septemlier. » • » [At the station Karly .\uil«'r, Hmiduras, rndendcbule, Lynk liyhrid, and Folgei Karly were tested. .Vnalyses are given of canea of each variety at different dates. | To one a<'custonied to the low averages eiunninn in the connucreial attemid-s to make sorghum sugar, these figures, ranging as a rule hetween 12 and 14 jier cent sugar and from 70 to 80 degrees purity, .'iwaken interest. The fact that the large 1 canes have given the most faviuaMe returns for each variety suggests (uie cause of ' jiasl failures, viz, the attem]its to gain tonnage of green erup with too little regard for the pounds of sugar to the acre. [A mi'thofi of seleeting canes for growing seed similar to tliat jiralight, {'•>) potato rot, (4) bitter rot of the apple; and iiutcs on (1) leaf spot of alfalfa (l*srmlnpc- ziza niiiliciifiinis), (!') rot of scarlet elfiver (Si-lnoflnid fri/oliuni), (.'5) seah of wheat ( /•'"■N'n/«w riilninniin). .[wd ill black rol of the sweet potato ( Ceratocystis fhiihrhita ). Trenfmrnt <>/' flis(((s(s of tlif t/niiir (p|t. tr»-(i'.i). — An aceonni oi spray- ing experiments witli fungieides, repriul«'il from Uulletiii \o. l(>of the station (see E.vperiment Staticui Itei-oid, vol. ii. p. 7lL'). Treatment of pear and quinee leaf hlif/lit (pi». and Se])teml)er Id. after the disease had begun to show itself in the blighting of the viucs. G89 The sprayed area yielded 200 bushels ol" sonud potatoes per acre, while the iiiisprayed yielded only !'-<; bushels. Treatment of bitter rot of the apple (pp. 78, 70), — A brief account of an experiment in an orchard at Smyrna, Delaware, in which one apple tree was sprayed with sulphide of potassium, and another with commercial carbonate of copper. The former fungicide was partly effective, but the latter seemed to have no effect. The disease had progi-essed too far before the hrst application to make the experiment a fair test. Leaf spot ofalfaJfa (pp. 70-84). — An illustrated description of i*6e»^?o- pezizd medicaginis, and a brief account of an experiment in wlucli soil from a field where diseased alfalfa was growing was sterilized by heat- ing and planted witli alfalfa seed, some of which had been soaked in a solution of copper sulphate. The results were negative. Rot of scarlet clover (pp. 84-80). — An illustrated description of Sclero- tinia irifolium observed on a plat of scarlet clover at the station. ^eah of wheat ([)p. 80, 00). — A biiefilhistrated description iA' Fusariurit culmorum. Blacl: rot of sweet potatoes (pp. 00, 01). — Sweet potato plants were grown in fonr boxes containing soil from a propagating bed in which the black rot {Cerastoci/stis tiinbriata) had been previously developed. The soil in two boxes was sterilized by heating. Tbe tnbers grown in the unsterilizcd soil were healthy. In another experiment diseased and healthy tubers were xdantcd in separate boxes containing sterilized soil. Fifty per cent of the tubers grown from diseased seed were diseased, while those grown from healthy seed were all healthy. Eeport of Horticultukist, M. H. Beckwitii (pp. 02-100), — This includes a list of the fruits planted in 1800, and accounts of tests of varieties of strawberries and potatoes. Fruits planted (pp. 03-100). — A list of 70 varieties of peaches planted for experimental purposes in the orchard of S. H. Messick, near Bridge- ville, Delaware; 104: varieties of peaches planted in the orchard of C Wright, near Seaford, Delaware; 37 varieties of peaches planted at the station; and 01 varieties of strawberries, 5 of currants, and 5 of goose- berries planted at the station. Strawberries, test of varieties (pp, 100-lOG), — Tabulated data for 22 varieties tested at j!!<^ewark, Bridgeville, and Mernmid, Bubach, Gandy, and Pearl were among the most promising varieties, Fotatoes, test of varieties (i)p. 100-100). — Tabulated data for 52 varie- ties tested at the station and 8 at Dover, Delaware. At the station the most i)roductive varieties were Crimson Beauty, Delaware, McClelland, Great Eastern, Invincible, and Sunmiit. At Dover, Gandy was suj)e- rior in yield and quality. The varieties free from rot were Early Maine, Early Ohio, Early Puritan, Lee Favorite, Minister, and Kough Dia- moiul. Among those seriously injured by rot were Crimson Beauty, Gandy, Invincible, and Summit. 21820— Xo, 10 3 690 Eeport of Entomologist, M. H. Beckwith (pp. 110-129, figs. Gi.— A reprint of Bulletin Xo. 12 of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. 718). Eeport of Chemist, C. L. Benny, :m. A. (pp. 129-154). Sour-cream 2)>'ocrss, .sicfct-crcam process, <(nd butter extractor (pp. 129- 149). — A reprint of the experiments on these subjects repented in Bul- letin No. 9 of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. in. p. 002). MisceUaneoun (pp. 149-154). — liricf mention is made of examinati(/ns of grapes for copper ''to test whether the application of a certain cop- per mixture to the vines atlects the fruit or makes it unsafe for food.'' A sample of fruit covered ^vith spots of copper giving it " a distinctly and disagreeably metallic taste," was reported to have 47 parts (»f copper per million, or less than has been reported in some articles of food eonsidt'red healthy, as beef liver. " In other woids, the tongue is a suHicii'nt safe guanl against eating fruit that eontains this copjier salt in poisonous quantities."' To determine the amount of copper absorbed by potatoes when grow- ing in a soil containing it. analyses were made of the skin and i)ulp of tubers from an uiikii(»\vn sourci' and those grown in a soil rich in coi>p«r. The potatoes grown in soil rich in coi»iier contained l.'.VA parts of copper per million in the pidp an«l 4(> jtarts in the skin; and those of unknown origin 1 .29 40. 5» 100.00 100.00 AveraRO whe.tt bran. Per cent. 10.70 6. i>0 8.60 4.0U 1 4. S;l 5:>. 00 100.00 The clover hay contained 2.9 per cent of pota.sh and 0.58 per cent of phosi)horic acid. Befort of .AIeteorologist, G. a. IIartei{, ^l. A. (pp. 154-170).— Tabulated monthly summaries of ob.servations in 1.S90 at Newark, Mid- dletown, Dover, Millonl, Seal'ord, ami Mill.sbonmgh, Delaware. At the station the mean temperature for the year was 53.7^ F., the total rain- tall 44. 1() inches, the number of days on which 0.01 inch or more of rain fell 114. 691 Georgia Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 7). This inchules brief statements regarding the changes in organization, new buildings erected, and ex])eriniental work performed during 1891, and a subject list of Bulletins Xos. 10-15 issued during the year. There is also a hnancial statement for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891, Georgia Station, Bulletin No. 16, February, 1892 (pp. 29). EXPEROIENTS WITH COTTON, K. J. REDDING (pp. 129-157). — This includes experiments with fertilizers and with different methods of cul- ture for cotton, and variety tests. Special nitrogen experiment (i)p. 129-135). — This is a repetition on the same 28 fourteenth-acre plats of a special nitrogen experiment witli cotton made in 1890 and reported in Bulletin No. 11 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. ii, p. 553). The tabulated data inchule analyses of the fertilizing ingredients used, the rainfall during 1891 by months, and the yields of cotton at three diiierent pickings. The author summarizes the results as follows : 1. This is a Aeiy poor soil, being deficiout iu all the elenients of plant food, but especially in phosphoric acid. A moderate dose of jjotash (muriate) proved decidedly injurious instead of beneficial. 2. Phosphoric acid in combination with jiotash gaAC moderately good results. 3. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda alone was of no material benelit; in the form of cottou-seed meal it gave a considerable increase, probably partly due to its i)hosphoric acid and potash; as sulphate of ammosia a moderate iii»rease; as dried blood a smaller increase. 4. Nitrogen iu every form used, Avhen in combination with jihosphoric acid and potash (mixed minerals), gave much the best results and appeared to be the most eilective element. 5. Nitrogen seemed most eft'ective when applied (1) in tlie form of stable manure, (2) in the form of nitrate of soda, (3) in the form of crushed cotton seed, (4) in the form of cotton-seed meal, (5) in the form of dried blood, (6) as sulphate of ammonia. General fertilizer experiment (pp. 133-144:). — An experiment on 102 plats, each 69| feet in length and containing three rows 4 feet apart. Eleven jdats remained unfertilized. On the other plats superphosi)hate 156, 312, and 468 pounds; muriate of potash, 39, 78, and 117 pounds; and nitrate of soda 65, 130, and 195 pounds were variously combined with each other and Avith 429 pounds of cotton-seed meal per acre. The land had recently been in corn, oats, and peas, and was prepared by turning the i^ea stubble in with a plow. The variety of cotton used was Truitt Imx)roved. The results are tabulated. The author con- cludes that — (1) Phosi)horic acid is the most effective in increasing the yield of cotton on this soil. (2) Potash was not required except when liberal amounts of pliosjjhoric acid and nitrogen were used, when one dose of potash was moderately eti'ective. The behav- ior of potash (muriate) is uncertain and even erratic, as shown by the absence of uniform results where this element was used in increasing ([uautities. It is not cer- tain that on the whole potash increased the yield of cotton. 692 (3) Nitrogen is very effective when used in medium cpiantities in two doses, in combination with three doses of phosphoric acid. A larger jirojiortion of nitrogen apjiears to be injurious. (4) Cotton-seed meal as a source of nitrogen is equally effective with nitrate of soda in the same combinations as i)lant food lV)r cotton. (5) The most etlective com1>ination of the three elements as a fertilizer for cottxm on the soil covered by this exi>erimeut is three doses of superphosidiate 4tiS pounds, containing 6() i)Ounds phosphoric acid; two doses of muriate of potash 7S pounds, containing 39 pounds of potash; two doses of nitrate of soda 65 i>ounds, contiiining 120 pounds of nitrogen. iHtoruItural fert'dizinfi (pp. 141-147). — Two experiiiuMits to observe the eti'ect of ai»i)lyiiig a ;;iveii amount of fertilizer all at oiiee ami in fractions, were made in 1.S91 during the growing season and were simi- lar to one made in 1800, reported in Bulletin No. 11 of the station (see Experiment Station llecord. vol, ir. p. 5.");3). One experiment was ineon- elusive. In the other superphosphate and muriate of potash were used with cotton-seed meal or nitrate of soda, lieiug applied either all before planting, i>art before planting, or part at jilanting. and the remainder in two or three fractions later (June 1 and .Inly 1). (1) Successive or intercultural ap]tlications of nitrogen in the form of cotton-seed meal are not i)rolifable. It is mor»* etlective when all is ai>p]ied at or before plant- ing than when applied in two dosis. and le-^s etVective in tliree than in two. (2) Nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda may be prolitablv divided into not more than two ajiplications, tin* seconear wliat wftuld liave been the result if one half the nitrate had been applied July 1 inst<:id of June 1. Tojq)iiuf voiiini (pp. 147-lHt). — A previous i'xp«'rimetit on topping cotton was reported in linlUtin >so. 11 of the station (see Kxiteii- ment Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. 554). One at-re, containing 52 rows of cotton, all of which were mainired ami cidtivated exactly the same, was used for the experiment in ISIH. •• Kvt-ry lifth row, commeming with the iirst ami ending with the tiftylirst, was left untopped. On .Inly 1, July 15, and August 15 each 10 rows were topped, each row topped at any of the dates being s«'parated by 5 rows from the nearest row topped at the same date.'' The yii'hls of cotton for the topi)ed and unlopped rows at 5 successive pickings are tabulated. (1) It is again jiroved (as last year) tliat topping ]iroduces a material cffe«t on tlie yield. Holh hist year and this year topping from .Inly 1 to July 15 injured the yield most. Last year the mws not topped gave the largest yield; this year those lopped August 15 gave the largest. {'2) Topjiiiig cotton is a hazardous e\|HTinient and very uncertain. The jnobalile effect can not be foreseen with sutlicieut certainty. It is probal>le that many farmers have to]i|(ed their colt«ui and liejieved the eli'eetitive ex]ieriment would \\:\\v jirovcd the lontrary. It is suggested that the conditions under which topi»iiig would be most likely to prove bencticial are when the cotton plants will i>robably be large — i or 5 feet high — and have good distance. If crowded in the ri:\v to])ping tends to crowd the foliage still more by causing the branches to grow longer. Drrp rs. shtdloir citlfurr of mfton ([>. 14!>). — An exiu'riment on (» jdats siinihir to the on*- leiiorted in Ilnbetin No. 11 of the station (see Kxper- imeiil Sl:ilion iaHoid, vol. il. p. 554). 693 "Last year this experiment resulted very ftivorably to the sliallow culture theory; this year less so, and yet decisively, considering the extra cost of deep culture. In other words, so far as this experiment goes it proves that deep culture is not beneticial." Test of varieties of cotton (pi>. 140-151). — Tabulated notes are given for 17 varieties of cotton. Cotton at iliffcrcnt distances (pp. 151-155). — Cotton was planted on 1 acre of land in rows 4 feet wide and afterwards thinned to distances of 1, 2, 3, and 4 feet, respectively, in the rows. The entire acre was uianured with 312 pounds of superi)hospliiite, 78 pounds of muriate of potash, and 130 jtounds of nitrate of soda, at a cost of $0.00. The yields of cotton at different distances are tabulated. The author's conclusions are as follows : (1) On land capablo of making between 1 and 1.5 balesof cotton per acretbe plants sbonld not be closer tban 4 by 2 feet, nor wider pr<)l>ab]y than 4 by 3 feet. (2) The greater tlie distance given the more important it is to secni'e an early stand, tliiii out early, and give rapid cultivation. (3) Close planting gives a larger yield in the early fall, or at the first and second pickings. (The 4 by 1 series in the experiment was 161 pounds ahead of the 4 by 2 series at the close of the fourth picking, October 16.) This is because each plaut, when planted close, will make nearly if not quite as many blooms in the first few weeks of blooming as each plant in widely planted rows. Between the date of the first and second pickings, a. period of 12 days, 1 pound of cotton was yielded by every 15 plants of the 4 by 1 series, while in the 4 by 2 series 12 plants were required to 1 pound. When it is considered that there were only 5,005 plants to the acre in the 4 by 2 series against 9,250 plants in the 4 by 1 series, the explanation of the greater yield of the 4 by 1 series at the second picking is plain. At the fifth picking, Novem- ber 4, 43 plants in the 4 by 1 series yielded 1 pound, while in the 4 by 2 seies 13 plants only yielded 1 pound. Effect of (liff^erent amounts of fertilizers applied to cotton (p]>. 155- 157). — An acre of land containino' 52 rows of cotton was used for this trial. A mixture of GO pounds superphosphate, 15 i)ounds muriate of potash, and 25 pounds nitrate of soda per acre was applied to different series of rows in this amount and in two, three, four, five, and six times this amount, respectively. The yields of the series of rows receiving- different amounts of fci'tilizers are tabulated. " Successively increasing- amounts of fertilizers do not result in the same ratio of increasing- yields of cotton. It follows that the larger the amount of fertilizers the greater will be the resulting cost of the increase per i)ound, while at the same time there will be left in the soil a correspondingly larger amount of fertilizer for the use of the succeeding crop." Georgia Station. Bulletin No. 17, March, 1892 (pp. 36). Experiments with Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes, toma- toes, AND forage plants, Gr. Speth (pp. 105-108). Irish potatoes (pp. 1C5-174). — The experiments were in continuation of those reported in liulletin Xo. 8 of the station (see P]xperiment Station Eecord, vol ii, p. 324), and included a test of varieties and experiments G94 in planting at different distances and witli different amounts of seed, and in the use of fertilizers. Tabulated data are given for 30 varieties, "vvitlisonieof which the relative merit.s of Eastern. We.>. 5 r«.« 72.9 71.1 8.-.. 1 09.6 Beaiitv of Hilron. Large. Siuall. ToLil Buth. 42. 0 38. 2 53.3 47.0 60.2 Gil. 6 64.4 46.0 Bush. 7.2 6.8 0.2 8.1 9.5 11.6 17.5 18.2 Buih. 4U. 4 47.0 62.5 55.1 6!».7 64.2 Seed pieces from large and small tubers. a • Mode of cutting. Calriilated yield per acre. "s Early Koso. Beauty of Hebron. o Large. | Small. ToUl. Largo. Smalt. Total. 1 Buth. Buih. 43. 7 8. 7 Bvsh. Bush* 36.7 Buah. Bu*k. 0 a jfi n ? 47.2 12.8 60.0 43 7 10 h 54.2 3 46. U 14.0 6U.6 1 46.9 1 8.6 7U. 0 15. 1 1 85. 1 I 6.5. 3 ' 10. 9 32.0 14.0 40. 8 1 2M.U 1 l&a 55.5 4 Lai't;)' potatoes. III! i'm-k nit mit liiit two 82.2 44.3 1 Notes and tabulated ihita are given Inr an experiment in wliieli fer tili/.ers were ai>plied above ami l>eIow seetl jjotatoes (»f the Early liose and lieauty of lleltroii \arieties eultivated liy tlie trench and ridge systems. The results of an exiieriment are tabulated and discussed in which cotton-seed meal, nitrate of s(»da. superpliosjiliate. kainit. and muriate of potash, used singly and in dill'ncnt combinations, were conipaictl with stable manure and witli no manure on \uh\v, sandy soil. Tlie following is a summary of the various experiments: (1) The most promising new varieties of )>otatoes are l>rowiiell No. 31, Early Delaware, Ilowe Premium, Late Puritan, liural New Yorker No. 2, and Seneca Beauty. Southern seed gave larger yiehls than East- ern or \\'estern seed. There was very little ditference in the yields from Eastern and NN'estern seed. (2) The total yield increases in proportion to the size of the seed piece. 695 (3) T\yo eye cuttings from mediiim sized tubers planted at a distance of 12 inelies, ,or quarter pieces planted IS inelies apart, will generally insure the most iirofitable returns. (4) There was no decided difference in results from apjilying the fer- tilizer above or below the seed. (5) A mixture of superphosphate, potash, and nitrate of soda or cottou-seedmeal gave the only profitable increase in yield. Two appli- cations of nitrate of soda, one at the time of planting, the other about 5 or G weeks later, produced more favorable results than one application; but cotton seed meal should be apjdied at the same time as the other fertilizers. (0) As a fertilizer for potatoes a mixture of 400 pounds super])hos- phate, 250 pounds muriate of potash, 400 pounds nitrate of soda, and 800 pounds cotton seed meal is suggested. Sweet pofafoes (pp. 174-182), — General statements are made regard- ing the culture of sweet potatoes, and fiehl experiments are described in planting at different distances, with hill m. flat culture, with small vs. large seed, and with fertilizers. A previous report on experiments with sweet potatoes may be found in Bulletin No. 11 of the station (see Exi^eri- ment Station Kecord, vol. ii, j). 555). The yields for 2 varieties planted at distances of 1.5 by 3.5, 2 by 3.5, 2.5 by 3.5, and 3 by 3.5 feet are given in a table, those for the two inter- mediate distances being the largest. In the case of 2 varieties fiat culture gave considerably larger yields than hill culture, but for a third variety hill culture gave slightly the best results. Where large and small tubers were used for seed there were no great differences in the yields. The tabulated results of an experiment in which muriate of potash or kainit was used in different comljinations with superphosphates and cotton-seed meal, do not indicate in which form potash may be most profitably applied to sweet potatoes. Notes and tabulated data are given for an experiment in which cotton- seed meal, nitrate of soda, superphosphate, kainit, and muriate of i^ot- ash, used singly and in different combinations, were compared with stable manure and with no manure on a " stiff, red sandy clay soil with clay subsoil," on which Southern Queen and Pumpkin Yam potatoes were planted. The best results were obtained with complete fertilizers, but there were indications that the Southern Queen variety required relatively more nitrogen and less potash than the other. Nitrate of soda was nufbh more effective than cotton-seed metW. Tabulated data are given for a test of 9 varieties of sweet potatoes. The largest yields were produced by Pumpkin Yam, Southern Queen, Bermuda Sweet, and Georgia Yam. Tomatoes (pp. 182-100). — Tests of varieties and an experiment with fertilizers are reported. Brief descriptive notes are given on 10 new G96 varieties of tomatoes, and j^eneral statements are maderejsranlinfra test of varieties, wiiicli was so interfered with by the prevalence of rot that detailed data are not jjiven. Notes and tabnlated data are <;iven for an experiment in which snper phosphate, mnriate (»f i»otasli, cotton-seed meal, and nitrate of soda, nsed singly and in ditferent coiubinations. were compared with no niannre on hard clay soil with clay subsoil, on which Early IJnby and innotnm tomatoes were planted. Oidy the complete lertilizers yave protitable returns. It was not clear whether nitrate of soda was more advantageons than cotton-seed meal. Relatively laige rations of nitrofjen, especially in the form of cotton-seed meal, seemed to pro- long the time of bearinfj'. Foroffc jihditfi {n\>. VM)-10f>). — An acconnt of experiments with cow peas, sorghum, and soja beans, in continuation of those rejiorted in Unlletin No. 12 of tlie station (see I-'\periiiieiit Station IJecord. vol. in, p. 15). Cowpeas jdanted on clay soil were fertilized with superphosjdmte, mnriate of i)otasli, kiiinit. and nitrate of sotla. singly and in dilVerent (•ombinati(»ns. L* phits remaining unmannred. The ln-st resnlts were ol)tained with combinations of sui»erphosi>hate :ind jiotasli. Kainit ]>ro\ cd more elVectual than nniriate of potash. The jdants evidently gatliered nitrogen from (»ther sources besides the fertilizers. The yields of green and dry forage per acre are tabulated for 7 varieties of sorghum, white and yellow millo maize, KatVir corn, teosinte. jtc-arl millet, IMonnt Trolilic corn, and iSrazilian tloiir corn. As compan-d with corn, the other varieties of forage plants tested gave relatively larger results. An exiierinu'ut with soja beans imlicated that they wonld compare favorably with cowpeas in the amount of forage juoduced per acre. Kansas Station. Bulletin No. 25, December. 1891 pp. 9;. ExrininiKNT.s wmi soiuiiii m, (i. 11. rAiLvicu. :M. S., and J. T. WiLLAKD, M, S. (pi». llT-llTj). — The work here report«'d includes tests of varieties. im]u-ovement by seed select it»n, and trials with fertilizers. Tlu' .sc.Tstiii uf LS'.tl w;is tli«> most favoialilc fur s]ilie«l with rain, lol- loweil Ity a rather dry fall, so favoralile to niatiiratiou of :i sorj;hnin rich in ( ane snLiar. A killinj; frost did not oeenr nntil Oetidxr 7. < Inly aliont 'AO varieties were grown this year, the jioorer ones having Keen rejeet< d after 2 years' trial. The highest pereentages of cane sngar fonnd in general samjiles of certain varie- ties is .'IS follows: Indendilinle 17. IW, cross of Orange and Anilier 17.07. Kansas Orange Ki.SJ, Mcdinni Orange ir>..".S. I. ink llyhrid 115.37. cross of Orange and Link Hybrid l.'i.Sl. I'nkun.jana l."i..VJ. White Amber 1."). JO. The selection of inilix idnal stalks of high sngar content and purity has ln'cn con- tinned. Nearly 1.3(M1 cams, from 10 x.irietics, were examined and (>(> an.ilyses nia«le. The Itighcst i)erc»ntages fonnd in a few of the varieties were, rndentlebnle l^'.5♦.^, Kansas Orange IS. .">!•. cross of Orange and Andter IS. '_'."». Medinni Orange 17. SI. Link Hybrid 17.41, Inkunjana Hcorn is described. From the unitbrmity of the ears produced it would appear that this cross is now fixed as a dis- tinct variety. Some blue kernels found on ears of corn whose immediate parents were known to have shown no kernels of this color, were planted anil one of the resulting ears was artificially fertilized with jiollen from the same stalk under conditions which kept it Iree from any possible inter- mediate cross. This car contained .370 kernels. Of these 20(j were bine, 71 pink, 71 oranjjo-yellow. and 22 pnre white. This resnlt seems to he contlnsive evidence tliat the Vdni' of the grains ]>lanted was tilt' jnodutt of ata\ ism. and from the faet that all the ]>lant<'d jjrains weiv bine, the pink, yellow, and white grains in like manner iimst have reverted to other varie- ties. Five other ears from the same seed, hnt not imlnsed — thius heing exposed to the pollen of other varieties — showed the same variation in color, with a slightly smaller )ier cent of bine. To show the ijrejxtteney of tlie l)liie corn, a large number of ears fnun other jdats, growing within a ra«lins of 2.5 yards, were examined. About half the number of unenclosed ears had from one to fivf bine kernels, while imt one of the inclosed gave any traces of blue. Louisiana Stations, Bulletin No. 13 (Second Series), (pp. 32). Sweet potatoes, II. A. Mokcjan, P.. S. A., and 15. B. Boss. .M. A. (pp. 314-342, ligs. 1(1). — A brief history of the swcj't potato is given, together with notes and tabulattd data on 14 varieties grown at the Louisiana State Station. In an experiment in which cottonseed meal, muriate of jxitasli, and acid ])hosphate, singly and coml»ined, w<'re applie(l on sweet potatoes of the (leorgia Yam vari«'ty on a soil of dark brown loam, the acid i»hosphate gave the largest yield. Cotton-seed meal seemetl to make the jiotatoes irregular in shap*'. Where sweet potatoes were planted at distani«'s of S, lii, l.~», ami IS inches apart in the row the results favored lo and 18 inches. The following table gives the results of an;Hyses of the varieties tested: Analytcs of varieties of street potatoes. Variety. Now Jorspy (ieorj;i.'i Vmu riiui|>kin Y;ini Vineless Delaware Sjmuisb Yam Barliadoes Southern yiieen Korroii .Shaiigliai or California Ked Nauseinouil .Sugar Peaboily Dog River Water. Per et. m.M &'>. 03 67.83 Ki. hi Oil. 4."> 6*1.85 62. 3.1 63.20 61.42 63.18 63.46 58.46 66.06 67.00 Cniile Crmlo ash. protein. Per 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. et. 07 01 I 07 UJ 22 02 09 ; 04 ! 08 I 04l 30 10 09 21 I Criule fat. ret. PereL 1.57 0.00 2.49 l.:« 1.95 0.75 1.35 0.64 2.08 1.2.S 1.75 l.OU 1.51 0..54 1.62 0.57 1.71 0.71 l.r.!> 0.97 1.47 0.73 1.71 0.63 1 41 0.62 1.00 0.73 Cnule libi-r. Peret. 0.89 0.79 0.98 0.85 0.70 1.02 0.86 0.86 1.09 0.95 0.98 0. 115 0.73 1.05 Nitrogen- free extract. Per 699 By covering the flowers with paper bags seed was obtained, which will be planted with a view to obtaining new varieties. Brief descrip- tions of the several varieties tested arc given, and arc accompanied in each case by an outline figure of a leaf. The following summary is taken frpm the bulletin : (1) Those varieties which have the most reaily sale in Louisiana immediately after tlii^giiiy are the Geoigia Yam and .Sugar. (2) The most desiralile mealy varieties (preferred in the Northern markets) are the Moutlieru Queen, New Jersey, Barbadoes, and Spanish Yam, and probably Norton and Dog Hiver. (3) Varieties to be grown as food for stock are Red Nansemond, Pumpkin, and Cali- fornia. (4) The Vineless requires further trial. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 14). This includes brief statements regarding the work of the station in chemistry, entomology, meteorology, agriculture, and horticulture, and the Treasurer's report for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1 891. A colored plate illustrating the different stages of the Gypsy moth {Ocneria disixir) accompanies the text. The analyses made for the station during the year were as follows: Ash 2, fertilizers 24, fodder and ash G8, fodder 6, milk 2, moistnre determinations 459, moisture and starch determinations 45, fungicides and insecticides 10. The Japanese millets mentioned in the last Annual Eoport, together with two other species of millet and a number of varieties of sf*ja bean, have been under fur- ther trial. The millets show remarkable cropping capacity. Fanicum iialicum in half-acre plats has yielded in one instance at the rate of 72 bushels of heavy seed and 2.16 tons of straw, and in another at the rate of 76 bushels of seed and 2.2 tons of straw per acre. This straw will be analyzed, but from its appearance it is judged that it must equal corn stover in feeding value. An experiment in feeding will be undertaken this winter. Another millet, Panicum crus-galU, yielded at the rate of 42.5 bushels of seed and nearly 7 tons of straw to the acre; and another, Panicum miliaceum, at the rate of 90.8 bushels of seed and 65 tons of straw. The latter when green was eaten with all the avidity which cattle usually show for green corn fod- der, and promises to be a valuable crop for soiling or for the silo. Several of the varieties of soja bean {Glycine hinpida) which have been under cul- tivation prove well adapted to our soil and climate, and on soil of medium quality have yielded in dilierent years from about 25 to 35 bushels to the acre. * * *^ White mustard seed at the rate of about 16 bushels per acre has been raised, and was ripe in time for use in seeding for green manuring upon stubble land and in standing corn. Careful experiments in the use of this crop as a nitrogen conservcr and soil improver have been begun. Hemp of 2 varieties and flax of 3 have been successfully raised, but the experiment with flax, wiiich occupied three fourths of an acre, has demonstrated the impossi- bility, at present prices, of growing the crop at a prolit in this section. 700 The analyses of the nioininy and nijiht's milk of the cows in tlie station herd during December, 1890, gave the lollowing average results: Ayr.sliiro . . . HolAlein Sliortlioru .. J ersey (iiieriisey... Gniile Entiru berJ. Breed. Xo. of Soliil». Fat. Per cent. Per cent. G 13. 29 3.78 5 12. 10 3.26 4 l:!. 19 4.04 :t 1X91 4.96 1 lti.3ii 6.79 L'l \.\. •_• 1 4.18 Vi. 17 4.11 Massachusetts Hatch Station. Meteorological Bulletin No. 38. February. 1892 (pp. 4). A daily and niontlily .•^nniniaiy of observations lor February at the meteorological observatory of the station, in diaige of C. 1>. NN'arner, B. S. Michigan Station, Bulletin No. 80, Januarj. 1892 (pp. 38). Fruit testing at the South Haven Substation. IsiM. T. T. Lyon. — This is the .second year's report on tests of varieties of large and small fruits. The fir.st report was issued as Bulletin No. 07 of the station (see ICxjieiinient Station IJecord, vol. II. p. 3."».{). IStraivhirrir.s. — Tabulated data are given for lL'8 varieties, with descrii)tive notes on l'l of the more desirable varietie.-^. Conipaiison.s of l)lanting in hills and matted row.s .showed the best results from the lbrm«'r method in most eases. The following vari«*ti<'s. named appr(»\imati'ly in the order of maturing, are recommended for family use: Alpha. Ilav- erland. Parker I'^arle. Ilebnont, Tarry, Mount Vernon, and Clandy. Fitr market inii|>oses the following an* recommended in the order of pro- ductiveness: Parker Karh', Beder Wood, Ilaverland, Enlmnce, (Ireat Pacitic, Ibibach No. 5, antl Mrs. Cleveland. "The last and lowest of these yielded .^O.l ounces of fruit from L'-l plats, while Crescent under the same conditions yielded but 172 ounces.'' Kanphcnii'.s. — Tabulated data are given for3 varieties of 7i*»^».s /(/rr».v. 5 of R. nef/lectiis, 18 of A*, occidcnfali.s. and l."» of if. striyosiis, with descriptive not«'s on -'J varieties. For home and market jmrposes the following red and yellow varieties are recommended: Hansell, Ilerstine, Reder, Cuthbert, and Gohb'U (^ueen. Annmg cai» varieties, Cromwell. Doolittle, Souhegan, Ilillxtrn. ami Nemaha are desirable for a family garden. Blackberrien. — Tabulated data are given for 21 varieties of black- berries and li of dewberries, with de.scrii>tive notes on !."» varieties. " Lucietia dewbeiry and lOarly llaivest blackberry (which ripen very neai'ly together), followed by Agawam or Kittatinny. and Taylor to close the season will be found a very satisfactory succession for a family 701 plantation of this frnit. For market, if covered in winter, the Wilson is found eminently profitable. If without winter protection, Snyder and Taylor will be found much surer, thoujih smaller in size." Currdjits. — Tabulated data on 14 red and white and o l)lack varieties, and the Crandall currant. The last named is considered by the author of very doubtful value. The old varieties, White Dutch and lied Dutch, are thought to be as good as any. Gooseberries. — Tabulated data are given for 11 varieties. Houghton, a small, smooth variety, seems to be hardy and productive. (?/v/c.v.— Tabulated data for 19 Mazzard and 18 Duke and :\rorello, with brief descriptive notes on 12 varieties. '• For a market list of sweet clierries a good selection would be Black Tartarian, Napoleon, and Downer; of Dukes and Morellos, Early Ivichmond, May Duke, Louis Phillip[)e, and Magniti(jue." 3tulherries. — Brief notes on the 5 varieties on trial at the substation. Service berries. — Brief notes on 3 varieties. Peaches. — One hundred and forty-nine varieties are now on trial. Detailed notes regarding them are deferred until the newer varieties have fruited. Plums. — Eighty-one varieties are now on trial. Grapes. — Tabulated data are given for 127 varieties. ''Persons who prize quality and desire to secure it, even with slightly dimniished productiveness and some additional care and labor, will find abundant satisfaction for dessert purposes from a plantation of the following, named as nearly as jtracticable in their order of riijening: Grreen Mou'ntaiu or Wiuchell, Delaware, Lady, Brighton, Ulster, lona, Jefierson, Agawam, and Diana. The following will afford a good succession for maket inir- poses: Moore Early, Worden, Niagara, Pocklington, Woodruff", and Eaton." Pears. — Sixty-seven varieties have been planted. Apples. — One hundred and forty varieties have been planted, but none have yet come into bearing. From previous experience of the author the following are recommended for family uses: Early Harvest, Sweet Bough, Jeffries, Munson Sweet, Shiawassee, Northern Spy, Early Straw- berr}', Garden Eoyal, Keswick, Dyer, Hubbardston, Lady Sweet, Pri- mate, Jersey Sweet, Rhode Island Greening, Golden Eusset, Chenango, St. Lawrence, Jonathan, Talman Sweet, and Roxbury Russet; for market purposes. Early Harvest, Lowell, Rhode Island Greening, Rox- bury Russet, Red Astrachan, Shiawassee, Baldwin, Maiden Blush, Hubbardston, and Red Canada (top graft). Quinces. — Brief notes on 9 varieties. Kuts. — Brief notes on 5 varieties of chestnuts, 2 of walnuts, and 1 each of chinquapin and j)ecan. Rhubarb and asparagus. — Brief additional notes on the varieties referred to in the previous report. 702 Mississippi Station, Bulletin No. 17, December, 1891 (pp. 16). Insects injurious to stored grain, H. E. Weed, M. S. (figs. S)._ Descriptive notes on the angonmois grain moth {Gelechia cereaUella), black weevil [CahuuJra onjz(v), red grain beetle (Silranus casnia'), corn sap beetle [CarpophUxiH paUipenni-s), SUvanus surin/ii}Hii.si.\, Tribttlium fernigineum, and Calandra (jranariu. Tliere are also suggestions for the repression of these insects, with special references to the use of bisulphide of carbon. The figures accompanying the text are original, with the exception of two, m hich are after liiley. Mississippi Station, Bulletin No. 18, January, 1892 (pp. 4). Cotton, test of varieties, E. K. Lloyd, M. S. — Tabulated notes on 46 varieties grown at the station in ISIM. The varieties giving the most ])rofitable yiehls of lint and seed were Eureka, Texas iStorm I'roof, xUlen, Bailey, and Drake Cluster. Mississippi Station, Bulletin No. 19. January. 1892 (^pp. 12). SOITIIEKN T(»MAT<» lU.KJHT. ]i. 1). H Al.S I KD. I >. S( '. — Owing to the prevalence of an undetermined disease of tomatoes in Mississijtpi, the author, who is connected with the New Jer.sey College Staticm, was em])loyedby the Mississippi Station to makea special study of thedisease. For this ])uri»ose lie made observations in the field «luring 1S!>1 and has since continued the work in his kUioratory in New .lersey. This bulletin includes a preliminary account oftlie.se investigations, which are to be continued the coming sea.sortions of the plant revealed the ])resence of large num- bers of bacteria, and further tests seem to show that the.se bacteria are the cause of the trouble. A ba<'terial di.sea.se of potatoes, melon.s, and other cucurbits has been studied, and inoculation experiments are reported which indi<-ate that the bacteria found on these jilantsandon the tomato are of the same kind. The author makes the Ibllowing prac- tical suggestions with reference to the repression of this di.sease: A soil may becMniie so contaiiiinated witli bacteria from any one of the three crops as to make it unlit for either of the other two. Repetition of the same crop is of conrso not cU'siralile. The potato from the nature of its "seed"' is best adapted to the dissemination of the blight, as it can be carried tinobserved in the potatoes used in phmtinp. As tlie Hordeaux mixture has proved effective for the bacterial disease of the potato, spraying with this compound is recommended for all three crops when fear (»f blight is entertaincfl. Care should be taken to burn the diseased i)lants when found, and also all litter in the field at harvest time. 703 Nebraska Station, Bulletin No. 19 (pp. 12). Farm notes for 1891, C. L. Ingersoll, M. S. (pp. 203-214, plates 3). — Xotes and tabulated data on 6 varieties of spring and 27 of winter wheat, 3 of rye, 4 of barley, 5 of eorn, 13 of sweet corn, 2 of pop corn, 2 of broom corn, 3 of Hax, 4 of sorghum, 3 of sweet potatoes, 7 of pota- toes, 1 of peanuts, and 8 of onions; also on 5 species of osier willows and \3 of grasses and clovers; and on Lathyrus .sylvcstris^ Chinese potato bulblets, Stachys tubers, Kaffir corn, and Jerusalem corn. An experiment in topping corn is reported in which the yield seems to have been reduced by this treatment. The season Avas remarkable for its excessive rainfall and the prevalence of fungous diseases. The plates accompanying the bulletin contain illustrations of the heads of 27 varieties of winter wheat tested. New Jersey Stations, Special Bulletin M, November 23, 1891 (pp. 19). Field experiments with soil and black rots of sweet POTATOES, B. D. Halsted, D. Sc. — A report on experiments carried on in continuation of tliose recorded in the Annual IJeport of the sta- tion for 1890 (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ill, p. 307). Kefer- euce is made to the descriptions of black rot {Ceratoei/fitis Jimbnata) and soil rot {Acrocysfis batata') in Bulletin Xo. 70 of the station (see Experiment Station Eecord, vol. ii, p. 410). In 1891 experiments with reference to the iuHuence of diflerent kinds of manures and fertilizers on the amount of soil rot and black rot, were conducted in a field that had been badly infested with soil rot. Tliesc experiments were in two series, one on 19 twentieth-acre plats and the other on 4 smaller plats. The results are stated in tables and notes and are illustrated with a diagram. In estimating the influence of the dift'erent fertilizers ttie tubers of the crop were classified as follows: (1) Large sound pota- toes free from rot, (2) sound potatoes designated " seconds," (3) pota- toes affected with black rot, (4) large marketable jjotatoes affected with soil rot, and (5) small marketable j^otatoes affected with soil rot. The result of each series of experiments may be summarized in the follow- ing table : 704 Weights of potatoes affected irith lihok and soil rots, FIRST EXPEKIMEXT. Plat. 1 2 3 4 5 6a 66 8unds... 480 pounds 160 pounds 320 pounds ICO pounds Pounds. 3.5 11.5 10 14.5 65 50.5 41 25 43 41.5 47 6 22 38 30 47 38 21 m 28 17 Pom /I 3. 7 11 6 16 16 111. 32 13 13 11 10 13.5 27 50 32 31 18 35 31 Total. Poundg. 2.75 38 9 16 70 17 11.5 5 21.5 19.5 9 4 9.5 4.5 1 1.5 11 0.5 261.25 Pounds. 97 122 37 193 221 37 51 70 58 59 158 50 70 116.5 41 105 Pounds. 47 47 36 35 65 3.S 58 35 16 52 34 47 44 36 58 67 42 7."> 45 21 1,741.5 SFXOND EXPEUIMEXT. 1 New York manure 93 -1 57 . i 140 ■\l 56 40 38.66 28. 6« 22 6.06 2.66 11.33 16.60 1C8 06 140 214.66 60 ■ 40 66 3 2S0 pounds.. 400)>< louiid that wliilc as a rule the most protl ac- tive plat furnislicd the jiTcatest aiuoiiiit, there were sonic e.xeeptioiis. The various kinds of fertilizers in jjeiieral materially increastHl the per- centage of black rt»t, but this increase (-((uM iie made. Aiiotlier apparent fact brought out by these tests is the need of organic matter in the soil for the i^rofitable growth of sweet iiotatocs." 705 New Jersey Stations, Special Bulletin N, November 30, 1891 (pp. 16). Insects in.juuious to the blackberky, J. B. Smith (lij;s. 7). — ropiihir dcseriptious arc given of the red necked Ciine Lorer {Af/rilu>i rnJicoUis), blackberry crown borer {Bemhecia niarf/inata), giant root borer {L'n'oriKs laticoJIis), and blackberry niidgc {LitsUtpieru fnvinosa)^ uitli suggestions regarding remedies. Special leferences are )n;ide to observations on these insects by the author in 1891 in soulliern New Jersey. Three of the figures accompanying the text are original, the others being after liiley. Tlic hintory of the gall maker has been inorr coiniilcti'ly written jnnl tlie dates of lli(! various stages have been fully uoled, wliiie oliservatioiis on the crown borer are for the lirst time carried on throughout an entire season, somewhat modifying the accepted accounts, for New Jersey at least. " * '" The life history of the crown borer differs from tlinse jireviously published, in giv- ing a 2-year period to the larva, the others giving positivtdy or infcrentially a period of 1 year only. * * * As a blackberry pest tiie J'rioints larva has not, to my knowledge, been heretofore recorded . * * ^ In some States rasjiberries suffer equally or more from these same insects, l)ut in New Jersey the varieties grown are practically free from injury, so far as I have observed. Of the blackberries the Wilson, which for date, size, flavor, and price is tlie favorite with growers, is also the favorite with insects, and is the only one injured to any serious extent. I ail inclined to believe that other varieties are also attacked, but ai'e more resistant and show injury less. New York State Station, Bulletin No. 38 (New Series), January, 1892 (pp. lOj. Oyster shells as food for laying hens (pp. 3-10). — It is explained that the value of oyster shells as a source of material for egg shells has been questioned, it being claimed that its value for poul- try lies solely in furnishing grit. To test this an experiment Mas made with six 1-year-old Leghorn hens, three of which were fed coarse ground oyster shells iind three coarse broken glass instead. Both lots were kept confined in cleanly swept pens having a floor of matched boards. In tlie first period, INIarch 30 to April 10, wheat, fresh cabbage, and a grain mixture composed of corn meal, wheat bran, wheat middlings, and old-process linseed meal, were fed to both lots ; and in the second period, lasting until ]May 3, boiled eggs were added. The eggs were collected the last 10 or V2 days of each period. The ]>ercentages of water, ash, and calcium carbonate contained in each kind of food and in the eggs laid each period, and the amount of food consumed are tabulated for each lot. The results for tlie lot receiving oyster shells were as follows: During the first period the hens laid 12 eggs, 1 pound of eggs being produced from 3.9.5 pounds of water-free food. These eggs contained calcium eqnal to JS.-13 grams of carbonate of lime, the .shells alone containing 47.74 grams. The grain and cab- bage consumed and the drinking water given ilieni contained altogether calcium ef|ual to 7.62 grams carbonate of lime. The oy.ster shells taken by them contained 93.80 grams carboinite of lime. During the second period the hens laid 21 eggs, which were produced at the rate of 1 i)onnd for every 2.59 pounds of water-free food. These eggs contained calcium 2182G— No. 10 4 706 of|ii!il to ^7.S^ jrrams carlioiiatr- of liuie, tin- slullsalono coiitainiiiji ^G.6 ^anis. TliP. I'cdd coiisiinii'il an*I ilriiikiii^ water givtu tlioiii y the carbonate of lime in the oyster shells, of which Uy.2 gi'ams were consumed during the first period and l!tl.4 grams during the second. The dirterencc is so great that no other conclusion seems jiossihh' than that the egg shells were constiiicted iiom material supplied in large part by the oyster shells. These hens lost in weight a total of 5 ounces during the lirst piriod an ]ier cent of calcium, equal to 12.4 per cent of carlMinate. Tile eggs for Ihe lirst jierind eont-Jiined l.Ol ]ter cent, and those of the second (>.^^ per cent of ash. The amount of lime calculated as carbonate found iu the eggs exceeded that in tlie food and ilriuking M ater by :!.!' grams for one period and nearly ;{ grams for the other. Wiiiie the glass taken during one |ieriod contained lime, the ei|uivaleiit of ll(>.)iS li ranis of earl ton ate. and during the other of ;^><..">plicd the 3 or 4 grams of lime. • • • [In conclusion,] the feeding of oyster shells during the laying season, where they can lie cheaply obl.iiiii d. is reeomnujnUd. One pound will cuutuin lime enough for tbe sllells of about 7 do/en of eggs. Fine gravel containing limestone will jtroliably as well suiijily the delieiency of lime existing in most foods, but the use of some shar]»er grit with it may be of ad\ antage. Long or sharji sjiliuters of glass or dry bone sliould be avoided. For hens, tin- size of jtart ides of grit had belter be larger than that of a kernel of wheat and ebould be smaller than that of a kernel of corn. 707 An unlimited supply of poumlfd ijliisf. Ims Ix-cii attcinloil v. itli no bad rosiilt wlun the food and other iit when the food was dcHeicnt in lime and no other grit was attainable, hens ate an injuriously large anionut of glass. New York State Station, Bulletin No. 39 (New Series), January, 1892 (pp. 23). Skim ^iilk for growing chickens (pp. 11-15). — Two Ijioods of chicken.*!, one coiitaiiiiiijii- 14 and tlie other 1(5, were kei>t in scjtarate jyeibs and fed on wheat, a niixtnre of eorn meal, bran, middlings, and liii.seed meal, and skim milk. One pen received meat scrajts also, and all received a little green clover towaids the close of the trial. The chickens were from 1 to ."^ days old at the beginning of the trial. A hen was kept with each pen until the chickens "were well feathered (5| to 7| weeks). The skim milk was nsnally fed sweet. The chickens and hens were weighed weekly. The results are tabulated, showing gains, food consumed, cost, etc. In the estimates of (!ost the grain mixture was valued at $20 i)er ton, the wheat at $1 per bushel, the skim milk at 25 cents per hundred pounds, the clover at $2 per ton, and the meat scraps at 2.5 cents per pound. With one jien the average cost of food for every pound increase in weight during the whole time was 5.66 eents; for the other the cost of increase for all but the last 2 weeks was 5.36 cents, and during these 2 weeks 5.63 cents. In one pen the chickens averaging 2.4 ponmls weight at 101 weeks of age were grown at a cost for food of 5.31 cents per pound, or an average of 12.7 cents apiece; in the other pen the chickens averaging 2.4 pounds at llf weeks of age cost for food 5.36 cents per jiound or 12.9 cents apiece. This cost of production of course includes the cost of feeding the hen during the first few weeks. * * * Under ordinary conditions chickens ought to he hatched, making a fair allowance for value of eggs and food for sitting hens, at a cost of less than 5 cents apiece. The highest cost per iioiind gain during anj- week while growing chickens to 3.5 pounds average weight, was less than 7 cents, and the cost averaged much less than 6 cents. At the priced generally obtained for chickens of this and lesser weights the growth was certainly a profitable one. With chickens having the liberty of the fields it seems rea- sonable to expect a still cheaper production of meat, and it would ajtpear that a profital)le use for some of the skim milk of the faiin would be in the growing of chickens for home use or for the market. Feeding tallow to hens (pp. 10-21). — In order to observe the effect of feeding more than an average amount of fat in a ration, two pens of hens (eight in each pen at the beginning) were fed froni March 3 to October 0, one having as much tallow as was readily eaten, with a moderate grain ration, and the other having a similar grain ration with old -process linseed meal substituted for the tallow. The fowls were all Brown Leghorns, except two Game Wyandottes in each pen. The nutritive ratio of the tallow ration was 1:6.75 and of the linseed- meal ration 1:4.47. The ratio of fat to the total water-free food was 1 :8.1 in the tallow ration and 1:29.5 in the other. The results are fully tabulated by xjeriods of from 21 to 48 days. 708 The average egg product was soiii«'wh:it i:i favor of tlu- bons having less fat in their foofl and the average size of the eggs hiid by them was a little larger. However, during one period of 42 days in July and August, more eggs were obtained from the hens having talloAv. During tlie first ])erio(l, while the hens were newly con- fined, there were few eggs laid, and during the latter period many hens were molting. The greatest difference observed was that the hens having the linseed meal nearly all molted at the same time, earlier in the season, and more rapidly. Only a few of the hens which had been fed tallow had begun to molt at the close of this feeding trial, Octolier 6, by which time several hens from the other pen were in new plumage. The tallow ration was apparently too deficient in nitrogen to encourage the growth of new feathers, aud the results are in snpjiort of the advice to feed during the sum- mer a highly nitrogenous ration to help early molting. The amount of tallow fed was not enough to afVcct tiie health of the fowls, and they were throughout in better a]iparent condition than those of the other pen. The average weight of the tallow-fed hens was but slightly the greater. Feeding salt to uens (pp. 22, 23). — A tiial was made with twelve 2-year-ol(l licn.s (Bialimas, Cocliiii.s. and Oaiiie crosses) to get indica- tions of the anionnt of salt wliicliniay be fed without injury. The hens were divided into two lots, wiiich were kept in separate pens, and both received the sanu'foo.3 ounces, nearly iuw iialf jiint a day for one hundred hens) no bad effects were observed. This amount, however, was sulliiieut tot ause diarrhea in twoof the hens. Ul)on reducing the amount of salt to (t.OlL' nuuce per liru the trouble disa))i>carcd without other treatment. " * Tin- total gain in weight jier fowl tluring the first 2 mouths was, for those hav- ing salt S.2 ounces, and for the others 10.."» ounces. During the last month it was for those having Iiad salt on an a\eragc of 2.N ounct-s aud for the others 8.7 ounces. 'J'lie total grain food consunud per day was for the salt-fed ]ien 4.17 ounces per fowl during lirst 2 nu>nths and 4.2S ounces during the last montli.. For the other pen the average was 8.4 ounces pi-r day for the Ii^.^t2 nmnths and 4. IS ounces for the last mouth. During the first 2 moutlis il4 eggs were obtained fnun the pen having salt, and during the last umuth but 1 »'gg. while 47eggsweri> obtained from the other pen during the first 2 months aud 14 during the last innulh. Tiie number of eggs laid during this trial is not of great significant e, as it was about the eiul of the laying season antl the hens wt-re old. * ' For mature ftiwls it is jirt)bable that salt at the rate of 1 t)unce ]>er day for one humlrcil fowls coultl, untler ortlinary conditions, be fed withttut injury. North Carolina Station, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Annual Reports, 1890 and 1891 ipp. 22 and 31). These imltide an (Uilline of the work in the several (li\isions of the station, statements regaiding the erjuipment of the station, a list of the bulletins issued in LS!HI and 1S91, and financial reports for the ti.scal years ending June 30, 1800 and ISOl. The station made an exhibit of its work in dilferent lines at the Sotithern Exposition at Kah-igh. North Carolina, in the fall of 18U1. In order to bring the station into closer 709 relations with the farmers of the State, various farmers' organizations have been invited to elect coniniittees who siiall keep in direct couinm- nication with the station and receive and distribnte such information as the station may i;ivc through its publications ami bj- corres[)ondence. Test of a ncic method for curing tobacco. — A brief account is given of experiments in which the connnon method for curing tobacco was com- pared with a new process, known as tlie ''Snow wire cure," by which the sei)aratc leaves are cut liom the stalk as they ripen in the held and are cured separately. The test indicated that the new process saves a larger (plant ity of leaves, and that these are of better quality. Cultivation of tea. — Some interest lias lately been revived in the cul- ture of the tea plant in North Carolina. Tea of good quality has been raised on a small scale in the State. The station has undertaken to have tliis matter tested in different localities in the State. Tests of new fruits. — The station is distributing young fig trees in sec- tions of the State where they seem likely to thrive. Experiments with a variety of Japanese oranges called Oonshin are in progress, and it is ho])ed that this will prove a sufficiently hardy vari- ety to be grown in the eastern and southern sections of the State. Fertilizer inspection. — In accordance with a recent law passed by the legislature of the State, the tonnage system of taxing fertilizers has been substituted for the privilege tax on different brands. Under the new system the number of brands sold in the State has increased from 84 in 1890 to 295 in 1891. The station does not favor the tonnage sys- tem, believing that it very greatly increases the diilficulty of exercising a proper control of the fertilizer trade. The following digest of the fer- tilizer laws now in operation in the State is taken from the Report for 1890: No manipulated guanos, superphosphates, commercial fertilizers, or other fertili- zing material shall be sold or offered for sale unless a tonnage charge of 25 cents per ton has been paid. Each barrel, package, or bag shall have attached a tag repre- senting this fact, which tags shall bo issued by the Commissioner of Agriculture, according to regulations i)rescribed by the State department of agriculture. The department of agriculture has power at all times to have samples collected of any fer- tilizer or fertilizing material on sale, which must be taken from at least 10 per cent of the lot selected. These samples are taken from the goods in the hands of dealers after they are shii)j»ed from the manufactories, and accordingly represent the true grade of fertilizers ottered for sale. Every package of fertilizer ottered for sale must have thereon a plainly printed label, a copy of which must be filed Avith the Commissioner of Agriculture, together ■with a true sample of the fertilizer which it is proposed to sell, at or before the ship- ment of such fertilizer into the State, and wliich label must be uniformly used and not changed during the year. This label must set forth the name, location, and trade- mark of the manufacturer, also the chemical composition of contents, and real percent- age of the ordinax-y ingredients, together with date of analysis, and that all charges have been paid. There must be no variation in the gnarnntied percentages, but the bags must be branded with the exact chemical composition of the contents. It is a misdemeanor, and a fine of $10 for each bag, for an agent or dealer to offer for sale any such fertilizer or fertilizing materials not ]»roperly tagged, or a consumer to remove it, or a railroad agent to deliver it. F'ertilizera which now have a license 710 to sfll (secured l:i:.t vciir) will not l>e rciiiiind to ji:>.\ the cliargoor to 1m? tafrgcd until exiiiration of their licenses. All othere on sale ninst 1j« taf^ged properly at unee. Goods kept over from last seasftn must bo ta^^«'d to ie))resent this fact, and all dealers are required to report the anu)nut on hand at the close of the fiscal year on November 30. No fertilizers eau be sold with a content less than 8 per cent of available ]dio>ph(irie acid, 2 ]>er cent of jnnnntnia, and 1 ]>er cent of jiotash. Kainit, cottou-seed meal for fertilizin*; jiurposes, and other fertilizinji materials must now be inspected and ana- lyzed, and jiossible adulteration so prevented. Any fertilizer that is spurious and iloes not contain inj;reilicnt.s as represent»*d l>y the label is liable to seizure, and after bein<; established on trial its value i.s recov- ered by the board of aj^ricnltnre. Any person who otb-rs for sale fertilizers or fer- tiliziii;^ material without havinacka<;e. one half, less the cost, goinj; to the jKirty suiii<( and the remainder to the department; and if such fertilizer is condemned the department makes analysis of tlie same and has ]iriiited lalu-ls jjiving the trn«- «hem- ical inj^Tedients of the same put on each packaf^e. and lixes the commercial value at which it may be sold. The department of agriculture can require agents of rail- roads and steamboat couii»anie8 to furnish mi>nthly statements of the i|uantity of fertilizers transported by them. The experiment station analyzes samples of fer- tilizers taken by the official iu.spectors and publishes the same whenever needful. North Carolina Station, Bulletin No. SOu, October 1, 1891 .pp. 26). Synopsis of published wouk of tiif, noTANicAL and entomo- logical DIVISIONS OF THE STATION, G. McCARTHY, B. 8.— Tlli.s iiiclndcs ]»n]»ii];ir sniiiiii;iric's of station luiUctiiis on the iollowiiio sub- jects: Tlic (|iiality nt CninincKial seeds, linlletins Xos. ."»",»,(».'{. an»l (»7 (.see Expeiinieiit Station IJecoKl, vol. i, itp. l.'iT and I'SO); weed pe.st.s. llnlletin No. 70 (see lv\i»eiinient Station l{ee«»rd. vol. ii, i». Uli); I'nn- <;(»Ms diseases of plants, Uiilletin No. 7('»(see Ivxpeiinient Station lieeord, vol. IH. i>. 17l'): forao;*' itlants. Bulletins No.s. (K> and 73 (see K\i>erinient Station l\eeord, vol. II, ]>. ): ami noxious inseets, liulletin No. 78 (see Hxiterinient Station lleeord, vol. iii. j). 17")). North Carolina Station. Bulletin No. 81, December 15. 1891 (pp. 26). Cotton SEED hills and meal for .steeks, .1. II. CiiAMnEKLAiN (pp. .VIO). — Tliis experinuMit was made with four steers ran (ring in weight from 7.i8 to KOL'C. pounds, to study the valne of eotton-.seed hulls, when supplenu'iiti'd with cotton .seed meal, for fattenino .steers. The fee— 84 days. Dur- ing this time the hulls wen- fe pounds )»er head), with from •> to ."» pounds of cotton seed meal i)er head daily. The food eonsumed ami gains of each steer are taluilated, together witli state- ments of the financial results, based on hulls at >*'.\.~tO and cotton see*! meal at "^L'l i»er ton. At the end of the feeding "the animals were well fattened, healthy, and still growing, but notwithstanding this, there apjH'an'd indicatitms which seemed to .show that the digestion of the animals had been impaiied." The gains mad»' ranged from l'S'2 to 182 pounds, and averaged 148 i)ounds. The average cost of the food during 711 tlie trial was .f 7.25 per head. The steers were sold at 4 cents per pound live weijiht, Tlie net returns froin tlie feeding-, not takiiifj the value of the luaiiiirc into account, ranged with the individual animals from $0.80 to .S10..57. Feeding cotton-seed hulls and meal for production of BEEF, F. E. Emery, B. S. (pp. 11-21).— Fit-fit experiment (pp. II-IS).— This was with four animals, two native steers about 3 years old and two grade Shorthorn heifers. One heifer and one steer received cotton- seed meal and hulls exclusively; the other two animals received cotton- seed meal and htdls, with the addition of sweet potatoes or corn silage in the case of the heifer and of corn stover or silage in the case of the steer. The trial lasted from November 12, 1S90, to January 31, 1891. The animals were bought at the beginning of the trial at 3 cents and sold at the close at 3.5 cents per [xnind live weight. The tabulated results show very little difference in the gains made by the animals. The best financial results were obtained with the steer receiving corn stover or silage in addition to the meal and hulls, and the next best by the steer and heifer receiving cotton-seed meal and hulls exclusively'. iSecond experiment (pp. 18-Ul). — Four oxen were fed for four periods of 20 days each, to compare cottonseed hulls and corn silage when fed with cotton-seed meal. In the first period all received silage; in the second and third, two received silage and two others cotton-seed hulls ; and in the fourth period all received silage. The food consumed, gains made, and the financial results are tabulated. The latter are based on cotton-seed meal at >^'2\, hulls at $2.50, and silage at $5 per ton, and beef at 3.5 cents per pound. "In this experiment silage at $1 per ton wcmld about equal cotton-seed hulls at $2.50 per ton, with- out cost of transportation." Third experiment (pp. 21, 22). — One cow fed for 57 days (April to June) on cotton seed hulls and meal, with small additions of silage, clover, or prickley comfrey, gained 111 pounds live Aveight at a cost for food of $5.31. She was purchased at 2.5 cents per pound and sold at 3,5 cents, giving a net profit of $0.37, exclusive of manure. An 880-pound bull stag fed from July 4 to September 1 exclusively on cotton-seed hulls and meal gained 141 ]»ounds live weight at a cost for food of $5.24. ''This left a fair profit for the feeding under cover during warm weather." Summafji of results thus far ohtained in these fccdiur/ exj)€riments. (1) All the animals in these experiments remained iu a healthy eomlition and at no time did their digestion seem impaired except with two steers in the first trial. (2) Cotton-seed hnlls and meal are nnqnestionably very cheap and valuable arti- cles of cattle food for fattening purposes. (3) The most suitable time to fatten stock on cotton-seed hulls and meal is during the fall and winter mouths, when these articles can be obtained fresh from the oil mill. (4) If a supply of hulls and meal iskept over, stock thin in Hesh may be profitably stall-fed on them for the block during the hot weather, if managed with proper «are. 712 (5) All aniiii.-ils that are stall-fed during warm \vo itlier should have well-aired quarters which eau be eheiii>ly darkened to cheek attacks ot'llies. (6) The prolit from fattening stock depends largely ou the facilities for buying and selling to advantage. (7) Care in stable management and regularity in feeding and watering stock, as well as quietness and attention to the comfort of each iudi\idual, adil much to the ]irorits. (8) The manure is worth enough to pay for feeding and caring for the animals. (9) In late feeding of cottou-seeil hull.s and meal care .should be exercised in select- ing these articles. (10) If hulls Ijecome rancid the .smell will indicate it. (11) Cotton-seed meal is colored dark by age and is then dangerous food. (12) In our earliest experiments cotton-seed hulls and meal were fed in different proportions. After careful observation it was decided that the steers did best when 1 pound of cotton-seed meal was fed for every 4 pounds of cotton-seed hulls. In this ration the ratio of protein to carbohydrates is very narrow. In all rations as much was fed as the steers would cat up clean. Practical tests of the digestirility of cotton-seed hulls AND MEAL, F, E. EmEUY, B. S., AND 15. W. KiLGORE, B. S. (pp. 23- 20). — A briefer accouiit of :iii cxiicriinciit icportcd in Bulletin No. SOt* of tlie station (see E.vpeiinient Station Beeord, vol. ill, p. 4.j2). North Carolina Station. Bulletins Nos. 80/ and 81/' (Meteorological Bulletins Nos. 25. 26, and 27), November 15 and December 31. 1891 (pp. IG and 31). Meteorological summary for North Carolin.v, October, November, and December, 1891, U. B. Battle, Pii. I>., and V. V. Von TIerijmann. — Notes on flie wcatlier. niontlily suinniaries. and tabu- lated daily records of nieteorcdooical observations by the North Carolina weather service coiiperatinji with tlie Uiiite«l States Wenther Bureau. The bulletins are illustratc. Battle, I'll. 1). — This inelmles analyses of 227 sani])les of coniniercial fertilizers eolleeted within the State dnrinj;- IS'.II; a dijivst of the State fertilizer laws; and freight ratrs from the seaboard t(» i)oints in the interior of the State, eorrected to .lanuary 1, 1S02. Pennsylvania Station, Annual Report, 1890* (pp. 270). Financial statement (pj). 13, 14). — This is for the tiseal year end- ing June 30, ISDO. Beport of Director {])\). 1.~>-1S). — This includes a list of the bul- letins issued during the year, a brief stateineut regarding the analyses * The Report of the station is jinhli-shed as i)aif nof the Annual Report of the reuusylvauia State College for 16'J0. 713 ' exi)orinients, and general slati'iiuMits rt'<;:n(liiiii- tlic ('(inipiiiont and work of the station, Tlie report is ilhistratcd with plans of the dairy house and the additions to tlie farm bnildin.ns. During- the year expoiinients were made on 327 jdats and with 14 animals; 1,373 samples of erops, fodders, dunj^-, and milk were taken; the number of weighings is estimated at between 8,0()() and !>,(»)(). In the chemical laboratory there were made 5,1H)2 determinations of ferti- lizers, anp. 30-43). — This consists of a discussion of the results of tests of varieties of corn, being a continuation of the work on this subject re]>orted in Bulletins Nos. 7 and 11, and in the Annual Keports of the station for 188S and 1889 (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, p. 143; vol. II, p. 127; vol. Ill, p. 453; and Experiment Station Bulletin No. 2, part II, p. 121). The data tabulated include the yields of 11 flint and 15 dent varieties, the "relation of parts of the plant and statements of the gain in diy matter by allowing the crop to mature, and of loss of dry matter in tield curing. The latter determinations " are not wholly satisfactory, and further data are desired before conclusions are drawn." Silage and the corn crop, H. P. Armsby, Pn. D., W. Frear, Ph. D,, and W. H. Caldwell, B. S. (pp. 43-123, plates 2).— Under this heading are reported the results of determinations of the coefli- cients of digestibility of corn and of silage, by W. Frear; losses in the silo, by H. P. Armsby; the relative feeding value of silage and fodder corn, by H. P. Armsby ; and the yield of food per acre, by II. P. Armsby. Digestibility of the corn crop and of the silage and fodder made from it (pp. 45-09). — Determinations were made of the coeflicients of digestibility of fodder corn as put into the silo and of corn silage from the same with two grade Southdown sheep, and of field-cured fodder corn and silage with two grade Devon steers. The corn used in all cases was immature Burrill and Whitman Ensilage corn. The animals were iu each case fed exclusively on the fodder to be tested for about 2 weeks, the excreta being collected during the last 5 to 7 days. The com- position of the corn fodder and silage are given in each case. The coeflicients of digestibility fouiul are as follows: 714 Coefficients of (VKje> 74. 7 1 69.01 67. 5J "Altogether tlie fine-cut, onislieroteiii. lihcr, and asli, tlidiigii it lias an e(iiial amount of dry matter. Tiieie is little dilferenee in their digestil>ility." The results are cited of previous determinations at the station of the composition and coeniciiMits (if digestihility ni' torn at tlilferent stages of growth. The results are also given of the determination of tlie coefticients of digestibility of jxiorly cured clover and timothy hay by two grade Devon stei'rs, which were fed from April '.»to 17 exclusively (tn lliis material. The hay used "was grown on the station lanii in 1.SSJ>, and containe). — The experiments here reported ire in continuation of those of the previous year rei)ortetl in the Annual lJe])ort of the station for 18S0. ])]>. 113-l.'i7 (see Iv\i>eiiment Statitui IJecord, vol. iii, p. 4r>7). The variet}' t>f c.iuoids. cellulose. ^^l^^^^_ Per cent. 0.82 1.20 1.25 1.17 1.14 0.85 Percent. 2'.». 05 35.46 29.35 35.86 20. 50 32. 89 Crude fat. Per cent. 54.40 46.99 55.42 47.80 Per cent. f). 03 4.93 5.04 3.85 55.39 49.90 4.75 5.07 From the composition a calculation is made of the total amonnt of nutrients put into and recovered from each ijit. In the case of pit No. 3 a portion of the spoiled silage was taken out and sampled, but was not weighed, C(msequently the apparent loss as given in the subsequent table is probably too large for this pit. "The figures have been included because they show that the losses can not have been greater than tlie amount stated." The calculated loss in the silo by fermenta- tion, that is the difference between the amount of nutrients put in and the amount recovered in the good and spoiled silage, is given as fol- lows: 716 Losses hy fermentation. [The sign + signifies an apparent gain.] Pit No. 1, shredded. Pit No. 2, ntediuiu. [ Pit No. 3, coarse.* Pounds. Per cent of each ingredient. Pounds. Per cent of each ingredient. Pounds. Per cent of each ingredient. 2.887 3,885 2,270 Ash 0 21 + 4 91 745 70 0 + It ll.ns +13 + 12. 12 14 7. 78 30S 31.t»2 811 34. 4H 108 O.COf 4- 1 + 0 - +2. ;. ' 44 74 +10. 48 34.15 32. 18 44.88 C3.84! + 4 17 137 581 41 13 9(> 25 : ' 923 22.92 1 '>-'7 37.(^1 O.Cl 771 13 23 ' 17 7.73 1 7 :. Digestible: 11 + 4 71 518 54 17.19 + 12.12 7.82 Xt. P5 :!4. (CI -H5 14 21« 629 81 +46. P8 34. 1". 33. :,8 49. !¥-. K4 "9 +15 17 127 424 22 +39. in 44 71 IC Cii •y -~ Fat.. 18 ' Total (ligesliblo organic iiiatliT flaJ 7 21. 19 957 43.48 + 1.37 575 2 25 ' Total ilige.stibleprotciu 7. 22 + 1 * The amonutH in these cotnuins are too small. t Corrected. The jfit cent of unh found in this sample was abnormally high. The nbdve losses by IV'rinciitntidii in tlie siln and thcMcsnlts olttaintMl in tt'ii o.vpt'iiiiiciits at tin- W'iscnnsin Station and one at the Mis,s«uiii Station are comitaied with the losses l>y tield cnriujj found in seven e.xpeiiiiiciits at the Wisconsin 8tati. TO-llS). — Three e\])('ri- meuts are reported, the lirst to eompare coru silage and coru fodder for 717 fatteninc: steers, the second to compare corn siln;2:e and corn fodder for milch co^vs, and the third to conii>are corn silage and roots for milch cows. In the first experiment six grade iShorthorn steers were fed like rations during a preliminary period of 36 days, and then divided as nearly as possible into two equal lots. Both lots received the same grain ration at all times, namely, 5 jjounds of cornand-cob meal, 5 i)ounds of bran, and 2 pounds of cotton seed meal i)er animal dail3\ iJnr- ing the first period, January 24 to March 17 — 52 days — lot 1 received silage and lot 2 field-cured fodder corn. During the second ])eriod, March 17 to April 11 — 25 days — the feeding was reversed, lot 1 receiving field-cirred fodder corn and lot 2 silage. The amount of fodder corn given was regulated by the appetites of the animals, and the amount of silage given was such as to furnish an amount of dry matter equal to that in the ration of fodder corn. The analyses of the feeding stuffs used and the uneaten residues are given, together with the amounts of food consumed and the fluctuations in live weight. The latter are illustrated by a diagram. The conclusions of the author are that "(1) the fodder and silage were eaten equally clean; (2) the use of silage did not material]}' increase the total amount of water consumed in food and drink together; and (3) the amount of food eaten per pound of gain was substantially the same for botli rations." In the second exjieriment, in which corn silage was compared with corn fodder for milch cows, two cows, '' neither of them very good ani- mals," Avere fed during four periods. In all the ])eriods the grain ration was the same, namely, 7.5 iionnrls of bran and 2.5 pounds of cotton-seed meal for each cow per day. During period 1 the coarse fodder consisted of the same rather poor quality of field-cured Burrill and AVhitman corn fodder used in the previous experiment. The cows were fed as nnich of this as they would eat. In period 2 the corn fodder was replaced by coarse silage made from the same crop of corn which furnished the fodder. In period 3 the coarse silage was replaced by silage made from the same quality of corn, but shredded and weighted as described in the experiment on losses in the silo. In periods 2 and 3 the aim was to feed the same amount of dry matter as in jieriod 1, and the differences in the amounts actually eaten were not very great. Period 4 was a duplicate of period 1, the corn fodder being fed in place of the silage of the two previous periods. Data relative to the composition of the feeding stuffs used, the food and water consumed, the yield and comxiositiou of the milk, and live weight are tabulated. As the result of averaging the two periods upon corn i'odder and the two upon silage, the following general conclusions were arrived at: As regards the total amount of milk produced, more was produced by the silage ration than by the fodder ration. The milk produced by tlie silage ration was more watery than that jiroduced by the fodder ration, so that sliglitly more butter fat Avas produced by both cows and slightly more total solids by one cow tipon the fodder ration than upon the silage ration. As regards the milk produced per pound of food eaten, pound for pound of dry matter eaten, more milk and more milk solids were produced by l)oth cows and ir.ore fat by one cow on the silage ration than on the fodder ration. Pound for 718 l>ounil of digestiViIe mattor eaten, both cows prodnrorl less milk solids aiiared with a loss on the fodder ration. In Dur- ham's case the silage ration resulted in a loss of weight as comjjared Avith practi- cally no loss on tbe fodder rati ]»oniids) fiom I'ebniary 10 to March S, and from Man-h 8 to IVIarch !!► an amount (»f roots (sii^ar beets, manjrel-wurzels, or ruta- bagas) furnishin;; an amount of dry matter equivalent to that in flu' siIao(\ was substituted for the silai^c. The data obtained are tabulated, and the lliutuations in live weiiiht aic illustrated by a diaj^ram. On account of the short time roots were fed and tlie several kinds used, it is iuii>ossible to draw any final conclusions from tbe work. The results are published as being of much iuterest and as suggestive uf the need of making similar trials nnrr iirrr {\^^. llS-li,'3). — The yield is given of foodingi«> dients in lUirrill ami W hit man . 100-192). — A comparison was niad<' on a nnmher of orp:anic materials containineriment Station Bul- letin Xo. 2, part Ii, p. 130, and Experiment Station Keiord, v(d. iii, ]>. 404), ami included observations on atmospheric phenomena, anumnt of sunshine, soil temperatures, aiul soil moisture. ^Monthly summaries of the meteorological observations and weekly crop reports are given in the body of the Beport and the detailed record of daily observations in an ai)pemlix. Tiie results of the observations on soil moisture are recorded in the following table: iS«j7 mo'mture. Dsxte. J^I.^n 11.. Ai>rili:5. . >l;i.y2.... >Inv9.... :Mav 16. . . HIhvJI... Juno 13 .. June 20 .. Juno 27 .. Ju1v5.... Julvll... July 18... Interv^ii- Days inc rain- sinrclast fall. ram. iHrhe*. ( ) 3 0.31 0 0.99 1 1..50 3 1.60 3 2.07 0 2.65 0.19 1 5 0.10 1.44 0.25 5 1 1.15 3 Moistnre in soil. Per cfnt. 22. 70 20.83 21.46 22.04 20. 83 23. 30 16. 20 1.'"). r,H 1-. 00 1.3.81 17.40 Date. .Tul.v2o AucMst 1 . .. . Aii;;ii8t l.'i... AiicoHt 22 SoptrnilMT 5. Sriiti-nilior 12 Soptrnilur 19 Soptciiilior 26 Octolior 3. . . . Ootohtr 10... Octobtr 17... InJcrvcn-, Days ins raiu- , since Innt tall. rain. Juchet. 0.46 0.04 1. S2 l.:t8 2. 26 0.85 0.71 0.53 0.66 0.61 1.18 MoiMure iu soil. Per ernt. 1 '..'.Hi 7. 14 9.411 1. ■>.:•.! 14.01 l.l. 7.". 20. Sli 27. Hi 2 >. 03 lit. .Vl 23.90 '1.61 iiiclics within the prpcfiling 5 (Iny.'*. 721 From June 1 to the midrtle of Sppti-iiiljer the aver.itjc soil moisture was several per cent less than that of the same soil at tlic same period laSt year. The dronth this year was very considerable, as is shown by the weekly crop rejiorts presented in a later table. As in 1889, the percentages of nioistnro were mnch lower than those of 1888. As last winter was also an open one, it still remains to be seen whether the difference in the absorptive power and rctentivencss of the soil for moisture pro- duced by the freezing of a severe winter, is sutiicient to explain the observed varia- tion. The following is the yearly suiniiiary of meteorological observations: Snminori/ of meteorological observations. Haromeif^T (inches) : Af pan Hi.irhest Lowest Teinper.ituro (degrees F.): Mean HiKliest Lowe.^t Annual range Mean dailv range Greatest (taily range Le.ist daily range Mean daily relative humidity (per cent). Kaiiifall (inclies) : Total (ireatest nioutlily Greatest daily..'. JsumiIht of day.s on which 0.01 inch or more of rain tell : Mean percentage of cloudiness . K um her of days on which cloudi- ness averaged 80 per cent or more. Average hours of sunshine per dav. "Wind (miles): Total movement Maximum velocity Greatest daily movement. . . Last frost iu spring I'ir.st frost in fall Tear 1890. .'!0.02 30.67 (Jan. 22). 29.23 (Oct. 29). (.July 8), (Mar. 7) . 49.26. 94 —6 100.... 18.27 41 (Apr. 12) 3 (Oct. 13) . 78.24 43.88 6.77 (Mav)... 1.46 (Oct. 21). 153 61. 62. 163.... 37,754 32 (Jan. 27). 459 (Dec. 12). Winter (October, 1SS9, to March, 1890). 37.9. -6 (Mar. 7) Growing season (April to September, 1890). 01.9 •Jt (Jnlv 8). 32 (Sept. 25). 20.9 41 (Apr. 12). 1.32 (May 18). 76 51.9 59 7h. 13m. (Apr. 12, t!) .S-pt.). May 18. Sept. 25. Soil temperatures in degrees F., Ai^ril to September, ISDO. At surface. Below surface. 1 inch. 3 inches. Highest 94 (Julv 8 and 15) . . . 31 (Apr. 2) 87 (Julv 8) 83 (Aug. 3). 31 (Apr.2) 61.2 33.5 (Apr 2). 62.1 62.3 12.2 9.4 7 29 (Apr. 3) 19 (Apr. 3, July 2) . . . 18 (June 3). Below surface. 0 inches. 12 inches. 24 inches. 79 5 (July 8) 77 (Aug. 4) 35 (Apr.] and 2) 61 6 72 (Auof. 5) 35 (Apr. 1 and '>y ... . . 6' 36 (Apn land2). 59 7 4.4... 1. 8 0.3 11.5 (July 11) 4.5 (Apr. 3) 2 (Aug. 2). 21826— No. 10- 722 Princijml periods of crop development. Oats : Sown April 11-18. Ripened Jnly 18-25. Harvested Angnst 1. Hay : Harvested Jnue 27-.Jiilv 11. Wheat: Headed May 30- June 6. Eipcned Jnne 27-July 4. Harvested .July 11-18. Com: Planted May 16-30. Cut September 19-26. The winter of 1889-90 was mild and open, spring set in early, and growth was well started when cold nights and rains followed and materially retarded the develop- Tuent of spring grains and planting of corn and potatoes, while late frosts cuni- pletoly ruined tlie large-fruit crop and grapes. The unfavorable conditions of growth at this early stage seriously impaired the power of oats and barley to resist the attack of the jiarasite whose ravages were so widespread. The rains at this season also lodged the wheat to sonic degree, but not suthcieutly to seriously damage it. .Suuuy weather after corn jjlantiug was very beneficial to this crop as well as to the early growth of potatoes. Hay harvest was nuirred bj' frequent and heavy showers, which daiuagcd a great deal of the product. After this a season of drouth occurred, which greatly damaged the corn and the in)tatocs. The abundant rains during the latter part of .\ugust were benelicial. luit too late to fully compensate for the earlier damage. Owing to their infliu-nce. tlie earlier varieties of potatoes rotted bailly, but the later varieties were considerably improved. The weather in September was(iuite favorable to the young wheat, but too rainy and cloudy for the best curing of corn or the best harvesting of jjotatoes and other root crops. Pennsylvania Station, Bulletin No. 18. January, 1892 (pp. 16). KEW and old VAIUKTIKS (IF OIJCIIAHD AND SMALL FKllTS. 0. C. Bttz, M. S. (figs, 4). — Tliis incliuk'S notes on poars. a]»i»]c'.s, plums, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants. anse Sand i)ear were notieeable lor their healthy foliaji*-. jy,y,/(..v,_Tabnlate(l (lata lor L'C varieties ]»lante(l in lSSO-01 in the station orchard. I'litms. — Tabulated data on L'L! \aiieties [)lanted in 1S,S(5, wliich yielded their first crop of fruit in ISDl. Slrairhfrrics. — Tabulated data and desciijitive notes on 1.? varieties. Crescent, Greenville, A'an Denian, Charles Downint;, annicnt,and work of tlie station; a linancial statement for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891; and the text of the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, and of acts of the State legislature relating to the station. Tennessee Station, Bulletin Vol. V, No. 1, January, 1892 (pp. 28). Experiments with oiicnAKD fruits, orapes, and vegetables, 1\. Tj. Watts, B. Agr. (phites 3). — Experiments tcith orchard fruits (Old (/rapes. — Tabulated data showing the growth of apple trees of 43 varieties planted in the station orcliard 4 years ago. A vineyard, including 70 varieties of grai)es, has been ]>lanted for experimental pnr])oses. A list of the varieties of apples, pears, peaches, grapes, plums, and clierries wdiicli have been found adapted to different sec- tions of Tennessee, is given from replies to a (;ircular of inquiry sent out by the station to fruit growers. Previous reports regarding orchard fruits may be found in Bulletins vol. ill, No. 5, and vol. iv, Xo. 1, of the station (see Ex])enment Station liecord, vol. ii, p. 420, and vol. iii, p. 4li). The following summary is taken from the bulletin: (1) The best apples for Teunessee are usually of Southern orijijin. (2) The number of ai»ples grown in Tennessee whieli originatcil fartlicr north is coiuiiaratively small. (3) The two most extensively grown and perhaps the finest winter apples are Limber Twig and Wincsap. (4) Early Harvest, Red .June, Horse, and .Summer Rose are the most popular sum- mer varieties. (5) Fall Queen, Ben Davis, Maiden Blush, Kinnard Choice, Shockley, and Buck- iugh.am are the l)est for autumn use in most localities. (6) There are many seedling fruits in Tennessee, the names of which are unknown, that arc good varieties and should be lai'gely disseminated. (7) The number of pears in cultivation is limited to Le Conte, Keiffer, Bartlett, Seckel, Clapp Favorite, Belle, Duchess, Flemish Beauty, Duchesse d'Augouleme aiul a few others. (8) The native seedling peaches receive the most attention. Good culti\ated varieties are Crawford Early and Late, Heath, Indian, Snow, Stump the WorUl, and Mountain Rose. (9) The Concord grape is adapted to most localities. Other varieties reporti^d as doing well are Ives, Moore Early, Diamond, Scui)iieruoug, Cata wl>a, Delaware, Lutie, Norton Virginia, and Martha. (10) The Wild Goose plum is superior in all parts of the State. (11) Early ]\Iav is the most popular cherry. Governor Wood, Blative notes, and in some cases tabulated data, are given for 14 varieties of beans, 7 of beets, 14 of cab- bages, 6 of lettuce, 11 of musknu'lons, V.) of watermelons, 7 of peas, 7 of radishes, 0 of sweet corn, and ~) of tomatoes. There are also accounts 724 of experiments in the forcing of lettuce in a greenhouse and in the cul- ture of early cabbages. The following varieties of vegetables are espe- cially commended: Beans — bush varieties. — Improved Early Eed Valentine, Extra E;irly, Warden Wax, and Golden Wax; ^"^'t' varieties. — King of the Ganlen, and Dreer Improved. Cabhar/es — early. — Early Wakefield, Large Early Wakefield. Early FlatDutch, Early Summer, and Landretli Earliest; late. — Etampes, Bur- pee All Head, Nonesuch, and All Seasons. . Lettuee. — Black-Seeded Simpson, Early Curled Simpson, Early Curled Silesia, Hanson, Sugar Loaf, and Grand Eapids. Muslcmelons. — ^'Netted Pineapple, Montreal Market, Hackensack. and Golden Jenny Avere finely flavored. New Giant jiroduced the largest specimen, which weighed 12.75 i»ounds," Watermelons. — "The largest melon, a 40 pound one, wa,s cut from a variety called Boss. Striped Gypsy and Ironclad each jiroduced one that weighed 30 poumls. All of these melons possess good flavor ami are excellent market varieties. The best-flavored on<>s were Mountain Sweet, Green and Gold, and Dark Icing. Pride of Georgia, Cuban Queen, Striped Gypsy, Boss, and Scaly Bark are all standard melons." Peas — enrhj. — Extra Early Pioneer, Tmprove(l Daniel O'Pourke, Tom Thumb, Lightning, Stratagem, Dre«'r Eureka, and Extra Early; late. — McLean Advance, and Dwarf Blue Imperial. Radishes. — Wood Early Frame, Konnd White Forcing, Round Ked Forcing, Cardinal (ilobe. NVhite Box. Salzer Twenty Day Forcing, and Early French Breakfast, Sweet earn. — Egyptian, Little Gem, Tiiumi)h, antimus, Iguo- tum, and Paragon. Texas Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 13). This includes brief stati'ments regarding the work of the several divisions of the station and an index to the .station publications for 1801. Meteorolofj}/. — ^Monthly and yearly summaries of observations arc given for 1889, 1800, and ISOl. The yearly summary for 1801 is as fol- lows: Pressure (inches). — Mean 20.7. Air temperature (degrees F.). — Maximum 100, minimum L'.~). mean 00.13. Precipitation (inches). — Total 4l'.28. Wind. — Prevailing direction, south. Texas Station, Bulletin No. 18, October, 1891 ipp. 14). Liver flukes, M. Francis, D. V. M. (pp. 127-130, plates 8). — Illus- trated descriptions of Distomum hepaticum and of another species whi'. Stiles to be identical with Fasciola (imericana, Hassall, which is probably the same as D. magmim, described some years ago by Bassi (see Experiment Station Record, vol. iii, p. 580). The description of this parasite, given in the bnlletin, is as fol- lows: Body flat, liver-colored, elliptical or oval, some wider behind tliau in front, adults 30 to 35'""' long and 20 to 30""" wide. Some very large ones 73""'i long; small- est ones 8""" long and 4""" wide; the average specimens about 30'"™ loug. Skiu of small aud mediiun-sized ones armed with numerous spines, or points, directed backward. Mature specimens destitute of spines, except in patches or scattering ones, especially on ventral surface of body, near the outer margin, and then gener- ally large. Mouth terminal, sessile, not on a Avell-defined neck. Ventral sucker large, muscular, 4 to 5""" from preceding. Genital i)ore midway between the pre- ceding. Penis not always jirotruding, but when so, curved slightly. Excretory l>ore small, at opposite extremity from mouth and slightly dorsal. The margin here is sometimes curved from both sides, making it slightly obcordate. Eggs brown, oval or a little larger at one end, on which there is the cap; length from 0.14 to 0.16"""; width 0.09 to O.l'""'. The digestive tract consists of the mouth, which is made up of circular and radiating muscular fibers, in which are situated, in each seotiou, four or five large uucleated cells. From the mouth proceeds a muscular pharynx, which siiddenly divides, a little anterior to the genital pore, into two main trunks, which extend the eutire length of the body. These give off from twelve to sixteen branches, which give off secondary ones, which terminate in blind pouches or ca-ca. The lining of the digestive tract is disposed in finger-like points or pro- jections, somewhat similar to the villi of mammals. This parasite is found in the liver tissue of cattle. I have found as many as twenty-seven in one liver. The average number is from ten to fifteen. These parasites are found in channels which they have produced. They seem to wander aimlessly about in any direction. I think the majority are near the convex or outer surface of the liver. The channels they produce admit the little finger, and these seem to heal or fill up soon after, leaving a red scar. Sometimes they perforate the surface of the liver, then suddenly turn back into the liver again. I think that they sometimes leave the liver and bore into adjoining tissues or organs, but I have not found them in other places than the liver. Having wandered about for some time they come to rest aud encyst them- selves. Frequeutly two have encysted together. Those that are wandering have their bodies covered with spines, while those at rest seem to have lost their si)ines — organs of locomotion. "When encysted they are always sexually mature. The wall of the cyst becomes dense and tough and is iisually coated with a gritlike sub- stance. Butchers call such livers " shelly." I think they die in these cysts. These cysts contain a very dark (almost black) muddy liquid, which contains myriads of eggs. The gall and gall bladder of such livers are usually normal, and in several instances in which I examined the entire quantity of bile a very few eggs were found. I think the greatest number Avas five in the entire quantity of bile, aud I was not liositive as to these being the eggs of this animal. Texas Station, Bulletin No. 19, December, 1891 (pp. 7). CoR'N FODDER, G. W. CuETis, M. S. A. (pp. 153-159). — To compare the effect on the yield of shelled corn and of dry cured fodder of topping, pulling, topping and ]»ulliug, and allowing the whole plant to fieM-cure naturally, the corn on 4 different plats received the following treatment : 726 " Plat Xo. 1, tops cut al)ove ears, leaving;- blades on stalks below; Plat No. 2, left without touebiDji; until rii>e and thorou/^bly dead; Plat Xo. 3, leaves stiipixM] from entire stalk lor fodder, leaviny,' only the stalks aiul ears standing ; Plat No. 1, tops cut above the ears, and leaves pulled below, leaving only the naked stalk up to and including the ear." The plats were all manured alike and received the same general treatment. Dry weatlier diminislu'd the yield "at least one third in each case." The yield and conii)osition of the shelled corn, the cal- culated nutritive ratios of the fodders, and tlie linaueial results are tabulated. The yield of shelled corn from the 4 plats was 17.45, 17.22, 15.11, and KJ.OT bushels per acre, respectively, and there was only a slight dilference in its comiKJsition. The yield of tops from plat 1 was 1,093 pounds (cost i)er ton $2.1.'i); of leaves from plat 3, 427 pounds (costperton >'7.(»7): and of lea v«'s and tops from i)lat 4,1.3(i7 ])oundsi)er acre (cost per ton >«2.2."»), The yield of whoh' fodder from jdal 2 is not given. The lea\ cs proved the richest fodder, as is iudieatetl by the fol- lowing analyses: Fodder from diffvrcni jiaris 0/ corn jilant. Tops only, tiiken Troiu platl. Leaves only, taken from plat X Tops and leaves. together, luken from plat 4. Per rent. •2. <•>■>:< 27. !i«0 Pfr crnt. 14.0:11 2. mu 'X: aui 37. -j-a 12. 240 7.170 Per friit. 12. 103 2 4t!litalil<' ]ira<'ti«'i«. Couiitiiij^ c'«)st ill racli rase and tin- valiu- «»t' tin' dillVn-iit luddcrs. and t'spccially the fBV«t on yitdd of corn «>f tin- dinVimt plans of j^atln riiiLC fodilcr, the itracticc i>f ]>ull- ing li'avi's only will l»o fonnd un)iriilitaldc as ('oni]iai'<'d with <'uttin;j; top.i only, or cnttinfj tt^ps alio\«' anil imllinti havts Im-1ow tlir «>ai"s. f)f tin- two latter i)lans wc have conn* to tlir loiulusion that it is more ]irotitalilc, one yi-ar with anolhcr. to cnt tops only. [Kej,'urdini,' the linii' for toppin;^ or pnliinjj. it is nroniMirndrd In] let the corn stand until the ears are will hardened — never mind if the lowest leaves are even tnriiing dry and yellow — as late aspossilde. so that the fodder is saved, while the n]»]»er leaves, stalk, and the onter Inisks of the ear are .still }n'<'''»- In conclnsion, we would say to all fariniiH in this section of the country: Do not neglect to save what fodder is made in growing corn, and grow at lea.st enough corn to supply what fodder is really needed for the stock ke])t on hand. Washington Station, Bulletin No. 2. January. 1892 (pp. 20). Report or iwkmeus* institi tk at Colton, W AsniN(;n»N (pp. 21-.'}<»). — TiiisincliKh's papers on the following subjects read by mein]>ers of the station staffat the farmers* institute held at ("ulion, Wasliinytmi, 727 January 30, 1S92: The Purposes and Aims of tlie Wasliiiifitou Agri- cultural ("ollcgv, by (!. Lillcy, LL. 1).; Dairy Faiiiiiiij4' in Washington, by .^l()"r>. Si'obcy, ^I. A.; The Tree Crop Ibr Eastern ^^'asllin^t(•n, by J'^. U. Lake, M. S.; and vSpasnuxlic and Flatnlent ( "obe, by C E. Muiiii, V. S. Wyoming- Station, Bulletin No. 5, February, 1892 (pp. 40). The r.EST fiiops and live stock for ^VYOMTNG, ]). JMoLaren, M. S., AND B, C. r.rFFTT.M, B. S. (i)i). b^l)-l7()).— Suggestions regard- ing the varieties of field crops, vegetabU's, and Iruits, and the breeds of live stock which are best adai»tet inn jtrevented a glut until the croj) of 18it0 was sent to market. » - • These facts show clcarlj* what is the matter with cotton growing. It is snllering from over))roiln«tion. In tiie last 2 years this cmmtry has ]irodnced umre than L',(HM),(MK» bales above the rei|niienients of consnm)ttion. It has redured ]>rices to a jxiiiit which planters tledaie is below cost of ])rodnction. What is the remetly 1 It is <|uite as easily indicated as the diagnosis of the disease- is accurate. Reduce the area in t),0(KI people of the ten cotton Slates south of Virginia. A i»roduct yielding $22 per head will mother enrich nor feed a people. Of course only three fourths of this population are engaged in agriculture, and not all are growing cotton. Hut more crops must be grown. It is suicidal to bring hay into a jtnrely agricultural country, to buy tlonr where the labor that would ]iroiluce it is wasted, to go to the West for meats when they can be |)rodnced cheaper than in the West. This is not all. Not only should these States be self-sui>i>orting, but they should jirodnce a larger part of the sugar now imported, and sa\ e millions of dollars in libers now brought from Mexico and Yucatan, from China and the East Inilies. The bananas and pineapplesof the tropics, now very remunerative to south Kbuida cultivators, could be multiplied a hundredfold, and many other fruits in proportion. The wheat crop of the worhl in ISOl.h'aving; out Bulgaria and Cauca- sus, is estimated at LM!38,21.'»,()Sl Imsliels, ascdinpiired with 'J,'_MKi,S.S!»,.~)")2 bushels in 1890. The United States produced Gll,780,oaO bushels. 728 729 BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. SixTU AND Seventh Annual Kepokts, ISSJ) and 1890 (i»i>, 5(Ki). — These include i^eiieial .stateineiit.s iiiul .st;itisti<'al iiiiormatioii rej;aid ing- the work of the liuieau, relating- es])ecially to i)leuroi)neunionia, Texas fever, hog cholera, swine plague, glanders, and the inspection of cattle for export and import, by the chief of the Bureau, D. K, Salmon; accounts of scientitic investigations of Texas fever, swine plague, and hog cholera, by T. Smith and E. A. Von Schweinitz; report of the U. S. board of inipiiry concerning epidemic diseases of swine, by E. O. Shakespeare, T. .1. Uurrill, and B. M. Bolton; breeds of sheep in Great Britain, by E. A. Carman; condition of the sheep industry west of the Missis.sippi liiver, by H. A. Heath; condition of the live stock industry of Wisconsin, by S. W. Campbell; the Chicago Horse Show of 1890, by C A. Martin ; rei)orts from inspectors and correspond- ents on an outbreak of a cutaueous disease among cattle, diseases among' swine, splenic or Texas fever, anthrax or charbon, i)ncumonia among horses, condition of tlie live stock industry of Nebraska, deterioration of American cheese, horse breeding in New Jersey, outbreak of disease among cattle in Missouri, glanders among horses and mules in Texas, regulating the transportation of Southern cattle, and pleuropneumonia in Great Britain, Scotland, and Ireland; condition of the animal industry of Kansas, by H. A. Heath; condition of the live stock indus- try of Colorado and Wyoming, by J. F. M. McNeely; exhibition of the Vermont Trotting Horse Breeders' Association, by H. Eomaine; infec- tious abortion of mares, by W. L. Williams; and laws of the States and Territories for the control of contagious diseases of domestic animals. DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Bulletin No. 6. Timber physios, part i, B. E. Fernow (pp. 16). — This is the introductory portion of " the first of a series of bulletins which are to record the results of an extensive investigation into the nature of our imjiortant woods, especially their mechanical and technical properties, and the dependence of these upon structure and physical condition, and uixni the conditions under which the wood has grown." Bulletin No. 0 will be preliminary in character and will discuss the need, object, and scope of the investigation ; give references to previous work in this line ; and explain the methods em]>loycdin the present investigation, includ- ing the forms of record and illustrations of the machinery in use. This portion of the bulletin contains general statements regarding the need of the investigation and abstracts of letters from scientific societies, engineers, and other persons, showing the usefulness of such work under direction of this Department. This investigation, tlie most coniprclionsiveof the kind ever nndertaken anywhere, in this country or in Europe, (li(1tn-.s tVoin all former attempts in a siuiilur directiou in this, that it starts out with the lulkst recognition of three facts' 730 (1) That iu order to establish reliable data as to mecLanical properties of our tim- bers, it is necessary to make a verj- large mimlter of tests, l)y which the range as well as average capabilities of the sjtecies is deteruiiued. (2) That in order to enable ns to make the most etiicieut jiractical ai»idi<;ition of the data thus obtained, it is necessary to know the physical and structural condi- tions of the test material and bring these into relation with the best results. (3) That in order further to deduce laws of relation between mechanical jtroper- ties ami the ])liysical antl structural conditions, as well as the conditions under whith the material was jiroduced, it is necessary to work on material tlie history of which is thoroughly known. Brielly, then, to solve the i)roblems before us it is necessary to make our test on a large number of specimens of known origin and known physical condition. While the tests in themselves ajijical at once and tirst to tin- engineer, inasnnich as by their great number they w ill furnish more reliable data regarding the i apabilities of the variotis timbers, the chief value and most imiiortant feature of the work lie in tl>e attempt to relate the mechanical i)roperties to the structure of the material and to the conditions under which it was protluced. Tlie organization and niotliods of tlu' invt'sligation liavc been biit'Hy described iu Circular No. 7 of the Division, as follows: There are four departments necessary to carry on the work as at present organized, one for each of the following lines of work: (1) (.'ollectiug, (2) mechanical tests. (!t) physical and microscopic examinati<»n of the test material, and (4) compilati*)U and final discussion of results. The collection of the test material is done by experts (Dr. Charles Mohr of Mobile, Alabama, for Southern timbers). The trees of each species are taken from a number of localities of dirtennt soils and climatic conditions. From each siteliv*' trees of ea
  • ped iu heavy paper, to the botanical laboratory of the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor (Mr. F. Koth, iu charge), to be studied as to their jihysical jiropertiea, macroscojtic and microscojtic structure, rate of growth, etc. Here are determined (1) the specific weight by a hygrometric method; ('J) the amount of water and the rate of its loss by drying in relation to shrinkage; (3) the structural diflerences of the diflerent pieces, especially as to the distribution of spring and summer wood, strong aiul weak cells, open vessels, nu'dullary rays, etc.; (4) the rate of growth and other bicdogical facts which may lead to the tiuding of relation between physical appearance, condition of growth, and mechanical properties. Tlu' material thus studied is jireserved for further examinations and tests as may api>ear desirable, the history of each piece being fully known and recorded. The logs are shipped to the St. Lonis Test Laboratory, in charge of I'rof. .1. H. Johnson. They are stenciled off for sawing and each stick markeil with dies, cor- responding to sketch in the record, so as to be perfcj;s ami Iroin each k)^ three or t'onr sticks, two of standard size, the other one or two of hirger size. Each standard stick is cnt in two, and one end reserved for testing 2 years hater, after seasoning. The standard size for the sticlcs is 4 by 4 indies and 60 inches long for cross-breaking tests. How- ever, there will be made a special series of cross-breaking tests on a specially con- structed beam-testing machine, gauged to the Watertown testing machine, in which the full log length is utilized with a cross section of 0 by 12 np to 8 by 16 inches, in order to establish the comparative value of beam tests to those on the small test pieces. It is expected that on an average iifty tests will be made on each tree, besides four or live beam tests, or two hundred and fifty tests for each species and site. The methods adopted for the tests will be described more fully later. All due caution will be exercised to perfect and insure tho accuracy of methods, and besides the records, whicli are made directly in ink into permanent V)Ooks, avoid- ing mistakes in copying, a series of i)h(itographs, exliibiting tlie character of tlie ru]iture, will assist in the ultimate study of tho material, which is also preserved. The department of compilation and liual discussion of results is as yet not organ- ized. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. The assimilation of free atmospheric nitrogt^n by plants in its relation to species, supply of plant food, and kind of soil, B. Frank {TaokIw. J((lirh., 21 (1892), pp.44). — In this paper the aulli(»r reviews investigiitiuus made by himself in recent years, ou the part wliieli the free nitrogen of the atmosphere plays in plant economy, as influenced by species of i)laiit, by supjilyof plant food in tlie soil, and l)y the kind of soil. Witli reference to the first point he cites experiments \\itli cryptogamous plants [PeniciUium, pure cultures of tubercle bacteria, and algie), wliieh go to show that tliese organisms are capable of growing and accuinulating nitrogt'n in an atmospliere freed from ammonia com- pounds and on a nitrogen-free substratum, and that alga* enrich the soil in nitrogen derived from the air; and with phaMiogamous phnits (oats, buck wlieat, sparry, rape, and yellow lupine *), indicating that tlies. l>lants, non leguminous as well as leguminous, can derive nitrogen from the atuu)si)here, provided they are lurnished with sullicient phosi)hoi it- acid, ])otash, and lime, although it is not denied that non-leguminous ])lauts are benelited by nitrogenous manures. ''It is reas(»nable to suppose that in a soil rich in nitrogenous con'.pounds the i>lants luake lessettbrt to secure nitrogen froiu the air than where this latter source is the only one. It may be assuuu'd that the plant assimilates the nitro- g«Mi of nitrogenous (•om[)oun(ls nnu'e leadily than the nitrogen of the atmosphere.'' This leads to the question of the ett'ect of the su])ply of ]»lant food on free nitrogen assimilatitm. The author studied this in experiments with yellow lupine and peas grown (1) without nitroge- nous manures but inoculated, and (li) with applications of calcium nitrate, ammonium suli)hate and urea, respectively, both with and without inoculation. He sums up the conclusions of these tests as fol- lows: It is possible for yellow lupine and i>eas to «leveloi> wit1nuit the aid of the symbiosis when manured with nitrates, ammonia, (U- urea; but the symbiosis alone (without nitrogencms manuring) gives better results with both kinds of plants than nitrogeiuuis luanures alone (with- out inoculation). NVheu the above nit rogenous manures were used in con- junction with the inoculation, the manures appeared to act disa34-23'J). — Observing the injury to tlie potato crop by rot (Phytojyhthora infestans) iu 1800, due to the excessive rains washing- the fungicides from the foliage and thus allow- ! ing the parasites to develop unchecked, the author was led to institute a series of experiments to test the persistency with which the various coi)p('r mixtures wliich have been proi)Osed for controlling plant dis- | eases adliere to the loliage. '■ For this purpose potato plants growing in large pots in a plant house were treated in ditfenMit cases with Bordeaux mixture (ordinary, with one half quantity of lime, and with addition of alum), copper-soda solution, copper-lime saccharate (copper sulphate 4.4 pounds, lime 4.4 pounf copper a. S3-i7). — An;ilysesol wluMt ;nid /,iological changes which now go on in the plant are very suscepti- ble to unfavorable influences of temperature, moisture, etc. The final product of the vital activity of the plant is starch, the proi)ortion of which largely determines the quality of the crop, and is itself deter- mined by the climatic conditions. This may be seen by comparing analyses of wheat grains grown in 1889, when the season was very dry, with the analyses of that gTowu in 1888, when the weather conditions were normal. 'Etude de la xiaille; Aun. Agron., 16, p. 358; Compt. rend., 110, p. 97. 736 AVlicat (Scholey). Wheat (Datlel). 1888. 1889. 1889. 12.63 77.20 15.3 61.9 1.1.87 G5.60 Staivli The proportions of protein ami stanli in the wheat of 1S88 were nor- mal, wliile it i.s evident that tlie conditions were sneh in IS.S!) that the clabonition of starch was seriou.sly interfered with. Tlu' s[»nnfi- was very wet, in.suriug au abundant supply of nitrates for the formation of protein, while the sunnner was very dry, retardin*;" the elaboration of the carbohydrates whicli were to form the starch. The percentajj^es and yield per hectare are tabulated of protein, reduc- ing sugars, dextrin, straw gJiin, and starch in the dilferent organs of the wheat ])hints grown in dupUcate on 10 phits in ISIH and analyzed June 16, July 3, ami Angnst 3 an«l 10. The tables show that at the last date, which was slightly beyond maturity, there was a falling off in the pro- portion of certain constituents of the grain, ])articularly of starch, and demonstrate the importance of giving more att<'ntion to the choiceof time of harvesting. The proi)ortion of straw gum increased in all parts of the plant. Analysis of the grain with reference to gluten and starch showed similar results to those obtained in ISSO. The pit»portion of gluten is normal, while starch is relatively low. Comparing the results withthe3 varieties for tlic [ vears we havt- the following: Scholey, 1888. Dnttel, 1889. Scholev, 1880.' Goldpn Dn.p, 1891. Ratio of gluten to starch 1: 6.13 1: 4.12 1: 4.01 1: 5.07 The season of I81U, like thatof 1SS'.1, was unfa\<>rable and ]»ro(luced similar results. There seems, therefore, to be two ])eriods in the assed under favorable c(Midilions which ex]>lains why the plant more frecpuMitly contains its normal amount of nitrogenous mat- ter. During the second period the sugars elaborated by the chlorophyll action are transfornuMl into starch, which accumulates in the grain. This second [teriod, in which the vital processes of the plant are very susceptible to unfavorable conditions of teuii)erature or moisture, falls in a part of the season which is likely to i)resent stu-h cimditions. As a result the grain matures too rapidly aiul is dclicicnt in starch. 737 Contribution to the study of fermentations of manure, T. Schlbs- ing, sr. and jr. {Ann. Af/ron., IS {18!J:J),pi}. 5-18). — lii maiiiiie pilod in iieai)s two kinds of leactiou take place. In the part wliere air (;ircu- lates freely a lively combustion jjjoes on, due to the action of aerobic microbes; carbonic acid is evolved in lai'^e ([uantities; and the tem- perature is raised considerably. In the part wiiere free access of air is impossible, anatirobic microbes are active, setting- free marsh gas, hj'drogen, and carbonic a(;id,bnt ])rodncing nuich less heat. This snb- ject has already been investigated by Deherain and Gayou. Recent work by the authors is reported in detail. (1) Combustion with access of air, microbic and purely chemical. — "When manure as well as other organic matter is piled in mass with access of air the temperature gradually rises. This elevation of tem- perature seems to be due at tirst to the action of microbes, but it increases until the microbes are destroyed, and it is sufficiently high to enable the purely chemical combustion to go on unassisted. The anthor undertook to determine the exact temperature at which microbic action ceases. The method pursued for this purpose was to maintain at a constant temperature two lots of maiuire, one sterile and the other inoculated, and to pass slowly through each a continuous current of air, which was measured. The combustion was measured by the amount of carbonic acid evolved in each case. Five hundred or 1,000 grams of the moist manure finely divided and carefully mixed was introduced into metal cylinders, fitted with covers which could be soldered on. The cylinders were provided with lead tubes for the entrance of the air and the exit of the gaseous products. For the lot which was to remain sterile the entrance tube was provided with a glass tube plugged with a germ filter L*0 to 25 cm. long. All the lots were sterilized at the same time by being kept for an hour in an oven at 115° C. In the first series of tests inoculation was accomplished l)y withdraw- ing the material from the cylinders for a few moments immediately after sterilization and adding a few centimeters of a water extract of non- sterilized manure. The amount of air introduced into the cylinders in a given time was accurately determined. This amount was varied at different times as the intensity of combustion demanded, the object bi'ing to kee]) a considerable excess of oxygen present, and to main- tain a proi)ortion (1 to li per cent or less) of carbonic acid gas which could be accurately determined. Rapid and exact determinations of the latter were made by an apparatus specially devised for the ]uirpose. All results are calculated to grams per kilogram of dry manure. The fig- ures for the sterilized lots represent the purely chemical combustion; those for the inoculated lots, the sum of this combustion and that duo to the ferments. The first experiment was made with fresh cow manure, rich in excrement, and containing 80 per cent of water. The temperatures in the case of different lots were 30°, 40°, and 50° C, and the experiment lasted 35 days. Up to the eleventh day there was no marked difference between the two lots, for the combustion was very 21820— :N^o. 10 6 738 lively and the liberal supply oi oxygeu at first masked the influence of the ferments, but after that time the combustion was from four to eight times jrreatci- in the inoculated than in the sterile lots. Tiie purely (licniical combustion increased apjtreciably with the temperature. On examininjjj the material at the end of the experiment it was found that the inoculated lots were further advanced in decomposition than those kept sterile, as shown by the appearance and physical condition. Fifty ;,nains of each lot was placed on a filter and treated with wati-r ujitil tlie filtrate showed no further coloration. The residue was dried and weighed. It was found that the fermented lots gave considerably less residue tluin tliose ke]>t sterile. The .sec(»n«l i'xpcriiDent, lasting from 23 to 2iJ days, was made with horse manure containing GO per cent of moisture. The temperatures were ~>2'^, .l.S'^, and G(P C The results show that microbic combustion was still active at C<»" (J., on the second day furnishing scv«'iit<*en times as much carbonic a..~)0 V. with horse manure containing 7.{ ]>er cent of moisture, and lasted for .~) days. The results confirmed those already obtained. In a fifth experiment, made with horse maiuire containing 71 per cent of moisture and lasting lor 5 days, the temperature was maintained at 70..j° C. There was very litth' diflerence between the sterile sind inocnlated lots, showing that tiu' microbes were not able to act at this temperature, but when the temi)erature was allowed to fall to 73^ and the cylinder reinoculafed, microl)i<- action set in again vigorously. In (»rder to verify these resnlts and lix the temperatures between which microltic actitm ceases, simihir exi)eriments were made at temperatures of Tl'.o- and 81^ C. The results eonlirnuMl tlie preceding. The experinn-nts. tiu'iefore, show that at 7.) C. the ai'-robie microbes were still active, but tluit at 71).">^ C. ay the organic matter; on the contrary, nitrogen is given off in the form of ammonia. Water assists in the decomp(Ksiti«>n()f organic matter, furnishing to the carbon a certain amount of oxygen and hydrogen. Effect on the total yield of potatoes of removing the tubers from time to time, E. WoUny ^ Foisdi. mi/, tl. dth. il. mir. I'liiisiK. li^pp.l^5—iW). — In the vicinity of Euroi>ean cities, where there is a demand for early potatoes, farnuTs follow the practice of digging into the hills before the tubers are all ripe and removing such as are large enough for cooking, Tiie soil is tlu-n replaced and tlie others allo\ve«l to grow. This may be repeated two or three times during the develop- ment of the plant. Since it has been claimed that by this means the yield is increased, the effect of this praefiee on the total yield of potatoes was made the subject of investigation. In 18SS, isst», is'.m^ and 1891 a large number of (lilVerent varieties of j)otat4>es. including both early and late, were grown for (he test. The large tubers were removed from some of the plants of each variety once before the final harvest, from others twice and three times, and on still others they remained undisturbed until all were dug. In «'veiy case from twenty to thirty i)lants received the same treatment. The I'onclusions from the results are that the total yield of tubers where they were renn>ved once or more during the growing season wa« larger in number but less in weight than where the i>lants reuuune3 42.40 29.59 39. Gl Att<>nd ancc. $5.6.1 .1. 6.-J .■>. 8a 5. &! 5.KI 5.63 5.6.3 5.63 5.63 Total coat. $34.85 55.16 50.65 M. 1(1 49. 2.1 56.16 Value of— Ani- mal. $44.00 48.95 39.59 49.50 44.17 41.94 50, 03 44. 69 37. 22 40. 28 46. 24 27. 13 Ma- nure. $6.00 6.00 C.(KI 6.tK) 6. (HI 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Total value. $50.00 54.95 45. 59 55. 50 50.17 47.94 50.69 46.28 33.13 Gain (+) or Lo6s(— ). + $15.15 — 0. 21 — 5. (Hi + 1.40 -t- 0.92 — 8.22 ■4- 0.66 -f- 9.06 — 13.11 It will bo observed that [.at the prices charged] the aiiiinal fed on skim milk cost $12.81 le.ss than the .average grade fed on whole milk, and $9.02 les.s than the native or scrub, whereas he gave a net gain of $9.72 in advance of the former and of $22.17 in advance of the lalter. While the native or scrub cost $.3.79 less than the average grade, the net return given V)y him was also $17.56 less; that is to say, he cost $1.3.77 more thau the former when 1 year old. He not only made the lowest gain per day, but was also rated the lowest by the valuators. 743 Experiments -with spring grain, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz {Onta- rio Ayr. CoUcijc J'Jxpl. iStdlioii^ Jlul. So. 71, Fchnntri/ ;j:j, /.s,'al', pp. ,s). — Notes iind tabulated data are given for 10 varieties of oats, 10 of wheat, and 13 of barley, wliicli have been tested at the station for 3 years (1889-91). There are also notes on other varieties which have been less thoroughly tested. The varieties giving the highest yields in bushels per acre were as follows : Oats. — .Toanette Black 85, Chenailles Black 81 , Black Etampes 80, Houdan Black 79, Siberian 78. Wheat. — Herison Bearded 26, Pringle Champion 23, Summer 22, Holben Imjjroved 22, Odessa Ghirka 21. Bar la/. — Manshury 59, Chevalier 55, Em^iress 54, Hallett Pedigree 53, Oderbrucker 52, Scotch Improved 52. Of the foreign varieties of wheat tested, Pringle Champion has been placed first for milling purposes. An account is given of an exi)eriment in which barley, wheat, and oats were sown at six ditt'erent dates, from April 22 to June G, inclusive. Barley and oats sown ]\lay 1 and 9 gave the largest yields, but the earliest sowing of wheat was most produc- tive. Roots, potatoes, and fodder corn, T. Shaw and C. A. Zavitz {Ontario Agr. CoUef/e Expt. Station Bui. Xo. 7\2, February ^H., t'^HJ, pp. 8). — Notes and tabulated data on tests of varieties of Swede turnips, turnips, mangel-wurzels, sugar beets, potatoes, and corn for fodder. The varieties which gave the best yields in 1890 and 1891 were as fol- lows: Sicecle turnips (tons per acre). — Boyal Norfolk Purple Top 21, Hazard Swede 21, Carter Elephant 20. Turnips (tons per acre). — Eed Globe Norfolk 27, Eed Top Strap Leaf 23, Pomeranian White Globe 22, all varieties with white flesh. Mangel-wurzels {ton»])ev &,CYe). — Norbi- tau Giant 23, Long Eed 19, Carter Warden Orange 18, Potatoes (bush- els per acre). — Empire State 193, Summit 117, Early Maine 141, Clark No. 1 138. Corn for fodder (tons per acre). — Sheep Tooth 10, Chester County Mammoth 10, Calico Dent 15, Learning Dent 15, Cranberry White Dent 15, Compton Early 15, Wisconsin Yellow Dent 15, Mam- moth Southern Sweet 15, Southwestern 14, Wisconsin White Flint 14. "While the average yield of the 11 varieties of whiteHeslied turnips per acre was 853 bushels, that of the 4 yellow-Heshed varieties was but 673.3 bushels. "While the average yield of the 14 distinctively long varieties of mangel-wurzels was 952 bushels per acre, that of the 6 globe varieties was but 747 bushels. * * * "For quantity and quality of fodder and earliness in maturing, Compton Early, Wisconsin White Flint, Leamiug Yellow, and Wis. cousin Yellow Dent are probably the most suitable for the silo among the 35 varieties tested here for the past 3 years. " In a test [of level and ridge culture] the mangel-wurzels grown on the level gave a considerably larger yield than when grown on ridges, while the difference with the turnips and sugar beets was but slight." 744 Effect on the chemical composition of milk ash of feeding pre- cipitated phosphate of lime, E. Hess and Schafifer [JmikIic. Jahrb., d. ASrIiirciz.. 1s.]>. I'j, and Chem. Ceniralhl.^ 1892^ part 1, p. 570). — Pi(Mi[>it;it('(l basic phosphate of lime. containiii;i 38.45 per ceut of phosphoric acid auer ocut of i>hosj)h((ric acid. Fil'ty «;rams of the phosphate were fed i)er head per day. The phosphoric acid in the milk ash increased 3 tti 4 per cent during this feedinji, and in one case reached 31.8 per cent. (It is not stated whether there was likewise an increase in the percentai;e of milk ash.) By feedin*;" the phosphate to cows atlected with a disease of the udder known in Switzerland as (ialt, in which the milk secreted contains an abnormally low ]»ereentaji:e of phosphates, it was found possible to gradually l)rin.u' the percentage of phosjthoric acid in the milk ash up to the normal, although no cure of the disease had been etlected in the meant inx'. Effect on the constitution of the milk fat of adding sugar to the food. A. Mayer i Milch ////.. i.V'V, y7^ /.'', ■'>ii}. — This trial was made with one tnw . TliclMsal rati<»n fed consisted of 7(>i>oundsof dill'usion lesidue, 1 1 i)oiinds of rye straw, and S8 pounds of linseed cake per day. Tliis was fed in tin* lirst i»erio«l (November 17 to I'd); 4.4 i>ounds of cane sugar l)er day was. added in the se«dnd period (November IMJ to December 0); and the basal ration was fed again in the thiid jieriod (l)ecend)er 7 to 17). The chaiiu'ter of the butter produced in each period is shown in the following table: Jliiltrr prothicrd irilh ntid irilhoiit siipar. Perioil 1, basjil ration . . Pt-rioil ".'. Imsiil rat inn anil siiirar Pi'iiwl ;!. basal ration Melting point. (y Nov. 24. I Nov. 2C. \ I»e<-. 4. I Her. 6. S Dec. 15 < Ih-c. 17 Degree* C. 41.7 42. 4 •«». 1 311.0 40.8 41.1 Solidify- ing point. Deareet C. 24.7 i-l. 4 20.9 21.7 22. 6 22.9 Vnlntile fatty acicl.s. 24.2 2.V0 2«. 9 29.2 27.9 28.1 The melting i»i)iiit and i»oint of soliililication wcie both lowest during the second ]U'riod, when sugar was fed. The volatile fatty acids also increased during this i>eriod. It is belie\ed the elVects of the sugar wouhl have been miuc jilainly visible hatl the i>eriods been separat»'d by transition periotls. The reaction of cows' milk and human milk, and its relation to the reaction of casein and the phosphates, G. Courant i. !/icseut,the casein will be completely i)recipitated. If phos- ]>horic acid be used instead the precipitation of the casein occurs first when all the lime has been changed to monocalcic phosphate. Only the dicalcium or disodium casein comi)ounds are curdled by rennet in the presence of water-soluble lime salts, ami the completeness of the curd- ling depends on the amount of lime salts present. The reaction of these casein solutions before the rennet is added is like that of milk, alkaline to lacmoid and acid to phenol phthalein. The acidity of the two is about the same, but the milk is stronger in its alkaline reaction owing to larger amounts of insolultle ]>hosi)hates, and especially to the soluble dialkali phosphate it contains. The less complete curdling of human milk, as compared with cows' milk, is due to the increased alkalinity of the latter. The decrease of milk in acidity when diluted with water is a result of the decomposition of the lime-casein compounds and the phosphates; the diminution of alkalinity is caused only by the presence of lime- casein com])ounds. By cooking, the alkalinity and the acidity of milk are both reduced. The addition of calcium chloride to milk causes no change in its alkalinity but increases its acidity. The change in the casein caut ed by adding rennet to milk has no connection with the reac- tion. In curdling with rennet the dicalcium-casein compound is precip- itated. Linseed cake vs. sesame cake for milch cows {Wekelijsche Lamlbotiic Kroniel., 1S92 ; aha. Brannscliwg. landic. Ztg., 1892, p. 31). — In Holland linseed cake was formerly almost universally accredited the first place among concentrated feeding stuffs for milch cows. More recently sesame cake has competed strongly with it, and the past year the Dutch Agricultural Society {Rollandsche MaatscJiappy van Land- home) appointed a commission to test the relative merits of the two feeds in comparative experiments with milch cows. These experiments were made on four different farms, four cows being used in each case. These were divided into two lots, containing animals as nearly alike as possible, one lot receiving linseed cake and the other sesame cake in the first period (March 5 to 26), and both lots being reversed in the sec- ond period (March 26 to April 25). The cows all received the same amount of the basal ration, and like money values of the cakes were fed. The linseed cake cost $4.33 per 100 cakes and the sesame cake $4 per 100. 746 The composition of the two cakes was as follows : Linseed cake. Seaame cake. Water Crude a.sli Crude cellulose Crude fat Albnniiiiuids... Starch Per cent. J3. 38 5.30 7.23 13.70 33. 42 26.81 Per cent. 11.04 12.57 6.87 15.34 37. 45 16.72 The results of one experiment were discarded on account of the death of one of the cows. In general the results at the three other farms showed an increased milk yit'ld with st'same cake, but a lower yield of total fat in the milk than with linseed cake. The relation between the milk yield on the two feeds is given for the several experi- ments as follows : On scsanio cake. On linseed cake. 1 Liter*. 1.000 1,000 1,000 LiUrt. 986 971 975 2 3 The relative amounts of fat in the milk were: On linseed cake. On sesame cake. 1 Pound*. 100 100 100 Pound*. 73.5 86.8 92.3 2 3 The milk piodiicrd on linseed cake was thcrrftire relatively the richer in fat. The relative amounts of solids not fat in the milk were: On linseed cake. On sesame cake. 1 Pounds. 100 100 100 Pound*. 100.0 103.8 102. 0 2 3 Estimates of the money value of the ingredients of the milk produced on the two tei'ds, eahuhiting one jiart of fat as ei>. 41. •/?. Contributions to the know^ledge of carbohydrates {Znr Kenntniss der Kohlehy- drate), V. Ui.i.iK. — Zeitsch.f. das ijcs. Urauwiseii, 15, pp. 15-17, 2S-S1, and S9~41; abs. in Chem. Centralhl., 1S92, I, p. 4S2. The pentaglucoses, their occurence in plants and their determination ( Veher die I'tnttiijliikiiHtii, ihr I'lnkinnmi n in I'tiuuzi untuffrn inid Hire anali/tixriii ]'« xtimmiinij), \i. Toii.KNs, A. (;i'Miii;i:. aiul I)i. ("ii.\i:i.Mttr.— ./oi/r. /. Landw.. 40, IhJ't 1, pp. 11-lS. Contributions to the kno^^rledge of nuclein (Jii iln'iye :ur Kenntniss der Xucleine), II. Mai.kai II. — Zeitsch. /. physiol. Cheni., Id, llefle 1 and 2, pp. OSSO. On adenin (Znr Kenntniss des Jdenins), M. KkTckr. — Zeitsch. f. phijsiol. (hem., 16, Hefte I and 2, pp. l(JO-172; Ife/te 4 and 5, pp. .129-840. On adenin and hypoxauthin {Veher Adenin und Hijpoxanthin), G. IJiunxs and A. KiissK.r.. — Zeitsch./. phifsiol. Chem., 16, Hefte 1 and g, pp. 12. Contributions to the analysis of fats, .T. Lkwkowstcme. — Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 11, pp. 114-145. Studies on the determination of crude Gber {Znr Kenntniss der Jioh/asserhestimm- iiiKj). .S. C,.\\\\i\i:\.. -Ziitsrh. /. phi/xiiil. Chrm., li'>, Hefte 4 and 5, pp. S70-."S6. On the examination of animal feeding stuffs ; a chemical characteristic of putrefaction i lUitriiiit :ur Inli r-iin Inmg uninialifiihi r Xnhrunii-tmittiJ. II. Kin chem- ischcs Mnkmal dir ruiiliiis). W . KitKK. — -.tnh.f. lierhiilkiinde, IS, pp. 110-117. Estimation of free and albuminoid ammonia in water, W. F. LowK. — Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., II, p. l-!5. Preparation and keeping of germ-free distilled •water {DarsteUung und Anfhe- wahruntj keimfreien deatillirten Wassers), A. GwYALOWt^Kl. — I'harmazeut. Post, 25, pp. 155, 156. The quantitative determination of minute quantities of lime ( Veher die quanti- tative Bestimmung geriufier Mengen von Kalk), M. Kidr.KR. — Zeitsch. f. phy.siol. Chem., 16, Ilefte 4 and 5, pp. 445-452. On the employment of color reactions for testing precipitates of albuminoids •with potassium ferrocyanide t /'jj. 125-130. The reactions of unorganized ferments {Die Eeactionen der ungeformteu Fer- mente), G. Tajimaxn. — Zeitsch. f. physiol. Chem., 16, Hefte 4 and 5, pp. 271-328. Investigations of soluble iexrx\.%y\t& {JJntersuchungen iiher losliche Fermente), J. Jacobsox. — Zeitsch. f. plnisiol. Chem., Hefte 4 and 5, pp. 340-370. Further investigations on the tryptic enzymes of microorganisms ( Weitere Untersuchungen iiher die tryptische Enzyme der Mikroorgauismen), C.Fermi. — Arch., f. Hygiene, 14, Heft 1, pp. 44. An aerobic ferment in straw^ which reduces the nitrates {De la presence dans la paille d'ltn ferment aerobic, reducteur des nitrates), E. Breal. — Compt. rend., 114 (1892), pp. 681-684. Recognition, occurrence, and importance of the diastatic enzymes of plants {Nachiveis, Vorkommen, und Bcdcninng des diastatischen Enzyms in den PJianzen), J. WoRTMANX.— i?of. Zfg., 1801, Nos. 37-41. Cradine, a new^ peptic ferment (C/'anfi/ie, ein neues peptisches Ferment), Mussi. — Vierteljahrsch. ii. d. Fortschr. a. d. Geb. d. Chem. d. Nahrungsmittcl, 6, p. 293. The fermentation of blood {Sur la fermentation du sang), Berthelot and AXDRE.— <:'o»ij*^ rend., 114 (1802), pp. 514-520. The chemical relations of bacterial life (Die chemischen Verhdltnisse des Bakteri- -enlebens), O. L,6v,\—Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Par., 9, Heft 20. Butyric acid and Bacillus subtilis {Ueher Buttersaure und den Bacillus suhtilis), B. Lederer.— C7(em. Ztg., 1892, p. 252. On a Bacillus butyricus found in milk ( Ueher einen Bacillus hutyricus), S. Botkix. — Zeil-ich. f. Hygiene, 11, pp. 4 J 1-434. Investigations on the determination of the manurial requirements of soils by means of plant analysis ( Untersuchungen iiber die Feststellung des Diingcrbediirfnisses der Ackerboden durch die Pflanzenanalyae), A. H. Helmkampf. — Jour.f. Landw., 40, Heft 1, pp. 85-112. 750 A new method for ascertaining the manurial needs of soils ( Ueher eine ncur. Methoflt der lUsthnmniif) (hs Diiiitjohcdiirfnias un.icnr A<:kvrlwd}>. 10-. '2. Cooperative field experiments w^ith hailey {r8uvhe des I'enina 'Tcrxuehx- uud Lehranstalt fur Brauerci in Berlin," 1801), C. vox Eckenbukcmki:.— Sachs, laudw. Zrit^ch., 1802, Xo. 14, pp. l.'iS-140. On the growth of the vine {Surla ve'ge'tation-dela vigne), L.RoosamlK. Thomas. — Compl. rrnd.. 114 (1802). p. 50S. The composition of cooked vegetables, K. .1. Williams. — Chem. News, 65, p. 46. Effect of food on the composition of the ash of the blood ( Ueber den Einfiuss der Xahruug auf die Zuxnuimruscl:uug der lilutaxi he), K. LANPsTr.IXlJ:. — Zeitsch. f. phya- ioh ('hem., !''■. Hiftr I uud 2. pp. 1-1-20. The digestibility of the protein in normally dried and in partly burned brew- ers' grains ( f'erdauliehkeit des Proteins in normal getrockueten und theilwciae verbraunt< r Pirrtretieru), B. i>vmi./.K.— .lbs. in Milch Ztg., 1802, Xo. 12, pp. 10)\ 101. Feeding experiments w^ith disembittered \upine (Fiitterungsrersuche tuit cntbit- tcrtru Lupinen). S. (Jaiumki.. — Jour. f. Lundw., I'K Urft 1, pp. 2.^-46. Results of feeding brew^ers' grains to horses {Erfahrungen mit rf«r VerfUttcrung der Jiiirlnbcr mi Iferde), K. I'orr. — Laudw. Thiirzucht. 1802, Xo. 7. On the composition of milk and milk products, P. Vikth. — Analyst, 1S9S, April, pp. g:-65. The determination of fat in cream by Soxhlet's aerometric method (]> liestiuiinung des Fettgchaltes im Pahm nach der araonutrisehvn Mclhode), li vox Tin. KIXG.— .Vi7c/i. Ztg., 1802, Xo. IS, p. 100. On the optical and chemical analysis of butter, F. Jkax. — Monit. scient., ISO.'. 4, ser. I',, p. :H. Behavior of butter and margarine tow^ards coloring matters ( Vcrhalien di r Jiuttcr uud Margarine gegeu Farbxioffe), M. AVlu-anut. — Milch Ztg., 1802, Xo. 15, pp. 288-241. 751 What shall •we do -with centrifugal skim milk ( Was vmehen wir mit der Centri- fxiffen-Ma{ieynnh'h)'i F^isbkin. — Zciisch. d. hindiv. I'cr. in lUnjrrn, ISn.?, pjy. S-17. The rancidity and the preservation of butter, C. Besana. — Le Slazioue S2)erimcnt. agric. ital., 2J, pp. 456-465. The cause of abnormal ripening of cheese (Uehcr die Urmchen ittid die Erreger der ahiiormalen lUifuviisvorgiiiKje bcim Kiise), L. Adamktz. — Milch. Zttj., 1S02, Xo. IS, pp. J0'>-208; Xo. 14, pp. 221-22S. Determination of the acidity due to the fixed and volatile acids of wine (8ur la determination de Vacidity due aux acides fixes et volaliles du vin), J. A. Mullkr. — Ann. ('him. et phtfs., torn. 25, se'r. 6, pp. llS-125. The specific gravity of silk {Le poids sp^cifiquc de la soie), L. Vignon'. — Compt. rend., 114 {isn2). pp. 60S-605. Report of the Experiment Station at Bonn, Germany, 1891 {Bericht iihcr die Thdiigkeit der I'ersucha Station im Jahre 1S91). — Zcitach. d landw. Ver. f. Bhcinjyrcusscn, 1S92, Xo. 10, pp. 73-75; No. 11, pp. 81-83. EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES. Alabama College Station. — April 11 cotton was ginned at the station with the aid of an electric motor, the power being conveyed from the college over a wire more than half a mile long. This is believed to be the first ajiplication of electricity to the ginning of cr)tton. Florida Station. — A. W. Bitting, B. .S., has been added to the station Aaff as veterinarian, and .J. K. Kitzgerald, B. .'>.. has been appointed horticnltnrist. P. H. Rolfs, M. S., formerly assistant bot.uiist of the Iowa .Station, has lieen appointed botanist and entomologist vice J. C Neal, M. D. Director J. P. DePass has Just returned from Cul>a, wiicre he has been investigating tobacco culture and manu- facture. The station has been making distribution of tobacco seed and fruit trees to applicants in the State. Illinois Station. — Science for April 15, 1892, contains an account of «»bservati(m8 on the growth and chemical composition of the maize plant by E. H. Farrington. Kentucky Station. — C. L. Curtis, assistant agriculturist, died Ajuil 4, 1S!12. Minnk.sota Station. — Andrew Boss has been apjiointed farm foreman and T. L. Haecker instructor in butter making. NE\v.lERSKvSTAri(»NS. — The First Annual Report oftiie New Jeisey weatlier ser\ ice for 1X90 (pj). .">76) has recently been received. New Mkxko ("olleck. — At a recent meeting of the board of regents new courses of study of a higher graile than those now given were submitted by President Hadh'v and a^ijuoved by the board. It was decided to divide the dciiartment* of botany and clieniistry and to have the professor of chemistry also aN. — A. V. Me]>owell has been ;iji])ointed superintendent of tlm farm. An orchard of more than L'.tKX) trees is being jilaiifed and .~>I acres of land have been prepared for fuld experiments. The station barn has been completed and other buildings are well under way. Pennsylvania Station. — The address of the station for express and freight is now State College, the same as its post «»ftice and telegraph addre.ss. South Dakota Station. — In aceordanee with the rules and reguhitions adopted by the State board of regents of edmation .lauuary 7. 1S92, the station is put under the general management of a station council consisting of the president of the col- lege, the ])rofessor8 of agriculture, taitomology, chemistry, dairy science, liotany. hor- ticulture, anil veterinary .science, and such other oHicers as may from time to time be designated by the boanl of regents. "All allotments of money to the diflerent departments of the station, all expenditures .nul pureha.'^es. all estimates of ef|uip- ment, all important lines of work to lie unilertaken. and in short the entire policy of the experiment station are to be determined by vote of the council subject to the approval of the board of trustees; and all reciunmendations and repi>rts to the board must ln> made through the regular channels of ])rocedure of the station council." Utah Station. — The l)oard of trustees recently appointed includes the following members: W. S. McCornick, president, Salt Lake City; J. B. Keeler. Provo; U. W. Cross, Ogden; .1. T. Hammond, Logan; A. A. Hey ward. Ogden; ii. Barber, Logan; W. R. Stiver. Logan; A. M. Fleming, treasurer, and J. T. Cunie, Jr., .secretary. S. S. Twombly, B. S., D. V. S., has been added to the station atati' as consulting chemist. 753 753 QuKEXSLAND, DEPARTMENT OF Agriculturk, BRISBANE. — Bulletin No. 14, Decem- ber, 1891 (pp. 12), contains an article on rice growing and its ])rcparation for market. Bnlletin No. 15, Jannary, 1892 (pp. 14), is on Toltacco, its Cultivation in 8outlierii Queensland, Ity S. Lanili. Practical directions are given for the culture, curing, and packing of tobacco, with special reference to the conditions of agriculture in Queens- land. In si)ite of the fact that tobacco is jnotected by a customs duty the imports of American tobacco are increasing. The author believes tliat Queensland growers should devote themselves to raising liigli-grade tobacco for home consumption and export, leaving to other countries the production of the low and medium grades. Bulletin No. 16. .January, 1892 (pp. 27, tigs. 10), by E. M. Shelton. consists of excerpts from bulletins of the U. 8. Department of Agriculture and of the Ameri- can experiment stations, with notes and comments with reference to the needs of agricultni'e in Queensland. In a number of cases the abstracts arc taken from the Experiment Station Record. The subjects treated are, The Establishment of Creameries (Texas Station Bnlletin No. 5), Treatment of Scale Insects (U. S. Division of Entomology Bulletin No. 23), Waste of Manure in the Land (Kansas Station Report for 1888), Care of Farm Manure (New York Cornell Station Bnlletin No. 27), Composition of the Ramie Plant (California Station Bnlletin No. 94), Insecticides (New Jersey Stations' lUiUetin No. 75), Clarifying Reagents used in Sugar Making (Louisiana Stations' Bulletin No. 11), Potato Trials (Utah Station Bulletin No. 5j. Abstracts of these publications may be found in P^xperimeut Station Record, vol. I, p. 151 ; vol. II, pp. 415 and 664 ; vol. iii, pj). 89, 371, and 389 ; and Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 2, part ii, p. 12. German regui.ati(>x.s for the sale of feeding stuffs. — At a congress of representatives of experiment stations, the trade, and farmers, held in Berlin February 20, 1892, the following general regulations were agreed upon to govern the trade in "artificial" feeding stuffs: In every sale the seller is to furnish, without request, a written guaranty of the name, purity, composition, and condition of the feeding stuff, together w ith a state- meutas to the compensation which will be allowed in case the material falls below the guarantied composition, and the manner in which this shall be adjusted. It is recommended that in the retail trade the guaranty be aflixed to each bag, together with the name of the dealer, weight of the parcel, and the name of the exi^eriment station under whose control the dealer has placed himself. The guaranty of composition shall in all cases show the percentages of protein and of fat separately, and not the sum of the two, as has been customary, and may also show the percentage of carl>ohydrate8. These percentages represent the mini- mum content; the guaranties showing the extreme range of composition (as 18-20 per cent) are not allowable. The compensation for deficiency in guarantied nutrients may be adjusted in either of two ways, (1) on the basis of equi\ alents in which a deficiency of one ingredient is compensated for by an excess of another, or (2) according to the so-called Bemburg analysis latitude. In the former case limits are fixed to the extent to which one ingredient shall be allowed to compensate for another. Thus, where less than 10 per cent of fat is guarantied, not over 1 per cent is rejdaceable ; above this guarantied amount, 2 per cent; and for 10 per cent of jirotein guarantied, not over 3 per cent is replaceable. According to the Bernburg analysis latitude, no compensation is to be exacted where the deficiency does not exceed 1.5 per cent for protein or 0.5 per cent for fat. Beyond these limits rebate is to be made for all the deficiencies. AVhen the adjustment is according to the latter method the adjustment on the basis of equivalents can not be used, and vice veisa. AVhere feeK VfYST (pp. 15). — The experiiui'iits here reported were carried out on rrpresi-ntative soils of the swanijiy region of Flanders, and imUided experiments with fertilizers, tests of varieties, and eomparis(m of methods of culture on meadow grasses, ])otatoes, beets, and turnips. The results reported are in most cases means of results on triplicate jjlats, which the author states were sufficiently concordant to jiennit «»f ouidusions being drawn as to the method of culture, the kiuil of fertilizer, and the variety whiot- asli, kaiuit, and farm uiauiire ( siipideincntary ), and were a]i]died two by two and all thiee together on 11 plats containing |{5.."> scpian- yards which had jtieviously n-ceivcil an a\erageaitplication of 2l','_'i»7.'J poundsof farm manure |>eracre. The fertilizers were a]i|died at a uniform ilepth 1.78-.">.S5 inches, except that purin and nitrate- of soda in (me case each were applied on the surface aftcc the second plowing, and a mixture of nitrate of .soda and superphosphate used on one plat was ph)wed in to a depth of 25 cm. As the nutritive value of ]>otatoes depends entirely upon the dry matter, in which standi is the jtredoininant element, this substance w.is determined by means of a hydrostatic- balance, in samples from each of the plats, and the tiuancial returns calculateil upon the basis of yield of starch as well as upon the total yield of tubt^r.s. The higln'st returns were received from the use of suljdiate of ammonia. Nitrates and purin also gave favorable results, while barnyard manure wa« not remunera- tive. The superphosj)hat<' was also benelicial, but Thomas slag showed little effe«"t. Carbonate of potash was not iirotitaVde. Kainit increased the yield at the exjiense of starch content. The results of tests of methods of culture were as follows: (1) Close ]>lanting gave the higliest yield; (2) when half tubers cut through their greatest diameter were u.-^ed for seed it made no ditVerence whether tln' cut surface was turned up or down; (3) if the tubers wer»- cut through their smallest diameter, the stem ends (/«'/c«) gave the higliest yield; (4) ridge culture showed no advantage over flat culture. (3) jh'xjttrimeiits with beets.— 'Iho i)reparation of the plats an«l the apjilication of fertilizers were practically the same as in the preceding experiment. I)ut all the ferti- lizers were applied at a depth of from 4.78-5.85 inches, except in one ca.se in which the nitrate of soda was applied at the surface. Nitrate hate in the proportion of 0.9 nitrate of soda, 0.675 sulj>hate of ammonia^ and 1.5 of euperphos- phate, * 755 The best distance for planting seems to be 15.6 by 11.7 inches. Earthing tip slightly increased the yield. Partially removing the leaves produced a serious decrease which was not compensated for in the value for forage of the leaves obtained. (4) Exjjcrimctttn li-illi turnips. — These Avere conducted in almost the same manner as the jireccding and the results conlirmed those obtained in the last experiment. The author concludes that the fertilizer likely to give the most protitable returns is a mixture of about 133.2 pounds of nitrate of soda and 267.2 pounds of super- phosphate of lime per acre. TiiK PATKXTS ON Thomas SLAG.— The Gctman patents under which the Thomas slag phosidiate is now manufactured expire within a short time, and the process may then be ajtidied in any iron works. A more universal introduction of this proc- ess will naturally result in an incieasing production of the phosphate slag. Since the invention of the engineer Thomas in 1879 there has been a stead}- increase in the production of this slag, as is shown by the tbllowing statistics from the Westpreus. hiiuhv. Xdchrichi. In 1879 the production was only 12,200 tons ; in 1886 it had I'eached 1,313,031 tons ; in 1890, 2,103,082 tons. Up to the close of 1890 not less than 13,449,481 tons were juoduced. Over half the present annual production comes from Germany and Luxemburg; England produces about 500,000 tons annually ; Austria and France between 200,000 and 250,000 tons; and other ctumtries relatively small amounts. Tliis investigation promises to be of benefit to agriculture the world over. HxmiUT OF THE WOOL ivDUSTRY. — This Department Is uow taking measures for a thoroughly classified representation of the wool industry of the United States at the World's Columbian Exposition. It is intended to include in the exhibit 100 sam- ples of foreign wool. Of domestic wool about 2,000 samples will be shown of all breeds and crosses raised in the country. The space available for this exhibit will not permit of showing many whole fleeces; these will therefore be restricted to a few taken from pedigreed sheep. Generally speaking, the sami)ies will be put up in glass l)ottles hohling about a pound, and will be so arranged in the bottles as to show on the one side the staple and on the other the skin side of the clip. Dehkhaix's treatise ox agricultural chemistry. — Compies reiidus, 114 (1892), pp. 889-891, for April 11, contains an announcement of a Traite de Chimie Atjricole by Deherain. The work is divided into three parts. The first part includes chapters on germination; assimilation of carbon, nitrogen, and minerals; respiration and tbr- niatiou of the principal organic products; movement of water in the plant; and growth and maturity. The second part is on soils, mode of formation, physical properties, composition, absorlient properties, and causes of sterility. The third part treats of amendments and fertilizers, fallow, irrigaticm, lime, marl and plaster; vegetable, animal and mineral fertilizers, and especially farm manures. Prominence is given to the investigations of chemists connected with agricultural experiment stations and laboratories. Ix memoriam.— On April 2, last. Prof. Gustav Kiibn of Miickern, Germany, died after a short but severe illness, at the age of 53. Prof. Kiihn had been for nearly 25 years director of the experiment station at Mockern and was an exponent of the most advanced investigation in nutrition of farm animals. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ISSUED DURING APRIL, 1892 Division of Statistics: Ri'lioit No. 94 (new scries), April 1892. — Conditiou of Winter Grain and of Farm Animals; Freijjht Rates of Transportation Companies. Division ok Ciikmistuy: I'.nllotin \o. '.i'2. — Si)ecial Report on tlio Extent and Character of Food Adultera- tions, and State and other Laws Relating ti> Ftxxls and IJeveruges. Rnlletin No. 13, ]»art vi. — Foods anort, 1891. I'.ulletin Xo. 15, .lanuary, 1892.— Dodder. New IIa.mi'shire Agricultural Experiment Station: Bulletin Xo. ir>, Decend.er, 1891.— Patent Cattle Foods. New .Jersey Agricultural Experiment Stations: Bulletin Xo. 86. Ajuil I, 1892. — Sjuaying f«>r Insect and Fungous Pests of tie Orchard and \'ini'yard. Special Bulh'tiii « ), April G, 1892.— Experinieiits wiih Nitrate of Soda ui>on Tomatoes. Sjiecial Bulletin P. Ajoil 9, 1S92. — Experiments with Fcrtili/ers u]u>n White and Sweet Potatoes. Agricultural Expkriment Station of Xkw Mexico: Second Annual K.port. 1891. Bulletin No. 4. Decemltcr. 1891.— Trees; Vegetahlea. XoRTii Carolina Agijicultural Experiment Station: Bulletin Xo. 8(V, Novemher !.">, 1891. — Meteorological Summary forOctolM-r. 1S91. Bulletin No. 83rt, Fehruary 20, 1892.— Meteorological Summary for January. 1892. North Dakota Agricultural Experimkxt Station: First Annual Keport. IsiKt. Second Annual Kejinrt, is'.il. Oregon Experimknt Station: Bulletin No. IS. Maiih, 1892. — Insects Injurious to Young Fruit Trees; C<»dliug Moth; Wirewornis; Fh-a Beetles. SfjuTii Dakota Agrk ulturai, Expfrimint Staiton: Biilh-tin X«>. 28, 1) -mlier, 1891.— Irrigaticm. Agricultural Expfrimfnt Station of Ftah: Bulletin No. 11, Ai>ril 1. 1892.— Bl.inketing Hor.ses and CattU; Sheltered vs. Fuslu'ltered Cattle; Exercise rs. No Exercise for Stock. Bulletin No. 12. March. 1892. — Exju'riments with (iardcn X'egetahles. Washington Agricultural Experimeni Station: Bulletin No 3, Feluiiary. 18!12.— Rtport of Farmers' Institute held at Uartield, Washington. West Virginia Agricultural Expi.riment Station: Bulletin No. 22, Fehruary, 1892.— Weeds of West Virginia. DOMINION OF CANADA. Ontario Agricultural Coi.i.FciK Experimknt Station: Bulletiu No. 73, April 8, 1892. — Fungicides aud Insecticides. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFiaCE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. W. HARRIS, DIRECTOR EXPEEIMENT STATIC]^ RECORD Vol. Ill, No. 11 ISSUIt;D JXJNIC, 1S03 PUCLISHED BY AUTflORlTY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTDRE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1892 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pape. Editorial uotes 759 Imlix to My< olofjiral Literature 759 Sugs»"'''i"is regartlinj; station publicatious 760 Abstracts of station pnbliealions 762 Alabama Cauelirake Station 762 Bulletin No. 14. March, 18112 762 Arkansas Station 762 Fourth Annual Report, 1S91 762 Bulletin No. 18, February. 18lt2 762 Connecticut State Station 763 Annual Report, 1891 '. 763 Georgia Station 777 Bulletin No. 16^, March, 1, 1892 777 Illinois Station 777 Bulletin No. 18, November, 1891 777 Bulletin No. 19, February, 1892 779 Indiana Station 780 Bulletin No. 38, March, 1892 780 Iowa Station 782 Bulletin No. 15, November, 1891 782 Bulletin No. 16, February, 1892 78.5 Kansas Station 788 Bulletin No. 28, December, 1891 788 Bulletin No. 29, December, 1891 789 Kentucky Station 791 Bulletin No. 36, December, 1891 791 Bulletin No. 37, December, 1891 791 Bulletin No. 38, March, 1892 791 Bulletin No, 39, March, 1892 792 Bulletin No. 40. March, 1892 792 Massachusetts Hatch Station 794 Meteorological Bulletin No. 39, March, 1892 794 Michigan Station 794 Bulletin No. 81, March, 1892 794 Bulletin No. 82, March, 1892 794 Minnesota Station 795 Bulletin No. 19, March, 1892 795 Nebraska Station 799 Bulletin No. 20. March 2.5, 1892 799 Bulletin No. 21, March 1, 1892 800 Nevada Station 802 Fourth Annual Report, 1891 802 Bulletin No. 14. Dccfniber, 1891 802 Bulletin No. 15, January, 1892 803 lU IV Abstracts of station pnhlications — Contimitd. Pa^e. New Mexico .Station S03 Second Annual Report, 1891 803 North Carolina Station 803 Bnllet in No. 83, February 19, 1892 803 Bulletins Nos. 83a and 83f?, February 20 and Manli 29, 1892 803 North Dakota Station 8<^4 Bulletin No. 5, February, 1892 801 Ohio Station 804 Bulletin Vol. I\-, No. 10 (second series), Dcceniber. IS'.ll 804 Bulletin, Vol. v, No. 1 (second series), January, 1S92 805 Oregon Station 80<) Bulletin No. Ifi, February, 1892 806 Bulletin No. 17, February, 1892 ^. . . 806 Utah Sra t ion 806 Bulletin No. 11, April 1, 1892 806 Bulletin No. 12, March, 1892 807 \Vashinublit|iarlMi(ut of Agriciilliir.- 810 Division of Vegetable Tatiiology 810 Journal of Mycology, Vol. Vll, No. 2. Mar.li 10. lS Wealh.r Bureau 817 Monthly Weather Keview, Vol. XIX, Nos. 11 and 12. Noveiul)er ;nMl December. 1S!I1. and V(d. XX, No. I.January. 1S92 SIT Instructions tor voluntary observers 817 Abstracts (d'rejiorts of foreign investigations 818 Titles of articles in recent foreign publications 831 Experiment station notes 83^1 List of pnblieations of the United States Deparlment of Agriiiilt.ne issued diiringMay, 1X92 839 List of station publications received by the Office of Experiment Stat ions during May, 1892 840 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTKACTS. CIIKMISTKV. The formation and behavior of basic i.ihium ])hospliate anil its relation to Thomas slag. <). Fi'irster 818 A sensitive reagent for albumen in urine, E. Spiegler S19 A new method of organic analysis, Bcrthch)t 818 BOTANY — MYCOLOGY. Page. Coiitiilditioii to the solution of tin; uitiogtii iiucstioii, II. IiiiincrdoifT 826 I'otato seal), 11. Thaxter 771 The Coniifcf icut species of Gyimiosi)oraiigiiiin (ci-dar apples), IJ. 'i'liaxter 773 l'iiiii;iis ill violet loots, R. Thaxter 773 I'reliniiiiaiy report on the so-ealled "]iole burn" of toliaico, W. C. Stiiryis.. . 773 f^teni rot of tobacco, AV. C. Stiirjijis 775 Fun;;ous diseases of snjjar beets, L. If. I'annnel 783 Kxperinients with funyieides on corn smut and wheat rust at Iowa Station, L. 11. I'annnel 787 The application of fungicides for leaf spot of iiuinces, K. Tliaxter 770 Treatnu'ut of oats with hot wati-r for smut at Ohio Station, J. l-\ Hickman 80G Meth(«is of dealiu'j with jdant diseases, A. D. Ho]dorn 788 Notes on injurious insects in Iowa, II. Osborn and II. A. Go.ssard 783 Sctme connuon jtests of the farm and garden. If. (Jarman 792 Metlioils of dealiny; wilh injurious in.sects, A. I). Hopkins and C. F. Millspaunh. 808 Formulas for insecticides, J. II. Panton 819 Insect Life, Vol. iv, Nos. 7 and 8, April, 1892 811 Third Annual Report of the Halle Station for experiments in the repression of nematodes, 1891, M. HoUrung 820 METEOKOLOGY. Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Hatch St.ation, March, 1832, C. I). Warner 794 Meteorological observations for 1891 at Nebraska Station, DeW. B. Brace 799 MeteorMnau. T. Russell 817 Monthly Weather Review of U. S. Weather Bureau, Vol. xix, Nos. 11 and 12, November and December, 1891, and Vid.xx, No. 1, .January, 1892 817 ri;i:TiLizKns. Fertilizer inspection in Connecticut 763 Analyses of commercial fertilizers at Kentucky Station, M. A. Scovell 791 Preliminary work on some Kentucky marls, A. M. Peter 792 Field trials with barnyai'd manure preserved with superphosphate gypsum, J. R . S c h i ffe r 821 CUOPS — VARIETIES — COMPOSITl(»N — EXPERIMENTS. Cooperative field experiments with barley, C. Von Eckenbrecher 821 OI>ser\ ations on the growth of maize continuously on the same land at Connec- ticut State Station 770 Field experiments with corn and barley at Iowa Station, I). A. Kent 786 Experiment with liquid barnyard nninnre on corn at Iowa Station, J. Wilson.. 786 Experiment with barnyard manure on corn at Iowa Station, C. F. Curtiss 787 VI Pape. Field experiments with cotton at Alabama Canebrake Station, W. IT. Xewman. 762 Time of sowing grass seed, J. Wilson et al 785 Field experiments with cotton, barley, and rye at Arkansas Station, R. L. Ben- nett 7G2 Field experiments with oats in 1891 at Illinois Station, G. E. Morrow and F. D. Gardner ! 779 Field experimf'iits witli oats in 1891 at Kansas Station, C. C. Georgeson ct al.. . 789 Field experinu'iits with oats at Ohio Station, J. F. Hickman 805 Composition of light and heavy oats, K. Heinrich 822 Test of varieties of potatoes at Iowa Station, C. V. Cnrtiss 7«G Field experiments with ]>otatoes, 1891, at Kentucky Station 791 Potato experiments at Nevada Station, K. H. McDowell and N. E. Wilson 802 Potato culture and fertilization at West Virginia Statiou, D. D. Joliuson 807 Analyses of sorghum at New Mexico Station 803 Sugar beet growing in Iowa, J. Wilson vt al 782 Analysis of sugar lieets at Iowa Station, 1891, G. E. Patrick d al 782 Culture of sugar beets, G. E. Patrick 788 Sugar beets in Michigan in 1891, K. C. Kedzie 794 Experiments in the culture of the sugar beet in Nebraska, H. II. Nicholsou and K. Lloyd 800 Tests of varieties of field crops aud vegetables at Nevada Station, 18itl 802 Experiments with sugar beets iu North Dakot^i iu 18!ll, E. F. La. Thom]i- 80U 80() Examination of wheat of dilFerent years, W. Wiudisth 823 CROPS — ClIMNTt AX1> srill:A(iK. The onring of Havana seed leaf tobacco by artilieiai heat in ("ouneetieut 770 Experiments with corn silage at Iowa Station. D. A. Kent 78(5 IKHMK ri.l IKK. Culture of onions and celery in the South, W. 1\ Massey 803 Test of varieties of tonittoes at West Virginia Statiou, 1>. 1». .b>liii.->ou 808 Tests of varieties of vegetables at Utah Station, E. S. Kiehuian 807 Tests of varieties of vegetables aud strawberries at Kentucky Station, C L. Curtis 791 Notes on fruits at Michigan Station, E. 11. Taft 794 Experiments with small fruits, vegetables, aud diseases of grapes iu Indiana. J. Troop 780 Second rei)ort on the experimental vineyard of the Kansas Station, E. A. Popenoe and S. ('. Mason 788 Trees, shrubs, aud small fruits for the houu' grounds, .1. E. Ibidd 78K Notes on horticultural work iu 1891 at North Carolina Station, W. F. Massey. 803 WEEDS. Dodder in Nevada. F. II. Ilillninn 803 FOODS — FKKDIXC OF AMM.\I..S. Proteids or albuminoids of the oat kernel, T. B. Osborne 7(>G Proteids of the maize kernel, R. II. Chittenden and T. H. Osbiune 708 Ou the assimilation ()f earliohydrates, Ilauriot 823 VII Page. Soiling oxporiinoiits with cows at Iowa Station, J. "Wilson et al 784 Flaxseed meal and oil meal as food for eows, J. Wilson el al 785 Iniiuenco of sheltering animals on food (■onsnmi)ti(>n, ,1. W. Sanliorn 80(> Adnlterants of sugar, molasses and sirii]), conHMtions, lioney, and lieeswux .. 811 Speeial report on llie extent and eliaracter of food adnltera* ions, A. .J. Wed- dcrburu j515 Vr.TKKIXAIiY SCIl'.XCK AND I'ltAmCE. Dehorning experiment at Minnesota Station, C. I). Smilli nnd ']'. L. Haeeker... 795 A double monstrosity of a r;ilf tracealih- to injury of its mother, (>. Schwartz- toptf : 795 DAIKYIXG. Ou A'ariation in tlie eomjiosition of cream raised hy deej) setting at low teinpera- tnies 765 The composition of cream and butteruiiilv and tlie loss of Imltci- fat in ehnni- i ng 7fi5 Butter analys(»s at Conuectieut State Station 766 Miscellaneous notes on milk at Connecticut State Station 765 CHiservations on a herd of milch cows at C'Onnecticut State Station 764 The Uabcock method of determining fat in milk 765 Determination of fat in cream by the Kabcock method 765 The Jiabcock test and churn, C. D. Smith and T. L. Haeeker 798 Cream raising by cold deep setting, IT. Snyder 706 Experiments in cheese making at Minnesota Station, H. Snyder 797 Dairying experiments by Illinois Station, E. H. Farringion 777 Hints for beginners in dairying, F. A. Leighton 788 TECHNOLOGY. Contribution to the knowledge of sumac, W. Eitner 825 STATION STATISTICS. Fourth Annual Report of Arkansas Station, 1891 762 Report of board of control of Connecticut State Staticni 763 Re|)ort of treasurer of Connecticut State Station 763 Noti('e regarding bulletins of (Jeorgia Station 777 Fourth Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1891 802 Second Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1891 803 Tenth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1891 804 Proceedings of the fifth annual convention of tln^ Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1891 813 AGRICIILTUUAL STATISTICS. Report of the Division of Statistics of United States Department of Agricul- ture for April , 1892 813 Report of farmers' institute at Garfield, Washington 807 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. III. ISSUED JUNE, 1892. No. 11. EDITORIAL XOTES. Tlie Division of Vegetable Patliolo<;y of this Departnient is preparing an Index to Wycological Literature, wliicb promises to be of great value to all students of fungi. This index is being published in installments in the Journal of Mycology. It has hitherto been confined to American literature, but in volume Vii, No. li, of the Journal, recently issued, its scope has been widened to include foreign literature. The arrangement of the entries is also changed. The articles are no longer placed in strictly alphabetical order, but are grouped under subjects, which are classified as follows : A. — Works of a general nature. B. — Diseases of non-parasitic or nncertain origin. C. — Diseases due to fungi, bacteria, and Myxoniycetcs. I. — Relations of host and parasite. II. — Diseases of tield and garden crops. III. — Diseases of fruits. IV. — Diseases of forest and shade trees. V. — Diseases of ornamental phiiits. D. — Remedies, jtreventives, a]ii>]ianees, etc. E. — Pliysiology, biology, and geograidiical distribution. F. — Morphology and classitieation of fungi. I. — General works. II. — Chytridiaceai. III. — Oomycetes. IV. — Zygomycetes. V. — liasidiomycetes. VI. — Uredineae. VII. — Ustilaginese. VIII. — Ascomycetes. (1) Gynmoasci. (2) PerisporiaceiB. (3) Sphairiaceae. (4) Disconiycetes. IX. — Imperfect and unclassified forms. (1) Hyphomycetes and Stilbete. (2) Sphieropsideje aud MelauconesB. (3) Miscellaneous. 7C0 G. — Morphology an«l classification of bacteria. H. — Morphology and classification of Myxouiycetes. I. — Exsiccati. J.— Technique. The advantage of this arrangement is that all referenc'Cis to j^articn- lar subjects are grouped together instead of being scattered through the index. For example, the entries on diseases of fruits are indexed together alphabetically according to authors, Avitli cross references to other articles which treat of fruit diseases only as a matter of second- ary importance. The section relating to preventives, remedies, etc., it may be said incidentally, oc(;upies more space than any other in the present nundier of the Journal, covering nine closely printed i>ages. The following extract from the announ<*ement of the change in the index will be of especial interest to the stations: Tiic index is de-signed especially to aid experiment station workers and others in this conntry who do not have access to the more im])ortant literature on jdnnt dis- ea.ses and allied subjects. In order to make the index more valuable, esiiecially as regarils accessibility, it is suggested that the various items be cut out, pasted on cards, and then arranged ulphabetieally, according to authors and subjects. For this jmrpose we use the I^ibrary Assoeiation's standard cards No. :i2. 5 by 12.."> centi- meters. Hy adopting this luethod new cards may be inserted at anytime, thus mak- ing it ]>ossible to keep all of one author's writings togctlier or all that has been written on any one subject. The cards thus prepared can, ifdesired.be intt with those of the (ien- eral Index of Agricultural Litrratur*^ prepared by this Ollice. In Ihis case special division cards should be used for the sidulivisions under ])iseases of Plants (5.0). We commend the index to the ntt^^ntion of the stations, and suggest that in (U'der to assist in making it complete coiiies of all station pni»li- cations containing articles lelating to fungi be sent as .soon as issued to the Division of Vegetable rathology. Several of the stations have issued iiulexcs to serirs of their i>ul»lica- tions. This is a usi'ful thing to do, and it is in hv liope pounds of jireen cotton seed per acre; on draine0 jxtunds of cotton seed meal applied all at one time and in separate p!)rtions; on imdiaincd laneracre; and on drained land chcclu'd 4 by 4 i'vct, (Uie stalk to a hill. ''The increa.scd yield by the api)li(ation of a ton of seed (tn the undrained laud was l."")*!.") ])ounds of lint cotton, which ]>aid for tho cost of the seed and the costof a]>plication. The increased yield on the drained land was only 40.0 jtonnds. # * * The acre in melilotus produced 11. 4S pounds more seeroHtably used upon this class of soils." Arkansas Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 16). This includes brief stalenuMits re.uardinu- the work of the station in ditfereut lines, and a linancial report for the ILscal year ending .Inne .'.o. 1891. Arkansas Station, Bulletin No. 18, February, 1892 (pp. 16). Some cotton experiments, IJ. L. Bennett, B. S. (pi». ;'.-l."»). Cotton seed for fertiliziuf/ rs. selVnuj (pp. 3, 4). — This e\]teriment was designed to ascertain if it is not m(»i'e ]»rotitable to use cotton seed as a fertilizer than to sell it at $(».r»0 a ton dclivereplied to 4 acres at t lie rale (>(• pounds per aere the i)ro(it would ha\»' been ■t'b'i.TL*." CotU))i strd vs. cotton-seed meal as a fertilizer (pp. I, o). — 'I'he \ i<'lils and tinancial results are j»iveu of raisinj; cotton with th,- use of codon seed and of cotton-seed meal, each ai)[)lied at the rat(; of odO pounds per acre. Q'he cotton seed is (pu)ted at $0.50 per ton and cotton-seed meal at $1*0 per ton. At these iirices there was practically no ditler- euce in the tinancial results from usiut; the two materials. Rotation e.i^yer intent (pp. 5, (>). — IJesults are tabulated tor the first and second year of a rotation experiment with cotton, corn, tield peas, aud barley. Soil test Huth fertilizers {\)\). 0-10). — Tn this soil test cotton-seed meal, kainit, and acid phosphate, .500 pounds of each, were ap[)lied se[>a- rately on 3 twentieth-acre plats and 1 i)lat remained unmanuied. The largest yield of seed cotton, 199 pounds per acre, was obtained with cotton-seed meal. Comparative value of varieties (pp. 10-13). — The results are tabulated and discussed for 11 varieties of cotton raised at the station, and the results are given of tests of varieties made by the Louisiana, Missis- sippi, and (ieorjj;ia Stations. Bottom aud top bolls (p. 11). — Ueternunations were made of the seed cotton, seed, lint, and staple from 500 mature bolls of Peerless cotton picked from the top and 500 from the l)ottom of the stalk. According to the data given "the top bolls are far inferior in production to the bot- tom bolls; 500 bottom bolls correspond to 637 top, bolls." Cotton culture (pp. 14, 15). — Brief remarks are made on the distance of planting cotton, and on deej) and shallow culture for cotton. Bakley and rye (p. 10). — The yields are given of barley and rye planted for green soiling on plats without fertilizers and on those in which pea vines had been plowed under. The yields of both were considerably larger on the plat where pea vines were used. Connecticut State Station, Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 208). Eeport of board of control (pp. 9-11). — A brief outline of the work of the station during the year. Eepoet of Treasurer (p. 12). — A statement of receipts and expen- ditures during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891, Fertilizers (pp. 13-95). — This includes among other things the text of the Connecticut fertilizer law, a list for the year of the fertilizer dealers complying with the law, popular explanations concerning the analysis of fertihzers and the valuatio)i of their ingredients for 1891, 764 aiKl analj'ses of 2S1 samples of fertilizers and fertilizing materials, including nitrate of soda, nitrate of potasli, ammonium sulpLate, cotton- seed meal, castor pomace, dissolved boneblack, double sulphate of potash and magnesia, snlphate and muriate (tf potash, bone, tankage, bat guano, home mixtures, cotton hull ashes, wood ashes, substitutes for wood ashes, limekiln ashes, rag dnst, ashes from brass works, hen manure, beef scrap, and nuiek, and a review of the fertilizer market for 1891. Of" the 57 biaiuls of nitrogenous suiicrpliospbatt-s luTt- reported, 14 are below their iiiiniimiui giinninty in respect of one ingredient and 6 in respect of two ingredients; that is, one third of all the nitmgenons 8iii>erph(isphates in our market contain less of one or of scvt;ral ingredients than they are claimed to contain. » « » The average cost of the nitrogenous super]thosjdiates, as already given, is $33.93, the average valuation $L'8.i;{, and the i>ercentage difierenee 20.G. » » » [Of 43 brands of special manures] 11 are below the maker's guaranty in respect of one ingredient and one brand is below iu all three. * .* * The average cost per ton of the special manures has been $38.84, the average valu- ation $31.64, and the percentage diflereuce 22.8, a little higher than in case of the nitrogenous superphosphates. * » » Comparing the home mixtures with the special manures, it is seen that the former contain on the average (14 analyses) 0.5 per cent more nitrogen, over 1.5 per cent more phosidn)ric acid, and slightly more ptdash than the latter. » * * The average cost of the materials (delivered) of which these mixtures were uiade, without the sperial discounts which were obtaiued in siune ca.ses, was $;^1.47. To this must be added the cost of screening and mixing, which is necessarily variable and is estimated by those who have had expirience at from $1 to $2 ])er ton. If the average cost of the mixed materials is placed at $37 i)er ton, it will i>rohably fully cover all expense iu every case. An article on substitutes for uideached ash(>s is rei)rintt' months, the other gives only 7 fpiarts, a dift'erence of 3.4 quarts per day or for the <> months Gin. 4 quarts, or more than $40 worth of milk. Kouglily figured, the difl'ercnce iu the yield of fat would make a difference of 50 pounds of but ter in the 6 months. * » » In com]»aring the average ration of the herd with the standard, it appears that the cows have had au abundance of food — 25 pounds per day of organic matter aa against 7G5 21 of tho staiidiiid ; but it also appears that while they have had 1.2 pounds mor« caihohydrsites ^starch, sugar, fiber, etc.) ami 0.2 pound more fat than the standard rt'(niiri's, tlicif h,isb(>cn 0.5 pound less per day of the albnminoi.7S ami 7.8;^). ' • • Die creaiiuMy butter as a rule carrietl 3 i»fr cent mure of aittiai liiit- tcr fat tliaii the private dairy butter. PkoTEIDS or albuminoids of the oat kernel, T. IJ. OSHOKNE, I'll. I), (i>p. 124-I.J5). — In his ttrst paper on this .subject, ])ul>lished in the Annual Report of the station tor 181)0 (see l^xperiment Station Ke<'ord, vol. ill, i>. 11), the author d<'scribe(l a globulin obtaiiu'd iVom the oat kernel by extracticui with a 10 i>er cent sodium chloride biiiic heated to (iH^ C. This globuliji differed from that extracted by the same brine at liO'^ C both in pn)perties and comi)osition, and crystals were obtained in several instances when the warm saturated .solntion of this body in dilute sodium chloride brine was cooled. Tins has been further iuvestijjated and the results obtained form the main subject of the second pa])er. The preitarn, .km is seribed of a ^^lobnlin from the .so-called allmminate contained in cold brine extiact aft»'r f reatment with anuiKiniinii >n1|ili:ite. and w liicli was in.soluble in 10 ])er cent salt solution but solnlde in a 1 per cent sodium carb(Hiate solntion. The jilobulin w as pre))ared from the albiiminate( 1 ) liy precipitaf in;; the solution of tlie allni- minate in a 1 per ct'ut sodium carbonate solntion with carbiui dioxide, dis.soh in;: the precipitate in brine, dialy/.ing tor t days, lilterinu-oH" the jirecipitated jn-oteid. and washin;; with alcohol, etln'r, and ab.solute alc(»hol: and ('_') by pij-cipitatin;; the solution of the albnminate in '2 ])er cent sodium carbonate solution with carbon dioxide, w ashini; tlior- ou;.!:hly with water, dissolvinu' in Inine. reiirccipitatini:' by dilution with a lar;;e amount of water, ami washini; the final snow-white precipitate with alcohol and ether. The pidteier cent, and tlie alkali-soluble body the remainder of the pro- teids contained in the oat kernel, with the possible exception of extremely small amounts of proteose and acid albumin. The two latter suljstauces are robably the results of change occurring during extraction; the evidence on thisiioint, how- ever, is not conclusive. 24889— No. 11 3 768 Thre«^otIior proteids are obtained, evidently l»y tho alteration of the primary pro- teids, and probably throngh ferment action, when the gronnd oats arc Kiibjerted to contact with water or sfdntions of neutral salts. The composition of these derived or secondary jirotcids is as ff)llows: Secondary oat jxoteids. Alcohol- ISalt-soliiblc Alkali- Holiilile I protoid or nolublfi prnteitl | ):liil)iilin ]iroteiil (averajip of i(averafre of j(avf rage of 4 analyses). '4 analyHCs). - analyses). Carbon Hydrogen . Nitrogen . . Sulpliiir. . . Oxygen . . . 53. 70 .12. 34 5- 49 7.(K» 7.21 7 10 1.1. 71 16.88 17 11 1.76 0.88 0. 80 21.83 22.09 22 50 100.00 100.00 100.00 It wuuld ajiiicar that iiom- of the jiroleids from the o:it kernel have been ubtiiiiud and analyzed in a state of pnrity by previous investigators. The author Ihcreforo reserves the right to revise the noiuenclature of these bodies after further jirogre.ss in his researches on the other vegetable ]>roteids, with whiidi he is now engaged. I'ROTEIDS OF THE MAIZE KEUNEL, K. H. ClIITTENDEN AND T. B. OsHOKNE, l*ir. 1). (pj). 13G-1.'?.S). — This is a brief suiiiinaiy of tlie results of ail extcinlcd iiiv('sli.">, .")•_".», ;iii(l \»»1. II, p. *_'(». The corn used was a white dent variety. (1) Tiic mai/.e kiriicl contains scvcial distinct jirotcids well char.ictcri/'cd in re.ic- tions and com|>osition. ( »f these there are three globulins and one or mon- albumins, all occurring in small ]iropl soluble protcid which is rel.itively abundant. (L') The substance oblainaldc from the niai/e kcrufi by cxt raoints. (3) The mixt'il globulins can be approximat(dy separati-d from each ollur by frac- tional heat coagulation or by deposition fnun warm dilute salt solution. In the former process there is formed .1 small amount of jirotcose-liko bodies. (4) The two globulins, separable by the Jihovo methods, are a myosin-likc body and a vitelliu-liko Imdy. Th(> myosiu-like globulin closely agre<>s in ••om]tosit ion w ith animal myosin. It has, however, a eojigulaticm point (in 10 per cent sodium cliloriile solution) of abmit 70 ('. • * * The vitellin-like globulin is almost entirely nriate sidvcnls. (6) Direct extraction of the finely powdered maize meal with water yields a dilute salt solution which dissolves the myosin, leaving the bulk of the vitellin undissolved. 769 Probahly the rlinractor of the salts imsciit in tho korncl plays an ini))oifant part in this separation. From this solution the myosin can Jx! separated in a lair (lej;rec of purity l>y the usual methods. (7) Extraction of mai/.e meal with 10 percent sodium chloride solulion, afti r ]in'- vioMs extraction with Av.iter, dissolves the vitcllin, which can he separated fro |)r«pared. it an Nitidgfii . Sulpliiu- . . Oxvcin. . Maize myosin (average of 2 analyses). M.aize vitelliii (average of 6 .iiialyKe.s). 52. G6 7.02 16.76 1.30 22.26 100. 00 51.71 6. 85 18. 12 0.86 22.46 Maize gloliiilin (higlily soluble). 100. 00 (9) Tludunh the lou,n-continued action of water and also of strong s(dutions of salts, as annnonium sul])liate, the myosin and the glohulin noticed in the preceding paragraph ar<' changed into insoluhle moditications, soluble, however, in 0..5 ])er ce:it sodium carbonate solution, from which solution they are ]»recipitatcd on neu- tralization, apparently as albuminates. 8o prepared, these insoluble modifications are characterized l)y a relatively high content of carbon. (10) An a()ueous extract of maize meal, as well as a sodium chloride extract, ai)]ia- rently ((mtains in addition to the ghduilins two albumin-like bodies, nmre or less coagulalde by heat, but, as ]»repared, unlike in chemical coiuiiositiou. Owing to the difficulties encountered in separating these albumins, their comi)ositiou could not be determined with certainty. (11) A small amount of proteose can bo detected in the extracts of maize meal after the globulins have been entirely removed, but apiiarently this is mainly if not Avholly an artilicial product, resulting from alteration of some one or more of the preceding bodies. (12) The chief proteid in the maize kernel is the peculiar body known as maize fibrin or better as zein, which is soluble in warm dilute alcohol, liut insoluble both in Avater and in absolute alcohol. Zein is characterized hy a high content of carbon by its resistance to the action of dilute alkalies (/. e. nonconvertibility into alkali- albuminate), and by the ease Avitli Avhich it is converted into an insfduble modilica- tion on luung warmed Avith Avater or Avith Aery weak alcohol. Soluble zein and its insoluhle modification liaA^e the same chemical composition, as indicated by the following analyses : Carlwn . . . Hydrogen Nitrogen Sulphur . Oxygeu. . Soluhlti Jnso lublo ZCUl zc n (average (avei age of 6 of 3 analyses). 55. 28 anal,\ ses). 5.5. 15 7.27 7.24 10. (19 16.22 0. .59 0.62 20. 77 20.77 770 Observations on the gkowth of maize continuously on THE same land (pp. 139-149). — Tliese statistics are jriven for crops of com liiised in ISSS-Dl on 4 plats, each contnininji^ 0.3 of an acre. In l.SS.S and 1SS9 all tlie i>lats received the same coninieninl fertilizer, and the quantity of crop reniove«l was practically alike for all. In 1S90 and 1891 jdat A receivelat B ]ui}i manure at the rate of alxuit 1.3.."> cords per miv, plat C a complete fertilizer mixture at the rate of 1,700 i)onnds per acre, anro«lu<-ed a eroji wei;ihinji aliout ((2 per cent of the wei^^ht of thocroji harvested from the i)lats\\hilat A and hast on plat H. Theri! w.-w more water in the liarvested croj) on jdat C" than in that of any otlierplat. [An error in weijiliin;; the suhsaiujiles from this plat is siispectiMl.] While the alluimiiioids make up 7. 17 ami 7.(>1 j>er cent respectively of the wlnde dry matter of the crops on plats A and 11. they make only (i.O.'j per cent ol the crop on ])lat I). ' " " There are no strikinj; dilfereiiees in the per cent of fat and liber in the cro]is from the ditlennt plat,s; the per cent of ash in the kernels from the er cent hi^^her than those from jdat D than in kernels from jdats A and H. • • ■ The dr\ matlir id' the kermis rioiu plats A and I!, the Inav ily maiinied plats, i on- tained in round numbers 1 ]ier cent more |iroteiii than the kernels from plat ('. which received comnurci.il fertilizers and 2 per cent more than those of jdat l>. m liirh had no leitilizer. The AriM-icATidN oi' i-i .ncu'idks fou leaf spot <»i lications were nmde AI;iy 11 and "JS ami .Ittne -L'. ''Owing to the unusu;illy dry snnnner. a fourth aiti>li«-a- tiou was unnecessary, the Bordeaux mixture adliering so firmly that it 771 was conspicuous ou tlie leaves late iu September." The yields of bas- inets of marketable fruit from tlie rows used iu the expeiimcnts of 1890 aiul 181>1 were as follows: Two rows sprayed with Jjordeaux mixture, 71.5; two rows sprayed with ammouiacal carbonate of copper (1890) and with precipitatedcarbouate of copper (1891), 7; five untreated rows, 1. Tlie expense of treating the two rows with llordeaux mixture was $4.L'0. The 71.5 baskets of fruit from these rows were sold for $53.62, leavinii- a profit of >ifV.)A2. Tlie results of the treatment with r.ordeaux mixture are clearly sliown in the plate a(C(»mi>anyin.i;' the text. Tlic superiority of liic IVuit Iroiii tlic rows sjiraycdwith Uovdcnux iiiixtiirc asconi- ]>ar('(l witli tliat from the other treated rows in regard to the quality, was quite reuiarkaMc. While the yield from tlie carbonate of eopiier rows was very fair as rej;ards quantity, the fruit was so badly injured by the spot and moi^ especially by beiu.n' " wormy," that only tlie very small (|uantity of fruit above stated was found to be marketable. The ajipaient effectiveness of the Bordeaux mixture in keeping oif the quince " ma,y.i;ntaining manure. Set d, fourteen hills planted as iu h, with addition of a trowelful of oxide of iron in the alternate hills, every second hill fertilized with mixed fertilizer; }< per cent Bca)>l)ed in hills treated with oxide of iron; 2 i»er cent scabbeer cent scabl>ed in hills containing )daster, etc.; 6 per cent scabbed in alternate hills. Set f, twenty-two hill.s, every other row planted with scabbed seed from La Fayette, Indiana (unfertilized), the rest as in itet b, nnfertiliz«'d ; 50 per cent scabbed iu hills con- taining La Fayette seed; 4 per cent scabbed iu alternate hills. Set (/, twenty-eight hills jilanted as iu b, the alternat« rows fertilized with wood ashes, the rest with connnercial fertilizer; 7.5 per cent scabbed in bills containing ■wo(»d ashes; 12.5 ](er cent scabbed in alternate hills. As far as so small an experiment is of value the results seem to show that in clean laud, in whieh about fi )ier of jiotatoes would be normally Bcabbed, (1) scabbed seed very greatly increa.ses the number lying only to a limited extent in the feces after evacuation. The reverse would be true where scabbed jiutatoes, on which the sjmre formation is always very abuml.inf, were fed to stock, ami tin- writer is convinced that tin- jiraclice of feeding disea.sed tubers in this way is one of the mosi imjiortant means by whiih llie iliscase is sprt-.id ♦Ml farms. " ' * The condition of the hills trea<<-il with i»lasl«-r anlne brownish O.Od-l // in diiinuter. curving irregularly, sejitate or pseudoseptate, branching. Aerial hyphu- at lirst w hit*', then gray, evant-scenl, breaking up into barophytic forms, having the sanu- morphological characters. \\hi.sy>or««m fruijUe {CUisUrospunnm frai/ile, Hacc.) in Bedivigiu, 1876, p. 113, where the (-harac- teristic breaking up of the spores into squarish segments is well represented. According to Zopf, the fungus is the same as the form described by Berkeley and Broome {Ann. and Mag. of Nat. History, ser. ii, vol.v. No. 465, plate 11, fig. 4) as Torula basicola, yet for reasons not mentioned all these are kept distinct by Saccardo. Zopf describes an ascosjjoric condition on which the genus Thielavia is fouiulcd, which has not been observed by the writer except as a parasite on other fungi (spe- cies of Isarla), and states that a very serious disease of the roots of Senecio is due to its action. As regards the disease of violets, however', it seems doubtful whether the observed injury done by the Thielavia would alone account for the condition of the plants, yet the mere presence of a form supposed to cause serious disease in the roots of other plants seems of sufficient interest to warrant the present note. Preliminary report on the so-called "pole burn" op TOBACCO, W. 0. Sturgis, Ph. D, (pp. 168-184). — An account of the origin of this disease and a discussion of methods for its prevention. " Pole burn " is prevalent in Connecticut and other tobacco- growing States, the severity of the disease varying in different years. As the disease was first brought to the notice of the writer it was seen to be char- acterized by the apijearance on the surface of the leaf of small blackened areas, giving the leaf the aspect of having been sprinkled with sulphuric acid or some other corrosive liqnid. At first the disease is limited to the neighborhood of the veins and midrib of the leaf, where moisture is superabundant, but its spread is very rapid, the snuiU blackened areas increase in size, become confluent, and some- times within 36 or at most 48 hours not only is the whole leaf affected, but the entire contents of the curing barn may be rendered (juite worthless as tobacco. Examinatioushowsthattheleaveshave changed frt)mgi('enish yellow to adark brown or almost black color, that the fine texture has disai)peared, and that instead of being tough and elastic the whole leaf is Avet and soggy, and tears almost with a touch, falling f)f ifs own weiglit from the stalk. [Specimens of diseased leaves sent to the station in the fall of 1891 were sub- jected to a thcn'ovigh micioscopic examination.] On the less damaged leaves the appearance w'as as described above, but a small hand lens revealed in the center of each blackened spot a minute elevated pustule. Sections through the center of one of these pustules showed that the tissue of the leaf was largely disintegrated, and the cells themselves were completely filled with 774 bacteria, which, as they issnetl from the cells in vast numhers, {r^xo a milky appear- ance to the water in wliich the section was lyinjf. This beinj; presumably the incij)- ient stage of the disease, it was only necessary in order to trace its development, to select a series of leaves showing more and more ailvanroress of fermentation and ]>utrefa. 3'j\ |. A fungus related to one of the ciunmon leaf disi-a.ses of the tomato, of the genus Cladosporium. iloes not occur in sjmts eriod when the " jiole burn" usually makes its appearaiiee. hut free from any devidojieil fungus and bacterial disease, were ke)d in a damp iituiosiihere for suiue days. I'nder the.se conditions they developed on the leaves in the course of a few days, small brown spots of a velvety a]>i>earance under the m icroscojie, the Cladosporium mentioui'd aboM-. This fungus caused no wiilesjuead damage to the leaf, lu-ing limited to the very small spots in whieh it tirst appeared. In tin* c(Uirse of (> weeks, howivi-r, examination showeil that the fungus was iug. identical with those found in the poh-burued leavi-s. The gross a]>])earance of the decaying area wa.s similar to that charact<'ristic of '' jiole burn," though, owing to the fact that till' leaves were by this time almost thoroughly curi-d, the spread of the decay was not so ra)>id. Finally, mingled with the bacteria in the ]>ustules of leaves undoubtedly artlieted with ''pole burn," there were often found the remains of a fungus iilentical with the Clados|)orium above mentioned. We may therefore infer, although conelusive results can cuily follow further examination, that " polo-burned " leaves and to obtain i»ure cultures. These were marie in test tubes on both s oraii'^e. and producing in the potato ft dark stain beneath mid arninid the colonics. In liiiuid 775 media tbey develop not on tlie snrfjire, but as a (locrulcut deposit in llie liquid. Cer- tain fai-ts uiaj' now be noted aud compared witli tacts aseeitaiued in the curing of to1)acco. (1) As tlu; cultures become dry the bactc via cease to develop so rajtidiy, and tinally theii" de\ elopnieut ceases. They reciuire, therefore, moisture for growth, and decreas- ing the amount of moisture decreases their vitality. This l)ear8 out the general view that the origin aud sjtrcad of " pcde burn " is in some way connected with au excess of moisture in the curing barn. (2) Nine tul)cs, each containing a slice of sterilized potato, were inoculated with the bacteria. Of these, three were kept at a temperature of 100^ F., three at a tem- ])erature of 70*^ F., and the remaining three at a temi»erature of about 10" F. At the end of 3 days the tubes kept at 70 ' showed the usual growth, the colonies averaging l.f) inches in length by 0.5 incdi in breadth. Neither of the other sets of tubes showed any marked growth, but upon being jdaced at the uu;dium temjierature for 18 hours the dcvelojunont of the baiteria proceeded with marked a(;tivity. These experiments Avere repeated at various degrees of temperature. Tcmi»eraturc, therefore, has a marked intluence upon these germs. Warmth up to 70' aud even DO is favorable to their devcdopmcut, whereas temperatures above 100"^ or 110' aud below 35' to lO"^ act as a temporary or permanent check upon their vitality. To this fact again we find a corresponding theory, that warmth as well as moi.sture is conducive to "pole burn." Inasmuch as in this regard bacteria as a rule follow the laws governing the active growth of the higher fungi, it is imnuiterial at present to decide whether the former or the latter are the primary cause of "pole burn," since the means which may be recommended to prevent the decay apply e«|ually well to arresting or preventing the growth of tho Cladosporium. (3) One nu)re fact should b e stated, viz, that all attempts to inoculate thoroughly cured tobacco with the bacteria failed. This result is at least a partial conlirmatiou of the generally expressed view that when tobacco has cured to a certain degree, tho period varying from 10 da»s to 3 weeks after hanging, there is very little danger to be ai)prehended from "pole burn." The means for the prevention of "pole burn" and the conditions necessary to the j)roper curinj;^ of tobacco are discnssed. A tobacco bani shonkl be weather-proof and so ventilated that a iree circulation of air can be secured when desired. Attention is called to the fact that the curing- of tobacco is not so much a process of drying" as of fermenta- tion, and that it is therefore desirable to establish conditions which Avill promote tiiose chemical changes which produce the best (juality of cured tobacco. The advantages and disadvantages of curing the leaves on the stalk and of detaching the leaves from the stalk before haiigiug are stated, without a decision in favor of either method. The method for the employment of artiticial heat in curing tobacco, recom- mended in the Report on Tobacco in the Tenth Census of the United States, vol. iii, by J. B. Killcbrcw, is described and the merits of the use of artilicial heat for this purpose are discussed. "To aid the l)rocess of fermentation when other conditions are unfavorable and to establish within the barn at critical periods conditions which shall l)rcvent the occurrence of ' itolc-burn,' are the only uses for artificial heat in this connection." Stem kot of tobacco, W. C. Sttjegis, Ph. D. (pp. 184-186). — A popular description is given of Bolryiis loiufihraclilnlaj the fungus caus- ing the stem rot which often injures tobacco in the later stages of cur- ing. The thorough cleansing of the curing barn aud the destruction of 770 all rcfiiso fire the best and 8irni)lest prefautiona. Fumifjation with snl l»!mr is ivcommeiHled as an «'ff«M'tual niethofl of dt'stroyin^ tin* s|>i»il*s. 'i'jiK criiiNU OF Havana si:i:i) leaf t(»bac<"o bv artificial HEAT (pp. 187-190). — The so-called '' Suow modern barn system" of ('urin<;; tobacco was introduced into Connecticut in 18!>1, and the sta- tion was n*(juested to make observations on this method of curing. Tlie barn and ai>|)aratus used in this system are briefly describcil. An exj)erinu'ntal barn was erected at Nuffield, Conni'cticntjn which Havana seed leaf tobacco y;rov\n in that town was cured ]>y Mr. VI. F. Paschal. "So far as known the system had nctt been applied before to the eiirin<^ of \vrapj)er tobacco " A. L. Winton, Jr., Ph. P., of the station and an assistant made obser- vati(>ns of the tem]teralnre and relative humidity in the i>arii duriii-; the enriiig' jiroci'ss, which are reported in detail in a table, 'fhe time required for fillin;; the liarn and curing the leaves was Just II days, ]irobably a lonjjer period than would ordinarily be taken. Pilliiijj the barn occupied IL' hours, wiltinj;; the leaves IS liours. The followiiii; is a summary of the observations arbitrarily divided into dilVerent periods: Our obscrviitioiis liei^au wlun the J):irii w:i8 floscd ami tlio liics Itiiilt — .\ii!;ust '22, at 1 ]). III. (1) I'loiii tlic^ time tin- lircs w«ri' I'airly K'^inK iunl the tlin.s wariiu-il till tin- yi-llow roliir ii]>|M\'ircurattir<> of the b.arn lliH-tiiatvil between JU'-' and 10."> K.. ami on theaverajje wasH" ". 'I'he relative linniidity in the barn was from S2, while that of the iiiitia' air averaged H2. Thi.s is a nearly saturated atniosphiTe, ami whilu :i ^ood «leal of water in tlie a;;j(re;;ate nii);ht eva]iorato from leaves four tilths of the wci^jht of vvliiih w:i-s water when they were put in, ther« is nothiie^ like rajiid drying. (2) l"'roiii the tiling when yellow j>atelh's lirst appean-il to th- lirsf sij^ns of brown- inj; — 21 hours — the temperature of the barn varieil bctwerniW ami 10."» . and on the averai^e was 102 . The relative hiiiiiidity varied between 7H and !K). or on the :iver- ufje 8:5. while that of the outer air varied from 77 to !•!. and aveiajjed H6. In this ]ieiiod llii- teiiijieratiire has risen .^> and the hiiinidity has falli ii sli;rhtly, the leaves ale '- sweat iii^," and \\ ater stands on them in drops. Here a;;aiii there is no doiilii slow di'NJii;;. lint iiol)iin<; like what uoiild taki- ]dare in i-\i-ii moderaladv dry air. The atiiiospliric of tlii' liaiii is at this time almost iiisnppoi t.ilde I anse of the moisture. ('A) In the followinj; 21 hours the same state of Ihinjis eontiniies. 'I'emperatiiro between JKi and 101 , averaf^injjJW ; relative linniidity 74 toSl. avera;iinK77. At the end of this (leriod note was tirst made of a " t^ibaiM-o odor," dillienlt to deseribe but due to an exhalation that was int^-nsidy irritatin;; to the eye's and considerably ho to the throat. ,\nalyses id" the lea\es before and after enrinf; do n! hours — diirini; which the tob;ieeo odor is very Htroni;, at times almost unbearable even for the time needed to make observations. In this jieiiod the leaves are dryinii somewhat more rajiidly. thon<;h I'litirely limp and danii> to the touch. aneratiire from !•!> to 109 , avera^jinj; 10;V ; humidity from ("i2 to SO, averaj^inf^ 70. (5) Next is a short |>eriod — 18 hours — diiriui; wlii< li the air j^rows r.ijiidly 4lrier. This |ii riod miulit ]ii'obaldy have been omitted and the heat raised at 2 p. m on tho twcuty-eiyhth, but for greater security the er extremity to c:iteh the overflow, is connected by a .i,dasstnbe with the reservoir bottle on t he d«'sk and is closed at the bottom by a two w ay <'ock. The acicl is forced into the pipette by means of rubber blowing bulbs. The cock is then turned, allowin:; the acid to run int«» the test bottle. The ad\anla.i;e -.'{()j. — A number of trials are rejiorted whicli were made to test the thoroujjlnu'ss of cr«'amin^' when milk was set in Cooley <'ans at between 15 and 4S^ F,. and skimmed alter 12, 21, .■»fi, and IS lu)nrs, respectively. Tests were made of the skim mili< I rum the bottom and noddle of t lie can. and that draw n oil last. An :ncriij;<' uf 12. J jkt t lioiiis, :{.7 at'trr 21 lionrs, anil IL'.S" at'teatedly tested, obtaininjjf skim milk with less than 0.1 per cent butter fat." 779 lu comparisons of setting nnlk 3, 6, and 9 inches deep at about TO^F., " the cream rose faster and more coniph'tely in the shallow i)ans 3 inches deei) than when set in bottles G or 0 inches deep." Cream raishir/ hy dilution (pp. 30-32). — These trials were made in wido-montlicd bottles with an outlet at the bottom for drawin;:;' olF the skim milk. The milk of different cows was diluted with an equal volume of water at about 58° F. and kept in a room where the tem- perature ranged from G6'^-76'^ F. About half a pint of milk was taken for each trial. The skim milk was tested after the mixtures had stood 1, 2, (I, and 9 hours. The results are tabulated. "The average of all the results obtained showed that in this trial there was left in the skim milk about 40 per cent of the total butter fat after standing 1 hour, 30 per cent after li hours, 17 per cent after G hours, and 14 per cent alter 9 hours." Similar trials, made with undiluted milk which Avas cooled in a refrig- erator to about To^F. and then kept at 70°-75° F., showed less uniformity in the thoroughness of the creaming of the milk of different cows. With rich milk and Tvith that from a new milch cow the cream rose as completely wheu the new milk was (|uiekly cooled to 70° F. without the addition of watiT as it did Avhen diluted with an ef|ual (quantity of water. The risin;^ of the cream was more (•()m))lete in a given time and was hastened by diluting the milk from cows that were not Iresh or that gave a considerable i|naiitity of average milk. Illinois Station, Bulletin No. 19, February, 1892 (pp. 16). Experiments with oats, 1891, G. E. Morkow, M. A., and F. D. Gardner, B. S. (pp. 33-44). — The experiments were on rate and depth of seeding, and tests of varieties of oats. They were all made on the fertile dark-colored prairie soil of the station grounds. The season was unusually favorable for oats. Oats^ qiKoitif!/ of .seed per acre (p. 35). — Welcome oats were sown on 7 plats, each 1 by 10 rods, at the rate of from 1 to 4 bushels per acre, and covered by harrowing twice with a slant-toothed harrow. The yields l»er acre of l)oth grain and straw for each of the 4 years the ex])erimeut has been in progress and the averages of the 4 years, are tabidated for each rate of seeding. The largest yield of grain [in 1891] was from sowing 3.5 bushels per acre, with lit- tle variation between tlie plats sown at the rate of 2, 2.5, 3, 3. .5, and 4 bushels per acre. Tlie average yield for 4 years was sliglitly larger wheu 3.5 bushels were sown, with comparatively little difference whether 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, or 4 Itusliels were sown. For the 4 years' sowings, lor 1.5 bushels gave smaller average yields than any of the heavier seediugs. The weight of the grain per bushel was less iu the case of the light seediug. The yield of straw increased with the increase in rate of seeding. For the 2 preceding years the lightest seediug gave the largest yield of straw. For the 4 years there was comparatively little diiference in the yield of straw. Oatfi, depth of aoiciufj (pp.35, 36). — Welcome oats were sown in twelve 10-foot rows, being covered at depths ranging from 1 to G inches. Sparrows so interfered with the grain that the actual yield could not be ascertained, and only the number of panicles was counted for each 780 low; l)nt tlu' iiitlications wore that the returns were slijjlitly better from eoveriiif^ 2 inches (leep. "In trials for 4 years the best results have not come fiom covering the same dei»tli in any 2 series.-' Oats, test of nirirtif's dtp. .'{O—lt). — The results of tests of 44 varieties of oats on 5.") ]>lats in IS'JO and ISDI aie tabulated and discussed. The averaj^e yiild p«T acre was Gfi.t! Imslu-ls uf ^^rain, wrii^liiii;; 33.r> poiiiKl.s per buslicl, and 2,810 pounds (if straw. Four varii'tios fiave nu>rt* than 80 liuslit'ls jier acre, and but one Jess than .".O bushels ]ter aeic. Nineteen varieties on IM jdata gave an averaj^e yiehl of 74.7 bnshels, witli averajjinfj weij^ht of '.ii.1'2 )>onnds per bushel. » » * The rarly-niiitniin;; varieties arc timse ii;ir\ csiid .hily f! to II ; the niediiiiii. July 16 to 20; an«l tlie hite, July 21 to 30, exeejitin;; A'iruinia Winter, whieh was harvested Anfjnst 7. and beiim a winter variety, may be left out of the arouint. • • • The early-maturing varieti«-s .-ire snjierior to either the medium or late in thoaver- a;;e yield of both j^rain and straw, the \vei;ilit per busln-l. antl size of berries, but are inferior to eitlnr of these in per rent of kernel. As to berries (short plump .and lonj; slenileri, there is very little dilVerente in yield, a noticeabh* dillerenee in w»-i;;ht per bushel in favor of the short |tliimi>. .'iiid a dillrreiirr of 2.1 per cent in kernel in favor of the lonjj slembr. The while berries fjave the larpest yield of >jr:iin .iiid the smallest per rent nf kernel; the dun-<erior in both yield and per rent of kernel. Notwithstamliii;^ the eommon iM-licf to the i-«»n- trary, those oats which wei;ih least to the bushel have usually the hij^hest jier cent of kernel, and conse(|uently the liiyhe,st food valu«'. • • • Thirty varieties have- been tested for 3 y«'arsand 11 .iddition.il fitr 2 years. No «u>e variety has be<«n shown to be greatly superior to :ill otiicrs. \ dill.reut variety stood tlrst in yield in each . i |>]t. 44_4S). — " Tlic almost uiiirormiy liiuh tcm|>i'iaturc of the spring and summer of IS'.MI and IS'.H in noithciii and in southern central Illinois, coinitincd witli light rainfall, amounting in some counties to lilth' less than continuous drouth, fav(»red unusually the (h\ elopmcnl of the chinch bug in these sections, ami if similar coudi(i(ms should |u"e\ail for another seas»Hi, serious loss can hardly' fail to ensue, especially in the northern part of the State." Uriel" alislracts of Held mites and c<»nespomlence are given, showing the amount (»f injury to crops in ditferent localities in the State. JMeasuies to be used for the repression of the chinch bug are briefly stated. The author is nudcing experiments with contagious in.se<*t dis- eases, ami will supply nniterial for infection to those who desire to try this method of combating the chinch bug, Indiana Station, Bulletin No. 38, March, 1892 (pp. 29). ExrKT?TMi:NTS WITH SMAIJ. FUTITS AND VEGKTAllLKS, AND DIS- EASES or (iKAPES, .1. Tkoop, M. S. (plate 1 ). — A report of tests of varie- ties of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, tun ants, goo.seberries, beans, peas, sweet coin, and iM)tatoesj expt-i iments with fertilizers and 781 (lififerent methods of culture on potatoes; niul experiments in tlie treat- ment of i)Owdery mildew and blark rot ol" orapes. The experiments with small fruits were carried on at the station and at four substa- tions in different parts of the State. Strdicbcrrifs (pp. 0-12). — Tabulated data for 03 varieties, 44 of which are briefly described. The 1(» most productive ones were Bubach, Edgar Queen, Enhance, Greenville, Haverland, Katie, Park Beauty, Pearl, Sinister Gem, and Warfield. The 10 of best quality were Brunette, Cumberland, P'ureka, Gypsy, Henderson, Katie, Lovett Early, Miami, Pearl, and Sharpless. E((m)b€r)'ics (pp. 12-14), — Tal)ulated data and descriptive notes on 10 red and 13 black varieties. Cuthbert, Brandywine, Acme, and Hil- born are especially commended. Blackberries (p. 15). — Tabulated notes on 14 varieties. Erie, Minne- waski, Snyder, Taylor, and Stone Hardy are especially commended. Diseases of [/rapes (pp. 17, IS). — Powdery mildew on greenhouse grapes was largely in-evented by si)raying with potassium sulphide, 1 ounce to 5 gallons of water. Black rot of grapes was prev^ented by spraying with Bordeaux mixture. Wax beans (pp. 18, 10). — Tabulated data for 28 varieties. For family use, Algerian, Challenge, Golden, Golden-Eyed, Refugee, and Yosemit« Mammoth are recommended. Peas (p. 20). — Tabulated data for 24 varieties. "American Wonder, Dan O'Rourke, Earliest of All, Ferry Best, Kentish Invicta, Laxton Alpha, and Little Gem were ready for market in 58 days from the time of planting." Sweet corn (pp. 20, 21). — Tabulated data for .37 varieties. The follow- ing are recommended: Cory, Chicago Market, Concord, Crosby, Hen- derson, Orange, Hickox, Maule Evergreen, ISTe Plus Ultra, and Stowell Evergreen. Fotatoes (pp. 22-29). — The yields and the time of planting are tabu- lated for 84 varieties for the years 1889-91. The most productive varieties were Governor Eusk and Alexander. A brief account is given of a test of the keeping qualities of the different varieties. Boneblack, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of i^otash, two by two and all three together, Avere applied on land which had borne three successive crops of sweet corn and i)()tatoes without receiving any fertilizer. Stable manure and unleached ashes were also used on separate plats. The results indicate that both potash and jihosphoric acid were needed, but that the addition of nitrogen made no material difference in the yield. An experiment in planting whole and half tubers, with different methods of culture, is briefly reported. The results were as follows: "(1) Subsoiling gave a very small increase in yield over ordinary i^low- ing; (2) the uiulchwas injurious rather than l)encficial; (3) ridge culture gave a small increase over level; (4) half tubers produced a larger yield than whole ones ; (5) seed ends gave a much larger proportion of 782 large tubers; (G) trenches filled half full at the time of planting gave a larger yield than those filled full." Iowa Station, Bulletin No. 15, November, 1891 (pp. 96). Sugar beet growing, J. Wilson, C. F. Curtiss, B. S. A., D. A. Kent. B. S., and G. E. Batkick, M. S. (pp. 100-LM ».-)).— In ISMl sugar beets were grown at the station on '' comparatively new" hinni soils, both with and without fertilizers and with subsoiling. Lime, a "complete fertilizer," and ammoniatcd su|>erp!i(>s[iliate were used in amounts not stated. Beets were planted at dill'crent dates from April 1.") to May L'.j. The varieties treated were Klein Wanzleben, ^'ilmorin, and Dcsprez. Samples of the beets were taken for analysis Sei>tember 30, October IL*. and November 6. The yield and composition of the beets are tabulat«'d. Beets were produced with as high as 15.7 percent of sugar, giving juice of 8l'.5 purity, and 5 samples contained over 1-i per cent of sugar. (1) Early i»lantiu{j ) Per eeiit of sugar w:is atteeted by second growth in October or l>y alisorbing moisture frf>m rains after long drouth, or both. (»») Yield i>er acre has much to do with the ]>rotitableness of tiie crop. (7) Wliile our liighest analysis tl jHuinils. Sugar iieets in Iowa, 18U1, (l. E. Patrick, ,^I. S., E. N. Eaton, B. S., AND I). B. JiiSBEE, B. S. dtp. LMKi-2;i3).— This is a rei»ort on the analysis of ~jO- samples of sugar beets grown in 4!) counties of the State. The proposition made in Ibilletin No. 12 of the statitui [see Kxperinient Station Ive<'ord. vol. II, p. 718J for an extj-nsive invest ig.ition of thi- possibiiitiis of sugar beet culture in this State, to be made jointly by the farmers of the State and tin chemical section of the station, has ri'sulted in the work re|n>ite;rown in certain parts of Iowa. ^ It is not safe to assume tiiat the rehitive a(hii)talHiity of tiie dill'erent counties to the beet sugar industry is truly se States without irrigation. Fungous diseases of sugar beets, L. H. Pamjiel, B. x\gr. (pp. 231-2.")4, plates 7). — Illustrated notes on beet rust ( Vromyecs befcr), white rust of beets {Cystopus blifii), spot disease of beets {Ccrrosporaheticola), a root disease of beets (probably related to Rkizoctonia bcUe), aud the scab of beets. The white rust was observed on the leaves of beets at the station in the fall of 1890, It formed white pustules on both sides of the leaf, which consisted of a large number of small spores. The germination of the conidia was not observed, nor were any of the oospores found. The author, however, thinks that the fungus in all probability is Cys- topus blitii. The spot disease of beets was quite prevalent on sugar beets at the station. Analyses indicated that this disease did not materially afiect the sugar content of individual beets, though it reduced the total yield of the crop. The author has observed that the conidiophores of this fungus "not only pass out through the stomata, but also break the epidermal cells.'' He thitiks that Bordeaux mixture and ammoniacal carbonate of copper may be used as preventives, but has made no experiments in this line. A root rot disease of sugar beets was observed at the station in August, 1891. "It did not appear to be the nematode disease common in Europe, though nematode worms (allied to AnguUula) were common in the decaying roots." The author thinks it is caused by Ehizoctonia bcta\ er {Agallia sanguinoleuta) has been traceeared October !>. The grassh(»ppeis which most numerously attacked beets were Mrlanoplu.s femur ruhrum, ('pt< uus (llflrrrntialis, Chlaaltis curii- peuntJi, and perhaps Acridium eniargiiiatuui. Keference is made to previous notes on these insects in Bulletin No. 14 of the station (see Experiment Staticui Record, vol. iii. p. '-2'2). Soiling expekimknt, .1. Wilson, C. 1"\ Criniss, li. S. A., 1). A. Kknt, H. S., and (1. K. rATiMCK. M. S. (j.p. 274-28;^).— This was with six Shortluu-n cows and lasted troiu ,Iuiie 20 to Sei>tember 2ti. The, ol)ie<-t was to compare stall feeding on green foddeis with good blue grass pasturage. During the tirst half of the experiment lot 1 (three cows) was barn fed and lot 2 was pastured, and during the last half this was reversed. At all times each cow received grain consisting of citln-r 12 |)ounds of corn anil cob meal, 10 pounds of gluti'U meal, or IS jtouiids new whole corn. The pastui-e was one of the be>*t blue grass pastures iu tlie State, well sliaih'd with oc«'asional trees and in places by dense woods, with running water accessible. The soiling consisted at ditt'erent times of green oats and ]>eas, oats and clover, or foddtT corn and clover, fed ad libitum. Freiiuent analyses were made of the milk of the individual cows, and these, together with the milk yielded, are tabulated. 785 Owing to the periotl of liiotatioii, lot 1 increased in milk -while in the stable and lost very fast as soon as tbey were put in the pasture. Lot 2 had lost heavily ou pasturage and gained in milk as soon as they were put on greeu feed. » » » The indications from this experiment are: (1) The average cow, when kept in the stable, will eat about 75 pounds of greeu feed a day, with grain ration added. (2) Cows fed on oats and peas or clover and corn, fed green in the stable in mid- sunnner, will give more milk than when feeding on a good blue grass pastnre. (3) A cow led on green feed in a stable darkened and ventilated will gain iu weight more than she will in a well-shaded pasture. (4) The cow responds as promptly to a well-balanced ration of grain while eat- ing green feed as she doea on dry feed. The yields per acre are given of green fodder from peas, peas aud oats, fodder corn, and seeond-cnt clover Time of soaving gra^s seed, J. Wilson, 0, F. Cuetiss, B. S. A., AND D. A. Kent, B. S. (pp. 284-288).— <' For the purpose of ascertain- ing the best time to sow the seed of cultivated grasses, this station soAved the seed of six diflerent grasses at eight different times, begin- ning March 23 and ending JNlay 12, 1891. The varieties sown were red clover, white clover, timothy, orchard grass, tall meadow oat grass, and awnless brome grass {Bromns inermis). The plats were 1 rod square. The soil was rolling prairie with black surface aud clay subsoil, fall- plowed." The best results in every case were from the earliest sowing. '' Late-sown red clover maintained a stand better than any other late sowing. The May sowings of all varieties were failures. Late-sown varieties that looked well at time of cutting did not endure the subse- quent drouth. The first-sown grasses were best in October." Test of varieties of winter wheat and oats, J. Wilson, C. F. CuRTiss, B. S. A., AND D.A.Kent, B. S. (pp. 289-294).— Notes and tabulated data for 14 varieties of winter wheat and 11 of oats. Turkish Bed and Jones White Fife wheat, and Early Everitt and Giant side oats gave especially good results. Barnyard manure, J. Wilson (pp. 295, 296).— A brief account of an experiment with liquid barnyard manure on corn. The plants made a vigorous growth aud the yield was materially increased. Iowa Station, Bulletin No. 16, February, 1892 (pp. 72). Flaxseed meal and oil meal, J. Wilson, 0. F. Curtiss, B. S. A., AND D. A. Kent, B. S. (pp. 299-302).— A trial was made with 10 cows to ascertain how much ground flaxseed and how much liuseed meal could be fed without noticeable injury to the animals. The cows were divided into 2 lots, one lot receiving ground flaxseed and the other linseed meal. Both lots received cut corn fodder ad J lb it urn and small amounts of corn meal. The trial lasted from December 1, 1891, to January 20, 1892, during which time the ground flaxseed and lin- seed meal were both increased at the same rate to from 1 pound to 8 pounds i)er animal daily. From January 8 to 20 the cows in each 786 lot received S poiiuds each daily of the ground flaxseed orliuseed meal. When this point was reached tlie liaxseed lot refused to eat more, but the linseed meal lot it is believed would have consumed still more had it been offered. One cow in the flaxseed lot was a poor feeder and did not eat her share of any ration, anarley, and the st(U'ing of silage in three silos. Cornfield No. 1 contained lil.L'5 acres of rich sandy loam. It was sown to Pearly Mastodon corn planted in hills. The climatic conditions were rather unfavorable to the growth of corn, and owing to the small rainfall, the roller, harrow, and cultivator were used to conserve the moisture and heat. The yield was To bushels of corn per acre, or l,r)08 bushels in all. The statement of the cost of labor in raising the crop shows this to have been $14G..SL', or 9.22 cents per bushel of corn. Cornfield No. 2 contained 11. .~) acres of sandy loam land. It was planted to Improved Leaming corn, which was cnltivated in the same way as that on field No. 1. The yield of corn on this field was 8C.5 bushels per acre, making a total of l,2."»S.r) bushels. The total cost of labor was $'.>(>. i>2, or 7.22 cents per busliel oi' corn, which is 2 cents jier bushel less tliaii the rate of field No. 1. "liy int*Mise cultivation and j>r«>per rotation, most of the farms of Iowa would produce from T.") to SO bushels of corn [icr acre, and under faxorable climatic conditions still more." The size of the barley field is not given. The soil was a sandy loam and was sown to Manshury barley. The cost of labor per bushel of barley is estimated at 11.2 cents. Three silos were filled with corn foilder, the tirst from Karly Leam- ing, Ihc second from Mammoth Cuban, and the third from Ked Cob Ensilage corn. The first silo was covere«l with chafiabont 1 foot decj). V)ut not weighted; the second had no chaff or weighting, and the third was Aveighted with about .'3 tons of stone. The cost of filling the first silo is estimated at 71).5 cents per ton, the second at 71.1 per ton, and for the third silo is not given. The silage from all three silos is said to have been good. Varieties of potatoes, (\ V. CciiTiss, l>. 8. A. (pp. .'JOO-.ni). — Tabulated notes for oO varieties, "Of the early varieties, the Early 787 Obio autl Ev^eritt Six Weeks did the best; tlie latter is tlie earlier, but does not yield as good a potato as tlie former. The Early King- is also promising-, but ripened a little later. Of the late varieties, liural New Yorker No. 2 was the fmest potato we had. The Bus Barn and Greeu Mountain yielded better, but the |)otatoes were not as good. The Ivogers Seedling is very large and nice, and the Mrs. Eoraker ranks among- the best." COBNCIKOWING, 0. E. CuRTiss, B. S. A. (pi>. 312-P»14).— Corn of the Capital variety was grown on 5 acres of land manured with 103 loads of barnyard manure and on 1 acre ad join ing this i)iece without manure. In preparing both of these pieces of land in the spring acro]) of winter rye was jdowed under. Both fields were cultivated exactly the same dur- ing the entire season. The unmanured acre yielded 40.9 bushels of corn and the manured land 59.2 bushels per acre. Early Mastodon and Mam- moth Cuban corn grown on fall-plowed land without manure yiehlc species, taken from the author's article in Jlullctin ^o. 7 of the Division of Entomol- ogy of this Department (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii,p. G(»l>). Sugar beets, G. E. Patrick, M. S. (pp. 354, 355). — Brief direc- tions regarding the culture of sugar beets, ])n1»lislied with a view to stimulating the ]noductiou of beets in Iowa this year. Trees, shrubs, and small fruits for the home grounds, J. L. Bi 1)1). M. 11. (i)]). ;'.5r>-.3n5). — Asa result of experiments at the \o\\n Agriciiltuial College and elsewhere in the State, the author reconiiiieiids the following speci«'s and v;ii ieties for ]»lanting in the northern jjart of the State: tShdile trcrs. — IJard maple (Acer niiirum), hm-kWiry (Cclti.s occidental ifi), ba.sswood ( 77/m ((iiic)ir(iu(i),\\]ntv elm ( [hnus tunericaua), cut-leaved bir<-h {Hetula amurcnsis), white i)ine(/V/n/.s strohus). red jtine {rinm rcsinnsa). Orunmcntdl trees. — Wild o\i\e{EI(vn(i}U(s ouifiisti/olia), American mcMinlain ash (Snrhiis /nz/rr/cawrO, rosemary willow {Salixros- «/f(r/Vi;/i)//VO. whit«' Sibeiian almond. I'ninus trihilxi, ;imur ehokeeherry {l*nnn(.s )ii(iea tree {(Uiv(i(it(uS'. (loiu/liisi, snowball. \'iiginia ercepei- (Aniprlnpsis (juiii/(>li((). CrapcH. — Moore Early, Cottage, AVorden, and Coneord. Strairhcrrics. — Waifnld, Ilaveiland. Crescent, Bedei- Wood, Barker Earle. and Downer I'rolilic. It'osithcrrics, hind:. — Older, Tyler, and Shaller Colossal : rol. ('nthbert. lilackhcrricfi. — Sny. i:. A. Bope- NOE, M. A., and S. C. Mason, B. S. (pp. ].")0-l(;s).— Tlij.> inelndes brief descri[)tive notes on 1*2 varieties, in continnation of the record in liulletin No. M of the station (see Experiment Station Becord, vol. II, ]). 5(i(i), and on 2.) varieties which fruited for the lirst time in 1S!>1; and accounts of exi)criinciits in spraying vines with Bonleanx mixtnre and in bagging grai)es. Of 15 varieties whi< h were more or less art'wtetl l)y the rot even after si)raying, '' 10 w»'re hybrids containing Vinif«'ra blood, 4 were of Labrnsca origin, and 1 a Biparia." It was observed 7C9 that the fruit of the hybrid varieties would remain in good condition on the vines for weeks after it was ripe. "Aminia, Black Eagle, Creve- ling, Croton, Barry, Brighton, Duchess, Massasoit, Merrimac, and Wilder are conspicuous examples of this quality. * * * Our trials thus far of these hybrid varieties would encourage the belief that with the aid of the sprayer in summer and a slight amount of protection in winter, the superior qualities of these grai)es may be enjoyed in Kan- sas with considerable regularity." Analyses of grapes discolored by the Bordeaux mixture showed the presence of only 0.52 grain of copper sulphate per pound of grapes. l*ai»er bags were put on bunches of grai)es of diflerent varieties at a cost of about 1 cent per pound. As to the advantages, tlie finit came out. of the sacks in the most perfect condition. Tlie rii)euiug in many cases was retarded a few days, and in some sorts the flavor seemed to he somewhat impaired, but with few exceptions both tiavor and api)ear- anco were perfect. For securing exliihition samples and preserving choice fruit for home use, there can he no doubt as to the advantage of bagging grapes. AVhether it would pay on a large scale for market, must depend upon the demand for fancy table fruit at prices above the average for grapes in baskets, as commonly shipped. We were enabled to hold such choice kinds as Black Eagle, Brighton, Delaware, and Lady Washington some time past their seasou. They can be cut from the vines iu the sack, and packed in this way can be shipped long distances without the bloom beiug disturbed or a berry broken. Where a market can be found for this grade of fruit, at corresponding prices, the outlay would be doubly repaid. Kansas Station, Bulletin No. 29, December, 1891 (pp. 14). Experiments with oats, ISOl, 0. 0. Georgeson, M. S., 'F. C. BiJRTis, B. S., AND W. Shelton (pp. 1G9-1S0).— The season of 1891 was very unfavorable to oats. On account of the wet weather it became necessary to reject many of the i)lats altogether. The exj^eri- ments were largely a continuation of those made in 1890 and reported in Bulletin No. 13 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. II, ]). 122). The plats were in most cases one twentieth acre each in area and when not otherwise mentioned each experiment was repeated on 5 idats located in different i)arts of the field. FaU-])loived, spring -plowed, and unploiced land {p. 171). — Pedigree Red Rust-Proof oats were sown on 15 plats, 5 being fall-plowed, 5 spring- plowed, and 5 unplowed. The results were unfavorable to the uui^lowed land and most favorable to the land plowed in the fall. Methods of seeding (pp. 171, 172). — Oats were seeded on GO plats under the following conditions : Broadcast, rolled and not rolled ; shoe drilled, Avith and without press wheels; cross-drilled with hoe drill; drilled with roller drill; listed; sown broadcast with disk harrow; sown broadcast and plowed under; drilled one half and sown broadcast one half. The results were better where the press wheels were used on the drdls and better where the ground was rolled after sowing broadcast than where unrolled; the results where the seed was listed were unfavorable on account of the wet season. 790 Grading seed oats (]). 173). — '• In 1800 wc obtained a very marked increase in the yield by grading; tlie seed oats. Three grades were made. One, designated • common " graile.consistedoftiieoatsas tlieyj-amc from tiie tliresher, in which condition they are ordinarily used by farmers. This grade was run through the fanning mill and sei)arated into 'light' and 'heavy' grades. The light grade consisted of the small oats and the lighter seeds Idown out by the fan, the heavy grade being the heaviest and plumi)est kernels wliicli the screens could sejiarale fiMm the quantity run through.'" The experiment was rejteated on a large scale in 1801, but with very different results, the largest average results being where light seed was used. The average yields per a<*re were as follows: Light seed 50.03, common seed 45.27, and heavy seed 4(».il bnshels. Oats for half (pp. 173. 171). — The yields ol" hay iVom oats are tabu- lated lor l.'i dillerent varietie.s. "For want of room oidy 1 plat was devoteer acre. They were cut .Inly 1^">. \\ lien mosl of the seed was in the milk." The yield of hay rang<'d from 3.1 (I'edigree b'cd K'list iMoof) to 4.85 (Hlue (Ira/.ing Winter) tons per acre. SiiKjJe variety vs. a mirttire of rariities (pp. 171. 175i. — As in thei>re- vious year, this exjterinn'nt was oidy a partial sncccss. The varieties used were I'robsteier. Ked Ifnst Pr(K)f, and IMack llnssian. These were I)laiited singly and in mixfnres of twos on 30 jdats at the rate of 2.5 bnshels per acre. Tiie resnlts were incom-lusive. tlieie being a gain iii sonu' cas«'s and a loss in others from using a mixture of vaii«'ties. Effect of the degree of maturitg of seed oats (p. 175). — The see«l of oats which had been cut in 1800 when in the '* dongh," '• hard «longh," and ripe stages, was sown on 1.") plats. All the plats sntlered from the wet weather. The yitdds in bnslu'ls ])er acre were, seed in dongh 38.'.>'.), hard dough 2S.08, ripe seed I'O.UO. " There was no perceptible ditVerence in the time these grailes matnred. All pints wt-re harvested duly 17, being eiinally rijic. The above lignres w«»nld indicate that seed oats shonld be harvester acre. The averag*' yields i>er aeness." 701 Salt as a fertilizer for oats (pp. 116, 177 ■. — Five i)lats received salt at the rate of 150 i)Ouuds per acre and 5 others alternating' with these received no salt. The ave.ra<»e yield Avas 1^0.87 bnshels with salt and 28.02 bnshels per aero withont salt. Oats treated with hot water to preroit smut (i)p. 177-179). — The seed for 5 plats was treated with hot water to i»revent siunt and for 5 other plats was left nntr<'ated. The variety was in both eases lied Winter. " A carefnl connt at harvest time revealed the fact that the plats on which the seed had not been treated contained 15 per cent of smntted heads, while the crop from the treated seed had none." The yield for treated seed was 37.50 and for untreated seed 29.0l> bushels ])er acre, a gain of nearly 8 bushels per acre from treatment. Test of varieties (pp. 179, 180). — Tabulated notes on 85 varieties. Kentucky Station, Bulletin No. 36, December, 1891 (pp. 4). Co:\[MKRCiAL FERTILIZERS, M. A. ScovELL, M. S. — Analyses ot 18 san>i)les of fertilizers, including ground bone and kainit. Kentucky Station, Bulletin No. 37, December, 1891 (pp. 16). Potato experiments. — Test of varieties (pp. 3-11). — Notes on 77 varieties of potatoes, together with the yield of large and small tubers, the percentage of dry substance, and the specific gra^^ty. Test offrrtUizers (pp. 12-10). — The ground used for this test was the same as that used in 1889 and 1890. Early Eose potatoes werei»lanted on 10 tenth-acre plats, the seed being cut in halves and placed cut side down and 14 inches apart in the rows, M'hich were 3 feet apart. Nitrate of soda 100 pounds, boneblack 320 pounds, and muriate of potash 100 pounds were used singly, two by two, and all three combined on 7 plats, and 3 plats remained unmanured. Field notes taken during the grow- ing season, yields of potataes, and the financial results are tabuhited. The largest total yield, 210 l)ushels per acre, was where the three mate- rials were used together, the next largest where muriate of potash and superphosphate were used together. " Potash greatly increased the yield, wiiile phosi)horie acid and nitrogen had some beneficial effects. While potash alone has a marked intluence in increasing the yield, nevertheless when combined with acid black or nitrate of soda, or l)<)th, the yield is still more increased." The largest net profit was with the use of muriate of ]iotash alone, and the next largest where nuiriate of potash was used with super- phosphate and with super[)h()sphate and nitrate of soda. Kentucky Station, Bulletin No. 38, March, 1892 (pp. 22). Tests of varieties of vegetables and strawberries, C. L. Curtis. — Brief descriptive notes on 17 varieties of onions, 24 of let- tuce, 14 of radishes, 34 of peas, 29 of cabbages, 22 of tomatoes, 30 of 702 beans, 21 of swfct corn, and 17 of cantaloupes. Brief statements are made regarding" experiments witli strawbeiries, but dry weatlier ren- dered the crop of I-SIU almost a total failure. The following varieties of vegetables are especially commended : On ions. — Spanish King (Prize- Taker), Yellow Globe Danvers. and Large Yellow Strasbnrg. Lettuce. — Green Fringed, Golden Queen, and French iJlockhead. Iiddi.she.s, — Acme, Violet Turni}) White Tijjped, White Lady Finger, Sandwich, and Early Garnet Turnip. l*eas. — Henderson First of All, Landreth l^xtra Early, Dwarf Early Frame, American ^^'onder, liluelJeauty, and Strat- agem. Cahhaiien. — Select Early Jersey Wakefi<'ld, Louisville Early iJrumhead, All Head Early, Large Flat Dutch, and J'remium Flat Dutch. Tomatoes. — Early Euby ("by fiir the best in our list"), Allen, Lacrosse Seedling, Table Queen, Favorite, Long Keeper, and Paragon. Beans. — Improved Golden Wax, Hlack ICye NN'ax, Crystal Wax,Valen- tiue, and Mohawk. Hweet corn. — Henderson Sugar, Early Landreth, Maikct, an«l Early Alaska. Cantaloupes. — Salmon and Green, P.anqnet, Osage, Dcliiionico. and Turk Ga]>. Kentucky Station. Bulletin No. 39. March. 1892 (pp. 11). Prklimi^auv wokk on some Ken'ji arts of the Statc\ Kentucky Station, Bulletin No. 40, March, 1892 (pp. 51). SOTE COMMON PESTS OF THE FARM AND GARDEN, H. GARMAN (plates 2, figs. 2S), — De.scrii)tive notes, with suggesti«>ns as to remedies, on the following insects: Hessian lly {('erithnni/i(t ihstrnetor), grain louse {Sij>hon(tp}tora arena'), h(ni\ lly (Ilatnatohia serrata), \\o\\sq ^y {Musea (lomestiea), ox botlly ((Ksinis hori.s). army worm (Ileliophila tinipuneta), tobacco worm [I'hleyethontius Carolina), cutworm {A(jrotis wessoria and ^l. suh(/otliiea), wirewoiin, rose slug {SehiniJria roso'), imjiorted currant worm {yematus rentricosus), cabbage worm {Pieris raj)a'), Colorado potato beetle {Doriiphora Wlineatu), .strii>ed cucumber beetle {Diahrotiea rittata), pea weevil (?>/-f/c//M.v j)/.?/), Ix-an weevil (lirnclins obsoletns), vtuWiw^ moth (('ar2)ocfipsa j>owu>;»c/^(), jdum curculi«» (Cono- trachclus neniqjhar), tent caterjiillar (CUsiocainpa americana), fall web- woiin {Jfjiphantria cunra], maple tr<'e bark louse {Pnlrinaria innuinera- hilis), and turnip leaf miner (DrosopliHa sp.). A turnip leaf miner. — In the fall of 1S!H leaves of turnips jdanti'd near the station were found to be badly blist«'red by a grub closely allied to ]>rosi>phila Jlara. The larva. i)Ui)arium, and imago are illustrated. Tlio mines vaiitMl at tliis time (OctolM^r) from O.2.") t<» 2 imhes in diaiiirtor, but in some cases tlu-y were oonruu'd hargi'ly along tlu' veins, sometimes forming gal- leries altove most of the larger of these. They oeenr in most cases on the ujiper side and are to he reeognized chiefly by their whitish color. • • » The mines -were first noted October 9. At this date many infesteupa; were observed until October 22. The first adult flies came forth indoors Oct(djer 23, and others continued to emerge until November 4, at which date the last Hies were obtained. An examination of infested plants out of doors showed the Hies to be emerging there also, and we must consequently consider this the normal habit of the species. From the lateness at which the adults api>ear it is altogether probable that the winter is passed in this condition. * * * The species is very badly afl'ected by a very small four-winged parasitic lly (a new species of Polycystus according to L. O. Howard), which emerges from the ])ui)a;. These began to emerge from our confined lot of pu}>a> later than the Druno- phila and continued to come out at intervals during a considerable jiart of the winter. The first obtained came forth October 30 and the last .January 26, 18y2. Larva. — The grub which produces the mine measures when grown aliout 5"'"' (0.2 inch) in length, and 1'"'" (0.04 inch) in diameter. It is whitish, cylindrical, and wrinkled, and tapers slightly toward the head, but terminates rather bluntly behind. The head segment is small, turns downward, and bears the mouth-opening beneath. From the latter project the tips of the tAvo black hooks common to larvie of tliis and related genera. The hooks of this species appear more than usually curved and each beai's several strong denticles. At the hind extremity of the body are several fleshy tubercles and a pair of straight protractile spines, which arise from conical prominences. Just in front of the tip of the body is a pair of transversely length- ened sucker-like structures. Pupa. — The pupa is inclosed in a tough and rather firm reddish brown (fulvous) envelope. The latter resembles in no slight degree the "flaxseed" of the Hessian fly. It is fusiform in general shape, but is rather sciuarely cut off in front, an angle at each side being formed by the digitate respiratory prominence. The wh(de anterior part of the puparium is impressed, so that when viewed from the side the ventral outline in this region is seen to be concave. The segments show with toler- able clearness. The two protractile spines of the larva are here thrust out and immovable. Length of alcoholic examples 3.33""" (0.13 inch), dianu>ter 1"'"' (0.04 inch). * ■" * Imago. — The adult is a small brown fly with a wing expanse of about 0.25 inch and measuring about one half this in length of body. The general color of some exaujples is pale brown, while others are of a much darker Ijiown above and may a])proach blackness on the sides of the thorax. The thorax is nuirked above by three narrow stripes, the median and Avidest one extending upon the scutellum. Head with a dark patch behind each eye and a dark dot including the ocelli. Com- pound eyes widely separate, reddish brown. Mouth parts pale yellow. Antennie with the basal segments yellow. Bristle black, with about five branches. Wings hyaline, veins brown. Balancers pale. Legs pale. Abdomen pale Ijcneath. Terga darker, with the hind half of each ring sometimes presenting the aj)pearauce of a dusky cross band. Tip of abdomen black. The whole Ixxly is more or less thickly clothed with pubescence, which in some regions, ]»articularly on the femora, tends to become arranged in lines. On the head and thorax above are a number of definitely arranged long black hairs. Length of alcoholic examples 2.2-3"'"' (0.09-0.12 inch). 794 Massachusetts Hatch Station, Meteorological Bulletin No. 39. March. 1892 (pp. 4). A daily and monthly summary of r)bservations for March at the mete- orolof;i(al ()1).servatory of the station, in charj^e of C 1). Warner, B. S. Michigan Station, Bulletin No. 81, March, 1892 ;pp. 14). NoTE.s ON FRUITS, L. H. Tai T, M. S. — Tal»uhited data are given ft»r .SI varieties of strawberries, together with brief descriptive notes on 49 of the varieties of strawberries, and also brief notes on experiments with Kussian varieties of onhard fruits in the northern i>art ot the State and on the cultivation of the station orchards. General directions are given for the use of fei tilizers in orchards. The followin;; varieti«'S of .strawberries and raspberries are espe, D. & D., and Cresient Glendale. As late .sorts, Helle, Florence, and (iandy .sncceed best here. » » • lianphcrntn. — Soiili<';xaii, TyliT. and 1 iimlit tlr still stand at tin- head nf tin- list of the early Idack eajis; ]Ii>|ikins follows in a few days. < M the later kinds. (Jn-tc;! and Nemaha are .inioiiy the best. Centennial, Kello;^;;. and Maniinotli Clnster are small berries, bnt the jdanls are hardy anrolilic. and the lar^e showy fruits areex tons ])er acre, with 13. Kl ]>er cent of sugar in the juice. This is e(|nivalent to $.">0 an acre, spot cash, as truly as wheat. Other counties may be as well adajited to the growth cd' sugar beets, but the reports arc too few and incomplete to hazanl an ojtinion. • - ♦ The results of the season's growth, although the reports arc in many instances inconii)lcte, are on the whole very 8.itisfactory. They show that many districts in the State are well adapted to raising sugar beets; that in many counties the farmer cau all'ord to raise sagar beets, and can count upon a good cash return for his land 795 anrl labor. But tliis does iKtt apply to tlic entire State, for in some districts it would be hazardous to attempt to make the .su.,r;ir beot a staple crop, aud uo mauufacturer would think of establishing a sugar factory in such localities. It is worth much to know where we may succeed; it is well to kuow where wo must fail. From llie standpoint of tlic farmer the outlook for the beet sugar indus- try is promisiug for a large part of the soutiiern half of our State. The soil and climate of the greater i)art of Hillsdale and Lenawee (;onnties, for example, would seem to be admirably fitted for this crop. From the standpoint of the manufacturer tiie outlook is promising. With an average of nearly 14 per cent of sugar and nearer l."> per cent iu some counties, and a coerticient of purity above 80 per cent, the prospect of makiug sugar at a profit is promising. Minnesota Station, Bulletin No. 19, March, 1892 (pp. 32). DEHORNma EXPERIMENT, C. D. SMITH, M. S., AND T. L. HAECKER (pp. 3-0). — All account is given of the deliornino- of 1) cows and a recoid of the yield and composition of tlie milk fof the tluee milkings preced- ing and following the operation, and a comparison of this with the record for G other cows not dehorned, " which saw the operation and smelled the blood.''' The summary of results is given in the following table, the first period including the three milkiugs i)rior to and the second the tlii-ee following the operation: Effect of dcliornincj on milk yield. Milk yield, first period (pounds) Milk yield, second period (pound.s) Shrinkage of milk during second period (pounds) Per cent of sliriiika;:e in milk Yield of fat, first period (pounds) Yield of fat, second period (pounds) Shrinkage of fat (pounds) Per cent of shrinkage in fat Nine cows dehorned. 316.3 294.1 22. 2 7!o 12.75 12.28 Six cow.s not dehorned. 0.46 3.0 106.45 1<'0. 25 6.2 3.0 !). m 8. «0 1.08 11. 01 It would appear from these observations that while the operation of dehorning may cause a slight temporary variation in the flow of milk and fat content, the normal flow and per cent of fat is quickly recov- ered, and that cows only seeing the operation and smelling the blood show a greater shrinkage iu fat than do the ones dehorned. A DOUBLE MONSTROSITY OF A CALF TRACEABLE TO INJURY OF ITS MOTHER, O. SCHWARTZKOPF, D. V. M. (pp. 7-10, hgs. 2). — A Holsteiii- Friesian cow in calf was hooked by another cow while passing into the stables early in October, 1890. A small bruise appeared on the right flank behind the last rib, about 1 foot below the loins. The cow was kept quiet, and apparently recovered in a short time. On Jamiarj' 28, 1891, the cow dropped a calf. As it did not have any passages within 2 days the cattleman gave it a dose of castor oil, which had no effect. He then reported it to me and also stated that the calf seemed to be crippled. In look- ing at the calf I observed at once that it had a curved spiue, and fiu'tUcr examiuatiou revealed tliat there was no rectal opening. 796 An incision was ina«le where the iiatural opening shonld be, but after perforating the skin no rectum was found, but a direct entrance int<» the abdomen. The inti-s- tines that lodged in the pelvic cavity apparently were the colon or ciecum. I tried hard to find the rec1uni,but did not succeed. On February 3 the icrilie the cause of the abnormalities of the calf to the blow which its mother received 4 months previous to the birth. Cream rai.'^ing by cold deep skttinc;, IT. Snyder. B. S, (])p. 11_19). — studies wero iii;mU' of (1) tlu' rapidity of crcainiii^' and its relation to the temperature of tlie surrounding water, and (2) the time before skitniuin.o; ran safely be done. In these studies determina- tions were made of tlu' pt-rcentage of fat in samples of the milk taken from the t4)p, mi«ldle, and bottom of the ean at ditVen'Ut intervals from the time of setting. The nr.inner of taking thes«' samples was as follows: Perforated corks carrying glass tubes were fastened into a block of wood and ])la«-ed on the top ot' the c;iii. Tlie tubes w«'re adjusted so as to reach to the bott<»m and middle sections of the can. In sampling, a rul>bcr connection was made with a i>i]>ett<'. the jupette tilled by sut'- tion, and the connection (hen closi'd with a iiinchcolanation has yet been given; simply the fact is known, and the dairyman must conform to these tempera- tures in order to obtain the most beneficial results. How long before slimming can saj'cli/ be done (pp. 17-19). — The results of deterininatious of fat from tlie top, middle, and bottom of the can of milk set at 90° F. in a tank of water at 00'^, ''show how slow and imperfect the creaming is when compared with a lower and more fovor- able temperature, and also how the rising of the fat practically ceases at about the eleventh-hour period." The results are also given of simi- lar deierminations in samples of milk set in water at 49°, 52°, and 540 F. The action is slower and the creaming far less perfect. At the end of 8| hours the average per cent of fat in the skim milk, due to the high temperature of creaming, was 1.24 per cent; at the end of 25 hours it was 1.05 per cent. The average of the eight trials when set at 47'^ showed that the creaming was practically completed before the end of the 12-hour period, and that the skimming could then safely be done. * * * The average of twelve trials when set in water at temperatures varying from 50° to 60*^ v., showed that the creaming was practically completed within the same time. Although a slight gain resulted from a prolonged setting, in no case was this equal to the loss sustained for the want of a lower temperature at the beginning. A pro- longed setting can not make up for a low temperature at the time of setting. Experiments in cheese making, H. Snyder, B. S. (pp. 20-25). — "It has been claimed that when cheese is made from milk rich in fat a large per cent of the total fat is lost in the Avhey, and that when the per cent of fat in the milk reaches a certain point all the fat above that point is lost in the whey and no more can be retained in the cheese. To test this question a large number of trials were conducted in making cheese from milk containing from 3.5 to 5.5 j)er cent of fat. A summary of the results of these trials is given below. Cheese made from milk of different fat content. Ifumher of trials. Range of percent- ages of fat m milk. Per cent of fat in milk. Per cent of fat in whey. Ponnds of milk. Pounds of green cheese. Pounds of milk t" iimke 1 iMMind of green chee.se. 28 31 14 4 3.5-4.0 4. 1^. 4 4.5-4.9 5. 0-5. 4 3.85 4.29 4.62 5.05 0.38 0.36 0.39 0.32 304.7 305 304. 3 305 31. 46 32.80 34.2 35.5 9.68 9. 30 8.90 8.56 798 In these experiments, in which the cheese was made lunler the same conditions, the losses of fat in the whey are jiractically tlie same wlictht-r the original milk wa> rich or ]K>or in fat; and normal milks rich in fats wen- mailc into y more than tlie weight of tin- fat added to the cream. * ' * If it can not he demonstrated that with normal milk rich in fat intelligent cheese makers can so inc as to leave as small a per cent of fat in the whey as with jioorer milk, many jiatrons owning herds of cows giving rich milk mnst advocati- partial skimming at least. These experiments, however, seem to show that with rich milk the loss of fat in the whey is relatively less than where poor milk is nsed. Tlu- per cent of fat in the whey remains ahont constant — a little less than 0.4 per cent, withont regard to the «|nality of the original milk. TlIH P.AlUNM'lv TKST AND CIIl'KN, C I >. SMITH. M. S., AND T. L. llAECKKll (pp. L'(;-;3l'). — T(t study tln> eorrespomlence between the amount of fat indicated ])y the B.ibcock test in whoh' milk of aii individual cow and the amount of fat recovered in the butter, butter milk, and skim milk from the same, l.'i .separat4' tests were mal' iat contaim-d in the .sample for analysis. "The milk was run thriuijzh a hainl centrifujr*' imnu'diately alter ■woi^diin^r, care bein^ taken to wash all the cream from the bowl by liberal adibtions of skim milk at the completion of the separation of each mess of each cow. The (leam was then conled ami kept until seven nulkiujis had accumulated, when it was ripcin-d and churned. Both the skim milk and the buttermilk were tested with the Babeock test." The results of each experinn-nt are full> tabulated and summarize. (pp. 215-251).— Tlie.se were iii contiimation of those reported in Bul- letin No. 17 of the station (see Experiment Station Keconl, vol. in, p. 20) and included the ordiiuiry nieteoioloj;iea] observations taken at the University of Nebraska and data from evaporimeter.s, rain .yaniues, and soil thermometers on the station faim. The yearly summary of mete- orolo,«ical observations is as follows: I'rcH.snre (inches). — Maximum 30.!)2, minimum 29.40, mean ;;o.()9, annual ran-^e l..")2, maximum daily ran<;e 9.7."). Air tcmpcniture (de,<4Tees F.).— Maxinuim 95, minimum — 12, mean 49.97, annual range 107, nniximum daily ran^c 44. Humid- ify. — i\Iean relative humi«lity 71.89. rrrripitation. — Total (inches) ;)!».f)05 total snowfall (inches) 22.22, number of days on which 0.01 inch or more of rain fell 83. Weather. — Number of clear days 128, number of fair days I.Jo, number of cloudy days 102. Wiiul — ]Maxinuim velocity (miles per hour) 64, total UHjvement (miles) 125,104. The mean relative evaporation at different elevations for each month from April 21 to Novejnber 10 is as follows: Mmn relative evaporution at different elevations. 3 feet. April 'Jl-ro.... Iklay June July August Se[)ti'iiili('i' . .. . Ortnlitr Kovtiubei 1-lU 7.1 4.3 3.3 3.3 3.6 4.9 3.!) 2.8 20 feet. 40 feet. 60 feet. 80 feet. 98 feet. Mean IS. .5 n.7 8.6 8.2 9 5 13.9 in.o 7.3 17.6 12.3 9.8 9.4 10.1 16.1 11.8 20.2 13.3 10.3 9.5 11.4 17.3 12.7 9.6 21.1 14.3 11.5 10.9 11.2 18.0 13.4 10.6 21.7 15.8 12.1 11.6 12.8 19.2 13.6 10.7 16.1 11.6 9.3 8.7 9.7 14.3 10.8 8.3 Monthly inajintum and niinimnm air and soil temperatures. [lu degrees F.J 1891. Air. a January Feliriiai'v M-.urh .'. .Vpril >Iay June 92.2 July 91 Augu.st 94 Soiiteniber 92 Oetober 85 !Novenil)er 78 Decenibi T 64. Juno 1 to Dceciu- bcr31 94 ^ 31.9 32.3 39.7 71.3 80.2 79.9 83. 5 84.7 81.4 68.5 51.3 44.8 84.7 3 21.0 11.5 15.3 32.6 50.5 56. 0 63. 5 00.5 57.2 42.0 23.6 27.3 3 inches. a ^ 35.1 31.7 41.6 69. 5 77.3 84.1 82.4 84.8 79.9 67.8 52.6 44.9 22.7 14.6 16.4 33. 7 51.7 57.1 63.7 62.9 63.0 44.3 26.3 29.2 11.5! 84.8 14.6 6 inches. 36.2 31. 0 40.3 6.5.9 75. 2 81. 5 78.3 82.8 78.2 67.8 50.6 42.6 82.8 a a a S^ 25.6 17.7 18.6 34. 2 .52. 7, ,59. 0 67. 7 62.3 60.4 4.5.0 30.5 31.1 17.7 9 inches. 12 inches. 24 inches. 36 inches. 36. 3| 32.0 37.8! 63. 31 71. 9| 78.7 75. 9 80. 4! 76. n 67. 6 51.2 ,42. 2; 30.0 23. 5 22. 5 .35. 5 53.7 .59.7 67.8 67.0 64.5 42. 3 35.0 34.0 a 36.5 32.6 36. 9 60.9 69. 0 7.5.4 73. 9 77.6 75. 8 66.6 51.0 4i.3 77.6 Q 31.4 24.2 22.8 35. 7 ,53. 0 .59.9 68. 4 67.1 6.x 2 50.5 37.3 3.5.0 a 3 39.2 35. 9 35.9 54.3 ,59. 9 67.3 72.9 72. 3 69.6 66.0 .53.8 43.3 3 35.7 31.4 30. 0 36.2 52.1 .59. 6 66.5 68.1 66.5 53.8 42.8 39.0 a I ei ^_ 41.6 38.4 36.4 50.6 .38.5 34.8 33.2 36.5 22.8 72.9 30 86.0, 50.9 64.0 .56.8 57. 0| 64.1 69. 6| 67.0 67.5 6.5.8 66.2 55.2 55.2 46.0 45.9 42.0 69.6 33.2 24889— No. 11- 800 Nebraska Station, Bulletin No. 21, March 1, 1892 ipp. 44). Experiments in the culture^of the sugar beet in Nebraska, H. H. Nicholson, M. A., and K! Lloyd, Ph. D. (plate 1, i\eriineiit Station Ivecord, vol II, pp. Ill and 731). Relatively less attention was ^nven to the analysis of beets from difl'erent parts of the State ami more to the col- lection of information regardinfc the yield and the cost of raising the beets. The data ie(ord«'d weie obtained from experiments at the sta- tion and by farmers in Neliraska, Utali, and California. The experiments at the station were in three series, (1) plantinj;; nt diflerent dates; (li) test of implements; and (3) test of varieties, fertili- zers, etc. riauiinff at difftreni dates. — Seeds of the Klein Wanzlebeu variety were planted at intervals of 1 week from April 11 to .hine l.'i, inclu sive, on fortieth acre |)lats of very fertih* soil. After May 10 the rav ajjes of cutworms were very severe, so that no record is made for any ])lanting later than May HI. Details are given in notes and the results are summarized in the following table: riat. Dat*. ..f Timo of Time of a]i|MgtrinK alKivtt ground. Time of mulling four leaves. Date of thinning. Sugar conU-nt. Purity. Yield |>cr anTv. 1 Apr. 11 Apr. 18 Apr. 18 Mav 2 May 9 Mnv 16 DayM. 8 n 7 6 Day*. 9 10 9 8 11 8 Day: 15 in 14 13 20 16 Apr. 27 Mav 11 May 11 May 18 June 9 rtr emi. 14.8 n.o 13.5 14. -J 12.9 HO.fl KJ. 1 -U.9 8-iO 84.2 Totu. .-(4.0 2 .11.0 3 .11. :t 4 80.5 5 30.8 0 1 - 9 1 15. 5 13.7 61. 6 31.5 On 2 plats the beets were left in the gnmnd when the others were harveste or S inches one of the plats w as covered wil h (» inehesof straw. Analyses of beets taken lV(tm each plat from time to time up to .Iaiiiiar> (! showed little difference in the sugar content. ''The entire exjiense of this series, inelndi^ig preparation (if ground, seed, seeding, cultivation, harvesting, lopi»iiig, and idaeing in the cellar, was at the rate of $3L'.7o jicr acre." Test of imphnirnts. — Accounts of suc<'cssful tests of the Moline beet seeder and ciilti\ator, the Deere & Mansur implement for loosening the beets in the ground, IMaiiet jr. seetl «lrill and hand ]tlow, and the Kirk- wood & Miller hand cultivator. The Coryell and Moline implements for toi>ping and digging the beets were not successfully used. Most of the impleiiM'nts used are illustrated. Tests of t'drirties^ fertilizers, etc, — These were on -S plats, varyin.g in area from one fortieth of an acre to one acre. Notes and tiibulated 801 data are giveu for Lemaire, Dcsprez, Viluiorin, Klein Wanzlcbeu, and Kiiauer varieties. The dittereuces in yield and suj^ap content were not lar<4-e. The averages were as follows: Yield per acre 15.58 lonj;- tons, cost per acre ^L'D.li, su,n;ir content 13.3 per cent, pnrity 80.1. The mnch larger yield obtained in the experiment of the first series is thought by the author to be due to tlu; fact that the ground used in that case had been thorouglily lertilized and cultivated for several years previous to its use for beet growing. It was found that beets grown on soil previously occupied by corn gave smaller yields than where barley or oats had been the previous crop. In another experiment bone dust and kainit alone, and these fertili- zers and nitrate of soda, guano, and phosphate in different combinations, were used on Klein Wanzleben beets and compared with no manure. The results, as tabulated, do not indicate any ad vantage from the use of the fertilizers. Planting at a depth of 1 inch gave better results than at depths of 2 to 0 inches. The increase or decrease in the weight of the leaves and roots of the 5 varieties tested was d(;termined for Ijeets harvested July 17, August 21, and November 20. The results for the Klein Wauzlebeu variety were as follows: Date of harvesting. July 17. Aug. 24. Nov. 20 Entire plant Leaves Root Increa.se in weight of leaves. Decrease in weight of leaves Increase in weight of roots . . Per cent of increase in juice. Owices. 12 9.5 2.5 Ounces. 79 42 37 »32. 5 *34.5 Ounces. 67 21 46 " t2i" 19 14.1 * July 17 to August 24 — 38 days. t August 24 to November 20—88 days. To hinder the second growth of beets caused by fall rains, which resulted in a decreased sugar content, loosening the beets in the bed sufticiently to break the roots without disturbing the surface of the ground, was tried. Comparative analyses, as tabulated, indicate that loosening the beets increased the sugar content, beets thus treated averaging 1.3 per ceut more sugar than those untreated. General data for beet culture in Xehraska in isfjl. — Tabuhited data are given regarding beets raised in ditt'ereut parts of the tState, includ- ing the sugar content, and in many cases the yield and cost per acre. Especial attention is called to the results at G-rand Island. Tiie finan- cial results varied greatly. Some farmers realized a large profit while others suffered more or less loss. Only on a small scale was the culture of beets profitable. Those persons who had had previous experience in beet culture obtained the best results. Both ISDO and ISOl were unfa- vorable seasons for beet growing, the former being hot and dry and the latter cold and wet. 802 Detailed data are given showing the cost of raising beets in several l)laces in California and Utah. The following suiniiiary is taken from the bulletin: (1) The best results are reached on land tliafc has been longest under cultivatidn and has reeoived deep and thorough tilhige. (2) Thus far land that lias been occupied tlie previous year by corn does not seem to be well adapted to beet growing. (3) Fall preparation of ground, deep plowing, and subsoiling are advisable, fol- lowed, if possible, by surface plowing in the spring. (4) Early planting is urged both for the purpose of giving the plants a strong start and also as a guard agaiust cutworm ravages. (5) Hoe as sf)on as the ri>ws can be seen. (6) Thin when two thirds of the jtlants have four leaves. (7) Thus far the Klein Wan/.lcben, Dcsprez, ^'iinu>rin, Knauer, and Leniaire seem to be the best varieties for this State. (8) Fifteen tons, with a sugar content of llj..j iicr cent, is a fair average yield for the whole State. (9) These results can be reacheil at an average cost of $30 per acre if the cultiva- tion indicated is given at the right time. (10) Sugar beefs make one of the best of cattle foods, of especial importance in the West, where nitrogenous cattle foods are relatively scarce. Nevada Station, Fourth Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 32). This coiitiiiiis biii'f statciiiciits rciiaidiiig tlu' work in the scnchiI departments of tlie station, and a linaiicial report for the tiscal year ending June .■>(). ISOl. Besides references to the work re|»nrted in IJiil letins Xos. IL' to I."* of the stati'> p'liinds of seed |ier acre were usetl. The yiehls were tin- same with T.laml witli 105 pounds per acre and weie larger than wlu're 40 . S. — Notes and lalnilated tlata are given for 62 varieties of l>ot;»toes grown in 1801. The percentages of water, dry matter, and starch in the several varieties are also tabulated. The starch varied from 12..J2 to 2;?.0.i per cent, being over 15 per cent in 37 varieties. Data are given on the methods of potato culture emijloyed by live farmers in diflerent localities in the iState. 803 Nevada Station. Balletin No. 15, January, 1892 (pp. 8). Dodder, F. IT, TTillmA-N, IJ. S. (lij>-8. 5).— A .i^eueral account of plants of the inonus Cuseuta ami brief descriptions of Cuscufa cpithy- Mum, C. arcensis, and C.dcntieulata, with suggestions regarding means for the repression of these parasites. The first-named species is prev- alent on alfalfa in ISTevada. Seeds of C. arrcusis were found in imported alfalfa seed. "The first year's growth of alfalfa [from these seeds] showed the effect of the presence of the parasite in the yellowish red patches of repressed plants, about which the dodder formed a dense mat." New Mexico Station, Second Annual Report, 1891 (pp. 10). This includes brief statements regarding the work of different depart- ments of the station, including experiments with orchard and small fruits, nuts, vegetables, cereals, and grasses. The results of analyses of difierent varieties of sorghum are tabulated and a financial state- ment is given for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1891. North Carolina Station, Bulletin No. 83, February 19, 1892 (pp. 20). Culture of celery and onions in the South, W. F. Massey, C. E. (pp. 4-12). — This is the first of a series of popular papers on the culture of crops which may be advantageously grown in the region of the station. Notes on horticultural work during 181)1, W. F. Massey, C. E. (i)p. 13-20). — Brief accounts are given of tests of varieties and other experiments with peas, sweet corn, tomatoes, potatoes, lettuce, radishes, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries, currants, grapes, figs, and Japanese oranges. Brief descriptive notes are given on 30 varieties of tomatoes, 9 of lettuce, 5 of radishes, and 7 of straw- berries. Crosses of varieties of sweet corn have been made for several yt*ars with a view to develoj) a variety es])ecially adapted to the region of the station. The results thus far obtained indicate that a variety has been ])roduced that is much earlier than the varieties from which it originated. North Carolina Station, Bulletins Nos. 83a and 83d (Meteorological Bulletins Nos. 28 and 29), February 20 and March 29, 1892 (pp. 16 each). Meteorological sum>iary for North Carolina, January and February, 1892, H. B. Battle, Ph. D., and C. F. Von Herr- mann.— Notes on the weather, monthly summary, and tabulated records of meteorological observations by the North Carolina weather service cofiperating with the U. S. Weather Bureau. The bulletins are illustrated with majts showing the isothermal lines and the total precipitation at the stations in different parts of the State. 804 North Dakota Station, Bulletin No. 5, February, 1892 (pp. 50). Experiments with sugar beets in North Dakota in 1891, E. r. Ladd, B. kS. (tij;s. 4). — These were under the direction of the State coinniissioiier orajniiculture and the station. Notes and t;iluilated data regarding cultnre, yield, and sugar content are given for li'l) sam- ples analyzed. The varieties tested were Russian Imperial, Vilmorin Improved, Desprez, Lemaire Fr^.res, and Dippe Klein Wanzleben. The average per cent of sucrose was 11.43. Many of the beets were harvested too early. The author does not think that the sugar beet industry is likely to prove ]>r<»litable in North Dakota. Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. IV. No. 10 (Second Series), December, 1891 (pp. 51). Tenth Annt'AL ItEroin', 1801. — This indndes the reports of the board of control, treasurer (for the liscal year ending June 30, 1891), director, agricultnrist, horticulturist, consulting entomologi.st, botanist, and meteorologist. These rejjorts consist for the most part of brief ontlines of the work of the yeai-. A table of contents of thr bnllctins of 1891 is given in an appendix, and brief synopses of these are con- tained in tlie Director's rejiort. There is also an index to the ]niblica- tions of the year. Tlir report of the board of <-ontrol contains the ie\t of the aet authorizing the .several comities of tin- State to raise monry to secure tlie location of the station, as a result of which j)r»)po.sals were received fiom .several counties, the largest, 4(8r»,0(H), coming from Wayne County. Tlie station has been located about 1 mile from the city of Wooster, Wayne County, and 432 acres of land have been \nir- chased. An approi>riation of .^47,350 is asked from the general as.sem- bly lor the erection of bnildings, fencing, draining land, jmrchase of live sto1. inclu sive. The yearly summaries for 1883-90 w«'re pnblished in the Annnal Keportof the station for ISJH) (.see Exi)eriment Station Record, vol. iii, i». 170). The.yearlysnmmaryfor 1S;>1 for the State of Ohioisas follows: Air ti'mprrature (degree's F.). — Maximum 101, Augnst 10; minimnm — ">, Mar«h r»; annual range 1(M»; maximnm daily range "►(>. April L'7 and 30; minimnm daily range L', January 4 and 1 1. Marcli !!» ami liL', Novend)er rj, and I)ec«'mber4: mean daily range L'O. Ilumiilitif. — Mean relative humidity 78 i»er cent. Wiml. — Prevailing diiection SW. Prnipita- tion. — Total rainfall 38.01 inches; mean daily rainfall o.ll inch; nnmbei- of days on which rain fell I'JO. Wrtiflicr. — Nnml)er of clear days 133; number of fair days lo:»j number of cloady days 137. 805 Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. V, No. I (Second Series), January, 1892 (pp. 20). Experiments with oats, J. F. Hickman, M. S. A. — These experi- meuts included comparison of varieties, amount of .seed, sowin.ij broadcast vs. drilling, and treatment for smut. They were couduc^ted during 181)0 and 1891 and were largely in continuation of experiments in previous years. Comparison of varieties (pp. 3-1,3). — In 1890, 54 varieties were tested, and in 1891, 50 varieties. In 1890 the oats suffered from an unknown disease; in 1891 the sea.son was reasonably ftivorable throug'liont and tliere was but little appearance of disease. The results for both years are tabulated and discussed at length. Out of the 54 varieties grown in 1890 only 10 yielded over 30 bushels per acre. The Improved American, Dakota Gray, White Canadian, and State of North Dakota gave the highest yields under the adverse conditions of that season. Tlio average yield of the 10 most productive varieties for 1890 was 32.48 bushels. For 1891 the average yield of the same 10 was 52.64 bushels. These figures show that under favorable conditions these varieties have yielded 60 per cent more than under the unfavorable circumstances of the preceding year and indicate the loss sustained by tlie fiirmera of the State as a result of tlie oats disease previously mentioned. * » * AVe have harvested on the average about 46 pounds of grain per acre more from the Widc-Awake than from the Welcome and about 279 pounds more from the Seizure than from the Welcome. The lowest yield of Seizure is higher than the higliest of eitlier Welcome or Wide-Awake. » » * We are therefore abundantly justified in assuming that for this season and for this rich bottom land the Seizure and a few other varieties of its type have proved decidedly more productive than those of the Welcome and Wide-Awake types. * * » [From the yield of 23 varieties during 6 years — 1886-91 — ] it appears that the varieties of the Welcome type have given the lowest yield on the average, those of the Wide-Awake type surjiassing them by 5 bushels per acre, and the mixed and black oats giving a yield still greater. The largest average yield over this 6-year jieriod has been given by Probsteier, which is closely followed by Early Dakota of the same class, and by Black Tartarian and Monarch of the mixed varieties, while State of North Dakota, Rust-Proof, Kansas Hybrid, White Schonen, and Black Rus- sian all show average yields exceeding 50 bushels. In the weight per bushel of these varieties over the same 6-year period, we find here a marked difl^erence in favor of the Welcome group, which is expl.aiiied by the shorter, plumper berry of that class of oats. We have harvested on the average a smaller weight of grain from the Welcome than from either of the other classes. Just what proportion of this weight is husk or chaff in the difterent classes we are not yet prepared to state. * * * Nearly a million acres are aimually sown to oats in Ohio. To increase this crop by 3 bushels per acre, which these experiments show to be quite within the bounds of possibility, would add a million dollars annually to the income of the farmers of the State. The results of tests of varieties made by farmers in the State in 1890 are tabulated. Quantity of seed (pp. 14-lG). — In 1890 oats were drilled on 11 plats at rates ranging from 2 to 12 pecks of seed per acre, and in 1891 at rates ranging from 4 to 9 pecks per acre. " In 1890 wet, cold weather and the oat disease cut the crop down almost to a failure." In 1891 there 80G was " a sli^lit advantajje in fiiv.)r of the 7 and S ppok rates over either a liiirher or lowi-r latf of scodin.t;." The aveiajre results are jriv jx-cks of seed were used per a, "oats jilanted moretlian L' incln'S (Ict'p did not .uive as «;oi)d results as those drilled 1. !.">, and 2 Inehes deep,'' Brief mention is maile of tests of inrpariiiji corn stu]>- ble for oats by idowinj; a>id by thoroughly cultivating^ and harrowinjr, and of roUinjr land before and after seeding. Trent III ntt for .siniii (pp. IT-L'O). — In 1«1M> an acre of land was divided into two erpial parts, the seed lor one i>art lieing sown broadcast in irs natural condition and that for the other first treated by soaking in hot water tit^cordin.t; to the .Tenseii metlioer acre, or 14 bushels from a tif i\e notes on 04 varieties of wheat. Oregon Station, Bulletin No. 17. February. 1892 (pp. 20). Sugar ueet cn/rt ui: in Ukkcon, i".. W . Siiaw. M. .\.. and D. liOTZ, M. S. (jdates 4). — This c(mtains j;encral infoimalioii rcijardin}; the bed snirar indnstiy and sujxar beet culture, to^-tlier with notes and tabulated data on the climate of'Oreuc.n ami er cent. The experiment will Ite continued the ])resent year. Utah Station, Bulletin No. 11, April 1, 1892 (pp. 11). 1NFLTT1:N: blanket in.u' rs. not blanketin.u' for steers, feedino- steers in barn and in open air without shelter; and feediufj steers in the barn with outdoor exercis»> and loo.se in box stalls without exercise. 807 Horses woarini? Llankets Itf^iieath their harness in the day and blanketed in tho stables at night did not hold their weight as well as those witliont blankets. Cattle with blankets in the stable did not thrive as well as those withont blankets. Steers tnrnod oat daily aud those kept in loos(^ box stalls did better than those tied lip, indicating that exercise or liberty is luMielicial. Utah Station, Bulletin No. 12, March, 1892 (pp. 12). Tests of varieties of vegetables, E. S. IIichman, B. S.— Notes ou 37 varieties of sweet corn, 25 of radishes, 23 of beets, and 38 of lettuce. The following- varieties are especially commended: kStveet corn. — Early Marblehead, Cory, Landreth Sugar, and Old Colony. i?rt/7/.s'/lat. The first 12 rows of each plat were ])lanted with Early Rose, the second Avith White Star, and the third 12 with Beauty of Hebi'on. In the case of each of these varie- ties whole potatoes, halves, (luarters, aud single eyes were planted. The yields of large and small potatoes with different fertilizers aud the yield of tubers and number and vigor of stalks from using whole potatoes and pieces of potatoes for seed, are tal»ulated, and the plate show s the tubers and plants from fertilized plats, lu general the yields 808 were larger with 42 ponnds of kaiiiit tlian with 31,5 or 21 pomuls Where superpho.s])liate was used witli the kainit there was a marked increase in tlie yield. The increase witli nitrate of soda was very small. Theic was a ])rotit from the use of fertilizers on all jdats except the 1 receiving 31.5 pounds of kainit with nitrate of soda. The smallest profits were when kainit was used alone, and the largest where 42 ]»ound8 were (lombined with 21 jxmnds of supeiithos]>hate. In the case of the White Star and I>eanty of llel>r«»n. "the halves, (piarters, and single eyes laoduced decidedly more than the whole i»otatoes." With Karly ]{ose the results were variable. With regard to the nnnd)er and vigor of the stalks from dillerent-sized seed — We finil that in all varieties the whole potato jnodiires a greater number and more vij^orous stalks tlian either the halves, quarters, nr Kinj;fle eyes, ami that the general rule is a gradual diminution of the numher and vigor id" the stalks a.s the size of the ])ieces jdanted dliiiiiiishes. until avc reach tiiose ent to one eye in eaeh piece, when we linil that the numlter of the stalks is very materially incnased. • • • Of those cut to single eyes, nearly all germinated. We further lind that the increased yield is not in ])ro])ortion to the increase of the numlu-r reparalion and ]danting of the seed to si-cure the hest results, the jtotato should lie so cut .-iS to secure one strong, vigorous stalk from «'ach jiiece, and planted 80 as to seiiirc from three to lour stalks to each hill. Ti:sT OF VAiMirriKs of tomatoks, 1>, D. .Ioiinson, M. A. (pj*. 141- 14H). — Tabulated notes for 0 varieties, show iiig date ol" riiieniug and the average daily anil we«'kly yields dmiiig the liearing season. The varieties are coiumeutled in (he following Older: ilraudywine, Iguotnm, (Jnmberlaiid Ifecl. l-.arly .Maiket ("hamiiion, .\tlantie Trize, aiul the Mikado or Turner Hybrid, West Virginia Station. Bulletin No. 21, April. 1892 (pp. 27). Mi/nn'Ds nF DKAi.iNc; wrrri in.h uiors insfc^ts am» fi.ant dis- KA.SES, .\. I>. llol'KlNS AM) ( ', F, iM ILI.SPAFi;!!, M. I>. (pp. 151-175, ligs, U). — Cohipiled information regarding methods for the rejuession of injurious insects ami liingi, with formulas tbr inse<-li<'ides and fnngi- eiiles, Spra.Niiig apparatus is (Icseiilted and ilhistrateil. Wisconsin Station, Bulletin No. 30, January, 1892 (pp. 32). SlTGAK UFFT FMM;i;T:Nn^,NTS IN WISCONSIN IN ISOl. 1\ W. Woi.F, ]\I. s. — Notes and tabulated data on «'Xperiments at the station and by larmers in dillereut parts of the State, The r«'snlts in the dilferent counties of the State are also .shown on a map acconii)anying the text. At the station the beets were grown on about 2 acres of light clayey loam. "The following 11 varieties were idanted on May 2(1 and 27: Le Maire Richest, Simon Le (Jrand<\ \iliuorin, Klein Wauzleben, P>ul- teau Desiuez, Dcsprez B. cS: II., La IMus Kiche, F. Kroemer, O, B, S. & Co., French, and (Serman. The lirst 0 vari«'ties were obtaineil fnun tho Oxuard Beet Sugar Company, (Jraud Island, Nebraska, and the last 809 2 varieties from the U. S. Sugar Experiment Station at Schuyler, Nebraska." The meteorok)gical data given show that the preeii^itation for the summer months of 1891 was only 11 inches, or about half the normal amount. The latter part of the season was especially dry. As a result "the beets were very small, averaging only about 11 ounces for all the varieties. The average per cent of sugar (sncrose) in the juice at harvesting time was 17.83, ranging from 14.99 to 20.53. The average per cent of sucrose in the beets was 15.5, Avith 13.27 and 17..5(; as lowest and highest limit. * * * Tlie beets yielded 7;! tons to the acre, and a little more than 1 ton of sugar to the a(;re. In 1890, under favorable conditions of weather, the yield was 15 to 2G tons per acre, with an estimated yield of 2 to 3^ tons of sugar per acre." The cost of growing and harvesting the beets is estimated at $3.76 per ton, reckoning that the toi>s, which yielded more than 2 tons per acre, paid for rent of land, seed, and wear of machinery. Imported White Imiierial sugar beet seed was distributed by the station in pound packages to 851 farmers. Three hundred and seventy- three samples from 59 of the 08 counties in the State were received at the station and analyzed by the authoi". The results of the analyses of these samjiles are tabulated, as well as those of 20 samples sent to the IT. S. Department of Agriculture. The following summary of the results of the season's work is taken from the bulletin : The 11 varieties grown at the University larni during the season of 1891 contained from 14.99 to 20.53 per cent sngar in the juice ; the average yield of washed beets jier acre was 14,077 pounds. On account of the severe drouth the crop was less than one half; the per cent of sugar in the beets was somewhat increased from the same reason. Of the 373 samples of beets received from farmers in all parts of the State, 175 samples showed above 13 per cent sugar in the juice, the richest being 23.52 per cent and the poorest 7.12 i>er cent. * * * Fifteen counties furnished beets analyzing on the average above 13 per cent of sugar in the juice; beets analyzing on the average above 14 per cent were received from the following counties: Door, Green, .lefferson, Lincoln (only one analysis), Pepin, Racine, Sauk, Trempealeau, and Washington. These counties do not belong to any single section of the State, but are scattered all around, in the western, sonth- ern, and northeastern portion of the State. * * * The results of the work done by this station during the past 3 years indicate that Wisconsin can grow beets in suffi<;ient quantity and of a good percentage of sugar; if this is correct, manufacturing of beet sugar will be a success with us when enough beets can be obtained to supply a beet factory. ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF VEGETABLE PATHOLOGY. Journal of Mycology, Vol. vii, No. 2, March 10, 1802 (pp. G5-194, i>liite.s 8). — Thi.s number includes articles on A Di.sease of Almoud Trees {Cercospora circHmsciaiia, Sacc), by N. B. Pierce (plates 4); Sugfjestloiis in regard to tlie Treatment of Cerconpora circnmcissa^ by B. T. (Jallowny; Club Boot in tlic Tiiited States, by A. C. Eycles- hynier (plates 2); Field Notes, iSOl.ou Peach Curl ( Tuphrlnu deformans), 3*eacli Mildew {Sphwrotheca pnnnnsa), i'.laik Sjiot of Peaches (Clado- sporiinii <-(irp(>philii))i). Frosty IMiblcw {('irvttsponHa prysira). Peach Bu.st {I'lirriiiiit priDii spiiiosw), Peach Mot {^fo)liii(l/n(rfi(Jr>la), Peach Yellows, ClublxHl Branches, Stem and Boot Tubers, I'each Bosette, Plnm Blijxht, J*ear l)is<'a.ses, and Sycamore Blight ((jhroHporhnn nvrrixequum), by E. F. Sniitli; New Fungous Di.sea.sesin Iowa, by L. U. Panimel; Beniarks on the Fungus of a Potato Scab {SpoiKjosporn solaui), by G, de Lager- heini ; Description of Twt) New Species of J'eronospora (Pironospora cel- tidis and /'. hi/drophnlli), hy M. P.. Waite (plates 2); Some J'eronospora- ce(v \n the Herbarium of the Division of A'egetable Pathology, by W. T. Swingle; New S[>eci«'s of Fungi, I'ucrinin sukf)ii(ni nitalp(t\ (!. dcndoruus, Mrldncint'ntiii iii(iiiii<)li((\ I't st(ih>::ip. 120, 02."^; and linl. de la Sor. Hat. de Franee.:\>^ (ISOl), ))]>. ITfi- ISl, 2;i2-2.{0, by L. ^langin; Annual Bei»ort of the State P.otani.st of the State of New Vork, ISIH, C. H. Peck; Fossil Botany, being an Intro- duction to Paheophytology fnmi the Standpoint of the I'.otanist, Oxford, 810 811 IT. Solms-Laubaeli; Monofiraphio dii VourrhUe des Vignes ct des Arbres fruiticrs, Montpcllicr, V. Viala; Ciooiiian Lecture, On some llelatioiis between Host and Parasite in Certain Kpidemie Diseases of riants. London. H,. M.Ward; and Index t<» North Aniericaii Mycolo^ical Literature (continued), by I>. G. Fairchild (see p. 7oU of this number of the Kecord.) DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. INSFX'T Life, Vol. iv, No8. 7 and 8, April, LS92 (pp. 231-L'!>l', n;;s, 1-'}). — The principal contents of this double number are l)riclly snnnna- rized beh)w: Special notes (pp. 231-238). — These include reviews of bulletin No. 33 of the New York Cornell Station, Wircwornis; s|)ccial nulldiii N <»rthe New Jersey tStations, insects Injnrious to the lUackberry ; JUiHetin No. 85 of the New Jersey Stations, Farm Practice and Fertilizers to Control Insect Injury; and IJulletin No. II of the Oregon Station, A Plain Talk al)ont Insects (see Experiment Station llecord, \o\. iii, pp. 417, TO."), (iK), and 452); of articles ou the cattle tick and ou the ox warble, by C. Curtiss; of a brochure on the life history of the Hessian Hy, l)y F. lOnock ; and of an article ou Bacteria Normal to Digestive Organs of Ilemiptcra, by S. A. For1)es. The potato tuber moth (pp. 230-242). — An account of Lita HolaneUa, a Tineid moth, the larvte of which bore into potatoes. It was lirst noticed in Tasmania in 1885 and has siiu'c been treated of ])y various Australian authors. It is very destructive to potatoes in Austialia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Algeria, and in November of 1891 it first attracted atten- tion in California. As a remedy the immediate sequestration and destruction of all infested potatoes are advised. A f/eiiiis of Mantis 6(7(7 ^^ara-S'ifcs (pp. 242-245). — Notes accompanied by tigures of Fodafi0-L'02). — Biit'f notes on the following sjK'cies: Tritoma califor- nicOj Anthaxia ccncof/aster, Jh/duorera scahra, Jliflohia (jranosa^ Vril- leta expansa, Sinoxylon fleclirr, tS. suturale, Amphiccrus punctipcnnis^ I*soa maculata, Lyctus stria fun, Pht/matodcs jtKjIandis, Xylotrcrhus nautifus, Ipochus fa.sciatus^ Cassida tt.vana, I'hlaodcs diabolicus,and Cai- ocncmis calif or n iciis. IJarh/ published rrferences to some of our injurious insects, F. M. Web- ster (pi), -Gl'-L'G5). — Accounts of some early relerences to various inju- rious insects in ncwsi);ii)»'rs and elscwliere. The color of a host and its relation to j'orafiitism, C. U'. iStiles and A. 1 1 assail {\\\). 205, 2G(i). — A call for in form at ion from veterinarians, stock raisers, and l:niii('rs. with a view In dcternnnin*]^ whether white t-attle are more sul»Je(t to the attack of lli<'s than dark colored cattle and whether white Howls wre more subject to the gapeworm disease than dark fowls, as stated hy Wallace. Extrarts from correspondenvc (pp. LMKJ-i'TS). — Letters are pul)lishe«l on the following subjects: The etlects of a spider bite on a child; a mag- got in i)eaches and scale insect {Chinonaspi.s cKri) on the orange in IJermuda; insect injury to cocoanut pidms; biologjral notes on Mi<'racis, Chramesus, and t'oscino])tera — throe genera of Coleoptera; rcMnedies for wireworms; the clover leaf beeth- in western Pennsylvania; the rice weevil in dry h(»p yeast; how to kill tree borers with kerosene; notest ; treatment of the sipiash borer {Mclittia cucurhita); ^^'lle^e are the eggs of the clover hay worm laid t the box elder bug attacking fruit in Washington State; notes, on the 'M)lood sucking cone nose:" the orange leaf Aleyrodes; orange Chionaspis in l*'lorida; on the treatment of human patients afl'ectedwith screw worms; botfly larva- burrowing under the skin of man: tlu' horn fly in Mississipju: a southern cricket {ftrifllus sp.) desfructi\e to tlie strawberry: insanity caused by mosijuito bites — hibernation oliiiosquitocs; death of an infant from a s])ider bite; on tlie poisonous bite of a spider, Latrodtrtus mactans ; death due to the whip scorpion and tarantula: ami tame bir«ls as insect destmyers in greenhouses — the writer believes that certain insectivorous birds, like the wren, bluebird, and indigo bird, might beso thoroughly domestitated as to free «uir gardens and gicenhouses of Aphidesaud (tther insect jtests. (irncral notrs (pp. 1!7!>-L'!»L'). — A successful shipment of \'«'dalia fr<»m California to New Zealand is recorded. Jicviews or notices are gi\«'n of a recent publication on insect end>ry«»logy, by Drs. Korsliell and lleidcr; (»f a catalogue ot" l^ast India beetles; of re<'ent i)ublications on a European white grult fungus: of llulletin Xo. 77// of the North Caro- lina Station, on arsenites and tlitir dlects on foliage (see Experiment Station Ivec(ud, vol. ill, p. I7;i); and of an article by C. 1S\. Wee- them, of su;;ar, molasses and sirup, confections, honey, and bees- wax. The i n vest i;4:at ions wru' made with the collaboration of chemists in various parts of the United States. Each chemist was re(iues(ed to l)urchase in the open market and analyze 50 samples each of molasses, li(|uid honey, and h)w -^nade suj^ars, and 2.1 sam]>les of cheap confectictns. The report is larj;ely comi»rise(l (»f the results of these analyses, discus- sion of the nu'thods employed, the adnlt<'rants used, remarks on the extent of the adulteration of the articles mentioned, etc. In addition to this, a list is ;;iven of patents relating' to the manufacture of artilirial comb foundation, and biblio<,naphiesof honey, beeswax, ami waxes ust-d in adultj-ratinj;' beeswax. Some of the jreneral results of the investi-alion are stated in the fol- lowing^ para^^raphs taken from the report: Smiar. — Tlif tntal alisriicr uf auy a00 anulysos of samples jmrtbased in ojK'n markit in (lill'«r«Mit parts of tln> ronntry. " ' * MolnsHix mill xiriip. — For tlic pnrimscs of tliis report a ini>lH,ss<'s or simp is adiil- t»rastan<<> wliich wonhl not In- a natural i>rotlnit of sory;liiMn, siij;ar i-ane, or tin- maple tree. Molasses «ir sirnpswliirh arc niatle exeliisively of the pro(lnreiiaralion may be. » • • [It was found that ;;1ikoso is largely used as an adulterant <>{' mol.isso.s and Birn[i8. 1 It ^ives to a siruji a tine Itody and a light lasse« or sirup, therefore, made ehietly of ylueoNe and tlavored with the refuse nndasM's of a relinery. uiakea a very attractive artiele for falde use, in so far :i.s ajipearanee <;oe-s. In regard to wholesoineiiess also it is not ])08silde to eondenui glucose. Winn properly ninile it is a|i]>arently as whrrtesome an article of diet jvs cane sugar. * It has long lieiii known that a large part of the inajde siruji sold in tin- market is n»ade from glmose, understanding hy this term the li<|uiil product of the conversion of starch into sugar. It is also well known that large i|uant it ies of maple sirups are sold on the market which are falirications made up of other sweets, to which a little majde nndasses is added for the purpo.se of giving it tiavor. or. as is often the case, .nrc entirely tree from any addition of niapir product whatever. The maple flavor is imparted to sirups hy mixing with tlnni an extract of hickory hark, ami this product has been m.ide anular sum- mary of information, similar in cliaracter tx) that xjublished in Bulletin 24889— ]S"o. 11 5 816 Ko. 25 of the Division of Chemistry. It inclndes general statements regarding the extent and cliaracter of fowderiiig. watering, and aililing such h.irniless ingredients as e.ntli, crackerdust, peas, beans, starch, <'tc., are tion really contains what is ordered by the ]diysician. • « • No reason exists for a chiinge of the views ex]iressed in Bulletin No. 25 as to tlu' cost to the country of frauduhiit a estimate that at least l.'i per cent of the entire food product is adulterated in one form or another, the over- whelming proportion of which is sold under fraudulent brands. Kcccnt State la\vs are gradually rectifying this evil, but as long as the artiile is branded " jmro " when it is " com]»oundcd," just so long is the deee])tion a fraud and the purchaser swindled. • ' » All correspondents who have touched tipon the subject unite in the opiniim that the demand for national inspection is general and absolutely necessary. • • • Reputable nu^rchants and manufacturers unite in urging general legislation backed by the State officials, most of whom in their report,s c)un]dain of the lack of national laws and of inefficient laws or want of laws in .idjoiuing States, which makes the cnforcenu'ut of local laws much hanlcr work, and in certain lases makes the law almost a dead letter. Such laws as are enforced are giving such general satisfaction to consumers .'ind to Inmest dealers that we find each year more rigid enforcement of the statutes, and that the field is griidually widening and additional ttMTitory is being covered, while in those States which ha\e for the longest ]>eriod been regulating the food sui>i>l\ we lind amendmiiits which greatly aid the inspeclors in the i>erlormance of their work. All that is now lacking seems to be the enactment of a Pcileral law govern- ing the interstate eonnueree question, ami misbranding (whiih is the greatest e\ il t will at no distant day become so rare that here, as in Knghnul, the fraudulent dealer will have ceased to jily his vocation to any injurious extent. 817 WEATHER BUREAU. Monthly Weather Keview, Vol. XIX, Xos. 11 and 12, Xovem- BER AND December, 1801, and Vol. XX, Xo. 1, January, 18<)l» (i»]>. 250-287, cliarts 7; pp. 28<»-;n8, cliai'ts 0; pp. 31, charts 7).— JJcsidcs the (lata outhe topics rcguaily treated in thispiibhcation, the Jauuary miinber contaius an article on Chinook winds, by E. B. Garriott. Instructions for Voluntary Observers, T. Russell (pp. 100, ri.->s. 21). — Revised and enlarged instructions, inclnding illustrated descriptions of instruments, directions for their- use, and tables for cal- culating observations. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. A new method of organic analysis, Berthelot {Compt. ren(1., 114 {is'.);^)^}). J17). — This method cuiisists in biiniiui;- the substance in a calorimetrif bomb in oxygen under a pressure of 25 atmospheres. The combustion is coinpb^e and instantaneous, contrastin*; with that "Which occurs in combustion with oxide of copper. The ojtcration is jierformed in a calorimeter, folh)wing the ordinary method of determining;- lieatsof condjustion. but is independent of the cal(>rimetric determination. As soon as the combustion is complete the jras in the bomb is allowed to pass throufjl! the usual system of tubes uselished, however, by using dry oxygen anil heating the bomb slightly after the operation for the purpose of vaporizing all the water which results from the pr«'ceding operation. Account luust be taken, however, (»f traces of nitric acid produced during tlu' combustion, which lire driven otV with the wat€r. The simple detormimition of carbonic acid is not subject to this comidication; the water which condenses in the bomb retains all traces of nitric aci.''A i,p.:J7:i). — The investigations of the author lead him to the following conclusions: Thomas slag contains 818 819 as active constituent, tetracalcic pliosi)hate, PaOgCas.CaO, which is sol- uble in magnesium citrate sohition. This tetiacalcium salt changes read- ily to dicalcic phosphate, and this, witli a part of the calcium set free, forms thecompound(Ca3P208)3Ca(OII)2,in which the calcium hydroxide is chemically bonnd, as no lime is dissolved from it by sugar solution. This last compound is soluble in citric acid, but the compound (Ca3P208)3CaO, which comes from it, is nearly insoluble. This (Ca3P208)3CaO is formed by heating tricalcic phosphate and lime at medium heat. At the temperature at which wrought iron softens tetra- calcium phosphate is always formed. If the tetra salt is heated for a long time at a low temperature it breaks up into CaO and (Ca:jl'2C)8)3CaO, which, as mentioned above, is insoluble in citric acid. It is suggested tliat the presence of insoluble phosphates in Thomas shig in connection with the soluble tetracalcium phosphate is not necessarily due to insnf- licient lime or to adulteration, but may be due rather to too slow cool- ing of the slag or inopportune admission of air, whereby a part of the tetracalcium phosphate was changed to the insoluble (Ca;jP208)3CaO. A sensitive reagent for albumen in urine, E. Spiegler {Ber. d. (lent, cliem. Ges., 25 {1893)^ pp. 375-378). — The author describes a new reagent by which traces of albumen can be recognized so small that the potassium ferrocyanide reaction either gives no indication or is uncertain. The reagent consists of a solution of 8 parts of corrosive sublimate, 4 parts of tartaric acid, and 20 parts of cane sugar in 200 parts of water. The urine to be tested is acidulated with a little con- centrated acetic acid to precipitate the mucin, decompose any car- bonates present, and free the phosphoric acid of the alkaline phos- ^phates; filtered if necessary; and then by means of a pipette slowly added to the reagent by allowing the drops to run down the side of the test tube in such a manner that the two liquids are not mixed but form two layers. Tlie reagent is purposely made of a high specific gravity to prevent mixing. If albumen is present a distinct whitish ring is formed at once where the two layers meet, which is especially sharp if the tube is held before a dark background, A special advantage of the reaction is that urine which has been acted upon by bacteria can be tested directly without first clarifying. If albumen is present the ring which is formed is easily distinguished from the cloudiness caused by the bacteria. It is said that 1 part of albumen in 150,000 can readily be detected by the reaction, and if the tube is allowed to stand quietly for about a minute after adding the reagent a plainly perceptible ring appears with 1 part to 225,000, while the limit to the sensitiveness of the potassium ferrocyanide reaction is given as 1 to 50,000. Fungicides and insecticides, J. H. "Ponton {Ontario Agr. College Expt. Station Bui. Xo. 73. April 8, 1892, pp. a). — Formuhis for a number of the more common fungicides and insecticides, with brief diiections for their application. 820 Third annual report of the Halle Station for experiments in the repression of nematodes, 1891. M. Hollrung pp. 35). — The greater jiait (tf this iN'jMdt is L;i\fii iiji t<> ;iii ijccuunt ot (•\i»fiiiiit*iit.s in de.struy- iiig the beet uematode Heterodera schachtii. It has been geuenilly sup ]K).se«] that the condition of the soil known as beet sickness {RUhnnnUflig keit) wa.s due to or Mas at least favored by eontinuous eroi»i»ing with beets, l)ut the author ineutious several cases in whieli this trouble occurred in fields jilanted with sugar beets for the first time. On exam- ination tin* tionble was found to be due in every case to the l»eet root nematode. The autlior is unable to explain this sudden appearance of tlie jiarasites, but is not intlined to believe that the worms or their larv;e were introduced with the seeds or transported by the wind. Details are given of six field experinu-nts carried out l»y beet growers under tlu; direction of the station on .some 75 acres with Kiihn's method lui destroying the i>arasites by the use of liait plants {Fanerinients were sincessful. The history of the most successful experi- ment is as follows: In iss.! ;i pint of nearly 8 acres (lli.5 Monjen) wasjilauted with sft'*\ heets, wliich wen* ruin«-«l by nemat«»des: in 1.S.S4 rye was planted ; in isstJ ])eard«'d wheat: in 1S.S7 potatoes: in l.S.SS bar- ley; in ISSM an atteinpt was made to ilear the field of nenmtodes by using bait jdants, which were allowed t4» giow until infested with the Morms and were then summer wheat was j^lanti'd: in ls;»l sugar beets. The beets were fei tili/.ed with Chde saltpeter and sui>eri>hosphate; they grew well during the entire season, judarized 1(1 p«'r cent of sugar, and gave a crop of neaily 10 tons ])er acre. In the other su<(essful experiment tin- field tr«'ate tons ])er acre before the use of the bait method, produced nearly IS tons per acre aft^-r that method had been trit'd. As beets can not be planted the year the bait jdants are used, exi)eri- men ts were tried in which the inlested fields weie first i»1anteo(afoes should be hardy than that they should be early; (.{) S to 1(» days should elapse betwe«n tln' time the potatoes are plauted aud the second bait is destroyed. 821 From investigations on tlie disease known as "beet consuiuptiou" {KHbcu.schicin((sucht), tbe author concludt's that (1) it is due to a local and very injurious form of beet nematodes; (2) it can be entirely checked by destroying- the nematodes; (3) it can be partially checked by the liberal use of fertilizers. Experiments to determine the etiects of various fertilizers upon the worms led to the conclusion that linu; is more effective than kainit. From experiments with diffusion residue at beet sugar factories the author concludes that residue which has been subjected to the action of limewater with an alkalinity of 0.13 per cent, is completely free from the nematodes, and that 0.05 per cent alkalinity is probably high enough to kill the worms. Besides Heterodera schachtii several other enemies of the sugar beet of less importance are briefly mentioned. Field trials with barnyard manure preserved with superphos- phate gypsum, J. R. Schiffer {Zciincli. d.landw. Vcr.f. Rhchqjnus.sen, 1802^ pp. Jo, 44). — These trials were made to observe the practical results of preserving barnyard manure with superphosphate gypsum, as shown by the yield of potatoes and barley fertilized with preserved and unpre- served manure. The superphosphate gypsum used contained 05 ])er cent of gypsum; 12.6 per cent of soluble phosphoric acid, 8 per cent of which was in the form of free acid ; and 2 per cent of inverted and 0.5 per cent of insoluble phosphoric acid. A chemical test indicated that 100 pounds of it was capable of retaining 11.4 pounds of nitrogen. When used it was sprinkled over the manure in the stable every day. The manure was a mixture from cattle, horses, and hogs. For a time no superphosphate gypsum was added, but later, while the same rations were being used, 1 pound was added each day to the manure produced by one horse or cow, and 0.2 pound to that produced by a pig. Plats oh three different kinds of soil were manured with the preserved and unpreserved manure. The unpreserved manure was spread on the land earlier in the spring, which gave it some advantage over the other. The average yields of barley and potatoes per acre are given as follows : Potatoes. Barley. "With preserved manure 247 bushels. 42. 1 bu.shels. AVith iiiiprescrvetl mamire 232 busliels. 34. 5 bu.shels. Difference 15 busliels. 7. G bu.shels. The potatoes where the treated manure was used averaged 21.0 jier cent of starch, and those where the other was used 17.01 per cent. The author calculates a net increase from the use of preserved manure over the unpreserved of about #35 per acre in the trial with ])otatoes. These results are for the tirst year after the application of the manure. Cooperative field experiments with barley, C. von Ecken- brecher {iSlichs. landir. Zeitsch., 1892, pp. 138-142). — These were of the nature of variety tests, but were made to test the applicability not only of 822 tliese varieties, but of barley culture in general, to certain sections of Germany. They wvie made on twelve representative farms. The varieties tested were Kichardson Chevalier, v. TrotLa Chevalier, Heine Improved Chevalier, and Kwassitzer Orip^inal Ilanna I'edififree barley. Great care was taken to jn'oeure seed <>f high brewing 4ualities, and the barley raised w^as graded by three experts on the basis of its valne for this j)uipose. While the results for the single year's test are not regarded as final, they are interesting as showing that in many sections of the country previously regarded as unfit for the growth of barley, a good quality for malting can be raised. The Hanna bailey gavt* exeei)tionally good results in all cases, even where other varieties were partial failures. Composition of light and heavy oats, R. Heinrich [Lanthc. Ann. (1. nnvk.imt. W-nins. 1>'JJ, iq>. 17-19). — Two sami)les each of light and heavy oats were examined. The first set of these (No. 1 ) were sent to the station, and nothing is known of the conditions under which they were grown. Their relative weights were: Heavy oats. Light oat.<(. "SVeijilit ]ier Ihis1k-1 30.2 noiimls. 23.0 iioumls. Weif^ht of l.(H^) ;;raiiis ;i'<.l prams. 26.7 prams. Relation of naked kirncl to inntr phiuies 100 : 3C UHi : 50 The secrted by the author and C. Richi*t in Compt rend., 1S87 and 1.S8S, it was observed that this ratio was sometimes greater than unity, indicating that it was not due to a simple combustion of the carbohydrates. ]M(>re recently the author has carefully investigated the rononic airation was 0.S5; after a meal comi>osed of potut4)es S20 grams, water .'iO gnims, and salt .JO grams the (((effieient wasO.tKSd. Forty- four hours alter the lirst dose, while lastiiig,-Yv-:-^0.i4. Twohonrsatr«'r, a meal composed of \:\ kg. of ]>otatoes in sonj* and .">(»() grams of watei-, CO -j-v— =1.0S. At the end of G!> Inmrs from the lirst tlose (having taken CO- 35 grams of naphtind), while fasting, -/^ =0.S; after absori)tion of glucose, .. "1.10. The influence of na])thol on the evolution of car- bonic acid was not ai»pareut, which goes to show that this evolution is 825 not due to an intestinal fermentation, but to a transformation in the organism. The earlier experiments of Boussingault, Persoz, and (»tli(Ms having demonstrated that the animal may store ni> more fat than is rnrnished in their food, the antlior accounts for the fact by supposing that glucose is converted into fat in the organism accordiug to the following- equa- tion : 13CcH„O6=C55ni04OG+23CO.+2GH2O OssHiojOg represents oleo-stearo-palmatin, whicli is taken as the aver- age composition of the fats. If we substitute tripalmatin or tiimar- garin we arrive at tlgures almost identical. The equation shows that 100 grams of glucose in being transformed into fat evolves 21.8 liters of carbonic acid. The author determined the respiration coefli- cient of a person fasting, theu gave him a known (piantity of glucose dissolved in a large quantity of water and measured the amount of car- bonic acid exhaled and the oxygen absorbed during the time required for the respiration coefticient to fall to what it was at the beginning of the experiment. He calculated the amount of carbonic acid corres])ond- ing to the oxygen absorbed, and the difference between carbonic acad found and that calculated corresponded to the transformation of glucose into fat as given by the above equation. The results of the experiments were as follows : COj 02 Quantity Duration Total volume. Excess of COj of of At the beginning, glucose, experiment. Oj CO2 Found. Calculated. Chrama. Hr. Literg. Liters. Litert. Liters. 0.82 48 4.30 60.05 58.85 9.65 10.46 *- 0.86 73 4.40 74.25 79.90 16.15 15.94 0.83 23 4.10 59.40 54.95 5.65 5.01 The excess of carbonic acid found approximates the theoretical amount as closely as might be expected in the dift'erent experiments. The length of time required for the transformation of the glucose was almost the same whatever the amount of glucose absorbed. Variations were confined to the respiration coefficient, which was raised to 1.3 by an absorption of 350 grams of glucose. It was found best, however, to use an amount of glucose not exceeding 75 grams. It appears then that the glucose introduced into the organism does not simply undergo combustion or transformation into glycogen, but is converted quantitatively into fat. In another communication in the near future the author i)roposes to submit additional data in confirmation of this i)roi)osition. Contribution to the knowledge of sumac, W. Eitner {Der Ger- her 18 {18!)3), p. 51; abs. in Gliem. Ztg., 1893, rep. p. 5*5).— Reference is made to the investigations of Macagno which showed that the tannin in sumac leaves varies during the season, rising to a maximum and then gradually diminishing as the season advances. Macagno is quoted 826 as having found that Virginia sumac wliich contained 21 per cent of tannin in the leaves in June contained only 15 per cent in August. The author made similar studies on the Bosnian sumac with similar results, as will be evident from the following: Tannin in leaves gathered — Pcrcont. J line 23 lf<. i'T JnlvT 22.97 Jnly 21 18.89 August 4 17. 17 August 18 17. 30 September 2 16. 83 The leaves in this case contained the maxin)um quantity of tannin before blooming and at a time when they were generally fully devel- oi)ed. In Sicily the leaves are harvested in three peiioils: The lower leaves are gathered l>y the end of May; then, proceeding upwards, the leaves are reniovj-d as fast as they are fully develo]>ed. In this way a product is secured containing as high as L'O ]h'v cent of tannin. Anu'rican sumac is said to reach tlie maxininm eontt-nt of L'7 per cent in .Inly; but as most oft lie uatliering is not done until considerably later, usually before the lea^<'S dry ujt or iVost conn'S, the pnxluct in the niaiket is said to be mn<'h lower than this in tannin. (lathering at the time of the maximum tannin content has the further advantage that the i>rodu''V), ])}). ;'>/-,?.;.''). — The author pref- aces the report of his own experiments by an histoi ical review of the whcde subject, but more especially that ]»art referring to processes taking idace in soils and in nmnni'es ]>y which combim-d nitrogen is set free and the uucombined nitrogen of the atmosphere is tixcd. 827 Like many other changes in organic substances, these processes are to day attributed directly or iudirectly to tlie physiological action of microorganisms. He reviews the work of Frankland, VV^ariug- ton, and Winogradsky, which leads to the conclusion that nitrifica- tion is principally a physiological and not a purely chemical process. With regard to the treeing of nitrogen in the processes of decay and putrefaction, he briefly reviews the more recent work as follows : The experiments of J. Reiset and others lead to the general belief that in the j)rocesses of decay, whether under exclusion or by free access of air, the combined nitrogen is changed to tlu; elementary form. But it is believed there are no chemical grounds for supposing that in addition to ammonia free nitrogen also escapes when nitrogenous organic material containing no nitrates or nitrites is allowed to decay under exclusion of oxygen. In exact experiments by Kellner,* Tacke,t and Ehrenberg,! these authors were not able to discover any genera- tion of free nitrogen in the decay of nitrogenous organic matter, whether in the presence of or under exclusion of oxygen. This result was further verified by Schlosing§ in investigations on the marsh-gas fermentation in barnyard manure. The case is different where nitrates or nitrites are contained in or formed in the decaying material, for experiments have shown that they suffer an energetic reduction. Tacke found that in all decay in the presence of nitrates the latter were reduced under formation of free nitrogen and all of the intermediate stages of oxidation (N2O, XO, and ISTaOs). The relation of these prod- ucts of reduction to one another showed wide variations, depending largely on a number of circumstances. In Tacke's|| experiments the decaying material was not well ventilated, and the author believes it possible that in the j)resence of sufficient oxygen the reduction might be altogether avoided. Leone ** studied the reduction of nitrates and nitrites by microorgan- isms and sought to determine whether nitrates could be changed to ammonia in the reduction. The results of his trials led him to believe that the nitrogen of the nitrates is not assimilated by microorganisms and is not changed to ammonia; only the oxygen of the nitrate and nitrite is of importance to the life of these organisms. In a series of experiments he was able to collect approximately the calculated amount of nitrogen which was contained in the nitrate of soda emi)loyed. His experiment indicated how extensive may be the generation of elementary nitrogen in the reduction of nitrogen acids by microorganisms. *Zeitsch. f. physiol. Chem., 12 (1887), p. 95. tLandw. Jahrb., 16 (1887), p. 917. tZeitsch. f. physiol. Chem., 11 (1887), pp. 145, 438. §Compt. rend., 109 (1889), p. 835; Experimeut Station Record, vol. in, p. 736. II Loc. cit. ** Abs. in Centralbl. f. agr. Chem., 1890, p. 283. 828 The process by which the loss of nitrofren may l>e prevented, that of nitrification of ammonia, takes place, as is well known, extensively in nearly all soils, and fn'qnently in the storing of barnyard manure when the ventilation is sutficient- In tlie latter case the nitrification is believed to be of no advantage, since reduction, the result of which has been referred to above, is also going on in the fermenting mass. The author refers to experiments bearing on the question of the loss of fi-ee nitrogen in tlic processes of nitrification. Dcht'rain* and Tacket both observed a loss of nitrogen in the nitrification of soils. Elirenberg.| on the contrary, was nnable to note any loss of nitrogen, but in his experiments the ventilation is said to have been incomplete. S<'hir>s- ing's§ exi)eriments lead him to conchide tliat tlicre is not necessarily a loss of nitrogen in nitrification, even when the latter is very ener- getic. This lack of uniformity in tlu' results ulttained by tlilTerent persons the author is unable to account for, luit more will be s;«id upon this subject in the discussion of his experiments further on. The subject of the «.'nrichment of soils in nitrogenous <'omiM)unds at the exi^Mise of the free nitrogen of the atmos|)here iscarefjilly leviewed in all its Ix'arings. The author then reports experiments by himsilf which were made to study the liberation of nitrogen in the decompositi(Mi of organic nitrog- enous material in well-ventilated soil. The exjteriments were made to settle the much disputed iiuestion, whether or not an escape of free nitrogen accompanies nitrification. They were carried on in a closed apparatus from which the air was excluded and which was ]»laced in an «»ven at L'S^-;{L'" ('. The apparatus was tilled with a mixture of oxygen and hydroi^en in the proportion to form water, which Avas sui»plied by electric generators within the api)aratus. Prior to the experiment the air in the apparatus was thoroughly expelled by the gas mixture, and at intervals during the progress of the exi)erinu'Tit samples of the gases were taken for analysis. Two sets of apjiaratus were used. The first contained 14.S."i() grams of a mixture of 10 ]»arts of gnuind blo(Ml, .">(► parts of garden soil, and 10 ])arts of calcium carbonate, the last being introduce«l to present the most favorable conditions for nitrification. The second apparatus containe«l 14..'»0(!1> grams of a mixture of .30 jiarts of bone meal, 40 parts of soil, and 1L' ])arts of calcium caibonate. The experinu'uts were cojninenced about the middle of March and <'ontinued to the first of .lune. The results showed that in the first week, while an «'in'rgetic ammonia lernientation was going on, there was either no free nitrogen liberated or only mere traces. Later, during the course of the saltpeter formation, it is believed the losses of free nitrogen were relatively large. The amount of nitrogen liberated in the first experiment was 16 c. c.=L'0 mg., ami in the second 9 c. c. = ll mg. ' •Ann. Agron., 13 (1887), p. 24ll '~^'^ t I.aiulw. .T.ilirl.., 18 (1880). p. 439. tZ.'itsrli. f. physiol. nii-m.. 11 (1887). p. It.".. §C^'uip- rend., 108 (1889), ji. 'J05, anarate trials lasted from 114 to li'l days. In each case the materials were inoculated with a drop of mil extract. The results of this series of exi)eriments are summarized as follows: The two superphosphates allowed no ammonia to escape from the fermenting material ; the superphosphate gjTJSum and pure gypsum sufficed to save considerable amounts of ammonia from loss, but far from the whole. Kainit retained the ammonia better than sui»er})h()s- phate gypsum or pure gypsum. The calcium carbonate was of no use in preventing the escai)e of ammonia, if it did not actually increase the amount generated. Another point of interest is that where the super- phosphates of suiierphosphate gypsum were used no free nitrogen escai>ed, although thist(»ok i)lace in the other c»ases. and especially with kainit. The results of experiments l>y the author on jieas, although numer- ous root tubercles were formed, gave no evid«*nce of The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by bacteria. Another noticeable indication fn)ni the results of a series of exi>eri- ments was that unsterilized soil possessed the ability to <'ond>iue hydrogen and oxygen, a proi>erty which is believed to be in all proba- bility utre- faction under exclusion or i)artial access of air this tloes not take place. (2) It remains to be decideil whether or not a loss of free nitrogen occurs in the nitrification of ammonium sails under thomugh ventilation. (3) Enrichment of the soil with combined nitrogen by the fixation of this element from the air takes place not only in soils poor in nitrogen, as Berthelot states, but also in materials which ar«' rich in nitrogen. (4) Sui>erphosphat*>s are excellent materials tor the conservation of barnyard manure. NN hen thes«' ar«' used in sufficient amount and by free ac^/^^ //««./ drr Tubcrkiilose dnrch Imp/ ling mil TiibcrkiiUn), Dammann.— 5dcA<. landw. Zeitsch., 1892, No. IS, pp. 1S5-188. The average composition of milk, P. Viktu.— Jhn\:\iv-i. — Aiinh/st, M.i;/, 189:, pp. 81-8.^. The relations of the specific gravity of milk serum to the solids-not-fat ( Be^ieh- ungen denHpezifischrn Gewichlr* der .Molkm ziiin fettfreien TrockenrUcki>tand in dcr Milch) E. Rkich.— .Vi/^ft Ztg.. 189?, Xo. 17, pp. ?74-?7<:; Xo. 18, pp. 289-291. Is sterilized milk more difiBcuIt of digestion than uncooked milk? ( I»t Klcri- Usicrtr Milih firhinrir verdanlnh aU rnhf*).\. Sri-j/KK. — Londir. IVr». Slal.,40, Hr/te S and 4, pp. .^H-r^l^. Chemical and clinical studies on sterilized milk, A. K. LEKDsandE. P. Davis. — Rev.fahific. 5, pp. 14-1. 144. Concerning the cause of stringy milk ( lUitriigc :nr Lrhrc von den Ursachcn der fadenziehrndi n }filrh), A. Gcii.i.f.hkm'. — Landw. Jahrbiirh der Srhweilz, 6, p. 91. The bacilli content and the rancidity of butter ( Ceber den BaziUengehall und die Jianziqktit der Ihillfr), N'iKi>K.i{STAnT. — Abs. in Milch Ztg., 1892, No. 20, p. 332. The acids of butter, E. Kokkdkd. — Bnl. de Vacadihnie rognle dannise den sciences et des lei Ins pour I' annec 1891, pp. 9; abs. in Centralbl.f. agr. Chem., 21, Heft 8, pp. 202-204. Analyses of butter and studies of butter fat (/?H//<'r-.(nn/j;«f»« und Butterfctt- Unlrrmichinninn. P. Vl Kill. — .Ui7-7i /tg.. ;,s.'/?, ,V(.. 2", pp. 8.10, .l.yl. Studies on butter fat (Untrr/mrhungcn von Butlcrfett). M. SCHRODTaud O. Hen- ZOIAK — I.andw. I'crs. Slat., 40, Hrfte 3 and 4, pp. 299-809. The detection of margarines in butter v Vcbcr den Xachiceis der Margarine in dcr Jiiillir), H. K'oPKWAi.M. — Liindir. I'mi. Stal.,4'\ Hrft S and 4, pp. 2t'>.'>-275. On the composition of overripe cheese ( Ucbrr die Ziisammcnsetzung des iiberreifcn Kdncs), A. MA(i(;i<>UA. — Anh. f. Ihjijirne. 14. Hrfl 2. pp. 2 li'>-]24. Manner of making aud composition of the Bosnian Trappists" cheese ( Vehcr du HtrslcUnng und ZusninnunncUiing den bomii^rhi n Tnijipi^li nkdscs}, L. Ada.MKTZ. — Milch Ztg., 1892, No. 19, pp. 310-313. On Pick's theory of the action of rennet and the clotting of blood ( Ccher Fick'x Thcorie dir Lnhirirkiing und lUntgerinnung). P. WAi,Tiii:r{. — Vliiiger's Arch., 48 {1S91), pp. :'J9-'i.>i!: abs. in Cenlnilhl. f. agr. (hem., 21, licit 2, pp. W-92. Spontaneous combustion of hay {Die Selbstentziindung de« Heues), Mai>km. — L.nnlw. I'lrrinsxrh.d. luillii^rhen ('int. Ver., 789?, Xo. 18, p. 71; Xo. 20, pp. 73. 74. Effect of dfferent w^ine yeasts on the character of w^ine {Kinftuss der rcrsehie- dcnen Weinhrfcn aitf den Charakter des JVcines),T. Ko.slmany. — Landir. Vers. Stat., 4'>, Hefte 8 and 4, pp. 21^-244. Prof Oustav Kiihu, Biographical sketches (Fiihling'n Landw. Ztg., 1892, Hefl 10, pp. 372-374; Deut. landw. Fresse, 1892, Xo. 39, pp. 423, 424). EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES. California Statiox. — Director Hilgard has recently issued a eircnlnr giving prac- tical dii-octioiis for the preparation of fruit specimens for the World's Columbian Exposition. Georgia Station. — Cheese making on a commercial scale has heen hegun under direction of the dairyman of the station, H. J. Wing, with a view to extending this industry in Georgia. New Jersey Stations. — It is proposed to add information regarding oyster cul- ture to the crop reports of the New Jersey State weather service. New York Cornell Station. — An agricultural conference will bo hold at the Uui^■ersity June 10 and 11, 1892, on the invitation of the station. The program is as follows : How can the various societies by coordination do uiore and better work for agriculture? Hon. O. B. Potter and W. C. Gifford; University extension in tJio direction of agriculture, H. H. Wing and F. E. Smith; Legislation in regard to insects and ])lant diseases and recent attempts at nursery legislation, J. H. Comstock and W. C. Barry; How shall the farmers' institutes be made of most value to the State? G. T. Powell and J. Owen; What additional facilities should the university offer? (fl) the special course, I. P. Eoberts; (h) short winter course, J. S. Woodward; (c) short manual summer course, W. F. Rounds; (d) course in floriculture, H. A. Sie- bricht ; Legislation and control of tuberculous cattle, J. Law and E. A. Powell ; How may the experiment station extend its usefulness? N. W. Foster arid L. H. Bailey. South Dakota Station. — The report of the Director for 1891, an abstract of which w:|B published in Experimant Station Record, vol. iii, p. 623, was prepared by L. I'oster, instead of by his predecessor, as there stated. A Foreign view oe tue American stations. — An account of the agricultural experiment stations in the United States has been issued by Dr. F. Wohltmauu of the University of Halle, in several recent numbers of the Landwirtscltaftliche Thier- zucht. Tobacco culture in Alabama. — With a view to encouragiug the growing oi tobacco, the State department of agriculture has distributed seed and issued a bul- letin of information regarding the culture of this crop. Kansas Station for experiments with contagious diseases of the chinch BUG. — The First Annual Report of the station for 1891 (pp. 230, plates 4), by its director, F. H. Snow, includes the text ofthe act of the State legislature, approved March 4, 1891, under which the station was established ; resumes of the author's observations and experiments on the contagious diseases of the chinch bug in 1888, 1889, and 1890 ; detailed accounts of the laboratory and lield experiments in 1891 under direction of the station; a discussion of the relation between meteorological conditions and the prevalence of the chinch bug and a history of mycrophytous diseases of the chinch bug in the United States. The station is connected with the State I'niversity, located at Lawrence. In 1891 the laboratory experimeuts were begun March 23 by introducing healthy chinch bugs from southern Kansas into jars infected chiefly witli bacteria. In a few days most of the bugs in these jars were dead while otliers in check jars were still alive and healthy. Field experiments indicated that -'the bac- terial infection was not well adapted to the destruction of chincli bugs in the field in the months of April and May, when the nights were cool and sometimes frosty, 833 834 and tlif atinnspliore was in fjtMieral moist on account ot abundant rainfall. It w:iS lonnd, liowevtTjtiiat the coin]iaiatively few experinients in the lield with the white fungus infection {fipovotrhhum (/lobulifenim) in April and May were almost without exception successful, resulting in the geueral destruction of the chinch bugs in the wheat lields." Since the small size of the infection jars made it diflicult to breed the infectious material in sufficient «inantitiesfordistribution. the author" provided two large cases \vitli glass tops and sides, 6 feet iu length by 3 feet in breadth, and 3 feet in height. Into each of these large ca.ses were placed from l.'),000 to 20,000 live, healthy bugs from tlie fields. These bugs were provided with fresh wheat plants every day for food, and among them were introduced a few of the white fungus bugs. In a short time the white fungus disease had beconu' epidemic in these largo cases, and in 10 or 12 days the Ixittoms of the cases wen- thickly sprinkled with the fungus-covered bod- ies of thousands of chinch bugs of all ages. From this tinu' onwanl there was no difficulty in su])])lying the farmers with intcction. alth«>ugh apidiiations were n-ceived each day in numbers from 2.") to lH.o. '• Later in the season it was found that comnnui shallow dry-goods boxes or shoe boxes would fultil the re<|uirements of infection cages .ns successfully as the more ex))ensive cases with glass sides .-ind tt>]is. "The lield experiments thronghi>ut the season were remarkably successful. Heports have been received from 1.39Hof the more than 2.0(HI persons to whom infection was sent. Of these, 1,071 (or Ttt.oo jier cent) indicate success. ISl (or 12.94 i)er cent) indicate failure, ami 147 (or 10.51 ]>er c«'nt) are doubtful. "The infectious diseases of the chinch bug have been iutiodueed with destructive etVect during all months of the year (from March to October) when chinch bugs have been active in the lield. Crojis of all kinds have been rescued from destruction — wheat, corn, oats, broom corn, barley, rye. .sorghnm, millo mai/.e, Kaffir corn, timothy, and clov«T. » *• * " On .lune 28 A'wi;>»*«« aphidis was tirst notiied in the infecting case, fp to tlii.s date it had not made its ap|ie.iranee in our labiuatory. Krom this time till the mid- dle of August it multiidieil it** victims in the iul'ecting cases. Kor a .short time it became more conspicuous than Spimilriihinii, ami then subsided. ' * * " During ,Iuly and August Spot olrh hum continued to sjiread through succesaive lots of fresh bugs from the lields. Knipnsn was always present, but was not so con- spicuous in its ravages hh Spomtriilnim. In the lirst weeks of .Seidember the disea.soj* began to subside, and by the midflle of October neither Spomi rich inn nortions of this area in occasional years. The object of my experiments has been to nrtitiridlh/ introduce the orts of m.iny farmers. * * * It w.os also established that in WM the disease did not spread to any great distance from one farm to another. Although iu many couulics farms immediately adjaceut to a 835 successful experiment farm received tlic contajiion IVoin such rann, llioro was no evidence of a general epidemic result in-;- fM)ni tlie iutKiduitimi of iulctiou liom my laboratory. * * * "The experiments in the summer of 1890, which was a dry and hot season, showed that tlie bacterial disease was readily communicated and thoroughly ettective under circumstances which are generally sui)])osed to be higliiy unfavorable for the propa- gation of chinch bug disease. The ex))eriiucnts of the year 1,S»)1 were accompanied by similar results. * * * "A remarkable peculiarity in the behavior of the sick Imgs iu many lields in mid- summer demands especial attention. In many cornticlds, the bugs, having aban- doned their attack upon tlie corn at the end of about the fourth day, would wander about upon the surface of the ground for 2 or 3 days, and then would gather iu bunches containing thousands of individuals. In 3 days more tlie nuijority would be dead. Exaniination of these clusters of bugs disclosed the fact that in nuxny cases they were composed of the skins, together with the dead bodies of bugs. These skins have by some been considered as the natural results of the molting of the bugs. Examination during another season will probably reveal a more satisfactory expla- nation of this-phenomenon than we are uow able to give. Certainly healthv chinch bugs do not collect in such clusters upon the exposed surface of the ground for tlie ])urpose of molting. It is i>ossible that the skins in these clusters are all that remain of bugs whose bodies have been distended by the multiplication of the Micrococcus insectorum and ruptured along the lines of least resistance. "This peculiar bunching of the bugs the author considers to be the eft'ect of bac- terial disease. .Similar bunching was continually observed iu the large infection cases in the lal)oratory, and the bodies of the bugs in these bunches would be swarm- ing with the fatal Micrococcus. It was observed, both in the laboratory and in the held, that the bodies of bugs sick with bacterial disease were unduly distended 2 or 3 days before death, "It was observed by the Held agent, and his observations are corroborated by the reports of farmers, that while the bugs were bunching in places where infection had been placed, they did not bunch in uninfected tields." Dairy schools in New York. — The Fifteenth Annual Report of the New York State Dairymen's Association for 1891 (pp. 233) contains accounts of the dairy schools and conferences held at the State Experiment Station and at six other places, together with the proceedings of the annual convention of the Association. Great Britain. — The yields of the principal crops in Great Britain in 1891, as estimated by the Board of Agri gram 120. "It was found that tlie tubercles were aggregated more or less ck-arly (though tliis was not always adhen-d to) just where the suijcrphosidiat^s lay, and the size of the tiibercles also seemed to increase with the increase of the sulphuric manure." The author believes that tlie sulphuric acid with which the superphosphate is treated contributes to the growth of tubercles on the roots of jdants. Hoot hairs. — The structure and function of root hairs are discussed, and observa- tions by the author are described aiul illustrated. It is claimed that an aperture has been observed at or ne.ar the tip of the root hairs of ditlVrent kinds of plants and that minute particles of solid sulistances have been seen witliin the tube com- municating with this aperture. The inference is drawn that ])lauts ■• take up their solid food in the solid form through root-hair apertures." The differing effects of fertilizers are therefore to be exjil.iined with reference to this theory. New South W.xi.r.s. — The report of the administration of the "dairies supervis- ion act "for 1891 shows that the area of dairy insjiection has been incre.ised. and that the law is doing much to secure a ]ture milk sujiply. Special attention ha.sbeen given to an examination . 8) ; No. 40, April 22, 1892, Crops and Live Stock in Ontario (pp. 4). The first and third of these publications contain gen- eral statistics of thestaple crops, dairying, and farm .inimalsin Ontario; the second gives information regarding the culture and storage of silage corn, the construc- tion of silos, and the cost and value of silage, based on the experience of fariiiers in Ontario. Pkotkc TU)N' OK HEKS. — Tlie fise or cause to be used any mixture containing Paris green or any other jioisonons substance injurious to bees. "(2) Any person contravening the provisions of this act, shall on summary con- viction thereof l)ef(ne a justice of the peace, be subject to a penalty of not less than $1.00 or more than $5.00 with or without costs of jirosecufion, and in case of a fine or a fine and cost,s being awarded, and of the same not being u)>on conviction forthwith paid, the justice may commit the otVender to the common gaol, there to bo im]>ris- oned for any term not exceeding 30 days unless the lino and cost** are sooner paid. (3) This act shall not come into force until the first day of January, 1893." 837 PnoF. Gttstav KunN. — Briof nicnfion was made in the last iiniiiLor of the Record of the death of Professor Kiihn, the director of tiie ohlest Geniiaii experiment station. Gustav Kiihn was born in Paris, Jannary 20, 1840, where liis ])arents were then sqjonrninif. Ho went to Ge)-many with his parents at an early age, attended the pnb- lic schools in Leipsic and the nniversities at Liepsic, Gottin<;en, and Greifswald, receivinj-- the degree of Doctor of Philosojdiy at the last-named place in 1801. From 1861 to 1862 he was assistant in cheniisiry in that institntion, and frum 1862 to 186."), assistant in the experiment station at Weende, near Giittingen, where he stndied under Professor Hennehern- the methods of investig.ation in animal physiology then being worked ont. In 1860 ho became director of the station at Brunswick, and in 1867 he succeeded Kno]if as director of the station at Mockern, which position he occupied at the time of his death. A list of the imncipal investigations published by Kiihn is as follows: Experiments in feeding milch cows with clover forage; Experiments on the digestibility of red clover at ditterent stages of growth ; Ex- Ijoriments on the digestibility of red clover in bloom when fed green and when made into hay; Experiments on the digestibility of green luceru and of hay from the same; Experiments on the changes in digestibility of coarse fodders by feeding them in connection with easily digestible materials, and on the digestibility of rape cake, linseed cake, and extracted palm nut meal; On the formation of fat in the ani- mal body; Experiments on the ettect of changes of food on the milk production of cows, as well as on the digestibility of meadow hay and the changes occurring in the same when small amounts of easily digestible foods were added ; Ex])eriments on the etiect of food on the milk production of cows; Experiments on the digestibility of wheat bran and its changes with different methods of preparation and feeding, as well as on the digestibiMty of meadow hay when fed dry and when moistened; and Whcdo milk and skim milk as human food. In addition to these he left a large amount of unpublished work. This consists principally of experiments with the Pettenkofer respiration apparatus on the formation of fat from carbohydrates in full-grown oxen; investigations on the agreement between the artificial digestion of nitrogen- free food constituents ;md their natural digestion by oxen; on the determination of the nitrogen excreted in the form of metabolic products with the dung; report on the digestibility of rye bran, dried brewers' grains, rice meal, cotton-seed meal, pea- nut cake, extracted anise seed, ground beet residue, cocoa meal, and poppy-seed cake. These, it is reported, will be prepared for publication. Dr. Oscar Bottcher, formerly tirst assistant, has been appointed acting director of the MiJckern station. Dh. Max Sciirodt. — The death is reported of Dr. MaxSchrodt, since 1879 director of the dairy division of the experiment station at Kiel, Germany. He was closely allied with the development of that institution, which occupies a prominent position among the institutions for dairy research. With Professor Ennnerling he issued the Communications from the Agricultural and Dairy Experiment Statiim at Kiel in 1879, and was a frequent contributor to agricultural journals. Of especial interest were his annual reports of the dairy experiment station and school at Kiel. Dr. Schrodt was 44 years old. LIST OF I'l BLICATIONS (IF THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRlCriJURE ISSUED DURING MAY, 1892. Roport of the Sorrftarj- of Agrinilturo. 1891. DixisiKN (IF .Statistics: Ri'Iioit No. 9.') (now series). May. 1802. — C'i>iHlitini]ianies. Rc'ltort N«i. 2 (iniscellancnns .st'iic^). — A}fii2 W8 Special Bulletin O, April 6, 1892 879 Special Bulh-rin P, April 9. 1892 881 Special Bulletin Q, April 21, 1892 884 New Mexico Station 885 Bulletin No. 4, December, 1891 885 Bulletin No. 5, March, 1892 886 North Dakota Station 886 Second Annual Report, 1891 886 Ohio Station 886 Bulletin Vf)l. v. No. 2 (second series), IVbruarv, 1892 886 Bulletin Vol. v, No. 3 (second series). Manh. 1892 887 Bulletin Vol. V, No. 4 (second series), April, 1892 S89 Oregon Station 889 Bulletin No. 18, March, 1892 .'. 8S9 Pennsylvania Station S89 Bulletin No. 19. April. 1892 KSjt Rhoile I.«land Sta t ion SX9 Bulletin ."^o. 15, April. 1892 SK!» South Dakota Statiiui S.v9 Bulletin No. 27. Noviiuber. 1891 SS9 Bulletin No. 28. Decenib.-r, 1891 X90 Texas Station K.tQ Bulletin No. 20, March, 1892 89<1 Vermont Station 890 Bulletin No. 27, January, 1892 8W Bulletin No. 28. .\pril, 1892 8JU West Virginia Station M92 Bulletin No. 22, February. IS'12 892 Abstracts of publications of the United States Dep.irtment i>f Agricultnre 894 Bureau of Animal Industry 894 Farmers' Hulietiu No. 8 894 Weather Bureau X91 Circular.s B and C lustnuiieiit Koom 894 OflBce of Experiment Stations 894 Experiment Station Bulletin No. 8 H'M Division of Statistics 903 Report No. 95 (new scries), May, 1892 W3 Miscellaneous Report No. 2 904 Miscellaneous Rejiort No. 3 905 Miscellaneous Re])ort No. 4 906 Division of Entomology 907 Bullet in No. 27 907 Division of Forestry 908 Bulletin No. 6 908 Abstracts of reports of foreign investigations 910 Titles of articles in recent foreign jiublieations 924 Experiment station notes 930 List of publications of the I'nitod States Department of Agriculture issued during the month of June, 1892 934 Eist of station publicatiiuis received by the Oflice of Experiment Stations dur- ing June, 1892 935 List of station publications issued prior to January 1, 1892 937 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. CUKMISTKY. Page. ITie occurrence of gnaiiidiu in plants, E. Scliulze 944 Ou the determination of ernde fiber, S. Gabriel 910 Pentaglucoses, tUeir occurrence in plants and their analytical detfrniiiiation, B. Tollens, A. Gunther, and G. de Chalmot 911 BOTANY — MYCOLOGY. Some fungous diseases of celery, B. D. Halsted 884 Leaf blights of cotton, G. F. Atkinson 844 Loose smut of oats, C. O. Flagg 889 Diseases of the sugar beet root, J. C. Arthur and K. E. Golden 853 Notes on fungi and fungicides, L. R. Taft 871 Investigations of plant diseases at Vermont Station, L. R. Jones 891 Common fungous diseases and their treatment 846 I^xperiments with fungicides at Massachusetts Hatch Station, S. T. Maynard. 864 Spraying for fungous pests of the orchard and vineyard, J. B. Smith and B. D. Halsted 878 Preparation and use of fungicides, L. F. Kinney 889 Spraying apparatus, S. T. Maynard 866 Concerning tubercles on the roots of leguminous plants, J. Lachmann 914 Outhe presence in straw of an aerobic ferment which reduces nitrates, E . Breal . 916 KXTOMOLOGY. Notes on the Gypsy moth and cranberry insects, C. H. Fernald 869, 871 Notes on important fruit insects, C. H. T. Townsend 886 Insects injurious to young fruit trees. F. L. Washburn 889 Insects which burrow in the stem of wheat, F. M. Webster 889 Damage by destructive locusts in 1891, L. Bruner, D. \V. Coijuilh^t. and H. Osborn 907 Injurious insects and fungi of Kentucky, H. Garman 8.59 Entomological work at Mississippi Station 876 Experiments with insecticides at Massachusetts Hatch Station, S. T. Maynard. 864 Insecticide experiments with Paris green and kerosene emulsion, C. H. Fernald. 870 Spraying for insect pests of the orchard and vineyard, J. B. Smith and B. D. Halsted 878 Notes on insecticides, L. R. Taft 871 Spra.ying fruits, G. C. Butz 889 Preparation and use of insecticides, L. F. Kinney 889 Report ou an insect trap, C. H. Fernahl 870 METEOROLOGY. Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Hatch Station, C. D. Warner 871 Meteorological observations at Mississippi Station 877 Instructions for the use of maximum and minimum thermometers and the rain gauge 894 WATKi:. Analysis of Colorado River water, C. B. Collingwood 846 Analyses of water, H. H. Harrington 8iK) SOILS. Analyses of mesa soil in Arizona. C. B. Collingwood 846 The comparative effect of sulphate of iron and sulphate of lime on the con- servation of nitrogen in bare soil.s, and on nitrihcation, P. Richard 917 VI Page. Effect of Balpbate of iron in the soil on the yieltl of different cereals, A. Mayer. 919 A new method for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils, A. Helm- kampf 920 Soil investigations by Louisiana Stations 861 KERTIUZERS. Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland SM Fertilizer inspection in Massachusetts, C. A. Goessmann 864 Soil tests with fertilizers on potatoes, oatfi, and corn in Massachusetts, W. P. Brooks 866 Special corn fertilizer r«. a fertilizer richer in potash, W. P. Brooks 868 Lectures on the investigations at the Rothamsted Experimental Station, K. Wariugton 894 CROPS — VARIKTIES — COMPOSITION' — KXPERIMENTS. Effect of nitrogenous maniirfs on the stnuture and nitrit7 Field experiments witli corn, cotton, tlax, wheat, and grasse.s at Mississippi Station 874 Field experiments with ronnnercial fertilizers on corn and oats, and cro))8 grow n in rotation in < Miio, C. E. Thorne and J. F. Hickman ><87 Experiments with cotton at Louisiana Stations 860 Tests of forage plants at Louisiana Stations 860 Analyses of grasses, corn, an«l grains, H. H. Harrington 890 Composition of potatoes as atl'ected l»y fertilizers, W. P. Bri>oks 868 Field experiments witli potatoes at Michigan Station. L. K. Taft 872 Field experiments with fertilizers oh potatoes in New .lorsey, E. B. Voorhees.. 881 Suggestions for tiehl experiments w itii fertilizers for field beets, P. Wagner . .. 922 Experiments with niangel-wurzels and sugar beets at Ohio Statijui, .1. F. Hick- man 886 Sugar beet culture in Indiana. H. .\. Hustn 860 Horticultural work at Mississippi Station 876 The Siberian crab apple as a grafting stock, S. T. Maynard 865 VII Page. Amount of copper on sprayed fruit 865 Girdling- grapevines. J. Fisher 865 Horticultural worL ..t Xi \v Mexico Station, A. E. Hlount 885 Experiments with orchui\l fruits and grapes at Massacliusetts Hatch Station, S.T.Maynard 865 FORESTRY — WKEDS. Timber physics, Part i, B. E. Fcrnow 908 Weeds of West Virginia, C. F. Millspaugh 892 FEEDIXG STUFFS — FEEDING OF ANIMALS. Analyses of patent cattle foods, G. H. Whitcher and F. W. Morse 877 Analyses of commercial feeds, E. B. Voorhees 878 Feeding experiments with cows and mules at Mississi])pi Station 875 Experiments with roots vs. silage for fattening lambs at Michigan Station, P. M. Harwood and F. B. Mumford 872 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Inoculation for prevention of hog cholera 894 DAIRYING. Comparison of milk tests at Mississippi Station 876 Tests of dairy^apparatus at Vermont Station, J. L. Hills 890 TECHNOLOGY. Experiments with canaigre in Arizona, F. A. Gulley ^ . . 846 Sugar school at Louisiana Sugar Station 861 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Experiments in irrigation at Louisiana Stations 860 Irrigation in South Dakota, L. Foster and C. A. Duncan 890 STATION STATISTICS. First and Second Annual Reports of Arizona Station, 1890 and 1891 846 Second Annual Report of Ken tacky Station, 1889 859 Fourth Annual Report of Louisiana Stations, 1891 860 Fourth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1891 874 Second Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1891 886 List of station publications issued prior to January 1, 1892 937 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. Report of Division of Statistics of the United States Department of Agricul- ture for May, 1892 903 The agricultural outlook for Maryland, E. Stake 863 Wages of farm labor in the United States 906 Agriculture of South America, A. Barnes 904 Cooperative credit associations in certain European countries, A. T. Peters 905 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOI^vD. Vol. III. ISSUED JULY, 1892. No. 12. EDITORIAL NOTES. The diniinisliing' profitableness of cotton culture has drawn i^nblic attention to the necessity for the diversification of agiiculture in tlie South. Social and economic conditions hav^e thus far powerfully retarded the chan<;e which is inevitable. Cotton is the money crop. The land is largely worked by tenants. The merchants make their advances of money and j^oods on cotton. The landlords insist that cott(m is the only crop furnishing a sufficient security for the payment of rent. Add to this the fact that the ao-ri(!ultural information of the tenants is almost entirely confined to their knowledge of cotton culture, and it at once api)ears that it will require influences strong as necessity to bring about the substitution of other crops for King Cotton. In considering the work of the experiment stations in the States where cotton is the chief crop, it is well to remember that it will not be sufficient for them to demonstrate that this or that crop can be profitably grown. Labor must be educated. The laudholding and the trading classes must be convinced that new crops will furnish a stable basis for commci'cial l)ai)er and rentals. Among the agricultural problems of the greatest importance to the future success of the Southern farmer are those connected with the growth of grasses and forage plants. This Ue])artment and the sta- tions, working in many instances in cooperation, are making numerous twists of old and new species and varieties. Sufficient i)rogress has already been made to show that while different species are required to meet the varying conditions of soil and climate, an abundance of pastur- age and of green fodder can be produced in all parts of the South when an intelligent effort is made to do so. That there ai-e still large regions where the feeding stuffs required by the farm animals used in raising cotton are imported from the West and North, only emphasizes the extreme folly which characterizes the i)resent system of agriculture. Under such conditions the educative function of the stations comes into ])eculiar prominence. The ordinary methods of distributing inlbr- mation through bulletins and the press will not suffice. Personal 841 842 appeals must be made to the fanners through lectures aud farmers institutes. Intellii^eut men in many localities must be persuaded to give object lessons to their neighbors by following ou their own farms the course recommended by the stations. Study must be devoted to adapting the means of persuasion to the peculiar conditions of ditferent communities. While scientific researches on special problems of general interest should not aud need not be neglected, what is especially needed at the present crisis is to hold public attention to the tacts alread^- ascertamed. Xo opportunity should be lost to urge that the agri- culture of the South must and can be diversified, to point oat what crops can be profitably added to those now grown, and to teach the best methods for their culture. The Southern stations are already doing nuich to mold public opinion on this great problem. It ischietly for their encouragement that we call the attention of our rejulers to this subjet;t. In judging of the work of these stations it is imixutant to keep in mind that their task is not simply to amend agricultural practice in particular points but to i»romote a general change in the system of farming. Whatever work they may do in the laboratory and the field must he sup|»lenicnted by vigorous campaigning among the people. Wise planning and skillful generalship, combine«l with the missionary spirit, are lequired to make their ettbrts smu-essfnl in rescu- ing the farmers at' their se<'tion from the poverty into which liliml adherence to the tra foreign articles. It will be observed that while the number of station and l)«'partment publications has not increased, the space de\oted to accounts of foreign woik has been greatly enlarged. A new featni*' introdncc«l in the later numbers of the volume is the list of titles of articles in toreign pul>lins, but it is hoped that the publication of the List will bring out the desired information regarding them. 843 Attention is once more called to the fact that the index to the Kecord is a guide to the contents of all the publications abstracted. The tliree volumes of the Record, together with Experiment Station Bulletin Ko. 2, make it possible to obtain ready access to very nearly all tlie infor- mation which the American stations have ijublished since their organiza- tion under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887. Binding the volumes as they are completed greatly decreases the task of consultiug them. I ABSTRACTS OF PLBLICATIOXS OF THE \r,RlC!lTrR\L EXPERIMFNT STATIONS IN THE IMTEII SFATES. Alabama College Station. Bulletin No. 36. March, 1892 (pp. 32). Some lkaf blights of cotton, G. F. Atkinson. I'n. li. (plates 2). — Tliis inclinle.s articles on the yt'llow and red leaf hli^dit.s of cotton. YdUnc Irtif hll;/lit (pp. L'-.'51 ). — L'mh'i- this iiaiin' invest iy:atioii.s on the disca.se coniniuidy known as lihick iiist are reported. In vi«'\v of the confnsion exi.stinj; in rejjard to tlie ap]»IiIay an impintant jtart in thedis- ea.se." Later investi^^itions have shown tlnit whih' these or;:anisms agjjravate the disease they do not cansc it. Yellow leaf ltli<;ht is fonnd to be a ]>liysiol(i;;ical disca>;c dnc to impcrtcct nutrition »)r assimilation. TIk- ollVct of tills ili-lii-i(«ii<-y, citlicr in iiiitritii)ii or iisMiinil.-ttion. is hIiowii in a par- tial iliHorj^anizatiun of flio ('hl<>ni|i|iyll or ;ircfii Niiltstanco wliich (•.•inscs it to heounie yellow in ri>l(ir. At lirst this chan^f in «t>I(»r is (piitf inilistiiit-t, bnt ;;rau^ the eliannels in the veinlots whioli hound the yellowish areas reinaininj^ quite jjreen for some time. Sunietinies the diHCJise progresses more rapidly so that the smaller voins are also yellow and it is only along quite close to the larger veins and thi'ir hranehe.s that the green cidor is present. In thefnrtlu-r jtrogre.ss of thedisease. if the woathereontinues (piitedry, the leaf after a while will gradually dry, herome shriveled, and fall off. If rain and hot weather succeed each other, semiparasitic timgi grow in the leaf, absorbing the living sub- Btanhysieal condition of the soil h.is become dcr.aiiged either by hmg cuiti v:ition, by washing away of the surface soil, or in some cases by an original detrimental jihysical conlant food. If su])- plied with active fertilizing material and organic matter it is especially adapted to early fruits and vegetables." Clieniical analy.'^es of the sediment from .samples of Colorado River water taken daily for 7 month.s (August to February) are tabulated, together with calculations of the amount and value of the fertilizing materials (le])osited by the river. The average number of pounds of material depo.sitcd by 1 acre incli (L'7,152 gallons) of water during each of the 7 months, was as follows: Total residiu' 818, clay L'04, lime 58, phosphoric acid 1.3-, available potash 1.1*0. and nitrogen 0.71. A com- parison of the amounts of sediment deposited by different rivers, exi»resseanul»e, 1 :.30riO. The clay and silt deposite of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, p. 28; vol. II, pp. 11 and 556). The following subjects were treated: Test of varieties, time of planting, thickness of planting, planting in hills or drills, depth of plowing, depth of cultivation, effect of root pruning and of fertilizers, increase of dry matter with the growth of the corn plant, and effect of removing tassels. There «ire also practical suggestions for corn culture in Illinois. "The season was one of severe drouth. The rainfall had been defi- cient in 1890 and in the early mouths of 1891. For the 5 months from May to September it was 7.65 inches, the average for this portion of the year being from 18 to 20 inches. The average mean temperature for these 5 months was 68"^ F., which was not far from the average during a series of years." Experiment Xo 1. — Corn, test of varieties (pp. 51-60). — The varic^ties tested in 1891 included 22 yellow dent, 12 white dent, and 2 mixed dent. The results, as in the case of the similar experiments previously reported, are given in detail in tables, summaries, and general notes. Experiment Wo. 3. — Corn, time of planting (pp. 60-62), — In 1891 Burr White, a medium-maturing variety, was planted at eight different dates at intervals of a week, from April 25 to June 13. The average height of the tallest stalks on each plat, measured each week from June 8 to September 21, is tabulated, together with the yield of corn and per cent of water in the corn. Experiment Wo. 5. — Corn, thickness of planting (pp. 62-65). — Tabulated details are given for two experiments described as follows: On a tract of fall-plowed land 27 rows of corn 3 feet 8 inches apart, were planted, 3 rows with single kernels 3 inches apart, 3 with single kernels 6 inches apart, and 3 with single kernels 9 inches apart; also 3 rows with 3 kernels every 9 inches, 3 with 3 kernels every 18 inches, and 3 with 3 kernels every 27 inches. This was at the rate of 47,520, 23,760, and 1.5,840 kernels per acre. The weight of 100 ears, and of 100 stalks, the number of ears, and the bushels of corn per i^ore "were greatest from tUe tUiuuest plantings and least from the thickest 848 plantings. The total yield and the yield of stalks was greatest from the thickest planting. Corresponding results have lieen secured in each of the three preceding years. » * * A second experiment was made to compare the eftVct of planting in hills at differ- ent distances and with different nnmhers of kernels in the hills. The tract used for this experiment had heen in corn in l^iK) and was fall-plowed. There were 36 plats, each 9 hills square, so planted tliat corn grew on every sitle of each plat. May 14 the corn, which was Learning and Burr White, medium-maturing varieties, and Pearly Butler, an early-maturing varit-ty, was dropj)eil by hand and covered with a hoe. June 1 to 27 the corn was rultivatcil three times with a shallow-going (.iiltivator and the remaining weeds removed with a hoe. Octoher 26 to 29 the corn was husked anrl the numlier of barren stalks, the total number of stalks, the numlier of ears, and the weight of ears were asccrtaiiu'd for eacli plat. The distance between hills, the numlur of kernels jier hill, the ratio of stalks grown to kernels planted, the per cent of barren stalks, the number ])er acre of kernels planted, stalks grown, and ears harvi-sted, the weight of 100 ears, and the yield per acre in bushel.s (70 pounds per bushel) for each plat of each variety are given in the table. In general as the rate of thickness in planting increases the ratio of stalks grown to ktruols planted an(» tline was a considerably larger yield from planting in hills. E.rperimenf Xo. 7. — Corn, depth of' ploirinn (p. 65). May 16, 1891, 3 equal and adjacent plats were plowed a.s nearly a« possible at depths of 2. 5, and 10 inches, and planted to corn. 0lowed (disked shallow) .">6.4, jilowed 2 inches 59.9, plowed 4 inches 69.4, plowed 6 inches 69.3. plowed 8 inches 71.7 bushels per acre. None of these plats had any cultivation after planting, except removing the weeds by scrap- ing the surface with a sharp hoe. Experiment No. 9. — Corn, (lejtth of cidtirtition (p. (K5). — Deep and shal- low cultivation were compared with each other and with no cultiva- tion. The rt'sults are stated in a tahle. The following: is a summary of experimeuts iu this line at the station daring i years. Yields of corn on jilalx diffemitlt/ cnltivaled, ISSS-fH. Kind of cnltivation. Shallow, iinlinary Deep, ordinary None, weeds scraped from surface BtJ.shels per nrrc 188«. 93.8 84.9 90.0 1889. 1890. 1891. Average. 84.6 74.2 77.1 66.8 60.8 69.1 ra.4 55.3 7.5.9 70.8 7:;. 9 849 Experiment Xo. 10. — Roofprunhif/ (pp. 66-68). — "Every alternate row of 18 rows li rods long, of each of the 4 plats used in experiment number 9, was root pruned three times from June 19 to July 10, to a depth of 4 inches. The pruning- was done by placing around each hill a frame 113 inches square on the outside and passing around its outer edge a ganged knife." The results are stated in detail in a table. Tiie following is a sum- mary of experinieuts iii this line during 4 years: Yields of corn with and without root pruninfi, lSSS-01. Bushels per acre. , 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. Kind of cultivation. u a 3 u m a 1 5 a 3 a £ 3 u a a 2 s i a £ a a 2 « 5 Shallow, ordinary 97.0 87.0 94.0 91.0 83.2 85.5 6.0 3.8 8.5 90.9 80.9 So. 8 78.3 67.6 68.4 12.6 13.3 17.4 78.7 70.8 76.7 55.0 50.7 61.5 23.7 20.1 15.2 70.0 79.4 66.3 48.7 56.0 39.7 21.3 '\3 4 None, weeds scraped off. . 26.6 92.7 86.6 6.1 85.9 71.4 14.4 75. 5 55.7 19.7 7i.9 48.1 23 8 Experiment No 11. — Gorn^ effect of fertilizers (p. 68). A.s stated in former bulletins, no important etfect on yield of corn has been jtro- duccd by the application of an*' of the more common forms of artificial manures to the fertile prairie lands on the university farms. The application of stable manure has, almost without exception, increased the yield, but not in all cases enouj^h to repay directly the outlay. * * » l^or 3 years experiments have been tried at different iioints in this State, about in the latitude of St. Louis, in tlie linjht-colored soil of that region. Owing to unfavora- ble conditions — drouth and storms — or to injuries by insects the results have been very unsatisfactory. The elfect of applying stable manure has been uniformly good. Experiment No 90. — Corn, increase of dry matter with the growth of the plant (pp. 68, 69). For 3 years observations have been made on the rate of growth and on tiie rate of increase of dry matter in the corn plant. The results each year have shown that there is relatively very little dry matter in the corn plant in the early stages of its growth. * * * For 3 years plats of corn have beeu cut for tbdder at three dirter- ent periods — as nearly as might lie when the ears were in the milk stage, when they were nearly mature, and when the plant was fully ripened. In each year there was a noticeably smaller yield, both of the whole croji and of the grain, from the early-har- vested jdats than from either of the others. The yield of corn has been largest from the fully ripened jdats. These exi)eriments, and the feeding tests which have accompanied them, will be repeated and fully rejiorted. Experiment No. 134. — Corn, effect of removing tassels (p. 69). The tassels on alternate rows of four tenths of an acre of JJurr White corn were removed as soon as they appeared. Each of the 30 rows was husked and weighed sep- arately. Tlie total difference between those having the tassels removed and those not removed was but 1 pound, thus showing no effect from removing tassels. In similar 266!^4— i^o. 12 2 850 trials with sweet corn the yield was somewhat reduced when the tassels were removed. Removing the tops by cutting them off above the ears just before the leaves began to turn brown had no appreciable effect upon the yielrl of grain. Summary of experiments with corn (i)p. 50,51). In 1891, 36 varieties were tested on 52 plats. About 86 per cent of a full stand of stalks was secured. About 12 per cent of the stalks prodnced no ears. This is nearly the same result as found in 1888 and 1890. In 1889 there wa« less than 2 per cent of barren stalks. While the percentage of stalks does not seem to depend on variety, there were great differences in different plats — from 3 to 29 per cent. As had been the case in each of the 3 preceding years, the varieties maturing about September 20 gave a larger average yield than those maturiug either earlier or later. In 1891, 13 early varieties averaged 56, 19 medium averaged 66, and 6 late- maturing varieties averaged 57 bushels of air-dry corn per acre. For Ihe 4 years the early varieties gave an average yield of 61, the medium 7.3, and the late 68 bushels of air-dry" com. For 4 successive years 11 varieties have been tested. The average yield has been at the rate of 70 bushels per acre. Of these varieties Champion White Pearl has had the highest average, 79 bushels; Learning (yellow) the next, 76 bushels; Burr WTiite, which resembles Champion White Pearl, next, 74 bushels. Boone County White gave much the largest yield, 89 bushels, in 1891, and as large as any other in 1890. Leaming gave the largest yield of any yellow variety in 1891. Mnr- dock and Edmonds stood highest in yield of the e.arly-maturing varieties tested for 4 years. A plat of Murdock did not ripen until September 20, while 1 plat of Leam- ing matured so as to be classed with the early varieties; but these were exceptional cases. In some cases marked differences; were found in the yield of adjacent plats of the same variety. In the case of 1 variety there have been extraordinary variations in veld in ditlVreut years. In each of the 4 years varieties little known and without more than a neighbcuhoud rcputiitiou have giv»'n large yields of good corn. The vield does not seem to depend on the cohir or the smoothness or roughness of the kernels, although in 1891, the white varieties gave an average of 4 bushels larger yield tlian the greater jnimber of yellow varieties. A medium-sized variety of corn, i>lanted at the rate of one kernel each 9 to 12 inches in rows 3 feet 8 inches apart, gave larger yields of good corn than thicker planting; but the yield of corn and stalks together increases with tliickness of planting, at least up to the rate of one kernel each 3 inches. As the result of 4 years' trials it is believed the larger yield of grain makes the food value of the total crop greater when it is planted at the rate of one kernel to about each 6 inches in the row. In 1891, little ditVerence was found in yi<'ld from plats ]ilanted with a medium- maturing variety at weekly intervals from April 2."> to May 23. Later plantings gave niu< h smaller yields; the ears were not well tilled, and the corn did not mature thoroughly. For 3 years jtri-vions good croj>s were had from jdantings anytime in May. For the 4 years the best results have come from i>lanling from May 11 to 16. In 2 out of 3 years no material ditVereme in yield has been lound, whether the corn has been planted in hills or tlrills, if the land was kept equally free from weeds. The yicMs were nearly the same from 3 ]dats of spring-plowed land, one plowed 2, one 5, and ime 10 inches deep. In 1890 land i)lowed 8 inches deep gave a little larger yield than that plowed shallower. In 1891, for the first time in 4 years, there was a larger yield from a plat deep cul- tivated than from one shallow cultivated. A cultivator with narrow spring teeth was used this year in the deep cultivation, in former years a shovel cultivator. For 4 years the average yields have been at the rate of 71 bushels from deep and 76 851 from shallow cultivated plats, and 73 bushels from plats not cultivated except to remove weeds by scraping the surface with a hoe. No appreciable ettect on yield of field corn resulted from cutting tiie tops when in good condition for fodder, or from removing the tassels from alternate rows as they appeared. Experiments made for 3 years illustrate the fact that there is relatively littb' dry matter in corn during the early stages of its growth. When it had reached half rif its height it had not more than 7, in full tassel less than .50, and when in the soft milk stage less than 7.5 per cent as much dry matter as when fully mature. Unless there is loss by dropi>ing of leaves the dry matter increases until the corn is mature. Indiana Station, Bulletin No. 39, April, 1892 (pp. 30). Field experiments with corn, W. C. Latta, M. S. (pp. ;j;}-.t.3)._ A condensed account of exiieriinents in continuation of tliose reported in Bulletin No. 133 of the station (see Experiment Station liecoid, vol. I, p. 37). The following- subjects are treated: (1) Early and late phxut- ing; (2) thick and thin i)lanting; (3) deep and shallow plowing; (4) deep and shallow cultivation; (5) test of corn cultivators; (0) rotation rs. continuous cropping; (7) eff'ectof previous manuring; (8) full rs. partial applications of fertilizers ; (9) test of varieties. " The soil of the station farm is a compact, dark-colored second bottom, containing a laige pro- portion of clay intimately mixed with vegetable matter, and underlaid with coarse gravel. Though highly retentive of capillary moisture, the perfect natural drainage, due to the underlying gravel, prevents an accumulation of free water in the soil. Owing to this fact, a protracted drouth in July and August neutralizes in large measure the effects of fertilization and methods of culture, and seriously reduces the yield of corn." The plats varied in size from one tenth to one fourth of an acre. Early and late planting. — The yields for 3 years (1888-90) from plant- ing at o different dates from May 1 to 29, are tabulated. The largest average yield was from the earliest planting. Thick and thin planting. — The yields for 6 years (1885-91, omitting 1887) from planting at 5 different distances (10.75 to 19.5 inches apart in the row), are tabulated. "The best average results were obtained when the kernels were dropped 12 to 14 inches apart." Deep and shallow ploiring. — The yields in 1891 from plowing to five different depths (4 to 12 inches) are tabulated, together with those in 3 previous years from plowing to depths of 4 and 8 inches. The varia- tions in yields were too small to be decisive. Deep and shallow cultivation. — The yields for 4 years (1888-91) from cultivating to three different depths (1-3 inches) are tabulated. The largest average yield was from shallow cultivation (1 inch). Test of corn cnltirato)'s. — An account of a test in 1891 with six differ- ent kinds of implements, three of which had also been tested during 3 previous years, "Those corn cultivators which run shallow, but thoroughly pulverize the soil and leave the surface approximately level, have given the best satisfaction." 852 Rotation vs. continuous croppimi. — Tbe yields rturing 4 years (1888-91) are tabulated from plats on which coutinnrtus cro]>]>in{r of corn has been compared with rotation of tliat crop with j^^rass and clover. No fertilizers have been applied. The average results show a gain of 3 bushels of corn ])er acre from rotation. For lack of fertilizers the yields under both systems have steadily declined. Effect <\f' previous mouiirinf/. — '-In 18s;{ and 1SS4 fresh horse manure, gas lime, and superphosphate were applied separately to certain jilats on which corn had been grown every year since 1S71). The anuuints ap]»lic(l ])cr acre in the 2 years w«'re, horse manure 09 two-horse h»a years. Tin- tiililf .-liciws ( 1 ) .1 r;niyi' of 'JX djivs in tin- tiinr iif ri]>i'iiiii;j; (L') a raiiir an*-, of iirarly !<."> luisln-Ks of <(irii aixl aliiiuNt 7;»' of rroin 27.5 to riL'..% jut wut in tin- ]n<>|Hirti<>ii <>l rais t<> 100 pnumls of stalks and ears; (I) a ditlVn-nre of nearly 4 jut (••■lit in tin- |in>j)ortioii ot slu-lW-d torn to W('i;ilit of ears; (.">) a marked ranye in tlie anionnf of shiiiika;^! — from '.^.'2 to 2;< per cent; (fi) striking diH'erences in the jier cent of snmltrd stalks, the ran^i' Ixin;; from fito'-'t jier cent; (l) very great differences in the jier cent of smutted sliilUs lliit did lint imimIiicc cars. Ilie range lieiiig finin notliini; to .Mi per cent. SU(iAu hi-:i-:t culture in Indiana, H. A. Huston, M. A. (pp. 44-r>3, i»l;ite 1). — A report on expcrinu'iits in growing sugar beets in Indiitua, in contintmtion of those recorded in bulletin No. 31 of the sta- tion (see I''\i»erinient Station Kecord. vol. II, j>. 03.">). Tabulated data are given showing the results of ;inalyses and the conditions ofculiure for 05 samples grown by .!!• jiersons in diHerent parts of Imliana and for<»(; s;imples grown at the stalicui. Of the beets grown ;it thestatitin 41 samples gave over lli per cent of sugar in the Jtiice, the highest being l.").l per cent; of those grown elsewhere, 41 gave over I- jter 853 cent, the liigliest being 17.7 per cent. Ou the whole the resnlts are considered sufficiently favorable to warrant the continuation of experi- ments in this line. Diseases op the sugar beet root, J. C. Arthur, D. Sc, and K. E. Golden, B. S. (pp. 54-62, plate 1).— A report on observations on three diseases of the beet root, viz, a bacterial disease, beet scab, and water core spots. A hacteridl disease of beet roofs. — Late in the season of 1890 micro- scopic examinations nuidc at the station revealed the presence of bac- teria in beets hii\ing a low percentage of sugar. More extended observations during tlie following year showed that beets of diflereut varieties grown in different parts of Indiana were quite generally affected by the same disease. Analyses showed that the diseased beets contained nuich less sugar than the healthy roots. The beet root sliows externally no marks by wliieb the ])reseiice of the bacterial parasite can be detected; the most diseased and the strictly healthy roots can not be separated by any external characters. This statement, however, does not apply to the leaves. While the plants are small the foliage of healthy and diseased plants remains normal, bnt as the plants reach full size, and especially as they approach maturity, those which are most affected can be told at a glance by the alteied ai)pearance of tho leaves. The healthy beet leaf has a decidedly dat, nuiform surface, while the diseased leaf is puffed out between the veins in little blister-like areas, giving the general appearance of the surface of a Savoy cabbage leaf. Diseased plants are necessarily less vigorous than healthy ones, and the fact is made apparent to the eye as the season advances by the leaves becoming paler and smaller, and the outer ones dying away faster than those upon healthy plants. All these imlications taken together, most reliance being placed upon the crinkled surface, will enable one to select such diseased plants, as they are growing in the held, with considerable certainty. But some roots not showing the foliar characteristics to any marked extent will also be found to be affected. Upon cutting across a root the most constant indication of the malady is a greater prominence of the fibers which form the concentric rings. In well-marked cases each microscopic bundle shows as a dark dot, the circlesof dots growing more distinct upon exposure to air. In less pronounced cases the woody fibers are merely yellowish or even quite coloiless, but become more prominent than normal tissues after being exposed to the air for a while. Furthermore, the diseased root is rather soft and tough and of a yellowish white color, while a iiealthy root is firm, somewhat brittle, and clean white in color. It has also been found that diseased root*) are lighter in weight than healthy ones. - f * While the bacteria are most abundant and conspicuous in the colorless parenchyma, they also occur iu the cells of the tibro-vascular bundles, and in the green cells of the leaf — in fact in all parts of the plant. The bacteria are all of one shape and appearance, Ijeing nearly twice as long as broad, small, oblong, colorless, usually occurring as isolated cells, although occa- sionally found in pairs. Pure cultures have been studied in the laboratory, being isolated by the well-known plate method. The sejiaration is easily accomplished, as the large size of the roots pei'mits the removal of pieces of tissue from well below the surface, and consequently free from soil and air contamination, and from such material only one form of microbe is obtained. Iu a Pasteur sugar culture the bacteria grow well, causing the licjuid to become slightly turbid in 24 hours. As growth goes on the turbidity becomes greater, and 854 again decreases until at the end of 9 or 10 days, when the growth practically ceases, the liquid becomes clear, and a grayish sediment falls to the bottom of the tube. The bacteria also develop well in sterilized juice expressed from the sugar beet, but their developuieut can not be readily watched, as contact with the air causes the juice toturn very dark or eveu black. Upon neutral gelatin the bacteria at first form a whitish growth, which becomes pale yellow with age, and the gelatin is eventually lierfectly healthy root of a young beet not more than a half inch in diameter. An examination was made 8 days later, but with no distinct evidence of results. On March 'M the beet showed a well-defined seab about a «|uarter «d' an inch across, where the diseased potato touched it, and no trace of scab elsewhere. This result is eo decisive and clear that other te.sts need not be detailed in this connection. Pure cultures of the scab fungus ma«le in nutrient solutions show that the organ- ism itself is )»erfectly colorless, but that it exeretes some substance which in the presence of oxygen becomes dark lirown. Cultures have Ix-eu made in the fermenta- tion tubes brought out by Dr. Theobald Smith, which are so constructed that one arm of the tube remains free of all gases. In such a tube the part of the culture in contact with the air becomes a deep brown color and that in the opposite gas-free portion remains unc(di)red for even a month or more, and its final change to br«»wn, if the culture is continued sutliciently lonji. is without doubt due to ditfusion both of the gas absorbed from the air and of the oxidi/ed sultstance, by whieh they )»ai>8 from the ojien arm of the tube into the ]ats culti rated twice a we«*k, 5 j)lats once a week, and the leniaiiiinjjj ."» once in 2 weeks. The three 5-plat groups in series B were cultivated, respec- tively, two, four, and six times during the season. The implement used was the Daisy si)ring tooth cultivator." The average yields in bushels per acre were as follows: Twice a week, GG.(i3; once a week, 09.45; once in 2 weeks, 72.97; twice during the season, <>S.(>2: four times during the season, 70.0(»; six times during the season, 70. OS. *>The highest yields attained in both series, viz, 72.97 bushels pel- acie when cultivated once in 2 weeks, and 7(i.0G bushels per acre when <'ulti- vated four times during the season, is the result of what is luactically the same amount of cultivalion. • • * If this experiment, then. provlats eaked. 'Die :i\t'rage results were as f<»lIows: J-'.ffitI of time of harvtuliiiy on yield of corn. Time of lian'esting Percentage I cm than yi»ld wliuii ripe. Cut in milk... Cut in iloii|;li . Cut n lic;n ripo Mot cut These results confirm those of similar e\]»eiiments reitorted in th«' Annual lve|Mnts of the station for isss and 1SS9. Tlif iHtsiiit txpci init'iit. liuwovcr. vaiii-s from Uiosi* there roporteri on oik- j»oint. wiiifli |iossilily may I"- "liu' to tin- iiitriiisii- cliar.Tctors of the variefii's «'inplo\ed. It was tlioii found that tluT** was a n'''" "* from U) to \'2 jht cent in tlic w«'ijiht of corn (cars) by li'ttiu;; it 8tan«I iinrnt- in th<* li«-lil until husked, over that wliich was cut when ripp. Theprt'S(>nt t-xpcrinu iil with St. Cliarli-H corn dot-s not hear on t that result. In far-t it is found, as sliown in tlie table, that there is a slight loss this year by l«'ttintati(Mi. as published in the .\nnual Report of that station for ISilO [see Kx))enment Station Kei-oril. vol. in. ji. ll'.i]. It was there found that there was a total loss of JO. (52 per cent of dry matter in the entire corn plant by i iittiM;^ it when the firaiu betrau t(t glaze instead of allowing it Ut rijten. Larfje rs. small kernels for ftecd (p. 187). — Notes and tabulated data on an expeiiment with St. Charles corn on 10 twentieth acre ])lats. "Prac- tically the yi«'ld was the same whether large or small kernels were used for seed." 857 Butt^ middle, and tip TicrneUfor seed (pp. 187, 188). — Xotes and tabu- lated data on an experimeut with St. Charles ceaii on 15 twentieth-acre plats divided into three gronps of 5 each. " The butt :ind tip kernels were taken from the extreme ends of tlie ears and only deformed but sound kernels used. The middh' kernels were tiie largest and best from the middle of the ears.'' The avera.ue yields in I)iishels ])er acre were as follows: Butt 00.11, middle iVlSA, tip 01. M. In experiments witli a fliut variety at New York State Station some years ago seeds from the tips gave the best results. Distance of pJouiids. . 1, 133. 50 Totiil iiiiiuher of ears from rows with tassels removed 1. IS-. 00 Average weiglit per ear from rows with tassels removed ]ioiiiid.. (1.64 Total weiglit of ears from rows with tassels remaiuing pounds.. Gl>:^. 00 Total uumber of ears from rows with tussels remaiiiiug 1, 1 OS. 00 Average weight i)er ear from rows with tassels remaining pi>un inanure. Neither of the fertilizers had any effect on the yield. Treatment of seed earn nitli eteosotefor smut (pp. 202, 203). — 8t, Charles corn was soaked for 12 hours before planting in solutions containing from 0.5 to 50 i)er cent of creosote. Only where the weakest solution wasused did any (»r the corn germinate, and in that case the pertuMitiige of seed germinating was only 55. Even when a 0.1 i>er cent solution was used tlie yield was nniterially reduced. Test of varieties (pp. 203-200). — Tabulated data for 140 varieties. The following gave the best results in the onler mtmed: Maiiiiiioth White Dent, llartman Early White, Silver Mammoth Yelhiw, JMammoth Ivory Dent, North Star, Piasa Queen, Learning, Pride of Kansas, Legal Tender, and Large (Tolden Dent, the yields ranging from SO to 01 bnshels per acre. Those found to be excellent silage varieties were Hiawasse Mammoth, Little Red Cob, ^Fo.sby Prolific, and Parrish White. Kansas Station. Bulletin No. 31, December, 1891 (pp. 17). Sugar beets in Kansas, G. H. Failykr, M. S., and J. T. Wil- LARD, M. S. (pp. 200-223). — An account is given of the arrangements made by the station for a test of sugar beet« of difterent vaiieties by about 300 farmers in 50 counties of the State. Analyses of a large number of samples sent to the station and of beets grown at the station 859 are tabulated, together with data regard iiig culture. Climatic coudi- tious rendered the test unsatisfactory, the sugar content being in most (;ases relatively low. The test will be repeated, A few words in reference to our machine for pulping the heets may not he amiss. Taking a worn-out feed mill as the hasis, we removed superrtuous parts, leaving a short shaft in its bearings and carrying a heavy liy-w heel. A crank handle was attaihed to the fly-wheel near the shaft. A wooden i)ulley, such as is used for belts, was attached to the middle of the shaft. This i>ulley was 4 inches wide and 18 inches in diameter. Ten lines of tacks were driven into the pulley, each line run- ning diagonally across its width. The angle of the lines and the distance between them was such that the successive lines lapped past each other slightlv. The tacks in the lines were set close together and were slightly sharpened with a tile on the front edge. They projected about the sixteenth of an inch. 'i"he imlley was inclosed in a suitable case of galvanized iron, the top of which could be removed and the bottom of which had an opening through which the i»ulp dropped. An opening was also left through Avliich the beets were fed. The beets during grinding rested on a board Avhich was placed as close to the pulley as possible. The beets were held by hand against the revolving pulley, the board giving a safe rest, so that there was no danger of accident. The crank handle being near the shaft, a much higher rate of speed Avas given to the peripherj- of the pulley than would have been ]>ossible with a longer lever arm. The beets pulped easily, and the only drawback was the rapid rate of turning demanded. Some multiplying arrangement to secure the nec- essary motion would be a great advantage. When run Ijy steam power the cutter worked to perfection, pulping rapidly and very line. ^ * * To illustrate the ditference in nutritive value of certain roots and to compare them with sugar beets, the following analyses are given. They are all analyses of fresh material grown at this station: Analyses of root crops. Garden beets (red) Turnips Kolil-rabi Kutal)a}ja8 Sufiar beets (Kleiu Wanxlebeu 1890, 10. 3 percentsugar) Water. Per cent. 92. 89 92.71 91.25 89.99 84.04 Dry mat- ter. Percent. 7.11 7.29 8.75 10.01 15.90 Crude ash. Per cent. 1.14 0,90 1.29 0.e9 0.77 Crude fat. Per cent. 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.03 Crude protein. Per cent. 1. 95 2.04 1.71 2.03 1.76 Crude fiber. Per cent. 0.71 0.82 1.43 1.09 0.95 Nitro- gen-free extract. Per cent. 3.27 3.47 4.24 6.10 12.45 Kentucky Station, Second Annual Report, 1889 (pp. 150). This includes a tinaucial report for the fiscal year ending June ;?0, 1889; bj-ief statements regarding the organization, eciuipment, and work of the station; notes on injurious insects and fungi; and reprints of Bulletins Nos. 17-22 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. I, pp. 62, 63, 218, and 219). Injurious insects and fungi, H. Garman (pp. 8-51, figs. 17).— Brief accounts of injury in Kentucky in 1889 by the grain louse {Siphonophora aveme), cabbage worms {Fieris rajm- and /'. protod'u-e), corn worm {HeUothis armigera), and ox warble; and notes on the fol lowing insects and fungi, with special reference to observations by the 860 autlior, and sugirrestions regarding means of repression: Corn leaf hopper {Tettitjonia inoUipes), wheat thrips {Limothripts trrcalium), wheat bulb worm (Meromyza americana), clover bark louse {Coccus trifoUi), ox warble {Rypodcntm bods), cabbage flea beetle {PJn/Ilotreta rittata), potato flea beetle {CrepUlodcra fuscxda), pig -weed flea beetle [Diaouxica glabrata), tobacco flea beetle {Ejntri.r parvula), brown rot of stone fruits {Mint 1 1 in fruetiffena), bitter rot of •A]t])\Qi>{(ihjeosjf()riu»i rersicnfor), i\]t\\\e s<-ab {Fusirhtiliiiiti tUndriticion), and Idack rot of tomatoes. A number of the flgures acconi]>anying the text are original. Spraying experi- ments are reported for brown rot with jtotassium snlphide (1, -, and 4 per cent solntions), carbolic acid (1 jier cent), copper sulphate (2 per cent), iron sulphate (L'.o and "» jter i-ent). ]>otassiiim sulphate (."i and JO percent), liortleaux mixture and hyiinsiilphite of soda (1 pi" 1)iim;< royd Prolilic and Allen Long Staple ga\e the largest _\ ields of seed cott(Ui. in th«' latter year Peerless antl Teelers. Innocent, an Egyptian variety grown at the station for the flrst time in 1S!M, gave a small > ield. Perennial I'eruvian cotton grew to a height of IL' feet, bnt produced neither sijnare nor boll. Expcrimcnis irifli mni. — The yields of IS varieties are tabulated: ^losby Prolilic, Improved Leaming, Mastodon, and (loldeii P.eaut.\ gave the largest yields. li^ruitx. — Lists of vaii<'ties of ])ears, ]>liims, jMunegranates, tigs, citrons, shaddocks, jtomelos, cum(|uat, limes, lemons, oranges, tange rines. and mandarins jdanted at the Sugar Experiment Station. Fortit/c phnifs. — Brief notes on a nnnd)er of ditVerent kimls. im-lnding IKJ species of gras.ses. Teosint*-. alfalfa. Mtdictu/o inrtllti. (leiinan millet, red clover, crimson clover, Viciti rillond. W sutira, Af/iostis nih/dris. Anthoxduthum osition for tlic cane.'' The stubl>le showed in ISOl very little effect from the cutting. Tho difference ia the " cut " and '' unrnt" experiments in 1890 wa« 13.68 tons per acre ; in 1891 it was only 1.08, showinjj that evil efTects of the knife had been nearly. if not entirely, overcome in the stiilihle. Tlie continuance of these exitfrinients emphasizes the snjjjjcstions of last year, viz, that one i;ood, sound cane with a lap, pro|ierIy planted, may ii\yf: excfllent results, while more than two is a waste and extravapaiK-e tu hv severely rej>rove«l. and tliat thr kniff should he used as little as possible in the jjlantiuj; of cane. ritoif rs. stithhlr citnr for sfril {]}. .{"L'). — The experiments on thisques- tion were eoiisiiieiably interfered with ;ind the results, bein^ considered unreliable, are not tabnl;ited. Varietira o/'ca»r (pp. .372-38^i). — T;ilinl;iteS4-."»".>1). — On lliiec series of plats j>ot- ash fertilizers (kainit, suli)hate and nuiriate of i>otash, cotton lndl ashes, and nitrate of potash). |»hosplioric acid fertilizers (dis.solved bonel)lack, acid phospliate.l)onehIa<-k.l>one meal. South ( 'arolina floats, and Thonnis slap), and nitrojicnous fertilizers (cotton seef uitrojren alone has given imreased yields over tlic unfertilized plats — iu some instances over ."> tons per acre and averajjinj; 12..^. The combinatinu of cotton-seeil meal with mixed mint-rals alone has ;;iven constant increments in ,vi«'ld. Dried blood under similar conditions shows a loss. Suljihate of ammonia shows decidt'd jjains. The rest exhibit no jjains by combination. Only with sulphate of auimonia has tlie double lation been ]>rofitable. It ia there- fore apparent that nitrofjenous manures alone have been productive of increa8embined with mixed minerals have given .^1.2.5 tons per acre over the unfertilized i)lats. The mixed minerals in this plat have, however, given very high resnlta, and when the combinations 863 are compared with these little or no gains are perceptible. * * * It may he posi- tively assumed that (1) these soils require uitio<>eu ; (2) when properly combined with mineral manures nitrogen gives its best results; (3) while all forms have given increased yields, sulphate of ammonia and cotton-seed meal have given the largest. Striped vs. pmyle cane (pp. 394-400). To decide this question the station has this year made twelve duplicate experi- ments with each of the 2 varieties growing side by side. Four of each were unfer- tilized and eight were fertilized. They were also grown in rows of ditil'ercut widths. * * * The striped cane was worked up December 9 and the purple December 11, both having been previously killed by the frost of November 30, and left standing until used. Appearances in the field and work in the sugarhouse indicated no mate- rial injury from the frost. They were worked up separately and careful notes made during the entire process, from diffusion juice to sugar. No difference was discov- ered until reaching the centrifugal. They were cooked in the jian to al)out thcsame density, and yet on drying the striped showed marked superiority, both in time required and in sugar obtained. The purple gave a masse cuite which was far more difficult to centrifugal, and ultimately a lower grade sugar. This may have been due to some accidental imperfection of cooking, which sometimes occurs even with the best sugar makers, and not to any inherent property of the juice. Yet an inspec- ti(m of our tables shows uniformly higlier quantities of " solids-uot-sugar " in the purple than in the striped. * * * It would seem from present investigation that the striped possessed more good qualities for southern Louisiana than the purple. Composition of sugar cane at various stages of grotcth (pp. 400-404). — Analyses with reference to food constituents are given of the canes at time of planting; of the seed cane, young cane, and roots collected June 2 and July 14; and of the cane sampled September 2>, when it had attained nearly its full growth, together with analyses of the ash of a sample collected September 25. The conclusions drawn by the author from the results are that — (1) The mother cane supplies the young sprouts with albuminoids, fat, carbohy- drates and (perhaps) ash in the earliest stages of its growth, and there arrives a time, perhaps as soon as the root system of the young plant is well developed, when these sprouts cease to draw on the mother cane for nourishment, and the latter remains thereafter nearly constant, except from decay. (2) The composition of the cane plant varies greatly during growth. While young the percentages of ash, albuminoids, and fat are the greatest, decreasing until matu- rity, when they become least. The fiber and carbohydrates are small in the young plant, increasing with growth and reaching maxima at maturity. One ton of cane delivered at the mill would remove from the soil 9.4 pounds of albumin-oids or 1..5 pounds nitrogen, and 12.2 pounds of ash or mineral matter. Tliis mineral matter would contain 2.17 i>ounds potash, 1.48 pounds phosphoric acid, and 0.8 pound lime. Maryland Station, Special Bulletin F, January, 1892 (pp. 15). The agricultural outlook for Maryland, E. Stake. — An address delivered before the Maryland State Farmers' Association by its president and iniblished by the station at the request of the Associ- ation. 864 Maryland Station, Special Bulletin G, February, 1892 (pp. 11). Inspection and analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in ]NrARYLAND. — This iucludes analyses made at tlie Maryland Ajiritul- tural Collef;e of 57 samples of tertili/.ers received and <(>lle«'t«'d in IS'JI, to;;ether with the trade values of fertilizing;- ingredients for 181)1 and remarks on the valuation of fertilizers. Massachusetts State Station, Circular, March, 1892 (pp. 8). Commercial fertilizers, r. A. (Joessmann. I'ii. I). — Tiiisin«ludes the trad«' values of fertili/.inii injiredients lor 1S'.>l': remarks on the valuatit)n of fertilizers; and instructions to nmuufacturers, importers, aj;ents, and sellers of commercial fertilizers. Analyses are li'weu of wood ashes, cotton-hull ashes, cotton seed meal. wo(»l waste, lish waste, ground nu'at scraps, and aniuial lefuse. Massachusetts Hatch Station. Bulletin No. 17, April, 1892 pp. 37). KxrKRlMi;NTS WITH FlNtilCIDLS AND INSK( TICIDHS AND WITII ORCHARD FRIITS AM) CRAPES, 8. T. MAVNARD, B. S. (pp. 11-47, plates 11, tigs. 4). — Tin- tolj.iwing subjects are treated: (1) Experiments with fungicides and inserticides in 1S!I1.(L') exi»-rinH'nts with grapes and peaclies. (.".) the Silu i ian ciah apple as a graftiuu stock. (1) gird- ling grai»evines, (.5) amount of copjier on sprayed fruit, ((>) i)lan for experiments with fungi<*ides :iiid insecticides in is;>i\ (7) spraying ai»paratus. Erpcrhinnls nith JitiniicUUs mul iiist rtii-itlcs in J^!>1 (pp. ll-iili). — Ac- counts of spraying experiiuents ;it the sl;ition and at several other ]>laces in Massachusetis with llordeaux niixtuic. ;iimiioniar;d cjuliouate ol'copper. sulphate of copper, :iiid suiphate of lion, alone and in com- Itiiiation wilh Paris green, principally for apple sc;il». pe;ir leaf Might, plum le:ir Itlight, peach and plum Iruit rot, hhick knot of the |>Inin, ]>owdery mildew ami Itlack rot of grapes, lasplx-rry anthiacnos<'. and jiotato lol. and for the tent caterpillar, codling moth, and plum curculio. ,1. Fisher reports exi>eiiments in w liiih very weak solutions of sul l)hate of copper (I pouml to S(H) or l.ono giiilons of wati-r) were u.sed on grapes and tomatoes, and others in which kero.seiie cundsion ju'oved an ettective remedy for the jtear tree psylla (I'si/lhi />//>/). The results of the season's work are summed up as foihtws: riH< apph' scull, ppiir leaf l)lilnm Idatk wart, urapc powdfiy iiiild«'\v and Mack lut^ raMplii>riy anllira< nost-, and ]H»tatini-d use of Ihf Hordcaux niixturr .and Paris gntii tlnaliovc funjii.iro prrvonti'd, tin- tent cali'r])illars and cankcrworms an- killtMl, and tlic injury to tlio ajiplc and ]i(ar from llic < odlinii lui'tb ami to llir plum aud pcatb l>y tht- plum ctir- gulii) may be largely prcviutid. 865 Iftho spores of tho plmii \v;ul Ixm imic ("sl.iltlislied in the tree, the copper solu- tions do not stop their •;r()\vtli. 1)ut by p;iintin,<;' with " keruseue paste"' they are destroyed at once. The peach foliaj^e is very susceptilile to injury from copper sohitions, which must, therefore, be applied at from one third to one fourth the strength used upon the apjile and pciir. E.vperinirnts irifh (jrapes and peaches (p]). 32-30). — Of 120 varieties of grapes grown in tlie station vineyard, 105 fruited in 1891. Very few of tlie new varieties are found e(|ual totlie standard sorts for general pur- poses. Concord, Worden, Moore Early, Delaware, Brighton, and Lady are reeomniended for general planting in ISTew England. Among new varieties, Berckinann, Lindley, Massasoit, Kocliester, Salem, Wilder, and Winchell (Green Mountain) have shown tliemselves to be promising. Ten of the new varieties are briefly described. To test the keeping' ([ualities of tlie many kinds of grapes grown, small ([uaTitities of each were placed on trays and put into the fruit rotmi about October 1. Those that showed the poorest keeping (qualities were Ann Arbor, August Giant, Chainj)ion, Concoj'd. Early Victor, Eaton, Hayes, Jancsville, Lady, Martha, JVIoore Early, Nectar, Niagara, Pearl, Triumph, and Worden. Those keeping u]> to Man-h 1 in fair condition rtere Bercknuum, loiia, Jelfersoii, Moore Diamond, Prentis, Roger Nos. 3, 4, 9, lit, 28, 'JO, 33, 31, 39, 11, and 44, Salem, Vergeuncs, and Woodruff Red. Of 18 varieties of peaches which fruited at the station in 1891, Cool- idge, Old Mixon, and IStnni]) — white fleshed varieties — and Crawford liate, Foster, Reeves Favorite, Wheathmd, and Crosby (Excelsior) — yellow fleshed varieties — were the most productive. 0])servations on peach bnds showed " that tlie buds were largely destroyed before the middle of December and generally before the tem- perature had reached zero or a few degrees below. When it has reached from 15° to 20^ below the buds have nearly all been killed." The per cent of buds of 10 varieties found killed March 1 during the past 3 yeais (1890-92), as tabulated, iiuticates considerable difference in the hardiness of dilTereiit varieties. Exix'rimcats daring 1 years (1888-92) in protecting the buds by bend- ing dowii the trees and covering thi-m with mats (obtained from straw- hat factories) and otiier light material indicate that when the covering- is not too heavy it prevents the destructii)n of the buds and that this treatment does not injure the trees. The Siberian crab apple as a f/raffinf/ sfoel- (pp.36, 37). — A brief report on an unsuccessful attein])t to top-bud Siberian crab apple trees with the Williams Favorite a])ple. The results are illustrated. Girdling grapevines (pp. 37, 38). — An account by J. Fisher of exj)eri- ments in continuation of those report(;d in Bulletin No. 13 of the sta- tion (see Ex])eriment Station Record, vol. in, ]». 24). Data are given which indicate that girdling (in 1890) weakened the vines and reduced their productiveuess the following season. Amount otatoes. Spraying apparatus (pp. 44-47). — Illustrated accounts of apparatus tested at the station, including a pump attached to a cask, a knapsack pump, and a syringe sprayer devised by J. Fisher, and termed tlie "IIydrosi)rayer." The last named is descri])ed as follows: The barrel of the sprayer is 15 inches long; the piston has a stroke of 14 inches; the diameter is 1.75 inches, and it will hold somewhat more than a pint. The nozzle is pierced with ninety-nine holes, having a direction radiating from a point in the rear, the effect heing to throw a spray 20 or more feet with a spread of 6 feet. The holes are of smli a size that the s]>ray is as tine as is c(iin]>atil>le with the distance mentioned. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Bulletin No. 18, April, 1892 (pp. 54). Soil TESTS with fkutimzkhs, \N'. I\ Bk(»|)(Mativr cxitcriincnts were madt* in ISO! on 7 farms in the State, inclnding tiie college farm, with lertilizt-is foi- potatoes, (»ats, and corn. In the majority of cases these wore on land w Inch had been nsed foi- 1 or 2 years ])revi(»iis for simihir soil tests, and «'arevious tests. E;ich exj^'riment iinlnded 1 acre, containing 15 twentieth acre plats separated by nnterti- li/x'd strips. Five plats rem;iiin'd unnmnnred; one received KJO jiountls of lime; another H!0 jiounds of land jdaster; another 5 cords of barn- yard mannre ])er acre: and on the remainder nitrate of soda HiO pounds, muriate of i)otash KiO pounds, and dissolve*! lioneblack .IL'O pounds per acre were used singly ;ind in combinations of two and ;ill three. Meteor ologieal observations wen* m;ide iti most eases. The results of the aimlyses of the fertilizers and b;»rnyard manure tised, and the yields are fully tabulated. In se\»Tal instances suggestions are made as to the fertilizer mixtures most likely t(» prove beneliei;il on the soil in tpic-tion. Experiments with potatoes (pp. 50-75). — These were 5 in number. In every ex])eriment except one, which gave no n'liable indi<-ations, pot- ash proved more b«'netiei;il than either phosphoric acid or nitrogen, and the indications were that the soils needed i)otash especially f»u- this cr<>p. In two cases this was a corroboration of the results of pre- vious trials with corn. "The average net increase [with 5 cords of barnyard manure] is 77 bushels against 01.2 bushels for complete fertilizer, * » * Viewed from the standpoint either of profit or recovery of plant food applied to the soil, these results are less satis- factory than those with complete fertilizer." - 867 The analyses Avliicli were made of 1 2 " special " potato manures, taken in couuectiou with tlie results of these trials, lead the author to sug- gest that potash " should be relatively more abundant in fertilizers especially devsigned for this crop than is usually the case. The 12 spe- cial potato fertilizers contained on the average, nitrogen 3.4, phosphoric acid 10.69, and potash 6.30 per cent." Experiments with oats (pp. 76-82). — Two of these were made, one being on the college farm. In both cases nitrate of soda proved espe- cially beneficial to the crop. '' It proves more useful than eitlier phos- phori(5 acid or potash, and gives less increase wheu used either with muriate of ijotasli alone or with muriate of potash and ])hosphori(? acid. Our experiments with oats, tlieii, although limited in numbei-, strongly indicate the advisability of applying a small quantity of nitrate of soda for this crop." Experiments ivith earn (pp. 82-87). — In the two experinuMits with corn, nitrate of soda proved decidedly beneticial, in one case more so than any other material; in tlie other, potash seemed to be the element juost ueeded, and this result bore out the conclusions of the 2 previ- ous years. The use of muriate of potash with manure for corn, W. P. Brooks, B. S. (pp. 87-89).— One acre of land was divided into 4 equal plats. Plats 1 and 3 received 6 cords of barnyard manure ]K'r acre, and plats 2 and 4, 3 cords of barnyard uuinure and 124 l)ounds of muriate of potash per acre. The yields of corn were as follows: Yields of corn per acre. riat. Manure per acre. Yield per acre. Shelled corn. Stover. No.l... No. 2... No.3... No. 4... 6 cords barnyard niauure 3 cords barnyard manure, 124 pounds muriate of potash 6 cords barnyard manure ^ 3 cords barnyard manure, 124 pounds muriate of potash Bushels. 61.1 57.2 61.5 55.4 Pounds. 3,840 3,780 3, 800 3,600 '^ These figures and comparisons show that the manure alone pro- duced slightly the better crop, but estimating manure at $5 per cord and muriate of potash at $45 per ton, shelled corn at 65 cents per bushel and stover at $5 per ton, we find that the manure and potash, although producing a slightly less valuable crop, gave a financial result nearly $9 better than manure alone." A comparison of the fertilizing ingredients applied in tlie manures and removed by the crops indicates that "the unexhausted manurial residue in the soil of plats 1 and 3 is worth more than in the soil of plats 2 and 4. It is proposed to continue this acre in a similar experiment for '(X series of years," 868 Special corn fertilizers vs. a fertilizer richer in potash, W. P. Brooks, B. S. (pp. 90-9:i). — (Jne half acre of land, formerly in pasture, and on which millet had beeu i^rown la 181K), was divided into halves in 1801 and i)lanted to corn. On one half 2U0 ])ounds of a mixed fertilizer was ai)i)lied, containing the proportions of ferti lizing ingredients found on the average to be contained in seven of the more commoidy used special fertilizers for corn, and (»ii the other half a fertilizer niixture furnishing less nitrogen and i>h()sphoric acid, but nearly three times as much potash and costing nearly $3 per acre less than the first. The yields of corn and the financial results show that the crop was equally large from the second section (.">."> and .">(; bushels per acre), and the net returns $4.21 per arre greater than from the first section. The economy of buying the criule materials and mixing the fertilizers at home, instead of buying readyniixed si»ecial fertilizers is urged. The results of the trial strengthen the views with referenc*' to the use of fertilizers for corn advanced in HuUctin No. 14 of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. in, p. lO.")), which are reprintetl, together with f(»nnulas for mixtures for corn. On another half acre the fertilizers used above were aitpHcd for millet. The average of the "special corn fertilizers" costiug within I rents of $.S more per acre, gave a crop wortii at li-ast (at current ])riies for common millet) ifti.IW less per acre than the fcrtilizt-r richer in potash — a net atlvantag*- in favor of the latter fertilizer of ffl.;^. This result attonls further evidence, therefore, of the correctness of my conclusion in regard to fertilizers. They are undoulitcdly, as a rule, too poor in ])otash. Comparison OF CORN and millet asorain crops, W. V. UPvooks, B. S. (pp. 03, 1>4). — This is (ui the basis of the yield, as the analyses had not yet been comi)leted. Experiments aic in progress to compare meal from millet seed and from <'orn as food tor milch cows. For the present I desire simply to call attention to the fact that the millet has enormous cropping cai)acity. It gave tis to the half acre 1^7.2 hushels of seed, weighing 17 pounds [ler bushel, while the corn gave us 80.8 hushels of shelled grain. The millet straw weight-d LMitl ])onnds; the corn stover (by no means as dry) 2,100 pounds. 'I'he milht straw chopped, crushed, moistened, and sprinkleil with meal is readily eat<'n by both horses and cattle; but it does not api>ear to be equal to tin' corn stover in fecfling value. The millet seed, as shown by the n'snlts of foreign analyses, appears to resemble oat« very closely in composition. So far a.x our «'xpe- rience in fteding it has gont-. the meal from it a]ij)ears to equal eorn meal in fee and 7. Composition of potatoes as affected iiv fertilizers. W. P. Brooks, W. S. (]>)>. 04-07). — The results are tabulated of deteimiuatious of moisture anil of starch in samples of the tubers for each plat in three of the soil tests with fertilizers for potatoes reported above. 869 The number of (leterininatinns made is insnfltiriont, and tlie difteronces are too small to ju.stify very ])0.sitive conclusions; l)ul our results indicate a favorable effect of nitr.ate of soda ami the dissolvctions of some of the uses of the last named and analyses of the Ked Adzuki bean (Phaseolus rddiattis), the soja bean, and the common kidney bean [Plianeohis riilt/aris). The analyses areas follows: Percentage composition of hcans. Kidney bean. * Eed Adzuki. Soja bean. AVater 13.00 3. 5(i 19. 75 1.22 \ 62.27 14. 82 3.74 20. 23 0.75 5 3.83 } 56.63 11.53 6. -.5 34.49 16.45 4.40 26.58 Crude i>r()teiii Crude fat Crude fiber Nitrogen-free extract 100. 00 100.00 100. 00 ' Analvsi-s "according to Anderson.' Experiments are in progress at the station to test the feeding value of meal from soja beans. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Bulletin No. 19, May, 1892 (pp. 35). Reports on insects, C. H. Fernald, Ph. D. (pp. 109-143, plates 6, tigs. 12).— The subjects treated are (1) the Gypsy moth, (2) an insect trap, (3) experiments with Paris green on apple trees, (4) kerosene emulsion for plant lice and red spiders on rose bushes, (5) experiments wdth Paris green on tent caterpillars, and (6) cranberry insects. Gyp^y moth {\)\^. 109-116).— An account of the distribution and food habits of the Gypsy moth {Ocneria disiHtr) and detailed descriptions of the Insect in its diiferent stages, in continuation of the accounts given in Special Bulletin, November, 1SS9, and Bulletin IS^o. 7 of the station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. i, p. 22a, and vol. Ii, p. 24). The different stages of the insect and the effect of its ravages on apple orchards and woodlands are illustrated, and a map of the infested region in Massachusetts is given. This region nov,^ includes twenty nine cities and towns in the eastern part of the State. Numerous parasites were discovered last summer preying upon the eggs and larvje of the Gypsy moth. The following species, determined by H. Osborn, were tbund destroying the eggs: Trombidiinn hiitbipes, Pack.; Xothrun sp. near oncorus, Pack. This species difi'ers from that described by Packard in having but two capitate 870 appcndnges on the fe])li:ilothorax. Ai-coidiiii: to Osliorn. I'lihrothripa sp. can not be idtiitilifd positively, tlioiigh tin y may J>e the larva- and pupa of J', mtili. Tiny :i«iri-« ■well with Kilcy's brief descriptiuM ofliis TItrips phylloxvnr, but these arc undoubtedly Fhlaollirips. The following: species were bred from the ])n]»a' ut in the same place and near tlie others. et> that they woiilil have an equal chance with them. The comparison between the ))ainted an3 were hnng out .\pril LM. ami the insects ccdlected from them each day and determined. This was continued until September l.">, when the work was closed ui). It was not easy to make specific determinations of the insects that had been soake«l in the liquid in the traj>s, but they were «!eternuned a.s accurately as pos.sible with the lollowiiig results: Beetles, tWO specimens; wa-si)s and bumblebees, l.OlM Hpecimens; butterlli«'s and moths, 17. .'»!»(» sjiecimcns; Hies of various kinds. fiP.IlTff specimens. A few jilum cunulios were taken, but the greater number of the beetles were Ips fiisriatiiH, which is a s|>ecics said to be injurious. There were but a few butterliies and sphinx moths, and only one tent cateri>ilhir motli, wliieh was undoubtedly an accidental capture. * * ,\s tile majority of the injurious insects taken in these trajis lly in the night only, anil most of the Hies that are beiielicia". fly in the«laytinie, 1 woubl advise those who use the traps to leave them out only duringthe night, taking them in or ha\ing them closed during the day, so that no insect can get into them. If this is done I think they will prove v<>ry n>ielul. I'J.rprrhncnts irifh I'mis firrrii on apple tms {\\\t. 118, 110). — A Idief aeconnt of spraying exi)eriinfnts with I'aris ixvvvn (1 jioiind to \.W j^al- lons of water) on ajtph- trees irrowinu in a ixreenhonse, one .section of wliieli was kept dry :ni t<» 1,0(K) jj;allons of water. The results are summed up as ftdlows: 871 (1) The smallest proportions, as 1 poiiud toSOOor 1,000 gallons, required solongatiine to kill the eaterpillars that they might wander otl" or tliat showers might wash the Paris green from the trees before they wonld cat enongh to kill them; (2) the largo or nearly grown caterpillars Avere quite as readily killed by any of the proportions nsed in these experiments as those just hatched or in early molts; (3) the proportions of 1 pound of Paris green to 100 gallons of water, or 1 pound to 150 gallons sprayed ujiou apple trees, iu experiments that have been conducted here for 3 years past, have burned the foliage to such an extent as to injure the trees very materially; (4) the most suitable proportions to be used on apple trees in this region, and perhaps throughout the State, are 1 pound of Paris green to 200, 250, or 300 gallons of water. Cranberry insects (pp. 128-143). — It is estimated that 157,000 barrels of cranberries were raised in ilassacliusetts in 1891. Great injuiy is done to the croiJ by certain insects, chief among which arc the vine worm and frnit worm. Eeplies from cranberry growers to whom a circnlar of inquiry was sent, are summarized. Replowing or burning the bogs, and the axDphcatiou of tobacco as an insecticide are the means com- monly taken for the repression of insects. There is a prejudice against the use of Paris green. The tip worm [Cecidomyia vaccinii), vine worm {RJio})ohotavacciniana), and fruit worm [Mineola vaceinii) are described and illustrated. Experiments at the station indicated that Paris green is an effective remedy for the vine worm. Other experiments, in which different amounts of the insecticides were api)lied, indicate that the foliage is greatly injured when the solution is stronger than in the proportion of 1 pound of Paris green or London purple to 100 gallons of water, and that a much weaker solution (1 pound to 200 or 300 gallons of water) will kill the vine Avorm. The best results in the use of Paris green are obtained by mixing about 2 quarts of glucose, or, if that can not be obtained, molasses with 150 gallons of water and 1 pound of Paris green, and applying with a force pump and nozzle which throws the mixture in the form of the finest mist, and continuing till the plants are thoroughly wet, hut stopping before it begins to run off from them. As the Paris green is only in suspension in the water, it should he carefully stirred during all the time the spray is being thrown upon the plants. Massachusetts Hatch Station, Meteorological Bulletin No. 40, April, 1892 (pp. 4). A daily and monthly summary of observations for April at the meteor- ological observatory of the station, in charge of C. D. Warner, B. S. Michigan Station, Bulletin No. 83, April, 1892 (pp, 26). Insecticides and fungicides, L. R. Tapt, M. S. (figs. 11). — Popular information regarding the preparation and use of insecticides and fungicides for the treatment of insect pests and fungous diseases of plants prevalent in Michigan. Downy and powdery mildews of the grape, apple scab, pear blight, black knot of the plum and cherry, brown rot of stone fruits, sliot hole fungus {Septoria pruni)^ plum pockets {Taphrina primi), and wheat rust {Puccinia graminis) are described and illustrated. 872 Michigan Station. Bulletin No 84. April. 1892 (pp. 6). Roots vs. .sir>A<»d. li. S., AND F, ]i. MuMi-OKD, B. S. — To test the relative value of sii^'ar beets and sila;;e for fattening lambs. Hi jrrade Slirojisliire lambs were divid«'tl into two lots and f«*d dnrin;r two sejiarate jteriods. L(»t 1 received beets and clover hay «'/ llhifum and lot 2 silage and hay '/'/ liUitum durin<^ <» weeks (first jwriod). In a transiti()n pn iod oi 1 week thr lots were alternated, and for (• weeks Ibllowinj; (second jt«-rioimn;r the whole trial the lambs each received 1 pound per «lay.of a jxrain nuxture con sistinj; of two ]>arts of oats and one of bran. The lambs were jiurchased about Octol>er l."i, at 4.."» cents per jtound. The trial eonnneneed Decern Itei- '.>. The amounts of food ernisumed, };ains in live wei<;ht, and the linaneial results, based on oats at .'J- cents and bran at !"» inits jK-r bushel, hay at "^T.^O, and silajre and roots eaeh at •'i'L'.."»i» \n-\- ton. are tal>u!at<'(|. Tlieaveraj^e j;ain of the hnubs while on roots was ."» puuiids jier we«'k and while on sila;;e -.5 p(Uinds per week. "This experiuunt indi«'ates that (1) r<»ots are sui)erior to silage for fatt<*ning landts; (2) eithei- roots tu" silage ma> •■nter largely into the fattening ration, and, alU)wing a ieasonai)le valuation i»n «'aeh. may be fed at a i»rotit; (3) lambs may I»e successfully laltcncd withoui the ust- <»f a heavy giain ration: [\\ I'allening lambs under e\istingrondit ions in Mirhigan is a profitable eiiterpi'ise ami is w ortliy ot the most «-areful thought and study of all «Mii;agi(| in mixrd farming." Michigan Station, Bulletin No. 85. April. 1892 ,pp. 21 1. FlKM) i;\n:iMMKNTS Willi l'(»T ATnK.s. I,. |;. I Ml. M. S.— Tliesf were in eontinuation of the expniini'iits leeoideil in I'lUlh-tius Nos. ."iT and 70 ol the stafi(Ui (See I'xpeiimenl Slalion K'ecord. vol. ii. pp. •"»*< and .')Sli aiitl iiicjinhil a test ol \ arieties and exi>eriments in ]»lauting ditfi'r enf kinds and amounts of seed, in jdanting at dilVerenl distam-es, and with fei tili/.eis. In 1S!)1 drouth «aused the eioji to rijten prematurely, and reduced the yield, especially of the late varieties. 7V-.S/ ill' ntrii'titx. — Tabulated data are given tor 140 varieties and descrijjtive n«>tes on 40 varieties grown at the station lor the llrst tinu' in IS'.M. As an extra i>iul\ sort lldwe I'rtMiiinni lias again shown itself nno nf llie lu'sl. Althitngli only fairly jdodnelive. it is of i-xrellont (piality, anroilneeil l.':{7.."> Imshels .'ind :»;}«!. S Inishels. res])eeti\ ely. They seemed to he nearly as early as I'reiiiinm. and were minh iiior«< |irodii(tive. [The yields in hnshelf^per aero of some of the nu)re |)romising varieties were as fol- lows:] NewC/neen -JS^.Tonhoeks-Jfi:?.?. .est sorts that would Ix- t-lassed as nK-dium-latc were West No. 3 261.7 (rather ((..use). P. and W. Victory 231, Lazell Seedling 228.7, Per- lectioii 213.4, and Suit])laut('r 206.2. 'I'lic licst late sorts were Enipin' State 273, Halo of Dakota 261.2, Ideal 258, White Eleidiant 209.7, Crown Jewel 208.3, and Rural Blusli 206.4. With the excei)tioii of West No. 3, every one of these varieties was on tlie selected list of varieties tested at the station in 1S90 and a num- ber of them were also highly commended in 1888 and 1889. tlack, groniHl lione, muriate of potash, and sulphate <>f potasli, each ahim- and in various combinations, besides Odorless (iron; Phosphate, bone and potash, and Homestead superphosphate. The manure was applied at the rate of 20 loads (10 cords) per acre, the ashes at the rate of 40 bushels, sulphate of ammonia at the rate of 160 pounds, nitrate of soda 240 pounds, muriate and sulphate of potash 240 pounds, and ground bone and dissolved bonel»lack 400 pounds. The highest application to any jilat consisted of a mixture of 240 jiounds of muriate of potash, 240 pounds of nitrate of soda, and 4(X) pounds of ground bone, at an expense of $16 to $18 per acre. The least expensive fertilizer was 240 pounds of sulphate of potash, at a cost of $3..t0. Four varieties were used in the test in each plat, but by an error in selecting the seed only 2 of these were the same throughout, and exact comparisons can not be made except of the yields of these varieties. The results as tabulated iiulicate that the higlie.st yield was attained when .stable manure was used as a mulch betwcfii the rows. ^lanurc over the seed iucivased the yield more tlian inannre undtT the serd, but this result was reversed in the ease of the other fertilizers. Tlic chemical fertilizers were profitably use-7). — T.rief state- ments rejiiirdinii' the buildinf;s. «'(|uipment. work. anost a|)plietl in the drill at the rate ol l.ooii pounds per acre. Tlu' results in 1S'.>1 afifreed with tlutse of i)revious years in iiidieatiiij;" that a fertilizer cou- tainiuji" an abundance of vej^ctable matti'r isre(piire(l im e\hausre(l hill lands of yellow and red clay like tlutse at the stati«)n. Field experiments with cotton (i)p. 1(>-L*ii). — These included exi)eriments with fertilizers and tests of varieties. Cotton, fertilizer e.riteriiuents. — Accounts are j^iven <»f «'xperiments Avith i'otton, similar to those with corn referred to above, on diti'erent kinds of soil at the station and substations, in continuation of those reported in the .Vunual Ixeport of the station for 18l>0 (see FiXperi- meut Station Kecoid. vol. ii. )». (]■")(»). 875 [In general it has been fonnd that on the yollow loam of the liill regions of tbo State, I while good results have always been obtained l)y tlie nse of a mixture of potash and phospliorie acid salts, results have been still better when the soil has received a fair supply of vegetable matter in addition. Whether this vegetable mat- ter is derived from composting the commercial salts with cotton-seed meal, cotton seed, or stable manure seems to make but little difference, thougli if manure is used much more will be required than of the meal or seed. The results of the work of the past year both at the home station and at the Holly Sijriugs branch have served to strengthen these conclusions. The yellow loam or "post oak" region of the State has in nearly all places a large excess of lime. Such soils are usiuxlly Avanting in vegetable matter, which must be supplied either by growing some crop for plowing under, or by some form of fertilizer. The value of cowpeas as a green manure is too well known to need couuuent here, but there are other crops wliich are often even more ])rofitable for this pur])ose. Melilotus grows well on all lime soils, and where the subsoil is close and heavy it is undoubtedly the best crop which can bo grown as a green manure. * * * Yot very thin red or yellow soils Japan clover is an excellent fer- tilizer and will grow on a soil which is too poor to produce a good crop of peas and so destitute of lime as to be unfit for melilotus, but on soils suited to their growth either red clover, melilotus, or cowpeas give better results. * * * For the pine-woods region, Avhere the soils are almost uniformly deficient in lime, both pliosphoric acid and potash are needed in a fertilizer, though the phosphoric acid seems the more important of the two. Such soils are usually deficient in vege- table matter also, which must be supplied in some form. Peas grow well on these soils and is probably the best green crop which can be used, and either cotton seed or cotton-seed meal are also used to advantage. Cotton, test of varieties. — Tabulated data are given for 46 varieties grown in 1891, and the results are comi)ared with those obtained in previous years. Flax culture (pp. 22-24).— Seed of Medium and Bold Calcutta flax was sown in January and March. " From both the winter and the spring- sowings the Bold Calcutta plants Mere a trifle the larger, but otherwise there was no marked difference between them, although tliere was a marked difference in the seed, that from the Bold Calcutta being- much larger and pluniper." The work in this line will be continued, AVheat, TEST OF VARIETIES (pp. 24, 25).— A brief account of a test of 12 English and 2 French varieties. The English varieties were late in rii)ening- and were very badly injured by rust. The Frencli varieties yielded 17 and 27 bushels per acre. Grasses (pp. 25, 26). — A general statement regarding the tests of species of grasses being carried on in the Southern States in coopera- tion with this Department. Details will be given in Bulletin No. 20 of the station and in the Eeport of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1891. Feedings experime^'ts (pp. 26-28).— Thirty grade cows divided into 6 lots of 5 each (four Jerseys and one Holstein), were fed 5 weeks, beginning January l.'J, to test the relative value of different foods for the production of milk and butter. The hay used was analyzed with the following results: 876 AnahjKCH of liai/ iixfd in feeding erperimenls. Id original material : Old lioiiudit corn meal 8.5 ftonndft timothy hay, 9.5 pounds raw cotton M-i-A 10.9 immmkIh HiTUHidahay. 9..'>|MMiDds raw cotton .need Milk. Coat of food. Yield. I Cost per gallon. Butter fat. I lialM. $12.16 : 154.90 13.07 26.42 136.17 206.32 16. 40 127. .55 22.34 181.68 Cents. 7.7 8.5 8.8 12.8 12. 8 12.3 Batter. Yield. Cost ,Hr ]iouud. Gain in live weight. Per et. 5.62 Pound*. 69.70 1 Cent: Ij 17.4 5.55 76.:io 19.1 , 5.M 81.48 19. e 3.86 63.72 41.4 1 5.43 .v.. 4C 11*. .'> S.38 7*1. 37 Pound*. lUO 2U5 214 * LoM. As far as the linos of work wore jiarallcl the results of tliis I'xperi- meiit aj;ree with those of a jirevituis oxptM iineiit ivportod in Hulletiii No. l.'iof tho station (see Ivvperiment Station U'ecoid. vol. ii, \\. MM). r.cnniKhi and tiinotliy liay were oacli Wi\ U\ ."> working ninh*.s for L' months with substantially the .sanif re.siilts. Comparison OF milk tests (pp. L*S, 2!»). — Analyses l»y the *iravi- metric. liabfock. ^»eimlillJ,^ and I'atiick nn-thods aro tabnlatod, ••All of tilt' int'tliods j^ivc fairly acciiiatf results, but in the n ajurit> »»f the oases tilt lucthods of Ueiiulinjr an*ts of varie- ties of strawborrios anil ;;rapos ami of cxpcrimonts with ]>otatt)os and orchard Iriiits. Entomot.ockat- \V(tKiv (pjt. .il'-.iiJ). — r.osidcs roforeneo to the aooounts of work published in Uullotins Nds. 14 ami 17 of the statitm (stH^ l^\|»ei iuu'iit Station iJeenrd. v»»l. II. p. ♦•."»!•, and vol. Ill, ]». TOlM, notes are uiveii on the bolhvonn ( lltliotliis unnitivra). Teriius ffuript's. ln)rn tly (llanidtohid srrrndn. eliineli bu;; [lUissiis IciivnjttcrKff), lady beetle {HippiKlnmin (■i»irrrji( iis\, and i»eai tree borer (ISt'tiia pyri). Tour analyses of I'aris gioon are given. 877 Meteorological summary (p. 37). — Tabulated data for each month of 1891 . The averages for the year were as follows: Pressure (inchovs). — Average 29.7. Air icmpcrature (degrees F.). — Maximum 97; minimum 19; average G3.G. Rnmidity. — Relative huinidity 75. Precip- itation.— Total (inches) 61.17; number of days on which rain fell 84. Sunsh ine (hours).— Total 2,182. TV7n(7.— Total movement (miles) 09,191. Missouri Station, Bulletin No. 17, January, 1892 (pp. 28). Sugar beets in Missouri, G. P. Fox. — This includes general infor- mation regarding- the culture of sugar beets, and reports ou experi- ments at the station and elsewhere in Missouri. Five varieties grown at the station in 1890 averaged 14 per cent of sucrose in the juice, but 4 of these varieties in 1891 averaged only 12.64 per cent. The difference in sugar content is attributed to difierences in climatic conditions. The results of analyses of 57 sam^iles from 20 counties of the State, as tabulated, show i>ercentages of sucrose rang- ing from 4.59 to 18.85 and averaging 9.81. The temperature is higher and the rainfall greater in Missouri than in the beet-growing regions of Europe and the soil is largely uufit for beet culture. The outlook for the introduction of this industry into Missouri is not promising, but the experiments will be repeated. New Hampshire Station, Bulletin No. 15, December, 1891 (pp. 7). Patent cattle foods, G. H. Whitcher, B. S., and F. W. Morse, B, S. — This includes analyses of Pratt's Food, Weston's Condition Pow- ders, and Climax Food, which h;ive been extensively used in the State. The samples analyzed were purchased in the openmarket. The Pratt's Food sold at 75 cents per package of 12 pounds or §6 per 100 pounds. " The food appears to be wheat middlings, to which has been added some fenugreek." The condition powders sold at 50 cents per package of 3 pounds. '' In appearance it resembles a mixture of corn meal and cotton-seed meal, and it had a saline taste and strong odor of fenu- greek." It was found to contain chlorine equivalent to 4.7 per cent of common salt, about the same percentage of fat as corn meal, but con- siderably more protein and ash than the latter. The Climax Footl sold at $1 for 12i pounds or $8 per 100 pounds. In appearance it reseral)led a mixture lunis, plum pockets {fJ.roa.srus { Taph- rina) pruni), clierry sliot-hole blight {>Septuria ccranina), grape mildews, and black rot of grapes. New Jersey Stations, Bulletin No. 87, April 13, 1892 (pp. 28). Analyses of commercial feeds, E. B. Vo(»rhees, M. A. — Analyses with reference to food and feitili/Jng ingredients are given of S") .samjdes of feeding stufls ccdlected by station oflieials early iu November from large dealers iu ten local centers of the State. These include corn meal, <-racked corn, wheat bran, wlu'at middlings, corn and oats, linsectl meal, cotton .seed meal, malt sprouts, rye bran, dried brew- ers' grains, hominy meal, ground oats, dark feeding Hour, shij) stutf, wheat shorts, buckwheat bran, buckwheat middling.^, rye middlings, gluten meal, "giano" gluten, gluco.'^j' meal, rye Iced, oat {'vvi], oat hulls, corn bran, and mixtures of iiomiuy, oat.s, and inc. hominy meal and oats, and corn, oats, and rye. (Jrano gluten is desciilied as a cooked and dried disliilery waste, c(uisisting principally of the nitrin. Albiimi- nnid )>ro- U'in. Nitroutii fr.-.- OTtniit. I'fr ernt. Per e^nt. 12.70 32.00 Per eenl. lii. 78 1.05 Per eenl. 3.3. M 3.51 Per eent. 32.05 3.37 Per eent. 35 48 Ont Imlls 56.22 I'niilicing ingrrdiints in grann glutvn and oat hulls. ■Water. Xitrogeii. Per eent. 4.08 0.52 Phon- phoric acid. Pola.ssiuni ..xi.l.-. Per eetit. .1.82 7.2« Per eent. 0.51 0.24 Per eent. 0 15 Oat hiiUs 0 5'' 879 "Tlie former [grano gluten] promises to be a valuable addition to our list, while the latter is ])O0y, containing a high percentage of crude fiber largely indigestible. Its sale is not likely, however, to assume great proi)ortions. Oat hulls are fre(juently used by millers to grind with corn in the place of oats. * * * No evidence of injurious or willful aduiteration was discovered." The average composition of each kind of feeding stuff analyzed is compared with the average figures given in Jenkins and Wiuton's Com- pilation of Analyses of American Feeding Stuffs (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, p. 701). The article also includes popular dis- cussions on the following vsubjects: Cost per pound of the food ingredi- ents in the different feeding stuffs analyzed, illustrated by tables; eco- nomical methods of using feeds, with formulas for rations for youug stock, fattening animals, milch cows, and work horses; and the rela- tive value of the fertilizing constituents contained in the different feeds. New Jersey Stations, Special Bulletin 0, April 6, 1892 (pp. 26). Experiments with nitrate of soda on tomatoes, E. B. Voor- HEES, M. A. — Field experiments with nitrate of soda on tomatoes, made in 1889-90 and reported in Bulletins ISTos. 63 and 79 of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. i, p. 261, and vol, iii, p. 30), indi- cated that this material, under proper conditions of use, is a valuable fertilizer for tomatoes. To further test this matter experiments were made in 1891 on two different farms, one (Mr. Gill's) having a sandy loam soil in a good state of fertility, and the other (Mr. Housel's) a light clay loam, " apparently deficient in all the essential plant food ele- ments." Each exi)eriment included 12 twentieth acre ijlats, 2 of which remained unman ured. The fertilizers were applied as follows: On 8 plats nitrate of soda 160 and 320 pounds per acre, alone and in com- bination with boneblack 320 pounds and. muriate of potash 160 pounds per acre, the nitrate being used all at one time or in two sejiarate por- tions; on 1 plat boneblack and muriate of i)otash 320 and 160 pounds per acre, respectively; and on 1 x)lat barnyard manure. p]arly varieties of tomatoes were used in l)oth cases, the plants being started under glass from seed sown in February. In Mr. Gill's ex]>eriment the plants were set and the fertilizers applied on May 4, and in Mr. Housel's exper- iment, May 11. The plants were checked 4.5 by 4.5 feet apart. The second application of nitrate of soda was made in Mr. Gill's experi- ment June 2, and in Mr. Housel's experiment June 12. The results of both trials are fully tabulated, showing the yield and selling price of tomatoes at diflerent pickings, the relation of the yield and value of early tomatoes to the total yield and total value of the crop, the net value of the crop jier acre on the different plats, etc. The results of the two experiments are considered separately. 880 Mr. Gill's experiment "• was not altosetlier satisfa<'t()rv. oitlicr in re- gard to early yield or ]nices, the cold weatlier in May serionsly retard- ing growth and the juices in Jnly being much lower than nsiial/' The total yield of early tomatoes was very largely increased on all jdats treated withuitrate; minerals alone on plat 6 were also deeidedly l»en<'ficial, though tlieir nee iu eonnecrion with nitrate of soda seemed to reduce rather than increase the total yield. Harnyard iiinnure on ]ilat 11 did not materially inllMence tlie yield, and iu this respect tlic results agree witli those secured iu the cxjieriuient of ISSit. Tho average yield of early tomatoes on the [un("ertili/ed] jdats agreed closely. I'siiig this yield as a basis of coiuiiarisun, it is sliown tliat nitrate of soda decidedly inlhi- enccd maturity, antl that the modifying factors were mainly ijuantity apjilied and method of use, i. r. whether a]>|died ah>ne or in conn<-ctioii with the mineral ele- ments— phosphoric acid and j>otash. The results do not seem to liave heeu iu any way iullucm-cd by fractional ajiplica- tions of tlie nitrate of soda. " The tinal and vital test of increased maturity is, howi-vcr. ha.sed ui)on liuaniial consideratitms, for the yield up to a ci-rtaiu ihite may he increased in ]iroper proi»or tion and still not be inopdrtionatcly increased in value. » ^ » By tile use of nitrate of soda alone [lt>npounils ]ier acrcj the yield was increased 2V.i.'2 ]iounds i>r X|.5 pei- cent, and the value •fS.Jts ur 71.7 i>er cent; with nitrate of Hoda [!(>(• pounds) in cun nee tion with minerals, the yield was increased Hi7.5iiounds ur Hfi. I ]ier cent, and the value $'A.0\ or .">(>. ."i per cent ; with uitrat*' of soda ahun- [.S2n pounds] the yield was increased 12t>.l |iounds i»r .'>0 jier cent, and the value $I.X!I or 35.5 per cent: with uitrat«- of soda ['.VJO jioumls] in eounecliun wilh minerals the yield was increased but 60. :> pountls or L';?.!tper cent, and the v.ilue 7>i) eenls or !•. I jier cent ; minerals alone iucrease7. 1 percent. In oilier wunls. the miuiey value <»f early tomatoes inereasi-d in jHopurtiou to the increased yield only when small i|uautilies of nitrate of soda were useney value, maturity was])roportionately increa.sed bysnialli|u.'intitie.> of nitrate of so«Ia, however used, and luoportiouately decreased when large ipianti- ties weriMised. while the actual money value of the early t(MMatocswa> greater iu all the groujjs with nitrate than ujion tlie unfertili/ed laud. The results this year indicate that nitrate of soda «lid not incrcnse the yicbl .it tli" expense ot' money value of early tomatots under any of tlie <'oiiditioiis of the experi nieiit, ami that tin- best results were secured from the iisi- of small i|u:intities of nitrate of soda alom*. Tliis. therefore, furtlieremphasi/es the conclusion that, proji- erly used, nitrate of soda is a ]irotiUible fertilizer tor tomatoes. In ^Ir. ITonsel's e\]ieriinent the soil selected was jioor, and wliile imt lieavy. was compact in tcxtm c with a tench'iicy to puddle alter working, and proved nnra\oial»le lor the growth ot" early tomatoes. I'ractically the tirst ])n'king was on .Inly '-"_' and tlie fViiil ripened \ciy sluwly n|) to Atignst 18. While the yields on plats treated with nitrate of soda alone are somewhat larger than where nothing w.is used, the increase is too small to be taken into considerjj- tion. Using the yield lui ])lat 1 as n-presenting the unuianured lanti, minerals increased the yield nn)re than l.")0 per tvui, while nitrate of soda and miueials together incre.ised it on an average of 17!l ])er cent. The yield and value of early tomatoes smaller quantity of nitrate of soda, and in both cases the second a])]>1icaounds sulphate of potash, and 610 pounds of kainit were used without nitrogenous fertilizers, and each of these combina- ti(ms was applied with 200 pounds nitrate of soda, and with 280 pounds (hied bl(»od, furnishing like amounts of nitrogen jier acre. This arrangement afforded opportunity for comi)aring the efi'ects of the three potash manures with each other in two series of plats, with and without nitrogen, and of comparing the nitrogenous fertilizers with ea(di other and with mixed minerals. Early Rose i)otatoes were raised in the first two experiments and Burbank in the third. "The season in Gloucester County [where experiments Nos. 1 and 2 were located] was but tairly favorable throughout; in Middlesex County [No. 3] the amount of rain was below the average in May and June and the weather rather cool, but the vines made a continuous and rapid growth." 26624— No. 12 4 882 Detailed statements of the yield of large and small potatoes for each plat, the net value of the marketable potatoes, and the net gain or loss are tabulated for each experiment. The highest yields from fertilized plats were practically identical [in experiments Nos. 1 and 2] and were secured in both cases from the chemical manures: [in experi- ment No. 3] the barnyard manure gave the highest yield, though this yield was lower by 20 bushels per acre than in the case of the others. In other words, the fertilizers increased tlie yield 1^86 pounds per plat, or 207 jter cent in No. 1, 423 pounds or 236 per cent in No. 2, while in No. 3 the increase was but 2.">8 pounds or 100 per cent. This would seem to indicate what is frfcjuently insisted upon, that, other things being equal, fertilizers act more favorably and nniforinly on laiul in which the previous culture and treatment have been good. * * * The number of small potatoes was also decidedly reduced by the use (if manures, though it was iuipossildc to draw a strict line between merchantabk- and unmer- chantable tubers. « » » In exjterinient No. 1 the yields from the sulphate of potash w«'re 14.8 bushels or 10 per cent greater than from the muriate ; in experiment No. 2 the muriate gave 20.5 bushels or 13 per cent more than the suliihate; in exjieriment No. 3 the yields from the two were practically identical ; the yield from the use of kainit was in all cases much lower than from the other forms le for potatoes, for while the actual jxttash may be quite as etlective in increiujing the yield as in the other forms, it has a ti-ndency to injure the plants and thus prevent a full sl:niil. ' * In all the exiieiiinents there was an increase from the use of nitiogen. and in experiments Nos. 2 and 3 it ]iroved necessary in order to secure a prolil. * • * In two eases out of three there was a greater gain from the use of dried blood. With the exce]>tion ofexiieriment No. I, where the nitrate seems to have been without appreciable elbet, the increase in yield from the two forms is very uniform. The average yield of all the exjtenments is increased 29.ij per cent by the use of nitrate of soda and 3r>.9 i»er cent by the use of dried blood. The results of these experi- ments therefore sim])ly indicate that where nitrogen is found u.seful, such readily available forms as dried blood may be cjuite as eft'ective as the more soluble nitrate. AUowino- 40 cents per bushel for merchantable jiotatoes and .^30 per acre for the cost of growiiii; potatoes, exclusive of numures, "the profits per acre secured from the dinciciit methods of mnntiriiii;- iip]to;ir as fol- lows : " K\|)t 1. Kxpl.'J. Kxpt.3. Barnyard manure alone $4.02 — 12.40 $li.,'>2 Barnyard manure and chemical manures 13.01 12.23 0. II Chemical manures alone 15.78 10. tVl 7.44 A ])rotit is secured in all cases except tViun barnyard manure in exj)erinient No. 2. The chief conclusions to be drawn from these experiments are that (1) on the whole the use of manures was profitable; (2) the best results were secured from the use of chemical manures; (3) kainit was less etfective than either muriate or sul- phate of potash, ami the sulphate did not produce larger yields than the muriate; (4) nitrogen was a valuable ingredient of potato ujanurcs. 883 As in ISOO, siiinplos of the ijotatoes from the differently manured plats were taken loranalysis. Tlic indications fioin the analyses in 1S90 were that manuring" nuiterially att'ected the composition of the potat(>, decreasing the starch, and that in this respect the effect of sulphate of potash was less than that of eitlier muriate of potash or kainit. Tlio ;iualyses in ISDl show that while on the average there was less dry matter ill saiiii>les tVoiu plats treaterl with iiiamiros, those froiii jilats whieh niccived siil- l>liate ol'potash contained more dry matter than tlie samples from the nnfertiiized jdats, while with one exception those from mnriale of potash and kainit contained less. The samples from the fertilized plats also contained less nitrogen and more ash than those from the untreated plats; as a rule the ash was the highest and the nitrogen the lowest on samples from the kainit plats. With one exception, the liighest nitrogen in samples from fertilized jdais was secured from those treated with sulpiiate of potash. In resjieit to nitrogen as alhumiuoids, it is shown that while on the average nearly "lO per cent was in this form and the greatest amount was contained in the potatoes from the unfertilized jilats, it was proportionately greater upon the ferti- lized [ilats. Samples from the ditlVreut plats in each experiment were also cooked under uni- form conditions, and, with the exception of tliose grown by Mr. Gardiner, tins results were decihate of potash. These results simply contirm those secured in 1800, in showing that while on the whole manures have a tendency to decrease the dry matter of the potato, in using those whieh contain potash in the form of sulphate the amount of dry matter of the potato is not materially different from that scoured when no manures are used. Field expp:riment« with fertilizers on sweet potatoes, E. B. VooRHEi^s, M. A. (pp. 17-2-1). — It is explained that the com- mon practice in growing* sweet potatoes in Xew Jersey is to scatter broadcast from S to 10 tons per acre of manure, chiefly horse manure, and to apply an equal amount in the hill or row at the time of setting the plants. The object of the experiment was to ascertain whether satisfactory crops can be raised without l)arnyard manure, and to com- pare the eflects of commercial fertilizers, barnyard manure, and a mix- ture of the two. The general plan was identical with that followed in the experiments with white potatoes reported above, except that the ]»lats were 5 by 130 feet in one case and 10 by 218 feet in another. The exi)eriments were made on two farms. In experiment Xo. 1 the l)lants were set May 14 in rows 2.5 feet apart, being 18 inches apart in the row. In experiment No. 2 the plants were set 2.5 feet apart each way, May 22-20, but many died and had to be re]tlaced in June. The yields and the tinancial lesults are tabulated for both trials. In the case of experiment No. 2 " the yields on the difi'erent plats w'ere too uneven to w^arrant any conclusions." In both cases it is plainly shown that sweet potatoes may be grown with chemical manures alone. Since the second-size iiotatoes are saleable the influence of fertilizers upon size of roots is worthy of notice. The average total yield of unfertilized land in experiment No. 1 was 21.5.7 bushels, of which .56.3 bushels or 26 per cent were small potatoes ; the average total yield of all fertilized plats was 286.4 bushels, of which 52.1 bushels or 18 per cent were small. In experiment Xo. 2 the average yield of the unfer- tilized laud was 20 Imshels, of whidi 5.2 bushels or 20 per cent wcic small; the 884 average yield of the fertilized plats was 83.1 bushels, of which 16.6 bushels or 20 per cent were small. In other words, the use of manures caused a proportionate decrease in small roots. [In experiment No. 1] those grown with chemical manures alone were bright and smooth of skin, while at lea.st one third of those grown with barnyard manure were rough and jjartially covered with scurf. * ' * It was a]»parent from the time of setting the plants that the kaiuit was injurious, not perhaps because of tlie form of potash, but because of the very large quantities of salt necessarily ajiplied in order to secure the same amount of actual potash. * * * While the direct application of both muriate and sulphate resulted in a dt'cideroi>ortionate increase in the albuminoids." New Jersey Stations, Special Bulletin ft, April 21, 1892 (pp. 12). Some FITNGOUS DISEASES OF CELKKV. W. 1 >. 1 1 \LSTi;i). I>. Sc. (fi,u:s. 14). — Accounts of celery l)lij;lit. Icat'spol. leal' l)li,-;lil. rnsl. and a bac- terial spores of the fungus are illustrated. The PhiiUoxtirIa begins .as a dull brown ]).it(li. never becoming of the liglil asjiy color so cliaractcristic of flic rrc(v».'«c(( in one of its st.ages. In tlie PlniUoxlii-lu the leaflet nuiy be attacked only iu one spot, wluch continues to enlargo until the 885 wliole becomes brown anrl lifeless, followod l>y a torn condition. Two or three of these laroe, dead, shredded i)laces may bo all that tlie leaf contains, while the balance is healthy and dee]) green. * * * A carefnl study was made of the I'lnjl- losticia and Cercospora by means of cultures. Each reproduced its own kind in every instance. It was ])articularly easy to grow the FhyUosficta upon sterilized petioles in test tubes, and transfers were repeatedly made from pure cultures of this fungus without a trace of Cerconpora apiiearing. The pycnidia would form aud mature in great al)nndance within .5 days, and even upon the surface of the licjuid, af the bottom of the tube, as well as the petiole itself. " * * Tills is a rapidly growing fungus, is particularly fond of moisture, .iml lloiirishes in the shade, lieing found usually upon the younger or lower leaves. While experiments have not, been made upon this leaf sjiot fungus, it is probably true that the same remedy as that for the ordinary leaf blight (Ccrconpora) apjiiicd in the same manner would prove effective. It will be important to l)egin early with the spraying. Celery leaf blight. — A second form of leaf bliglit {Septoria petroseUni, Yiw. ((pii) was observed in 18!)l in Delaware by Professor Chester and in New Jersey by the author. l*ortious of diseased leaves aud the spores of the fungus are illustrated. The blight now under consideration often causes tlie whole leaf to become browu, with small black dots scattered over the surface. A plant at all atliu-ted is ({uite apt to have the whole foliage diseased. * * * The only other mention of a Scplorla upon celery that the writer has thus far found is by Briosi and Cavara {Funghi Parisiiti Fasceola, 6, 14:4), who figure and present a specimen of the species upon celery, namely, Septoria pclroseHni, Desm., var. apii, V}. &, C, collected at Pavia, Italy, in 1890. The American specimens, while not agreeing closely in the spore measurements, may be considered as belonging to the same variety. Celery rust. — While the genuine celery rust {Fuccinia huUata) has not been reported in this country, it is prevalent in Euro^je and may be expected here at any time. A brief illustrated account of this fungus is given in this article. A haeteriul ilkease of celery. — This was observed in celery fields near Greenville and Bayonue, New Jersey, especially on the Golden Plume variety. The bacteria and a portion of an affected leaf are illustrated. The bacteria were observed under the microscoi^e, isolated, and grown on celery leaves. The affected leaves were badly blotched with brown, the diseased spots having a watery appearance. * * * The germs when introduced into the core of a plant cause this tender portion to decay with greater rapidity than when placed in leaf tissue. ^ * * It was observed that the bacteria increased most rapidly when the celery is kejit constantly moist, bxit not submerged. * " * That this disease is serious may be judged from the fact that a large grower has lost nearly his whole last crop, the heart of each plant melting awa.y to a worthless mass of rottenness. The same trucker has lost a large per cent of his carrots from bacterial decay, and this suggests the probable connection between the two diseases. New Mexico Station, Bulletin No. 4, December, 1891 (pp. 21). Horticultural notes, A. E. Blount, M. A. — Tlie soils of the Territory and the methods of irrigation and culture employed in fruit 88G UTOTvins: aro briofly dpsorihofl. Slicut notes arc {riven on exi>eiiinents with pi'ai-lics. aii|>l«'s, jicais, plums, clienies, a]»ricots, li«;s, <|niiMTS, in'<'- laiiiK's, nut trees, forest trees, small iVuits, jrrapes, artichokes, aspara- jiiis, licans, l)e('ts. cahljajics, caiilillowcrs, cari'ots, Chinrsr jwitatocs, chuiia (cheek p«*a), celery, chiilas, cuciiiiil>crs, lciinj;rcck. kohl raid, kale, mustard, onions, jieamits, potatoes, p:nsiiii»s. i)c;is. ]»uiiiitkiiis. radishes, rhul)arl>, s]>inach, s(|uashes. suntlowers. tnrnijis, and tomatoes. Tlu-re are also lists of the vari«'ties planted as follows: 149 of jieaches, TS (»f ai>ples, 5(» of pears. 48 of ]»luiiis, 1(» of cherries. LM> of ;ipricots, 2 of nec- tarines, ■) of quinces, «i of ti^'s, S of .lajtancse persimmons, 11 of nuts, 4: of currants, 4 of j;dosel)erries, 7 of raspberries, 7 of blackheiries, 4 of dewberries, and 9S of jjrapes. Peaches, ])ears, ])lunis, apricots. (|uiuces. and prapesdowell in this rcfjion. I•ear^^ bloom and hear fruit more than oiu-e a year. Cherries <;ro\v well but do not produce much fruit. Small truits an* grown with ditlicully, except in shaded iti damp jdalilarcnt iuciease is insignificant when coin))ared with the great superi- ority shown in tlie yield of the uulertilized platsof that season over that of the same jihits in any subsequent season. The results are also rei^orted of experiments with fertilizers for eoru on 5 i)rivate farms in as many counties. Tbe results are variable, but they agree upon two points; tlieseare: (1) Nitrate of soda in combination with dissolved boneblack or muriate of potash, one or both, has ])roduced an increase of crop in 46 nut of 48 trials, or jtractically iu every case; (2) iu no case has the average increase of crop from this combination in any one of the six series of experiments been sufficient to ))ay the cost of the fertilizer at present prices of corn and fertilizers, resjiectively. The experiments justify the inference that then; may be excepticmal soils in Ohio, upon which superphosjihate and jiotash without nitrogen will produce a larger increase than they have shown in the average of these tests, but the evidence on this point is not conclusive, and the fact that in 20 out of 4G trials iu which superphosphate and potash were used without nitrogen there was no increase of crop, should lead the farmer to exixTiment carefully before adojiting this system of partial fertilizing. E.rpvrlmcntH on oats (pi>. ol'-,"*,")). — The.se were on ~'2 plats and were in continuation of the experiinent.s in 188U and 18!)(>, the plan of Avhich was described in Bulletin vol. ill, No. 1 of the station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, j). 124). The yields are talnilated of ^rain and straw on the i)lats in 1SS9, 18*J0, and 1891. and tlie increased yields with fertilizers. " The fertilizers ai)i)arently ])roduced an increase of crop in i»ractii:ill>' every case, the increase ln-ini; more uniform when the fertilizer con tained nitrogen, lint at present prices of -^lain and fertilizers, respec tively, the averajne increase has in no ease been sullicient to ]iay the cost of the lertilizer." Fertili::trN on cnn)N (/loint in rotaiion (pp. ori-TiT). — To study the econ- omy of fertilizers in a rotation of crops, 5 blo<'ksof 7 twentieth-a(>(» ])ounds of sui)erphosi>ates and 1(>() pounds of muriate of ])t>tash, with and without 100 pounds of nitrate of soda ]ier acre, ami 8 tons of bainyard manure per acre. The yields are tabulated lor 181>1. Tiie experiments on cro))s grown in rotation have not yet been carried over a siitb- cient lengtli of time to justify general conclnsions, l)nt thus far they otter no nuuf encouragement to the use of chemical nuinnres than those on crops grown continu- ously. A very wide ditVeniiee is indiciited in the value of stable manure according as it is used flesh from tlie stabb- or alter half a year's leaching in the barnyard. Appar- ently tiie margin of i»rofit in the use of open-yard manure is extremely meager. 889 Ohio Station, Bulletin Vol. V, No. 4 (Second Series), April, 1892 (pp. 28). Insect.s which eurrow in the stem of wheat, F. M. Webster (pp. 59-84, figs. 18). — Historical accoiiuts of obsei-vtitions on the follow- in*;- insects, with su}4gestions as to means of rei)i'ession: -loint worm {Isosoma hordci), wheat straw worm {Isosoma tritici), wheat stem sawtly [Cephus pygmcvns), grain sphenophorus {Splienopkorus 'parvulus)^ ^tdXk. borer [Gorii/nd nitela), wheat stem MMiiigot {Meronnjza americana), com- l^auiou Avheat fly {Osciuis sp.), American fritfly {Oscinin variubilis'i). Oregon Station, Bulletin No. 18, March, 1892 (pp. 16). Insects injurious to young fruit trees, F. L. Washburn, B. A. (figs. 14). — Popular accounts of the followiug insects, with suggestions as to remedies: San Jose scale, oyster-shell scale, woolly aphis. Western ])eacli tree borer {Scinnina pacifica), flat headed apple tree borer, green aphis ^2)his mali), peach aphis {Myzus persicce) and plum aphis, pear and cherry tree slug, peach moth, white marked tussock moth, cutworms, flat-headed peach and cherry borer {Buprestis divaricafus)^ red spider {Tetranychus telarius), tent caterj)illars, caiikerworms, branch and twig- borer, unicorn prominent, plum tree catocala, red humped caterpillar, locusts, scolytid borers, round-headed apple tree borer, pear blight beetle. Glover's scale, purple, lemon, and white scales, wireworms, flea beetles, and the codling moth. Formulas are given for kerosene emul- sion. Pennsylvania Station, Bulletin No. 19, April, 1892 (pp. 13). Spraying fruits, G. C, Butz, M. S. (figs. G). — Popular information on the preparation and use of insecticides and fungicides, with illus- trated descriptions of si)rayiug ai)j3aratus, Rhode Island Station, Bulletin No. 15, April, 1892 (pp. 25). Loose smut of oats, C. O. Flagg, B. S. (pp. 3-10, figs. 3). — Com- piled information regarding the nature and treatment of loose smut of oats ( Ustilago avence). Fungicides and insecticides, L. F. Kinney, B. S. (])p. 11-25, figs. G). — Compiled information, including formulas for fungicides and insecti- cides, and notes on spraying and other apparatus, and on the treatment of black rot of grapes, apple scab, codling moth, cankerworm, and plum curculio. South Dakota Station, Bulletin No. 27, November, 1891 (pp. 68). Sugar beets in South Dakota, J. H. Siiepard, M. A. — An account is given of tests of beet mothers selected in 1890 from beets of 890 different varieties grown on the station farm. From the small nnmber plmited a good yield of seed was obtained. From tliis it is liopeil to produee seed for disl ribntion. Notes and tabnhitcd dat:i workinp^ of the api)aratus are taken from the bulletin: The I)e Laval belt scparaior. — This iiiacliiiic was used the least of all, and there is but one record of its skim milk and uouo of liuttermilk. The skim milk shows 0.08 per cent of fat when the machine was making- 6,075 revolutions i)er minute and skimminw 1,057 pounds of milk per hour, at a temperature of 76° F. The iJe Laval turbine separator. — This was used four times, with tlie followiii" aver- an-o record : Revolutions per minute 5,900, pounds of milk per hour 1,!)7(), temiieraturo of milk 80*^ F., average per cent of fat in skim milk O.OS, and, throwing out tiie sin"-le high buttermilk, the average for the other buttermilks is 0.16 per cent of fat. 2'hc Shar))le.iS Hiinnian steam separator, — This was used twice, making 7,o(X) revolu- tions per minute, skimming 1,000 pounds of milk jier liour at a temi»erature of 81"^' F. with an average skim milk of 0.1^;i and an average buttermilk of 0.14 i)er cent of fat. The J)aiiish-iyesloii separator. — This was used tliree times, with an average speed of 4,300 revolutions per minute, skimming 1,S85 pounds of milk at 79^ F. ; the skim milk contained on the average 0.1 per cent of fat and the buttermilk 0,08. The e.rtractor was used as a separator twice, making 0,950 revolutions per minute skimming 1,867 pounds of milk per hour at a temperature of 85" F., and there was left on the average 0.14 per cent fat in the skim milk and 0.1 in the buttermilk. The extractor was used five times as au extractor, at a speed of 5,800 revrised to find that there was also little if any difference in the work of washing them and keeping them cle.an. Aerator. — The Heuliug cooler and aerator gave good satisfaction, and a special test showed that in a room of 54^ F. temperature it is possible to cool down 100 ])ounds of milk from 82° to 44° with 417 ])ouuds of water at 39°, and that it is po.ssible Avith the use of a comparatively small (juantity of water to bring the cre.im to within a degree or so of the temperature of the water. * * * The extractor butter had the most water, that churned sweet next, and the ripened butter still less, while one sample made from cream kept 48 hours had a very small j)er cent of water. Vermont Station, Bulletin No. 28, April, 1892 (pp. 24). Plant diseases, L. E. Jones, B. S. (pp. 15-30, i)late 1). — The sub- jects treated are (1) potato blight and rot, (2) a new potato disease, (3) potato scab, (4) apple and pear scab, (5) oat smut. 892 Potato blight and rot (pp. 17-24). — Accounts are given of successful experiments witli Bordeaux mixture for jjotato blight and rot at the station and in different localities in the State, in continuation of those rei)orted in Bulletin 'So. 14 of the station (see Experiment Station Rec- ord, vol. II [, p. 101). The gain in yield much more than repaid the (•»)st of spraying, which is estimated at 82.50 per acre for each application. It is recommended to dig the potatoes as soon as practicable after the tops are blighted. A new i)ota1o disease (pp. 25-27). — A brief account of a disease of potatoes inevnlent in Vermont in 1891. The ditterences between bliglit and this new disease are stated as follows: (1) The blij^lit attacks the leaf at any ]ili;;ht the black spot.s on the h-aves are fringed on tlie underside by a delicate fungous growth; in the new disi-ase this is never found. (3) The true blight may be exjiected in the latter part of the summer, especially iu August, and only «luring warm, wet weather; the new disease may be exi>eeted earlier, ami develojis in cooler and dryer weather. (4) Following the blight the ttibers may be exjjected to sliow more or less of rot. especially of the dry mt, if the soil is heavy or nuiist. No such roll in;,' of the I iibcrs occurred last year iu Vermont as a consequence of the new disease. Bordeaux mixtnie was used for its rei>ressi<>n without aii.\ marked ellect. J'niato scab (pp. 28-30). — A brief summary <»f information compiled from the Annual Kei)ort of the Connecticut State Station for 1801 and IJidletiu No. 4 of the North Dakota Station (see Experiment Station Keconl, vol. ill, pp. 010 and 771). Appir and prtir svab (i>p. 3(>-."i4). — Hrief accounts ot' experiments in which animoniacal carbonate of copper was used on i)ear and apple trees and IJoideauv mixture on apple trees. Both iiingicides larg«'ly reduced the amount olscab, but Bordeaux mixture is ]Melerred for the following reasons: (1) Tile dilute Uoidcaux mixture is a iiulf rJii'iiiM-r tliau tiie aiiiniouiacal copper carbonate. (2) Paris Circen for the codling moth may be mixetl with the Oordeaux mixture, but when mixed witli the amnuuiia solution is liable to Iturn the leaves. (3) The Bordeaux niixture is not easily washed otf l)y rains. On the other hand the ammoiiiaeal solution has no sediment and hence is more easily ajtplied and does not leave any trace of the copper salt on the fruit. It may be preferabk', therefore, for the last application to use the ammoni.acal solution. Oat stinii (\)\). 'M-'.jCi). — Brief statements regarding the prevalence of oat smut in ^'el•IU(»nt and the hot water method for its repression. West Virginia Station, Bulletin No. 22, February. 1892 (pp. 37). "NVkkds of West Virginia, ('. F. Millspaugh, M. D. (pp. 177- L'12j. — This is in contituiation of the article in llulletin No. 10 of the 893 station (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. iir, ]i. 020). On the basis of information furnished by 284 observers in different parts of the State, tabuhited data are given regarding the distril)iition, prevalence, and troublesomeness of the species of weeds found in West Virginia. There are also brief statements regarding the value of some of these weeds as forage plants, and the use of chemicals as weed exterminators. The 25 species considered the " worst Aveeds " are as follows: Ox-eye daisy {Chrysanthemum Lencanthemum), broom sedge {Andropof/on sco- jxtrius), pasture thistle {Cnicus lanceolaiuH)^ burdock {Arctimn lappa), bitter dock {Rumex ohtitsifoliiis), ^^ild carrot {Daucus eayofa), elder {S((mhucus canadensis), ironwood {Vernonia noveboracensis and V. altis- simtis), yarrow {Achillea millefolium), buck plantain {Plantago lan- ceolata),coc\i](Anir {Xaufhium canaden.se), hhie thistle {Echiinn vulr/are), ragweed {Ambrosia artemisice/olia), Spanish needles {Bidens bipinata), whitetoji {Eriyeron anmins), sand briar {Solanum caroUnense), sorrel {Rumex acetosclla), garlic {Allium vineale), white devil {Aster lateriflorus, xav.Jiirsuticaulis), blue devil {Aster cordif alius, yaw Iccvigatus), Canada thistle (Cnicus arvensis), morning glory {Ipomoea purpurea), wild sweet jiotato {Ipomoea pandnrata), dog fennel {Anthemis cotula), cinq^uefoil ( rotenliUa canadensis). ABSTRACTS OF PUBLICATIONS OF TflE FNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AliRlCLLTLKE. BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. Farmers' Bulletin Xo. 8. Inoculation for the prevention of hog cholera, T). E. Salmon (pp. 40), — A i)opular account of the experiments made by this Department and elsewlicrc with reference to the protection of swine against ho*;- clKih'iii, iiicliidiiiu- :i rcp(»rt on the test conducted in La Salle County, Illinois, in 1S'.»1, under the suitcrvisiun of a committee of farmers. The conclusion is reached that inocuhition as a lueven- tive aji'ainst hou diolera is a faihire frcuu whatever jxtint of view it be regarded, and tlie I'armers are warned aj^ainst tlie use of that method, which is shown to have been in many cases more fatal than the disease it is intended to ]uevent. As an instance of this the fact is stated that whereas the losses following incM-ulation in Xebraska duriri';" ISld were 10 per cent the losses amonu uninoculated animals were but t per cent. WEATHER BUREAU. Circulars 15 and c, Instui mi.nt Uoom, Instructions fok tuv. use of maxlmum and minimum ther- mometers AND THE KAIN GAlMiE (J)]). 10 and S, M.trs. 0 and ;?).— Illustrated descri[)tions of these instruments and detailed directions for their use. OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. I*:\ri;KiMENT Station Bulletin No. 8. Lectures on the investiciAtions at the Eothamsted Experi- mental Station, li. Warington, F. 11. S. (pp, 113, plates 11). — These lectures were delivered under the provisions of the Lawes Ajriicultural Trust before the Associati»m of American Agricultural Colleges and f^xi)eriment Stations, at Washington. 1). C, August 12-ls. 1801, and are the lirst of a series to be delivered biennially in the Cnited States, in order that "Americans should feel that 'they have a share' in any benefits wliich may arise from the Kothamsted end<»\vmcnt." 895 The subiocts tresitod are: (1) The Kothaiusterl Experimental Station, (2) the eirciimstaiices whicli (leteniiine the rise and fall of uitrogeuous matter in the soil, (3) uitriticatioii, (4) iiitriticatioii and denitritication, (5) nitrification of soil and niannres, (0) d)'ainaj;"e and well waters. A list of Kothanisted papers referred to in the lectnres is given in an ai)pendix. Lecture I. — The liothamsfed Experimental Station (p[). 7-131). — This gives a general a(X!onnt of the origin, history, i)lans, and resnlts of experimental work at Rothamsted, and is devoted to practically the same subjects as those covx'red by a paiHi)lilet issued l)y that station in June, 1801, an abstract of which will be tVumd in l«]xperinuMit Station Record, vol. iii, p. 73. In addition the endowment and managers of the Lawes trust are given. Lecture IT. — The eireumstances ichich determine the rise and fall of nitrogenous mutter in the soil (pp. 22-41). — "■ Ii^itrogen of soils exists in three very different forms of combination, (1) as ammonia, (2) as nitrates, and (3) as nitrogenous organic matter. The ammonia is generally insig'- uiflcaut in amount. Although itself a jiroper food for plants, it is only seldom that it has any importance from this point of view, owing to its rapid conversion into nitric acid. The quantity of nitrates present in the soil is usually far more considerable tlian that of ammonia, though it is very rarely that 5 per cent of the total nitrogen of the soil exists in this state. * * * The great bulk of the nitrogen contained in soil occurs in combination with carbon and the elements of water, forming the so-called humic compounds or nitrogenous organic matter of the soil." The nitrogenous matter of soil is the residue of former animal and vegetable life and there are probably very few sedimentary rocks which do not contain an appreciable amount of nitrogen. Borings of calca- reous clay (Oxford) from a depth of about 500 feet below the surface showed 0.04 per cent of nitrogen. The examination of samples of Roth- amsted subsoils, taken in many cases at as great a depth as 9 feet, show that while there is a variation in different places of from 0.03 to 0.06 per cent of nitrogen, there is no indication that it diminishes' as we descend after a certain distance from the surface has been reached. "The nitrogen of this deep subsoil is to be regarded as in great part of ancient origin, belonging in fact to the clay when originally deposited. A sandy subsoil is usually poorer in nitrogen than one of clay. The nitrogenous matter of our surface soils, with Avhich agricul- ture is chiefly concerned, is undoubtedly in greatest part of niodern origin, and the processes which bring about its accumulation and dimi- nution are at the present day in progress under our own eyes and deserve our most careful study." The production or accumulation of uitrogen in the surface soil is illustrated by tabulated analyses of R')thamsted and Manitoba soil at dei)ths varying in the first case from !) inches to 9 feet, and in the sec- ond from 1 to 4 feet. "With undisturbed soils lying in natural prairie 896 or farm pasture the difference between the proportion of nitroj^en in the surface soil and in the subsoil is far greater than in the case of ara- ble land, and the line dividing the surface soil and subsoil is generally sharply drawn." In the case of the growth of legumes this increase is very striking. "The facts i)oint to a considerable and long-continued gain of nitrogen in the surface soil when arable land is laid down under favorable conditions in permanent pasture, and to a gain of nitrogen in the soil, or to its utilization by crops from sources beyond the surface soil when leguminous i^lants are cultivated either alone or as members of a rotation." Whether this increase comes to an appreciable extent from the subsoil, numerous determinations of nitrogen in the subsoil have not definitely decided. From observations at Kothamsted. Lin<'oln (Xew Zealand), and in Barbadoes it was found that 3.37, 1.74, and 3.77 pounds of nitrogen peracre, respectively, was brought down in rain, snow, etc., annually. "It is evident that if the ammonia and nitric acid of the air are to be of any considerable agricultural importance they must be taken up directly by crop or soil t-o an extent far beyond that which takes place through the medium of rain. The amount of anunonia and nitric acid in the air is certainly extremely small, but th«' air that is in contact with crop and soil is being constantly renewed. It is thereft)re by no means im])ossible that the quantities absorbed may become con- siderable." The direct absori)tion of ammonia, nitrites, an«l nitrates from the air by the soil and crop, and the fixation of free nitrogen are discussed at some length. " For the present we can not, I think, aflirm that soils are enriched by the free nitrogen of the air except through the meilium of a leguminous crop." There is a limit, however, to this accunuUation ol' nitrogen both with permanent pastures, with leguminous crops, and with arable land receiv- ing every year a liberal dressing of hjnnyard manure. Tabulatst liable to waste and demand the greatest exercise of the farmer's skill to preserve their or the arable land is left without manure, there is at tirst a rajjid loss of soil nitrogen, but the rate of loss soon diminishes. Tiie army of oxiilizing (»rganisms has been reduced bv starvation. The organir matter niost easily attacked has disappeared. A 897 partial equilibrium is established when the annual destrnction of organic matter amounts to little more than the annual residue of crop and weeds, but an absolute equilibrium is reached only when the annual loss of nitrogen is equaled by the atmos- phere supply. In every case nature seeks to establish an equilibrium. The method of soil sampling practiced at Eothamsted is described and discussed. Lecture III. — Mtrification (pp. 42-59). — The natural sources and the artificial production of niter are described. The conditions favorable to nitrification have been understood for many years and applied in the manufacture of niter. The theories formerly held regarding nitrifica- tion were that it is due to oxidation of na.scent lutrogen or of ammonia by the oxygen of the air, ozone, or peroxide of hydrogen. Pasteur first advanced the idea that this process is due to a living organism, and in 1873Miiller suggested that the rapid change of ammonia into nitric acid ill sewage is due to the action of a ferment, but " to the French chemists Schlosing and Miintz beJong.s the credit of establishing by experiment the true nature of nitrification." At the time that their results were announced experiments in the same line were in progress in the Eoth- iimsted laboratory. These were continued with the result of confirming the previous conclusions of Schlosing and Miintz. It was shown that (1) the power of nitrification could be communicated to medi- ums which did not nitrify by simply seeding them with a nitrified substance; (2) tlie process of nilrification in garden soil was entirely suspended by the presence of the vapor of chloroform or carbon disulphide. These two facts taken together clearly jjointed to a living agent as the cause of nitrification. It was also shown that light is unfavorable to its action. The conditions necessary to nitrification are discussed at some length. These have been found to be the presence of phosphates, a liberal sup- ply of oxygen, a salifiable base, a suitable temperature (about 37<^C.), and the absence of strong light. For the nitrification of ammonium salts, urea, or other nitrogenous matter to be complete, some salifiable base must be present. The substance which usually plays this part iu soil is calcium carbouate. A soil which contains little or no available base is sure to be very deficient in fertility. Such soils are greatly benefited by dressings of chalk or lime. Although an alkaline coudition of the medium is essential for nitrification, the ])resence of anything beyond a small proportion of soluble alliali is a hindrance to fhe process, and a Large amount will prevent the action altogether. ^ * ^ A heavy dose of lime applied to land may thus suspend for a time the process of nitrification in the surface soil, but this action will soon cease as the lime unites Avith carbonic acid, and the final result will be favorable to nitrification if the land was originally deficient in lime. By a simple chemical expedient it is possible to diminish the alkalinity of liquid manure or other liquids containing alkali carbonates, and thus render them suit- able for nitrification; this maybe done by the addition of gypsum {Ti-ans. Chem. Soc, 188.5, 758). Experiments by Dr. J. M. ]S'. Munro and also by the author suggested that the nitrifying organisms could subsist on purely organic food, but to Winogradsky is due the credit of supi)lying actual proof of the fact 26624— Ko. 12—5 898 (see Ann. de VInst. Pasteur, 4 (180«)), pp. 213, 257, 760; and 5 (1891), J). 92; and also Exi)eriineut Station Record, vol. ii, p. 751). That Jill orj^aiii.sm unprovided vrith chloropliyll and ^^rowin-j in darkness shonld he ahle to construct organic matter out of ammonium carbonate, is certainly a fact of the highest interest. The prf>cess wouhl seem to us an impossil>le one but for the energetic oxidation of ammonia, which lorms part of it; by this oxidation so much energy is developed that the nutrition of the nitrifying organism by ammonium car- bonate becomes part of a strongly exothermic reaction. » * * As soon as the fact had been established that nitrification was the work of aliving organism it became important that this organism should be isolated and its proper- ties studied. * ■ * The first successful attempt at isolation was made by Dr. P. F. Frankland {Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc. 1890, B. 107). "* * * Two months afterwards Winogradsky pulilished an account of his isolation of the same organism (Jiiii. de V fnxlitiit I'asteur, 1H9(),21'S}. * * » Later in the same year I al.so succeeded in obtaining a similar result ( Trang. Chrm. Sof.. 1891. .lO^). This oi'^^misni, which is described and illustrated, i»roved to !>«' a purely nitrous ferment. Liciiire lY. — Xitrificatioii nnd dcnUritirat'utn (pj). <)()-76). — As early as 1881 the author was in possession of cultures wliich possessed the power of converting nitrites into nitrates, but only until recently was he success- ful in separating; the nitric orjranisui in the ]Mire state ( Trnnn. Clum. Soc, 1491, 484). Still nuire recently Winugradsky has announced the i.sohi- tion of a nitric orjjanism by culture on jjelatinous silica [Conijft. mid., 113 (1891), and Experiment Station Eecord, vol. ii. p. 751). This organ- ism is described and its properties discussed. Like the nitrous fer- ment, it grows freely in inorganic nutrient solutions, but api)ears to be without action on annnonia, while it readily c(»n\ erts nitrites to nitrates. "The facts as at present ascertained lead us to believe that tlie nitrification of annnonia in soil, and probably also the nitrificatiiui of other nitrogenous matters, takes idace in two stages, each stage being performed by a distinct organism. \\y one organism the ammonia is converted into nitrite, by the other tlu* nitrite is converted int(t nitrate.'' In soil containing a sullicient amount of oxidi/ableorganii- matter and an insufficient supply of oxygen (as in the case <»f water logged soils) jiroc- esses of denitrification take place. The most comnuui form of action is a reduction of nitrates to nitrites, but iji sonu^ cases tlie reduction is carried further, resulting in the ])rodu(tio!i of nitric oxide, nitrous oxide, and free nitrogen. Denitrification is not a process of general occurrence in arable soil. The investi- gations which have been made show that the air in soil, even at considerable depths, is not very deficient iu oxygen. Moreover the subsoils of our fields contain (save in the case of ]>eaty and some alluvial soils) only a very small auKuint of organic mat- ter, and the presence of this, we have seen, is indispensable for the reduction of nitrates. The reduction of nitrates is to be feared only when the soil has been for some time satnr.ited with water. K\i»eriui('n(s made at Kotlianistcd in iss.{. 1884, 18S.""), and 1886 (Trans. Chrm. Soc, 1884,645; I8S7. IIS) i»',spereparing soil extracts and determining the nitrates in the same are described. Details of the latter (a modification of Schlosing's method) will be found in Trans. Chem. Soc, 1880, 408; 1882, 345, 351. The quantity of nitrate which may be formed in soil under favorable circumstances is very larj^e, and the process of nitrification very rapid. The most strikiujjj instance I am aware of is furnished by one of Schlosing's experiments, in which * » * during the 12 days of active nitrification, nitrogen was oxidized at the rate of 56 parts per million of dry soil per day. The greatest rate of nitrification I have noticed when working with ordinary ara- ble soil (first 9 inches) from the Rothamsted farm, has been about 70 parts of nitro- gen per million of air-dried soil in 119 days (0.588 per day). * -^ * Lawes and Gilbert (Trans. Chem. Soc, 1885, 415) working with the far richer Mani- toba soils and with a higher temperature, obtained in two cases (soils from Selkirk and Winnipeg) average daily rates of nitrification of 0.7 part of nitrogen per million during 335 days, the rates during the earlier portion of this period being as high as 1.03, 1.24, 1.36, and 1.72 per million. The greatest proportion of nitrogen nitrified in 335 days was 5.4 per cent of that originally present in the soil. Deh^rain (Ann. Agron., 1887,245; 1888, 292) working with a soil containing 0.16 per cent of nitrogen, obtained daily rates of nitrification varying from 0.71 to 1.09 per milliojx in 90 days. [The amount of nitrogen as nitrates at depths of from 9 to 27 inches in Rotham- sted soils after bare fallow, are given in a table: If we add to the amount thus deter- mined that found in the drainage water,] we arrive at 86.5 pounds of nitrogen per acre as the quantity nitrified during the season of 1881-82, and 89.5 pounds as the amount nitrified in 1880-81 (the periods covered in each case being from 14 to 15 months). * * * If a farmer could insure dry seasons, so that the nitrates produced during a bare fallow shotild remain in the soil available for the succeeding crop, it would pay h.im better to have an alteration of wheat and dry fallow rather than to grow wheat continuously, but in the English climate no such favorable result can be expected [and 30 years' experiments at Rothamsted have sliown that] wheat after fallow, except in some of the earliest years, has not given the double produce which should result from the presence of a double supply of nitrates. It is also further evident that the fallowed laud has declined in fertility more quickly than the land which has been continuously cropped. The construction of the drain gauges in use at the station is described. These gauges have brought out the remarkable fact "that a poor, arable soil, without vegetation, loses annually by drainage nitrates equivalent to 2 cwt. per acre of sodium nitrate." Lecture V. — Nitrification of soil and mnmire (pp. 77-94). — The aver- age monthly amounts of drainage, and nitrogen as nitrates in drain- age water, from unmanured bare soils, 20 and 60 inches deep, for 13 years, and from unmanured wheat land for 12 years, are given in tables. In the first case the drainage from 60 inches of soil was only 900 0.4 inch less thau that from a soil 20 inches deep; the amount of drain- age was gioatest in December and least in July; the proportion of nitrates in the drainage Avas generally greatest in September and least in March, this proportion being much more uniform throughout the year in the 00-mch thau in the 20-iuch soil; the total quantity of nitmgen as nitrates removed in the drainage water was greatest in November and least in April. lu the second case it was observed that when the spring is a forward one, as in 1884, the nitrates may dieapjiear from the drainage of the nnmanured wheat plat in March; in other years the disappearance has occurred in April or May. In June it is rare to find nitrates in this drainage water. * * * In September, the crop being now removed, nitrates are always found in the drainage water. In a wet season the maximum amount of nitrates will occur in Oitober. The proportion of nitrates will be maintained with little diminution during the winter months and begin to fall again in March. » * * Those facts not only illustrate the etfect of a growing crop in reuioving nitrates from the soil, but they also point out the gn-at defect of cereal crops, consiilered as conservers of soil nitrogen. The active growth of cereal crops ceases generally in .Inly and they are entirely removed from the land in August or .September; they are thus unable to att'ord protection against loss of nitrates during the aiitiniin months, the .sea.ss of the ensuing year is now generally recognized. Experiments inv a nnmltcr of years with h'gnminous crops, the results of which arc tabulat«'(l. indicate "that the average proportion of nitrates in the drainage water i)a.ssing through a soil growing leg:umi- nous crops will generally be grealer than in cas«'swliere cereal eroj)s are grown. * • • The drainage water being richer, the proportion of nitrates in the subsoil out of reach of the changes produced by crop and season, will also be greater.'' The (lesirability of inaetieing rotations whieh keep the land under crop continuously in order to conserve the nitrates, is urged. The amonnl of nitrates in the drainage water from plats eroppe(l with wheatand variously manured, and in the soil of plats ^ ariously manured and cropped with wheat and barley, are tabulated and discussed. The most striking results we observe are (1) that manuring with a.sh con.stituent8 alone increa.ses the production of nitrates in the soil ; (2) that the bigger crops grown by ammonium salts or sodium nitrate, with ash constituents, are followed by an increased production of nitrates: Ci) that the use of an organic manure like rape cake or farmyard manure is attended with a large increa.se in the production of nitrate, even aftiT the first active stage of nitrification is long past. * • • The manures most readily nitrified by a fertile soil are the salts of annnonia [and it is with these that the phenomenon has been most thoroughly btudied. Th« 901 composition, as talmlated, of the diaiuage water of a plat before aud after application of ammonia salts shows tliat] only 40 hours after the aiipiication uf tlie ammonia, uitriheatiou has made a distinct commencennMit, and the jiroportion of nitrate increases in the successive drainage waters obtained, the maximum of nitrate (50.8 parts per million) being reached 3 weeks after the api)lica(ion of the animouia. [The most complete experiments on this subject are those by Schh'ising {('him. Agricole, 165, and Compt. rend., 109, 423]. The nitrification of manures other than ammonium salts has at present been very insufficiently studied. Perhaps the most iuierestingof recent experiments are those bj' Miiutz and Girard {Ann. Agron.. 1891, 289). These investigators place guano next to ammonium salts in the order of nitrifiability ; following guano come green manures (luceru and lupines), which, compared with other forms of manure, appeared to be especially active in clay soils; the third class includes dried blood and meat, and powdered horn; far below these stand poudrettc. avooI, and leather. Lecture VI. — JJraiitayeand weU /caters (pp. 95-112). — In soils in which there is no movement of wiiter (a very rare condition) the movements of the dissolved salts are determined simply bj' the laws of molecnlar diffnsion. While the movement from this cause is considerable, far more ra|)id changes arc produced when tlu^ soil water is in motion. To study this subject, 223 mo-, of sodium chloride were applied to the sur- face of a saturated column of soil free from chloride, 8 inches deep and 4.5 inches wide. At the end of a week 120 c. c. of water was daily placed on the soil and nearly an equal quantity of drcainage water obtained and analyzed. [It appears] that during the first 3 days the drainage water obtained was free from chlorine. On the fourth day, somelliiug less than -171.8 grams of drainage water having passed, the discharge of the chlorine comme?nced. We have here at once evidence of the downward diftusion of the cliloride during the 11 days that had passed since its application. If no diffusion had taken place and the chloride had remained at the surface, it w^ould have required the application of 850 grams of water to cause its appearance in the drainage, this being the amoniTt of water necessarj'^ to displace the water already held by the soil. The chloride having already descended a considerable distance, the displacement of about 400 grams of water was sufficient to bring some of it into the drainage water. * * * It took 8 days to remove all chloride from the soil aud the drainage water contain- ing chlorine amounted to 9.50.1 grams, a quantity in striking contrast with the 150 grams ol drainage in which the whole of the chlorine was contained when w'ater was quickly drawn through a similar weight of air-dried soil by the air pump. On looking at the strengths of the successive runnings, it will be evident that the chloride came through the soil as a wide band, diffusing both at its lower and upper edges. This is the usual mode in which diffusible salts descend through a soil, and a knowledge of this fact is essential if we are to understand the results of the analyses of drainage waters collected within a moderate distance of the surface. [In natural soils, how^ever, drainage is not simply a matter of diffusion and dis- placement. The process is complicated] by the fact that such soils always contain a multitude of fissures, consisting of cracks in the soil and channels formed by worms or left by decaying roots. These fissures communicate directly with the surface, and down them w ater passes which has never jiermeated the whole mass of soil. The result is that the drainage collected at a moderate distance below the surface is a mixture of two Avaters of different composition, and at different periods in the run- ning one or other of these waters will greatly preponderate. 902 Observations of the cliaii'ie ni coinixisitiun of dininase \vat«'r from 2 ]>lats (Mi which aiiiinoiiiiim salts \vei«' applied on Maich 12 and October 25 serve to illustrate this fact, as well as to show that the chlorides are a more reliable index of the movement of soluble salts in the s«)il than the nitrates. The principal constituent in drainage water is calcium carbonate. Application of fertilizers, especially ammonium salts, increases the pro- ])ortion of this ingredient. If we take the meau of ten series of analyses of drainage waters by Voelcker ami Frankland (1866-73), and assume the average drainage in Broadbalk fiehl as 10 inches per annnm, we have 223 pounds of lime and magnesia as the annual loss per acre upon the unmanured plat ; 297 pounds on the plat receiving sniierphosphat*', with sulphates of jiotassium, sodium, and magnesium ; 284 pounds on the plat receiving sodium nitrate, with half a dressing of superph<»s}ihate and alkali sulphates; 389 pounds on the i>lat manured with ammonium salts only; 443 pounds wlnre saper- phosjdiate is used with the aunnoiiiiiiii salts; and a mean of iK'i jxuiutls w iu-rt' alkali siiljihates are also aiii)lied. Potash and jihosphoric acid were ]>resent in only small (iuantities(.i.C and 2.1 i>ounds per acre, resi>ectively, for 10 inch drainage), anil it is ]>robable tlmt without drainpipes the greater part of both would be retained in the soil. Soda was present in larg*' (piantity, as soils have slight retentive power for this constituent. The average proportion for 5 years of nitrogen as nitnitaes in drain- age waters of 12 ]tlats differently manured, is given in a table. In the case of plats receiving nitrogenous manure, "the spring jn-riod shows a considerable diminution in the amount (»f nitiatesin the drain- age water, which is followed by their abiiosi entire disiippearanc«> in summer. Autumn shows the maxinuim amount of nitrates for the year, and winter stands second in the richness of the drainage water. The jdat re«*eiving ash constituents shows a little more nitrate in the drain- age water than the i)ermanently unmanured land.'' In the case of phits receiving ammonium salts in March the drainage water was richest in nitrates in the si)ring and disappeared in Juiu' or July, and ewu as early as May. With nitrate of soda the loss was mu«'h less than with ainmonium salts. When nitrogenous manures were apjjlied in tlie fall the greatest loss of nitrates occurred during the winter months. The deep wclht of JIarpenden. — "The water supply of Harpenden is deriv^ed entirely from wells sunk in the chalk, which «'omes in some l)laces to the surface, and is prob;ibly never incu-e than 2r> feet beneath it. The water in the wells is in the valley al»out (i(» feet ami on the hills about 120 to 14") feet below the surftice. The water level of the .. 771, 197 97 922. :«0 88, 090. .509 94, 320. 652 93, 666, 318 80. 892, 683 80, 603. 062 79. 023. 984 90. 2.10. 537 104. 070, 861 106, 595, 954 124. 365. 835 119,902,706 107. 960, 650 92. 443. 867 89, 872. 839 89, 279. 926 90, 640, 369 100, 6.".9, 761 108. 397, 447 116,121,270 1.53, 000. 000 150, 000, 000 158.000.000 170, 000. 000 181.000.000 1872 31, 679. 300 33, 002, 400 33, 938, 200 33, 783, 600 35, 935. 300 35. 804, 200 35, 740. 500 38. 123, 800 40, 765. 900 43, 569. 899 45. 016, 224 49, 237. 291 50, C26, 626 50, <<60, 243 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 208 2.50 OOO 1879 ''11 000 000 1880 23"' 5, and that both (loiiK'stic and torei<,ni supi)lies were only ii pouiuls to each inhabitant, while they are now 0.r» pounds. Then, including; imports of woolens, scarcely 4 pounds per head was useil, whereas we now re(inirc over iS pounds. • • ♦ Three lifths of all the wool used lor all purposes is of domestic production, while four lifths of the requirement is manufactured in this country, leaving only one tifth to come in the shape of imported goods." Miscellaneous Report ]So. U. Agriculture of South America, A. Barnes (i)p. Iso. ])l:itcs M). — A series of articles on the agriculture and commerce of the ditTcrcnt countries of South America, most of which have been published in the monthly reports of the Division of Statistics. During the fiscal y«';ir endiii};" .lune 30, 1S91, the aggregate of the trade of the South Amei itan countries with the United States wa.s — $151,9(>.3,0(ift. made up of export.s valued at $3:<,2"J(i,-101, and imports valued at !}5llS,786,()(W. It will l)e seen that tlif iiui»(»rt.s coiLstitiilc 78 jut rent of the whole. The afjricultuial iinjioit.s repre.sent the value of jfloO.SSJt.Ull', of whieh !I2 per cent were received absolutely witiiout a tariff charge. Tiie agricultural ex]ieen 8o une(|ual, it has been so much a necessity as to require $8 iu agricultural imjiorta for every dollar of agricultural exports, under the famine of transportation facilities which has heretofore existed. Seventy per cent of this agricultural importation, or $70,675,787, came from Brazil, of which $62,022,022 was for coffee. 905 Miscellaneous Report Xo, 3. Cooperative credit associations in certain European countries, E. T. Peters (pp. 117). — This includes accounts of the German ciedit unions or people's banks, Raiffeisen loan associations, German legislation on cooperative associations, people's banks of Aus- tria-Hungary, and cooperative banking in Italj^ and Russia. The following comparative statements show the greatness of the interests involved in these associations, as well as their intimate con- nection with the welfare of the agricultural classes: The latest date for wliii-h returns are at baud for all the eonutries is the close of the year 1887. At that lime Germauy had 2,135 of the Schulze-Delitzsch credit unions, and probably about 800 of the Raitfeiseu associations. The jieoplc's banks of Austria numbered 1,313, of which 118 wore unregistered. The totals in Hungary and Italy, respectively, appear to be identical with the numbers making returns, at least there is no indication to the contrary. Tlie total number in Russia at the same date was somewhat above 900. (jf tiie Schulze-Delitzsch unions the number Avhicli made returns for the date named was only 8SG, or about 41 per cent of the whole number. For Austria the number making returns as to their capital and business is estimated at 75 per cent, and 75 pei- cent of the 1,195 registered banks would be 986, while the numbers for Hungary, Italy, and Russia are, respectively, 488, 641, and 712. This gives a total of 3,623 tliat made returns for the close of 1887, exclu.siveof associations of the Raifleiseli and Wollemborg types. The number of member.s actually returned is highest in Austria, but that is under- stood to include the membership of all the registered associations, and if allowance were made for the large number of the German Schulze-Delitzsch unions which did not make returns, their membership would be very much "larger than that of the Austrian institutions. For Hungary no hgures as to the number of members have been found. The actual figures furnished for the German societies are 456,276; for the Austrian, 513,756; for the Italian, 318,979; and for the Russian, 193,945, making a total of 1,482,956. A very moderate estimate for Hungary, for the unregistered societies of Austria, and for the German and Russian societies not making returns as to their membership — including among the former the Raitfeiseu loan associations — Avould raise the aggregate membership to at least 2,250,000, and an estimate of 2,500,000 would scarcely be extravagant. We have seen that in the German credit unions making returns, about one third of the members, if Ave include gardeners and rural laborers, belong to the agricultural class. The proportion of agriculturists in those not making returns is i)robably higher, since these will naturally consist to a greater extent than the others of unions located in the smaller towns surrounded by agricultural i»opulatiaid-in capital ami reserve funds, with the (lejxKsits and other borrowed capital of the institutiou8 iiiakin^f returns for the same date, are given helow: CouDtries. rai«l-in capital. Dollars. Germany 20. 330, 226 Au.stria' t 9, 815, 250 Hungary 8. 737. 712 Italy 15. 875. 436 Russia 2, 488. 459 Total. 63, 247, 083 Reser\-e fund. Dollars. 5, 770, 262 3. 822, 600 512.325 4. 218, 594 453, 569 Capital, ' Uejioaits and inelndiiig other bor reserve, rowed funds. DoUart. 32. 100. 488 13. G:i7. 850 9,250.137 20, 094. 030 2. 942. 028 DoUarg. 101, 655, 893 77,310.360 6, 640. 802 82.5.51,285 3, 522. 433 14,777,350 ] 78,024,433 71, 680, 773 Total capital employed. DoUart. 133, 756, 381 90, 948. 210 15. 890. 839 102.045,315 6, 464, 401 349, 705, 206 In round numbers the total capital employed may be set down at $350,00(1,000. It will be ke]>t in mind that these amounts are exelnsive of those of associations not reportinjj. which comprise al»out.">l> per cent of the Schulze-Delitzsch credit unions of Germany, 2."> per cent (as estimateil) of the jieojde's banks of Austria, and i>robably about 200 of the rural cooperative lianks of Hussia, while they are also exclusive of all the figures for the liaiffeisen associations, which are too scattered and fragmen- tary tojustify an attempt to estimate their amount.* If we consider ital emi>loyed by her popular banks. Russia, on the other hand, while standing quite high in the number of banks rejiort- ing, exhibits an amount of ca])ital which, as compared with that of the tJcrmau, Aus- trian, or Italian popular banks, is utterly iusigniticant. Miscellaneous Report Xo. 4. Wages of farm lauor in thk Initki) States (pp. 69). — Xotes and tabulated data on investigatious of wages at nine diflerent times during a period of 2(1 years (lS(>0-02), on .lie sujtjtly of labor in the difterent States and localitirs, and on wages in earlier years. The investigations of rates of wages for farm labor, nine of which have been mas $17.50 15.78 10. 02 15. 30 21. 28 24.25 $17. 71 15. 01 10.10 15. 00 20.04 22.50 $17. 21 15.41 9.90 15. 09 21.99 25.08 $16. 70 15. 24 9.90 15. 20 19. 74 24.37 $16. 92 14.71 9.92 15.60 27.08 23.73 $13.03 12. 37 8.40 12. 75 $18. .59 16. 98 9. 94 15.44 $20. 44 18.37 10. 55 17.04 $20. .S2 19.01 Soiillicni Slad'S "WfstiM-ii Slati-s 10.75 18.48 17.61 Pacific. States 25.88 28.13 28.69 29.48 Average 12.54 12.45 12.36 12.34 12.41 10.43 12.72 16.55 17.45 While farmers have suffered from low prices of certain products, they have been uiiiililt' to reduce the rates of wages. It might be supposed that the d('])ressiou in agriculture, of which so much has been said and written, would bo attended with a dt'diue iu the rate of c(>m])eusatioii paid for labor. This has not taken ])lace. The demand is well sustained. Wages have not declined. Many a farmer com])laius that labor costs too much, that valines of products do not warrant the rates demanded, and yet he must have it, and promptly makes the engagement. It is the compulsion of competition, an indication of geiu'ral employment and a fair degree of pro.sperity. The returns give a true explanation of the apparent anomaly of low prices and high wages. There is a ditt'ertmce in employers. Some are progressive, increase the fertility of their lands, use the I>est methods and implements, employ labor, ])ay good wages, and make money; others ;ire less enterprising, diligent, or progressive, and make small net profit or none at all. As margins of prolit grow narrow, skill is at a premium, wastes are ruinous, the skillful succeed, the careless go to the wall. The returns are full of indications that the present is a crucial test of the individual farmer. They teach the necessity of progress in agriculture, and esiiecially a facility for prompt adapttitiou of current effort to changing conditions. A ctireful analJ^sis of all the data collected concerning farm wages from 1840 to 186"), in comparison with results of the more recent investigations, will shoAv that in 50 years the compensation of farm labor has very nearly doubled. * » * In comparison with other countries, American farm labor stands first in rate of compensation. The present rate of $282 per annum for labor of the Caucasian race can scarcely be approached by any country, unless by Australia. An average of other countries can not be authoritatively stated, but current estimates have been fre- quently quoted about as follows: Great Britain $150, France $125, Holland $100, Germany $90, Russia $60, Italy $50, and India $30. The present rate can only be maintained by keeping up the fertility of the soil, utilizing the best results of inven- tion and skill in implements and machinery, advancing the status of practical agri- culture, supplying all domestic demands for all required products, and seeking for- eign markets for the suri)lus. DIVISION OF ENTOMOLOGY. Bulletin l^o. 27. Damage by destructive locusts in 1801, L. Bruner, D. W. Coc^uiLLETT AND H. OsBORN (i)p. 64). — Kepoi'ts of investigations by- three field agents, carried on in view of the fact that locusts were reported to be unn.suallv muneioiis in tlie Western States. Notes are given on Dissosfeira (oiu/ipennisj 1). Hpurcata, Caloptcnus [MelanopluH) spretus, C. atlcmtis, G. bivitatus, C. femur-rubruni, C. devastator^ G. dif- ferentiaUs, Gamnnla peUucida^ Pezofettix enigma, Trimerotropis pseudo- fasoiata, and CEdipoda venKstOj with statements regarding" natural ene- mies and means of repression. Professor Osborn's report was previously 908 published in lusect Life, vol. iv, ]». 10. As (he «;('ii<'ral result of the iiivestigatioiis it appeared that w iiile " a number of species of hical uon nui>ratory locusts had multiplied far beyond the noruuil point and hail undoubtedly done more or less damage, and while swarms and isolated individuals of the true Rocky ]\fountain locust had ap]ieared in a few cases, the rex^orts as a whole had been greatly exaggerated.'' DIVISION OF FORESTRY. Bulletin No. G. TI3IBER PHYSICS, PART 1, B. E. Feknow (pp. 02, platcs G, figs. 11).— A notice of the introductory portion of this bulletin and an aceimnt of the oi'gauization and methods of the inv»'stigatioii in progress in the Division of Forestry was given in Experiment fStatiou liecord. vol. in, p. 729. The renniining portions of the bulletin contain articles on the scope and historical developnuMit of the science of timl)er physics, including refei-ences to both l'hiroi)ean and American work; the organization and methods of the timber examinations in the Division of Forestry; work at the test laboratory at St. Louis, Missouri, by J. B_ .lohnson; examination into the physical pr(»perties of test material, by E. Koth; iustructi(»ns for the collection of test pieces of i>ines for examination; forms Ibi' records; and illustrative records of tests. Among the illustrations are plans of the testing laboratory at St. Louis and of the testing machines. The subject nuitter comprised in Timber Physics is classitiedaslnjlows: I. — Wood stkuctuke ou xylotomy. (a) Esivrior form. Heif woultl b»' (l<'3ciil)L'(l tlif t'ui 111 (liviIoi>iiitiit ()(■ liinlM-r in tin- staudiiig tre»', |)earauee of the annual rings, their size, regularity, ('rtie.s as can ho obscrveil through the unaided senses, as color, gloss, grain, loxtnre, smell, resonance. (h) Material condition. Such properties or changes as are determined by measurements, as density or weight, water contents and their distribution, volume and its changes by shrinkage and swelling, (c) Classif cation of woods according to p/u/.?ico-*ec/mico J properties, i. e. sueli ithys- ical properties as determine their application in the arts. III. — Chemical PKori;in'iKs, /. e. properties based on atomic (chemical) constitution, (a) General chemical analysis of irood (qualitative and (iiiantttative). Here would bo discussed the chemical constitution ol'ilitiereut woods and different parts of trees and its changes duo to physiological processes, age, conditions of growth, etc. (h) Carhohijdrates of the wood. Here would be more specially discussed cellulose and lignin, cork forma- tions, organic contents and their changes, and such properties as predicate the fuel value of wood, its manufacture into charcoal, its food value, pulpin"- qualities, etc. (c) Extractive materials. A knowledge of these underlies the application of wood in the manufacture of tan extracts, resin, and turpentine, tar, gas, alcohol, acids, vanillin, etc. (d) Antiseptic materials. A knowledge of those chemical properties Avhich predicate durability and underlie processes of increasing the same, (c) Mineral constituents. A knowledge of these in particular will establish the relation of wood growth to mineral constituents of the soil and also serve as basis for certain technical uses (potash). IV.— Mechanical properties, i. e. properties based on elastic conditions exhibited by the aggregate mass under intiueiu'e of exterior (mechanical) forces, (a) Form chanf/es without destruction 0/ coAe.sio*?, commonly called elasticity, flexi- bility, toughness. (6) Form changes with destruction of cohesion, commonly called strength (tensile, compressive, torsional, shearing), cleavability, hardness. V. — Technical properties, i. e. propertio^s in combination. Here would be considered the woods with reference to their technical use, their application in the arts, which is invariably based upon a combination of several physical or mechanical properties. VI.— Diseases and faults. Here would be treated the changes in structure and properties from the normal to abnormal conditions, due to iuiluences acting upon the tree during its life or upon the timber during its use. VII. — Relation of properties to each other. Here would be discussed the connection which may be established between structure, physical, chemical, and mechanical jiroperties, and also between these and the conditions of growth uiuler which the material was produced. The philosophy of the entire preceding knowledge would here be brought together. ABSTRACTS OF REPORTS OF FOREIGN INVESTIGATIONS. On the determination of crude fiber, S. Gabriel iZrilxdi. f. phi/s- iol. C'ltrin., Jii,j)i).-j:U-j"-t>). — The author iiiatic a ciitical study <»f lliiuig's method for cellulose detenninatioii, wiiidi depends on eoiiveiting tlie albuminoids and starcli into soluble coniiMtunds by lu-atiii.c with glycerin at L'KTC. This method in its ori^iinal loini was found to be unreliable for the analysis ol vegetable i)rodncts. Neither all of the l»rot<'in nor of the nitrogen- tree substances were converted into soluble coini>ounds, over l.r> jter cent of nitrogen remaining in the cnnle celbi lose. He then set about eliminating the errors of the method by modi- lications. It was foun«l that when L* grams of potassium hydrate was dissolved in aied by both methods was found to contain these substances, often in considerable quantities; and si)ecial tests indi cated that the reduction of copi)er was not due to hydrolysis of the cellulose, as the acid used was without eftert njion it. But as these nitrogen-free sulistances were so easily inv«'ited and renon the cellulose itself, the method was moditied to inclmb' this digestion with acid. Triplicate determinations were then made of the cellulose in yellow lu]»ineseed. hay, shee|>dung, barley straw. (r,\\s. beets, and beech wood, digesting with glyt-erin- alkali solution lirsf. and alterwards with (•.«> ])er cent hydrochloric acid to n-move any nitrogen free substances t»tln'r than cellulose remaining, 'i'he averages of these deteiniinations as compared with those by tlie Weende method were, in terms of nitrogen-free and ash- free cellulose, as follows: 910 911 Results of crude fiber determinations. r.lvccrin- :ilk:ili inetliod. Weende method . Lupine seed Hay Sheep dung. . Barley straw Oats Beets Beech Per cent. 16.49 21.11 24. fi!) 40. 0(1 11.22 4.83 56.50 Per cent. 16.63 26.28 28.69 39.51 10.92 4.96 60.39 In general the agreement between parallel determinations was closer by the glycerin-alkali than by the Weende method. The former method is believed to more completely exclude tlie non-cellulose, nitrogen-free substances from the final product than the Weende method. Swedish filter paper, containing 0.62 per cent water, 0.38 per cent ash, and (by dif- ference) 93 per cent cellulose, was tested by the glycerin-alkali method, which indicated 84,37 j^er cent of cellulose, a loss of 8.03 per cent of cellulose, which is supposed to have been dissolved by the reagents, but which is within the minimum limit of loss (8.9 per cent) observed by Kern with the Weende method. The description of the working method, as finally modified by the author, is given as follows : Two grams of finely ground substance are digested at 180° C. with 60 c. c. glycerin-alkali solution (33 grams KOH in 1 liter glycerin), in a 250 c. c. flask, heating on wire gauze. A lively reaction, accompanied by frothing, takes place at 130° to 140°. At frequent intervals the flask is given a gyratory motion to wash down the substance. At 100'^ the prin- cipal reaction is over, but the temperature is gradually raised to 180°. After cooling to 140° the contents of the flask are poured into a dish con- taining 200 c. c. of boiling Avater, thoroughly stirred, allowed to settle, and the supernatant liquid siphoned oft" with a siplion similar to that commonly used in the W^eende method. The residue is washed twice more in this way with 200 c. c. of water, allowing the water to come to a boil each time, and the last time adding 5 c. c. of 25 per cent hydro- chloric acid. The residue is then, as by the Weende method, washed with alcohol and with ether, dried and weighed, and the ash is deter- mined. In many cases the determination of the nitrogen in the product may be omitted as this is so small by this method as to be without appreciable effect on the final result. The modified method is believed to compare favorably with the Weende method in every respect, and in j^oint of rapidity to have the advantage. Three hours are said to be sufficient for making three determinations from weighing out to final washing. Pentagjucoses, their occurrence in plants and their analytical determination, B. Tollens, A. G-iinther, and G. de Chalmot, reported by B. Tollens [Jour. /. Landw., 40, pp. 11-17). — For some time the author has been engaged in studying the coustituents of the so-called 912 nitrogen-fre<.i extract of feeding stuifs, as well as tlie substances asso- ciated with cellulose in wood and in thelijjiiified i)arts of jdants, Itelicv- ing a correct determination of the feeding value of the nitrogen-freo extract of feeding stufts to be possible only after thorough investiga- tion of the individual conii>oiients of the nitrogen-free extract and of so-called crude fiber. Since his own investigations ami the investiga- tions of others have shown the almost universal occurrence of pentji- glucoses in vegetable i)roducts, the elaboration of a method for the quan- titative determination of these substances was believed to be of imjxtr- tance. The nitrogen- free extract and the crude fiber as detennin«'d by the ordinary methods of fodder analysis incluresent, while the true sugars only give a brownish cf>lor. This reaction is further chara<-terized by dark lines in the siMM-trum. 'I'lie pentaglucoses are determined •|uantitatively by distilling vegeta- ble substances containing them with hydrochloric acifl (»f ceitain »'on centration and determining the furfurol in the distillate. The author has given much time to the perfection of this method (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. ii, ]>. ). The reaction is given as follows: Fur fnrol, <'.,n4()j, is derived from arabinose or xylose, CsHioOft by the sjilitting off (»f three molecules of water. The sulistance is vt)lati]e. and when freed liy hydrochloric acid appeals in the distillate. The formation of furlurol from these substances is a quantitative one. The furfurol in the distillate is (b'termined quantitatively by means of i)he- nylhydra/in, ("„H„X2i Ji leagent for ahlehydes and ket(»nes in general. With this it forms a nearly insoluble compound, furfurol h>(lrazon. The hydrazon separates out when an a(pie<>us solution of phenylhydra- zin and acetic acid is ajert arc to be coTitiniiefl* It is lutpcd to further ix'ifect the method of fnrfnrol (h'teriiiiii;itioii,aii(l to };et light on the form and composition of the mother substance of arabinose aiul xylose in plants. The occurrence of guanidin in plants. E. Schulze ( Bcr. d. dcut. them, (rfs., :J5 (/. G-JSj. — According' to tlie investijiations of the author, lanth'ts which had jjrown for .'i weeks in tlie liuric aci,/;/*.>•)'/"-> W). — Atlention has hetii callfd to a |>aper on the above subject i)ublisln'd by the author in IS'tS in Ldiidtr. Mittrihnufni, Zritxch. drr kihiif/l. Iiiilirrni hmdir. Lrhrnu- stalf, r/c, zn PopprlHdiirf. The article st'cms until recently t(» have been overlooked, but is n'luinted in full at the above citation. The author first observed tubercles (»u tin* roots of the white clover. Latei- he examinc^d a large number of pai)ilionaceous jilants and gave a list of between Wand .■>() species bearing root tubercles. lie also ol>serve(l them on Arac'm strirtn, .\. hixpUlissimn, A. lophfiiitlin. and .1. lati/oliit. In the case of diflerent species they occurred on different parts of the root, but were in every <'ase situatc(l on the true root, and were not regarded as uKMlilied branches of the rhi/.omr. They difl'ered as to the depth at which they were located beneath the surface, being in some instances near the surface and in (»thers several feet below it. The form, size, and number of the tubercles are minutely described. Trials were made of growing yellow lupine in boxes filled with ditVeient kinds of soil, from light sandy to lu>avy clayey loam. Theresults of these trials indicate the sandy and san;t.L'), pp. 0'^l-'r^4}.— Sclilusnig und Miiiitz have stated that the nitric ferment is present in all arable soils. The author announces the existence of another fer- ment, likewise ain(A)ic, but possessing the proi)ert.v of reducing nitrates. This organism is found in straw and is probably present in all vege- table refuse. If straw be carefully tested by means of the dii>henylamine reaction, traces of nitrate will in almost every case be found on the sur- face, but if the straw is allowed to remain a few days in water no nitric acid is tbund. although this reagent jtermits of the detection of 1 gram in 10,(MM),0(K).* If increasing quantities of nitrate be added to the water extrat-t of the straw a ra]>id disai)pearance of the nitric acid is observed. This reduction of nitric acid is due to a ferment, for if tlie moist straw be stcrilize«l by heat or by an antiseptic, as for example bichlo- ride of mercury, the nitrates no longer ])ear. For jjurposes «»f observing the closeness with which the f«Minent adheres to the straw, a small (juantity of the latter was pla< cmI in S(M> c. c. of water contain- ing 0.1 gram of nitrate of potash; next morning no nitrate was i)res- ent. The liquid was then divide days. For detecting the prescn<-e of nitric acid in a solution, a drop was transferred to a small glass i>late jueviously moistened with a dilute .solii- lion of liydrochloric acid, and drice of interest to study tlie conipanitive action in this respect of sulphate of iron and sulphate of lime iucorporated in various artificial soils of known composition. + For this pur- pose artificial soils were prepared as follows: (1) Cotton-seed meal (containing 4.01 per cent of nitrogen) 0.04 kg., and pure siliceous sand 1.96 kg.; (2) cotton-seed meal 0.04 kg., sand 1.70 kg., and clay 0.2 kg.; (3) cotton-seed meal 0.04 kg., sand 1.94 kg., and carbonate of lime 0.(^2 kg. ; (4) sand 1.74 kg., cotton-seed meal 0.04, carl)onate of lime 0.02, and clay 0.2. These mixtures were i>laced in enameled earthenware pots ^10 in all), in the bottoms of which had been pre- viously placed fragments of glass, forming a space through which air could circulate, and from which large tubes ])assed up through the soil and communicated with the air. These tubes served not only for adnnt- tiiig air but also for introducing the water used in moistening the soil. Difterent pots containing these mixtures received sulphati' of iron (FeS()4J at rates of 1, 2, and '.i grams per kg. of soil, ami suli»hate of lime at the rate of 5 grams per kg. In addition, jmts containing mixture No. 4 received, in difierent <-ases, lactate of iron at a rate cor- responding to 1 gram of sulphate of iron per kg., and ferric oxide at a rate of 2 grams jter kg. The pots were inoculated with 10 c. c. of water-extiact of nitrifying soil and pure water was added from time to time. The experiments lasted from ^I;iy 2 tt» DeceMilx'r 12, at which date the contents of the pots were removed and carefully analyzetl. Full details regarding gain or loss of the various i'orms of nitrogen in each of the 16 experiments are tabulated and discussed at length. In pure sand the addition of 1 giam of sulphate of iron to 1 kg. reduced the loss of nitrogen from 47.»1."> to 1S,:{0 ]>er cent: at the same time the gain of nitric nitrogen was increased from l.l.'J to 10.4 jter cent, and of ammoniacal m'trogen from 4.49 to 11.22 per cent. NN'lien clay was iidded to the soil at a rate of 10 grams to 1 kg. of soil the sulphate of iron sensibly jcduced the loss of nitiogen. but tin* gain of nitric nitrogen was increased from 5.1 to 1."».92 i>er cent, ami of ammo niacal nitiogen reduced from 1().94 to I2.7."» per cent. The addition 8tnre did not sensibly diminish the loss of nitrogen; the gain of nitric nitrogen was diminisluMl trom ."i.l to 2.55 per cent, and that of ammoniacal nitrogen was increased from C.4;{ to 10.4 i>er cent. In the presence of <'arbonate of lime and clay the sulphate of iron reduced the loss of nitrogen from 31.03 to 23.87 per cent aiwl diminished the lu'odiiction of nitric nitiogen ti'om 1S.57 to r).43 per ••cut. In tiie same medium double and triple doses of suli)hate of iron reduced the •Compt. rend., May 16, 1884, and Soptenibor 9, 1889. t Ktueiit experinuMits on the eft'cct on nitritication, etc., of diUVrcnt ]iid)iortion3 of clay and organic nitrogen were repoitt-d in Compt, rend., lU (18!ll.'), pp. 81-84 (see Experiment Station Kecord, vol. iii, p. {'>M\), 919 loss of uitrogeii ami at the same time caused a gradual , 7.44, and 9.7!> per cent). In a coni]>lctc soil (sand, clay, and lime) an addition of lactate of iron, equivalent to 1 gram of sulphate per kg. of soil, almost prevented the loss of nitrogen (only O.U i)er cent), increased the ])roduction of nitric nitrogen from 7.14 to L'2.;>4 per cent, and diminished that of ammoniacal nitrogen from 18.57 to 3.57 per cent. The salts of iron in general injuriously attect the ferments which destroy nitrogenous matter, but the organic salts seem to favor nitri- fication. In a complete soil the addition of 2 grams of ferric oxide to 1 kg. of soil reduced the losses of nitiogen from 31.63 to 21.43 i)er cent, increased the production of nitric nitrogen from 7.14 to 19.(;9 per cent, and reduced that of ammoniacal nitrogen from 18.57 to 10.71 per cent. The oxide of iron does not hinder the decomposition of nitrogenous matter, but modifies the eneigetic action of carbonate of lime and favors nitrification by fixation of ammonia after the manner of clay, and by its oxidizing properties. The sulphate of lime (5 grams ])er kg.) was more favorable to nitrification than sidjthate of iron. In pure sand it increased the production of nitric nitrogen from 1.43 to 11.43 per cent; in sand and carbonate of lime from 5.1 to 13.07 per cent; in sand and clay from 5.1 to 23.07 percent; and in sand, clay, and carbonate of lime from 7.14 to 34.48 per cent. For the conservation of nitrogen suli)hate of lime was nuich more effective than sulphate of iron in clay soils, equally effective in silico- calcareous soils, but on acccmnt of its inferior solubility much less effect- ive in soils of pure sand. The use of sulphate of iron will prove valuable for the fixation of ammonia in rapidly decomposing material, such as fresh manure, urine, liquid manure, and sewage, but in slowly decomposing organic manures, comi)osts, etc., its value is questionable on account of its antiseptic properties. Sulphate of iron may be emjdoyed with favorable results on dry sandy soils deficient in clay, lime, and oxide of inm. On all others gypsum may be applied more advantageously. The efficacy of plaster used on soils containing clay and carbonate of lime is explained. The effects of this jtractice are a modifying of the a<-tion of carbonate of lime on nitrogenous organic matter, the fixation of ammonia by the clay and gy]>suni, a reduction of the loss of nitro- gen, and regularity of nitrification. Effect of sulphate of iron in the soil on the yield of different cereals, A.Mayer {■hnir.f.Landn'.^iO^pp.Hi-:^.^). — These studies were made at the experiment station at Wageningen, Holland, in the summer of 1891. Ten large zinc cylinders were each filled with about 35 pounds of soil, and 5 seeds each of rye, wheat, barley, and oats were sown in 920 eac!i cyliiul;»r. Sulphate of iron in aqueous solution was added to 8 of the cylinders in amounts ranging from 1 to 200 grams. The two others received no iron. Oats was the only crop which responded favorably to the addition of iron sulphate, the other plants being more or less injured. The relative sensitiveness of the cereals to iron sul- phate was in the following order : Wheat, rye, barley, oats. Where the iron was injurious its effect was greater on the fruit than on the plant itself. No kernels were formed where 200 grams of sulphate were used, except in the case of oats, where a few were formed. The practical api)lication of the result is in the use of manurial refuse containing sulphate of iron, and in the selection of crops for land which contains iron salts. The results are in the same line as the observations of practice, that oats are better fitted for iron soils than any other cereals or grasses. The experiments are to be continued another year with other plants. A new method for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils, A. Helmkauipf { HdKnon'rsvhc Landu. Forsdr. Ztij.. J>!il, ji. 683; abs. in Ctntralhl. f. (U/r. Chem., 20, pp. 82ii-fi28). — Tlie author gives a i)reliminary report of the experiments made at the suggestion of Pro- fessor liiebsiher at the Gottingen Agricultural Institute. The object of these \vastod<'t»'rmiii«' indirectly l)y means of plant analysis, in a way similar to that atti-nipteil by other investigators, a method for estimat- ing the requirements of the soil, which should give more reliable indi cations of the sn|)i)ly of a\ ailable itlant food in the soil than is given by the i)resent methods ors«)il analysis. Seven plats were selected, each of which contained 8 subdivisions. Since 1874 the 8 snbjdats of each series had received the following fer- tilizers each year: (1) Potash, (2) jiitrogen, (^) phosphoric acid, (4) potash, nitrogen, and i)hosi)horic acid, (5) unfertilized, (0) potash and nitrogen, (7) potash and i)lios]dioiic acid, and (-S^ phosphoric acid and nitrogen. Fonr of the^c 7 ]>lats had receiveil the same crops each year (peas, oats, rye, and potatoes, respectively); on the others rotation had been practiced. The yields for several years had left no doubt that the soil was delicient in potash and nitrogen, but contained sufficient phos- ])liori(' acid. It" it is]iossible to determine the reqnirenn'iits of a soil by means of plant analysis the examination of the crops grown on the plats mentioned shonld answer this (pu'stion. 'Die analysis of the rye grown on plat ."» in ISitO, which on account of being hulged had to be mown while still green, showed that the percentage of phosphoiic acid was the sann- in the crop from all the subplats, but that the percentages of ])Otash and nitrogen varied widely. To furtlier follow this matter, snninier wheat was sown on ])Iat 5 and on 2 adjoining plats. The crop was harvested when in bloom, since, according to earlier investi- gations on the course of assimilation of plant food from the soil, assinn- lation is practically at an end at this stage. The analyses show, as in the i)i-evious year, that the percentage of phosjdioric a('i(;entage of potash and nitrogen differed widely according to the way in which the plats were manured. The following table shows the results for the crop grown on the eight subdivisions of J plat: Analyses of summer wheat grown ivith different fertilizera. Fertilizers applied. No. 1, potash No. 2, iiitrofien No. a, plio.sphorio acid No. 4, pota.sh, nitrogen, and phosphoric acid No. 5, unfertilized No. 6, ]i(it:isli ;ind nitrojjen No. 7, potash and phosphoric acid No. 8, nitrogen and phosphoric acid The crop contained, in dry matter — Nitrogen. Per cent. 1.84 2.25 1.85 1.99 1.71 2. on 1.68 1.89 Plios- phoric acid. Per cent. 0.81 0.82 0.82 0.91 0.85 0.89 0.74 0.82 Potash . Per cent. 3.64 2.99 3.03 4.41 2.84 4.14 3.24 2.64 The results indicate that the soil contained sufficient phosphoric acid the percentage of this ingredient in the plants showing no increase from the addition of phosphoric acid to the soil. The percentage of nitrogen and potash it will be seen increased with the addition of these materials to the soil. From the results of this experiment the author concludes that plant analysis in connection with fertilizer experiments furnishes indications whether or not a soil is deficient in one or more of the essential ingre- dients. If the percentage of an ingredient in the ash of the crop is increased by the addition of this ingredient to the soil, the conclusion is that the supply of this ingredient in the soil in available form is insufficient, and that therefore it should be applied in the fertilizer. If, on the contrary, the percentage is not increased by the addition of this ingredient to the soil the conclusion is that the soil is already rela- tively rich in this ingredient. Concerning the details of the method, for instance as to whether the whole or a i)art of the plant should be analyzed, what stage of growth is best adapted for the purpose, etc., further investigations are to be made. At present the author is inclined to recommend the analysis of the whole plant at the time of blooming. It is hoped by similar experiments on other soils to work out a simple method for determining the fertilizer requirements of soils. Effect of nitrogenous manures on the structure and nitrogen content of barley, C. Kraus {Zeitsch. ges. Brauwcsens, 1S92, p. 105; ahs. in Cliem. Ztg., 1892, rep. p. 127). — The same variety of barley was grown on plats which had received various kinds and amounts of nitrog- enous fertilizers, but which otherwise were treated uniformly. The protein content of the barley raised ranged from 12.23 to 14.83 per cent. The richer the nitrogenous manuring the higher the percentages 922 of both protein and fat in the grain; it was moro (liffifult to s(»ftrovement be made in the i)ractice of manuring crops. In spite of the many experiments made to compare the efiectsof like quantities of nitrogen in the forms of nitrate of soda and of i«iimonium suli)hat«', which have indicated the nitrate to be the more effect ive» esju'cially in the case of l>eets and i>otatoes. and which have led to the general discarding of ammonium salts foi' j»()tati»es and beets, tliissniic rior effect of nitrate <»f soda has remained unaccounted for. Kecent experiments hy the author and Dr. R. Dorsih* have attrib- uted a special value to the soda contained in Chile saltpeter, esiu'cially for crops w hich require large amounts of potash. They found that when calcium nitrate was useil in ]>laee of sodium nitrate, tliat is, when the soda was rr'idaced by lime, the etlect of the nitrate was veiy materially lessened, annium salts was greatly increased by the addition of soda as common salt.t This favor aide effect of soda is not attiibuted to any ability to set free large (juan- tities of i»lant food contained in the soil, as has been suggested, but to its ability to replace a part of the ])ota.sh re(]uired for a maximum erojt, ijat is, for a crop sufiiciently laig<' to utilize* all the nitrogen supplied. This action of sodium is held t«» b»' of unusual practical importance, as it throws light on ntany unex]dained facts well known in j)ractice. Tlu' author therefore suggests a .series of field experiments to further study the action u\' sodium ami to «letermine its importance in farm ])ractice. He invites the cooperation of farmers in making these i>rac- tical field trials. The jdau outlined is as follows: A piece of land as nearly even as ])racticable, containing about (> acres, is to be divided into 10 equal plats (one fourth hectart" each). There are io be 5 series * Piililislietl ill ForHchunyen anf dem (iehnt dir ]>ihirtfriiiuiit Statiou Keconl, Vol. HI, p. 554. 923 of ]»l;its, 2 ])lats receivino- tlie sainr trcutineiit in every case. The fer- tilizers per iiiae for the ~» series aie — Fiisl series 350 iiomuls siij>fr]»h()sj)hate (with ;il>out IG per ceut phosphoric acid). Secoiid series., j J^J' P<'">h1s sMperpl.ospLa.e ( 2o() pounds aiiinionitiiii suljihate. ( 350 pounds snin-rpliospliate. Third series 2ti5 pounds aniiuonlMni sul])hate. ( 175 ]i()Muds niuriati' of ]H)tash. t 350 pounds suiicrplios])luite. Fourth series... ■ 2t)5 ])ounds anmionium sulphate. ( 175 pounds rock salt. Fifth series ) ^''*^ pounds superphosphate. ( 350 pounds nitrate ot soda. Wliile barley, sujiar beets, potatoes, or carrots miglitbe used, he sug- gests the ordiuiiry field beets used ibr feeding stock, as these require and readily resjmnd to rich manuring and will be likely to show suffi- ciently large differences in yield between differently manured plats. It is hoped that the experiments may be undertaken this season. On the source and nature of the coloring matter in grapes, A. Gautier {Com pt. rend., 114{ls!);^^),pp. .i.l.l. — Sta:. Hpcr. agric. ital.. SI (ISfl), pp. 44fi-4r.5. Volumetric estimation of calcium phosphate with uranium solution, J. B. Coi.r.MAN ami .1. 1>. (JuAXtncR.— ./««»•. Soc. ( Imn. Jnd., 11 {1S92), p. S2S. Thermochemical study of guanidinand its salts and of uitroguanidiu {£tude ihermorhimiijup de la guanidine, de sen nets el de la nitroguanidine), C MationON. — Compt. rend., 114 (189?). pp. 14'i2-1434. A new and rapid method for the determination of nitrogen in organic bodies. W. F. K. Stock.— .lHfl/i/.W, 1S92, June. pp. Jon-ii.f. On the oxidation of glycerin in an acid solution (SulVosgidazione delta gliverina in xohi:iont ariila), S. .M(;. — Latidw. Jahih.. 21 (1SU2), Hift .T and 4, pp. 407-426. Experiments on the culture of potatoes ( I'xpciii ii:e milla rolliva:innc drila palate), A. Pasqiamnm ;iml A. Um wu.—Stn:. sper. af/ru: Hal.. 22 (JS9.'), pp. 234-240. The consumption of fertilizing materials and the production of organic mat- ter by the sugar beet in the second year of grovvth ( Miliihtiiffnrhrniirh imd Sloff- bildiing der /.urktrtiihe im zirdten W(ivhHlliumxjaUre). .Stkuiimki!. Hkikm. and STIKT. — (testerr. ZeitHch.f. Ziiikeiind., 1S02, p. 244: abs. in (hem. Ztg., 1892; rep. p. IffS. The value of applying plant nutrients in the liquid form for sugar beets ( Cehir die liideiilmni ili r l^ii^xiijen i'oim roii \iihvi>liij}'< n fiir ilir rmdiiklinn der /tukmiihe), J. Stoki.asa. — Mitt, drr I'l-r. :iir Fordrriimj drs Imtdir. rfi-MiifhsiniiinK in i leslmTvich 1801, Hrft fi, p. ll'>; ahs. in Centralld. /. a'jr. Clum., 21. Hi ft 4, pp. 2SS-240. The yield of winter •wheat in relation to the prevailing meteorological conditions ( I ilxrilii ntrlioiDlofiixihrii liidiiiiiiniijeu drs i.vlroijix run W intrrirrizrn), Bl.l/.INK. — Mrliorolng. Xeilsrh., ISOl, llij't 12: ab". in I'lirsrh. n. dim tirb. d. aijr. I'ln/Bik^ I.-.. Ifrfl 1 and 2, p. h'>2. A critical review of the means recommended for the prevention and sup- pression of the potato rot (Hnlik drr znr Wirliruijiing nnd Inkdnipfumj dcr hor- toffrlkrankheit hisher empfohlenen Mittel), liKKlllni./.. — Landir. U'ochenbl. f. Scklettrig- Hidslrin, isrt2, \n. 22. pp. Isr.-ISO, nnd Xo. :'.?, pp. lO't-lOS. The so-called "stippen" of the apple ( I'eber die nogeH. '' Stippm " dtr .trpfel), J. AVolMMANN. — l.iindir. .hihlb.. ?/ {ISH.'S. Ili ft .". and I , pp. I'tll-i:?.'). Observations upon the plan of preserving the grapevine from the attacks of Peronospora by means of an internal preventive treatment with copper sul- phate { Ossrrriiziiini snU'idrti di iirrsirviirr In riln dull 'inrn/^innr driln I'rrnnoiipora mcdianlr la rura interna prrrmlira ron ml/ulo di rame), A. N. ni;i:ir.>K. and L. SoSTKiiNl.— .S/rt--. xprr. nijrir. itnl.. 21 (1891), pp. 229~2.U. Po^wders and liquids for the treatment of the Peronospora ( I'oUeri e lit/nidi nelln rum diUn I'l roinisp.nn). (i. ('iluiNM.— />(>//. >'.« . \i-T< >z/.Kri I .ind V. 1)ki. (iiKitcnt — Sla:. sper. afirir. Hal.. 21 (ISOl), pp. 5-10. Experiments on fermentation with selected and purified yeasts { ICxperienze di fermriilnzionr mn lirriti ptirifirnli r xi h zionnli \. 7.. \\k\\/./.\. — ^laz. xprr. at/ric. Hal., 22 (180]), pp. //;-/-". On the use of pure selected fermenta (>'nll'impirijo di I'ermenti Kclrzionati }>Hri), C. FoRTi. — SInz. xprr. aifrir. ilol.. 21 [ISOl), pp. 2.:i-21". Variations in the mean temperature of the air in the region of Paris ( Varia- tions de la Irmperatnrr nioi/enne de I'nir danx In region de I'arix), K. RexoU. — Cmnpt, rend., 114 (ISO?), pp. 122(1-12:2. A new^ objection to the ascending theory of the cyclone (Xonrel Mec de la ih^orir a-'irrndnnle ilrD (iiclonrx). Kayi:. — Cmnpl. rrnd., Ill {is:i2).pp. 123.^-12.W. Effect of atmospheric electricity on the grow^th of plants {Drr Eintlu.fx dn atmoxphnrixrhrn Elrklrizitiit nnf die fri/etnlion iter I'tlauzen ). .\.. Al.Ol. — .Ibf. in l''orxeb. a. dem deb. ngr. Vht/Hik, 15, Heft 1 and 2, p. 10.1. Effect of forests on the extent of atmospheric precipitation (Per Kinfliifis dei U'aldrx an/ die (iro.i-ii drr nlwoxphnri.<>rhrn yirdrrsrliliitjr). MClTluril. — /.eitxrh.f. Forit- ^, Jatjdursen (1802), f>. 27: abx. in yaturwisxenxrh, Ixiind-ichaii, 1802, Xo. 23, p. 2'J:^, 927 studies on the formation and the amount of de^v and its importance to plant life ( rtilcrKuchiinfiru iihcr die /iilihuif] idkI dir Mrnge dfs Thniies), E. Woli.ny. — Forsch^ a. (hm (ieh. d. a. On the composition of the soils of the "marcite" [Sulla composizinne dei terrcni delle mareite), A. Mexozzi.^ — s'/^-. sj)er. agrie. ital., 21 (1891), pp. ll-'!-12ri. The relative value of different leguminous plants, rape, mustard, and buck- ■wheat, for green manuring ( Versuche iiher die lirauehharJceil verschiedener Fflanzen zu Criindiingungszu-eeken auf Lehmboden, und die JVirkung demelben auf den Ertrag der :Naehfrueh1), V. Strebel. — Jbs. in Centralbl. f. agr. Chem., 21, Heft 4, pp. 235-2SS. Results from green manuring in 1891 {Resnitate der Criindiingung in 1891 auf der Domdne IHippel), KrxG. — Dent. Inndu-. I'resse, 1892, No. 47, p. 507. On dried blood as manure (Sul sangue disseeeato come materia eoneimanfe), A. Cassali.— 5/rt--. .sjjf/-. agric. ital., 22 (1892), pp. 2.i0-2.i3. Studies on monomaguesium phosphate (Sfudien iiher das Monomagnesiumphos- phat).J. Stoklasa. — Zeifsdi. anorgau. Chem., 1892, p. .367; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 1892, rep. p. 194. On the preparation of calcium citrate (Sulla preparazione del eitrato ealeare), V. Olivkri. — Staz. sper. agric. Hal., 22 (1892), pp. 5-7. The reaction of sulphate of iron with the phosphates employed in agri- culture, P. Cazaxeuvk and A. Nicollk. — Monit. seient., 6, ser. 4, p. .134: ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 1892, rep. p. 174. The genetic development of the different forms of barley kernels (Die gene- tische Kntu-ickeiuug der rersehiedenen Formen unserer Saalgersfe), W. Rimtau. — Landw. Jahrb., 21 (189'^), Heft 3 and 4, pp. 699-702. Examinations of the hops of the crop of 1891 (Unter-iuchungen der Hopfen des Jahrgangea 1891), y[. Levy.— CTrm. Zfg., 1892, No. 48, pp. 839, 840. The conditions essential to the most successful grow^th of oats, and the prin- ciples of oat culture (Die U'arhsthumshediuguugen der Haferpjianze und die Crnndre- geln der HaferkuJtnr). K. Bi;AfXGAiiT. — Zeitsch. d. landw. Ver. in Bayern, 1892, pp. 114-134. On the physiological constitution of potato tubers as related to the devel- opment of sprouts (Sur la con-<clogiafico fino ad nggi mgletto), V. A'ax- Nixcrxi. — Atti dcUa li. Ace. dei GeorgofiU di Firenze, 1.5 {1SU2), ser. 4, dispenna I, pp. 30-47. Contributions to the knoTvledge of the chemical composition of apples and pears, ^with special reference to their use for making fruit w^ines (Fuiliiige zttr KenutniKH dcr ihcmivihiu ZiiHiimiiienHttzuug dcr Aepfil und Ilinnii mil beaonderer JJcriicksiehlignng ihrer Venvendung zur Obslweiiibrnilniig), P. Kui.iscii. — Laudtr. Jahrb., 21 {1892), Heft 3 nnd 4, pp. 427-444. Fish-meal feed ( Fischfiitlermebl), V. T.k.hmann. — Lniidir. IViKhenht. f. Sehleswig- JloJsleiii, 1S92, So. 23, p/>. 200. 201. Feeding experiments •with dried sugar beet residues ( Fiittenings-rersuche mil geirockneten Hiibcnsi liiiil:t In), FIoppi \.si ii>r. — l>>iit. Itmdir. Prrxsp^ 189?, No. 4^1, pp. 467-469. Further experiments on the effect of the consumption of vrater and of com- mon salt on the excretion of nitrogen (.Vo'7i cinigr T'ermuelif fiber dfn FinHnsn des Wassers niid des Kochxalzex atif die iStickstoffaimagtibe roin Tieykiiipei). D. Dlltil.iK. — Zeitsch.f. IiioL,2S, pp. 237-244; abs. in Chem. Cenlralbl., 1S92, I, p. 862. On the formation of lactic acid and glucose -within the body by insufficient supply of oxygen, third paper i. Crhev die liildung mn Milrhsiiiirr mid (iti/cnse ini (hganinmuH bci Sauemtoffinangel ), T. Araki. — /.eil>«h. f. phgniol. (hem., 16, Heft 6, pp. 453-460. On the formation of glycogen follow^ing the consumption of various sugars ( I'eberdie (iliikinjeiiliililiing iiinh .fn/iiiihine n rurhiidiner Xiiekerarlen). (".Voir. — Xiilieh. f. Biol.,SS, pp. ^45-292: abx. in rhent. Cenlralbl., 1.S92, I, pp. 862,863, and Chnn. /I;/., 1.^92, rep. p. 188. The applicability of tuberculin for combating tuberculosis in domestic aiii- mals ( I'eber die J'enrerlhharkeit dea I'libercnliim bei fiekdnipfung der Tnbcrculoite nnxfrer Hnuslhiere), VvT/.. — Zeilsch. des landir. Cent. Ver. Saehsen, 1892, Xo. 5, pp. 154-161. Inoculation of dogs with tuberculosis (Aa raeeinntion tubereulruite ehez le chitn), J. HKKicotijT and V. liuuv.r. — Compt. rend., 114 (1892), pp. 13S9-1392. Contribution to the determination of nitrogen and of albuminoids in milk and its products (Conlribnlo alia deterniinazionf dril'azolo e degli nlbnininnidi nil liille ( iiri snoi prodiilti). L. ('akcano. — sia:. fper. agrir. Hal.. 22 (1892), pp. 261-263. Method of examining milk for tuberculosis bacilli (Untergnehnng der Mileh anf Tnberkel-narilhn). W. Tll':nn>> und dcr Thcorie dei- Labgcrinnupg), G. Coujiant. — Pfliigcr's Arch., 50. Heft .1 and 4 : abs. in Fiihling's hindw. Zig., 1892, Heft 12, p. 458. Annual Report of the experiment station at Darmstadt, Germany {Bericht iiber die Thdtigkeit der landw. Versuchsstation Darmstadt fiir das Jahr 1891), 1*. Wauxek. — 'Zeitsch,f. d. landw. Vcr. Hesscn, 1892, Xo. 20, pp. 160-162. 20021— No. 12 7 EXPERIMENT STATION NOTES. Idaho Statiox. — A station for Idaho has been located at Idaho Falls, and E. P. Henry has been apijoiuted siiiK-rintendent. Lund is beinj; itie]»ared lor next year's work. P'or the present, work will be confined to testiuj^ the adaptaViility ofeereals, grasses, and fruits to the soil and climate of this region, and to experimenting iu irrigation. Pknxsylvaxia Collegk. — The board of trustees have establi.shed two new courses in agriculture, a course of home reading and a, winter dairy course. The course of home reading in agriculture is especially designed for the young oi middle-aged farmer, who, from exi)erience, appreciates the need of better training in agricultural science, but whose business interests will not permit his attendance upon any of the lecture courses offered by the college. It is also expected that the boys and girls of the farm will be interested in the class of literature comprised in the course. The course is dividetl into three groups of subjects, each group being idly as he chooses. A written exam- ination may be taken ujjou each subject ami due credit therefor given. Upon the satisfactory ronipletion of any two of the groups a suit.ible eertitieate or dijiloma will be granted. No entrance exaniinatiim or fee will be required, and tlie only exi)ense of the course to the student will be the actual cost of the books which m.ty be ]iurchased through the college at a reduced rate. Thv'irintvr dairy course is one of a series of courses of twelve weeks which the college proposes to offer, covering in time the subjects of soil and crop production, live-stock husbandry, horticulture, rural economy, etc. These courses are to be much more technical and practical than is possible to make the short courses in agriculture as now arranged. The dairy course to be ottered this winter comprises two subconrses; one for the home dairyman, and one for the creamery man, each occuiiying six weeks. All nec- essary eciuipment will l)e put in and the practical work iu the dairy will be in charge of an expert butter and cheese maker. The course i)rovides for instruction in (1) dairying. (2) dairy breeds and breeding, (3) stock feeding, (4) dairy eheniistrv. (.5) diseases of dairy stock and their treatment. KiionK Isi.ANP t'oi.i.KGK. — Hv an act of the State legislature jiassed May 19. 1W2. the name of the Rhode Island State Agricultural Sclmol has been changed to Khodo 930 931 Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The institution as reorganized ia to receive the benefits of the acts of Congress of March 2, 1887, and August 30, 1890. The new hoard of managers was organized May 28, by the election of the following officers: C. O. Flagg president, Melville Bull treasurer, and C. J. Greene clerk. Utah Statiox. — W. F. Brewer, M. D., formerly connected with the veterinary laboratory of the University of Nebraska, has been appointed biologist of the Utah Station. ViKGiNiA Station. — R. H. Price, assistant horticulturist, has resigned to accept the position of professor of horticulture in the Texas College and horticulturist to the Texas Station. Kaix-making kxperimexts IX 1891.— R. G. Dyreuforth's report on the rain- making experiments in 1891, niulcr his direction, was issued as Ex. Doc. No. 45 of the Senate of the United States. Daikyixg, p. De Vuyst.— Under this title the author publishes a 31-page ]iam- plilet, made up of compiled notes .and reports on investigations at Borsbeke, Belgium, and elsewhere, on (1) rii)eniug of cream, (2) determination of acidity of cream, (3) rapid methods of determining fat in milk, and (4) new dairy apparatus. Bipen'mg of cream. — Cultures of bacteria were obtained from Dr. Weigmann of the Kiel Station. These were added to cream at the rate of 100 grams to 2.5 kg. of cream ; other cultures propagated according to the directions of Weigmann were used at the same rate, and 2.5 kg. of cream were allowed to ripen naturally. At the end of twenty-four hoiu's the cream had the same aciditj-, and each lot was churned at 13.5^ C, the other conditions being as nearly identical as possible. In the first case the cream churned with difficulty, in the second case rather more satisfactorily, while in the third case it churned readily. The results of the tests were as follows: Yield and composition of hntter from cream ripened in different u-ays. Method of ripening. (1) Weigmann's cultures Fresh cultures Natural ripening (2) Fresh cultures i^atural ripening (3) Fresh cultures INatural ripening (4) Fresh cultures Natural ripening Yield of butter Fat in per 5 kg. butter. of cream. Kg. Per ct. 1.17 76 1.26 81 1.32 84 1.25 1. 31 1.38 80 1.39 81 1.20 1.24 The butter prepared with Weigraann's cultures was of a better flavor while fresh than the other lots, but after two or three days rancidity was observed. There was, however, little difference in this respect between the butter prepared from cream ripened naturally and by means of the fresh cultures ; and the results of experi- ments in other dairies in Belgium with fresh cultures show that while the quality of the fresh butter was slightly improved the yield was not sensibly increased. The author concludes that under ordinary circumstances artificial ripening is of little value, but the new method may be employed with advantage in dairies where the conditions are unfavorable to the miking of butter of good quality. Other ex- perimenters have arrived at similar conclusions, but it appears probable that the trouble is due in large measure to the use of cultures which are not strictly pure, and to a neglect to maintain the proper temperatures during ripening. An auto- matic arrangement for controlling the temjierature of the cream tanks during ripen- ing is described and illustrated. Deiermiuation of acicliti/ of cream. — Brief dire<^tious for the use of various volumetric methods. 932 Rapid methods of determining fat in milk. — Compiled notes are given on the various milk tests which have been proposed in Europe and the United States, a number of which have been tested by the author. The methods of Demichel, Beimling, Bab- cock, and Thorncr are described. Tests of a number of these methods have led to the conclusion that for dairies and cooperative creameries the Babcock and Beimling methods possess in a greater degree than others proposed the qualities of accuracy, simplicity, rapidity, and cheapness. The author also describes a method of testing the hardness of butter, practically the same a« that described by Parsons in Bulletin No. 13 of the New Hampshire Station (see Experiment Station Record, vol. iii, p. 86). New dairy apparatus. — Recent improvements in sejjarators and butter extractors (particularly those of the De Laval naodel) are discussed. The Johansson extractor is illustrated and described at some length. The air churn of Rolland &, Co. is described and its method of use explained. In this apparatus churning is accom- plished bj' forcing a current of air through the milk or cream by means of a bellows communicating with the bottom of the chum. The inventors claim that this appa- ratus maybe used in extracting butter from sweet milk, but experimental tests indi- cate that it works well only with sour milk. It couseqtiently yields a sour skim milk, and in this respect it is at a disadvantage as compared with the separat-or. In some respects, however, the air churn is superior to the ordinary churn. Care must be taken that the air used is filtered, and the churn operated in a place free fmm ba*l odors. The Lefkmann' ani> Bkam mii.k tkst. — The method as described by the authors in the Anahjitt for May consists in dissolving the casein in 15 c. c. of milk with con- centrated sulphuric acid and a mixture of equal parts of amyl alcohol and strong hydrochloric acid, and collecting the fat in the grailnated neck of the test bottle by adding a mixture of hot water ami sulphuric aoid and whirling in a centrifugjil machine. The method appears to be identical with the Reimling test in all essential details. No hot water is added in the Beimling test, and the graduation of the test bottle may be slightly different. German Agimcitltukal Society. — Tlie annual meeting and fair of the German Agricultural Society is held this year at Konigsberg, Prussia, June 16 to 20. The meetings and fairs of thi'^ Society are events of more than ordinary interest on :vccouut of the large number of agriculturists which they bring together, the num- ber of prizes otfereil, and tlie extent and variety of the agricultural exhil>its. The Society numbers at present <»vcr 7,000 memVicrs. The fair this year will include .S47 horses, 814 head of cattle, 410 sheep, and 251 pigs, together with poultry, agrictil- tural productJ^ of all deseriptions, seeds, wines, apiary products, commercial fertil- izers, commercial feeding stutfs. ])reserves, and over 2,300 machines and appliances. The meetings of the Society consist of day sessions, evening entertainments, and excursions, and are only open to members. Intkknationai. cunouks.s of sugar chemists. — At a meeting in the interest of sugar iiiaiuifactnre held in connection witli tlie Vienna agricultural and forestry congress in 18>i9, the question of metliods of an.'ilysis of sugars, molasses, etc., was discusst'd, and the desirability of uniform niethoils w.is universally conceded. An international congress of sugar chemist* for this purpose was urged. The matter was tinally placed in charge of F. Strohmer, director i>f the experiment station of the Central Society for Beet Sugar Inilustry in Austria-Hungary, who was given authority to canvass the situation and to arrange for a congress if sufficient support was rec<'ived from chemists and manufacturers in dill'ereiit countries. A circular on this subject mailed tt> prominent sugar chemists anil manufacturers in Germany, Holland, Fr.ance, England, Russia, Italy, aud .\meriea has elicited a large number of favorable replies. The united chemists of Belgium are endeavoring to arrange for a congress of sugar chemists at Brussels in ISitS, anes. November . Bulletin No. 2!).. Grapes, Raspberries, and Strawberries. November . Bulletin No. 30.. Apples, Pears, Pea<-lies, and Pluma. Noveinber . Bulletin No. 31.. Irish and Sweet Potatoes. November . Bulletin No. 32.. Com, Wheat, and Oats. December. . Bulletin No. 33.. Cotton. Annual Report.. Annual Report, 1891. ALABAMA CANEHRAKE STATION. 1888. July Bulletin No.l... Experiments with Vegetables]. October Bulletin N...2 .. Experiment-* witli Veu'etables and Frnit Trees]. Annual Rejjort.. First Annual Report, lt<8t<. 1880. January . . . Bulletin No. 3... Experiments with Com; Forage Crops and Drainage. April Bulletin No. 4... Exi>eriments with Com: Meteorology. July Bulletin No. 5. .. Expwrinients with Oats. Wheat; Meteorological Report. October .... Bulletin No. 6... Vegi'tables: Grapes: Meteorology. Annual Report. . Second Annual Report. 1889. 1890. February . . Bulletin No. 7... [Field Experiments with Cotton, Peas. Melilotus and Corn]. Cattle Feeiiing: Pig Feeding. April.. Bulletin No. 8... Bulletin No. 9... (Cmps for Knsila^e: For.it:e Plants and Grasae.s]. Experiments with Corn: Meteorology. December.. Bulletin No. 10.. Annual Report.. Third Annual ReiMtrt, IsiH). 1891. February . . BulletinNo.il.. Experiments with Cotton. October Bulletin No. 12.. Grapes. Strawberries, and Raspberries. December.. BuUetinNo.l3.. Com. ARIZONA STATION. 1890. December.. Bulletin No.l.. Annual Report. 1891. I September . ' Bulletin No. 2. . October — November Bulletin No. 3.. Bulletin No. 4.. Annual Rex>ort. Org.xnization of Station. First .Annual Reimrt, 1S90. Note.") on some of the Riinge Grasses of Arizona; Overstocking the Range. Irri^Iiition in .Vrizona Waters and Water Analysis. Second Annual Report, 1891. ARKANSAS STATION. 1888. Mairh Bulletin No.l... ( ull i vatioii of Cotton and Corn. April Bull.-tin No. 2... Diseases ol" .\nimals. April Bulletin No. 3... 1 Insects Injurious to Plant Life]. July Bulletin No.4... Coniniercial Fertilizers. August Bulletin Ng.5... j Dehorning. August I'.lilletiu No. tj... ! 1 Exjierinients with Whe^it]. November - Bulletin No. 7... ilortieiilture. Aiinuiil Report.. First Annual Report, 1888. 1889. April Bulletin No. 8... Spavin-: of Cattle. May Bulletin No. 9.. ('ntionSeed Hulls for Fattening. June Bulletin No. in. [Ili.seets and In.seetii-idesj. September . Bnlleliu N... 11. ' |.Strawl)erries and ('eieids|. Annual Report. ' Second Annual Report, 1889. 939 List of station jnthlicallons issued jjiior to January 1, 1S92 — Coutiuued. ARKANSAS STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1890. Ai)ril August . . . Sei>tenil)er December. 1891. July October — Bulletin No. 12.. liulletinNo.Kl.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 1.5.. Annual Keimrt. . Bulletin No. Hi.. Bullelin No. 17.. Annual Report. . Influence of Spaying on Milk Proiluctinii ; Milk .\naly.sis; Entomology. Strawberries. Tlio EUecta oftlio Arsenites upon Plants. [Xew In.spcticides for tlie (Cotton \Vorm|. Third Annual Keport, 1890. Nature and Treatment of a Prevalent Skin Disea.se of Young Cattle. Tests of Varieties of Grapes, Strawberries, lvas])berries, and I'luni.s. Fourth Annual Report, 1891. C-VLIKOIINIA STATION.* 1875. February July ISTij. Jamiarv . 1877. April 1878. 1879. 1880. 1882. 1884. January . . January . . January . . January . . February . February . February . March .... April April May May August. . . August . . . Augu.st . . . September October. . . October. . . October. . . November November December. December. December - 1885. January . February February March . . . April April Bulletin No. 8... Bulletin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 23.. Bulletin No. 26.. Bulletin No. 32.. Biennial Report Annual Report.. Biennial Report Bulletin No. 1 .. Bulletin No. 2 .. Bulletin No. 3 . . Bulletin No. 4 .. Bulletin No. 5 . . Bulletin No. 6 .. Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulbtin r.uUetin I'.uUetin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Btilletin Bulletin BuHetin Biennial Biennial No. 7 .. No. 8 .. No. 9 .. No. 10.. No. 11.. No. 12.. No. 13.. No. 14.. No. 1.5.. No. 16.. No. 17.. No. 18.. No. 19.. No. 20 No. 21 . . No. 22.. No. 23.. No. 24.. No. 25.. No. 20.. No. 27.. No. 28., No. 29. No. 30. Report Report Bulletin No. 31. Bulletin No. 32. Bulletin No. 33. Bulletin No. 34.. Bulletin No. 35. . Bulletin No. 3B.. Announcement of Lectures and Sketch of Outdoor Work, t Thesis on Utility and Methods of Soil Analysis, by L. S. liuicbard. Lecture on the Phylloxera or Grapevine Louse. Concerning Industrial Survey; Transmission of Soil Specimens, etc. Biennial Report, 1876 and 1877. On the Destruction of the Ground Squirrel by the Use of Bisulphide of Carbon. Biennial Report, 1878 and 1879. Phylloxera or the Grapevine Louse (revised reprint). Annual Report, 1880. Biennial Report, 1881 and 1882. Examination of the Water of the San Fernando Tunnel. Phuit Di.stribution. Remedies for the Phylloxera; Failure of Cuttings. Analyses of Tanning Materials. [Distribution of Plants). Comparative Examination of Claret Grapes from Fresno and Liver- more Valley. Examination of Irrigation Waters. [Examinations of Fertilizing Materials and Soils]. Examination of Zinfaudel Wiuts. Examination of Soils. Ou the Physical and Agricultural Features of California. Examination of Zinfandel Wines. [Examination of Red or Claret Wines]. Examinations of Artesian Waters from the San Joaquin Valley. Examinations of Soils from Southern California. Entomology in the College of Agriculture. The ^Inseat ( Jrape on the Southern Mesas. Mr. J. A. Bauer's Phylloxera Remedy. Observations on the Phylloxera Made during 1884. Examination of Stream and Well Waters. Examination of Red Wines from Sonoma and Napa Counties. University Seed Distribution. A'^intage Work in the Niticultoral Laboratory, 1884. Examinations of Grape-Growing Soils. Examinations of Alameda County Vineyard Soils. Examinatinns of Miscellaneous A'egetable Substances. Examinations of Soils from the Northern Coast Range Region. Examinations of Tule, Marsh, and Alkali Soils. Distribution of Plants and Scions. Examination of Various Ui)land Soils. Biennial Report, 1883 and 1884. Report of the Viticultural Work, 1883 and 1884. Examination of Trousseau and Burger AVines. Examination of Well and Spring Waters. Examinations of Soils and Abaters. Experiments on the Growth of'Cuttings from Wild American Vines. Investigations of Wines from Rare Grape Varieties. Examinations of Soils and Subsoils. * The publications in this list from 1875 to 1882, inclusive, were issued as part of a general scries of publications of the University of California. t Summary of cultural station work prior to 1875. 940 List of station pnhlications hsued prior to Januarij 1, 1S92 — Continued. CALIFORXIA STATION— Continued. . Date. Publication. 1885. April Bulletin Xo. 37- April. May.. May .. June Auf^ust. . . . Sepleuiber, October October October Kov ember . December.. December.. 1886. January . . . February . . Febriiarj- . . April May May August October November . December.. December. . December. . 1887. January . . January . . February . February . March April Bulletin No. 38.. Bulletin Xo. 39.. Bulletin Xo. 40.. Title. Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin iSulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Biennial Xo.41. Xo.42. Xo.43. X'o. 44. Xo. 45. X'o. 46. Xo.47. Xo.48. Xo.49. Xo. 50 . Xo.51. Xo.52. Xo. 53. Xo. 54 . Xo.55. Xo 56. Xo.57. Xo. 58. Xo. 59. Xo.60. Xo. 61 . .Vo.62. Report Biennial Report Bulletin Xo. 63. Bulletin X'o. 64. Bull.tin Xo. 65. Biill.tin Xo. 66. Bulletin Xo.67. Bulletin Xo.68. May Bulletin Xo. 69. June Bulletin Xo. 70. June i Bulletin Xo. 71. August Bulletin Xo. 72 August ' Bulletin Xo. 73. Auguat Bulletin Xo. 74. November December. Decern biT. 1888. March May August . . December 1889. March June November December. 1890. February . May June October. . . December. Bulletin X'o.' Bulletin Xo. 76. Bulletin Xo. 77. Bulletin Xo.78. Bulletin Xo. 79. Bulletin Xo. 80. Bulletin Xo. 81. Bulletin No. 82.. Bulletin No. 83.. Hulletiu No. 84.. Biennial Report. Bulletin No. 85.. Mullet in No. 86.. B\llletin No. 87.. Bulletin No 88. Bulletin No. J-'9 Annual Report . Investigations of Wines from Rare Grape Varieties. — Cinsaut, Petit Bouschet. ^terlot. Verdot. Investigations of Wines from Rare Grape Varieties.— Beelan, Cabernet, Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon. Analyses of Oranges and Lemons from the Riverside Citrus Fair, March, 1885. Investigations of Wines from Rare Grape Varieties.— Clairette Blanche, Roussanne, Marsanne. The Olive. A'iutage Work in the Viticultural Laboratory, 1885. Analyses of Santa Clara Valley Red Wines. * The •• Bed-Rock Lands '' of Sacramento County. Grafting the California Wild Vine. Grafting and Fruiting of Resistant Vines. Seed Distribution. Investigations Tipon the Mercurial Phylloxera Remedy. Fxamiuations of SoiLs from the Baj' Regions. Distribution of Plants and Scions. The Wines of 1885. Alkaline Washes for Fruit Trees. Irrigation, Drainage, and Alkali. Condensed (irai>e Must and its I'ses. The Woolly .\]>hisand it-s Repression. WhaleOil Soap Insecticide \\ ashe.": The Sulphuring of Vines. Vintage Work and lustnntion in the Vilicullural Laboratory, 1886. The liessiiin Fly and K'etistant Grains. [The Exjirrimental Vineyard at Cupertino]. Coloriraetrir Measurement of Wini's. Distribution of Seeds and Pliuits. Distribution of Cuttings and .Scions. Biennial Report, Colhgeof Agriculture, 1885, 1886. Alkali Lands, Irrigatiiin and Drainage. App. VIX. Report of Viticultural Work during 1885-86. Experiments on Methods of Fermentation. Planting and Grafting Resistant Vines. Shall CiUifomia Mak/- Sophisticated Wines? The Principles and Practice of Pa.steurizing. Misvunception of the Universitv Viticultural Work. University Distribution of S«'«-r Wims. Abnormal Dejiosits ».j»>cts. Advance Sheets Annual Reports of 1888 and 1889; Waters, Water Sup- ply, and Related Subjects. Circular concerning Analyses of Waters. The Lakes of the San Joaquin Valley. The Rise of Alkali in the San ■Toaquin Valley. Distribution of Seeds and Plants. Biennial Reiwrt, 1888-89. Ob.servations on Olive Varieties. Preservative Fluids for Fresh Fruits; The Sulphuring of Dried Fruits. The Conservation of Wines. The Use of Fertilizers in California. Distribution of Seeds and Plants. ADO\ial Report, 1890. 941 List of station pnbUcations issued prior to Januar;/ 1, 1S92 — Continued. CALIFORNIA STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1891. January - . . Bulletin No. 90.. Fiber Plants for California. February . . Bulletin No. 91.. Port and Sherry Grapes in California; Importation of Italian Grapes; Importation of Olives. ^larch Bulletin No. 02.. Ndtcs (in <'alilninin Oliv.'s, their Adaptations and Oils. Juno Bulletin No. 93.. luvesri^atioii of ( alitornia Oranges and Lemons. September. Bullelin No.iU.. Composition of the liamie Plant; Fertilizing Value of Greasewood. December. . Bulletin No. 95.. Distribution of Seeds and Plants. COLOR. V DO STATION. Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... Bulletin No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Bulletin No. 5. .. Annual Report - Bulletin No. 6... Bulletin No. 7... Bulletin No. 8... Bulletin No. 9... Annual Report . Bulletin No. 10.. Bulletin No. 11.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 15.. Bulletin No. 16.. Bulletin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 18 . Reports of Experiments in Irrigation and Meteorology. Grains, Gras.ses. and Vegetables. Distribution of College Seeds and Plants ; Duties of Secretary of State Board of Agrieultnre. Experiments with Potatoes and Tobacco. Experiments in Apiary. First Annual Report, 1888. Insects and Insecticides. Potatoes and Sugar Beets. Alfalfa, its Growth, Composition, Digestibility, etc. Soils and Alkali. Second Annual Report, 1889. Tobacco. Sugar Beets. Some Colorado Grasses and their Chemical Analysis. The i^Ieasurement and Division of Water. Third Annual Report, 1890. Sugar Beets. Codling Moth and Grapevine Leaf Hopper. The Artesian Wells of Colorado and tkeir Relation to Irrigation. Fruit Interests of the State. Index to Bulletins Nos. 1-17. CONNECTICUT STATE STATION. Prelim Report* Annual Report* Annual Report Bulletins Nos. 1-8. Bulletin No. 9.. Annual Report Bulletins Nos. 10-22. Bulletin No. 23. Bulletins Nos. 24-33. Bulletin No. 34., Bulletin No. 35. Annual Report Bulletin No. 36. Bulletin No. 37. Bulletins Nos. 38-48. Bulletin No. 49.. Bulletin No. 50.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 51 . . Bulletin No. .52 Bulletin No. .53. Bulletin No. 54., Preliminary "Work; Fertilizers, etc. First Annual Report (a supplementary report on experiments at ilid- dletown was piiblished in the Report of the Connecticut Board of Agriculture for 1878) . Annual Report, 1877. Fertilizer Analyses. Fertilizers and "Egg Food." Annual Report, 1878. Fertilizer Analyses. Analyses of Hay. Fertilizer Analyses. Analyses of Hay. An.alyses of MaizeKernels. Annual Report, 1879. Shell Marl, Oyster Shell Lime, Marine Jfnd. and Seawood. Fresh Water Sediments; Peat or Swamp Muck. Fertilizer Analj'ses. Swamp Muck. Fertilizers. Annual Report, 1880. Refuse Lime; Sorghum Seed; Brewers" Grains. Cost of Active Ingredieiits of Fertilizers. Shell Marl ; Apple Pomace. Fertilizers. ' During 1875 and 1876 the station was at Middletown. 942 List of station puhlications issued prior to January 1, 1892 — Continued. CONNECTICUT STATE STATION— Continued. Date. 1881. 1881-8.3. 1884. 1884-85. 188C. January Marcli . . July October. Publication. Bulletin No. 55.. Annual lieport . Bulletins Ncs. 56-70. Annual Reports. r.iilletinNo.T7-. IJiilb>tin8 No8. 78-85. Annual Ho.ports. Titlo NiithtSoil: Ensilage. Annual Report for 1881. Fertilizer Analyses. Annual Reports, 1882 and 1883. Fertilizers; Composition of Peach Wood, Healthy and Diseased. Fertilizer Analyses. Annual Reports, 1881 and 1885. . ! Bulletin No. 8iV . An.ilyses of Kertilizer.s; Analyses of Feedinj; Stuffs. 1887. Marcli April Sei>teniber November . 1888. April June 1889. January . . . April June June September . 1890. January . . . ^larch May October December . 1891. March April . May . . BiiMotiii No. 8' Bullet in No. 88.. Bnlliliii Xo.8:t.. Annual Report.. Bulletin No. 90.. Bulletin No. 91.. Bulletin X«.92.. Bulletin No. 9.3.. Annual Report. . Bulletin No. 94 . . Bulletin No. 95.. Annual Report. . Bulletin No. 96.. Bnlletin No. 97.. BuUtlin No. 98.. Bnlletin \o.99.. Bulletin No. 100. Annual Report. . Bulletin No. 101. Bulletin No. 102. Bulletin No. 103 Bulletin No. 104 Bullftin No. 105. Annual Report. . Bnlletin No. 106. Bnlletin N Bulletin N O.107. 108. AujEust. . . December Bnlletin X J-.ullrtin X AiMinii! K. o. 109 o. 110 port . Analyses of Fcrtili/er.s: .\nalyse.s of Feeding StuH's. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. Analyses of Sujierjiliospliates and Special Manures. Annual Report for 1S86. Valuation of Fertilizers. Analyses of Fertilizers. Observance of the Fertilizer Law. Classitic.-ition of Plant-s and Grasses. Annual Report for 1887. Ingredients in Raw Materials and The Trade Values of Fertilizing Chemicals for l.'«88. Analyses of Fertilizers. Annual Report for 188ft. On the Valuation of IVeding Stuffs. Fungous Diseases of Plants; Analyses of Fertilizers. Analyses of Fertilizers; IIoau-ii.i.<(ed. Analyses of Fertilizers. Analyses and Valuations of Fertilizers. Annual Report for 1889. Fertilizer Analyses. Fertilizers. Fertilizer Analyses. Potato Seal); The Proteids or Albuminoids of the O.it Tvernel. Annual Report for 1890. The Babcock ilethodof Determining Fat in ^lilk and Cream ; Butter Analyses; Fertilizers. The Connecticut Sjum-ji's of (iymnosjioranirium. E^tamiiialion of the Seed of Orchanl (irass; .Asli Aiudysis of While (JIdIip (Anions; on the Detemiiuation of Fat in Croiuii by the Habcock Method. Fertilizers. ('iin:id;i .Xshes. Al :il Kepcul. 1891. CONNF.CTICUT STORRS STATION. 1888. June October. 1889. February . July Oct(d)er . . . 1890. August — 1891. September . Bulletin No. I.. . Field Experiments; Organization. Bulletin No. 2. ..' Experiments on the Effects of Tillage; SoilMoisturci Grass and Foragi j Garden. Annual Report. . First Annual Report, 1888. Bulletin Xo. 3. ..' Roots of Pl.int.s as Manure. Bulletin No. 4... I Meteorological Observations; Bacteria in Milk and its Products. Bulletin X0.5...I Atmospheric X'itrogen as Pl.int Food. Annual Report..' Second Annual Report, 1889. Bulletin Xo. 6. . .1 Grasses and Legumes ; Gniss and Forage Garden. Annual Report . Third Annual Report, 18!Ht. Bulletin Xo. .\ii:iu.il I p.:-l Chemistry and E<;ouomy of Food. Fourth .\niiiial Report,' 1801. 943 List of station piibJicaiioyis issued prior to Jannarji 1, 1S02 — Continnod. BELAAVAltE STATION. Date. Publication. 1888. June Bulletin No. 1.. September . Bulletin No. 2.. December. . Bulletin No. 3.. Annual Report.. 1889. May Bulletin No. 4.. June Bulletin No. 5.. October Bulletin No. 6.. December.. Bulletin No. 7.. Annual Ite^jort.. 1890. March Bulletin No. 8.. March Spec. Bulletin A - Bulletin No. 9.. October.. Bulletin No. 10.. Annual Report. . 1891. January . . . Bulletin 'No. 11.. March Bulletin No. 12.. July Bulletin No. 13.. Title. Objects and Organization of Station. Horticulture and Entomolofjy. {I'otanv and Plant Pathology J. First Annual Report, 1888. Injurious lnse<-t.s, tluir Idtntincation and Extermination. In.spection of Seed and nl' Sli.rk I'li-.l in Delawaif. A Summary of the Slatiun Kxpirimeut.s on tlie Jilaek Uot of Grapes. Stock Feeding. Second Annual Report, 1889. E.xpcriments to Test the Pos.sibility of Developing a Domestic Sugar Industry; Spraying witli Sulphide of Potassium for Peach Scab; LondonPiirple i'or the (Jodling Moth. Fungicides. Creamery Studies of Methods and Machinery. Disea.ses of the Vine Controlled by Several Different Salts of Copper. Third Annual Report, 1890. Soil and Crop Tests. Injurious Insects and Insecticides. Leaf Blight of the Pear and the Quince. FLORIDA STATION-. 1888. April May, June . September . 1889. January . . , April July October 1890. January . . . April July October 1891. January . . April July October Bulletin No. 1. Bulletin Ko. 2. Bulletin No. 3. Bulletin No. 4. Bulletin No. S. Bulletin No. 6. BuUetin No. 7. Bulletin No. 8.. Bulletin No. 9.. Bulletin No.lO.. Bulletin No. 11.. Annual Report.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. 14. . Bulletin No. 15.. Grasses, Vegetables, Cereals, and Flowers. Reports of Departments of Station. Experiments with Fertilizers. Peach Growing in Florida; Annual Report, 1888. Analyses of Fertilizers. General Report of Chemist. [Experiments with Corn; Analyses of Muck]. Field Experiments with Cotton; Weeds of Florida ; Annual Report, 1889. Entomological Notes. Report of Director; Phosphates. [Corn Experiments; Potato Experiments; Aniilj'ses of some Florida Weeds and Grasses]. Annual Report, 1890. Tobacco, Cotton, Rice, and Sorghum; Ashes as a Fertilizer; Miscella- neous Analyses. Experiments witli Potatoes and Rye; Composition and Value of Certain ^Materials for Fertilizing Purposes. Annual Report; Horticulture, Cereals, Stock, etc. Tobacco and its Cultivation. GEORGIA STATION. 1888. October. . . 1889. January . April July October.. 1890. January . April July October. . December Bulletin No. 1. Annual Report. Bulletin No. 2. Bulletin No. 3. Bulletin No. 4. Bulletin No. 5. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 6. Bulletin No. 7. Bulletin No. 8. Bulletin No. 9. Bulletin No. 10. Annual Report. [Outline of Work, and History]. First Annual Report, 1888. Ash Analyses of Native Woods; Experiments with Phosphates and Kainit on Cotton; Preservation of the Sweet Potato in Winter. Notes on Various Insects and Remedies; Ash Analyses of Native Woods; Cowpea as a Fertilizing Crop; Preservation of the Sweet Potato in Winter. Analyses of Cattle Food. [Reorganization of Station]. Second Annual Report, 1889. Entomology: "Southern Drift " and its Agricultural Relations. [Analyses of Feeding Stutls; Notes on a Destructive Insect]. [Potato Ex])erimentsJ. Potash and Paying Crops. [Fertilizer Exjteriment.s on Corn]. Third Annual Iteport, 1890. 944 List of station j'uilications issued prior to January 1, 1S02 — Contiuiied. GEORGIA STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1891. January . . . Bulletin No. 11 . . Cotton Fertilizer-s and Culture Experiments; Experiments in the Cul- ture of Sweet Potatoes, etc. April Bulletin No. 12.. Field ExjM-riments with Forage Plant.s and Analyses of the Producta. July Bulletin No. 12^. Circular to the Farmers of Georgia from the Board of Directors. July Bulletin No. 13.. Analv.ses of Feeding Stuffs. October Bulletin No. 14.. Varie'ty and Fertilizer Experiments with Oat.s; Variety Tests with Wheat; Variety Tests and Fertilizer Kxperiments with VeKetalde.s. December.. Bulletin No. 15.. Fertilizer, Culture, and Variety Experiments on Corn; Culture of Small Fruits. Annual Report.. Fourth Annual Report, 1891. ILLINOIS STATION. 1885. September 1886. January . . 1887. November December. 1888. May August. . . November 1889. February . May August . . . November 1890. February . May August . . . August . . . November 1891. February February February May August.. . November Bulletin No. 1*.. Bulletin No. 2*. . Bulletin No. 3* . . Bulletin No. 4* . r.ullcliu No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... Bulletin No. 3..., Economical Rearing and Fee...: A Bacterial Disease of Com. Bulletin No.7... The Biology of Ensilage. Annual Report . Second Annual Report. 18S9. Bulletin No. 8.. Bulletin No. 9.. Bulletin No. 10.. Bulletin No. U.. Bulletin No. 12.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bullet iu No. 15.. BulUtiuNo. If.. Bulletin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 18.. Annual Report . Field Experiments with Com. Milk .intl Butter Testes; the Cnniparative Value of Com Fodder and Ensilage in Feeding Yearliui; llnffr.-i : Vabie of I'asturage anil (.iraiii Ration with Pivsturage for Voung Cattle. Investigatiiin of Milk Tests. Exiieriincuts with Wheat. Field Exj>eriment.s with Oats; Cream Raising by Dilution; Milk and Butter Tests: The Hessian FIv; Canada Thistles. Third Annual Report. 1S90. Field Experiment.'* with Com. Milk Test.s; Clii'mical .\iialyses of '■ Germ Meal " and Oat-Dust Feed. Fruit Bark I'l'ctle; Exiirriini'nts with tira«s Seeds; Use of Fungiridea u|ion till' .Vjiple. I'otato. and Grape. Exjieriiniuts in Pig Feeding; Composit*' Milk Samjdes Tested for J5uttort iin ICxperimenIs with Small Fruit«. Annual iiepurt, 1885. Report on Experiments with Oats and Com. * Issued as bulletins of the University of Hlinois. tThe publirations for the years 1875 to 18.S7, inclusive, were issued by the School of Agricnltiire of Purdue University. 945 List of station jiuHicurtonn issued prior to January 1, 1SD2 — Coutiuued. INDIANA STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1886. May Bulletin No. 7. . . Report on Experiments with Oata and Corn ; Notes on Commercial Fer- tilizers and Agricultural Chemistry. August Bulletin No. 8... Report on lC.\peiinient.s with Wlieat. October Bulletin No. 9... The American Miromyza. December. . Bulletin No. 10.. Report on liortieuUural Experiment Stations. Annual Keport . Annual Report, 1880. 1887. May BulletinNo.il.. Commercial Fertilizers. Auj^n.st Bulletin No. 12.. Experiments with Wheat. Annual Keport . Annual Keport, 1887. 1888. Januai'y . . . Bulletin No. 13.. Report of New Organization. April Bulletin No. 14.. Experiments with Oats and Corn. June Bulletin No. 15.. Report Concerning the Potato Tuber. Augu.st Bulletin No. 16.. Ex])oriments with Wheat; Crop Rotations. November . Biilletin No. 17.. Parturient Apoplexy. Annual Keport . First Annual Report (of Station), 1888. 1889. January . .. Bulletin No. 18.. Experiments with Vegetables. Bulletin No. 19.. Spotting of Peaches and Cucumbers. Bulletin No. 20.. Experiments in Cross-Fertilization and the Culture of Tropical Ferns. February - - Bulletin No. 21.. Rational Feeding. March Bulletin No. 22.. Coinnipreiiil Fertilizers. April Bulletin No. 23.. Experinient.s with Corn. May Bulletin No. 24.. Experiments on Milk Production. June Bulletin No. 25.. Entomological Experiments. July Bulletin No. 26.. Wheat Rust. Augu.st Bulletin No. 27 . . Field Experiments with Wheat. September . Bulletin No. 28.. Smut of Wheat and Oats. December.. Bulletin No. 29.. Grasses of Indiana. 1890. February . . Annual Keport . Second Annual Report, 1889. Bulletin No. 30.. Influenza. April Bulletin No. 31.. Small Fruits and Vegetables. July BuUetinNo.32.. Treatment of Smut iu Wheat; Field Experiments with Wheat; Two Expensive Fertilizers. October Bulletin No. 33.. Small Fruits: Entomological Notes; Absorptive Power of Soils. Annual Report . Third Annual Report, 1830. 1891. February . . Bulletin No. 34.. SiigarBeeis; Field Experiments with Fertilizers on Barley and Oats; Tests of Vegetables. March Bulletin No. 35.. Loose Smut of Oats. August Bulletin No. 36.. Field Experiments with Wheat; Testing Grain; Wheat Scab; Forms of Nitrogen for Wheat. December. . Bulletin No. 37.. Steer Feeding ; Indiana Feeding Stuflfs. Annual Keport . Fourth Annual Report, 1891. IOWA STATION. Bulletin No. 1.. Bulletin No. 2.. Bulletin No. 3.. Annual Report Bulletin No. 4.. Bulletin No. 5. . Bulletin No. 6.. Bulletin No. 7.. Annual Report Bulletin No. 8.. Bulletin No. 9.. Bulletin No. 10.. 26624— No. 12- Organiz.ation and Plans ; Notes on Crossing Corn Tassels, Silks, and Blades: Grasses and other Foliage Plants; A Few Important Chinch Bug Remedies. Reports of Departments. First Annual Report, 1888. [Horticultural Report ; Some Suggestions Concerning the Corn Root Worm]. [S'lrghum; Insects and In.secticides]. Wheat and Oats ; Feeding Experiments ; Food Habits of Striped Prairie Squirrels. Experiments with Corn; The Millets; Sugar Experiments; Codling Moth Experiments; New Cynipidas ; The Hog Louse; The College Vineyard. Second Annual Report, 1889. Iowa Station Milk Test ; Sweet-Cream Butter; Sugar Beets; Sorghum. Comparative Value of Fodder Plants and Other Feeding Stuffs; Iowa Station Milk Test — a Correction; The Relative Value I'lan at Cream- eries; Plum Curculio and Plum Gouger. Our Rusted and Blighted Wheat, Oats, and Barley in 1890; Experiments with Arsenites; Stocks for the Clierry, Plum, Prune, and Apricot; A Chemical Study of Blue Grass; Corn Fodder. s 946 List of station pntlicatiotis issued prior to Jannani 1, 1S92 — Continued. IOWA STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1890. November 1891. February . May August... November BulIetinNo.il.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 15. Experiments in Making and Storing Hay: Cultivated and Wild Varie- ties of Gra.s»e8 in Iowa; Creamery and Dairy Notes: Potato Stalk Weevil, Apple Curculio, and a New Currant liorer; Kerosene Emul- sion as Sheep Dip aiul as a Destroyer of Parasites on Domestic Ani- mals; Third Annual Keport. 1890." Experiments with Potatoes, Sugar Beets, Sorghum; Insects and Insect- icides; Feeding Experiments. Experiment in Feeding for ililk; Treatment of Fungous Dise.ises; Some In.sects Destructive to Gm-ss; Blossoms of the Orchiird Fruits, their Relative Hardiness ; Some Observations on Contaminated Wafer Supply for Stock. Effect of Food upon the Quality of Milk; Calf Feeding Experiment; A Feeding Experiment for ^tilk; Hog Experiment No. 1: KejKirtB on Entomological AVork ; Bi-eeding of the Orch.ird and (Jarden Fruits; An ApthouH Afl'ection among Dairy Cows of the State. Sugar Beefs: Injurious Insects; ."^oiling Experinwiit : '1 i!i;e of S«iwing Grass Seed; Winter Wheat; licst Varieties of Oats : Ft riilizers. KANSAS STATION. 1888. April April June September December 1889. June July October. . . December 1890. Mav July August . . . August . . . December December December December December 1891. July.... August . August . August . . . September Decemlier. December. December. December. December. December. December. December . Bulletin No. 1.. Bulletin X... 2.., Bullet in No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Bulletin No. 5... Annual Report , Bulletin No. 6... Bulletin No. 7.. Bulletin No. 8.. Bulletin No. 9.. Annual Report Bulletin No. 10. Bulletin No. 11. Bulletin No. 12. Bulletin No. H. Bulletin No. 14. Bulletin No. 15.. Bulletin No. 16.. Bulletin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 18.. Bulletin No. 19.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 20.. Bulletin No. 21.. Bulletin No. 22. . Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin HulUtin Bulletin Bulletin No. 23. No. 24. No. 25. No. 26. No. 27. No. 2S . No. 29. No. 30. No. 31 . No. 32. Annual Report Outline of Work. Cultivated Grasses and Clovers in Kansas. Observations on two Insect Pests. Exi)eriments with Wheat. SomeComimrisonsof Varieties of Sorghum; Preliminary Report on Sor- ghum Blight. First Annual Report, ll?&j. Silos and Silage. Experiments with Wheat. Preliminary Rejmrt on Smut in Oats. Experiuimts in Pig Feeding. Second Annu.ol Report, 18j^U. Notes on Conifers. Experiment.s with Wheat. Preliminary Exi>erim«ut8 with FungicidesforStinlting Smut of Wheat. Experiments with Oats. Winter Protection of the Peac-h Tree; Notes on (irajies. Additional Experinu'nfj* and Observations lui Oat Smut nuido in 1890. Experiments with Sorchuni anil ."^ugar Beets. Crossed Varieties of Corn, .'^eriind and Third Years. Experiments with Forage Platiti». (Notes on Vegetables). Third Annual Report. 1890. Experiments with Wheat. Second Report on Fungicides for Stinking Smut of Wheat. Smut of Oats in 1891 : Test i>f Fungicides t<> Prevent Loose Smut of Wheat; Spraying to Prevent Wheat Rust. Smuts of Sorghum; Com Smut. Enzootic Cerebritis or " Staggers " of Horses. Experiments with Sorghum. A Comparison of the Varieties of the Strawberry. Crossed Varieties of Corn. Third Year. Second Report on Station Vineyard. Experiment with Oats. Experinient with Com. Sugar Beets. Analyses of Feeding StiifVs: Ccimposition of Cereals at DiflTerent Slaves of i'lrowlli; Teslsof Jap.mi'sc lleans; Plaster and Oil Meal a.s Ferti- lizers for Millet; Plaster :is a FerHlir.et for Grasses. Fourth Annual Report, 1S9I. KENTUCKY STATION. 1885. 1 December BtilletinNo.l... 1886. 1 January . . : Bulletin No.2 ... , Hulletiu No.:)... 1 Bulletin No. 4... Do Fertilizers Aflect the Qualify of Tobacco! Corn Fodder as Food for Stock. Milk. Distillery Slop. 947 List of station pithliralions issued prior to January 1, 1S92 — Contiuiied. K ENT UCK Y STATION— Contiuued. Date. Publication. Title. 1886. January ... Bulletin No. 5... Analyses of Feeding Stuffs. Bulletin No. B... Clover. September . J5ulh4in No. 7. .. Fertilizers. Si'pteiiiber. Bulletin No. 8... E.Kperiments with Wheat. 1S87. March Bulletin No. 9... Experiments with Potatoes. May Bulletin No. 10.. Fertilizer Analyses. September. BuUetinNo.ll-. Wlu'at Kxperiments. December - Bulletin No. 12.. Fertilizer Analyses. 1888. April Bulletin No. 13.. Commercial Fertilizers. July lUilletinNo. U.. Artilicial or Connneniiil rm|)arative Prodintion from Pillereut Forms of Phosphoric Acid. October Bulletin No. i:i.. Experiments with Fertilizers. Annual Report . Annual Reprtrt. l«K5-«0. 1887. January . . . Bulletin No. 14.. In.secticides. February . BuUelin No. IT).. Feeding Experiments. February .. Bulletin .N.i. If... Feeding Slutl's. March .". . . Bulletin No. 17.. Fertilizers. April Bulletin No. 18.. Potatoes. < tats, and Barley. April Bulletin No. 19.. Fertilizers. May Bulletin No. 20.. Fertilizers. December. . Bulletin No. 21.. Conilition of .Station. Annual Rei)ort . Annual Report, 18MC-87. 1888. :March Bulletin No. 22.. Organization and Work of the Station. April Bulletin No. 23.. Inspection of Fertilizers. M.iy Bulletin No. 24 . . Tests of Varieties. August Bulletin No. i'i.. .Vnalyses of Fertilizers Sold in the .S|ai«> October Bulletin No. 2<). Composition and Digest ibilily of Certain Cattle Food Annual Report . Annual Report, 188t<. 1889. SECOND SERIES. May Bulletin No. 1 . . . Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. Bulletin No. 2... The Apple Maggot, Annual Report . Annual Report, 1889, Parts I, 11, and III. 1890. AnnuiU Report . Annual Report, 1890, Parts I, II, in. and IV. 1801. Sei)teniber . BullcliiiNo.3.. The Bibcock Milk Test. Adapted to Testing Cream, Annual Report . Annual Report, 1891, Parts 1. 11, and IIL 949 List of station puiVicat'ions issued prior to January J, ISO? — Continued. MARYLAND STATIOX. Date. Publication. Title. 1888. June Bulletin Xo. 1... lli.storv, ()r;;anization, and Work oftlie Station. Sejileiiilx'i' - Bulletin No. 2... ('ultinii Seed I'otatoes for I'lauting. Decciuber.. Bulletin No. a... Fodder Corn and I'oddcr Cane. Aiimial Kejwrt Fir.st Annual Report, 1888. 1889. March Bull.tin No. 4... Experiment Orcliard.'i. June Bulletin No. 5... Horticiilliiial Di'iiartmeiit and Field Experiments. Special Hnlletin Kact.saliout the Station. Sei>temli(',r . r.ulletin No.O .^ Couiniinial l''crtilizcr.s. Deceuibei'. . Bulletin No. 7... Farm Manures. Annual Keport . Second Annual Keport, 1889. 1890. Mai'cU Bulletin No. 8... Some Feeding Trials. June Bulletin No. 9... Strawberries; Variety Comparisons, etc., in 1890. July Si)C(ial Bulletin. I'dlasli aTiil I'avini; Crops. Septeiubi-r. Bulletin No. 10.. Wheat; Kliects tif Diil'crent Fertilizers, etc. Ot-tober Spi('ial Bulletin. Coin])osition of (commercial Fertilizers Solil in the State. December. . BulletinNo.il.. Tomatoes in 18i)l). Annual Keport . Third Annual Iteport, 1890. 1891. Pebiuary . . Spo<'ial Bulletin. CJomposition of Connnercial Fertilizers Sold in the State. March Bulletin No. 12.. Pi>; Fcedini;. June Bulletin No. i:(.. Str:i« b( rrii^s, Season of 1891. August Special Bulletin. Ciiiiiposition of Onunercial Fertilizers Sold in the State. September . Bulletin No. 14.. AVhcat, Season of 1891. December.. Bulletin No. 15.. The Kxpiriment Vineyard. Annual Keport . Fourth Annual Report, 1891. MASSACHUSETTS STATE STATION. Bulletin No. 1... Organization; Fodder Analyses. Bulletin No. 2... Fertilizer Analyses. Bulletins No8.3-G Fodder Analyses; Fertilizer Analyses. Annual Report . First Annual Report, 188:j. Bulletin No. 7... Bulletin No. 8... Bulletin No. 9... Bulletin No. 10.. BulletinNo.il.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 15.. Bulletin No. 16.. Bulletin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 18.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 19.. Bulletin No. 20.. Bulletin No. 21.. Bulletin No. 22.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 23.. Bulletin No. 24.. Bulletin No. 25.. Bulletin No. 26.. Observations in Regard to Insects Injurious to the Apple; Special Fertilizers in Fruit Culture; Experiments with Currants: Garden Crops; Fertilizer Analyses. Fodder and Fodder Analyses; Valuation and Analyses of Fertilizers. Notes upon Insects Injurious to Farm and Garden Crops; Fodder and Fodder Analyses. Observations Regarding the Vitality of the Seed of Various Weeds, and the Causes of Certain Diseases of Gra.sses; Feeding Experi- ments with Corn Ensilage; Fodder and Fodder Analyses. Notes on Feeding Experiments witli Corn Ensilage Continued ; Fer- tilizer Analyses. Notes on Feeding Experiments with Gluten Meal as a Constituent of Daily Diet of Milch Cows ; Fodd(^r and Fodder Analyses. Notes on Feeding Experiments with Pigs; Fertilizer Analyses. Second Annual Report, 1884. Fodder and Fodder Analyses; Valuation and Analyses of Fertilizers. Notes on Feeding Experiments with Milch Cows;" Fertilizer Analy- ses. Fodder Analyses; Analyses of Garden Crops ; Fertilizer Analyses. i'odder Analyses; Analyses of Fruits; Analyses of Weeds; Ferti- lizer Analyses. Notes on Feeding Experiments with Pigs; Fodder Analyses ; Ferti- lizer Analy.ses. Third Annual Report, 1885. Valuation of Fertilizers and Fertilizer Analy.tes ; Analyses of Articles of Feed with reference to Fertilizing Constituents. Fodder and Fodder Analyses; Fertilizing Constituents of Feed. Fodder, Corn, and Corn Ensilage; Fertilizers. Feeding Experiments wiih Milch Cows; Fodder and FodderAnalysPs. Fourth Annual Report, 1886. Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients in Raw Materials and Chemi- cals; Fodder and Fodder Analyses. Suggestions ui)on I'laiitinn Trees and Small Fruits; Analyses of Fer- tilizing Material ; FiMldernnd Fodder Analyses. Notes on Feeding Exi)erinients with Pigs. Food and Foddei' Analyses; Fertilizer Analy.ses. 950 Li»t of station pnhUcations issued prior to January 1, 1S92 — Continued. MASSACHL'SETTS STATE STATION— Continned. Date. Publication. Title. 1887. October. . . Marcb Juue Auj^ust . . October. . . Ang., Nov 1889. February . March June Kovcinber Aiir.,May, July, Aug.. and Sept. 189U. March Bulletin Xo.27.. Annual Itciiort . Bulletin No. 28.. Bulletin No. 29-. Bulletin No. 30.. Bulk-tin No. 31.. Circulara Annual Ueport May, June. July Seiiteniber. Aug., Nov. 1891. April Mar., Apr . July September Bulletin No. 32.. Bulk tin No. 33.. Bullet iu Xo. :U. Bulletin No. 35. Circulars Annual Report . Bulletin No. 36. (Circulars Bulletin No. 37. Bulletin No. 38. Circulars Annual Report Bulletin No. 39. Circularu Bulletin No. 40. Bulletin No. 41 . Annual K^porl . Not«8 on Feeding Exjieriment.s with Milch Cows. Firth Annual Kejiort. lf)>>7. [Fertilizer and Fodder Analyse.^]. (Analy.sesof'Feed StuHsj. Notes on Feeding Experiments with Pig.s. On Coiuniercial Fertilizers; Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers and Mauurial Sub.stances. Analyses of Fertilizers. Sixth Annual Keport, 1888. [E.\periMient.s to Ascertain the Cost of FixmI fur rmduction of Milk; Analyses of Fi>dder Articles]. On Commercial Fertilizers. (Outlines of Work for Present Sea.son). Feeding Experiinents witk Milch Cows. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. Seventh Annual Report. 1889. Meteoroli>;;icnl Summary; Some Sug;;ejition9 on the Economical luiprovemcut of Farm Lauds: Analyses of Corn Ensilage and Com- mercial Fertilizers. Analyses of Fertilizers. Feediug Ex]ieriiueuts with Lambs; Analyses of Feeding Stufls and Fertilizers. Feeilin^ Kxpi-riuieiits with Milch Cows. Analv.ses ol Fertilizers. Eighili Annu.-U Rept.rt. 1S90. Treatment of Fungous Disciaes. Analyses of Fertilizers. [Some Di.Hcases of Lettuci- aud Cucumbers; Fertilizers; Feeding Ex- periments with .St4ers; \Ve:ithril Bulletin No. 4 .. Julv Bulletin No .5 .. October I Hulletin No. r. November.. Special liulletiu Jan.-l)e4 . . ; .Meteo. R\illeliu.s Annual Report . 1890. January April .".. .; BulhtinNo. 7 .1 Bulletin No. 8 Reports of Peparlments. RrJMirts of Departments. First .\nnual Report, 1888. Tuberculosis. I Report of nivision of Horticulture]. llousi'hold Rests. ('■reenbouse IIi atiug: Vegetable Patholocy. .\ Danuerou.s lnse«'i Rest in Me^pecial F'ertilizers for Plants under Cla^s: Report on Viirieties of Strawberries; Reisirt on Vari eties of Bbu'k berries ;iud Raspberries. Meteo. Bulletins Meleondo-ical BuHetins Nos. 2r>-36. Annual Report.. Fourth Anuu:d Report, 1891. Bulletin No. 0 . Special Bulletin Bulletin No. 10. BuU.'tin No. 12 Bulletin .No. i;t Bulletin No. 14 Bulletin No. 1.') 951 Litit of sfafiim puliUcalions issued prior to January 1, 19S2 — Coutinued. MICniGAK STATION. Date. Publication. Title. 1885. March April May Juno July August. .. Seiitfinbw October. .. Jsovi'inber 1886. January . . February . March April May Juue July August. .. September October... November December 1887. Jaiuiary . . February . March A)(ril May Juue Se]itenil)er October... November December. 1888. January . . February . March A])ril May June August . . . September October. . . October. . . November 1889. January . . January .. Marcli March April Ajiril May June Julv July August. .. October. . . December. 1890. February . March.:.. March April April April May July July August. . . Sejiteniber October.. . October.. . November 1891. January . . February - February . Bulletin No. 1.. Bulktin .No. 2.. Bulletin No.:?.. Bulletiu Ko.4.. Bulletin No. 5.. Bulletin No. fi.. HiiUetiii No. 7. . BulleHii Xo. 8. . Bulletin >.o. 9.. Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletiu Bulletin Bulletin No. 10. No. 11. No. 12. No. 13. No. 14. No. 15. No. 16. No. 17. No. 18. No. 19. No. 20. No. 21. No. 22. No. 2;j. No. 24. No. 2rj. No. 26. No. 27. No. 28. No. 29. No. 30 . No. 31. Bulletin No. 32. Bulletin No. 33. Bulletin No. 34. Bulletin No. 35. Bulletin No. 36. Bulletin No. 37. Bulletin No. 38. Bulletin No. 39. Bulletin No. 40. Bulletin No. 41. BuUetin No. 42. Annual Keport. Bulletin No. 43. Bulletin No. 44. Bulletiu No. 45. Bulletin No. 46. Bulletin No. 47. Bulletin No. 48. Bulletin No. 49. Bulletin No. 50. Bulletin No. 51. Bulletin No. 52. Bulletin No. 53. Bulletin No. 54. Bulletin No. 55. Annual Report Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin No. 56. No. 57. No. 58. No. 59. No. 60. No. 61. No.C2. No. 63 . No. 64. No. 65. No. 66. No. 67. No. 68. No. 69. Bulletin No. 70.. Bulletin No. 71.. Bulletin No. 72.. Amber Cane for Forage. Seed Testing. Wheat Isosonui. F.-ele for Curculio on Xative Plums; Itagiriug Grapes; RoUiugstone Plum; Potatoes at Ditierent Depths; Oak Caterpillars. Com Experiments: Peas, Beans, Flax, and Other Crops; Results of Seeding Rusted. Frosted, and Frozen Wheat of 1888. Meadows and Pa-sturi's in Minnesota; Preserving Vegetables in Car- bonic Acid G:is; Americ.inOrown Cauliflower Seed; Protection froui Frost. A Treatise on Flax Culture. Biennial Report, li^rtt and 1890. Pig Feeding for Profit; Sugar lieets. Wheat Experiments. Sheep Scab and How to Cure it. Migratory Locusts in Minnesota in 1891. Xotes on SIrawlierries and Raspberries, 1891; Notes on Sand Cherries, BuR'alo Beiry ami Russian Mulberry; Evergreens from Seed; Sum- mer Propagation of Hardy Plants. MISSISSIPPI STATION. 1888. March Bulletin No. 1 .. Organization. May Bulletin No. 2 .. Cotton Worm. June Bulletin Xo. ;i . .•\n:ilvses of Commen-ial Fertilizers. November . Bulletin Xo. 4 .. The Claris of Mississippi. Annual Report . First Annu.al Report, 1888. 1889. May Bulletin Xo. h . . Fertilizers. June Bulletin Xo. 6 .. Charbon. June Bulletin Xo. 7 .. Hav Presses. August Bulletin Xo. 8 .. Stock Feeding. Diseases of sTieep and Calves; BitterweeJ. August Bulletin Xo. 9 .. October Bulletin No. 10 . Dishorning. Annual Ri'port . Second Annual Report, 1889. 1890. Feb/nary . . Bulletin Xo. 11 . Charbon. June BuUetin Xo. 12 . Cotton Leaf Worm. September . Bulletin Xo. 13 . Feeding for Milk iind Bnlter. Annu.il Report . Third Annual Report, IMHi. 1891. March Bulletin Xo. 14 . Injurious Insects. June BuHetin Xo. 1,5 . Feeding: Milk Testing Apparatus. September. Bulletin Xo. 16 . (Slanders. December . Bulletin No. 17 . Insects Injurious to Stored Grain. Annual Heport . Fourth Annual Report, 18U1. 953 List of station puhlications issued prior to Jauuanj 1, 1S92 — Continued. MISSOUEI STATION.* Date. Publication. Title. 1883. .Jauuary . . AprU October . . . November December. 1884. February . March . . . . May July August . . . October. . . December. 1885. February . April June September November 188C. January . . March May July Aufru-st. .. October. .. December. 1887. February . February . June August . . . October . . . 1S88. January .. April June June March December. . 1889. February . December. 1890. April May June 1891. January . April July November Bulletin No. 1... Bullrtiu No. 2... UuUetiu No. 3. .. Bulletin No. 4... Bulletin No. 5... Bulletin No. 6... Bulletin No. 7... Bulletin No. 8. . . Bulletin No. 9... Bulletin No. 10.. BulletinNo.il.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 15.. Bulletin No. 16.. Bulletin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 18.. Bulletin No. 19.. Bulletin No. 20.. Bulletin No. 21.. Bulletin No. 22-. Bulletin No. 23.. Bulletin No. 24.. Bulletin No. 25.. Bulletin No. 2G.. Bulletin No. 27.. Bulletin No. 28.. Bulletin No. 29.. Bulletin No. 30.. Bulletin No. 31.. Bulletin No. 32.. Bulletin No. 33.. Bulletin No. 34.. Bulletin No. 35.. Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... Bulletin No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Annual Report . Bulletin No. 5... Bulletin No. 6... Bulk-tin No. 7... Bulletin No. 8... Bulletin No. 9... Bulletin Np. 10.. BulletinNo.il.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. 14.. BuUetin No. 15. . Bulletin No. 16.. Experiment with Pig.s. Fiieilinj; Steer.s. Keport of Test of V^arieties of Wheat and Com. Mulching. Jtelatiou of Tillage to Soil Moisture. Relation of Dew to >Soil Moisture. Feeding Wheat and Com. Meal-Feeding Stock at Pasture. Grass-Fed I'igs. Pi^ Feeding Experiments. Value of Corn Fodder as Stock Food. Seed Potatoes. Good Roa«ls and Broarl Wheel Tires. Feeding for Lean Meat. Contagions Pleuro-Pneumonia. Keport of State Veterinarian on Animal Diseases. General Observations; Grasses and Forage Crops. Subsoiling. Feeding for Lean Meat. Observations in Horticult ui-al Department ; Small Fru its and Vegetables. Plants and thi-irUses. Corn Harvesting — Sea.'ionable Suggestions. Relation of Dew to Soil Moisture. Contagious Disejises and their Prevention. Shrinkage of Hay in Stacks; Corn, llow to Plant; Test of Varieties. Fruits and Vegetables ; Variety Tests. Calf Feeding Experiments. Maintenance Rations for Pigs. Rotation of Crops. Fertilization. Texas Fever and other Diseases. Plows and Plowing. Glanders, Mad Itch of Cattle, etc. Experimental Farming. Grasses for Pastures and for Meadows. Organization of Station. Grasses for Pastures and Meadows. Spaying. A Test of Tillage Implements. First Annual Report, 1888. Soil: Weather; Field Trials with Corn. Experiments on Seed Germination, Pea Weevil, and Apples. Experiments, (ireeu vs. Dry .Storage of Fodder. Experiments. Feeding Ensilage vs. Dry Fodder. Study of the Life History of Com at its DiU'erent Periods of Growth. Report of Department of Horticulttire. Texas Fever. Blackleg. Report of Department of Horticulture. Field Experiiuents with Corn. Test of Varieties of Wheat and Oats ; Change of Seed Wheat, Oats, and Potatoes. Winter Protection of Fruit Trees ; Spread of Pear Blight ; Meteorologi- cal Observations; Experiments with Strawberries, Potatoes, and Seedling Fruits. NEBRASKA STATION. 1887. October October * The first College, Uni Bulletin No. Bullet in No. 1 - . . [ IiTigation in Nebraska. BuUrtin Xi>. 2...! Twenty-Two Common Insects of Nebraska. Annual Re])oit .| Fir.st Aniiu;d Rcjiort, 1887. thirty. live bulletins in this list were issued as publications of the Missouri Agricultural versily of the State of Missouri. Bulletin No. 35 of this series is the same as Statiou 954 List of station pHhlications issued prior to Janiiarn 1, 1S93 — Continued. NEBRASKA STATION— Coutinueil. Date. Publication. Title. 1888. March June 1889. January .. . ^larcb June December.. 1890. Febniaiv . Bulletin No. 3. Bulletin No. 4.. Annual IJeport Bulletin No. 5.. Bulletin No. 6.. Bulletin No. 7, 8, 9. lU. Bulletin No. 11.. Annual Hf-port . Bulletin No. 12.. April ' liulleiiii No. i:i.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bullet ir. No. ir... Annual Report . June. September 1891. April June December. Bulletin No. 16. Bulhtin No. 17. JSulletiu No. IS. Bulletin No. 19. I'.ulletin No. 20. Annual Beport Soutbern Cattle Plague and Yellow Fever, from tlie Etiological anil I'ropli viae tie Stamlpoinls. Swine IMajiue, it.s <'au.se.s. Nature, and I'reventiou. Second Annual Report, 1888. Some Injuriou.s In.sects of tbe Year 1888. Report of l*iv.!ire.>(s, ineludin;;; a History of the Fields and De8crip*ion of the Aninial.s Available for Experimentation; Field Experiments and Observations: Meteoroloirical Record. Original Investigations of Cattle Diseases in Nebraska. The Smut of Wheat and Oats; the Smut of Indian Com; aPrelinii- n.iry Enumeration of the Rusts and.'Nuiut.s of Nebraska: Notes on tin Fungi of Eionomic Interest Ob.served in Lanea.ster County, Nebnusko, during the Smnuier of 1889, Observations on the Cottoiiwood. Third Annual Report. Field ExiM-riments for 1889. Exi)eriments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebraska. Insects Injurious to Young Trees on 'free Claims. Meteorological Report ; .Soil Temperatures; Farm Notes. Fourth Annual Report. 1890. ICxperiments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebra.ska. Field Ex\)eriMients and Observ:itions. I'reliminarv Report on the Native Trees and Shrubs of Nebraska. F;irm Note!- for \>i\n. Miteoroloyical Observations for 1891. Fifth Annual Report, 1891. NEVADA STATION. 1S.SS. June Bulhtin No.l.. .Se|>teniber . Bulletin No. 2. . December.. 1889. March J uiie September. Deceujber.. Bulletin No. ri. Annual Re])ort Bulhtin No. 4.. Bulhtin No. 5.. Bulletin No. 6.. Bulletin No. 7.. Annual Report 1890. January ... Bulletin No. 8.. Mav .." ' Bull, tin No. 9.. July Bulletin No. 10. September .j Bulhtin Nii. 11 . Annual Report 1891. I April Bulletin No. 12. ( Ictober Bulletin No. i:i. December..! Itulletin No. 14. Annual Report History, Organization, and Proposed Work of the Station. The Invest illation of the Inteniependence of I'lant Life ami Clini:iti Conditions of Nevada. Meteorological Report for 1888. First Annual lleiM.rt, 1888. Meteorological Ri-port for Jan\iarv. February, and March. Meteorological Report for Ajiril, May. and Jum-. Meteorolo;;iral Report for July. August, and S'ptemlHT. Meteorologii:d Report for October, November, and December. Secoml Annual Re]>ort, 1889. The Codling Moth. A Serious Rose Pest. The I'e:irand Clierrv .Slu2. Plant l.i.-i' Inreslini; the Apple. Third .\nnual Report, 1890. Sugar Beet Ctiltuii-. Sugar Beet Kx]>eriments. Potato Kx]i«rinientA. Fourth Annual Report, 1891. NEW HAMPSHIRE STATION. 1888. April Bulletin No.l... June Bulletin No. 2. ., July j Bulletin No. 3... November -i Bulletin No. 4... Annual Report , 1889. March Aiuil May November . 1890. February -. March.:... Bulletin No. 5.. Bulletin No. f>.. Bulletin No. 7.. Bulletin No. 8.. Annual Report Bulletin No. 9.. Bulletin No. 10.. Ensilage. Feeding Exjieriments. When t« Cut Com for Ensilage. The Science and Practice of Stock Feedinj First Annual Report, 1888. Fertilizers and Fertilizing ^faterials. Experiments with Fertilizers. Test ol Dairy Aii]>aratus. Feeding Exjiei iment.s Second .\nnual Report, 1S.«9. Ell'eet of .Fooil ujmn milk. Coiiperat've Fertilizer Expi-riments. 95/ List of station pnl)}icaiions isfninl 2>>'ior to January 1, 1S92 — Continued. NEW nAMI'SlIIRE STATrOK-Coutimietl. Date. Publication. Title. 1890. November . BiilletinNo.il.. Kesults of Feeding SkiTU Milk and Corn Meal vs. Corn Meal and Alid- 1891. dlings; I)etei;niinatiou of the Digestibility of Uations. ifarcli Bulletin No. 12.. Fertilizer ICxiieriuieiit.s. May Bulletin No. i:i.. Etfeit of Food on the Hardness of Butter; EtTcct of Food (ni the Quantity of Milk. Miiv Bulletin No. 14.. Ensilage in Dairy Farming. Dtjctiiubef- . Bulletin No. 15.. Patent Cattle Foods. NEW JERSEY STATIONS. ISSO. .May May July August — Angu.st August . . . September October . . . 1881. January . . March . . . . March May May July September November December. 1882. February . March July duly ( )cfol)er- . . November December 1883. January . . Ai>ril.'... July August Norciiilxu' December 18X4. March.... August Sejjtember 1885. July October... December Dec«niber 1886. March . . October . 1887. January r.ullefinNo. 1.. 15ulletiu No.2.. ISulletiu No. :5.. Bnlktiu No. 4. . Bulletin No. 5. . Bulletin No. G.. Bulletin No. 7.. Bulletin No. 8.. Bulletin No.!).. Annual Report Bulletin No. 10. BulletinNo.il.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 15.. Bulletin No. IG.. Bulletin No. 17., Bulletin No. 18.. Annual Report Bulletin No. 19. Bulletin No.2li. Spec, r.nlletin A Bulletin No. 21.. Bulletin No. 22 BuUctiu No. 23.. Bulletin No. 24.. Bulletin No. 25.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 2G.. Bulletin No. 27.. Bulletin No. 28.. Bulletin No. 29.. Bulletin No. 30.. Bulletin No. 31.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 32.. Bulletin No. 33.. Bulletin No. 34.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 35.. Bulletin No. 3G.. Bulletin No. 37.. Bulletin No. 38.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 39.. Bulletin No. 40.. Annual Report . r.ulletin No. 41.. Suggestions in Regard to the Cranberry Rot and its ('ure. Raspberry Discxise and Suggestions for Overcoiuing it. xViialysesof Land Plaster. Aualy.ses of Guanos, Superphospliates, and Special Manures. Analyses of Bone Dust. Analyses of Fertilizers. Analyses of Fertilizers. Analyses of Fertilizers. Analyses of Fertilizers. First" Annual Report, 1880. Rational System of Feeding Milch Co^V3. Ensilage. Valuaiiiin of Fertilizers. Laud I'lasti r and (riouud Bone. CldVL-r Se.-d Midge. Commercial Fertilizers, their Composition and Valuations. Commercial Fertilizers. Commercial Fertilizers. Sorghum Sugar Cane. Second Annual Report, 1881. (irern Fodder Com; Dried Fodder Corn ; Ensilage. A'aluation of Fertilizers. Yellow 'I'liliacco. CIh iiii(:il fertilizers (Incomplete). Clieiiiieal I'c rrilizers (Complete and Incomplete). Comiiiei-eial Fei'tilizers. Sorghum ; Feeding ExYieriments with Sorghum Seed. Sorghum and Sugar, Experiments and Investigations of 1882. Tiiird Annual Report, 1882. Field Experiments. Prices oi^ Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, and Potash, and Analyses of Incomplete Fertilizirs. Analyses and Valuations of Complete Manures and Special Fertilizers. Analyses ami Valuations of Nitrogenous Superphosphates, Ground l'.Marrh . . . Murch . . . April April April July July April Augu.st . . August. . August . . Sejitember October. . (Ictobrr. . October. . November November December. December. Publication. IS'.tO. January . February Mnrcli. . . Miiv .Vp'ril... .Vpril July July August. . October. . Oct«l«-r. . OctolMT. . November NoveuiU-r December. 1891. January . . February . March..".. July July September October. . . Decemlier November November Spec. Bulletin B . Bulletin No. 42.. Bulletin No. 43.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 44.. Bulletin No. 45.. Bulletin No. 40.. Bulletin No. 47.. Bulletin No. 48.. Bulletin No. 49.. Bulletin No. 50.. Bulletin No. 51.. Annual Kei>ort . Bulletin No. .52.. Bulb'tiu No..'):t.. I'.ull. tin X». r.4 Bulk-tin No. 55.. Sp.< . BiilKtinr. Si.e< . I'.ulbtin 1> Spic.Biillitin E. BuUitiii .No. . '■>(!. Bulletin N... 57.. Sper. Ibilletiu F. Hulbtin .No. 5.S.. SiKC.UiilletiiiG. Sp«-c.Biillitiii II. Bulletin No. 5>.t.. Bulletin Nil. 60.. Mull.tiu No. CI . Sl«-.. Bulletin I Bulletin No. (52 . Sper. Bulletin J. Bulletin No. 6.1.. Bulletin No. G4.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 65.. Spec. Bulletin K. Bulletin No. 60 . Bulletin No. 07.. Bulletin No. tW.. Spec. Bulletin L. Bulletin No. 09 . Biillitin No. 70 Bulletin No. 71 Bulletin No. 72 . Bulletin No.7:t.. Bulletin .No. 74 . Bulletin No. 75. . Bull-tin No. 76 . Bulbtin No. 77.. Annunl Hi-ptirt. . Bulletin No. 78.. Bulletin No. 79.. Bulletin No. 80.. Bulletin No. 81.. Bulletin No. 82.. Bulletin No. 81! Bulletin No. 84.. Bulletin No. 85. Spec. Bullet in M Spec. Bulletin N Annual Report TiUe. Alfalfa or Lucem. Analyses and Valuations of Complete Fertilizers. Analyses and Vitluation.s of Complete Fertilizers, Ground Boneu, and Miscellaneous ilaterial. Eighth Annual Ri port, lt(87. Sorghum and .Sugar Making; A Re|>ortupon Experiments made at Uio Grande during the Seiison of 1887. Prices of Nitro;:en. Phosphoric Acid, and Potash. Insect Pests and the Mt-ans fur Destroying them. Analyses and Valuations of Iiiconndete Fertilizers. Analyses and \ aliialious of CouipK-te Fertilizers. Aniilysis lujd Valuations of Coniph-te Fertilizers, Ground Bone, and Mi.s<'ellaneous .Sjimples of Other Fertilizing Materials. InsiM'ts Injurious to the Cabbage, and the Best Means of Preventing their Ravages. Sorghuiu and Sugar Making; A Report upon Exix^riuient^ maile at Uio (irandc during the .Seasim ol 1S8S. Ninth .\unual Kiport of the .State Station; First of the College Station. What an- the Worut Wi-eds of New Jei^ey f Price."* of Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid, and' Potash. Potash a.H a Fertilizi'r. Enti)nieriuient« on Terinients with Dilferont Breeds of Dairy Cows. The Inserts Injuriously Atfecting Cranlierrien. Fertilizing Materials. Note on the Wlieaf Louse. Experinu-nts with |)|lfen-nt Breeds of Dairy Cows. Observations on the I'ea.h for l><'.»ii. .Vuiilyses and Valuations of <'o!u|ileto Fertilizers. Some Kuni;ous Diseases of the Spin.ieh. .Vnalvse.sof Incomi>lete Fertilizers and the \'ahie of Homo Mixtarea. Plant I. ice and How to Deal With Them. Analyses ami Valuatiiuis of ('om))leto Fertilizers, (iround Bones and .Misi-ellaneous Samples. Insect ii'ides and How to Apiily Them. Some Fuii;;ous Diseases of the Sweet Potato. Experiments with Dillerent Bn-< ds of Dairy ("ows. Eleventh Annual Report of the Stale Station; Third of the College Station. Destroy the Bl.ick Knot of Plum and Cherrr. Expi-riinents with Nitrate of StinNo.41.. The Cutting of Seed' Potatoes. Mav Bulletin No. 42.. Fertilizer Analyses May Bulletin No. 43.. Experiments in Cross-Fertilization. May Bulletin XV 44.. Variations in Seedling Plants. Maj- Bulletin Xo. 45.. Germination Tests of Varieties of "Wheat. June Bulletin XV 46.. Cros.s-Fertilization of Corn. June Bulletin Xo. 47.. Observations on Corn Plants. June Bulletin XV 48.. Experiments with Insecticides. June Bulletin N^o.49.. Grass Experiments. June Bulletin X'o. 50.. Seed Selection. x July Bulletin XV 51.. Seed Selection. July Bulletin No. 52.. Peas. July Bulletin XV 53.. Seed Selection. Jniy Bulletin N'o. 54.. Peach Curl. August Bulletin No. .55.. Selection of Varieties of Com. August Bulletin XV 56.. Soil Analysis. 958 List of atalion puhlicafions issued prior to Jnnnani 1, 1S02 — Contiuuod. NEW TOPvK STATK STATION— Continued. Date. ]8a3. August — August St'i>tcmber September September Sejiteinber Pej>teiDber Octi.bfT... October... October. .. November November November November November November Novemlier December December. 1884. January . - January .. January .. I'"cbriuiry . Marcb March April April April May May July July July •luiy July Augti>*t... August. .. August . . . August... Septcuiber September September September October October... October. . . November November November November January . January . January . February !Marcb . .. April April April March ... Publication. July August.. . Sejilcinbcr Sci)h-uib(r October... November Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin BuUitin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Annual No. 57. No. 58. No. :,"). No. 00. No. 61. No. 02. No.C3. No. 64. No. 05. No. 60. No. 67. No. 08. No. 69. No. 70. No. 71. No. 72. No. 7a. No. 74. No. 75. Keport Bulletin No. 76. Bulletin No. 77. Bulletin No. 78. Bulletin No. 79. Bulletin No. 80. Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin liulletin Itulletiu JIulletiu Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulbtin r.ii Ill-tin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin r.ullrlin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin No. 81 . . No. 82.. No. 83.. No. 84.. No. 85.. No. 86., Ni». H7 . . No. 88. No. 89., No. 90., No. 91. No. 92. No.9S. No. 94. No. 95 . No. 96. No. 97. No. 98. No. 99. No. 100 No. 101 No. 102, No. 103. No. 104. No. 105. No. 106. Title. Potatoes. .Vnnual Report Bulletin Bulletin Hulleliu Bulletin liulleliu Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin Bulletin No. 107 No. 108 No. 109 No. 110 No. Ill No. 112 No. 113 No. 114 No. 115 NEW SERIES.* Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... liulletiu No. 3... Bulletin No.4... JSulletin No. 5... Hulletin No.O... Annual Keport . Ash Analysis of the Com Plant. Analysis of Plantain and Ox-Eye Daisy. Variations in Plants. liaces of Com. Boot-Pruning of Barley. Seed Tests. In.sectieides. Potato Seed from Different Parts of the Tuber. Mulching for Potatoes. Variations in the Kesults of Plant Experiments w ith ' The EH'ect of Planting Corn Along 'WJth Other Crops. Suntlowers. Experimeiits with Potatoes. Analyses of Com. Etfect of Fertilizers on Tobacco. Cross-Fertilization of Corn. Analyses of Com and Alfalfa. Com. Apple Maggot. Second Annual KeiMrt, 1883. Maize. Onions, Strawberries, and CauliflowerB. Sorghum Analyses. Coal Ashes Influence of Climate upon the Action of Fertilizer in its Relation to Crop. Celery and Toniatoe.s. Corn Analyses. Varieties of Sweet Com. Silage for (Niws. Digestilijlily of Fodder Corn and the Same Ensilaged. Corn Cutwiiiins. Varieties of Peas. Insectieules for the Tumi|> Flea Beetle. Cross- Fertilization of Beans, nlnsecticides. Vciretables Pear Blight. Corn Analyses. Varieties of Kaspberrie.s. liipe rs. Immature .Seed. List of Station Farm I'umIik ts Kvliibit. d .-it ttie N. w Vork St .ti. I'.iir of 1884. Smut in Oat«. TomatJies. Cross-Fertilization of Barley. An Insect New to the .'^tate {Isotoma tritici). The Ivoot Svsteius of Certain Vcjetables. Varieties of Oats. Varieties of Flint Corn. Feeding f«r Milk. Varieties of Barley. Intluenc* of Acul .ind Putrefactive Food upon Cows and Their ililK Brewers' Grains. Third Annual Keport, 18&4. Policy of the Station. Variations in the Yield of Potatoes. F.x]ieriuieiits with Potato Seed. Inllueuee of Feeding .\cid Fond fi Cows; Corn Feed orSluniji. Causes of the Failure of Corn to (ienuinale. Drying Com for Seed. By- Products from tllucose and Starch Factories. Influence of Feeding Acid FiI to Cows. The Absorption of ttie Seed Tuber of the Potato during (Irow III of the Plant. Fertilizers. Pear Mlight. 1 )escriplive Circular. (For use at State Fair). F\periment.s with Oats. Cooked )•*. Haw FoimI for St«K-k. llav r«. Damaged Hay. I'oiirth Anuu.ll Keport. IS-^S. No. 1 of this series is No. 110 of the old series. 959 List of ftlalioii jiiihliealions issned prior to Jrtniinni /, /,?.'';?— ('(nitiinicd. :SEW YORK STATE STATION— Continued. Publication. Bulletin 'So. 7.. Bulletin No. 8.. Annual Report Bulletin No. 9... Annual Kejioit Bulletin No. 10.. Bulletin No. 11.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. i:!.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 15.. Annual Keport . Bulletin No. IC Bulletin No. IT. . Bulletin No. 18.. Annual Bciiort . Bulletin Ko. 19. Bulletin No. 20.. Bulletin No. 21.. Bulletin No. 22.. Bulletin No. 2:i.. Bulletin No. 24.. Bulletin No. 25.. Annual Kexiort . Bulletin No. 26. Bulletin No. 27. Bulletin No. 28. Bulletin No. 29. Bulletin No. 30. Bulletin No. .31. Bulletin Xo. 32. Bulletin No. 33. Title. Bulletin No. 34. Bulletin Xo. 35. Bulletin No. 36. Bulletin No. 37. Sluj: Shot Corn. nitli Annual Report, 1886. "Wa.s it Poison or Overfeeding? Sixt|# Annual Report, 1887. Influene*- of Fertilizerson tlieClicniiealCoinpo.sition of Plants • Analyses nl Feediuf; Stuti's: l''eedinj; and IJijie.sf ion Experinicnts. Exjxiim.nt.s in Cultivation': Root (irowth; l-Vrtilizer.-i: In.sectieides- P'iin.u:ilanation of Forms of Chemical Analy.sis; Commercial Valua- tions of Fertilizers: Composition of Various Chemical Comjioiinds. Comparison of Dairy Breeds of Cattle with Reference to Pnxliu-tiou of Ilutter. Some of the most Commim Fungi and Insects with Preventives. The Strawberry : Insect Enemies of the Strawberry ; The Raspberry: Diseases of the Rasnherry; Insect Enemies of the Raspberry; The Blackberry; The Currant: Insect Enemies of the Currant; The Gooseberry: Gooseberry Mildew. Investigation of Cheese: Experiments in the Manufacture of Cheese: Influence of the Composition of Milk on Composition and Vii'ld of Cheese; A Study of the Process of Ripening of Cheese. NEW YORK CORNELL STATION. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... Bulletin No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Annual Report . Bulletin No. 5... Bulletin No. 6... Bulletin No. 7.. Bulletin No. 8.. Bulletin No. 9.. Bulletin No. 10. Bulletin No. 11.. Bulletin No. 12.. Report of Agricultural Department of Cornell University. Experimental Dairy House. Comjiarative Value of Feed StulTs for Sheep. The Inseetary of Cornell University. Growing Corn for F'odih-r and Ensilage. First Annual Report, 1888. On the Production of Lean ^Meat in Mature Animals; Does Heating Milk Afleet the Quality or Quantity of Butter? On the Determination of HyiLroseopic Water in .-XirDried Fodders; TlieDetennin;ition of Nitrogen by the Azotonutrie Treatment of tho Solution liesulting from the KJi)d;ihl Digestion; Fodders and Feed. ing Sturt's. On tlie Influences of Certain Conditions upon tin- Sprouting of Seeds. On the Etiect of Different Rations on Fattening Lambs. A Study of Wind-Brcaks in their Relations to Fruit Growing. Tomatoes. On a SawHy Borer in Wheat. A New Ajiparatus forDrying Substances in Hj'drogen and for Extrac- tion of the Fat. 960 List of station publicalions issued prior to January 1, 1802 — Continued. NEW TOKK CORKELL STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1889. December. December. December. 1890. March May July August . . . Septeuibcr October. . . November December December. December. 1891. March May June July August — September October. . . November November December. December. December. Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. U.. Bulletin No. 15.. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 16.. Bulletin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 18.. Bulk-tin No. 19.. Bulletin No. 20.. Bulletin No. 21.. Bulletin No. 22.. Bulletin No. 23.. Bull('tiuXo.24.. Bnllotiu No. 25.. Annual Keport . Bull.tinNo.26.. BnlktinNo.27.. Bulletin No. 28.. Bulletin No. 29.. Bulletin No. 30.. Bulletin No. ?1.. Bulletin No. 32.. BulhtiuNo. 33.. liuUftiiiNo. 34.. BulletiuNo. 35.. Bull«tinNo.36.. Hiilletin No. 37.. Anuual Ke]>ort . On the Deterioration of Farmyard Manure bv Leaching and Fermen- tation; On the Effect of a drain Ration for Cows at Ba.sture. On the Strawberry Leaf Blight ; on another Disease of the StruwIieiTy. Sundry Investij:ations M:icrienci- in Spraying Plants. Report on the Condition of Fruit Growing in "Western New York. Cream Raising by Dilution. Notes on Tomatoes. On the Effect of a Grain Ration tor Cows with I'asturageand with Green Fodder. Insects Injurious to Fruits. The Clover Rust. !Milk: Miscellaneous Analyses. Third Annual Report, 1890. Notes on Eggplants. The Production and Care of Farm ^fanurcs. Experimeuta in the Forcing of Tom itoes. Cream Raising by Dilution ; The Effect of a Delay in Setting on the Efli- cieurv of Creamins; Appliralion ot Dr. liabcock's Centrifugal Method to the Analvsesof Alilk, Skim Milk. Buttermilk, and Butter; The Relation of Fil.Vin to the Effectual Creaming of Milk. Some I'reliminary ."^tiulies of the Influence of the Electric Arc Lamp upon Greeuhou.se Plants. The Forcing of English Cucumbers. Tomatoes. Wireworms. Dewberries. Combinations of Fungicides and Insecticides, and Some New Fungi- cides. The Effect of a Grain Ration for Cows at Pasture. Sundry Investigations Made during the Y'ear. Fourth Annual Report, 1891. NORTH CAROLLNA STATION. 1878. 1879. January 1880. 1881. January . . .lanuary . . February . Manh.... March.... July July 1882. January . February :March... Ajiril Jfay . Juiie. Annual Report Directions for Making Vinegar. Analyses and Valuations of Fertilizers for 1877-78 (republished in 187il). Ville's Formulas for Composting, and Others Furnished by Dr. Ledoux. The Sugar Beet in North Carolina. Siliia r«. .Annnnnia: Results of Ciunpariitive Soil Tests of T'opplein's Silicated Ph<)s]>hate with a Number of Ammouiated Guanos. Report of the Diret-tor to the Legislature. .\nalyses and A'alualions of Fertilizers. Formulas for Composting. Report of the Station for 1879. Report of the Station for 1880, including .Analyses of Fertilizers for tliat Year. Report to the Legislature. Analyses of Drinlsing Waters. X'alui' of Active Ingredients of Fertilizers. The I'se of Agrii'ultural Chemie;ils. Analyses and Valuations of Fertilizers and Chemicals. Adulterated Chemicals. Analyses and Valuations of Fertilizers, Second Edition. Annual Report, 1881. Extension in Cotton Culture. High .M:innringou Cotton. Does Cotton Exhaust? Cotton Seed and its I'so-s. Stable ^Linure Saved and Composted; Rice Proteuiber. October October. . . . November . November . December . 1890. January . .. February . . Fi^l)ruary . . March April June May June Bulletin No. Gl.. Bulletin No. GU. Bulletin No. 02.. Bulletin No. C'iJ. Bulletin No. 63.. Bulletin No. 64.. Bulletin No. C5. . Bulletin No. 66.. Bulletin No. 67.. Bulletin No. 67« Bulletin No. 68.. Bulletin No. 68a Bulletin No. 08& Annual Report. - BuUetin No. 68c . Bulletin No. 69.. Bulletin No. 60a Bulletin No. 696 Bulletin No. 70 . . Bulletin No. 70a. Bulletin No. 71 Bulletin No. Tl Bulletin No. 72a . Bulletin No. I'll) Bull.tin No. 72.' r.nllctiu No, 7:!. Bulletin No. T.ia Bulletin No. 736 July July September - October October .... Pecember. . 20024— No. 12 Report of Work Done for the vState Board of Health. 'rrcatiuiiit (>r('otton Lands; Station at State Fair. lliuii. Lc.it her, and Wool Wa.ste. and the Fertilizer.s ^[ade from Them. Finely (iiiiuud Phosphates or ■' Floats." On K'aiiiit. Annual Reiiort, 1882. TheSoJa IScan: AVaste Troiliu^ts of Tobacco Factories. Analyses iif l-'crtilizcrs. .Vnal'yses of I^'ertili/.i is, .S.Miid Kdiliou. Cotton .Seed and its Products, North Cai'oliua Re.s(uirces for Comiucrcial Fertili/,ers: Ammoniates; Potash Sonnies ; Pho.spbates. Annual Report, 1883. The Trade in Fertilizers during 1883. Cost of the Tuiiredicnls id' I'Vrtilizer.s. The Pliospliate Investigation. Analyses of ]''crti!i/,ris, Season of 1884. Couii)osiliou of North ( 'aiolina Phos])hate3. North Carolina lMios|>batis, liiport on. Analyses of Fertilizers, Season of iss'). Analyses of Fertilizers, Second Kilition. Annual Report, 1884. Analyses of FertiliKcr.s, Additional. Analyses of Composts. Injurious Insects and Diseases of Stock. Report of Station. rnstructions for Voluntary Observers and Disidaymen. .Vnnual Report, 1886. Formulas tor Compost.s. Report of North Carolina Weather Service for 1887. Composts and Ingredients Composing 'I'liem. Annual Report, 1887. Field Experiments. Details of Field Experiments; Examination of North Carolina Drink- ing AVaters. Purity and Vitality of Seed, with Tests of Seed Sold in Nortli Caro- lina. Lucern, its Value as a Forage Crop. Annual Report, 1888. Composts: Formulas, Analyses, and Values. Fertilizer Analyses; Seed Examlnatiim for Planters. Fertiliz<'r Analyses. Fertilizer .Vnalyses and Fertilizer Control. Tests of Sieds: Rust on Wlirat and Cotton: Laboratory Notes. Practical Stock Feeding ou Siientitic Principles. Cooperative Field Tests during 1888. Stock Feeding as Practiced in North Carolina; Indian Corn. Seed Tests. Tccliniial HuUetin No. 1, Seed Tests. Farm and Hairy Buildings. Meteorological Data. Meteorological Data. Annual Report, 1889. Meteorological Data. Fertilizer xVnalyses and Fertilizer Control. >Ieteorological Data. Alctcorologi.al Data. Tlio Weed Pests of the Farm; Japan (Jlover, its A^alue as a Renovator of AVorn Soils. :Metcorological Data. Co()iierati\e Field Tests during 1889; Hillside Ditches. The Work (d" The lIorticulturalDivision ; The Value of Pea- Vine Man ur- iug for Wheat. Meteorological Data. Alcteorolo-ii-al Data. Mcteorolo-ical Data. The List Agricnltuial (Jrasses. ileteorological Summary. Meteorological Summary; Origin of Cold AVavea. 9 962 ^isf of station puhViratinna issued prior to Jtnninrif 1, 1S92 — CoTitinued. NORTH CAROLINA ST ATIOX— Continue 1. Date. Publication. Title. 1890. December., December. 1891. January .. Ai>ril Ai>ril March Mav July July July July August. .. October. . . December. September October. . . October — November December. December. Bulletin No. 74.. Bulletin No. 74a - Annual Report . Meteor. Report . Bulletin No. 74fc. Bulletin No. 7.5.. Bulletin No. 75c. Bulletin No. 76.. Bulletin No. 77.. r>iilU'tin No. 776. Bulletin No. 78.. Bulletin No. 7S(i . Bulletin No. 79 . . Bulletin No. 79n Bulletin No. 80.. Bulletin No. 80a Bulletin No. 806. Bulletin No. 80c. Bulletin No. snrf. Bulletin No.SOr. Bulletin No. 81.. Bulletin No. 81a. Annual Report .. Tests of Garden Vegetables and Fruits; Culture of Figs. Meteorolofrical Snraniarv. Annual It.-ju.rt, 1S90. Annual Report, ^Ieteorolo<;ical Divission, 1890. ^leteorolojjieal Summary. Fertilizers. Meteoriilopcal Summary. I'liinl Disease.s and How to ('niu\>at Them. A'alue of rca-Vine Manurini; for Wheat. Technieal BuBetin No. 2, July. The In,itiry of Foliage by ArseniteS; A Cheap Arsenite; Combination of Arseiiites with Fungicides. Some In.jinioua Inserts. ^Icteorological Summary. Facts for Fanners. Meteorological Summary. Silos and Siiaiie. Synopsis of the rublished AVork of the Entomological and Botanical Divisions of the Station. Meteorological Summarv. Technical Bulletin Ncl! The Digestibilitv of CottonSeed Hulls; The Digestibility of a Ration of Cotton-Seed Hulls and Cotton-Se<>d Meal; Comparison of Composition and Disrestiliility of Wheat Straw and CottonSeeil Hulls; The Fertilizing Constituents Recovered in Ma- nure in these Kxperiment.-s. Meteorologiciti Summary. Meteorological Summary. Feeding CottonSeed Hi'iUs and 'S\ea\ for the Production of Beef. Meteorological Summary. Annual Report, 1891. NORTH DAKOTA STATION. 1891. January . . April October. .. December. Annual Report., llrst Annual Report, 1890. Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... Grain .Smuts. Smiill Fruits. Bulletin No. :i...' Diseases of Sheij). Bulletin No. 4... Potato Scab anort. Bulletin No. 1*.. Bulletin No. 12*. Bulletin No. Ifi*. Annual Reports SECOXn SERIES. Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... Bulletin No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Bulletin No. 5... Bulletin No. 6... Bulletin No. 7... Annual Report . Bulletin No. 8 (Vol. II, No. I) Experiments with Wheat, 1882-83. Varieties of Com. Test of Vatnetics of Wheat. Second Annual Report, 1883. Third Anntial Report 1884. Fourth .Vnnual Report. 1885. Fifth .\nnual Report, ^xf^^^. Sixth Annual Report, 1k,S7. History. Organiz.Tlion, ;iim1 Work of Station Small Fruits anil Vegetabl T rhe Sprinc and Sununcr Treatment of Apple Orchards to Insect Injuries; Expcviiioiits witb Renuxlies for the Plum C Prevent Curculio. Experiments in Preventing Curculio Iiyury to Cherries; The Chinch Bup in Ohio— Jtlidsununer Remedies. SmallFrnits. Experijnenfs with Wheat. Com, Fertilizer Exi>erimenta. Seventh Anntial Report, 1888. Insects and In.secticides. * Bulletins in this series were printed in the form of newspaper slips, but were reprinted in the first six annual reports of the station. With the exception of Bulletins Jios. 1, 12, and 10, we are uuable to give the titles or dates of the publications. 963 Lifit of station lynhlicalions issued prior to January 1, 1892 — Contitiiiecl. OHIO STATION -Continued. Date. Publication. 1P89. April .1 nne July August. . . September, ( )ctobcr . . . Kovcmbcr 1890. January . . February . March April May . .Tune July.. August — September . October November . December.. 1891. January . . . February . . August — August September October . . . Xovember . November . December.. December . . Bulletin No. 9 (Vol. n, No. 2). Bulletin No. 10 (Vol. II. No.:?). Bulletin No. 11 (Vol.11, No. 4) Bulletin No. 1"J (Vol.11. No.. '■i) Bulletin No. i:i (Vol. II, No. 6) Bulletin Vol. I, No. 1. (Tech. ser) . Bulletin No. 14 (Vol.n,No.7), Bulletin No. 15 (Vol.n, No.8)- Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 1. Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 2. Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 3. Bulletin Vol. m, No. 4. Bullotin Vol.T, No. 2. (Tech. ser) . Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. .5. Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 6. Bulletin Vol. in. No. 7. Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 8. Bulletin Vol. III, No. 9. Bulletin Vol. ■ III, No. 10. Bulletin Vol. m.No.n. BnUetm Vol, IV, No.l. BuUetin Vol. IV, No. 2. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 3. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 4. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 5. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 6. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 7. Bulletin Vol. rv, No. 8. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 9. Bulletin Vol. IV, No. 10. Title. Colic of Horses. Silos and Eiisilajie ; En.silage vt. Field Beets .is Food for Cows. Experiments with .Small Fruits; Effect of Early and Late Picking upon Keeping (Quality of Apples. Experiments in Wheat Seeding; Comparative Tests of Varieties of Wheat. Uemedies for the Plum Curculio; Kemedies for the Striped t^ucumber Beetle; Strawberry Root Louse and tfrain Plant Louse; Notes on Little-Known Injiiriims In.sects; Preventing the Injuries of Potato Rot. Preparatory Stages of the 20-Spotted Ladybird: Studies in Pond Life; A Parti.il Bibliography of Insects Alfecting Clover. Cabbage and Cauliflower; Notes on Experunents with Kemedies for Certain Diseases of Plants. Eighth Annual Keport, 1889. Experiments with Potatoes. Commercial Fertilizers. Experiments with Com ; Experiments with Oats ; Actinomycosis. Spraying to Prevent Insect Injury; Bark Lice of the .\pple and Pear; Buffalo Tree Hopper; In.sects Atfecting Corn in Southern Ohio; Ox- Warble Fly or Bottly; Fungous Diseases of Plants and their Kemedies ; ' Directions' for Collecting, Preserving, and Studying Plants. A Catalogue of the Uncultivated Flowering Plants Growing on the Ohio State University (irounds ; Fouith ( 'oiitrilmt ion to a Knowledge of the Life History of Certain Little Kikiwii I'lniit Lice; A Descrip- tive Catalogue of the Shells of Franklin ( 'ouuty, ( ihio. Com Silage vs. Sugar Beets as Food for Milk Production. Experiments in Wheat Seeding; Comparative Tests of Varieties of Wheat; Smut in Wheat; Kesults of Experiments with Fertilizers on Wheat. Strawberries ; Raspberries. Plum Curculio Experiments; Remedies for the Striped Cucumber Beetle; The Rhubarb Curculio; The Clover Stem 15orer; Potato Blight Experiments. Asparagus ; Transplanting Onions. Experiments in Preventing Downy Mildew or Brown Rot of Grapes; The Smut of Indian Coni. Ninth Annual Report, 1890. Experiments with Corn. Miscellaneous Experiments in the Control of Injurious Insects. (Commercial and Other Fertilizers on Wlieat. Experiments in Wheat Seeding, including Treatuicnt of Seed for Smut; Comparative Tests of Varieties of Wheat. The Wheat Midge. Experiments with Small Fruits in 1891; Di-seases of the Raspberry and Blackberry. The Hessian Fly. Forty Years of 'UTieat Culture in Ohio. Experiments in Spraying Orchards for Prevention of the Scab of the Apple and Pear anfi Other Fungous Disea.ses, and for the Control of the Plum Cunulio. Tenth .\nnual Repor , 1891. OKLAHOMA STATION. 1891. Pecember.. Bulletin No.l.. General Information, Organization, and History. 964 List of station piitJicaiion 8 issued prior to January 1, 1S92 — Continned. OREGON STATION. 1888. October. . . 1889. January - • October... 1890. January . . April July October. . . Publication. Title. 1891. January . . February . April May September October . . . Decern l)er. Bulletin No. 1. . . History and Organization. Bulletin No. 2. . . Preparation and Notes on Future Horticultural TVork. Bulletin No. 3... Practical Work with Insecticides; Corn AVonn : Spraying Machines; Direction.* for Seudiug ln.sect.s; .Some Investigations on Plants Poi- 80U0U.1 to .Stock. Annual Report.. First Annual Report, 18S9. Bulletin No. 4. . . Notes on Farm Crops ; Horticultural Notes : Chemical Analyses. Bulletin No. 5. . - Entomological Notes : Gophers and Rabbits : Analysis of Bone Meal. Bulletin No. 6. - . Exauiination of Cattle Foud.-i; Economic Zoology. Bulletin No. 7. . . ( omparative Test.s of Small Fruits and Vegetables. Annual Report .. I Second Annual Report, 1890. Bulletin No. 8. . . Notes on Varieties of Wheat and Flax. Bulletin No. 9. . . Silos and Ensilage. Bulletin No. 10.. Experiments with Codling Moth and with a Combined Fungicide and Insecticide; Description of Spraying Apparatus; Notes on the Hop Louse. Bulletin No. 11. . Notes on (irasses and Pot;itoes. Bulletin No. 12. . Comparative Test of .stniwberries for 1891 ; Meteorological Summary. Bulletin No. \'-i.-\ Mineral and ^lineral Water Analyses; Soils and Agricultural Survey, Bulletin No. 14.. Notes on Insects. PENNSYLVANIA STATION.* 1869-81. Annual Reports. 1882. November . Bulletin No. 1... December. . Bulletin No. 2... Annual Report.. 1883. January . . . HulIetinNo.3... Mav Bulletin No.4 .. August Bulletin No. .5... Novemlter . Bulletin No. 6... December . Bulletin No. 7... Annual Report.. 1884. April Bulletin No. 8... July Bulletin No. 9... Annual Report . . 1885. January . . . Bulletin No. 10.. July Bulletin No. 11.. Annual Report . 1886. January ... Bulletin No. 12.. February . . Bulletin Xo. i:t.. June Bulletin Xo 14 . October bulletin No. 1.". . November . Bulletin No. Iti.. .Vnnual Report. . 1887. October Bulletin No. 1 . . Annual Report - 1888. January - . . Bulletin No. 2 . . April Hulletin No. H .. Julv r.uUetin No.4 .. October Bulletin No. ;■> . Annual Report . 1889. January . . . Bulletin No. 6 . . April Bulletin No. 7 . . Annual Reports for 1869, 1872, 1879-80, and 1881. The Result of an Experiment Showing the Eftect of Various Fertilisers on the Quantity and Quidily of the Wheat Crop. The Results of Experiment.-*" with Various Fertilizers on Corn and Oats; An Examination of Agricultural Sc<-ds. Annual Report, 1882. The Compo:Jit ion. Valuation, and Pun-hase of Commercial Fertilizers. The Use of Comuieri'ial Fertilizers. Results of Experiments on the Effect of Cutting Timothy and Clover Gra.-o at Pitferent .Stages of Growth. Fe«^Iing Experiments. Not<> on an Experiment with Native Potatoes. Annual Report. ISKJ. The Resiilts of Ex]><-rimenls Showing the Effect of Various Fertilizers on the Growth of Corn. Oats. AVlieat, and Grass. The Results of Exp<>riuu-nts Show ini; the Eftect of Various Fertilizers on the Growth of Com, Oats, and Wheat. Annual Report, 1884. Feeding Experin\ents. Experimi'iits witli Fertilizers, 1884. Annual ReiKtrt, ISKj. Feedinic Experiments. Course in Mechanic Arts. The (Jrass Crops of 1RK.'>. The Composition of Soiling Rye. The Compo.sition and Foo January 1, 1S92 — Contiuued. PENNSYLVANIA STATION— Continued. Publication. Bulletin No. 8 . JJuUetin No. 9 . Annual Keport Bulletin No. 10 Bulletin No. 11 Bulletin No. 12 Bulletin No. 13 Annual Report Bulletin No. 14 Bulletin No. 15 Bulletin No. 10 Bulletin No. 17 Title. Testing New Varieties; Germination Tests. Dijie.stiliility of Com Fodder and Silajje. Annual Keport for 1889. Should Farmers Kaise Their Own Vegetable Seeds? Notes on New Varieties nf \'ei.'etables; Tests of Agricultural Varieties. Indian (Jinn a.s a (Jiaiu and Forage Crop. Simple Metliodsof Ueterniining Milk Fat: Dried Brewers' Uraius. Black Knot on I'luni.s; A Few Oniauiental Plants. Annual Keport for 189U. Tests of Varieties of Vegetables for 1890. Intlneuce of Variety and of Kate of Seeding on the Yield of Ensilage Corn. Culture of the Chestnut for Fruit. ' The \'alue of Cotton-Seed Meal as Compared with Bran for the Pro- duction of Butter. KHODE ISLAND STATION. Annual Report Bulletin No. 1.. Bulletin No. 2.. Bulletin No. 3.. Bulletin No. 4.. Bulletin No. 5. . Annual Report BulletinNo.fi.. Bulletin No. 7.. Bulletin No. 8... Bulletin No. 9... Annual Keport . Bulletin No. 10.. Bulletin No, 11.. Bulletin No. 12. Bulletin No. 13. Bulletin No. 14 . Report of the FirsfAnnual Report, 1888. Organization. Tlie Farm. Historical, Physical, and Geological Descriiition. Stock Feeding. Bee Keeping, Establishment of the Apiary. Potatoes. Second Annual Report, 1889. Milk Fever or Parturient Apoplexy in Cows. Catalogue of Fruits; Meteorological Summarj-; Spring Apiarist. Soils and Fertilizers. Experiments in Apiculture. Third Annual Keport, 1890. Mixed Foods in Cases of Faulty Appetite in Horses and Neat Stock; Patented and Proprietary Foods; Sore Shoulders in Horses. The State Fertilizer Law as it Is and as it Might Be; Commercial Value of Fertilizer Stock; Analyse.s of Conuuercial Fertilizers; State Inspection, 1S91 : Analyses of Mi.scellaneous Materials Sent on for Examination ; Meteorological Summary. Further Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers Collected under the State Inspection, 1891, with Comments. Fertilizers. Potato Scab; The Bordeaux Mixtirre as a Preventive of Potato Scab and Potato Blight ; Transplanting Onions. SOUTH CAROLINA STATION. Bulletin No. 1- Bulletin No. 2. BuUetiu No. 3. Annual Report Bulletin No. 4- Bulletin No. 5. Bulletin No. 6. Bulletin No. 7. Annual Report Bulletin No. 8. Annual Repert NEW SERIES. Bulletin No. 1. Reports of the "Work of the Experimental Farm of the South Carolina College Tests of Varieties of Cotton. Tests of Commercial Seeds. Analyses of Fertilizers and Feeding Stuffs. Fust' Annual Report, 1888. Entomology. Oats and ^Vheat. Hog Cholera. Meteorological Data. Second Annual Report, 1889. Chemical Composition of Corn Silage, Cowpcas, and Soja Beans in South Carolina. Third Annual Keport, 1889-90. Table of Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. 966 List of station puhllcatiom issued prior to January J, IS92 — Continued. SOUTH CAROLLNA STATIOX— Conlinned. Date. Publication. 1891. July bulletin Xo.: October bulletin Xo. 3. . December . . Kiillctin No. 4. . Annual Report. Title. Cotton, Eiperimeiit.s witli Varieties and with Fertilizers. Analyses of Comni<-rii;il Fiitilizers. Fertilizer Tests with Wheal ; Varietiesof Wheat and Oata. Fourth Annual Report, 1891. SOUTH DAKOTA STATION. 1887. November 1888. April April July Bulletin No. 1 . . . Notes on the Growth of Trees in the College Gronuds. October . . Deeeinlier. . December . December. 1889. January . . February . March April April April November 1890. February . March March December. 1891. January . - February . March April May Jane July November December. December . Bulletin No. 2... Bulletin No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Bulletin No. 5... Bulletin No. 6... Bulletin No. 7... Bulletin No. a... Annual Keiwirt . Bulletin No. 9... Bulletin Nil. 10.. Bulletin No. 11.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Bulletin No. 14.. Bulletin No. 15. . Annual Report . Bulletin No. If). . Bulltttin No. 17.. Bulletin No. 18.. Bulletin No. 19. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 20 Bnll.tin No.2l- Bull« tin No. 22. Bulletin No. 23. Bulletin No. 2« Bulletin No. 2.'i Bulletin No. 20. Bulletin No. 27. Unlletin No. 28. Bulletin No. 29. Annual Report Organization: Growth of fJrains Tabulated: I'otatoes: Clover. Arbor Day— Why to Plant. What to Plant. How to IMant. Reports of Departments of Aj^culture, Forestry, Hortiiulture, and tntomology. Garden Note.'^, with Table ui Mi-teondojiical Observations, (iarden Notes and (•tbiT Fii Id Observations: Meteorological Tables. Notes on Small Fruits: 'I be Orehanl and Ornamental Plants. The Drinkinj; Wat^TS of Dakota. First Annual Report, 1»*«. Com. The Ciermination of Frosted Grain. Small Grain. Forestry. Horticulture, and Botany. Entomology. The SufrarBeet. Forestry. Second Annual Reporc, 1889. The SuRiir Beet. Small tJrain. fntworms. The Suuar B«"et. Third Annual Report, 1890. Forestry. Experiments wlth.Snmll Grains. Iigurious Insects. Forest Trees, Fruits, and Vegetables. Cm. Glanders. Strawberries, the Sand Cherry, and Orchard Notes. The Sii;;ar Ik-et in South Dakota. Irriiration. Forestry and Funjii. 1 FourthAnnual Report, 1890-91. TENNESSEE STATION. 1882. 1884. 1885-86. 1888. April Report* Bulletin No. 1*. ReiKirt* July October.. . 1889. January . April . July., Bulletin Vol. I, No. 1. Bulletin Vol. I, No. 2. Bulletin Vol. I, No. 3. Annual Report Bulletin Vol. 11, No. I. Bulletin Vol.11, No. 2. Bulletiu Vol.11, No. 3. Experiments in Wheat Culture and Other Crops. Analyses and Tests of Manures and Fertilizers for 1883-84. Wheat Culture and Forage Crops. History .and Reorganization ; Dehorning Cattle. The Experiment Station; BuildiuK and Laboratories; Germination of Seed Corn; Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. Weeds of the Farm. First Annual Report, 1888. Notes on Fertilizers and Fertiliiing Materials. Diseases of the Irish Potato. Cotton-Seed Hulls and Meal as Fo.mI for Live Stock. •Keport of work in the Agricultural Department and the University of Tennessee. 967 List of station puhlications issued prior to January 1, 1892 — Coutiniied. TENNESSEE STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1889. October . . September October... 1890. January . . April July May July July October. . . December. December. 1891. January . . April July October . . . December. Bulletin Vol.11, No. 4. Spec. Bulletin A. Spec. Bulletin B, Annual Report . Bulletin Vol. HI, No. 1. Bulletin Vol. Ill, No. 2. Bulletin Vol.III, No. 3. Special Bulletin C. Special Bulletin D. Special Bulletin Bulletin Vol.HI, No. 4. Bulletin Vol.III. No. 5. Bulletin Vol.HI. No. 6. Bulletin Vol. IV. No. 1. Bulletin Vol.IV, No. 2. Bulletin Vol.IV, No. 3. Bulletin Vol.IV, No. 4. Bulletin Vol.IV, No. 5. Grasses of Mountain Meadows and Deer Parks; Chemical Composi- tion and Tests of Varieties of Strawberries. The Army Worm, How to Prevent its Ravages on Cotton. Analyses of Commercial Fertilizers. Second Annual Report, 1889. Experiments in Growing Potatoes. Field Experiments -with Barley, Com, Oats, "Wheat, Sorghum, and Clover. Points about Country Roads. The Treatment of Certain Fungous Diseases of Plants. Potash and Paying Crops. The Cotton Worm; The Hessian Fly. Practical Experiments in Reclaiming "Galled" or Waslied Lands; Notes on Mulch and Mulch Materials. Fruit Trees at the Experiment Station. Index to Vols. I and II. Crab Grass Hay; Sorghum as a Forage Plant; Test of Feed Value of First aud Second Crops of Clover; Pasture Grasses ; Black Knot of the Plum and Cherry; Pruning Fruit Trees; The Glassy Winged Soldier Bug; Diseases of Live Stock; Experiment Station Record. The Peanut Crop of Tennessee, Statistics, Culture, and Chemistry. The True Bugs or Heteroptera of Tennessee. Some Fungous Diseases of the Grape. A Chemical Study of the Cotton Plant. TEXAS STATION. 1883. Novembei 1884. June 1885. June 1886. June 1887. December. 1888. May October . . . December. 1889. March June November December. 1890. May May August . . . September December . 1891. March . . . . May Bulletin No. 1* . . Preliminary. Bulletin No. 2*. . Notes and Experiments. Bulletin No. 3* . . Notes and Experiments. Bulletin No. 4* . . Acclimating Cattle. Bulletin No. 5*.. Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2... Bulletin No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Annual Report . Bulletin No. 5... Bulletin No. 6. .. Bulletin No. 7... Bulletin No. 8... Annual Report . Bulletin No. 9... Bulletin No. 10.. Bulletin No. 11.. Bulletin No. 12.. Bulletin No. 13.. Annual Report . BuUetinNo. 14.. Bulletin No. 15.. Tests of Value of Difterent Fertilizers. Plan of Organization. Experiments in Cattle Feeding; Analyses of Fertilizers and Ores; Horticultural Department; Sleteorol'ogicai Department. Grasses and Other Forage Plants. Root Rot of Cotton or " Cotton BUght." First Annual Report, 1888. Creameries in Texas. Feeding Experiment. Cotton Root Rot. Work in Horticulture. Second Annual Report, 1889. Pear Stocks ; Some Parasitic Fungi of Texas. Feeding Experiment. Efl'ect of Cotton Seed and Cotton-Seed Meal on Butter; Quality of Butter from Sweet and Sour Cream. The Screw Worm. Sorghum; Teosinte. Third Annual Report, 1890. Eflfect of Cotton Seed and Cotton-Seed Meal in the Dairy Ration «n Gravity and Centrifugal Creaming of Milk. Influence of Climate on the Composition of Corn; Digestibility jf Food Stuffs ; Miscellaneous Analyses. ♦Bulletins of the Agricultural and Mechanical College. 968 List of station puhJications issued prior to January 1, 1S92 — Continued. TEXAS STATIUX— ConlimiPd. Date. Poblication. Titk'. 1890. June Bulletin Xo. IG. Drainage Experinu-nf 8; Iri.sh Potatoes; Cabbage; Strawberrifs ; Rus- sian Fruits anrl Ornauu-ntal Trees; Liats of Jr'ruitson Trial; Forest Trees Successful to Dat*". Angust Bulletin No. 17.. General Inforuiatiou Kclating to the Texas Agricultural Esperiiueut Station. Liver Flukes. October Biilktin Xo. 18.. December. . Bulk-tin No. 19.. ( 'orn Fo*7. Analyses of Fi-rliliziTs. .\ nal\ .•*«« of Ferl ili/.i-rs. Confcrenrr on Acceplani-e of the Hatch Act. .VnalvMi's of Ki-rtiliziTs Smut inOat.s. Insecticides, ami Fertilizer .Analyses. New Orgaui/.alion. ('oiipi-ratiiui ill the .'^tudy of luiterts. IiiMrrticides : S«'eu8 Analyses. Mrlhods of Cutting and Planting Potatoes; Fertilizer .Analyses. Second Annual Re|H>rt. 1H*18. Analyses of Fertilizers. Effect of FertiliziTs on the Composition of Corn ; Auiilysi.i of Hay. Testing Milk at < reameries. Test of l>airv Cows. Third Annual Report, 1889. Pig Feeding. (Questions Concerning Injurious Insects. lertilizer Analysis. A New Milk I'rst ; Testing Milk at Creameries and Cheese Factories; Notes for till- Laboratory. Test of D.iin ( 'ows ; Honie r«. Fair Grounds. Fourth Annual Rejiort, 1890. Fertilizers. Potato Blight anil Lot. The Bounty on Maple Sug.ir. Maple Sugar. VIRGINIA STATION. 1889. Bulletin No. 1 October I'.ull.tin No. 2 November .1 Bulletin Xo. U . .Vindication of Fertilizers to Wheat. Kxiiiriiiient Orchard: .Siii:ill Fruits. Steer Feeding ; Meteorological liecurd. 969 List of station puhlications issued prior to January 1, lS92—Contmned. VIRGINIA STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. 1890. January . . . Bulletin No. 4 - . . Tomatoes. Maivh Bulletin No. 5 . - . Notes on Feeding Stutt's. March Bull.tin No. G ... Vari(-tv Tests with Potatoes. July Biillitln No. 7 ... Variety Tests with Strawberries. Annual Keport . Annual Reiwrt, 1889-9 J. 1891. January. .. BuUetin No. 8 . . . Potato Tests. February . . Bulletin No. 9 - . . Tomatoes. June Bulletin No. 10 .. Slier and Big Feeding. October Bulletin No. 11 . . Veu.lal.Ies. Auuual Keport . Annual Keport, 1890-91. WASHINGTON STATION. 1891. December BuUetin No. 1 Announcements. WEST VIRGINIA STATION. 1888. July Bulletin No. 1.. October Bulletin No. 2.. December.. BuUetin No. 3 . . Annual Report 1889. March BuUetin No. 4.. June Bulletin No. 5 . . BuUetin No. 6.. Annual Report 1890. Bulletin No. 7.. June Bulletin No. 8.. July BiaietiuNo.9.. August Bulletin No. 10. Special BuUetin September . BulletinNo.il. December. . Bulletin No. 12. Annual Report 1891. January . . . Bulletin No. 13. February . . Bulletin No. 14. March Bulletin No. 1.5. April BuUetin No. 16. May BuUetin No. 17. September . BuUetin No. 18 . November . BuUetin No. 19. Organization and Work of Station. The Historv, Properties, Source of the Ingredients, Mode of Applica- tion, and tlses of Commercial Fertilizers. Birds of \\'est Virginia. First Annual Report, 1887-88. The Creamery Industry, Its Adaptability to West Virginia. The Selection of Milch Cows. Six Months' Experience in Running a Creamery; Improved Process of Handling Cream and Churning. Second Annual Rej>ort, 1889. Experiments upon "Wheat, Fruit Trees, Garden Seeds, Grasses, For- age (.'i-o]is, and Miscellaneous Subjects. Sunuuary (if .Mi'tcoiultiiiical Observations and Reports of Correspond- ents on Condition of Agriculture. Additional Reports upon Wheat Distributed in 1889; Meteorological Report for July; Reports of Correspondents upon Meteorology "and Crop.s fur July. Meteoioldgical Report for August; Reports of Correspondents upon >Ieti(ii(il(ij:y and Crops for August. Putasli and Paying Crops. iliteoroloLix :in(l Reports on Condition of Crops. Tlie Cauiida Thi.stle. Third Annual lieport, 1890. Tlie Creamery Industry. Farm and Ciarden In.stcts; Notes of the Season. Rasjibirry Gouty-tiall Beetle. Forest and .Shade-Tree Insects; Yellow Locusts. Forest and Sliade-Tree Insects; Black Spruce. Cdunnenial Fertilizers. Your Weeds and Your Neighbors. WISCONSIN STATION. 1883. August.. . 1884. April June September 1885. April July October. . . December Bulletin No. 1. . . Sweet Skim Milk, Its Value as Food for Pigs and Calves. Annual Report . First Annual Report, 1883. Bulletin No. 2. . . Amount and Condition of Seed Corn in Wisconsin. Bulletin No. 3. . . Composition and DigestibiUty of Fodders. BuUetin No. 4. . . Experiments on Milk Production. Annual Report . Second Ajinual Report, 1884. Bulletin No. 5. . . ' A nalyses of Feeding Stuff's. Bulletin No. 6...| Experiments on Calf Feeding; Analyses of Fertilizers. Bulletin No. 7.. .' Experiments on Calf Feeding; the Cooley System of Creaming MUk. Bulletin No. 8... Oil Meal «*■. Corn Meal for Milk. Annual Report ., Thii-d Auuual Report, 1885. 970 List of station publications issued prior to January 1, 1S92 — Continued. WISCONSIN STATION— Continued. Date. Publication. Title. March October... 1887. April October... 1888. February . April May July November 1889. January . . Ai>ril July October... 1800. January . . April July October . . . 1891. January . . April July October. .. Bulletin No. 9. . Bulletin No. 10. Annual Keport BulletinNo.il. Bulletin No. 12. Bulletin No. 13-. Bulletin No. U.. Bulk-tin Xo. 15.. Bulletin No. 10.. Bulletin No. 17.. Annual lieport . Bulletin No. 18.. Bulletin No. 19.. Bulletin No. 20.. Bulletin No. 21. Annual Report . Bulletin No. 22.. Bulletin No. 23.. Bulletin No. 24.. Bulletin No. 25 . . Annual Keport . Bulletin No. 26.. Bulletin No. 27.. Bulletin No. 28.. Bulletin No. 29.. Annual Keport . Report on Oat.s, Potatoes, and Corn for 1885. Tests of Dairy Cows. Fourth Annual Report, 1886. Report on Wheat, Oats, Barley, Potatoes, and Com for 1886. The Oil Test for Cream. Keport on Wheat, Oats, Barley, Corn, and Potatoes for 1887; The Sta- tion Vineyard. Artificial Ft-rtilizers and Land Plaster. Eii-silage t«. Corn Fodder for Milk Production. A New Method for Determining Fat in Milk. Keport on Com, Oats, Barlev, and Potatoes; Grape Growing. Filth Annual Keport, 1888. The Con.stitutian of Milk and Some of the Conditions which Aftect the Separation of Cream. Notes on Ensilage. Noxious Weeds of Wisconsin. Comparative Value of Warm and Cold Water for Milch Cows in Winter. Sixth Annual Report, 1889. Oats and Barley ; Potatijes. Prevention of kpple Scab. A new method for the Estimation of Fat in Milk, Especially Adapted to Creameries and Chee.se Factories. Feeding Bone Meal and Uard-Wood Ashes to Uogs Living on Corn. Seventh Annual Keport, 1890. Sngar-Beet Culture in Wisconsin. The Feeding Value of Whey. The Construction of Silos. Creaming Experiment*. Eighth Annual Koport, 1891. WYOMING STATION. 1891. May August. . . November December. Bulletin No. 1... Bulletin No. 2. . . Kullelin No. 3... Bulletin No. 4... Annual Report . The Organization Plant Oce. and Pro|>o8ed Work of the Station. The Sugar Beet in Wyoming. Meteorology for 1891. Annual Keport, 1891. INDEX OF NAMES. Adametz, L., 382, 499, 652, 751 , 832. Adams, C. K., 434. Adams, R., 270. Adriauce, D., 246, 890. Alberti. 654. Aldrich. J. M., 327. Allard. .578. Allen. A. H.,929. AUeu. H. N., 29. Aloi. A.. 926. Alpe, v., 928. Alvord, H. E.. lOS, 140.513,C0r,608,8I3. Alwood. W. B., 327. 625. Audra, 749. Andr^, H7, 1 18, 1 19, 578. 635, 637, 6.54, 655, 749. Aunis, F. J.. 69, 85. Araki. T.,92H. Arrhe.A.,832. Archei', R. S.,270. Armsby. H. P., 141,453,457,461,463,713. Araaud. A. ..578. Ariiaud. H.. 748. Arnold, A. P., 294. Arthur. J. C, 512,853. A.shmead. W. H.,183. Atkinson, G. F.. 7,327,844. Atterberg. A.. .554. Atwater. W. O., 56. 213, 374, 386, 509. .576. .587, 652, 671,683. Babcock. S. M.. 480. Bailey, L. H., 91, 232,240, 405, 523, 617, 618, 619, 833. Baker. B. M.,285. Baker, W.H., 176, 804. Baldin, W., 929. Balentine, W., 393,395. Barker, R. J.. 433. Barnes. A.. 904. Barnes, L. S., 52. Barry, W.C, 833. Barth. M., 187. Bartlett, J. M., 397,765. Battle, H. B., 92, 172, 2J1, 314. 41 1, 632, 633, 712, 803, Baudiy. A., 748. Beach, S. A., 246,362. Beak. 270. Beal, W.J.,398. Peam,W., 749,832. Pecker. A., 831. Peckwlth, M. H., 337, C89, 600. Pedford. s, A„ 360, Panecka, 8')'9, penedikt, B„ 8S1, Bennett. R.U, 69, 384,7681 Bennett, S. E., 4.33. Benton, E.L., 362. Benton, P., 811. Berlese, A.N.,926. Berthelot, M.. 117, 118, 119, .578, 635, 637, 6.51, 743, 818,924. Besana,C.. 751,9';9. Bessey, C. E.. 521. Bevan, E. J.,748. Beyer, A., 831. Biard, L..633. Biddies, P., '270. Binford,R. E.,2rO. Birner. H.,2f4. Bisbee, D. B..782. Bitting. A. W.. 752. Blair, W.M., 360. Blalock,T. L.,43.3. Blandl'ord, W. F. H., 43.5. Blizine, 926. Blount, A. E., 885. Boiret,H.,578. Bokorny, T.,62.5. Bolley. H. L., 161, .395, 619, 771. Bcmer. M.,926. Boudiuant. A. J. .5(X), 845. Bonner, C.S.,f;91. Borchardt,"V\^.83l. Borutriiger, A.. 924. Botkin, S.,749. Bottomley,W. B.,43.5. Bowes, J. B., 132. Brace. De W. B.. 28, 29, 799. Braungart, R.. 927. Breal,E..62.749,916. Brefeld,0.,328. Breiholz,926. Brewer. W.F., 931. Briem, 926. Brinkley,E.H.,516. Brissi,G.,191. Brooks, W. P., 164, 866, 867, 868, 869. Brose,C. M.,82. Brown, H.T., 654. Brown. L. P..4q. Brown, W.F.. 813. Bruhu8,G,,748. Bruner, L., 38, .53, 327, 907. Brunk.T.L..5I4. BuckUout, W. A.. 177, 461 , 403. Budd,J.L.,218,238,788. Bufium,B.C.,51,630,7S7, Bwneti,E.A.,?oi, 971 972 Biirney,"W.B.,318. BuiTill.T. J., 729. Bur tis, F. C, 580, 789, 855. Bmler,T.,398. Bntz. G. C, 461, 719, 720, 722, 889. Caldwell, G. C. 633. Caldwell, W. H., 453, 457, 461, 466, 713, 718, 719. Call, R. E., 270. Campbell, S. W., 729. Carcano, L., 928. Carlton, M. A., 580. Carman, E. A., 729. Carpenter, L. G., 82. 3:28, 373. Carson, J. W., 97. Car J', C. A., 500. 537, 685. Cassali, A., 927, Cavalcanti, A. B. U., 362. Ca.vanaugh, G. W..433. Cazaneuve, P., 927 Chalmot. G. de, 748,911. Chamberlain. J. U.. 172,710. Chardoiinet. de, 6.V>. Chester. F. U., 688. Chittenden, R. H., 768. Chouard. F., 925. Chnard. E., 578. Chxnchill, G. W., 403. Clarke, D.. 270. Clarke, J. W., 444. Clayton, J., 588, 589, C8L Clii.ss. 211. Cohn, M., 0.56. Colby, G.E., 78.591. Coleman. J. B.. 924. Coliijny, A. de, 656. Collier. P., .30. 3-!. :ftl. 89. 311, 398. Collii:gwood. C. B., 444, 846. Comes, O.. 328. ComstoeU, J. H .447, 833. Conley, J. D., 52 Coim. H. W., 50, 381, 384. Cook. A. J., 290, 327. Cook. G. II., 292. Cooke, W. W., 101, 246, 470, 471, 472. 475, 478, («2^ 633. Coole, G.. 412, 622. CcxiuiUett. G. W.. 53, 51, 183, 812, 907. Cornish, L. VV., 657. Coryell. R. J., 658. Cottrell. II. M.. 16. 223. Coulter. J. M.. 103. Courant. G., 6.56, 744. 929. Courlright, J. O.. 807. Cousins, H. H., i'X\ Craip. J. A., 132, 197. 356. Crandall. C. S.,82.84. 686. Crui.Ushank, R. D., 599. Ciibonl. G., 726. Cartel. G., 749. Curtice, C, 501. Curtis. C. L.. 227, 7.52. Curtis. G. W., 97. 72.5. Curtiss, C. F.. 216, 219, 221, 222, 782, 784, 7^5, 787. Cushman, S., 532. Cutter. W. P., 624. Dabney, .ir..C. W.. 40. Dafert, F. W., 362, 924. Dairy mple. W. H., 152. Dammann, 8.32. Daniel, L., 926. Davenport, E., 201. Davis, E. P.. 832. Davis. G. C, 282, 290, 327. Dean, H. H., 199. i:eh6rain, P. P., 492. 899. Delachanal. 749. DePass, J. P., 145, 386, 604, 753. DeRoode, R., 633. Despeignes, 579. Detmers, F., 620. Devol, W. S.,29. De Vuyst, P., 656, 754, 931. Dietel, P.,327. Dietrich, T., 263. Dinwiddle, R. R., 283, 371, DissDebarr, 46. Dodge, C. R., 108. Dohrmann, 421. Drouiu, R., 552, 654. Drude, 208. Dubelir, D., 928. Dubois, A., 6.55. Duggar, J. P., 530. Dull, G., 831. 924. Duucan, C. A.,><90. Dunwoody. H. W., 141. Dyar, H.G., .53. Dyer, B., 490, .599, 833. Dyer, H. L.. 78,.591. Dyrenforth, R. G., 931. Earle, J. J., 145,386. Eaton, E. N., 216, 222, 782. Eber, \V.,748. Eckeubrecher. C. von, 750,821. Edgar, J. S.,2r(». Edwards, H., 53. Effront. J.,.553,(»5. Eldam, E.,2.57. Elsbein, 751. Eisen. G.,328,414. Elsenlohr. J.,499,638. Eitner, W.,82.5. EUenberg. M., 430. Ellis, A., 6.57. Ellis. J. B., 327, 810. Embrey, G.,6,54. Emerton, J.H.,.548. Emery, F. E., 401. 4.52, 711. Emmerling. A.. 2, 327, 702, 703, 878, ?81 Hamilton, J., 414. Hamlin, G. H., 396. Hanriot, 823. Hansen, G., 599. Harcourt, G., 13!. Hardee, R. E., 657. Harrington, H. H., 245.800. Harrington, M. W., 141,329,-585,630. Harris, A. W., 1,106,813. Harris, W. T., 142. Harrow, G.. 109. Harter. G. A., 690. Hartwell, B. L., 533,623. Harvey, F. L., 395. Harwood, P. M.. 658,872. Haselhofl,E., 499,926. Hassan, A.. 503,812. Hay, R..328. Hays, W. M.,500. Hayward, A. I.. 513,607,008. Hazen. H. A., .549. Heath, H. A., 729. Heaton, C. W., 578. Hubert, A., 579, 734, 925. Heckel, E., 925. Hehner, O., 928, 929. Heine, F., 831. Heinrich, R., 67, 265, 655, 822. Hellriegel. 57, 210, 211, 334. Helmkampf, A. H.-, 750, 920. Hempel, 654. Henkel, T., 122. Henneberg, W., 1, 259. Henry, W. A.. 48, 813. Henzold, O.. 833. Hertz, J., 935. Hess, E.. 579, 744. Hickman, J. F., 94, 34], 243, 243, 805, 813, 886, 887. Hilgard, E. W., 338, 373, 590, 592, 593, 594, 598, 685, 8.33, 927. Hillman, F. H., 30, 803. Hills, J. L., 246, 472, 473, 474, 476, 477, 890. Hiltner, L., 336. Hinebauch, T. D., 619. Hint on, R. J., 328. Hitchcock, A. S.. .580. Hitchcock, G. G., 433, 638. Hite, B. H., 44. Hoffmeister, W., 260. Hofmeister, F., 578, 974 Hohmeyer^ A. von, 258. Holdefleiss, F., 257. Holleman, A. F., 660. HoUrung, M., 656, 820. Holter. G. L., 453, 658. Hopkins. A. D., 46, 101, 102, 803. 811. Hoppenstedt. 928. Hotter, E., 336. Howard, L. O., 327, 414, 547. 518. 811. Howe. D. D., 658. Humphrey. J. E., 160, 102. Hunn, C. E.. 401. Hunt, T. F.. iSi. 4(58. Huntley, F. A., 63. .500. Huston. H. A.. 69. 512. 513, 632, 853. Immendorf, H., 499, 826. Ingersoll, C. L., 81, 703. Irby, G. B., 580. Irish. C. W.. 328. Irish. P. H.,f05. Jacobsou. J.. 710. Jaffa. M. £..371,590,504. Jahus, E., 6.54. James. C. C. 127, 132. Jean. F.. 7.50. 831. Johnson, A. A.. 658. Johnson, D. D.. 48, 808. Johnson, S. W., 15. Johnstone, M., 581. Jones. A., 270. Jones. B..270. Jones. L. R., 101, 471, 472. 170. >'!. Jones, S. A., 29. Jong Tyn, D. A. de, 747. Jordon, W. H.. 306. Just, L.., 271. 741. Kalb, G., 499. KauU. H.. 6.56. Kedzie. K.C.. 2!10. 6,12, 794. Kefauver, P. F.,40. Kefter, C. A., .5:r7. Keller. A.. .579. Kellerman. VV. A., 285, 286, 287, 697 Kellicott. D. S., 327. Kellner, 0..2fi«). Kendall, G.. 271. Kent. D. A., 216. 219, 221 , 222. -.tCl, 784, 785, 786. Klljiore. H.W.. 173,712. Kinney. L. F.. 3 1.5. 531.. 5:12, 623, L«9. Kirchner, O., 266. 6.56. Klee, W.G.,.592,595. Klein. G., 262. Klein. W.. 5.55. Knorr. A. E., 6.32. Koch, A., 654,661. Koebele, A.. 54, .546. 813. Koetfod, E.. 8;?2. Kiinig, J., 185, 263, (),55, 656, ^31, OCC. Kornauth. C 8:«. Kos.sel. A., 718. Kosutaiiy, T., 8.32. Kozai, Y.,26«'>. Kramers. 279. Kraus.C. 7.50.921. Kreis. H.,929. Kreusler. U.. S63. Kruger, W,, 278,655,719. Kuhn.G., 75.5, 832. 837. Kiihn. J.. 200. Kulisch. P., 928. Laboulbene, A.. 749. Ladimann, J., 749,914. Ladd. E.F.,804. L,afar.F.,422. Lagerheim. G. de, 810. I^ake, E. R., 433, 628, 727, 807, Lake. P., 4.^5. Lamb, S.. 270. 7.53. Land.steiner. K. , 750. Laser. H.. 423. Laita, W. C. 510,851, Laurent. E.. 116, .551. Lawes. J. B., 03. 73, 331, 578, C3D. Law, J., 833. Lechartier, G.. 655. Lederer. B.. 749. Leeds, A. R ,8:}2. ' LefTmann. H.,749.832. Lfgge, F. M..4:«. I Lehmann, F., .5. 928. I Leighton, F. A., 783. Lelaud. H. L.. 39.5. Le.sage, P.. 5.8, 035. I Levy, M.,927. i Lewkowstche, J., 748. Leydherker, A., 655. Leze. 578. Liebenberg. V., 927. Liet'S her, \V., 210, 269. Lilley, G., 70, 627, 628, r27, 307. LIntner, C.J.,8;}I.924. Lloyd. R.,28, 166,702.8(Ki. Lodemann. E. G., 270, 405, 521. Loew.O., 634,749. Luges. G., 2ta. 662. Lor let. 579. Lotz.I)..8(l6. Loughrldge. P. H., 315. Lowe. W. F.,748. Ltigger. O., 228. I.-ungwitz. M.. 650. Lupton. X. T.. 6. Lyon. T. T.. 700. Mc.Ndie. A.. 487. Maiagmo. 518. M.Bryde. J. B.. 318, .Mr. 510. MrBryde. J. M.. .320. .533. McCarthy, G.. 172. 17.% 710. McCroskey, R. C, 807. McDowell. A V.. 752. McDowell. R. H.. 82, •-•ni, Hh, 802 Mackay, A., 3«i. McKay, J. F.. .5,'«). 68.5. McLaren, D., .50, 51. 413. 727. Mcl,ean. P.. 270. 271. M<-Leunau. K.. .599. McLouth. L.,623. MrNeely. J. F. M., 720. McNeil, J. ,282 MacWilliam. J. S., 419. Madom, 832. Maercker, M., 210. 260. 640, 750, Ma-igiora. A., 832. Magrtider, A. C, 362, 821. 975 Malfattl. H., 748. Manciiso-Liina, G , 921. Maugin, L., 810. Mapel, v., 4G. Marcano, V'., .578. Marek. E.. 60.1. Marek. G.. 6.5.1. Marlatt, C. L., 516. Mai-i;inan. 929. Martelli, D.,9-24. Martin, G. A.. 7-.'i). Masou, S. C, 18, 7H8. Massey, W. F., 314. SO.S. 813. Mathews, C. W., fOO. Matignon, C.,924. Maun.sell, ;J70. Mayer, A., 65, 189, .579, 744. 7.50, 831, 919. Maynard, S. T.. 23.-i89.'«>0,861. Mayo, N. S.,388. Meau.s, I. H.. 32.5. Melville, W., 271. Menke, A. E., 282, 281. Menozzi, A. , 927. Mer. E.. 417. Merriam. C. H., 181. Merrill, L. H., 23. Mertz, H. N.,46. Mik, J., 414. Mile.s, H. C, 374. Mills, A. A.. 625. Millspaugh. C. P., 45, 629, 808, 892. Minott, C. W., 479, 658. Moore, V. A., 251. Morel, J., 579, 635. Morgan, H. A., 698. Morgen, A., 211,579, 640. Morgenthaler, J.. 328. Mori. Y.,266. Moirell.R. S.,435. Morrow, G. E., 110. 149,21.5. 779, 847. Morse, F. W.. 291,691,633,877. Moschales. 503. Moss. A., 752. Muir. J. B., 132. Miiller. 927. Miiller, H.. 2.59. Miiller. J. A., 751. Miiller, K., 260. Muller, M., 92.5. Mumlord, F. B., 201. Mimn, C. E.. 433, 628. 727, 807. Mimro, J. M. H., .578. 897. Miintz, A., 113, 111. 197. .578, 0.56, 897, 899, 901. Murphy, C. J.. 484. Murray. J. M..270. Murray, V.. 270. Murtfeldt, M. E., .54, .547, 5'.3. Mussi. 749. Miittrich, S26. Myers, J. A., 44, 101,628. Neal, J. C..621. Neale, A. T., 141,686,687, Neilson, J., 292. Nelson. A.. 52. Nelson. J., 296,302. Nettleton, E..S.. 329. Neumann, H.. 656. Newman, C. L., 580. Newman, J. S., 588, 589, 681. Newman, W. H., 762. Nichols, G.. 328. Nicholson, H. H., 28,800. Nicolie, A., 927. Nieder.stadt, 832. Niles, W. B.,42. 319. Nilson, F. L,., 579. Nilson. I>. P., 193. Nimmo, jr.. J. W.,328. Niswander, F. J.. 182,201. Nobbe. F., 336. Nourse, D.O., 179. Nowacki, A., 831. O' Brine, D., 82. O'Hanlon, W., 398. Ohlmer, F., 925. Oloveri, V., 927. Ormerod, E.A.,327. Orth, 210. Osbom. H.. 5.5, 218, 222. 327. 517, 518, 783, 788, 907. Osborne, T.B., 11, 15,766,768. OShane.sy, 270. Otto, R., 64. Owen, J., 833. Pagnoul, A., 120. Paige, F. E.. 162. Paige, J. B.. 6.57. Palmer. E.. 103. Pammel, L. H.. 217,783,787,810. Panton. J.H., 127. 132, 1.34, 819. Paparelli, L., 592, .595. Parmentier, P., 927. Parsons, C. L,., 86. Paschkis, H., 832. Pasqualini. A., 926. Passerini, M., 189. 925, 923. Pasteur, L., 897. Patrick, G. E., 216. 219,221, 222, 633, 782, 788. Patterson, H. J., 515. Patterson, L. G., 167. Patton, H. B., 296, 301. Peberdy. 270. Peck. C. H.,810. Peebles. A. B.. rMl, 270. Penny, C. L,.. 602, 6C0. Peters, E. T., 90.5. Petit, P., 924. Pfeiffer. Th., 260, 499. Pfluger, E., 579. 832. Phelps, C. S., 376, 377. I Phillips, J. W., 30, 201. Piehard, P., 578, 636, 655, 7.50, 917. I PickeU. J.M., 14.5,386. Pierte, N. B.,810. Pinchot. G., 434. Pinette, J., 577. Pizzi. A., 929. Plant a, A. von, 831. Plumb, C. S., 41,512. Popence, E. A., 18, 327, C07, 783. Pott, E., 750. Potter, O. B., 833. Powell, E. A.. 833. Powell. G. T., 833. Prazmowski, 60. 976 Prentiss. A. N.,6ia. Price. R. H., 931. Prove, 925. Prunet, A., 927. Putz, 928. Quick, W. J., 363. Racah, A., 926. Ramm, 499. Raoult, 654. Raulin, J., 927. Ravizza, Z., 926. Raynor, T. J., 132. Redding. R. J., 387, 601, 606, 607, 691. Rehnstrom. W., 581. Reich, E., 832. Rennie, A. E., 132. Renou, E., 926. Rice, F. E., 244. Richet, C, 938. Richman, E. S.. 470, 625, 807. Richmond. H. D., 6.54. Richter, R., 74. Rieth, R.,503. Riley, C. V., 55. 183.327,414, 415. 546,811. Rimpau, W., 927. Ring. 927. Rising, W. B.,63->. Roberts, E. S.. 832. Roberts, I. P., 140,613,617,833. Robertson. J. \V.. 132,3.t6. Robinson. U.. 132. Rodewald. H., 262,833. Rolfs, P. H., 217, 7.52. Romaine, H.,729. Roos, L.,7.50. Rose, J.N.,103. Ross, B. B.,698. Rounds, W.F., 833. Roux, J.. 497. Rudel. C. 651. Russell. F. L,.,2;j. Russell. T., 817. Salfeld, .5.5;?, Salmon. D. E..891. .Salvatori, S., 924. Sal/.e. T.,748. Sanborn. J. W., 21. 100, 170, 412, 470. 024, 806. Saunders, W., 107, 198. 199, :1.56. Sawano. J.. 266. Sawin. A. M.. 52. Schaffer. .579. 744. Scheffler.H., 209.312.831. .Scheibe. A., 123. Scheurlen, 431. Srhiffor, ,T. R., 6.5.5, 821. .Schlagdenhatiffeii. F,, 925. SchU'.slng, jr., T., 116. .551. Schlosing. sr., T., Il0..57ii.736,8:ir,901. Sihrald,E.,3.36. Schmitter, 491. Schrodt, M., 360,8.33, 837. Schucht. 655. Schultz, Tj., 939. Schultze, H.. 6,56. Schulze, B., 7.50. S( hulze, E., 499, 749, 831,914. Schiitte, W., 935. Schwartzkopff, O., 24, 795. Schweitzer, P.. 633. Scobey, J. O'B., 433, 638. 737. 807. ScoveU, M. A., 141. 237. Scribner, F. Lamson, 41, 42. 470, 532. Seidel, J., 939. Seymour, A. B., 810. Shakespeare, E.O.. 739. Sharp, T. A., 361. Shaw, G. W., 69, 412. 806. Shaw, T., 128, 133, 496, 741. 743. Shelton, E. M., 70, 270. 7.53. Shelton, W., 16, 223, 789. 85.5. Shepard. J.H., 889. Shinn, C. H.. 596, .598, .599, 600. 636. Shiver. F. W., 633. Shutl, F.T.. 198,357. Shuttleworlh, A.E., 132. Siebert. C.,578. Siebricht. H. A., 8.^3. Sirrine, F. A.,218. .Skaife, W.. 127. Slingerland. M. V.. 447, 617. Slosson, E. E., 41.S. Smetham, A., 654. Smith, C. D., 795. 798. Smith. E.F., 327. 48.5. 810. Smith, F. E.. 8:11 Smith, H.M.,69. Smith. J. B., 169, 2'.<7. .09. :?27. 415. 610.7(fi, 878. Smith. J.G., 38. Smith. J. W., 106. Smith. T.. 2.54. 284. 729. Smyth, jr., E. A., 318. Snow. B. W., 481. Snow, F. H.. .327. fm. Snyder, H., 233. 370. 61.5, fi.33, 796, 797. Soldalni, A..749. Sorauer, P.. 261. Sostegnl. L.,926. .South wick. E. B., 327. Specnew, X.. 518. Speth. G,. 148. :onifying agent.. 749 grass, notes, Cal. Sta 598 soils and waters in California, U. S. D. A 328 Alkaloids of barberries 651 .betel nuts 6.54 blue lupine 578 Sotanacfii 925 white lupines 749 Allium vineaU, notes. N. J. Stas 30H W.Va.Sta ... 893 Allorhina nitida, notes, N. Mox. Sta 230 S. C. Sta 318 U. S. D. A 327 tohrina. notes, N. Mex. Sta 886 Almond trees, diseases, U. S. D. A 810 white Siberian, notes, Iowa Sta. 788 willow, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Alnut incana, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Aloes for scale insects. U. S. D. A 54 Alopfcurus prateMig. notes, Nev. Sta 29 Alsike clover, analy.ses Mass. State Sta. 158 as a forage plant— Nebr. Sta 28 Nev.Sta 30 Wyo.Sta 51 Altfrnaria sp.. notes. Ala. College Sta . .. 7 Alimi for rose chafers. N.J. Sta 171 in palm nut cake 503 rape cake 503 Alijitia s-marulatd . notes. N.J. Stas 309 Amarantn* albuts. notes. Cal. ."sta .598 c/ilorontarfiyg, notes, N. J. StAS 308 r«/ro./f«'xu«, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Amber cane, analyses. Ga. Sta 15 AmbroMa artfinigiafolia — analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 notes, N. J.Stas 308 W.Va.Sta 893 Anulanchier alni/olia, notes, Nebr. Sta. . . &28 981 Page. Amelanchier canadensis, notes, Nebr. Sta. 522 Americau acridlum, notes, U. S. D. A 55 curraut boi'er, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 Forestry Association, nieetintc -134 fritfly, description, and treat- ment, Oliio Sta 889 mountain ash, notes, Iowa Sta. TSg Pomological Society, session. '^Oi Ammonia-copper, for apple scab, Ohio Sta -. 620 preparation. Conn. State Sta 847 free and albuminoid — apparatv.3 for determin- ing 654 in water, determination. 748 gas, effect on vegetation 926 in arable soils 110 rain water, Colo. Sta 83 rain water and atmo.sphere of the tropics 578 snow, Colo. Sta 83 Ammonium — chloride, for rose chafers, N. J. Stas. . 171 in carnallite 581 phosphate as a fertilizer 579 salts, direct absorption bj' plant.^ 490 sulphate, analyses- Conn. State Sta. 8,764 La. Stas 444 Mass. State. Sta 162 N. J. Stas 168,299 for carnations, Mass.Hatch. Sta -. 290 Amorpha ranescens, notes, Minn. Sta 24 Nebr. Sta 522 fruclicosa. notes, Nebr. Sta 5*^3 Ampelopsis qtdnquefolia, notes, Iowa Sta . 788 Nebr. Sta. 521 Amphicerus punctipennis. notes, U. S. D. A 813 Amsinckia intermedia, notes, Cal. Sta 598 lyco})soideg, note-A, Cal. Sta 598 Amur chokecherry, notes. Iowa Sta 788 Amj'l old. vegetable, study 925 Anarjallis arvensis, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Analyses, feeding stuffs— Ala. College Sta 6 Can.Sta 357 Conn. Stats Sta 13,764 Conn. Storrs. Sta 375 Ga. Sta 146 Ind.Sta 513 Mass.StateSta.. 57 N.J. Stas .296,301,878 N.Y. State Sta 88,399,401 Pa. Sta 453,713 S.C.Sta 318 fertilizers- Ala. College Sta 6 Ark.Sta 281 Cal. Sta 592 Can. Sta 127 Conn. Sta 8, 127, 313, 763 Ky. Sta 2.27,791 La.Stas 441 Md. Sta 864 Pago. Analyses, fertilizers — Mass. State Sta... .161, 162,387,864 Mich. Sta 390 N. J. Stas 168, 310, 292, 299,523 N.Y. State Sta 89,311,399,401 N.C. Sta 712 Pa.Sta 713 K.I.Sta 315,530,533,622 S.C.Sta 244.536 Tex. Sta 346 Vt. Sta 471 W.Va.Sta 628 Analysis- errors in sampling field crops, Conn. Storrs Sta 379 improvement of methods, U. S. D. A.. 633 methods for ash. Tex. Sta 246 butter 489,750 cream 750 Mass.StateSta... 154 crude fiber 910 fertilizers. U. S. D. A . . . . 633 glycerin in wines and other fermented liq- uors 921 milk 192,193 Conn. State Sta... 765 Miss. Sta 167 N. Y. Cornell Sta . . 232 W.Va.Sta 44 nitric nitrogen. Conn. StorrsSta 385 organic nitrogen 924 pentaglucoses 911 phosphoric acid ...831,924 Conn. State Sta... 15 Pa. Sta. 720 U. S. D. A 633 potash 831 sampling butter, N. Y. State Sta... 401 sour cream. Me. Sta 397 solls.N.J. Sta 301 soiu- milk 420 starch 831,924 sugar 925 U.S.D.A 632 tannin 925 tea aud coffee 935 organic, new method 654,818 Anasa trisds, notes. Can. Sta 198 Andropogoii— annulaltis, culture experiments. La. Stas 860 prorincialis, ana,lyiies, W.Va.Sta... 639 scopariits. analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, W. Va. Sta 893 Anemopsis calif ornica, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Angoumois grain moth, notes. Miss. Sta. 703 N.C. Sta.. 175 U.S.D.A. 813 Angus cows, composition of milk, Can. Sta 357 982 Pago. Animal fats, refractive Index 929 Industry, Bureau, U. S. D. A... 254, 501- 580, 723, 894 refuse, analyses, Mass. State. Sta. 831 Anisopteryx poinelaria, notes. Can. Sta .. 197 Me. Sta 396 veriiala, notes. Can. Sta 197 N. Y. State Sta 313 AniKota rnbiciinda, notes, U. S. D. A 53 Authaxia (eneoijaiter. notes. U. S. D. A... 812 ^»/A«« w «rftfn*fw. notes. N.Y.Coi-nell Sta. 616 col'.da, notes. N. J. Stas 308 W. Va. Sta 893 Anthers of corn, analyses, N. Y. Cornell Sta 616 Anthonujia brassicai, notes. Can. Sta 198,3.19 radicum, notes. Can. Sta 198 sp.. notes. Can. Sta 193 An//ionomus muKntlun, notes. C.in. Sta 359 4-fjihbux. notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 AnthoTdiilhnm odoraliun — culture experiments. La St as SCO notes. Nev. Sta .. ■.'' Anthracnose of — blackberries, noie.^. Conn. Slate Sta.. 847 OhloSta 411 eKtrplant.s. notes. N. J. Sta-i 307 graiws, notes, Conn. State Sta 10.817 N. Y. State Sta 313,403 N.C.Sta 172 Tenn. Sta : 470 treatment. Conn. State Sta ..10,847 poppers, notes. N.J.Stas 307 ra.sj)berrles, notes. Conn. State Sta . 847 Ma.ss. Hatch Sta . 290 NT. Y. State Sta . . 313 Ohio Sta 411 treatment. Conn. State Sta 847 Ma.ss. Hatch Sta 861 violets, notes. X. J.Stas 307 Aiitliiiix of sheep, nature and treatment, X. V.Cornell Sta 619 AnthyUi* euliieraria, notes. Colo. Sta 85 Wyo. Sta 51 Ants, black, as parasites of the Oyp.sy moth. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 Aoiiii/id aiiranfii. notes, U. S. D. A.. 54 Apnifia tritona, notes, U. S. D. A .53 Apatite for potatoes. Mass. State Sta 159 Apa/uracf^Kis, notes, S.C.Sta 318 c/y/o», notes, S.C.Sti 318 AphHfnchuxfoUifnhiiit, notes, N. J. Stas . . 30S sp.,notes. U. S. D. A 327 Aphis hrassifif, notes. Can. .Sta 198 Ohio Sta 176 curiimerix. notes. N. J. Stas 309 nuiiiii-riiiiirig. notes 657 maidiii. notes. N.C.Sta 175 nuili. (See Apple aphis.) perHicv-nigfr. notes. N.. J. Stas 303 pruiii/vUi, notes. N. Mex. Sta 230 Ore. Sta 8S9 Page. Apiarist, report, Colo. Sta H-i R. I. Sta 532 I Apiculture, experiments, R. I. Sta 532 I Apocyimm androsaemifolium, analyses. W. I Va.Sta 629 c<7«rta6f/i«m. notes, Cal. Sta... 598 Apple aphLs. notes. Can. Sta... li«7 I N.Y. State Sta 313 Ore.Sia 883 bitter rot. notes. Ky. Sta 860 treatment, Del. Sta 089 N. J. Stas .. 878 borer. notes.N. J. Stas 309 curculio, breeding, N.J.Stas 309 notes. N. Y. State Sta... 313 foliage, effect of Paris green. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 maggot, notes. Iowa Sta 218 N. Y. State Sta 313 OhioSia 17C. mildew, treatment. N. J. Stas 87- orch.irds. management. S. Dak. Sta 5:t7 pomace, silage, analyses. 111. Sta . l.Vt for pigs. 111. .Sia .. l.V) rust, notes. Iowa Sta 217 Vt. Sta 479 treatment. N. J. Stxs H78 scab, fungi'ldes. Mass. Hatch Sia 8«)l nol.-.s Can. Sta 107. 3"-: cv.nn. State Sta 8n; lowaSta 217 Ky. Sta .S6iJ Mich. Sta 871 N. Y. State Sta 31.3, 4tM N.C.Sta 172 OhloSta 62'i Vt. Sta • 47i» treatment Can. Sta 197..3.=)7 Conn. State Sta.. 816 Mass. Hatch SU. WM N. J. St;is 878 N.Y. State Sta... 403 OhloSta 620 R. I. Sta 889 Vt. Sta 892 txee borer, flat-headed. notes- Can. Sta 198 N. Y. Stat.' Sta .... 313 N.C.Sta 175 Ore. Sta 889 W. Va. Sta 46 roim'l-he uled. notes- Can. Sta 198 N. Y. Slate Sta .... 313 N.C.Sta 175 Ore.Sia 889 Apple tree borer, treatment. N.-T. Sta.s .. 878 bucculatrlx, notes. N.Y. State Sta 313 caterpillar — red-humped. Can. Sta 198 Me. Sta 396 N. Y. State Sta 313 Ore.Sia 88» 983 Page. Apple tree caterpillar, yellow-necked. notes, N.J. Stas 298 N.Y. State Sta 313 OliloSta 176 leaves, analyses, Can. Sta . ..357,358 tent caterpillar, notes— N.Mex.Sta 230 N.Y. State Sta 313 N.C. Sta 175 W.Va.Sta 46 Apple.s, analyses 928 cro.ssing. Iowa Sta.. 223 for wine making 9.28 fruitfulness as affected by rain- fall, N. J. Stas 29r injury by codling moth. Cal. .St i . 603 insects injuring, U. S. D. A 54 ripe rot. Conn. State Sta 816 " stippen " 923 varieties, Ala. College Sta 58S Ark.Sta 282 Can. Sta 356,330,361 Colo.Sta 85 Fla. Sta 383 Micli.Sta 701 N.Y. State Sta 403 Pa. Sta 722 Tenn. Sta 723 Tex. Sta 246 woolly lonse— notes Me. Sta 396 N.Mex.Sta 230 parasite, U. S. D. A 546 Apricots, analyses, Cal. Sta 591 varieties, Ark.Sta 282 Can. Sta 356,361 Araclmidce, origin of parasitism, U. S. D.A 547 Aralia quiaquefolia, notes. Can. Sta 134 Arbutus unedo, notes, Cal. Sta .597 Arctium lappa, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629,893 notes, N. J. Stas 308 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, notes, Nebr. Sta. 522 Ai'istida arizonica, notes, Ariz. Sta 280 purpurea, notes. Ariz. Sta 280 U. S. D. A 548 Arizona Station, bulletins 280,444,846 notes. 362 report 846 Arkansas Station, bulletins 371,685,763 notes.. 69,580 reports 85, 280, 762 Army worm, notes, Ky. Sta 792 N.J. Stas 309 S.C.Sta 318 Arrenalheruin aveuaceum — culture experiments. La. Stas. 8G0 notes, Cal. Sta 595 Nebr. Sta... 28 Nev. Sta 29 Arsenic, in superphosphates 655 white, elTect on foliage. Ark. Sta 283 N.C. Sta. 174 solubility, N.C. Sta 174 Arsenite of ammonia as an insecticide, U. S.D.A , 54 Eage. Arsenites, effect on foliage. Ark. Sta 283 N. Y. Cornell Sta 525 N. C. Sta.... 173 Ohio Sta .... 96 U.S.D.A.... 813 Artemisia can,a,-ao%es,'^e\iv. Sta 532 JiUfolia. notes, Nebr. Sta 522 pedatitida (?). notes. Wyo. Sta. 52 trident ata. notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Artesian and underflow investigations in the United States, U. S. D. A . . 328 water in Nevada, U. S. D. A 328 wells for irrigation purposes — Colo.Sta 373 S.Dak.Sta 800 inColorado 373 Arvicola macropus, n. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 184 mordax, n. sp., notes, U. S. D. A. . 184 nanus, n. sp., notes. U. S. D. A 184 sp., in Idaho, U.S. D.A 184 Asaphes — bilobatus, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 450 brevicollis, notes, '^. Y. Cornell Sta.. 4.')0 decoloratus, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta. 450 Asdepias eriocarpa, notes, Cal. Sta 508 fascicularis, notes, Cal. Sta 598 fremonti. notes, Cal. Sta 598 syriaca, analyses, W. Va. Sta ... 629 notes, N. J. Stas 308 tuberosa, analyses, W. Va. Sta. . 629 Ash, American mountain, notes, Iowa Sta 788 green, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 leaved maple, note.-?. Nebr. Sta 521 of the blood as affected by food 750 red, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 white, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Ashes, analyses. Conn. State Sta 8,601.764 Mass. State Sta ...161,864 N.J. Stas 299 R. I. Sta 31.5,623 Vt. Sta.... 471 cotton-hull, analyses- Conn. State Sta 8,764 La, Stas. 444 Mass. State Sta 161.804 N. J. Stas .... 299 from brass works, analyses, Conn, State Sta 764 coke furnaces, analyses, Ala, College Sta 6 soft coal, analyses. Mass, StateSta 162 lime kiln, analyses. Conn. State Sta 8,764 substitutes. Conn, State Sta 601,764 tannery, analyses. Pa. Sta 463 use, N. J. Stas 234 Ashy mold of eggplants. notes, N.J. Stas. 307 Asimina triloba, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Asopia costalis, notes, Iowa .Sta 784 ObioSta 97 U. S. D. A 414 Asparagiu In clover 65 Asparagus beetle, notes, N. J. Stas ...,,, 8?9 984 Page. Asparagus, varieties, Mich. Sta 701 Aspergillus jritfucus, disease of horses due to, Kans. Sta 389 Aspidiotus perniciosus, notes, U. S. D. A . . 51 Asp. quaking, notes, Nebr. Sta 53) Asies, statistics -'01 Association of — American Colleges and Stations — convention 103,139.813 officers for 1892 142 Economic Entomologists, proceed- ings, U.S. D. A 326 German Naturalists and Physicians, convention 136 stations, convention 208, 499 Official Agricultural Chemists, con- vention, U. S. D. A 633 Aster cordifolius. var. litcigalus — analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, VV.Va. Sta 893 laterijlorus, analyses, W. Va. Sta... 629 notes, W. Va. Sta 893 var. hirsificaulis— analyses. W.Va. Sta 62D notes, W. Va. Sta. . . 893 Athous cucuUalus, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 450 runfroiiB, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 4.tO Avena faina, notes, Cal. Sta 593 Avenine in nals. Conn. Stata Sta 11 Awnless brome grass, adaptation, Cal. Sta 593 Ayrshire cows— compo.sitionof milk.Can. Sta 357 Me. Sta...- 21 N. Y. State Sta. 312 experiments with, Me. Sta 19 N.Y. State Sta ... 312 yield of milk frnm. Me. Sta 20 Aztec coffee, field experiments with, Colo. Sta 82 Bacillus acidi lactici, notes 422 Conn. Storrs Sta 383 hutyri fluorescens, notes 422 fluorfsceiix liqiiffaciens, notes. Conn. Storrs Sta :«3 Bacteria affecting tiualily of butter 201 cheese 261 as related to- creaming of milk .3(57 dlseasesot live stock 336 fermentation of tobacco. . .3,>1,367 ripening of cream, Conn. Storrs Sta 301,381 cholera, in butter 423 in butter 423 cream, species. Conn. Storrs Sta 382 milk, as affected by centrifu- gal action 431 normal to digestive organs of Hemiptera, U. S. D. A 811 tuberciiiosls, Jo butter. ..„...,. 433 Bacteria, typhoid . in butter 432 Bacterial disease of celery, N. J. Stas 885 chinch bugs 833 raspberries, Ohio Sta 411 sugar beets, Ind. Sta 853 life, chemical relations 749 Bacteriological studies on the ripening of Emmenthaler cheese 929 Bacterium aerogenes lactis. notes 432 bulyri coUoideum, notes 422 Bagging grapes, Kans. Sta 789 N. J. Stas 171 Balsam, poplar, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Bamboos, distribution. Cal. Sta 597 Banded soldier bug, note.s. N. C. Sta 175 Band treatment for coAliug moth, Cal. Sta 600 Banking, cooperative— in Austria-Hungary, U. S. D. A 253 Germany, U. S. D.A 107 Italy. U.S.D.A 905 Russia, U.S.D.A 905 Barberry, alkaloids in 651 ' creeping, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 summer propagation, Minn. Sta 230 Bark louse, clover, notes, Ky. Sta 800 maple tree, notes, Ky. Sta . . . 793 oyster-shell, notes- Can. Sta 132,193 N. Mex. Sta 230 N.Y. Stale Sta 313 Ohio Sta 176 scurfy, notes. N. Mex. Sta 230 Ohio Sta 176 Barley, acreage. U.S. D.A 53 analyses. N. Y. State Sta 401 Tex.Sta 890 as a forage plant. Conn. Storrs Sta 376 ash constituents, Tex. Sta 890 composition as affected by nitrog- enous manures 7.50 condition in United States, U. S. D.A 183 cont luuous cropping with 186 cooperative field experiments with 821 culture experiments — Iowa .'^ta 786 Mass. State Sta 159 fertilizer tests 186 Cal. Sta 599 Me. Sta 393 field experiments with 186,750 Ark. Sta.. 763 Cal. Sta . . 599 Can. Sta.. 128 Colo. Sta . 85 grass, notes, Cal. Sta 598 growing In Ontario, Can. Sta 132 In diet for calves, Iowa. Sta 221 plgs.Can.Sta 130 lowaSta 222 Steers, Can. St^ ....... X^ 985 I'ago. Barley, kernels, genetic development . . . 927 quality, as affected by nitroge- nous manures 92i straw, aualyses, Mass. State St a. 159 varieties 713 Cal. Sta 599 Can. Sta 1 28, ;?r,0, 3(50,361 Colo. Sta 8:3,85 Nebr. Sta... 703 Nev. Sta 80:2 Pa. Sta 453 Utah Sta 62.5 yield iu Great Britain 835 the United States, U. S. D. A.... 320 per acre, Me. Sta 334 Barns, con.struction. Can. Sta 132 Baruj'ar-l mantire — acheap shelter for, N. Y. Cornell Sta. 91 analyses, Conn. State Sta 9 Fla. Sta 140 N. Y. Cornell Sta 89 fermentations 736 or corn, Iowa -Sta 785 K.I. Sta 529 crops in rotation, Ohio Sta 889 mangel-wurzels, Ohio Sta 887 potatoes, Mich. Sta 874 N.J.Stas 32 R.I. Sta. 529 potato scab, Conn. State Sta 772 loss due to exposm-e, N.Y.Cornell .Sta. 90 preserved with superphosphate-gyp- sum 655,821 production and care, N Y Cornell Sta 89 use, Ga. Sta 148 vs. commercial fertilizers for wheat, Ind. Sta 510 with muriateof potashforcorn, Mass. Hatch Sta 867 Basket osiers, experiment with, W Va. Sta 45 Basswood, notes. Iowa Sta 788 Nebr. Sta 521 Bat manure, analyses, Ala. College Sta. . 6 Conn. State Sta.. 764 Fla. Sta .46 Beach twigs, analyses 493 Beans, acquisition of nitrogen by 337 Adzuki, aualyses, Mass. Hatch Sta 869 analyses. Conn. Storrs Sta 375 Ga. Sta 387 Me. Sta 395 R. I. Sta 532 field experiments. Me. Sta._ 395 Japanese, A-arieties, Mass. Hatch Sta 869 varieties. Can. Sta 361 Colo. Sta 85 Ga.Sta 387 Ind. Sta 781 Kans. Sta 19 Ky. Sta 793 Me.Sta 3D5 Micii- Sta. „,„,,„„„, m rage. 1 Jeans, varieties, Nev. Sta 30 N.Y. State Sta 403 R.I. Sta 533 Tenn. Sta 724 Utah Sta 470 Vt. Sta 479 yield iutJrcat Britain 835 Bean weevil, notes. Ky. Sta 792 Bearberry, notes. Nebr. Sta 523 Beard's tongue, notes. N. Y. Cornell Sta. 616 Bee culture experiments. R. I. Sta 533 plant. Rocky Mountain, notes on, AVyo. Sta 52 Bees, as pollen distributors, U. S. D. A... 811 injury by sprayed fruit blossoms, U. S.B.A 812 law for protection in Ontario 836 Beef fat. fuel value. Conn. Storrs Sta 386 scrap, analyses, Conn. State Sta... 764 Beeswax, adulter.ition, U. S. D. A 814 analyses. U. S.D. A 814 Beet diffusion residue — changes during storage 613 in diet for milch cows ^Gl steers 570 wet vs. dry 64o root diseases, notes, Iowa Sta 783 rust, notes, Iowa Sta 783 scab, notes, Ind. Sta 8!>4 Iowa Sta 783 sugar manufacturein Canada 6)8 Beets, analyses, Kans. Sta 8.59 N.Y. State Sta 401 fertilizer tests 764 Ga.Sta 388 methodsof culture 755 plan for fertilizer experiment... 750, 754 spot disease, notes, Iowa Sta 783 varieties, Colo. Sta 85 Fla. Sta 386 Me.Sta 305 Mich. Sta 609 Utah Sta 807 Vt.Sta 480 Beetles of East India, catalogue. U. S. D.A... .' 813 Beetle, sweet potato, two-striped, N.J. Stas 309 Beggar's ticks, notes, N.J. Stas 398 Beinbecia mavginata — notes, N.J. Stas 705 N. Y. State Sta 313 Bent grass, creeping, notes, Nev. Sta 29 Rhode Island — cultui'e, Mass. State Sta. 158 forlawns. R. I. Sta 533 Berberis amurensis, notes, Iowa Sta 788 repens, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Berberry, tree, notes, Iowa Sta. 788 Berkshire pigs, feeding tests. Can. Sta. . . 131 Me.Sta.... 392 Bermuda grass- as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 29 bay in diet for milch cows, Mjss. Sta. 16(5 mules. Miss. Sta.. 167 Betel nuti ^.iKaiQids ;»„.,„„..,,.,„,„. 054 986 Page. Betula amurensix. notes, Iowa Sta 788 7iigra, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 occiclentalis, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 papyrtfera, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Bichromate of potassium for stinking smut of wheat. Kaus. Sta 285 Bideiis, alamonanum, notes, U. S. D. A 103 bipinata. notes, W. Va. Sta 893 froiidosa, analy.ses. W. Va. Sta . . . 629 notes. N.J. Stas.. 308 JJir/elovia f/raveoUns, var. albicaulii. notes, Wyo. Sta 52 Bioloyical recounoissance of south-cen- tral Idaho. U. S. D. A 184 Biologist, report. N. J.Stas 293,302 Birch, black, notes, Nebr. .Sta 521 canoe, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 cut-leaved, notes, Iowa Sta 7S8 red. notes. Nebr. .Sta 521 Birds as insect destroyers. U. S. V>. A 812 Bisulphide of carbou— as an insecticide, U. S. D. A 813 for grain beetles, Mis.s. Sta 702 Ore. Sta 452 pea weevils. Can. Sta 359 Bitter dock, analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 notes. W. Va. Sta 893 hickory, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 milk, micrococcus. Conn. Storrs Sta 3.H4 rot of apples, notes. Ky. Sta 860 treatment, Del. Sta . . 689 N. J.Stas. 878 grapes. notes.N. Y. State Sta 403 Bittersweet, notes. Nebr. Sta Wl\ Blackberries, rulture. Ga. Sta 607 InsectsalTr-cting. U. S. D. A. 811 varieties, Can. Sta 356,331 Colo. Sta 8.'. 85 lud. Sta 781 Mass. Hatch Sta. 290 Mich. Sta 700 N.V. State Sta .311,402 Ohio Sta 411 Pa. Sta 722 Blackberry - anthracuose. notes, Conn. State Sta. . 847 Ohio Sta 411 borers, notes, U. S. D. A 327 cane bor,T, notes.N. J.Stas 705 crown lioier, notes. N. J. Start 70.'i midge, notes. N. J. St, as 705 notes, Neln-. .Sta 522 rust, notes. Mass. State Sta IBl Vt. Sta 479 prevalence. Md. Sta 515 Black birch, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 imot of cherries- notes. N. J. Stas 303 N. V. State Sta. 313 Tenn. Sta 42 treatment, N. Y. State Sta 403 plums— Ijotcs, Caiv J5tn .. }27 PHia Black knot of plums- notes. Conn. State Sta 846 Mass. State Sta 160 Mich. Sta 871 N. J. Stas 308,878 N. Y. State Sta 313 N.C. Sta 173 Pa. Sta 720 Tenn. Sta 42 Vt Sta 479 treatment— Conn. State Sta.. 846 Mass. Hatch Sta. 864 N. J.Stas 878 N. Y. State Sta.. 403 leg of sheep, nature and treatment, S. Dak. Sta 53." medic, adaptation. Cal. Sta.. 596 mold of cabbages, notes. N.J. Stas. :i07 mustard, notes. Cal. Sta 598 oak, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 ra.spberry, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 rot of grapes- Bordeaux mixture for. Ind. Sta. 7X1 fungicidesfor. Conn. State Sta 10 Muss. Hatch Sta. X61 nature and treatment. Conn. State Sta HIT note.s, N. Y. State Sta 3!3,403 N. C. Sta 172 Tenn. Sta 470 treatment, N. J. Stas 878 R.I. Sta 889 rot of sweet potatoes- influence of fertilizers, N. J. Stas 704 Investigations. N. J.Stas 703 nature and treatment. Del. Sta 68J tomatoes, notes. Ky.Sla 8C0 rust of cotton, notes. Ala. College Sta 7 scab of pear, notes, Vt. Sta 479 scale, ladybirds for U. S. D. A 540 parasites, U. S. D. A 546 spot of peaches, notes. U. S. DA 810 spruce.lnsectsafTecting.W. Va.Sta 47. 102 walnut, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 wattle, prorttableness of culture. Cal. Sta 595 tannin in. Cal. Sta 595 willow, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Bladder nut. notes. Nehr.Sta 521 mantop/iaga pufiifg. notes. U. S. D. A 414 Blight, leaf, of celery, N.J. Stas 885 cotton. Ala. College Sta . 845 grapes, N. Y. State Sta. . . 40:j Tenn. Sta 470 lilacs, N. J. Stas 297 pears. Conn. State Sta 846 Del. Sla 144. 6S8 Iowa Sta 217 Ma.ss. Hatch Sta. . . 8»H Mich. Sta.,.. 8(1 Mo. Sta <4a N.J.Sta3....e..... 879 987 Page. Blight, leaf, of pears, N. C. Sta I~i plums, Mass. Hatch. Sta . 864 quinces, Conn. State Sta. 846 Del.Sta 688 N.J.Stas 873 spinach, N. ,f. Stas .''.or strawberries — Conn. State Sta 817 lowaSta 217 N.Y. State Sta 313 Vt. Sta 479 of peaches, U.S. D.A 327 potatoes, N. C. Sta 173 sugar cane 278 sycamores, notes, U. S. D. A.. 810 tomatoes, Couu. State Sta 847 tomatoes, investigation. Miss. Sta 702 BlUsiis leucot)terus. (See Chinch bug.) Blister beetles, as enemies of the locxist, Minn. Sta 228 black, notes, N.C. Sta 175 notes, Iowa Sta 784 Bloocl, dried, analyses, Ala. College Sta.. 6 Conn. State Sta .. 8 La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta.. 161 N.J. Stas 168,399 S. C. Sta 536 as a fertilizer 927 fermentation 749 serum, preparation and nature. . . 748 Blossoms of orchard fruits, hardine.^s, Iowa Sta 218 Blue devil, analyses, W. Va. Sta. 629 notes. W. Va. Sta 893 grass, Kentucky- analyses, Mass. State Sta. 158 N.Y. State Sta. 401 as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta 23 Nev.Sta. 29 culture experiments, Mass. State Sta 1.58 for lawns. R. I. Sta .532 Texas- adaption, Cal. Sta 595 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 29 culture experiments— Fla. Sta 604 La. Stas. 860 notes. Teun. Sta 41 joint, analy.ses, W. Va. Sta 629 as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta. . 28 Wyo. Sta.. 52 thistle, notes, W. Va. Sta. 893 vitriol, preparation and use. Mass. Hatch Sta 33 Bokhai;. .over- analyses, Mass. State Sta. 158,159 W. Va. Sta 629 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta. 30 culture, Mass. StateSta 158 159 Bollworm, notes. Ark. Sta 283 4512— VOL III— 2 Page. Bollworm, notes. Miss. Sta. 876 N. C. Sta 175 Bone, adulteration 257 analyses, Ala. College Sta 6 Conn. State Sta. 764 Ky. Sta 327,791 La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta 163,287 Mich. Sta 2r0 N. H. Sta 392 N. J. Stas 399,523 Pa. Sta 463 K. I. Sta 530.622 S.C. Sta 536 Vt. Sta 471 and meat, analyses 163 ash, analyses, Ala. College Sta 6 N.J. Stas 168,299 boiled in potash, analy.ses, Mass. State Sta lea dissolved, analy.se.s, N. J. Stas 399,533 R. I. Sta 530 fineness as affecting composition. Pa. Sta it53 ground,extent of use inNew Jersey. 533 manures, analyses, Conn. StateSta. 8 meal, grading i85 rendering refuse, analyses, Conn. StateSta g spavin, pathology, causes and treat- ment. Wash. Sta 807 Boneblack— analyses, N. J. Stas t68 393 dissolved, analyses, Conn. State Sta.. 8,764 La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta. 162 R. I. Sta 530 for carnations, Mass. Hatch Sta.. 290 potatoes, Mass. State Sta.. 1,59 Boneset, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Boophilus bovis, n. gen., notes, U. S. D. A. 501 Boracic acid, effect on germination 579,635 Borate of copper, preparation and use, N. Y. Cornell Sta... 525 with Paris green, N. Y. Cornell Sta 525 Bordeaux mixture- effect on foliage, N. C. Sta 174 experiments with. Mass. Hatch Sta.. 864 for an thracnose of grapes. Conn. State Sta 10 apple and pear scab, Vt. Sta 893 rust, Iowa Sta 217 blackrotofgrapes.Conu.StateSta 10 Ind. Sta 781 brown rot of stone fruits. Ky. Sta. 860 diseases of tomatoes, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 93 leaf spot of— cherries. Conn. State Sta 10 plums, Conn. State Sta.. 10 q^uinces, Conn. State Sta 10,779 988 Page. Bordeaux mixture — for pear leaf blight. Del. Sta... 144 potato blight, Conn. State Sta 10 rot, Del. Sta - 688 Vt. Sta 101,892 scab, R. I. Sta - 623 smutof com, Kans. Sta 287 spot diseases of — cherries, Iowa Sta 217 currants, Iowa Sta 217 stinking smut of wheat, Kans. Sta 226,286 strawberry rust, Conn. State Sta.. 10 tomato blight. Mis.s. Sta 702 wheat rust. Iowa Sta 788 Kans. Stas 286 preparation and use.Conn. State Sta.11,817 Mass. Hatch Sta 23 with arsenites, N. C Sta 174 London purple. Ohio Sta 96 Paris green, Ohio Sta 96,021 Paris green— for potatoes, Vt. Sta 101,480 s h o t - h o 1 e fungus of plums, Ohio Sta 621 Boreal ladybird, notes, N. J. Stas 309 Borer, apple tree, notes, Can. Sta 198 N.Y. State Sta... 313 Ore. Sta 889 W. Va. Sta 46 treatment. N. J. Stas.. 878 N. C. Sta... 175 cherry, description and treat- ment, Ore. Sta 889 peach tree, notes. Ore. Sta 889 treatment. N. J. Stas.. 878 N. Mex. Sta 230 N. C. Sta... 175 Ore. Sta... 889 \V. Va. Sta 46 pear tree, notes. Miss. Sta 876 phxm. notes 6.=>7 Borers, notes, U. S. D. A 327 stock, notes, W. Va. Sta 46 Boron inchlck-pea 92.T German iris 925 Botanic garden. Cal. Sta 5S>2 Botanist, report. Can. Sta 359 Colo. Sta 82 Me. Sta 395 Minn. Sta 24 Nebr. Sta 27 Nev. Sta 30 N.J. Stas 297.306 N. C.Sta. 710 Ohio Sta 175 S. C. Sta 318 Vt. Sta 479 "W.Va. Sta 45 Botany, Division. U. S. D. A 103. 41. =S,. MS, 631 of West Virginia 46 reportof section 140 Botfly larvaj in man, U. S. D. A 812 notes. Ky. Sta 792 U.S.D.A.. 811 ISotrytU fascicularis, notes, N. J. Stas 307 Page. liotrytis longibrachiata, note3,Conn. State Sta 775 paralitica, notes, N. J. Stas 307 sp.. notes. Mass. State Sta 162 Bouteloua arislidoi'Jes, notes, Ariz. Sta .. 280 «'(0/?orfa, notes, Ariz. Sta 280 harvardii, notes. Ariz. Sta 280 Jiirguta, notes. Ariz. Sta 280 oligostachia, notes, Ariz. Sta.. 280 racemosa, notes. Ariz. Sta 280 Bocidf?. in Idaho, U. S. D. A 184 Box elder, distribution, Cal. Sta .597 notes, Nebr. Sta .521 experiments at Dresden Station 3.50 Halle Station 342 inGermany 275 "Boxyde" for bleaching molasses, La. Stas 390 Brachysporium canadeMe, notes, U. S. D. A 810 Braconidct, bred, West Virginia. U. S. D. A 811 Bracon, n. sp., notes, W. Va. Sta 46 Bran, as a feeding stuff 579 corn, analyses, S. C. Sta 318 wheal, analyses- Mass. State Sta. ...153, 157. 288 N. J. Stas 296 N.Y. State Sta 401 S. C. Sta 318 In diet for— milch cows, Me. Sta 19 Mass. State Sta 153,287 pigs, Mas.s. Slate Sta..... 156 , Vt. Sta 478 steers. Me. Sta 391 Mass. Slate Sta.. 162 Branch and twig borer, description and treatment, Ore. Sta 889 BraB9ica n igra, notes, Cal. Sta .598 N.J. Stas .308 rapa, notes. Cal. Sta .598 Brazilian flour corn, analyses, Ga. Sta. 16. 147 culture experi- ments, Ga. Sta. ' Hfpoiis of pigs, feeding experiments with. Me. Sta 392 Brewers" grains— analyses, Conn. State Sta 13 N.J.Stas 296,301.878 N.Y.Cornell Sta 616 dried, analyses, Pa. Sta 720 and charred. dige.stlbilily of protein In 750 study ^~ in diet for horses 7.50 Briars, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Brome gi'ass- Hungarian, atlaptatlon,Cal. Sta 595 meadow, as a forage plant. Nebr. Sta. 28 Schraders, adaptation, Cal. Sta 595 Bromus inermie, notes, Cal. .Sta 595 Wyo. Sta 51 inoUis, notes, Cal. Sta 598 pratensis, notes, Nebr. Sta SS 089 Tiromvs schraderi, culture experiments. La. Stas 860 notas, Wj'o. Sta 51 »««//(■« (/^, notes, Cal. Sta 598 slerilis, notes, Cal. Sta 598 nn iolokUs, notes, Cal. Sta 595 Tex. Sta 890 Brooders, construction. N. Y. State Sta. 399 Uroom corn, varieties, Nebr. Sta 703 Nev. Sta 803 sedge, analyses, Tenn. Sta 40 W. Va. Sta 629 notes, W. Va. St a 893 Brown rot of grapes, notes, Tenn. Sta . . 470 stone fruits, notes- Conn. State Sta 846 Ky.Sta 866 Mass. State Sta 161 Mich. Sta 871 N.J. Stas 878 N.C. Sta 173 U. S. D. A 3-^r.HlO Bruchus obsole/ us. notes.Ky. Sta, 792 pisi, notes, Can. Sta 197,359 Kans. Sta 18 Ky.Sta 793 N. C. Sta 175 Brundki nulgaris, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Brushwood, feeding value 499 foodvalue 493 Bncculatrix pomifoliella, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 liuc/iloi'dacfyloides, notes, Ariz. Sta 280 Buckeye, Ohio, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Buck plantain, notes, W. Va. Sta 893 Buckthorn, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Buckwheat bran, analyses, N. J. Stas 878 climbing, analyses, W. Va. Sta 639 conditioninl89I,U. S.O.A..183,326 field experiments ■with— Can. Sta 360 Colo. Sta 85 hulls, analyses, Mass. State Sta i63 N.J. Stas... 289 Japanese, analyses, Mass. StateSta.- 159 middlings, analyses- Conn. StoiTS. Sta 3r5 Mass. State Sta 1.57 N.J.Stas.. 878 value forgreen manuring 937 varieties, Colo. Sta 85 Nev. Sta 802 yield in the United States, U. S. D.A 414 B>id moth, eye-spotted, notes. Me. Sta. .. 395 worm, note.s. N. Y. State Sta 313 Buffalo berry, notes, Minn. Sta 2,30 Nebr. Sta.. 523 fe^jd, analyses. Conn. State Sta . 13 N.J.Stas 301 tree hopper, notes, Ohio Sta 176 Buhach as an insecticide, U. S. D.A 51 Bulb worm of wheat, Ky.Sta 8G0 Page. liiijtrestis dlvaricatus, description an.l treatment, Ore. Sta 889 Bur clover, analyses, Tex. Sta 890 notes, Cal. Sta 598 Tex.Sta 890 grass, notes, N.J. Stas 308 Burdock, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, N. J. Stas 308 W. Va. Sta 893 Burnet as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta 51 Burningquality of tobacco, improvement 189 Bur oak. notes, Nebr. Sta 531 Bush beans, varieties, Mich. Sta 609 Butter,acids in 832 analyses 833 Ala College Sta 6 Conn. State Sta 766 Del.Sta 603 N.H.Sta 86 N.Y.StateSta 401 W. Va. Sta 44 analysis, centrifuge method 489 bacilli and rancidity 832 bacteria in 261,423 behavior toward coloring mat- ters 751 cholera bactei'ia in 433 churnability, as affected by food, N.H.Sta 86 detection of margarines in 8.32 determination of melting point. Pa. Sta 469 effect of cotton-seed meal in feed, Ala. College Sta 6 extractors, tests, Del. Sta 603,690 Vt. Sta 891 fat. analyses, Mass. State Sta... 1.54 fuel value. Conn. Storrs Sta. 386 from sweet cream.. 6.53 Del. Sta.. 602,603, 690 W. Va. Sta.... 44 hardness as affected by food, N. H Sta... 86 investigations 832,929 io3ine-absorption number, N. H. Sta 88 loss in churning. Conn. State Sta. 76.- making, directions. Iowa Sta . . . 788 loss in, Me. Sta 22 N.Y.StateSta. 401 use of pure cultures of bacteria 653 melting point as affected by food. Pa. Sta 469 method for determining hard- ness, N. H. Sta 86 methods of analysis ... 750 Pennetier 's method for detecting margarine in 929 production- daily variation, 111. Sta 216 glulJjnmeal t'-«.— cornmealfor, N. H. Sta.. 83 cotton-seed meal, N. H. Sta 86 Skim milk for, N- H. Sta- 88 990 Page. Butler production- silage t'*. hay for. N. H. Sta... 86 variation In different breeds. N. Y. State Sta...- 312 ranci lily and preservation 7.51,92 refractive index 929 sampling, N. Y. State Sta 401 tuberculosis bacteria in 423 typhoid bacteria in 423 volatile fatty acids in 125 water in 929 workers, tests, Vt. Sta.. 891 Butterfly- imported cabbage, notes. Can. Sta — 198 locust .skipper, notes. W.Va. Sta 47 white cabbage, notes. N.J. Stas...298,303 Buttermilk, analyses, Conn. State Sta .. 765 Me. Sta 21 W. Va. Sta 45 Wis. Sta 48 In diet for pigs, Can. Sta... 131 Mass. State Sta 155 lossot fat In. Me. Sta 21 sampling. Vt. Sta 478 Butternut, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Butterweed analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 Buttonbush. notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Butyric add and liarilliis xuhtilio 749 Cabbage aphis, hibernation. Ohio Sta... 177 UDtes, Can. Sta 198 Ohio Sta 176 butterflies, notes. Can. Sta-. 198 N. J. Stas . .298, 30J Ohio Sta.... 176 caterpillar, notes, N. C. Sta 175 club root, N. J. Stas 307 cutworms, notes. Ohio Sta 97 Ilea beetle, notes, Ky. Sta 860 maggot, notes, Can. Sta 198,359 mildew, notes, N. J. Stas 307 plonea, notes, W. Va. Sta 46 plusla, notes, Ohio Sta 97 seed, Eastern vs. Western. N. Y. State Sta 38 imported r*. American. N. Y. State Sta ?.S worm, fungous diseases. Conn. Slate Sta 10 M'orms. notes, Ky. Sta 792.859 Ohio Sta 97,176 W. Va. Sta 46 Cabbages, ash constituents. Cal. Sta 373 black mold. N. J. Stas 307 early rs. late planting. N. Y. Stale Sta .38 insects affecting. Ohio Sta 97 Irausplauting as affecting heading. N. Y. Cornell Sta.. 618 varieties. Can. Sta 3i6 Colo. Sta 82.85 Fla. Sta 386 Kans. Sta 19 Ky. Sta 791 Mich. Sta 610 N. Y. State Sta 402 Ore. Sta r>:2 Papp. Cabbages, varieties, Tenn. Sta 724 Utah Sta 625 Va. Sta 62.=s.627 Ciflocnemix californicug. notes, U. S. D. A. 812 Caoma niUM, notes. Mass. State Sta 161 Ohio Sta 411 Calais lindleyi, notes, Cal. Sta 599 Calandra granaria. notes. Miss. Sta 702 ory3«, notes. Miss. Sta 702 C'alandrinia menziesii. notes. Cal. Sta 598 Calcium nitrate, preparation 92r phosphate, basic, formation and nature 818 in Thomas slag 6.5.5,818 sulphide for smut of oats, Kans. Sta 285 Calf, deformity due to injury to mother, Minn. Sta 7^ California Station, bulletins 78,371, 444,685 notes 500,833 report 590 Calochorlu$ inrcnustas, notes, Cal. Sta... 598 Calopten lu at lands, notes, Minn. Sta 228 U. S. D. A ....55,907 birifafu*. notes, U. S. D. A . ..55, 907 deranlafor. notes, U. S. D. A .55,907 difffrentialii, notes.V. S. D. A..^5.907 /?w( !ir-rM6rM;/i,notes.U. S. D. .\ .5,5. 907 (tnelanoplut) sprelus, notes- Iowa Sta 22^J Minn. Sta 2-> U. S. D. A .5.5,907 Calorimeter, tests. Conn. Storrs Sta 386 Calves, feeding experiments- Iowa Sta 2-JI N. Y. State Sta 4(i» Pa. Sta 469 Cainnuln pdliicida. note.s, Minn. Sta 2-i8 U.S. D. A....:. 5.5. 907 Camphor tree, distribution. Cal. Sta .597 Can.'uia experltnental farms, work 199 stations, bulletins .132, 133. 134, 197, 199, 496 notes 6.58 reports 12r.a5!) thistle, analyses. W. Va. Sta • 629 notes, Iowa Sta 217 N. J. Stas 30< W. Va. Sta 45,893 Cinalgre, culture for taimln In Arizona . 846 roots, tannin in, Cal. .Sta 591 Canary grass as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta •'^1 Cane rust of blackberries, Vt. -Sta 479 sugar analysis, deterinlnation of ash,U. S. D.A ftS extraction 278 fuel value. Conn. Storrs Sta. 3»«> industry, investigation 278 Crt«i'/.riu Idaho. U.S. D.A 184 Cankerworiu, notes. Can. Sta 197 Me.Sta 3i«', N.Y. State Sta 313 N.C.Sta 175 Ore. Sta 889 U.S.D.A .54 treatment. Ore. Sta 88? 991 Cankerwonii. treatment R. I. Sta H!^9 Cauuiug iuclivstry, statistics, U. S. D. A .513. 516 Canoe birch, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Cantaloupes, fertilizer tests, Ga. Sta 388 varieties, Ga. Sta 388 I Ky.Sta 793 i Cantharis nu/talli, notes, N.C.^ta, 175 i Cape gooseberry, notes. N.Y.Cornell Sta. 618 j Caponizing,expe:'iments,N.Y. State Sta. 400 i CapfteUahnrsa-paxtoris. notes, Cal. Sta ..598,599 N.J. Stas.. 308 Carabid beetles, notes, U. S. D. A 54 C'aragana arborescen.^, notes, Iowa Sta 788 Carbohydrates, assimilation 823 in feeding stuffs 499 investigation 748 Carbolic acid for brown rot of stone fruits, Ky. Sta 860 Carbonate of copper, ammoniacal — experiments with. Can. Sta 197 Mass. Hatch Sta.. 804 for anthracnose of grapes. Conn. State Sta 10 apple rust, Iowa Sta ~17 scab, Ohio Sta 620 Vt. Sta. 832 black rot of grapes. Conn. State Sta 10 celery blight. N.J. Stas 884 corn smut. Iowa Sta 787 diseases of tomatoes, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 92 leaf spot of cherries, plvims. and quinces. Conn. State Sta 10 pear leaf blight, Del. Sta 141 scab.Vt. Sta ._ 893 potato blight, Conn. State Sta 10 powdery mildew of cucumbers. N. Y. Cornell Sta 211 spot diseases of — cherries, Iowa Sta 217 currants. Iowa Sta 217 strawberry rust, Conn. State Sta. 10 wheat rust, Iowa .Sta... 788 preparation and use. Conn. State Sta. 11, 847 Mass. Hatch Sta 23 with Climax Insect Poison. N. J. Stas. 308 London purple. N.Y.Cornell Sta. 525 Paris green, N. Y. Cornell Sta.. 525 Carbouatj of copper, precipitated— for apple scab, Ohio Sta 620 , leaf spot of cjuinces. Conn. State Sta - 770 pear leaf blight. Del. Sta 144 Carbonate of lime — for sweet potato diseases, N. J. Stas.. 307 precipitated, analyses, N. J. Stas 299 I Carbon bisulphide, as an insecticide, U. S. | D.A 813 { f ir grain beetles, j Miss. Sta._ 702 | pea weevils. Can. j Sta... 3,")9 I Carbonic acid, diffusion as aflectel by j physical conditions of the soil 937 I C'arica papaya, notes, Cal Sta .')97 | ra^e. Caruallite, ammonium chloride 581 Carnations. sp9:;ial fertilizers for, Mass. Hatch Sta 290 Carob, distribution, Cal. Sta 597 Carpenter moth, locust tree, W. Va. Sta. 47 Carphoxera ptelearia, n. sp., notes, U. S. D.A 414 Carpocapsapomonella. (See Codling raoth. ) CarpophilaspalUpeimh, notes. Miss. Sta. 702 Carrots, analyses, Mass. State Sta 159 culture, Mass. Stats Sta 159 root rot, notes, N. J. Stas 307 varietie.s, Can. Sta 128,307,356 Colo. Sta 85 Vt. Sta - 480 wild, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Carya alba, notes, Nebr. Sta.. 521 a/na?"rt, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 porcina, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 SM^cfl^a. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 tomentosa. notes, Nebr. Sta. 521 Casein and fat in milk, relation between. Vt. Sta 475 chemistry 929 in milk, determination... 497 oats. Conn. State Sta 11 Cassava, notes, Cal. Sta 444 Cassida bivUtala. notes. N. J. Stas. 309 nigripe>i,noteii, N.J. Stas 303 texana, notes, TT. S.D. A 812 Castor bean pomace- analyses. Conn. State Sta 8,764 as a fertilizer for corn. Kans. Sta 858 CastoridfB in Idaho, U. S. D. A 184 Caterpillar, cabbage, notes, N. C. Sta 175 cloverseed.notes. TJ. S. D. A. 327 forest tent. Me. Sta 396 N.Y. State Sta.. 313 oak, notes, Mich. Sta 291 red-humped apple, notes- Can. Sta 198 Me.Sta 390 N. Y'. State Sta 313 Ore.Sta 839 spotted grapevine, notes, N. C.Sta 175 tent, notes. Can. Sta 198 Me.Sta 39S N. Mex. Sta 230 N.Y. State Sta .. 313 N. C.Sta 175 walnut.notes, Ohio Sta 176 U.S. D.A 54 yellow-necked apple tree- notes, N.J. Stas 288 N.Y. State Sta 313 Ohio Sta 176 Catocala, plum-tree, description and treatment, Oi-e. Sta 889 Cattle, condition.U. S. D. A.. 813 faulty appetite, R. I. Sta 244 aukes,notes,U. S. D. A 503 foods, patent, tests, N.H. Sta ... . 877 plague, Southern— investigation, Ark. Sta 233 992 Page. Cattle plague, Southern- prevention, U. S. D. A 501 Southern, transportation, U. S. D. A -— 739 ticks, notes, U. S. D. A 501,811 ! Cauliflowers, early vs. late planting, N. Y. State Sta... 38 varieties, Colo. Sta 85 N.Y. State Sta.. 403 Ore. Sta. 633 R.I. Sta 533 Utah Sta 635 Va. Sta 635, 63r Cauliflower seed. Eastern i"«. Western, N. Y. State Sta 38 imported f«. American, N.Y. State Sta 38 CennofhuK amerimnnit. notes. Nebr. Sta .. 531 ovalus, notes, Nebr. Sta .531 Cecidomyia dentructor. tSee Hessian fly. i legumiiiicola, notes. Can. Sta. 197 Iowa Sta. 218 Ohio Sta. 97 rohiniiV, notes. W. Va. Sta 47 t'am/iii.notes. Mass. Hatrh>t47 jnjgiiuKiis, description and treat- ment. Ohio Sta &S9 notes, U. S. D. A .543 Ctramica pMa, notes, Ohio Sta 97 Page. CeratocyitU fimbriata. notes, Del. Sta 689 N.J. Stas... 297 U. S. D.A... 337 Cercis canadeiiMS, notes. Nebr. Sta 533 Cercocarpus parvifoUua.noteii.'SehT. Sta. 533 Cercospora althmna. notes. N. J. Stas 307 a«^uia?a, notes, Iowa Sta 217 apii, notes, N.J. Stas 884 beticola, notes, Iowa Sta 783 circumscisna, notes. U. .S. D. A. 810 JlagiUi/ormia, notes. N.J.Stas. 307 gossypina, notes, Ala. College Sta 7 helcola. notes, N. J. Stas 395 kijpkei, n. sp., notes 378 residif, notes, N. J. Stas :}08 viola;. not«s, N. J. Stas :t07 viticola, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313,403 Cerco^porella persica. notes, U. S. D. A... 810 Cereals, condition. U. .S. D. A 253 cooperative experiments in Ger- many 368 effect of sulphate of iron In the soil on yield 919 growth .579.734 irrigation experiments, S. Dak. Sta 890 location of the heaviest kernels In head 9-i5 rust. N. C. Sta 173 variety testing. U. S. D. A 813 Cerebriiis. enzootic, of horses, Kans. Sta. 388 Ceresa bubaliix, notes. Ohio Sta 176 Cerpiti.1 In Idaho. U.S. D. A 1H4 Chivlocneina pulicarin. notes. U. S. D. A . .. .54 Chalcididif. pupation, U. S. D. A 517 ChaniiTbalia foUolooa. notes. Cal. Sta .".9s Chamomile, field, notes. N. Y. Cornell Sta. 616 Chapman honey plant, tests, Colo. Sta... k2 Cbarbon investigation, U. S. D. A 7-.'9 Ch.arcoal In determination of fat in feed- ingstuffs, Md. Sta 516 Chiirifopiix magniflciig. notes, W. Va. Sta . 46 Cheese, abnormal ripening •. 751 American, deterioration. U. S. D.A 739 analyses, Minn. Sta 797 NY. State Sta 611 bacteria affecting quality 3t!| Bosnian lYappists'. preparation and compodtion S.^3 Cheddar rs. stirred-curd proc- ess. N. Y.State Sta 613 effect of composition of milk, N. Y. State Sta 613 Emmeuthaler, bacteriological studies on the ripening 939 investigations. N. Y. State Sta . 610 maklng.changes in processes, N. Y.StateSta 611 experiments, Minn. Sta. 797 from milk rich In fat, Minn. Sta 798 in Georgia 8;i3 overripe. comiJosltlou 833 993 Cheese, ripening, changes In, N. Y. State Sta 013 Chemist, report, Ark. Sta 281 Can. Sea 357 Colo. Sta 82 Del. Sta 690 Fla. Sta :«6 Md.Sta 515 Minn. Sta 21 Nebr. Sta 27 Nev. Sta 30 N.Y.StateSta 401 R.I. Sta 530 S.C. Sta 318 Chemistry, agricultural, treatise 921 and economj' of food, Conn. Storrs Sta 213 Division. U.S. D.A 632,814,815 of casein 929 report of section 141 Chemists, Official Agricultural, conven- tion, U.S. D.A 632 Chenopodium album, notes, Cal. Sta 598 N.J. Stas 308 bonus henricus, notes, Cal. Sta 598 milraria, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Cherries, acidsin. 556 analyses 555,556 ash constituents 5.56 black knot, N. J. Stas 308 N.Y. State Sta. ...313, 403 Tenu. Sta 42 insecticides and fungicides, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 leaf spot. Conn. State Sta 10 ripening 555 shot-hole blight, treatment, N. J. Stas 878 spot disease.Iowa Sta 217 sugar in .._ .555 varieties. Can. Sta 356,360. 361 Colo.Sta.. 85 Mich. Sta 701 N.Y.StateSta 403 Tenn. Sta 723 Tex. Sta 246 Cherry borer, description and treat- ment, Ore.Sta 88 dwarf wild, notes, Nebr. Sta... 522 Indian, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 juices, fermentation 555 laurel, maunit and sorbit in 749 sand, culture, S. Dak. Sta 537 notes, Minn. Sta 230 Nebr. Sta 522 weeping bird, notes, Iowa Sta . 788 wild black, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Cheshire pigs, feeding experiments, Me. Sta 392 Chess, wild, as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta. 51 notes, Wj'o. Sta 51 Chester White pigs, feeding experiments with. Me. Sta 393 Chestnuts, American-growQ, Pa. Sta 178 analyses. Pa. Sta 177 Pago. Chestnuts, culture. Pa. Sta 177 European-grown, Pa. Sta 178 varieties. Pa. Sta 177 Chicago feed, analyses, N. J. Stas 301 Chickens, feeding. Can. Sta 360 skim milk in diet for, N. Y. State Sta 707 Chick-pea, boron in 925 copper in 925 experiments with 925 lithium in 925 Chickweed, notes, N. J. Stas .308 Chilo infuscatellus. notes 278 saccharali/i, notes, U. S. D. A 327 China berries, analyses, S. C. Sta 318 Chinch bugs, diseases 657,833 111. Sta 780 U.S. D.A 327 false, notes, Iowa Sta 784 notes, 111. Sta 780 Miss Sta 876 N. C. Sta 175 Ohio Sta 176 U. S. D..Al 51 Chinit.study 831 Chinonaspis citri, notes. U. S. D. A 813 furfurus, note.s, N. Mex. Sta . 220 Ohio Sta.... 176 Chinook winds, U. S. D. A 817 Chloride of— copper for stinking smut of wheat. Kans. Sta 226,286 preparation and use. N.Y. Cor- nellSta .525 with Paris green, N. Y. Cornell Sta 525 iron for rust of sorghum, Kans. Sta. 287 wheat, Kans. Sta 286 smut of corn, Kans. Sta 287 ■with arsenites, N.C. Sta 175 sodium in plants 578,635 Chlorine compound as affecting the qual- ity of tobacco '. 188 Chloris schwarfziaaa — culture expsriments, La. Stas 8C0 notes. U. S. D. A 548 Chloroform in grading bone meal 185 Chlorophyll and allied substances in leaves 654 extract, method of anal- ysis 925 Chlorophyllan, natiu-e 925 Chokecherry, amur, notes, Iowa Sta 788 notes, Nebr. Sta.. 522 Cholera bacteria in butter „ 423 in swine, notes. La. Stas l.'jS Choiidrilla junea, analyses. W. Va. Sta.. 629 Chorogi, analyses, N. Y. Cornell Sta 618 notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 618 Chramesus, biological notes. U. S. D. A.. 813 Chrysanthemum Leucaiit hemum— analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, Cal. Sta 598 Iowa Sta 217 N. J. Stas 308 W. Va. Sta 398 994 Page Chrysobothris femorata — notes, can. Sia 197 N.Y.StateSta 313 N. C.Sta - 175 (Jhnjitopa sp.. notes, N. C. Sta 175 Chuma, field experiments with, Colo. Sta. 82 Churn tests of milk. W. Va. Sta 44 test vs. Babcock method- Ill. Sta 777 Minn. Sta 7J8 Churning ai different temjjeratures, Vt. Sta 478 effect of mixing sweet and sour cream, Vt. Sta 478 loss of butter fat in. Conn. State Sta 765 Churns, comparative test, Vt. Sta 891 Cicada, periodical, in Pennsj-lvanla 462 notes. N. J. Stas 298 C'irada septenderim. notes, N. J. Stas 298 Pa. Sta 462 Cicadula exitiosa. not«s. Iowa Sta 218 inijrifrons, notes, U. S. D. A 548 fjiindriliiiHita. notes. U. S. D. A. 518 Cickorittm iiitybiiii. notes, Cal. Sta 598 Clnquefoil. notes. W. Va. Sta 893 Cl«rlc acid in cows" milk 122,123 Citrous, culture, U.S. D. A 107 Cladosporiuin carpophiliim, notes, U. S. D.A 810 fiilcHtn, nature and treat- ment, Conn. State Sta ..10,847 Clasterottporiiiin populi. notes. U. S. D. A. 810 Clavicepupiirji'iren, uotea.'S.C. Sta 172 Clay, analyses. Cal. Sta 590 soils as affected by application of lime 581 Claytouin perfoliata. notes. Cal. Sta. 598.599 Cleome inUgrifolia. notes. Wyo. ."^ta Wl Click beetles, notes. N. V. Cornell Sta. . 4:10 Climate of North Carolina, X. C, Sta 93 Climax Insect Poison— for elm leaf beetle. N. J. Stas 298 with ammoulacal carbonate of cop- per. N.J. Stas 308 Climbing buckwheat, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 honeysuckle, notes. Iowa Sta. . 788 prairie rose, notes. Nebr. Sta.. 522 Cliaiocampa ainfi-irana. notes- Can. Sta 198 Ky. Sta 792 N. Mex. Sta 230 N.Y.StateSta 313 N. C. Sta 175 W. Va. Sta 46 disstria notes- Can. Sta 198 Me.Sta 396 N.Y.StateSta 313 sp.. notes. U.S. D.A 54. .55 Clot bur. analyses. W. Va. .Sta 629 Clouds, formation and cli.S3ifl;'atlon, N. C. Sta 03 Clover, alsike, analysis. Mass. State Sta. 15< as a forage 111 ant, Nebr. .Sta 28 PagR Clover, alsike, as a forage plant, Nev. Sta. 30 Wyo. Sta 51 analyses, Tenn. Sta 41 asparagin In 65 assimilation of nitrogen by 64 bark louse, notes. Ky. Sta 860 Bokhara. analyses- Mass. State Sta 158 iV. Va. Sta 629 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 30 culture.Mas.s..StateSta. 1.58 burr. not«s, Cal. Sta 598 crimson, culture experiments. La. Stas SCO drasteria. notes. Iowa Sta 784 early vs. late-cut. Tenn. Sta 41 fertilizer tests. N. J. Stas 293 field experiments. Colo. Sta 85 green, in diet for— hen.s, N. Y. Stat* .Sta 36 milch cows. Can. Sta 131 pigs. Can. Sta 130 hay. analyses, N. J. Stas 296 cut Fs. uncut for st«ers, Ind. Sta 512 in diet for— calves, Iowa Sta 221 milch cows, Iowa Sta . . . 217 steers. Pa. Sta 41 worm, notes. Iowa Sta 784 Ohio Sta 97 U..S. D. A 414 ovlpositlou.U.S.D.A. 812 insect.s affei-ting, Ohio Sta 97 Japan, as a forage ])laut. Nev. Sta. 30 notes. Nev. Sta. 30 land, as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta 51 leaf beetle, notes, N. J. Stas 296.300 prevalence in Penn- sylvania.U. S. D.A. 812 hopper, notes. Iowa Sta 784 raammot h. f or p t maneut mead- ows. Mich. Sta 398 medium, analyses, Mass. State Sta 158 red, analyses. Conn St )rrs Sta. 376 N.Y. State Sta .. 401 asaforageplant. Nebr. Sta. 28 Nev. Sta . 30 culture experiments. La. Stas 8^ for permanent meadows, Mich.Sta 396 root borer, notes, Ohio Sta 97 rust, injury by, Iowa Sta 217 notes.Iowa Sta 217 Vt. Sta 479 scarlet, analyses. Del. Sta 687, 630 as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta 51 culture experiments, Del. Sta 687 rate of seeding. Del. Sta. 687 rot, Del. Sta 639 995 I'age. Clover seed. American vs. European 266 caterpillar, notes- Iowa Sti.. 232,784 U. S. D.A 337 germination tests- Can. St a 356 lowaSta 217 midge, notes. Can. Sta 197 lowaSta ... 218 Ohio Sta 97 sweet, analyses, Mass. State Sta. 158 as a forage plant— Nev. Sta 30 Wyo. Sta 51 culture. Mass. State Sta. 158 notes. Cal. Sta 598 weevil, notes, Iowa Sta 222 white, as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta 38 Nev. Sta 30 tor lawns, R. I. Sta 532 Clovers and grasses, experiments with, Nebr. Sta 28 cuUnre experiments, (^al. Sta 599 Colo. Sta... 82 Nebr. Sta.. 703 Clubbed branches of peaches, notes, U. S. D. A 810 Club root in the United States. U. S. D.A. 810 of cabbages, notes, N. J. Stas . 307 radishes, notes. N. J. Stas . . 307 Cnicits arvensis, analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 notes. Iowa Sta 217 N. J. Stas 308 W. Va. Sta.. 45,893 lanceolafiM, analyses, W. Va. Sta.. 629 notes, N. J. Stas 308 W. Va. Sta .... 893 ncariosus, notes, Wyo. Sta ,52 Coal ashes, analyses. Mass. State Sta ... 162 quality, Utah Sta 625 Coccidium bigemi/ium, notes, U. S. D. A.. 501 Coccinella sp., notes, N. C. Sta 175 Coccus trifolii. notes. Ky. Sta 860 Cocklebur, notes, W. Va. Sta 893 Cockroach, viviparous, notes. U. S. D. A. 183 Cocoannt cake in diet for niil-h cows 67 Codling moth, notes, Can. Sta 198 Colo. Sta 8 Ky. Sta 79-> N. J. Stas 298 N. Me.x;. Sta.. 230,886 N. Y. State Sta 313 N. C. Sta 175 OhioSta. 176 Ore. Sta 889 U.S. D.A. 53,54 W. Va. Sta.. 46 ti'eatment, Cal. Sta. 600 Mass. Hatch Sta 864 N.J. Stas 878 Ore. Sta 839 R. I. Sta 889 U. S. D. A.... 813 Coefficients of digestibility for corn fod- der. Pa. Sta 714 Page. Coefficients of digestibility for corn si- lanyz(e on wheat-bulb worm, Iowa Sta 223 Coffee, analyses 363 and tea. methods of analysis 925 culture in Brazil 362 tree, Kentucky, notes, Nebr. Sta. 523 C'oixlachryma. notes, Kans. Sta 18 Cold storage of grain and meat 928 waves, origin, N. C. Sta 93 Coleoptera, California, habits, U. S. D. A. 813 Coleosporium i)ini, notes, U. S. D. A 327 C'o?««,s sp., notes, S. C. Sta 318 Colic in horses, nature and treat rent. Wash. Sta 727 Collet of rkhum gossypii. notes, Ala. Col- lege Sta _ 7 nialvarmji,notes, N.J. Stas. £07 nigrum, notes, N. J. Sta.s.. 307 Colocanaan/iquoru?n,va,r. esculenta. notes, Cal. Sta 444 Colorado College and Station, notes 65!' potato beetle, notes. Can. Sta. . 198 Ky. Sta... 793 N. C. Sta. 175 W.Va. Sta 46 River water, analysis, Ariz. Sta 846 sedi ment from, Ariz. Sta 846 Station, bulletins 8,373,636 index to bulletins 686 linesofwork. 686 notes. . .69, 201 , 270, 3G3. 500, 657 report 81 reports of substations 85 Coloring matter in graprs, source and nature 903 of black and red cur- rants 555 Colt distemper. Wash Sta 807 Colts, feeding experiments, Me. Sta 391 Combustion, heats , 924 Companion wheat fly, description and treatment, Ohio St.i _ 889 Compilation of analyses of — dairy products, Mass. State Sta ... 163 feeding stuffs. Mass. State Sta I62 N- J. Stas 296,301 fruits, Mass. State .Sta i63 sugar-producing plants, Mass. St ate Sta 162 Composite, milk samples. 111. Sta ].50 U.S. D.A 6.13 Compost, analyses, Ala. College Sta 6 for cotton, S. C. Sta... 315 Composts, preparation, Fla. Sta H6 Concentrated Flower Food, analyses, Mass. StateSta ]63 Confeciions, adulteration, U. S. D. A 811 analy.ses. U. S. D. A 814 coloring matters, U. S.D. A. 814 Conitei-s. varieties, Tex. Sta 246 Connecticut State Station, bulletins ..143,213, 601,846 report 8,763 996 Page. Connecticut Storrs Station, bulletins ... 213 notes 69,270 report 374 Conotrachelus cratcegi, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 nenuphar. (See Plumcurcu- lio.) Contagious diseases of — animals, laws controlling, U. S. D. A. 729 chinch bugs, report on 833 Convolvulus arfenfiis. notes. Cal. .Sta 598 califoriiicus. notes. Cal. Sta . . 598 Cooperative feeding experiments in Sax- ony. Prussia 507,509,557 Copper acetate lor stinking smut of wheat, Kans. Sta 226 borate, preparation and use, N. Y. Cornell Sta ^25 with Paris green, N. Y. Cornell Sta 525 Copper carbonate, animoniacal— experiments with. Can. Sta 197 Mass. Hatch Sta .. 861 for anthracnose of grapes. Conn. State Sta 10 apple rust.Iowa Sta 217 srab.OhloSta 620 Vt.Sta 892 black rot of grapes, Conn. State Sta 10 celery blight, N. J. Stas 884 corn smut. Iowa Sta 787 diseases of tomatoes, N. Y. Coniell Sta — - 92 leaf spot of cherries, plums, and quinces. Conn. State Sta 10 pear leaf blight. Del.Sta 144 scab, Vt.Sta 892 potaio blight, Ciuiu. State Sta 10 powdery mildew of cucuinliers, N. Y. Cornell Sta 241 spot diseases of cherry, Iowa Sta. 217 currants, Iowa Sta 217 strawberry rust. Conn. State Sta. 10 wheat rust.Iowa Sta 788 preparatlonaud use. Conn. State Sta. 11, 817 Mass. Hatch Sta. 23 with Climax Insect Poi.son,N. J. Stas. 308 London purple, N. Y. Cornell Sta 525 Paris green. N. Y. Cornell Sta . . 525 Ohio Sta 96 Copper carbonate, precipitated— for apple scab, Ohio Sta 620 leaf spot of quinces. Conn. State Sta T70 pear leaf blight. Del. Sta. 144 chloride for stinking smut of wheat. Kans. Sta .226,286 preparat ion and use, N. Y. Cornell Sta.... 525 with Paris gi-een, N. Y. Cornell Sta !>25 hydrate, preparation and use, N. Y. Cornell Sta 5":5 Page. Copper hydrate, with Paris green, N. Y. Cornell Sta.. 525 in chick-pea 925 German Iris.. 925 grapes, Del. Sta 690 Kans. Sta 789 mixtures for rose chafer, N. J. Stas 171 nitrate, effect on soil and plants. 499 for stinking smut of wheat, Kans. Sta 226,286 on sprayed fruits, Mass. Hatch Sta.... 865 Copper sulphate- effect on seed wheat. Can. Sta 358 soil and plants. 499 experiments. Mass. Hatch Sta 864 for brown rot of stone fruits. Ky. Sta. 860 corn smut. Iowa Sta 787 cranberry diseases. N. J. Stas 307 Internal treatjnent of Peronoapora 926 potato scab. N. Dak. Sta 619 smut of wheat, Kans. Sta 226,286 Ohio Sta 342 sweet potato diseases, N. J. Stas. 307 preparation and use. Mass. Hatch Sta. 23 with arsenites. N. C. Sta 175 London i)urple. N. Y. Cornell Sta 525 Paris green. N. Y. Cornell .Sta . 525 Copperas in the soil, effect on yield of grains 750 preparation and use, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 solution for wlreworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta 44« Coptorycla aiirirhalcfn. notes. N. J. Stas. . . 309 guttata, notes. N. J. Stas 309 Cordia sonortt, notfs. U. S. D. A 103 Coreopgl.0 triplerU. analysis. W. Va. Sta. . 629 Cork oak. distribution. Cal. Sta"! .597 Com-and-cob meal- analyses. Iowa St.a 220 Mass. Stat«Sta I.'i7 In diet for milch cows. Iowa Sta 219.222 pigs, Iowa .Sta 222 Mass. State Sta 1.57 steers. Mass. State Sta n>2 Com and oat feed, analyses, Conn. State Sta i:f N.J. St as... 878 sojabean silage.analyses. Mass. State Sta 288 as a forage plant. Can. Sta 198 barnyard manure for. Iowa Sta 78.T bran, analyses. N. J. Stas 878 S.C.Sta 318 bill bug. notes, N.C. Sta 175 butt, middle, and tip kernels for seed. Kans.Sta 8.57 cobs, analyses, S.C.Sta 31 s cockle for pigs S.v: notes, N. J. Stas 308 composition — as affected by climate. Tex. Sta. 245 fertilizers. Conn, Storrs .Sta 379 997 Corn, composition— of New Euf^land-grown, Conn. Storrs Sta 379 ■ condition and acreage, U. S. D. A 107,183,336,515 cooperative field experiments— Md. Sta 514 R. I. Sta '130 cotton seed vs. cotton-seed meal and hulls for, Ga. Sta 00(5 crambid, notes, U. S. D. A 3i7 crossing, Iowa Sta ~I8 Kans. Sta C.)7 cultivation, Can. Sta 1-9 Mo. Sta. 30 Ohio Sta 95 S. C. Sta 333 S. Dak. Sta 40 cultivation, frequency of, Kans. Sta a55 thorough vs. imper- fect, S.C. Sta 333 varying in depth- Ill. Sta 848 Ind. Sta 851 S.C. Sta 333 cultivators, tests, Ind. Sta 851 culture, experiments- Ark. Sta 380 Fla. Sta 604 Iowa Sta 786 Mass. State Sta 1.59 Pa. Sta 713 depth of plowing, 111. Sta 848,i£50 detasseliug, III. Sta 849,851 Kans. Sta 8.58 distribution and consumption. U. S.D. A 738 dry vs. wet for pigs, 111. Sta 149 ears, analyses. Can. Sta 137 ear worm, notes, U.S.D. A 53,54 Eastern vs. Western-grown, S. C. Sta. 318 effect of previous manuring, Ind. Sta 853 ensiling «s. field curing. Pa. Sta... 457 fertilizer tests- Ala. College Sta 589 Ark.Sta 380 Conn.Storrs Sta._ 377 Fla. Sta 60t Ga. Sta. 604,600 111. Sta 849 Ind. Sta 852 Kans. Sta 858 Me. Sta 391 Md. Sta.... 51.3,514 Mass. Hatch Sta 164,867,808 Miss.Sta 874 Mo. Sta 25 Ohio Sta 96,887 R.I. Sta .529 S.C. Sta 331 fleld experiments with— Ala. Cauebrake Sta 90 Ark.Sta 280 Page. Corn, Held experiments with— Colo, sta 83,85 Conn. St:ite Sta 14.377 Conn.Storrs .Sta 377 Fla. Sta 604 Ga. Sta C04 Ill.Sta 817 Ind. Sta 851 Iowa Sta 787 Kaas. Sta 855 Mass. Hatch Sta 104,867 Mo. Sta 24 Ohio Sta 94,887 R.I. Sta 509 SC. Sta 320,322 S. Dak. .Sta 39 fodder, analyses.Conn. Storrs. Sta. 375 Ga.Sta 16 Mass. State Sta .. 157, N.J. Stas.. 298 N.Y. State Sta.... 401 Pa. Sta.. 458,715 Tex. Sta 246,725 digestibility. Pa. Sta 459 Tex. Sta 246 feeding value. Pa. Sta 710 green, digestibility. Pa. Sta 454 In diet for pigs. Can. Sta 1.30 in diet for milch cows- Iowa Sta 216,222 Mass. State Sta 153 Vt.Sta.. 473 in diet for steers— Me.Sta 392 Mass. State Sta 163 loss in fleld curiug. Pa. Sta. 716 vs. silage for— sheep, Utah Sta 413 steer.s, Utah Sta 413 yield per acre. Pa. Sta 718 food value, U.S.D.A.. 484 for fodder, varieties. Can. Sta 300 silage,fertilizer tests with. N. J. Stas 394 fleld experiments with, Kans. Sta 17 planting, Can. Sta 131 varieties. Conn. Storrs Sta 376 N.H.Sta 88 Ohio Sta 95 yield per aci-e, Kans. Sta 17 full vs. partial manvu-ing, Ind. Sta. 853 growing continuously on the same land. Conn. State Sta 770 gi'owth Can. Sta 131 Pa.Sta 467 growth as affected by weather, Pa. Sta 466 Guinea, as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta 51 harvesting, Ohio .Sta 95 harvesting for gi'ain and foddtr, Kans. Sta 8,53 increase of dry matter, Ill.Sta 849,851 in diet for hens, N. Y. State Sta.... 36 998 Page. Com. in diet for pigs. Iowa Sta -ii s'.eer.s. Ark. Sta 284 Va.Sta 179 industry in the United Stales, U.S.D.A 484 in rotation, S. C. Sta 332 intercultural fertilizing, Ga. Sta.. 605 irrigation experiments, S. Dak. Sta 890 kernels, albuminoids in, Conn. StateSta 768 analyses, Can. Sta 198, 357 Conn. State Sta 13, 14 Conn. Storrs Sta 375 Mass. State Sta 162 S.C.Sta 318 Tex. Sta 245,890 ensiled, analyses, Conn. StateSta 13 field-cured, analyses, Conn. State Sta 13 large vs. small kernels for seed, Kans.Sla &56 leaf hopper, notes. Ky. Sta 859 leaves, analyses. Can. Sta... 137 meal, analyses, Mass. State Sta.. 153. 157. 388 N.J.Stas 296,878 N.Y.Cornell Sta.. 616 N.Y. StateSta.... 401 in diet for— calves, Iowa Sta 221 milch cows. Me. Sta... 1.. 19 Mass. State Sta 153.287 Miss. Sta 166 pigs, Ma.ss. State Sta 150 Vt. Sta 478 Wis.Sta 49 Bheep .=)73 steers 572 Va. Sta 179 meal vs. gluten meal for butter pro- duction, N. H. Sta 86 rice meal for pigs, Vt. .Sta. 478 muriate of potash with farm ma- nure for, Mass. Hatch. Sta 807 uiirogeuous fertilizers for. Conn. Storrs Sta 377 nitrogen supply for. Pa. Sta 463 Northern vs. Southern-grown, S. C. Sta 318 phosphatic fertilizers for, Pa. Sta. . 461 plant, composition. S.C.Sta 318 louse, notes. N. C. Sta 175 relation of parts, S. C. Sta 319 planting— at different dates. 111. Sta 847,8.W Ind. Sta a5l N. Dak. Sta.... 39 distances. Mo. Sta ... 26 Ohio Sta... 95 rates. 111. Sta 847,8,50 Ind. Sta a'l for grain and fodder. Kans..Sta . . fh7 silage. Conn. Slat e.'^ta 14 4 Paga Corn planting- for silage. Kan.s. Sta 875 Ill.Sta 848,850 S.C.Sta... 332 S. Dak. Sta.. 40 preparationof soil. Mo. Sta 26 potassic fertilizers for. Mass. Hatch Sta 807 production, profit in, Can. Sta 133 relative value of good and poor. Conn. Storrs Sta STn root aphis, notes 6.=i7 U.S.D.A.. 812 pruning, m. Sta 849 worm notes, U- S. D. A 53,057 roots, effect of copper salt on, Iowa Sta 787 rotation vs. continuous cropping, Ind. Sta 8.53 sap beetle, notes. Miss. Sta 702 sawfly. notes. U. S. D. A .M-J seed selection, Ohio Sta 95 shucks, analyses, S.C.Sta 318 silage, analyses, Mass. Hatch Sta .. 289 Mass. State Sta... 157 N.Y. State Sta.... 401 Pa. Sta 458,715 S.C.Sta 318 digestibility. Pa. .Sta 4."»9 digestion experiments. Pa. Sta 713 feeding value. Pa. Sta 716 In diet for milch cows — Iowa Sta 216,2:?-3 Mass. State Sta 1.53 Vt. Sta 473 steers, Mass. Stat« Sta 162 Va. Sta 179 preparation. Fla. Sta 604 smut, creosote for, Kans. Sta 8.58 fungicides for. Iowa Sta 7.'<7 notes, Can. Sta I27 Kans. Sta 2:>7 N.C.Sta 173 stalk borer, notes. U. S. D. A 414 disease of cattle, Tenn. Sta. .. 42 stalks, analyses. Can. Sta 127 N.J.Stas 296 steamed r*. cracked, for fattening pigs 747 stover, analyses, Conn. StateSta... 14 Conn. Storrs Sta. 379, 3^0 Del. Sta 6110 M.•^^s. State Sta.. 157, 288 In diet for milch cows. Mass. StateSta 153 steers, Mass. State Sta 162 stripping. Fla. Sta 604 Ga. Sta eOi5 subsoiling for, S. C. Sta 3-J2 sweet, varieties, Colo. .Sta So Ind. Sta 781 Ky. Sta 792 Me. Sta 395 999 Pago. Coru. sweet, varieties. Mich. Sta 610 Nebr. Sta 703 Nev. Sta 30 N.Y. State Sta.... 403 Teun.Sta 724 Utah Sta 807 Vt.Sta 4S0 tile flraiuage for, Ala. Cauebrake Sta 590 topping, Nebr. Sta 103 topping and stripping, Tex. Sta 735 use in Kiirope, U. S. D. A 484 varieties 743 Ala. College Sta 589 Ark. Sta 280 Can. Sta 131. 198,361 Colo. Sta 85 Ga. Sta 60fi 111. Sta 847,850 Ind.Sta 853 Kans. Sta 858 La.Stas 800 Mo. Sta 25 Nebr.Sta 703 Nev.Sta 803 Ohio Sta 94 Pa. Sta. 453,713 S.C. Sta 333 S. Dak. Sta 39 Utah Sta 635 Vt.Sta 480 VS. coi'n and grass for pigs, 111. Sta. 149 millet as a gi'ain crop, Mass. Hatch Sta 868 •weevil, repression, Fla. Sta 604 woi'm, notes, Ky.Sta 859 N.J. Stas.... 309 yield, U.S.D.A 414 Corniis asperifolia, notes, Nebr. Sta 523 candicUssima, notes, Nebr. Sta ... 522 sericea, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 sfolonifera, notes, Nebr. Sta 523 Corrosive .sublimate for— mold on seeds. Me. Sta.. 395 potato scab, N. Dak. Sta 619 rose chafers, N. J. Stas 171 scale insects, U. S.D. A 54 Conjlus americana, notes, Nebr. Sta 531 Conjmhites sulcicollis, notes, N. Y. Cor- nellSta 4.50 Coscinoptera, biological notes, U. S. D. A . 813 Col tea pappophoroidss, notes, U. S. D. A.. 548 Cotton- ash constituents, Cal. Sta 373 black rust, Ala. College Sta 7 bolls, analyses, Tenn. Sta .538,541 cake, decorticated vs. undecorticateJ for feeding 579 caterpillar, notes, N. C. Sta 175 changes in cultivated area, U. S. D. A. 903 compost for,S.C. Sta_ 334 condition and acreage, U. S. D.A..53, 107, 183, 3.5:!, 0:5 i continuous cropping vs. rotation, S.C. Sta .535 Pagft Cotton— cowpeas as a green manure fur, S. C. Sta 535 cross-fertilization 135 cutworm, notes, U. S. D. A 327 deep vs. shallow culture, Ga.Sta C92 fertilizer tests, Ala. Canebrake Sta .. 763 Ala. College Sta 684 Ark. Sta 285,763 Fla. Sta 604 Ga. Sta 691,693 Miss. Sta 874 S.C. Sta 323,534 Tenn. Sta 540 fertilizing at different rates, Ga. Sta. 693 field experiments, Ala. Canebrake Sta.. 762 Ala. College Sta 684 Ark. Sta 762,285 Cal. Sta 599 Fla. Sta 604 Ga. Sta 691,693 S. C. Sta 332,534 Tenn. Sta 540 green manure for, Ala. Canebrake Sta..._ 763 hull ashes, analyses- Ala. College Sta 6 Conn. State Sta 8,764 La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta 163,864 N.J. Stas 299 S.C. Sta 318 hulls, analyses. Tenn. Sta 542 Tex.Sta 246 and meal for steers, N. C. Sta 710,711 digestibility, N. C. Sta 453 . Tex.Sta 246 digestion experiments, N. C. Sta 712 in diet for steers, Ark. Sta 284 manurial residue from, N. C. Sta 452 hybridization... 135 imports of the United States, U. S. D. A -513. .545 in rotation, S.C. Sta 324 intercultural fertilizing, Ga. Sta 693 leaf blights, Ala. College Sta 844 leaves, analyses, Tenn. Sta 538.541 lint, analyses, Tenn. Sta 5.38,541 methods of culture. Ark. Sta 763 on drained and undr ained land 762 overproduction. U.S.D.A 728 plant, analyses, Tenn. .Sta .537, 538. .541 ash constituents. Teun.Sta .5:^8,540 feeding value, Tenn. Sta .540 weightof parts. Tenn. Sta .539 planting at different distances— Ga.Sta 693 S.C. Sta 535 in drills vs. check rows, S.C. Sta 324,535 Statistics, U. S. D. A 903 1000 Cotton— Page. reduction in price, U. S. D. A 253 roots, analyses, Tenn. Sta... 538,541 development. S. C. Sta 318 seed, analyses. Teun. Sta 538,541,542 Tex. Sta 246 as a fertilizer, Ark. Sta 762 effect on creaming of milk. Tex. Sta 97 fertilizing and commercial value. Ark. Sta 762 in diet for milch cows, Miss. Sta 166 steers, Ark. Sta.. . 284 meal- adulteration Conn.State Stas. 9 analy.ses— Ala. College Sta 6 Can. Sta 357 Conn. StateSta 8,9. 13.76J La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta 157,2.'W,864 N. J. Stas 296,299.301,878 N. Y. Cornell Sta 616 N.V. StateSta 401 S.C. Sta 244,318 Tenn. Sta 542 and hulls for steers, N. C. Sta 710,711 dig. stlhlllty, N. C. Sta 452 ditre.stion exi^eriraents with, N. C. Sta 712 effect on butter. Pa. Sta 169 milk yield. Pa. Stal . 469 in diet for— milch cows 564 Me. Sta 19 Mass. State Sta 287 Miss. Sta 166 slu'cp 6T2 Steer.'* 572 Ark. Sta 284 Me. Sta 391 manurial re.sldiie from, N. C. Sta 4.V2 PH. gluten meal for butter production, N. II. Sta... 80 wheat bran for milch cows. Pa. Sta 4'W statistics, U. S. D. A 1X)3 stems, analyses, Tenn. Sta 538 511 topping, Ga. Sta 692 S.C. Sta 324, ."WS varieties, Ala. Canebrake Sta 762 Ala. College Sta 684 Ark. Sta 28.5, 7(>3 Ga. Sta 693 La. Sta 860 Miss. Sta 702,875 S.C. Sta .322,533 vs. cotton-seed meal and hulls for coru.Ga. Sta 606 r«. cotton-seed meal as a fertilizer. Ark. Sta 7iV3 ■waste, analyses, R. I. Sta 5.10 worm, notes, Ark. Sta 282 Page. Cotton worm, notes, N. C. Sta 17.t yield, U. S. D. A 414 yield from bottom and top bolls, Ark.Sta 763 Cottonwood, black, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 notes, Nebr. Sta 521 trees, plant lice on, Wyo. Sta 182 C'otula vulgarif, notes. Cal. Sta 598 Cow manure, analyses. Conn. State Sta. 754 Cowpea plant, composition, S. C. Sta 319 relationofparts. S. C. Sta. 318 roots, analyses, S. C. Sta 319 silage, analyses, Mass. State Sta. 15; stubble, analyses, S. C. Sta 319 vines, analyses— Conn. Storrs Sta 375 S.C. Sta 319 Cowpeas as a forage plant- Conn. Storrs Sta .■$76 S.C. Sta 319 green manure for cotton, S.C. Sta 535 culture exi>erlraents, Ga. Sta .. 696 field exixriments with, Colo. Sta 82 Cows, aljortion In. La. Stas 1.52 at pasture, grain ration for, N. Y. Cornell Sta 613 digestion experiments w^lth, N. C. Sta 4.52 mammitis in. La. Stas 1.52 milch, apt hotis affection, Iowa .Sta 22;j b.'irn feeding v«. p;i.sture, Vt. Sta 477 cottonseed meal r*. wheat bran for. Pa. Slii 4r>8 dehorning, Minn. Sta 795 N. Y. Cornell Sta 617 feeding exix-rinients 76, 42»>. 50r, 503, .5.57. 561, 610 feeding experiments— Can.Sta 131 Conn. State Sta 764 Iowa Sta 216. 219. 221, 785 Me. StA 19 Mass. State Sta l.V3,287 Miss. Sta 16V875 N. H. Sta 65,86 N.J. Stas 301 N. Y. Cornell Sta.. 613 N. Y. State Sta 311.398 Pa. Sta 453,468 Tex. Sta 97 Vt. Sta 472,473,474 flaxseed ri>. linseed meal for. Iowa Sta 785 green crops r«. English hay for. Mass. State Sta 153 light rg hea>'y meal for, Vt. Sta 474 linseed cake vs. sesame cake for 6.56,745 nutritivcratloof rations for 557 1001 Cows, milch, preparation of rations for— Me. Sta ^2 N.H.Sta.... 88 rations for, N. Y. State Sta 405 soiling experiments, Iowa Sta 784 systemfor,Pa.Sta- 453 tests of breeds, Me. Sta 19 N. J. Stas .29o, 301 N. Y. State Sta 311 yield of milk from different breeds.N.Y. State Sta... 312 old milch, feeding for beef, Md. 607 Sta --- parturient apoplexy in, La. Stas . . 152 soiling vs. pasturage for, Pa. Sta. . 456 tuberculosis in, Me. Sta 23 Crab apple, Siberian, as a grafting stock, Mass. Hatch. Sta 865 wild, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 apples, varieties. Can. Sta 360 N.Y. State Sta.... 403 S. Dak. Sta. 537 grass as a forage plant, Tenn. Sta.. 40 hay, analyses, Tenn. Sta. 40 feeding value, Tenn. Sta 40 Cradine, a new peptic ferment 749 Crambus exsiccaius, notes, TJ.S.T). A 55 saliginosellus, notes, U. S. D. A .. 327 Cranberry bogs, management- Mass. Hatch. Sta _. 871 N.J. Stas 307,309 fruit" worm, notes, Mass. Hatch.Sta. 871 gall fungus, notes, N. J. Stas.'297, 307 insects in Massachusetts 871 scald, notes, N. J. Stas 297 tip worm, notes, Mass. Hatch. Sta 871 vine worm.notes, Mass. Hatch. Sta..-. 871 Craponius inaqualit. notes, N. C. Sta 175 Cratwgus coccinea, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 tomentosa, notes, Nebr. Sta 523 Cream, analyses, Conn. State Sta 144,765 Me. Sta 21,397 Mass. State Sta 154 ash constituents, Me. Sta 23 Mass. Hatch. Sta 154 Babcock method for. Conn. State Sta 765 modified for. Me. Sta 397 bacteria In, Conn. Storrs Sta 382 churning sweet and sour mixed, Vt. Sta 478 content of milk, relation to per cent of fat 928 cost per quart and space, Mass. State Sta 154 deep setting at low tempera- tures 765 Page. Cream, deep setting in air, Vt. Sta 477 water. Vt. Sta ... 476 determination of acidity 931 methods of analysis 750 raising— as affected by- cotton seed and cotton- seed meal, Tex. Sta 97 delay in setting— N. Y.Cornell Sta .... 231 Wis. Sta 482 tibiin in milk, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 232 lactation period. Tex. Sta. 99 by centrifugal methods. Wis. Sta 480 deep setting, Minn. Sta . . . 796 "Wis. Sta... 480, 483 De Laval separator, Tex. Sta. 99 dilution, 111. Sta 779 N. Y. Cornell Sta 230 Vt. Sta... 476 shallow setting in air, Vt. Sta 477 in Cooley cans. Wis. Sta 480 ice water, Vt. Sta 478 shot gun cans, Wis. Sta... 470 soda for, Vt. Sta 478 test of methods. Conn. State Sta 765 111. Sta 778 ripening by means of cultm-es. .261 , 931 sour, sampling. Me. Sta 397 structure, Conn. Storrs Sta 381 sweet for butter making 653 Del. Sta. 602, 690 W.Va.Sta 44 Creameries, milk lest for. Conn. State Sta 144 testing milk at, 111. Sta .... 153 Creamery industry, W. Va. Sta 44,101 machinery and methods. Del. Sta 603 Creaming of milk 367 N.Y. State Sta 401 Credit associations, cooperative, in Eu- rope, U. S. D. A 905 unions, German, statistics, U. S. D. A 905 Creeping barberry, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 bent grass as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 29 fescue, glaucous, notes on, Tenn. Sta 41 Creosote for smut of corn, Kans. Sta 858 Crepidodera cucumeris, notes, N. C. Sta. .. 175 fuscula, notes, Ky. Sta 860 Crickets, notes, U. S. D. A 55 tree, notes, N.Y. State Sta 313 N. C. Sta 175 Crimson clover, culture experiments. La. Stas 860 C'rioceris asparagi, notes, N. J. Stas 298 1002 Page. Critfogamia agrarla, n. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 328 Crop conditions in Indiana and Illinois, U. S. D. A 253 reporting system of Russia, U. S. D. A 253 reports, Eurox)ean, for 1891, U. S. D. A. . 107, 253, 326, 414, 543. 633, 728, 813, 903 Statistics for 1891, U. S. D. A 543 Crops for Wyoming... 727 in rotation, fertilizers for, Ohio Sta 888 Cross-pollination, methods, Iowa Sta 218 Crowfoot, analyses. .S. C. Sta 318 grass, analyses. W. Va. Sta .. 629 Ci-owu borer, blackberry, notes,X. J..Stas. 705 strawberry, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 Cruciferae, grafting 926 Crude fiber, determination 748,910 Cryptohypiius abbreviatug, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 451 Cryiitophasa unipunctata, notes, U. S. D. A 53 Cucumber aphis, remedies, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 241 beetle, striped- insecticides for, Ohio Sta. 97 notes. Can. Sta 198 Ky. Sta 792 N. J. Stas 309 N. C. Sta 175 Ohio Sta 176 flea beetle, notes. Can. Sta... 198 mildew, Mass. State Sta 160 N. J. Stas 297 Cucumber.s, damping off, Ma.ss. State Sta. 161 English, forcing, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 240 powdery mlldew.Mass.State Sta 162 varieties, Ark. Sta 282 Colo. Sta 82,85 Mich. Sta 609 Nev. Sta 30 Vt. Sta 480 Ctirnrbitn ftrtidd, note.s. Cal. Sta .598 Curculio, apple, breeding, N. J. Stas 309 notes. N. Y. State Sta.. 313 grape, notes, N. C. Sta 175 plum, insecticides for, Mass. Hatch. Sta 864 notes 657 Can. Sta 198 Ky. Sta 792 N. J. Stas 298.309 N. Y. State Sta... 313 N. C. Sta 175 Ohio Sta 176 U. S. D. A 54 \V. Va. Sta 46 treatment, N. J. Stas .. 878 Ohio Sta... 97 R.I. Sta.... 889 quince. .\. Y. state Sta 313 Curdling action of rennet 929 Page. Curled dock, notes, N. J. Stas 308 Currant- borer, American. X. Y. State Sta.... 313 imported. N. Y. St vie Sta .... 313 clusters, clipping. N.J. Stas 297 golden, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 Indian, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 juices, fermentation 555 sawfly. imported, notes, Can. Sta 198 wild black, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 red, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 worm, notes, Can. Sta 198 Ky. Sta... 792 Mich. Sta 291 N. Y. State Sta 313 W. Va. Sta 46 remedies. N. Y. State Sta.... 403 Currants, black and red. coloring matter 5% leaf spot, Vt. Sta 479 spot diseases, Iowa Sta 217 varieties. Can. Sta 356,360.361 Colo. Sta 85 Iowa Sta 788 Mich. Sta 701 N. Y. State Sta ....314.402 Pa. Sta 722 Cu»cuta arrfn*!*. notes, Nev. Sta 803 denticulata. notes. Nev. Sta 803 epithyiivim. notes. Nev. Sta 803 talina. notes. Cal. Sta 598 trifolii. not«s, Cal. Sta 598 Iowa Sta 217 Cut -leaved birch, notes, Iowa Sta 7S8 Cutworm, cotton, notes. U. S. D. A 327 greasy, notes, N. C. Sta 175 Cutworms, cabbage notes, Ohio Sta 97 description and treatment, Ore. Sta 889 fung3s, 214 Conn. Storrs Sta 214 Diffusion chips as a feeding stuff, Can. Sta 357 frozen, analy.ses 498 unfrozen, analyses 498 Digestibility of— corn fodder, Pa. Sta ..159,714 Tex.Sta 246 silage. Pa. Sta 714 cottonhulls, N. C. Sta 452 Tex.Sta 210 cotton-seed meal, N. C. Sta 452 feeding stuffs. Can. Sta a57 S. C. Sta 318 foods. Conn. Storrs Sta 213 green corn fodder. Pa. Sta 454 sorghum. Pa. Sta 4.54 pasture grass.Pa. Sta 454 protein in dried and charred brew- ers' grains. 7.50 silage. Pa. Sta 459 soiling crops. Pa. Sta 455 Digestion- artificial, of albuminoids 256,259 experiments with— coi-nsilage. Pa. Sta 713 cotton-seed hulls. N. C. Sta 712 meal. N. C. Sta.. 712 cows, N. C. Sta 452 sheep. -. 638 Pa. Sta 454 Digestive ferments in uowly born ani- mals - 655 Dlgestof reportsof experiment stations, U.S. D.A 103 Digger wasp, notes, U. S. D. A 811 Digitalis for rose chafer, N. J. Stas 171 Diphysa racemosa. notes, U. S. D. A 103 Diplachne fascicular is. notes. U. S. D. A.. 548 imbricala, notes, U. S. D. A .548 reverchoni, note.s, U. S. D. A... .548 rigida, notes, U. S. D. A 548 vincida, notes, U. S. D. A 548 Diplosis trit'ci. notes, Can. Sta 197 Ohio Sta 315 Director, report. Can. Sta 3.56 Colo. Sta 81 Conn. State Sta 8 Conn. Storrs Sta 374 Del. Sta - 636 Pla. Sta 386 La. Stas 800 Me. Sta m 1004 Pago. Director, report. Md. Sta 513 Minn. Sta. 24 Miss. Sta 874 Nebr. Sta 27 Nev. Sta 29 N. H. Sta 291 N. J. Sias 29-.:, 299 N.Y. State Sta 398 OhioSta 175 Ore. Sta 39 Pa. Sta —.453,712 R. L Sta 529 S. Dak. Sta 623 Utah Sta 6-M Vt. Sta - 470 W. Va. Sta a Diseases of live stock, report.-; of corre- spondents, U. S. D. A 729 plants, notes 261 N.C. Sta 172 Disonyca glabratu. notes, Ky Sta 890 Irianr/iilaris, notes. Iowa Sta . . . 784 Dissosteira lonyi/i^nniK. note s. U. S. D. A. 327. 907 Kjmrca/a, noles. U. S. D. A 907 DMichlig marilima. noten.Cal. Sta 598 Distomum hfj/a/inim, notes. Tex. Sta 725 magnum, notes. Tex. Sta 7i5 texaniciim, notes. Tex. Sta 725 Doatmantiagosfijiiii, n.sp.. not 'S.U. S. D.A. 32-* Dock, bitter, notes. W. Va. Sta Srj Dodder, notes. low.i Sta 217 Nev. Sta 803 Dog fennel, notes. W. Va. Sta .'.... 893 Dogwood, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 red osier, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 rough-leavcu. notes. Nebr. Sta. .521 Volerusarvenniit, notes, U.S. D.A 546 to//ari#, notes, U.S. D.A 540 spp.. notes, U.S. D.A 516 Dolni)iiisl'iteralii<. nolcs.'S.Y.CxrnenSUi. 450 Doiyphora Ki-tineala, notes. Can. Sta 199 Ky. Sta 792 N.C. Sta .... 175 W.Va.Sta.. 46 Drainage, tile, experiments. Tex. Sta 216 for corn, Ala. Canebrake Sta 500 waters, fertilizing materials in. 831 from bare soils 492 cultivated soils .. 492 manured soils ... 492 lecture on 139 study, U.S. D.A 901 Draining lands, notes, U.S. D.A 107 soils, experiments. Md.Sta 514 Drait^trin erech'et. ujtes. Iowa Sta 784 Drasteriu* dorxalis, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 450 eltgatu, not2s. N. Y. Cornell Sta 451 Pried blood, analyses. Ala. College Sta.. 6 Conn. State Sta . 8 La. St:«3 441 M-.is.i. State Sta.. 162 N. J. St:w 168 S. C. Sta 633 Page. Dried blood as a fertilizer 927 brewers' grains.analyses. N. J.Stas 878 Droppings from corn-fed cattle for pigs. 111. Sta 150 Drosojifiila sp., notes, Ky. Sta 792 Drying in a hot oven for potato scab, N. Dak. Sta 619 Dust from soda works, effect on vegeta- tion - 922 Dwarf sumac, notes, Nebr. Sta 526 wild cherry, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Dj-namomet?r tests of farm implements, Utah Sta 100,179,436 Eagle fern, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Earthworms ana tuberculosis 579 Eatonia penn*ylcanica. analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Eau celeste for apple scab. Ohio Sta 620 stinking smut of wheat, Kans. Sta 226,286 modified, for pear leaf blight, Del. Sta 144 •with arsenites, N. C. Sta. .. 175 Fchinoractu* ninipsoni. notes, Wyo. Sta ... 52 Erfiinopepon cirrhopedtinailat us. notes, U. S. DA 103 Echinorhynchusi giga-x, notes, U. S. D. A.. 501 Ee'iiuiH rulgnrf, analyses, W. Va. Sta 623 notes. \V. Va. Sta 893 Edtmanlbi/ront, uot€s, Mich. Sta 291 Editorial notes. ..1,73. 139. 207,275, 36.i. 439. .507, .Tt0i.0fi.5 7.i9. 841 Egg albumen, crystallized, analysis .578 prep.-iration and nature. . . 748 Eggi>lauts.'antliracn<>st' notes. N. J. Stas. 307 .•ushy mold, notes, N. J. Stas . 307 leaf spot, notes, N. J. Stas ... 307 varieties, Colo. Sta 85 Fla. Sta 386 Eggs, lueplng. Can. Sta 3.59 pafklng. N. Y. State Sta 400 preservatives, N.Y.Cornell 'jta 617 Egyptian rico corn, flold experiments with. Kan>. Sta. 16 yield p'r acre. Kans. Sta 16 E'-rngniu anguctifoUo. note;^. Iowa Sta.. 788 ^/f/-.mHii. habits, U. S. U. A 811 fc7';/frsp., notes, N. C. Sta 175 Elder, analyses, W. Va. Sta e'S notes. Nebr. Sta .522 W.Va.Sta 893 rust. Ma.«!3. Sta 161 Electrical resistance for determining moisture in soils. S. C. Sta 316 Electric arc light for growing green- house plants, N. Y. Cornell Sta - . 2,12 light, naked, effect on plants, N. Y. Cornell Sta 23? protected.offect on plants, N. Y. Cornell Sta 235 Electricity. atmospheric,effecton growth of plants 9-ti observat Ions. U. S. D. A.... 4ST 1005 Page. Klertricity for testing milk 412 p::iectrocnltui-e of plants, Investigation, Mass. Hatch Sta 517 Klectrumeter, description, U. S. D. A ... 487 KU-iittine ci'fjyiiHaca. analyses, S. C. Sta .. 318 Klioniirnx /ripsocoicles. notes, U. S. D. A . .548 Ellopia somniaria. notes. Can. Sta 3.59 Elm borer, imported, notes. N. J. Stas .. 298 leaf beetle, imported, notes— N. J. Stas 298,309 U. S. D A 415 red. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 white, notes. Iowa Sta 788 Nobr. Sta 521 Elymus sitanioH. notes. U. S. D. A 548 Emmenthaler cheese, bacteriological studies on ripening 929 Emperor""moth. cecropia. notes. Me. Sta. 396 Ei>i]iretia slimulea, notes. U. S. D. A 54 Einpusa aphidis as a disease of chinch btigs 834 gryUi. form aulicce, notes. Conn. State Sta 10 Ensiled corn kernels, analyses, Conn. State Sta 13 Ensiling of grasses, loss in process 640 Entomological work in Central Park, New York. U. S.D.A... 327 Eutomologidt, report. Ark. Sta 282 Can. Sta 3.59 Del. Sta 690 Me. Sta 395 Minn. Sta.. 24 Nebr. Sta 27 Nev. Sta 30 N.J. Stas.. .297,309 N.C. Sta 710 Ohio Sta 175 S.C.Sta 318 W.Va. Sta 46 Entomologists, economic, meeting, U. S. D. A - 326 Entomology, Division. U. S. D.A .53,183, 326, 414. .546, 811, 907 instruction in, Cal. Sta 600 Entomosporium tnaculafum. (See Leaf blight of pears, plums, and qtiinces). Enzymes, diastatie, of plants, nature 749 tiyptie, of microorganisms.. - 749 Ephestia IcUhnieUu. notes, Can. Sta 3.59 Epmiuta jjcn nsijh-anira , notes, Minn. Sta. 228 Epilachna boreali8, notes. N. J. Stas 309 Epilnbium paniculatuni. notes, Cal. Sta .. 598 Epitrix cucumeris, notes. Can. Sta 198 parrula, notes. Ky. Sta 860 Eragrostis curfipedicellata, notes, U. S. D. A 518 lugens, notes. U. S. D. A .548 oxylepsif!. notes. U. S. D. A 548 purshii. notes. U. S. D. A 548 Eremocayrus seligerus. notes, Cal. Sta ... 598 Ergot, notes, N. C. Sta 172 Vt. Sta.... 479 Erigeron annuus, notes. W. Va. Sta 8ri3 cunadense, notes, Cal. Sta 598 N. J. Stas..„. 303 Page. Erodiuni cicufari urn, notes, Cal. Sta .598 moschatum. notes, Cal. Sta 598,599 Eryaimum officinale, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Erythrcea muhlenbergii, notes. Cal. Sta... 598 Erythroneura vitis, notes. Can. .Sta 198 ExchschoUzia crocea. notes. Cal. Sta 599 Esparcet. (See Sainfoin.) Ether extract, purification, Md. Sta 516 Euchlmna luxurians, notes, Ga. Sta 148 Kans. Sta 17 Euclea querceli. notes, U. S. D. A .54 Eiidamus tityrus, notes. W. Va. Sta 47 Eudryas grata, notes. Can. Sta 197 Euonynucs amencanu-i. notes, Nehr. Sta.. 521 atropurpureus, notes. Nebr. Sta. 521 Eupatorium perfoliatum, analyses,W. Va. Sta 629 purpureum. analy.ses, W. Va. Sta 629 Euphorbia lathy ris, notes, Cal. Sta 444,598 Euphoria inda, notes, Iowa Sta 783 European larch, propagation from seed, Minn. Sta 229 Euzophera semifmi eralis, notes 657 Evaporation at different heights. Nebr. Sta 799 observations. Nebr. Sta ... 29 Evening primrose, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Evergreens, propagation from seed, Minn. Sta 229 trees, list, N. Y. State Sta. 404 Evotomys — gapperi brevicaudus, notes. U. S.D. A.. 184 idahoeiisis, n. .sp., notes, U. .S. D. X 184 Exoascus. (See Taphrina.) Experiment Station Record, contents of Volume III 842 Experment stations — establishment in Brazil 660 International Congress, report .. 660 notes 69,135.201,270,362.433, 500, 580, 6.57, 752, 833, 930 Oflice,U. S. D. A 106,631,813.894 Eye-spotted bud moth, notes, Me. Sta 396 Fall plowing for destroying insects. N. J. Stas 610 webworm, notes. Can. Sta 198 Ky. Sta 792 U. S. D. A 54 parasite, U. S. D. A 54 False chinch bug, notes, Iowa Sta 784 indigo, notes, Nebr. Sta .522 Farm animals, statistics, U. .S. D. A 632 implements, descriptions,Md. Sta. 516 labor, wages in the United States, U. S. D. A.... 906 lands, improvement, Mass. State Sta 157 manure. (See Barnyard manure.) products, prices, U. S. D.A 543 super intendent, report, Can. Sta . . . 360 Farmers, agricultural education for. Can Sta ..., , 132 Institute at Garfleld, Wash- ington, proceedings. Wash. Sta , ,- 807 1006 Page. Faitclola americana. notes, U. S. D. A 50i Fat extraction and fat calculation in milk analysis 654 apparatus, new 65-1 globules of milk. Me. Sta.. 23 in feeding stuffs, determination. Md. Sta 516 Fats, analyses. 748 determination 578 in feeding stuffs, determination.U. S. D. A 63i technology and analyses 831 Fatty acid, non-saturated 578 acids, volatile, in butter 12> ; oils in lard, detection 6.54 I Fauna of Idaho. U. S. D. A 184 Feeding experiments— at the North American experiment stations 303 cooperative. In Saxony. Prussia -50r..T99,557 number of animals to be used, U. S. D. A 813 with breeds of pigs. Me. Sta 392 calves, lowa.Sta 2-1 N.Y. State Sta 401 Pa. Sta 469 colts. Me. Sta 391 di.sembittered lupine 750 dried sugar beet residues 9C8 flsh 262 goats 262 heifers. Md. Sta COr hens. Can. Sta ., .360 N.Y. State Sta 36. .199. 705 lambs. Can. Sta 129,496 Mass. State Sta 1.55 Mich. .Sta 872 milch cows . .76, 426, .'507, .50.', 557, 561, 640 Can. Sta 131 Conn. State Sta 764 Iowa Sta... 216, 219, 221, 785 Me. Sta 19 M:iss. State Sta.... 1.52, 287 Miss. Sta 166.875 N. H. Sta 6.5.8(5 N. J. Stas .lOl N. Y. Cornell Sta... 613 N. Y. State Sta ....311. .198 Pa. Sta 453,468 Tex. Sta 97 Vt. Sta ...472,473,474 mules. Miss. Sta 167,876 pigs--- 747 Can. Sta 129,131 111. Sta 149 Iowa Sta 222 Me. Sta 392 Mass. State .Sta 1.5.5. 156, 1.57 N. Y. State Sta 400 Utah Sta 624 Vt. Sta 478,479 Va. .Sta 181 Wis. Sta 48 poultry. N. Y. State Sta 36. 399. 705 Sheep .5.57, .572. 651 Utah Sta 412,621 Feedmg experiments— with steers 570,6.50.741 Ark. Sta 2>-i Can. Sta 129.131 Ind. Sta 5i'j Me. Sta 391 Md. .Sta 608 Mass. State Sia 162 N. Y.StateSta .399 N.C.Sta 710,711 Tenn. Sta 41 Utah Sta 412 Va. Sta 179 whey. Wis. .Sta 48 Feeding flour, dark, analyses. N. J. Stas. 878 for fat and for lean 8,32 old milch cows for beef. Md. Sta. COr standards, discussion, N. J. Stas. 296 Pa. Sta .. 4.53 S. C. Sta . 31H use. Pa. Sta 713 stuffs— an.ily.ses. Ala. College Sta... 6 Can. Sta .^57 Conn. State Sta. . . 13, 764 Conn. Storrs Sta . . 375 Ga. Sta 116 Ind. Sta 513 Mass.StateSta 1.57 N. J. Stas 296. 301. S> N.Y. State Sta. 89.39.1. in I Pa. Sta 71 S.C.Sta 31- animal. analyses 748 calculated rx. market prices. N.Y. State Sta 89 carbohydrates in 499 compilation of analyses— Ma.s.s. State Sta 162 N.J. Stas 296. .301 Pasta 4.53 control at Hohenheira. re- port 656 determination of— albuminoid nitrogen In — N. Y. Cornell sta 61.5 U.S. D. A 633 ash in. Tex. Sta 246 fatln.Md.Sta 516 N. Y. Cornell Sta. . . 6i" digestibility. Can. Sta 3.5: S.C.Sta 318 fertilizing constituents. N. Y.StateSta 89 fuel value. Conn. Storrs Sta. 386 Inspection in Germany 753 report on analysis. U. S. D. A 63:: valuation. Conn. Slate Sta. 1 1 Ind. Sta 513 /V/(Vf.f. inldaho. U. S.D.A IM l-'ennel. not: s. Cal.Sta 5'.'- Fermentation, a new annual on f*'A of cherry juices rS-h maniu-e 7:ti"> £ilage UJ7 1007 Page. Ferment at ion of tobacco -3ri4, S'iT with selected and piirilieU yeasts 9-6 Fermeuted liquors, report on analysis, U. S.D.A 03:i Ferments, aerobic, in straw, reducinp ni- trates - 749, mo digestive, in newly born ;ini- nials <'iS5 pure selected, use 926 soluble, investigation 749 tinorganized. reactions 749 Fern, eagle, notes. Cal. Sta 598 Ferric oxide, etTect on soil absorption, S. C.Sta 316 Fertilizer analysis, preparation of sam- ples, U.S.D.A 633 experiments witb beets, sug- gestions 9-- laws iu Louisiana 444 Atas.sac'busetts 162 Michigan 290 New Jersey 298,310 North Carolina 709 Rhode Island 315 South Carolina 536 West Virginia 628 requirements of soils, deter- mination by means of plant analysis 750.920 tests with— alfalfa, N.J. Stas £95,300 barley 186 Cal. Sta 599 Me. Sta 393 beans, Ga. Sta 387 Me. Sta 395 R.I. Sta.. 533 beets 754 Ga. Sta 388 cantaloupes, Ga. Sta 388 clover, N. J. Stas 293 corn, Ala. College Sta 589 Ark. Sta 280 Conn. State Sta 14 Conn. Storrs Sta 377 Fla. Sta. 604 Ga. Sta _604,60G 111. Sta 849 Ind. Sta 852 Kans. Sta 858 Me. Sta. 394 Md. Sta 513 Mass. Hatch Sta. 1 64. 8()7. 868 Miss. Sta 874 Mo.Sta. 25 N.J. Stas 294 Ohio Sta 96.887 R.I. Sta 529,530 S.C.Sta... 321 cotton, Ala.Canebrake Sta. 762 Ark. Sta 285. 684, 763 Fla. Sta 604 Ga. Sta 691,693 Miss. Sta 874 S.C.Sta 333,534 Page- Fertilizer te.sts with— cotton, Tenn. Sta 540 grass. Conn. St orrs Sta 377 meadow grasses 754 oats, Can. Sta 129 Conn. Storrs Sta 378 Ga.Sta r87 Mass. Hatch Sta 867 N.J. Stas 294 N.Y. SlateSta 400 Ohio Sta 888 R. I. Sta 529 peaches, N. J. Stas 293,300 peas, G a. Sta 388 Me. Sta 3.13 potatoes 187.7.54 Ark. Sta 281 Fla. Sta 145 Ga.Sta 694 Ky.Sla 791 Me.Sta 394 Mass. Hatch Sta. 165, 86:-,8S8 Mifh.Sta 873 N.J.Stas..33.294.299,881 N.Y. State Sta... 405 R.I. Sta 529 W.Va. Sta 807 rice, Fla. Sta 604 rye. R.I.Sta 529 sorghum. Ark. Sta £81 Ga.Sta 696 sugar beets, Ark Sta 281 Nebr. Sta 800 cane. La. Stas 862 sweet potatoes. 'Ark. .Sta . . 284 Ga.Sta.... 695 La. Stas .. 698 N.J.Stas.300.884 timothy grass. N. J. Stas. . 299 tomatoes, Ga. Sta 696 N.J. Stas.. 293. 299, 879 N. Y. Cornell Sta 406 til rnips 755 wheat 186 111. Sta 215 Ind. Sta 510 Ky.Sta 227 N.J.Stas 35,299 N.C.Sta 172 Ohio Sta 241 S.C.Sta 330.536 trade in Indiana 69 Fertilizers- analyses. Ala. College Sta 6 Ark. Sta.. 281 Cal.Sta 592 Conn. State Sta... 8.213,763 Ky.Sta 237,791 La. Stas 444 Md.Sta set Mass. State Sta. . . .161, 162, 287, 864 Mich. Sta 290 N.J.Stas 168,292,299,310,523 N.Y. State Sta 89,311.399,401 N.C.Sta 713 1008 Pagew Fertilizers— analyses. Pa. Sta 713 R. I. .Sta 315, 530, 533, 622 S.C. Sta 214,536 Tex.Sta .— 246 Vt.Sta 471 W. Va. .Sta 628 as in-sectieides. N.J. St as 610 as insecticides for wireworms. N. Y. Cornell Sta 449 calculated vs. market price, Conn. StateSta 9 coopcr.iiive experiments with— Ala. College Sta 6»t Can.Sta 129 Conn. Storrs Sta 377 Del.Sta C86 Me. Sta 394 Md. Sta 514 Mass. Hatch Sta 164 R.I.Sta 530 decomposition. In soils 113 field experiments with IH«, 187 for crops in rotation, Ohio Sia 888 greenhouse plants, Mass. Hat;;h Sta 290 home-mixed, analyses. Conn. State Sta 8 mixing. N. J. Stas 168 inspection. Conn. State Sta 8,213,763 Ky. sta 227 I.a. Stas 4H Md. Sta .T .... mi Mass StateSta 161.162,864 Mich. Sta 290 N. J. Stas 168, 292. 2i»9, 310 N. Y. StateSta 311.399 N. C. Sta 709,712 R. I. Sta 31.% 623 Vt.Sta 171 VV. Va. St.i 628 methods of analysis. U. S. D. A 6.13 applying. S.C. Sta 324 l>erinanency of efTect. N. Y. State Sta. 40'i preparation and u.>-e, N. Y. State Sta. 89 prlcesof crude stix-k. Conn. State -Sta. 9 sotirce of nitrogen in. Vl. Sta 471 use. Cal. Sta .592 Ga. Sta 148,007 N. Y. State Sta .311 N. C. Sta 314 Ohio Sta 242 valuation. Conn. State Sta 8,213 Ky.Sta 227 La. St.as 444 Md.Sta. 864 Mass. State Sta 864 N.J. Stas 168,292,299,310 N.Y. StateSta 311 R.I.Sta 315 Vt.Sta 471 Fertilizing ooiistitueuts of— dairy products. N.Y. Stale Sta 89 feeding stuffs, N.Y. State Sta 89 lemons, Cal. Sta 81 oranges, Cal. Sta 81 Fertilizing materials- absorbed by sugar beets 926 compiled analyses. Mass. State Sta.. 162 Fescue- creeping glaucous, notes. Tenn. .Sta . 41 meadow, as a forage plant, Nev. Sta. 29 red. as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta 28 Nev. Sta 29 sheep's, as a forage plant. Nebr. Sta. 28 tall, analyses. Can. Sta 357 Conn. Storrs Sta 375 as a forage plant, Colo. Sta 85 Nev St.i 29 Wyo. Sta 51 for permanent meadows, Mich. Sta 398 Tennes.see. notes, Teim.Sta 41 Festuca elatior, notes. Co192 couiHjrailve, Ala. College Sta .. 684 Can.Sta 129 Conn. Storrs Sta . . .177 Del.Sta 686 Me. Sta 391 Md.Sta .M4 Mass. Hatch Sta .. 161 R.I.Sta 529 cooi>eratlve. In B.>l?lum e.VJ (Jermany 268- wlth alfalfa. Colo, ."sta 85 N.J. .Stas 29.1.300 Aztec coffee, Colo. Sta 82 barley 186,730,821 Ark.Sta 763 Cal. Sta 599 Can.Sta 128 Colo. Sta 85 beans. Me. Sta 394 brown dhoura. Kaus. Sta. 16 buckwheat, Can. Sta 300 Colo, .'^tr^ 85 chuma. Colo. Sta 82 clovers, Cal. Sta 82.86 Colo.Sta .599 corn. Ala. Canebrake Sta . .590 Ark.Sta 280 Colo.Sta 82,85 Conn.State Sta 14 Coim. .'^torrs Sta 377 Fla.Sta 604 1009 Page. Field experiments— with corn. Ga. Sta 604 lll.Sta 847 Ind. .Sta 831 Iowa Sta - 787 Kans. Sta 855 Mass. Hatch Sta ...164,807 Mo. Sta 24 Ohio Sta 94,887 R.I. Sta 5->9 S.C.Sta. 320,322 S. Dak. Sta 39 cotton. Ala. Cany brake Sta. 762 A la. College Sta... 684 Ark. Sta 28.5,762 Cal. Sta 599 Fla. Sta.. 604 Ga. Sta 691,693 S.C.Sta 3:22. .534 Tenu. Sta 540 Egyptian rice corn, Kans. Sta 16 English rye grass, Colo. Sta 85 fertilizers 186,187 Ark. Sta 281,285 Can. Sta 129 Conn. State Sta 14 Conn. Storrs Sta ....316. 377, 378 Ga. Sta 387,388 lll.Sta 215 Me. Sta 392,394 Md. Sta 513 Mass. Hatch Sta 164,165 Mo. Sta.. 25 N. J. Stas..32,3.5,293 N. Y. Cornell Sta 408 N. Y. State Sta 400,405 N. C. Sta 172 Ohio Sta 96 Pa. Sta 461,718 R.I. Sta--529,530,532 S.C. Sta-320,321,323, 324, .531, .536 Tenn. Sta .540 field peas, Colo. Sta 85 flax. Can. Sta. 360 Colo. Sta 82 Ma.ss. State Sta. 159 forage plants, Colo. Sta. . . 82 Ga. Sta 15 Kans. Sta.. 16 Nev. Sta ... 29 grasses, Cal. Sta - .599 Can. Sta 360 Colo. Sta 82 jute.- - 593 lentils, Colo. Sta 82 lupines. Colo. Sta 82 millet, Colo. Sta 85 Kans. .Sta 17 millo maize, Colo. Sta 82,85 Paca. Field experiments— with millo mal7.e, Kans. Sta 18 oats, Cal. Sta 599 Colo. Sta.. 85 Ga.Sta 387 Mass. Hatch Sta.... 867 Mass. State Sta 158 Nebr. Sta 28 N.Y. State Sta 400 Ohio Sta 888 R.I.Sta 529 S.C.Sta 320 peanuts, Colo. Sta 85 peas, Colo. Sta 85 potatoes 187 Ark. Sta 281 Can. Sta. 360 Fla. Sta 145 Mass. Hatch Sta 16.5,866 Mass. State Sta. 159 Mich. Sta 872 Miss. Sta 876 N.J. Stas 33 R.LSta 529 ramie, Cal. Sta 599 rape, Can. Sta 128 rice Fla. Sta 604 rye, Ark. Sta 763 Cal. Sta 599 Colo.Sta 85 Fla.Sta 145 R.I.Sta 529 sainfoin, Colo. Sta 85 silage corn, Kans. Sta 17 soja beans, Kans. Sta 17 S.C.Sta 325 sorghum, Ark. Sta 281 Cal. Sta 599 Colo.Sta 85 Kans. Sta 16,17 S.C.Sta 325 Tenn, Sta 40 spelt, Cal. Sta 599 sugar beets, Arlj. Sta 281 - Cal. Sta 599 Can. Sta 360 Nev. Sta 445 cane, Fla.Sta 604 La. Stas 861 S.C.Sta 325 sunflowers, Colo. Sta 82 teosinte, Kans. Sta 17 tobacco 662 S.C.Sta 325 vetches, Colo. Sta 83 wheat 186 Cal. Sta 599 Can. Sta 128 Colo.Sta 82,85 lll.Sta 515 Ind. Sta 510 Kans. Sta 223 Ky.Sta 2;J7 N.J.Stas 35 N.C.Sta 172 1010 Page. Field experiments— with wheat. Ohio Sta 211 S.C. Sta 320,536 Figs, culture, N.C.Sta 703 U. S. D. A 107 varieties. Cal. Sta 686 Can.Sta 361 Fire blight of pear.s. N. C. Sta 172 Fir-tree oil, for spotted mites. N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 92 Fish, analyses. Can.Sta 127 dry ground, analyses, Mass. State Sta 162 N. J. Sta.s.. 299 feeding experiments with 262 guano, analyse.-!, Cal. Sta 592 meal as a feeding stufT 928 pre.ss cake as a feeding stuff 579 scrap, analy.ses, La. Stas Ill N.J.Stas 523 S.C. Sta 536 wasii-. ;iii;iiyses. Mass. State Sta ..162,864 Flat scale, p .rasites, U. S. D. A 546 Flax, ash constituents, Cal. Sta 3r3 conilltiou,U. S. D. A 326 culture. Cal. Sta 591 Miss. Sta 8r5 field experirneats with— Can. Sta 380 Colo. Sta 82 Mass. State Sta 159 New Zealand, distribution, Cal. Sta .=>07 varietie.s. Mass. Hatch Sta H60 Nebr. Sta 701 Nev. Sta 802 N. Y.StateSla 401 Flaxseed, production. U. S. D. A 326 (•■•<. linseed m-'al for mllch cows, Iowa .St a 785 Flea bcetl<', cabbage, notes. Ky. Sta 860 cucumber, notes. Can. Sta.. 198 grap.!vlne, notes, C.in. Sta . 198 N.C.Sta.. 175 pigweed, notes. Ky. Sla 860 potato, notes. Ky. Sta 860 tobacco, notes, Ky. S la 860 trlan.rular. notes, Iowa Sta.. 784 turnip. Jiotes. Can. .Sta 198 wavy-strlnt'd. notes- Iowa Sta 784 Ohio Sta 97 U. S. D. A 54 W. Va. Sta 46 beetles, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 treatment. N. Y. State Sta. 403 Files, lace-winge.l, notes. N.C.Sta 175 Flocculation of soils. N.J.Stas 301 '• Flora Vita," analyses. Mass. State Sta.. 162 Florida College, notes 9.50 phosphates, analyses- Mass. State Sta 162 R.I. Sta 623 Vt.Sta 471 Station, bulletins . .145, 3d6, 510, COl, 930 PasA Florida Station, notes 7.V2 report 386 Flour com, Brazilian, analyses, Ga. Sta 16. 147 culture exi)eri- ments, Ga. i-ta.. 096 moth, Mediterranean, notes. Can. Sta 359 Flower pots, use, U.S.D.A 107 Flowers of sulphur for— cranberry (li.se.ase.s, N.J. Stas 307 rust of wheat. Kans. Sta 286 sweet-potato di.seases. N. J. Stas 307 Flowers, transpiration during develop- ment 719 Flukes of cattle. not«s, U. S. D. A 50." Fluorides, effect on yeast fermenta- tion .553, (j.V> Fluorine compounds, application to soils .t02 in germiuatiou of seeds .t02 Food aduUeraliou. legislation regard- ing, U. S. D. A.... 816 special report on. U. S, D. A 814 Foods, analyses. Conn. Storrs Sta 213 comparative value. Conn. Storrs Sta 2U ilige.stibility. Conn. Storrs Sti. .. 213 economy. Conn. Storrs Sia 213 Foot rot of sheep. nol\?s. La. .St.-vs I.V2 N. Dak. Sta... 619 I'orage garden of the Connecticut State Station 13 plants, analyses, N. J. Sias 2.K5 and grasses— exi)erim e n t s with. Md. Sta 514 notes. Ark. Sla 2X1 culture exiHTlmonts — Colo. Sta S2 Ga. Sta 1.5, 6J6 Kans Sta 16 Nev. Sta 29 W.vo. Sta 51 for Cal:fo.-ala .595 grown without irrigation. Colo. Sta K5 selection. Ga. Sla 148 species. Ark. Sla 284 varieties. La. Stas 860 UL-ih Sta 625 Foreign investigations, abstracts of re- port s 1 09 , 1 Ks . • «)6. .^l I . 417. 448, .5,50, 634, 732, 8IK, 910 l)ublicatlons. .articles In 499,.578, 6.54.748,831.924 Forest teni caterpillar, notes. Me. Sta. .. 399 N.V. State Sta 313 trees for Iowa planting 788 prairie planting. U. S D. A 105 notes. Tex. Sta 246 of Callfornlv 597 Iowa Nebnwka 521 1011 Forest trees, planting, Colo. Sta 85 U. S. D. A. 105, 107 Forester, eight-spotted, notes, N. J. Stas. 303 Forestry Association, American 431 Division, U. S. D. A . . . . 1 0 i, 658, 729, 908 general principles, U. S. D. A. . . 101 In a treeless cotintrj% U. S. D. A 105 wooded cotmtry, U. S. D. A 101 Ettrope. statistics. U. S. D. A. 105 management, U. S. D. A __. 104 Forest s, effect on rainfall S)ri() Formic acid, formation 9;J1 aldeliyde for untrition of green partsof plants 925 Fossil botany, treatise, U.S.D.A... 810 Foxtail gr.iss. analyses, W. Va. Sta &ld meadow, as a forage plant, Nev. Sta.._ 29 Fowl meadow grass- as a forage plant, Nev. Sta . _ _ 29 for permanent meadows, Mich. Sta.. 398 Fraxiiius ainericcina,notes,'!>ie\)v. Sta 522 piibefcsns, notes, Nebr . S ta 522 r/r/rfj.s, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 Freezing point of dilute aqneotis solu- tions 654 Freight rates of transportation compa- nies. U. S. D. A . .53, 101, 183, 353, 32a, 4! !, 543, 632, 728,813.r.03 Frit fl.v. A merican. notes. Can. Sta 197. 359 Ohio Sta 88.1 Frost grape, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Frosty mildew of peaches, notes, U. S. D.A .* 810 Fruit bark beetle, notes 6.37 condition and acre.^ge, U. S. D. A.. 107 culture in Colora:lo 686 Delaware 689 foreign cottutries, U. S. D.A 810 Michigan 700 NewM'Xico 886 rot of peaches, fungitides for. Mass. Hatch. Sta 864 treatment. N. J. Stas 878 plnms. fttngicides for, Mass. Hatch Sta.... 864 tomatoes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 409 trees, planting, U. S. D. A 107 prnniug, Tenu. Sta _ 42 worm of crauberriss, nates. Mass. Hatch Sta 871 Fruits, after-ripening 925 compilation of analyses, Mass. State Sta 162 condition, U. S. D. A 183, 253 dried, stxlphuriug, Cal. Sta 592 for planting in Iowa.. 788 planted at Lotiisiana Station 860 South California Stib- station 600 preservatives. Cal. Sta 5;i2 Fuels, Utah, composition, L'ta'.i Sta 62j Page. Fuels, Utah, heat vahte, Utah Sta 625 Fuel value of feeding stuffs, Conn. Storrs Sta - 386 Fuller's earth from Rossweiu, Saxony .. 831 tea.sel,notes, Cal. Sta 598 Fungicides and insecticides combined- Can. Sta 357 Mass. Hatch Sta 23,864 N. Y.CoruBll Sta 523 N.Y.StateSta 403 Ohio Sta 96,621 Vt. Sta 101,480,892 effect on foliage. Can. Sta 357 experiments with— Can. Sta 197 Mass. Hatch Sta 23 for anthracnose o"i grapes. Conn. State Sta 10 apple scab, Ohio Sta 620 black rot of grapes. Conn. State Sta 10 cherries, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 corn siuut, Iowa. Sta 787 grapes, Mass. Hatch Sta. . 23 leaf spot of — c'.ierries, Coiiu. State Sta 10 plums.Conn. State Sta 10 qtiinces. Conn. State Sta 10,770 pear leaf blight. Del. Sta. 144 ixitato blight. Conn. State Sta 10 scab, N. Dak. Sta. 619 rust of sorghtim, Kans. Sta -- 287 shot-hole fttngtis of pltmis. Ohio Sta 621 smut of corn. Iowa. Sea .. 787 Kans. Sta.. 287 wheat, Kans. Sta 225,286 Strawberry rust, Conn. State Sta 10 preparation, Iowa Sta 217 preparatiou and use 819 Conn. State Sta 11 Mass. Hatch Sta 23 Mich. Sta. 871 N.J. Stas.. 297 N. C. Sta . . 172 N. Y. Cor- nell Sta. 525 Ohio Sta.. 620 Pa. Sta 889 R.I. Sta... 889 Teun. Sta. 470 W. Va. Sta 808 Fimgi. provisional host in lex, U. S. D. A. 810 Fungous disease, new, in Iowa. U. S. D. A. 810 Fungous diseases- affecting cranberries, N. J. Stas 306 of celery, N. J. Stas 884 grapes, Teun. Sta 470 1012 Page. Fungous diseases— of plants, notes, Ky. Sta 859 N. Y. State Sta 313 sugar beets. Iowa Sta 783 sweet potatoes. N.J. Stas 307 tomatoes. N. Y. Cornell Sta 91 wireworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta 448 report 234 treatment. Iowa Sta 217 Fungus of cranberry gall, notes, N. J. StJis 307 FiMariam culmorum, notes, Del. Sta 689 lycopersiel, notes, Conn. State Sta 10 Fusicladiuin dendriticum. (See Apple scab. ) pyrinittn, notes. N. Y. State Sta 313,403 Galega officinalis, notes, Colo. Sta 85 Wyo. Sta 51 Galeruca xanthomelana, notes, N. J. Stas. 238 U.S.D.A. 415 Gall fungus, cranberry, N. J. Stas 297 makers, notes. U.S.D.A 327 Galls on plants, production 749 Galphimia humboVitiana, notes. U. S. D. A. 104 Garbage refuse, analysis, R. I. Sta 623 Garden lemon, notes, K. I. Sta 532 Gardens and Grounds, Division, U. S. D. A 106 Garlic, notes, \V. Va. Sta 893 Gases in the paunch of cattle, investiga- tion ^.. 656 Gas Hme, analysis. Can. Sta 357 N.J.Stas ."123 for sweet potato diseases, N. J. Stas 307 wireworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta 419 treatment for scale Insects. Cal. Sta. 601 Oelechia cereallclla, notes, Miss. Sta 702 N.C. Sta 175 intermediella. notes. IT. S. D. A... 55 Gcocoris bulhita. notes. Iowa Sta 784 Geologist, report, Nebr. Sta 27 N.J.Stas 296,301 Geology of the r.,aramle plains. Wyo. Sta. 52 Otoiiujidif in Idaho. U. S. D. A 181 Georgia Staiiim. bulletins 15, 146. 387,604, 691,693,777 equipment 135 information relating to. 146 notes 135.656,a33 report 601 Gfranhim caroUnuinuin. notes, Cal. Sta -.598, 599 disKectiim. notes, Cal. Sta !>99 Geriniiiation apparatus, description 211 effect of boracic acid 579 of ,seeds. effect of electricity, Mas.s, Hatch Sta 518 weeviledpeas. Kans. Sta. ' 18 tests, Can. Sta 356 Conn. State Sta 143 Iowa Sta 217 Me.Sta .S95 Pa.Sta 461 Germ meal, analyses, can. Sta 337 Giant root borer, notes, N.J. Stas 7Jo Gid of sheep, notes. La. Stas 152 Gilia »3««/T0»a, notes, Cal. Sta .'>98 Ginseng production, statistics. Can. Sta. 131 Girdling grapevines, Mass. Hatch Sta. . 865 Glanders and farcy, nature and effects, Mich Sta 521 in Texas, U. S. D. A r29 nature and treatment. Colo. Sta. 685 Miss. Sta. 393 S.Dak.Sta 537 Glassy-winged soldier bug, notes, Tenn. Sta 42 tiledUsclda triacaidhos, notes. Nebr. Sta . . .'>22 Gliadin in oats. Conn. State Sta 11 Glixosporiuin caUilpce. notes, U. S. D. A 810 decolorant. not«s, U. S. D. A. 810 J'rur(ifj(^nnm — nature and treatment. Conn. State Sta 846 treatment, N. J. Stas 878 vielongeiuv. notes, N. J. Stas 307 necator, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 nf/Twe'/tfi/OT.notes, U.S.D.A. 810 piperituin. notes, N. J. Stas . 307 ventliim. nature and treat- ment.Conn. State Sta 847 n<)tes. Ohio Sta 411 r.'r;*iVo/(y, notes. Ky. Sta 860 r/o/(*,notes, N. J. Stas 307 Glover's scale, description and treat- ment. Ore. Sta 889 Gluco.se. formation in the body 928 Glue for scale insects, U.S.D.A 54 Gluten meal- analyses, Iowa Sta 220 Miss. State. Sta r7,2?8 N.J.Stas 2W,^<78 N. Y.Cornell Sta 016 in diet for milch cows— lowaSta 219 Mass. State Sta 287 pigs, Mass. StattSta I5fl Vt.Sta 478 steers. Mass. State Sta 102 vs. com meal for butter production. N. H. Sta 66 cotton-seed meal for butter pro- duction. N.H.Sta 80 skim milk for butter production, N.H.Sta 86 Glutinlno;its, Conn. State Sta II Glycerin-alkali method for determining crude fiber 910 In an acid solution, oxitdalon.. 924 wines and other fermented liquors 924 Glycogen formation after consumption of sugars 928 Ghjcyrrhiza Upidota. note.s, Cal. Sta 598 Gnaphalium obtutifolium, analyses, W.Va. Sta 629 1013 Page. GnaphaHumpurpurmm, notes, Cal. Sta. . . 599 Goats, feeding experiments with 2CC Golden currant, notes, Nobr. Sta 523 hawkweed, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 616 rod, analyses. W. Va. Sta 62D notes, Wyo. Sta S2 Gompliocar/iiig (omentosus, notes, Cal. Sta. 508 Goniortma pallida, notes. U. S. D. A 327 Gooseberries, mildew. Can. Sta 197 varieties. Can. Sta ...356,360,361 Colo. Sta 85 Iowa Sta 788 Mich. Sta 701 N.Y. StateSta.314,-102 Gooseberry. Cape, notes. N. Y. Cornell Sta - 618 mildew, notes, Can. Sta 197 remedies, N. Y. Sta 403 prickly, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 smooth, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 Goosefoot.notes, N. J. Stas 308 Gortyna nitela, description and treat- ment, Ohio Sta 889 notes, U. S. D. A 54 Gouty-gall beetle, raspberry, N. J. Stas. . . 703 W.Va.Sta..l6. 102 Government work and the Patent Office, U.S.D.A 327 Grafting of Crucifera 926 plums.Ala. College Sta 583 on crab apple stocks, Mass. Hatch Sta.. 865 Grain beetle, red, notes. Miss. Sta 702 beetles, bisulphide of carbon for. Ore. Sta 452 condition, U.S.D.A 813 handling and marketing. Wash. Sta - 807 moth. Angoumois, notes, Miss.Sta. 702 N.C. Sta. 175 U. S. D.A. 813 plant louse, notes, Ark. Sta 282 Ky. Sta 792,859 N.J. Stas 309 N.C. Sta 175 Ohio Sta 176 W. Va.Sta 46 ration for cows at pasture, N. Y. Cornell Sta 613 seed, test. Can. Sta 356 smut, N.C. Sta 172 spheuophorus, description and treatment, Ohio Sta 889 tester, experiments with. Ind. Sta. 510 toxoptera, notes, U.S.D.A 811 winter, condition, U. S. D. A 603 Grains, cold storage 928 " Gr ano " gluten, analyses, N. J. Stas 878 Grape, coloring matter, origin and na- ture 749.923 ciu-culio, notes, N. C. Sta.. 175 diseases, treatment, Del. Sta 688 early wild, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 frost, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Pago. Grape leaf blight, notes, n. Y. state Sta. 313, 403 Tenn. Sta 470 folder, notes, Ark. Sta 282 hoppei", fungous diseases, Conn. State Sta.... 10 notes. Can. Sta IW Colo. Sta 8 N. Mex. Sta .. 230 parasite. Tenn. Sta.. 42 mildew, notes. Mass. State Sta ... 161 Vt. Sta 479 treatment. N. J. Stas 878 phymatodes, notes, N. J. Stas 298 plume moth, notes, N. J. Stas 298 r.jt, notes, N. J. Stas 297 white, notes, N. Y. State Sta . 403 summer, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Graperies, borders for, U. S. D. A 107 Grapes, analyses. Mass. Hatch Sta. 24 anthracnose. Conn. .State Sta ...10,847 N. Y. State Sta . . .313, 403 N.C. Sta 172 Tenn. Sta 470 bagging, Ala. Canebrake Sta ... 370 Kans. Sta 789 N.J. Stas 171 bitter rot, N. Y. State Sta 403 black rot. Conn. State Sta 10, 847 Ind. Sta 781 Mass. Hatch Sta 864 N. J. Stas 878 N. Y. State Sta .313,403 N. C. Sta 172 R. I. Sta 889 Tenn. Sta 470 brown rot. Tenn. Sta. 470 copper in, Del. Sta 690 Kans. Sta.. 789 diseases. Tenn. Sta 470 downy mildew — Can. Sta.. 197 Conn. State Sta 847 Mich. Sta. 871 N. Y. State Sta 403 N. C. Sta 172 effect of electricity, Mass. Hatch Sta.. 519 stripping leaves 656 from girdled vines. quality, Mass. Hatch Sta 24 fungicides for, Mass. Hatch Sta. 23 growth 750 insecticidesfor, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 investigation ..'. 928 muriate vs. sulphate of potash for, Mass. Hatch Sta 24 Persian and Italian.iii California 595 powdery mildew— Ind. Sta....;. 781 Mass. Hatch Sta 864 Mich. Sta 871 N.Y. State Sta 313,403 propagation. U.S.D.A 107 thrips on, U. S. D.A 107 varieties, Ala. Canebrake Sta... 370 Ala. College Sta 688 1014 Page. Grapes, varletiep. Ark.Sta 282,635 Can.Sta 356.361 Colo.Sta 8i.85 Fla..Sta 386 Iowa Sta 788 Kans. Sta 788 Mass. Hatch Sta 8J5 Mich. Sta 701 Miss. Sta 876 Mo. Sia -145 N.Y. State Sta 403 Pa. Sta 722 Tenu. Sta 723 Grapevinp raterpillar. spotted, notes. N. C. Sta 175 flea beetle, aotes, Can. Sta 198 N.C.Sta.... 175 leaf hopper, notes. Can. -Sta ... 197 roller, notes, N. C. Sta 175 sawfly, notes, N. J. Stas 298 Grapevine -.^hilling, Mass. Hatch Sta... 24 Grajjholil/ia interstinctaaa, notes — Iowa Sta 222,784 U. S. D. A 327 trhinlweana. notes 278 Grapla interroijaliouis. notes, S. C. Sta .. 318 Grass, alkali, notes, Cal. Sta .598 fertilizer te.-its. Conn. Storrs Sta. 377 lands, draining, Mass. State Sta . . 160 mixtures 836 Can.Sta 129 pasiur*'. analyses, N.J. Stas 296 digestibility. Pa. Sta... 451. 455 sawflies. notes. U. S. D. A 546 seeds, germination tests. Can. Sta 3.56 Iowa Sta 217 Grasserie of silkworm.^, notes. U. S. D. A. IKl Grasses, analyses, Colo. Sta 82 Tex. Sta 890 ar.d forage plants, expi-riments— Ark.Sta 281 Md. Sta 514 Nebr. Sta &j compositiou at different stages of growth. Tex. Sta 890 condition, U. S. D.A 107,183 culture exi>eriments. Cal. Sta. . 599 Can. Sta . 360 Colo. Sta. 82,84 Miss. Sta. 875 Wyo.Sta. 51 J for California .595 lawn, tests. R. I. Sta fO'i pastures, C;»n. Sta 128 insects affecting, in Washing- ton. U. C, U.S.D.A 548 of Arizona 280 the Southwest. U. S. D. A .... 548 United Slates and BrltLsh America, monograph, U.S.D.A 631 "Wyoming 51 pasture, spe-^ies, Tenn. Sta 41 seeding at different dates. Iowa Sta -- 78."> species.Ark. Sta 281 1 Papo. Grasses, species. Fla. Sta 386 La. Stas 860 Nebr. Sta 703 Utah Sta 625 Grasshoppers, injuries from. U. S. D. A. 327 notes, Iowa Sta 784 Minn. Sta 228 U. S. D. A 53,55 Rocky Mountain. Iowa Sta 222 Gray plant bug. notes. Iowa Sta 784 Greasewood, ash constituents, Cal. Sta. 373. 592 notes. Nebr. Sta 521,522 Greasy cutworm, notes. N. C. Sta 175 Green aphis, description and treatment, Ore. Sta 889 ash. notes. Nebr. Sta 522 Greenbrier, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Greeuhou.se heating, Mass. Hatch Sta... 289 plants, fertilizers for. Ma.ss. Hatch Sta 290 Greenhouses, glazing. U. S. D. A 107 Green manures for cotton, Ala. Cane- brake .Sta 762 use. Ga. Sta 148 manm-ing, experiments in— France 112 Germany 9:;7 plantsfor 9--7 Btriped maple worm, notes. U. S. D. A 53 Ground beetle as enemy of the locust, Minn. Sta 228 Grub in the head of sheep, notes. La. Stas. 152 white, notes. Ark. Sta 282 Grylltmsp., notes. U. S. D. A 812 Guauidln and its comiwunds, thermo- chemlcal, study 924 occurrence In plants 914 Guano, analyses. Cal. Sta 592 bat. aualyses. Conn. .State .Sta .. 764 Guernsey cows, composition of milk from. N.Y. State Sta. 312 cxi)erlment3 with. N. Y. StateSta 312 Guinea com. as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta. 51 Gutierrtzidtulhatiiia. notes, Nebr. .Sta ... .522 Gytniiocladiis caitadtusi*, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 GyiniiOKjtoraiigiiiin — Connecticut species. Conn. StateSta. 773 gr/oioi*!///!. notes. Conn. State .Sta 10 tnacropiix, treatment. N. J. Stas tT8 Gypsum, analyses. Cal. Sta 590 Can.Sta a57 La. St!is 444 Ore. Sta 412 Vt. Sta 471 for corn. Kans. Sta 858 oatsand barley 262 Gypsy moth. Ma-ssachusettslaw again.st. U.S.D.A 183 notes. Mass. Hatch Sta 699, 869 U.S.D.A 53 parasite. Mass. Hatch Sta . 869 Haclclteiry, notes, Iowa. Sta 778 1015 Pap>. Hackberry, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Hixmatobia serrata, notes. Iowa. Sta 218 Ky. Sta 792 Miss. Sta 876 N. J. Stas 297 N. Y. Cornell Sta 617 U. S. D. A 327 Hair grass. Northern, as a forage plant, W.vo. Sta 51 manure. anal.yses, N. J. Stas 523 Halle Station, feeding experiments. 507. 5o9, 557 for nematode diseases, report _ 820 reports 260 Haltica chalybea, notes, Can. Sta 198 N. C. Sta ._.. 175 nmnamelifs virginiaiHi. notes. Nebr. Sta .. 522 Harlequin bug. notes. N. C. Sta 175 Harrows, dynamometer tests of draft, Utah Sta .- 100 "Harvey's Universal Vegetable Food,"' analyses, Mas:^. State Sta 157 Hawkweed. golden, notes, N. Y. C iruell Sta... 616 notes, Iowa Sta 217 Hawthorn, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Hay, analyses. Conn. Storrs Sta 380 Miss. Sta._ 875 N.Y. State Sta.. 401 Tenn.Sta. 40 caps, tests, Md. .Sta 514 in diet for sheep. Utah Sta 624 steers, Va. Sta. 179 milch cows. Vt. .Sta 473 loss by exposiu'e to rain 268 making. Fla. Sta 604 spontaneous combustion. 832 vs. silage for milch cows, N. H. Sta. 86 yield in Great Britain... 835 the United States.U. S.D. A.34, 414 Hazelnut, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Hazel, witch, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 Head scab of sheep, nature and treat- ment, S. Dak. Sta 537 Heats of combu.stion, investigation 924 Hedge mustard, notes. Cal. Sta 598 Hedges, care, U.S. D. A 107 Hedobia granosa, notes, U. S. D. A 812 Hedysarain coroiiaria, notes — Mass. State Sta_ 159 Wyo. Sta 51 Heifers, feeding experiments with. Md. Sta 007. Helenium autumnale. notes, S. C. Sta 318 HeUanthus animus, notes, Cal. Sta 598 calif ornicus, notes, Cal. Sta . . . 598 tnberosKS. notes. Cal. Sta 444 Hdiothis armigera, notes, Ky. Sta 859 Miss. Sta 876 N. C. Sta 175 U. S. D. A 53,.54 Hellebore for cabbage maggot. Can. .Sta. 359 ciuTant worm, N. Y. State Sta 403 Eilorm §p., notes, W. V^a. Sta. ,...r. ...... 47 Page. Hemiptera. bacteria normal to digestive organs, U. S. D. A 811 IJemisuga hastafa. r^otes, U. S. D. A.. 813 Ileinizonia elegans. notes, Cal. Sta. 598 lazuli!' folia, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Hemp, ash constituents, Cal. Sta 373 varieties. Mass. Hatch Sta 869 Ihndersonia geographica. notes.U. S. D. A. 810 Hen manure, analyses, Conn. State Sta.. 764 Mass. State Sta.. 162 N. J. Stas 523 Hens, feeding experiments with — Can. Sta 3'30 N. Y. State Sta 36,705 nitrogenous vs. carbonaceous diet for. N. Y. State Sta 37 number of eggs produced by, N. Y. State Sta 30 oyster shells in diet for, N. Y. State Sta.. 705 salt in diet for, N. Y. State Sta 708 settim;. Can. Sta 359 tallow in diet for, N. Y. State Sta. 707 weight of eggs produced by, N. Y. State Sta 33 Herbarium pest, notes, U. S. D. A 41 1 United States National, con- tributions from ..103,631 Herd's grass, ^3ee Timothy.) Herrings, salt, analyses, Conn. State Sta . 13 Hesiieromys criiiitus.n. sp.,U. S. D. A 18J Hessian fly. injury to cereals, Cal. .Sta.. 600 notes 657 Can. Sta._._ 197,a59 Ky. Sta 792 N. C. Sta . 175 Ohio Sta 176,412 U. S. D. A ........55,811 parasites for. U. S. D. A 547 Heteroptera of Tennessee 325 HeteropterysimrUllana, notes, U. S. D. A. . 103 Hfxacladia stnifhii, n. sp. , notes, U. S. D. A . liS Hickory, big. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 bitter, notes, Nebr. Sta. 521 shellbark, notes, Nebr. S a 521 Eicoria. (See Carya.) Hitracium auraaliacum, notes, Iowa Sta . 217 N. Y. Cor- nell Sta. 616 Hilaria jamesii, Ariz. Sta 280 mutica. notes, Ariz. Sta 280 rigida, notes, Ariz. Sta 280 U. S. D. A... 548 Hill worm, notes. N. C. Sta. 175 Hippodamia coiii-'i-gens. notes. Miss. Sta. 876 Hog cholera, inoculation for. U. S. D. A . . 894 investigations. La. Stas 152 S.C. Sta.... 319 U. S. D.A.. 729 Hogs, parasites. U. S. D. A 501 Holcuslanatus, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, Colo. Sta 85 Nev. Sta 29 Teun. Sta 41 Holderness cows, composition of milk from, N.Y. StiHe Stfi .,,..,...,,„,..,,,. 31^ 1016 Paga HoMerness cows, experiments with. N. Y. State Sta 3)2 Hollyhock bug, notes, Mich. Sta 291 leaf spot, notes, N. J. Stas 307 rust, notes. Mass. State Sta.. 161 N. J. Stas 307 Vt. Sta 479 remedies, N. Y. State Sta 403 Holstein cows- composition of milk, Can. Sta 357 Me. Sta 21 experiments with. Me. Sta 19 N. Y. State Sta... 312 yield of milk from. Me. Sta 20 nomalo7nyia sp., notes. Iowa Sta 784 Hominy meal, analyses, N.J. Stas 878 Honey, adulteration, U. S. D. A 814 analyses, U. S. D. A 814 comb, analyses. Can. Sta 357,359 locust, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Honeysuckle- small, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Tartarian, summer propagation. Minn. Sta 230 trumpet, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 yellow, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Hoof meal, analyses. Conn. State Sta 8 Hop plant louse, repression, U. S. D. A. . . 5") Hops, examination 927 yield in Great Britain 835 Eordeum juhntitm, notes, Cal. Sta 598 7HMri/i»m, notes, Cal. Sta l... 598 Horn fly, uoten. Iowa Sta 218 Ky. Sta 792 Miss. Sta 876 N.J. Stas 297 N. Y. Cornell Sta 617 \V. Va. Sta 46 U. S. D. A 327 prevalence in Mississippi. U. S. DA 812 remedies, U. S. D. A 327 Horse beans, analyses, Conn. Storrs Sta. 375 culture experiments. Mass. State Sta 159 breeding in New Jersey, U. S. D. A. 729 manure, analyses, K. I. Sta 315 nettle, notes, Iowa Sta.. 217 radish, leaf spot, notes. N. J. Stas . . 307 show at Chicago in I80O. U. S. D. A. 729 sorrel, analyses, N. J. .Stas 296 Horses- blanketing vs. not blanketing. Utah Sta 806 brewers' grains in diet for 750 colkir galls, II. I. Sta 214 condition, U.S. U. A 813 disease due to moldy corn, Kaus. Sta. 3S9 enzootic cerebritis, Kaus. Sta 388 faulty appetite. It. I. Sta.. 244 health as affected by improper feed- ing. La. Stas 152 staggers, Kans. Sta 388 statistics 201 watering, Utah Sta 2«'0, 4ro Horses- whole »«. ground grain for. Utah Sta. 470 Horseweed. notes. N. J. Stas 308 Horticulture at Ark. Sta 282 Can. Sta 356 Colo. Sta 82.8.") Del. Sta 689 Iowa Sta 223 Kans. Sta 18 Md. Sta 514 Minn. Sta 2t Mo. Sta 445 Nev. Sta m N. Y. Slate Sta 401 N. C. Sta 80.1 Ohio Sta 411 R. I. Sta 530 Tex. Sta 246 Vt. Sta 479 Wyo. Sta 51 In England 435 Host and p-arasite. relation between in diseases of plants. U. S. D. A 811 index, provisiimal, of the fungi of the United States. U. S. D. A 810 Hot water for corn smut. Iowa Sta 7S7 potato scab. N. Dak. Sta.. 619 rose chafers. Mich. Sta 29! N.J Stas.... 171 rust of sorghum. Kans..sta. 287 smut of oats. Ivan>i. Sta.226 286.791 N. Dak. Sta .. 806 Ohio Sta 806 Vt. Sta 892 wheat. Ohio Sta .. 243 House fly, notes, Ky. sta 792 W. Va. Sta 4I-. Huasco grai)e cuttings, distrlnutlon, Cal. Sta 597 Humlc acid fnjm sugar, calorlmetric tests 6.^') oxidation 578.635 Humus, determination and fun'-tion of mineral substances in 655 nature and function of sulphur In 578 nitrlflcatlon 6.55 nitrogenous compounds In 655 oxidation 378,635 jiroportion of nitrogen as affect- ing nitrification 655 substances of soils 119,655 Hungarian brome grass, adaptation, Cal. Sta 595 grass as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 29 indiet foriiigs, Me.Sta. 392 Hurtful leaf hopper, notes, Iowa Sta 218 Husk tomatoes, notes. N. Y. Cornell .Sta. 617 I/l/'ilniili'n vifriiieiinif. notes. Tenn. .Sta 42 Jlydnocera scabra, notes. U. S. D. A 812 Hydrangea- notes. Iowa Sla 788 summer pi-opogatlnn, Minn. Sta 230 Hydrate of (■i>ppvr, preparation and use. N. V. Cornell Sla 528 1017 Paga Hydrate of copper, with Pai"is green. N. Y. Cornell Sta 5:^5 Hydrobatid water bug, n. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 548 Hydrochloric acid for potato scab, N. Dak. Sta.. 019 Hydrocyanic acid gas for scale insects, U. S. D. A 54,183 Hydrofluoric acid in manufacture of alcohol.. ;.M1 Jfi/lantcs trifolii, notes, Ohio Sta '.»' llymenatherum anomalum, notes U. S. D. A 103 Hymenoptera, parasitic, notes, U. S. D. A 183,414 Hypliantria cuiiea, notes. Can. Sta 198 Ky. Sta 793 Me. Sta 396 N. J. Stas 2f8 N.Y. State Sta. 313 U. S. D. A...... .54 Ilyporhiiria radicata. notes, Cal. Sta 599 spp., notes, Cal. Sta 598 f/ypodenna bovis, notes, Ky. Sta 860 llneafa, migration. U. S. D. A. .501 Hyposulphite of soda for brown rot of stone fruits, Ky. Sta 860 Hypoxanthiu, investigation 748 llyftfricidiv, in Idaho, U. S. D. A 184 Iceland moss, analyses. Conn. State Sta. 9 Jcerya purchasi, in St. Helena. U. S. D. A. 813 sp., notes, U. S. D. A 183 Ichneumon cesius as enemy of the o.ik looper. Can. Sta 359 Ichthyiira inclusa, notes, U. S.D. a 51 Idaho Station, notes 930 Ilex ca.isine, analyses, U. S. D. A 415 Illinois Station, bulletins.. ..149,3I5,7r7, 779,847 notes 13-), 6.36, 753 report 444 Imbibition of rocks, U. S. D. A 333 Imported— cabbage butterfly, note.s, Can. Sta. .. 198 Ohio Sta... 176 currant borer, notes, N. Y. State Sta. 313 worm, notes, Ky. Sta 793 N.Y. State Sta. 313 VV. Va. Sta 46 Incubators, con.struction, N. Y. State Sta - 399 Index to station publicatious 760 mycolosjical literature 759, 81 1 Indiana Purdue University, note.? 69 Station, bulletins.. 510,513,780,851 Indian cetouia, notes, Iowa Sta 783 cherry, notes, Nebr. Sta 531 currant, notes, Nebr. Sta 533 millet as a forage plant, W.yo. Sta. 51 tobacco, analyses, W. Va. Sta 63J India rubber plants, notes, U. S. D. A 107 Indigo, false, notes, Nebr. Sta 533 Industry vs. speculation, U. .S. D. A 813 Inflainination of lungs of sheep, nature and treatment, N. Dak. Sta 619 lUocuUUlon for hog cholera. U. S, D. A . . 8M of soil for lupines...... 493,553 Page. Inoculation of soil for serradella 4;)9 vetches 499 insect embryology, treatise, U. S. D. A... 813 enemies of the locust. Minn. Sta . . 228 exterminator, analy.ses, N. H. Sta. 293 Life. vols. Ill and i v, U. S. D. A . . . 53, 138,336,414,546,811 trap, test. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 Insecticides- analyses, Mass. State Sta 162 and fungicides combined- Can. .Sta 357 Mass.Hatch Sta 23,864 N.Y.Cornell Sta 523 N.Y. State Sta 403 Ohio Sta 96,621 Vt. Sta 101,480,892 effects on foliage 9,36 experiments with, N. Y. Cornell Sta . 93 U.S.D.A 54 W.Va.Sta 46 for cherries, Mass.Hatch Sta 23 cotton worm. Ark. Sta 383 grapes, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 peaches, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 \ pears, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 Phylloxera, U..S.D.A 54 plums, M-.iss. Hatch Sta... 23 potatoes, Mass.Hatch Sta 23 rose chafers, N.J. Stas 171 •scale insects, U. S. D. A 54 strawberries. Mass. Hatch .Sta . . 2i wireworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta 447 kerosene emulsicm, U.S.D.A 53 preparation and use -- 819 Can. Sta 197 Fla. Sta 386 Iowa Sta 223 Mass. Hatch Sta 23 Mich. Sta 871 N.C. Sta 175 Pa.Sta 452 R.I. Sta 452 W.Va.Sta 808 Insects affecting apples. N. Y. State Sta 403 U.S.D.A .54 blackberries, N. J. Stas . 705 U.S.D.A. 811 black spruce trees, W. Va. Sta 47,102 cabbages, Ohio Sta 97 clover. Ohio Sta 97 cocoanut palms, U. .S. D. A 812 farm crops, W. Va. Sta. 101 fruits. N.J. Stas 878 N. Me X.St a ....230,886 garden crops, W. Va. Sta 101 grapes. Ark. Sta 282 N.J. Stas 878 grasses in Washington, D.C.. U. S. D. A.. 548 locu.st trees, VV. Va,. Sta-47, 103 1018 Page. Insects affecting M?Jiterranean oranges. U.S.D.A 813 peaches^N.Y. State Sta. 403 plums. N. Y. State Sta. 403 sngar bests, Iowa Sta.. 783 U.S.D.A.. 53 cane 278 sweet potatoes. N. J. Stas 309 tobacco in Florida, U. S.D.A - 813 tomatoes. N.Y.Cornell Sta 91 wheat. Ohio Sta 889 young fruit trees. Ore. Sta 889 beneiicial— collection in Australia. U. S. D. A .546,813 Sandwich I.s- lands. U. S. D. A 51C notes, N. C. Sta 175 farm practice and fertilizers for controlling, U. S. D. A 811 injurious- history of ob.servations, U. S. D. A 812 in .Arkansas. U. S. D. A 183 Kiiglaud. U. S. D. A 3->r low.i. U. S. D. A 55 Mississippi. U. S. D. A .... 327 Nebraska. U. S. D. A .. .... 53 New Jcr.sey, U. S. D. A .... 327 South Dakota. U. S. D. A . 327 Texas. U.S. D. A 183 means of repression. N. J. Stas GIO methods of treatment . W. Va. Sta 808 notes. Ark. Sta 382 Can. Sta Iowa Sta Ky. Sta Me. Sta Mich. Sta N. J. .*^tas N. Y. State Sta... N. C. Sta 197 218 859 398 291 ..... 309 ...313,403 175 Ohio Sta 90,176 U.S.D.A 811 orders. Ore. Sta 452 Inspection of fertilizers - Conn. State Sta. . . s. 213. 763 Ky.Sta - ... 2-:7 La. Stas 4U Md. Sta 864 Mass. Sta 161,162,861 Mich. Sta 290 N.J. Stas 168,292,299,310 N.Y. State Sti 311,399 N.C.Sta 709,712 R.I. Sta 31.623 Vt. Sta 471 ■\V. Va.Sta,„ ,„„ 628 Page. Internal treatment with copper sulphate for Peronospora 938 Intei'uational Congress of Experiment .Stations, report 660 Invert sugar, effect of acetate of lead on deteimination by the Fehling-Soxhlet method 924 Investigations, foreign, abstracts of re- ports, U. S. D. A.... 103, 18.5, 256, 331. 417, 488, .550, 634,732,818,910 Investigators and teachers, relation be- tween 140 Iowa Station, bulletins 216, 219, 78:. 785 notes 135.270 Ipochutt fasciatuH. notes, U. S. D. A 812 Ipomceaala/a, notes. U.S.D.A 103 bract eat a. notes, U. S. D. A 104 ;wrtrfur«/a. notes. W. Va. Sta 893 purpurea. notes, W. Va.Sta 893 Iris. German, boron, copper, and lithium in 925 Iron chloride— for rust of sorghum. Kans. Sta . 287 wheat. Kans. Sta .... 286 smut of corn. Kans. Sta 287 with arsenites, N.C.Sta 175 oxide, effect on potato scab. Conn. State Sta 773 Iron sulphate- effect on conservation of nitrogen in bare soiLs 7.50,917 nitrification 917 vitality of seed wheat. Can. Sta 358 experiments with, Mass. Hatch Sta . 864 for brown rot of .stone fruits. Ky. Sta 860 criinberry dlsea.ses. N. J. Stas 307 In soils, effect on cereals 919 preparation and use, Mass. Hatch Sta. 23 reaction with phosphates 927 with arsenites. N. C. Sta 175 Ironweed, analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 Ironwood. notes. Xebr. Sta .521 W. Va. Sta 893 Irrigation, apparatus for raising water . 6.56 artesian wells for, Colo. Sta. . 373 eugin>»erlng. Colo. Sta 82 experiments— in Louisiana 860 South Dakota 890 on sugar beets. Nev. Sta .. 445 cane. La. Stas ... 861 for fniits. N. Mex. Sta 886 in Australia. U.S.D.A .328 Colorado. U.S. D. A 328 Idaho. U.S.D.A 328 Montana, U.S.D.A 32« Oregon. U. S. D. A 328 the United States, U. S. D. A 328 Wa.shiugt on, U. S.D.A 328 Inquiry. Office. U. S. D. A 328 literatia-e. Colo. Sta 48 statistics. Colo. Sta 83 waters, analyses, Colo. Sta ... 83 OlO Page. Isomaltose from fei"raontatlon of starch, determination 831 , 924 Isosoma hortlei, description and treat- ment, Oliio Sta 889 tritici. description and treat- ment, Ohio Sta 889 Italian rye grass as a forage plant. Nev. Sta 39 culture. JLia. Stas 8J0 Ivy, poison, notes, Nebr. Sta r>il Lroilex horix, notes. U. S. D. A 501 Japan clover as a forage plant, Nev. Sta . 30 Japanese bean.s, varieties, Mass. Hatch Sta 809 biielcwheat, analyses. Mass. State Sta... 159 wheat grass, adaptation, Cal. Sta 595 JaS8i(f(V. notes, U. S. D. A 55 Jersey cows, composition of milk- Can. Sta 357 Me. Sta 21 N.Y.StateSta 312 experiments with— Me.Sta 19 N.Y.StateSta 312 yield of millc from. Me. Sta. 20 kale, adaptation, Cal. Sta... 50G Jerusalem artichoke, notes, Cal. .Sta 444 variation in com- position... 655 corn, culture tests, Nebr. Sta. 703 Johnson grass, adaptation, Cal. Sta ,593 analyses, Texas Sta 890 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 29 Tex. Sta 890 Joint worm of wheat, description an.l treatment, Ohio Sta 889 Juglans cinerea, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 nigra, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Juncuii effusus, notes, Cal. Sta 598 June beetle, green, notes, N. Mex. Sta.. 230. 883 bug. notes, N. C. Sta 175 grass, analyses. Can. Sta 357 Juneberries, varieties, Iowa Sta 788 Juniper, notes, Nebr. Sta .521 Juaiperus communis, notes, Nebr, Sta .521 virrjiiiiana, notes, Nebr. Sta .521 Jute, field experiments with, Cal, Sta 599 waste, analyses. Mass, State Sta ... 162 Kafilr corn, adaptation, Cal. Sta 5.)6 analyses. Ga. Sta 15 cultin-e experiments— Ga. Sta 686 Kans. Sta 16 Nebr. Sta 703 yield per acre, Kans. Sta ... 16 Kainit, analyses. Conn. State Sta 8 Ky. Sta 791 La. Stas 444 N. J. Stas 16'!,239 S. C. Sta 214,536 for potatoes. N. J. Stas 34 rose chafers, N.J. Stas. 171 soil rot of sweet potatoes, N. J. Stas 704 4512— VOL III 4 Pnga Kainit for wii-eworins, N, Y, Cornell Sta 449 Kaki, varieties, Fla, Sta 383 Kanaff, culture 928 Kangaroo rat, n, sp., notes, U. S. D. A... 184 Kansas Station, bulletins 10,18.223,22.5,285, 287, .388, 693, 097, 788, 789, 855, 858 index to publications ... 1,52 notes 201, .580 roport 1.52 Kaolin in agricultural soils, determina- tion 8!1 Katydids, notes, N. J, Stas 3J9 Kentucky bltie grass— analy.ses. Mass. State Sta . . 158 N. Y. State Sta.. 401 as a forage plant— Nebr. Sta 28 Nev. Sta 20 culture, expsriments, Mass. State Sta 158 for lawns, R, I. Sta .532 coffee tree, notes, Nebr. Sta .. 522 Station, bulletins 227,791,792 notes 270,433,500,752 report. 859 Kerosene and milk emulsion, prepara- tion, Mich. Sta 231 pyreihrum emulsion, pre- paration, Mich Sta 291 U. S. D.A 327 Kerosene emulsion— as an insecticide, U. S. D. A 53 experiments with,U. S. D. A 327 for asparagus beetle, N. J. Stas 298 cabbage plutella, Can. Sta.. 3.59 cattle parasites, U. S. D. A .501 cherry slug, Mich. Sta 291 cvirrant bug. Mich. Sta 291 hollyhock bug. Mich. Sta. 291 lice on stock, Mich. Sta 21 oak loopers. Can. Sta 3.'.9 pear tree psylla, Mass. Hatch .Sta 801 pea weevil. Mich. .Sta 231 plant lice. Iowa Sta 222 Mass. Hatch Sta 8r0 Mich. Sta 291 red spiders on rose bushes. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 rose chafers, Mich. Sta 291 N.J. Stas.... 171 squash bugs. Mich. Sta 291 ticks on sheep, Mich. Sta 291 wireworms. N. Y. Cornell Sta 448 preparation and use- Iowa Sta 223 Mich. Sta 290 N.J. Stas 298 Ore. Sta 889 U.S. D.A 327 with arsenites, N. C. Sta. 175 Loudon purple for elm leaf beetle, U.S. D.A 415 Kerosene extract of pyrethrum for rose chafers. N.J. Stas 171 for tree borers, U. S. D. A 812 1020 Page. Kerosene for wlreworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta 448 past* for black knot of plums, Mass. Hatch Sta 865 Kidney vetch, notes, Colo. Sta 85 Kinnikinnik, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Kjeldahl method, distilling flasks, U. S. DA --- 033 Knotweed, notes. Cal. Sta 598 Kohl-rabi.analy.ses. Kans. Sta 859 Laburnum, acquisition of nitrogen by. . . 337 Lace-winged flies, notes. N. C. Sta 175 Lachista pramatureUa, notes, U. S. D. A.. 813 Lachnogterna fu8ca, notes, N. C. Sta 175 W.Va. Sta... 46 Lachnus strobi, notes, Ohio Sta 176 Lacmoid. purification 749 Lactation period, length 424 Lactic acid, formation in the body 028 Lactocrite method for milk 193 Lactuca canoflfnuh. analyses, W. Va. Sta. 629 leucoph(ra. analyses. W. Va. Sta. 629 Ladybirds, for destroying black scale. U.S. DA 546 notes. Miss. Sta 876 N. C. Sta 175 L(EMadia bidwellii. (See Black rot of grapes. ) Laevulose, reduction 925 Lagoa crispata. notes, U. S. D. A 5* ZiyOTOyid^E in Idaho, U. S. D. A 181 Lambs, feeding experiments with— Can. Sta ..129.496 Mass. State Sta 155 Mich. Sta 872 for British market 496 shorn and un.shorn in winter. Can. Sta 496 quarters, analyses, Can. Sta 357 sugar beets r«. silage for, Mich. Sta 872 Land clover as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta. 51 plaster, analyses, Vt. Sta 471 Landscape gardening, notes, U. S. D. A 107 Larch, European, propagation from seed. Minn. Sta 229 Lard, detection of fatty oils 654 Larix europnu, propagation from seed, Minn. Sta 229 Larkspur, analyses, Colo. Sta 82 notes, Wyo. Sta 52 Lagioptera/arinosa, notes, N. J. Stas 705 Lalrodectus mactam, poisonous bite, U.S.D.A 812 Laureloak. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Lawn grasses, tests. R.I. Sta 532 Lawns,care, U.S.D.A 107 Law relating to Paris green in Louisi- ana 444 licad pipes, action of water on 432 plant, test of poLsonous quality, Minn. Sta 24 J^eaf beetle, clover, prevalence In Penn- sylvania, U. S. D. A 812 plight of celery, notes, N. J. Stas 885 Pago. Leaf blight of grapes, notes, N. Y. State Sta 403 Tenn. Sta.. 470 lilacs, not?s, N.J. Stas 2W pears, notes. Conn. State Sta 846 Del. .Sta.... 144 Iowa Sta... 217 Mich. Sta.. 871 Mo. Sta 445 N.C.Sta. -. 172 treatment- Conn. State Sta 846 Del. Sta 144,688 Mass. Hatch Sta 834 N.J.Stas 878 N.C.Sta 172 plums, treatment, Mass. Hatch .Sta 864 quinces, notes. Conn. State Sta 846 Del. Sta.... 144 treatment- Del. Sta 144.688 N.J.Stas 878 spln:irh.notes,N. J. Stas.- 307 strawberries, notes- Conn. State Sta 847 Iowa Sta 217 N.Y.StateSta 313 Vt.Sta 479 strawberries, treatment, Coim. State Sta 847 tomatoes, nature and treatment. Conn. Stite Sta .. 817 blights of cotton- soil conditions favoring, Ala. College Sta 845 study, Ala. College Sta 845 d Isease. nematode, U. S. D. A 327 folder, grape, notes. Ark. Sta 282 folders, notes. N.Y. State Sta 313 hoppers. clover, notes. Iowa Sta... 784 corn, notes. Ky. Sta 859 destructive. notes.Iowa Sta 218 hurtful, notes, Iowa Sta 218 tenderfoot, notes, Iowa Sta 218 vine, fungous diseases. Conn. State Sta. .. 10 notes.Can. Sta 197 Colo. Sta 8 N. Mex. Sta... 230 U.S.D.A 55 parasites, Tenn. Sta. 42 miner, turnip, notes. Ky. Sta 792 wheat, notes, U.S.D.A 813 miners, notes, \V. Va.Sta 47 roller, grape. N.C.Sta 175 locust, notes, W.Va. Sta 47 rollers, notes. N.Y. State Sta 313 spot of alfalfa, nature and treat- ment. Del. Sta 689 celery, notes. N. J. Stas . . . 884 cherries, fungicides for, Conn. State Sta 10 1021 Paga Leaf spot of currants, notes, Vt. Sta... 479 eggplants, notes. N. J. Stas 307 hollyhock, notes, N. J. Stas 307 horse-radish, notes, N. J. Stas 307 peppers, notes, N. J. Stas . 307 plums, fungicides for. Conn. State Sta 10 quinces, fungicides for. Conn. State Sta 10,770 violets, notes, N. J. Stas. . . 307 Lecanium heaperiduin, parasites, U. S. D. A 516 olecv. parasites, U. S. D. A .516 jiruhwsnm. notes. U. S. D. A ... 53 Legislation relating to. N. J. Stas 310 Pa. Sta 453 S. C. Sta 315 Tex. Sta ....-— 325 Legtimin in oats, Conn. State Sta 11 Leguminosffi, composition 579 Leguminous plants- acquisition of nitrogen . .331, 334,336, 418,491 Coun, Storrs Sta 374 as green manures 113,927 inoculation 331 root tubercles .56,749,914 sourcesof nitrogen in... .578 Lfis conformis for destroying the woolly apple root louse, U. S. D. A 540 Lemon, garden, notes. R. I. Sta 53;3 scale, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 Lemons, analyses, Cal. Sta 78,.591 California-grown, Cal. Sta 81 fertilizing constituents re- moved from soil by, Cal. Sta.. 81 varieties, Cal. Sta 78 Lentils, culture experiments, Colo. Sta.. 83 LfOiilodon autumnalis. notes. Me. Sta 396 LepUiium virginicus, notes, N. J. Stas 308 Lepidoptera, wingless female, notes, U. S. D. A - 813 Lepidopterous larvas, notes. U. S. D. A . 53 Lfjiorida, in Idaho, U. S. D. A. 184 Lepug idahoensis.ri. sp., notes, U. S. D. A. 184 sp., in Idaho. U. S. D. A 184 Lfspfdezu striata, notes. Ne v. Sta 30 Lesser migratory locusts, notes, U. S. D. A 55 Lettuce, electroculttire, Mass. Hatch .Sta 519 rot, notes. Mass. State .Sta 162 varieties, Ky. Sta.. 791 Mich. Sta 609 Ore. Sta 622 Tenn. Sta 724 Utah Sta.. 807 Lmcania uniptincfa. (See Army worm.) Leucocriniim montanum. notes, Wyo. Sta. 52 Libyfliea bachmanni, notes, S. C. Sta 318 Lice on domestic animals, Iowa Sta 788 plants, treatment, N. J. Stas 878 Licorice, native, notes. Cal. Sta 598 Lilac, leaf blight. N. J. Stas 297 Lilacs, tree, notes, Iowa Sta 788 P-igp. LinuicodeK arnpha, notes, U. S, D. A 51 Lime, air-slacked, for sweet potato dis- eases, N, J.Stas 307 carbonate, analyses. N. J. Stas. .. 299 for sweet potato dis- eases, N. J. Stas 307 determination of minute quantities 748 effect on clay soils .581 for clarifying sugar-cane juices. La. Stas 390 cranberry diseases. N. J. Stas. 30r rose chafers, N, J. Stas 171 San Jos6 scale, U, S. D. A 51 wireworms. NT. Y. Cornell Sta. 419 Limekiln ashes, analyses. Conn. State Sta 8,761 R.LSta.... 623 Limestone, analj'ses, Cal. Sta .590 Conn. State Sta 8 Lime with arsenites, use, N. C. Sta 174 London purple, effect on foli- age,Ohio Sta 97 Limothrips cerealinm.notea. Ky. Sta 860 Linaria vulgaris, analyses, W. Va. Sta — 629 notes, N. J. Stas 308 Linseed cake, analyses 746 vs. sesame cake for milch cows 656,745 ineal, analysis. Can, Sta 357 Conn, State Sta. . 13 Mass.State Sta. 1.53. 157, 288 N.J. Stas... 296, 301, 878 N.Y. State Sta... 401 R.I. Sta 530 change on exposure 265 in diet for milch cows. Iowa Sta 223 pigs, Iowa Sta . . 222 steers, Mass. State Sta 163 new-process vs. old-process lor milch cows, Mass. StateSta vs. flaxseed meal for milch cows, Iowa Sta 785 Liparis [Psilura] vionacha. notes, U. S. D.A 53 Lita solanella.Xi.ot&ii,\J . S. D. A. 811 Lithium in chick-pea _. 925 German iris 925 Liver fluke, n. .sp., correction in name .580 flukes, investigation, Tex. Sta 725 rot of sheep, notes. La. Stas 152 Live stock as related totertility, Pa. Sta. 453, 713 industry— of Colorado, U. S. D. A 729 Kansas, U. S. D. A 729 Nebraska. U. S. D. A 729 Wisconsin. U. S. D. A 729 Wyoming, U. S. D. A 727, 729 on station farm. Fla. Sta 386 Loan associations in Europe, U. S. D. A.. 183, 905 Lobelia inflata. analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 Loco weed, analyses, Colo, Sta 83 Locust borer, notes, W, Va. Sta ., 47 1022 Page. Locust hi.spa. notes, W. Va. Sta 46 honey, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 leaf paster.s, notes. W. Va. Sta 47 rollers, notes. W. Va. Sta 47 midge, notes, W. Va. Sta 47 plants, acquisition of nitrogen by. 337 skipper butterfly, notes. \V. Va. Sta 47 tree carpenter moth, notes, W. Va. Sta 47 insects, notes, W. Va. Sta . . . 102 trees, insects affecting. \V. Va. Sta. 47 twig-borers, notes, W. Va. Sta 47 twigs, analyses 493 Locusts, description and treatment, Ore. Sta 889 devastating. U. S. D. A bo di/rerential.U. S. D. A .=w dlstrilmtion in North America. U.S. DA 327.907 in Egypt, U. S. D. A 813 In.sect enemies, Minn. Sta 228 lessermlgratory, Minn. .Sta 22iS U. S. D.A 5,) migratory, in Minnesota ?28 pellucid, notes, Minn. Sta 223 U.S. D.A .SS rel-legged non-mlgrat Ing. U. S. D. A 5.5 repression. U. S. D. A xt Kocky Mountain. Minn. Sta 228 U.S. D.A..... Mi twostrlppd, U.S. D.A .5.5 Lolium ifaliciim. (.See Rye grass. Italian, t pereiine. (See Rye grass, peren- nial.) temiilentiim, notes, Cal. Sta — .598 London purple— effect on foliage. Ark. Sta 283 N. C. Sta 17* OhloSta 97 for a.sparagus beetle, N. J. Stas :I98 cranberry insects. X. J. Stas 3!t9 rose chafers, N. J. .Stas 171 the plum curc\ilio. Ohio .Sta 97 preparation and use, N. J. Stas 298 solubility, N.C. Sta 174 with ammonlacal carbonate of coi>- per, N. V. Cornell Sta .52.5 Bordeaux mi.xture. Ohio St-.i ... 96 copper sulphate. N. Y. Cornell Sta .525 kerosene emulsion, for elm leaf beetle, U. S. D. A 415 lime, effect on foliage, Ohio Sta. 97 Lonicera «/6«;7i. notes. Iowa Sta 788 .//(icrj, notes, Nebr. Sta .522 glaiicn. notes, Nelir. Sta .522 X-j//'>«'<triiiit corri Ileum, notes, Wyo. Sta. .. 52 Mamniltis In cows, notes. La. Stas 152 Manael-wurzel leaves, preservation for feed. Ohio Sta 887 Mangel-wurzels— anaylse.s. Can. Sta 133, .%57 contlnuotis cropping with. Ohio Sta. 887 culttire ex]>erituents. Ohlo.Sta 886 in diet for inilth cow s. Iowa Sta 216 transplanting. Ohio Sta 8K7 varieties 743 Can. Sta 128. 356. .360 OhloSta 886 Pa. Sta 719 Vt. Sta 48Q 1023 Mangel-wiirzels— (w. silage for cows, N. Y. State Sta. . . 404 sugar beets for stock feeding, Ohio Sta... 887 yield in Great Britain 835 Mange of sheep, notes, La. Stas 153 swine, notes, La. Stas : 153 Maiiihol uipi, notes, Cal. Sta 4-14 Maniiite. fuel value. Conn. Storr.s Sta ... 38t5 in the fruit of the cherry lau- rel 749 Mantis egg parasites, U. S. D. A 811 Manure, barnyard — acheapshelter for,N.Y. Cor- nell Sla 91 analyses, Conn. State Sta ... 9 Fla.Sta 14t) N.Y.Cornell Sta.. 89 effect on potato scab. Conn. State Sta 772 fermentations 736 for corn, Iowa Sta 785 R. I. Sta 339 crops in rotation, Ohio Sta.. 8S9 maugel-wurzels, Ohio Sta _ 887 potatoes, Mich. Sta 874 N.J. Stas 33 R. I. Sta 53y loss due to exposure, N. Y. Cornell Sta 90 preserved with superphos- phate gypsum 655, 831 production and care, N. Y. CornellSta 83 use, Ga.Sta 148 vs. commercial fertilizers for tomatoes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 291 with muriate of potash for corn, Mass. Hatch. Sta 867 bat, analyses, Ala. College Sta. 6 Conn. State Sta.. 764 Fla.Sta 14G cow, analyses. Conn. State Sta. 764 value, N. Y. Cornell Sta. . . 91 hen, aualyses.Conu. State Sta... 764 Mass. State Sta... 163 N.J. Stas 523 hog, value, N. Y. Cornell Sta ... 91 hor se , value, N. Y. Cornell S ta . . . 91 liquid, for sugar beets 926 sheep, value. N. Y.Cornell Sta... 91 Manures, drying samples, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta _ 615 nitrification 139 U.S.D.A 899 Maple, ash-leaved, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 bark louse, woolly, notes, Ohio Sta 176 hard, notes, Iowa Sta 788 mountain, notes. Nebr. sta 521 silver, notes. Nebr. Sta .521 sugar, analyses, Vt. Sta 246 boimty, Vt. Sta 101 making, Vt. Sta 246 Page. Maple, sugar, notes, Nebr. .Sta .521 te.stiug, Vt. Sta 216 tree bark louse, notes. Ky. Sta... 793 worm, green striped, notes. U. S. D. A 53 Mares, infectious abortion, U. S. D. A 729 Margarines in butter, detection 8.33 Pennetier 's method for detecting 939 . r e frar tive index 933 Marl, analyses, Cal. Sta 590 Can. Sta 3.57 Ky. Sta 792 Md. Sta 515 N.J. Stas 299 phosphate, analyses, Pla. Sta 145 Mar.shmud. analyses, Md. Sta 515 Martin slag, composition 660 Maryland Station, btilletius 607,608,863,884 report .513 Massachusetts College, notes 657 Hatch .Station — bulletins 23,164.289.517, 864, 866, 869 meteorological bul- letins.. 24, 83, 165, 228, 397, 520,609,700,794,871 report.. 699 Horticultural Society, meeting 657 State Station, bulletins 162, 287, 8S4 report 153 Matricaria discoidea, notes, Cal. Sta 598,599 Occident alls, notes. Cal. Sta ... 598 Mayweed, notes, N. J. Stas 308 Meadow brome grass, as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta 28 fescue — analyses. Mass. State Sta... 1.58 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta. 29 culture, experiments, Mass. State Sta 158 tall, analyses. Conn. Stoz'rs Sta... 375 for permanent mead- ows. Mich. Sta. 398 foxtail as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 29 grass, analyses 638 digestibility 639 en.siled vs. field-cured... 499, 638 fertilizer tests 754 fowl, as a forage plant, Nev. Sta.. 29 for permanent meadows, Mich. Sta.. 398 silage, digestibility 639 wood, as a forage plant — Nev. Sta 29 Wyo. Sta 51 notes, W.Va. Sta. 51 oat gi'ass. t all, as a forage plant— Nebr. Sta 28 Nev. Sta 29 1024 Meadow soft fHiiiss notes, Colo. Sta «"> Meadows, permanent vf). recently seeded. Mich. Sta 39S Measles in swine, notes, La. Stas \^'i Meat, cold storage 928 method of analysis, U. S. D. A 6.33 scraps, ground, analyses, Mass. State Sta... «i)4 Medicago denticulata. notes, Cal. Sta 598, r;99 lupulina. notes, Cal. Sta .... 59(5 macidata, notes. Tex. Sta 8.10 w«rfia, culture experiments. La. Stas 8tX) saliva. (See Alfalfa.) turbinala, notes, Ca\. Sta .">96 Mediterranean flour moth. notes,Can. Sta. 359 Medium flover,analyses,Mass. State Sta. 158 Megascops flammeolus idahoensis, notes, U. S. D.A 184 Melanconium magnolice. notes. U. S. D. A. 810 Melanoplus. (See Caloptenus.) Melanotus— awi^Ticareus, notes, N.Y.Cornell St^.. 4.tO com»i«/((/!. notes. N.Y.Comell Sta. .4.50, 451 exuheranx. notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 4.50 sagi/tarius. notes. N. Y. Cornell Sta. 4.50 scrobicollis, noXea.'S. Y. Corn.'ll Sta.. 4.50 Melanoxanthus salirli, notes, Ohio Sta ... 176 Melilotus alba, analyses. W. Va. .Sta 629 notes, Ma.ss. Slate Sta ..158, 1.59 Nev. Sta 30 Wyo. Sta 51 indica, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Melilotus as green manure, Ala. Cane- brake Sta .590 Melittia ceto, notes, N.J. Stas :i09 cucurbit ai, notes, U. S. D. A 32r Melon aphid, notes, N.J. Stas 309 tree, distribution. Cal. Sta .597 ^Mophagug ovinug. notes, W. Va. Sta... 46 Melting point of butter as affected by food, Pa.Sta 469 M'^nifpfrnnim canadenne, notes, Nebr. Sta. 521 Meraponis sp., as a parasite of iheGn'sy moth. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 Mercuric chloride for stinking smut of wheat. Kaus. Sta 226,286 Meromyza amencana, description and treatment.Ohio Sta 889 notes. Can. Sta . 197. 359 Iowa Sta. 223 Ky. Sta... 860 Mesa soil, analyses, Ariz. Sta 846 Meteorological ob.ser vat ions- index. U. S. D. A 330 on Mount Washing- ton,U.S. D.A. 549 observers, voluntary, in- structions for. U. S. D.A 817 work for -agricultural in- stitutions, U. S. D. A. . .58.5. 631 Meteorology at Can. Sta 127,128 Colo.Sta 8i Conn. Storrs Sta 286 Del. Sta 688,690 P.Tge. MetPor<.loi.'y at La. Stas 861 Me. .Sta 396 Md.Sta Si- Mass. Hatch Sta 'M. 86, 16.5. 238. 397, 520. 609. 700. 794 Masi?. State Sta 162,287 Miss. Sta 877 Mo. Sta 4J5 Nebr. Sta 29.799 Nev. Sta 447 N.Y. State Sta 405 N.C. Sta. .92, 172,241,411,712,803 Ohio Sta 176.804 Ore.Sta 412 Pa. Sta 464.720 K.LSta 315 San Luis Valley Substa. 85 S.C.Sta 316 Tex. Sta 724 Utah Sta 625 Wyo. Sta 52,6:» in Brazil 362 relatif)n to the crops of 1H91.U.S.D.A 543 Michigan Station, bulletins 201. 290. ."WS, 521. 609, 700, 794, 871, 872 notes 6.58 Micraeis, biological notes, U. S. D. A 8!2 Mic race nt run rttinervUi. notes, N. J. Stas. 309 Microcucnm amylovorus, notes. Mo. Sta. .. 445 insei-torinn as a dl.sease of chinch bugs 835 notes 657 Micrococcus of bitter milk. Conn. Storrs Sta 384 Micro.scopist. report. W. Va. Sta 46 Middlings, buckwheat. analyses- Conn. Storrs Sta 375 Mass. State Sia 157 wheat, analy.ses— Conn. State Sta .. 13 Mass. State Sta .. 1.57 N.J. Stas 296 N.Y. State Sta.... 401 indict for pigs, Vt. Sta 478 Midge, clover seed, notes, Can. Sta 197 wheat. Can. Sta 197 Migratory locusts in Minnesota 228 Mildew, downy, of grapes. neriments with, Colo. Sta 82.85 Kans. Sta ... 16 varieties. Colo. Sta B5 yield per acre. Kans. Sta 16 Milyas cireiitatiig. notes. N. C. Sta 175 Mimulutus lyratus. notes. Cal. Sta 598 ilineola mccinii. notes. Mass Hatch Sta . . 871 Mineral water- analyses. Ore. Sta 413 preservation and study 927 Minnesota Station, bulletins 228,229,795 notes 69,7.52 report 24 Mississippi Station, bulletins 166.398,702 notes 135 report 874 Mi-ssouri Station, bulletins 24. 167,444,877 notes 580 University, courses In agricul- ture .580 Mite, spotted, remedies, N. Y. Cornell Sta 241 Mocker nut, notes. Nebr. Sta .521 Mwk orange, notes. Iowa Sta 788 Moisture In soils, determination. S. C. Sta 316 Molasses, alulteratlou, U. S. U. A 814 analyses. La. Stas 390 U. S. D. A 814 bleaching. La. Stas 390 Mold, black, of onions. N. J. Stas 307 while, of violets, notes. N. J. Sta.s. 3(X7 Mtildy com, disease of horses due to. Kans.Sta 388 Miilbigo rrrticiUata. notes, Cal. Sta 508 Mona Island guano for potatoes. Ma.ss. Slate Sta 1.59 Mm, Hill //•'/,'/(/f/i^;. nature and treatment. Conn. Stale Sta 847 notes, Ky. Sta 860 Mass..State.Sla. 161 Mich. Sta 871 N. C. Sta 172 U. S. D. A 327.810 treatment. N. J. Stas . 878 Mono-lodo-succinic acid, study 925 Mono-magnesium phosphate, studies 927 Monnxia i/utfiilala on sugar beets. Ore. Sta 4.53 Monstrosity of a calf due to injury to mother. Minn. Sta 795 Moonseed. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Morning glory, notes. W. Va. Sta 893 .l/o/-((«rt/i)(/. notes, Cal. Sta .597 japoiiira. notes. Cal. Sta 597 tniillicaii'.i>>. notes. Cal. Sta 597 iiifjru. notes. Cal. Sta 597 r«6/«, notes. Cal. Sta 597 Nebr. Sta .521 Mo.s(iuito bites as a cause of insanity, U. S. D. A 813 1027 Mosquito hirvie as internal parasites, U. S. D. A H13 Mosqiiitos, hibernation, U. S. D. A 812 Mountain ash. Americau.notes. Iowa Sta. 788 lily, notes, Wyo. Sta 5;J mahogany, notes, Nebr. Sta .. 522 maple, notes, Nebr. Sta i)"-! pine, notes, Iowa Sta 788 Mouse, red-backed, n. sp,, notes, U. S. D. A.. IM Mowing machines, draft, Utah Sta 1T9 Mucir acid, reduction 9"25 Muck, analyses, Can. Sta 357 Conn, State Sta 764 Fla.Sta H6 Md, Sta 515 N. H. Sta.... 292 N, J. Stas 299 R, I, Sta 315 Vt. Sta .- 471 for composting, Fla, Sta 146 Mud, analyses. Can. Sta 357 marsh, analyses, Md. Sta 515 Muhle/ibergia — buckleyana, notes, U. S, D. A. 548 depauperata, notes, U, S. D. A 518 distichophylla, notes, Ariz. Sta 280 neo mexicana, notes, U. S. D. A 518 schafiifri, notes, U. S. D. A 548 Mulberries, varieties. Mich. Sta 701 Mulberry, red, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 trees, distribution, Cal. Sta .. 597 Mules- feeding experiments with. Miss. Sta. 167, 876 health as affected by improper feed- ing, La, Stas 152 statistics 201 Munroa squarrosa, notes, U. S, D. A 548 Murgaiitia histrionica, notes, N. C. Sta... 175 Muriate of potash- analyses, Ala, CoUegeSta 6 Conn. State .Sta 764 La. Stas. 444 Mass. State Sta 162 N.J. Stas" ..168.299 R.I. Sta 530 S.C, Sta .536 Vt. Sta 471 effect on starch formation in pota- toes. Mass. Hatch Sta 869 forpotatoes, N.J. Stas 34 potato scab, Conn. State Sta 771 wireworms, N.Y.Cornell Sta... 944 vs. sulphate for grapes, Mass. Hatch Sta. - 24 with farm manure for corn, Mas.s. Hatch Sta 867 Jfum?*. in Idaho, U. S. D. A 184 Musca domesfica, notes, Ky. Sta 792 W, Va, Sta 46 Muskmelous. varieties, Colo. Sta.. 85 Fla.Sta 386 Nev. Sta 30 Tenu. Sta 724 Mustard, black, notes, Cal. Sta .598 Page. Mustard, black, notes. N. J. Stas 308 hedge, notes, Cal. Sta.... 598 value for green manuring 927 white, notes, Cal, Sta 508 MuxteJidd' in Idaho. U. S. D. A 184 Mycological literature, index 328,759,811 reviews, U. S. D.A 810 Mycologist, report. Conn. State Sta 9 Mycology. Journal. U. S. D. A 327,810 Mylilaspis i)omorum, notes. Can. Sta 132, 198 N. Mex. Sta . 230 N. Y. State Sta 313 Ohio Sta 176 Myzomimus seutata, n. gen., notes, U. S. D. A 501 Myzus persicce, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 notes, N. Mex. Sta 230 Nail rod. analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Naked weed, analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 Nebraska Station, bulletius..28,.521,703,799.800 publications 28 report 27 Nectarines, varieties. Can. Sta 361 Negarrhiza spp. , notes, Cal. Sta 598 Negundo aceroides {Acer negundo) notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Nematode disease of the sugar beet. 820 leaf disease, notes. U. S.D, A.. 327 Nematodes in roots of oats, N, J, Stas 303 roses, N, J, Stas .. 308 violets, N, J. Stas. 308 on bouvardia, N, J. Stas 308 chrysanthemums, N.J. Stas . 308 coleus, N.J. Stas 308 lautaua, N. J. Stas 308 potash salts for repressing.. 750 report by Halle Station 656 Nimatiix {Messa?) marylandicus, notes, U. S.D. A 546 ribesii, notes, Can. Sta 198 veiitricosus, notes, Ky. Sta 792 N. Y. State Sta 313 W.Va. Sta... 46 Neonympha canthus, notes, S.C. Sta 318 Nevada Station, bulletins 445,802,803 notes 201 report 29,802 New Hampshire College, change of loca- tion 500 Stations bulletins ...86, 88,87r notes 500 report 291 New Jersey Stations, bulletins... 30, 32, 168, 169, 310, 523, 610, 703, 705, 878, 879,881,884 notes 752,833 reports 292, 299, 31 0 tea, notes, Nebr,Sta 521 New Mexico College, notes 7.52 Station, bulletins 230,885,886 organization 36 1028 65 217 New Mexico Station, reports 36. K03 New York Cornell Station, bulletins -.S9, 91. 230 232, 210, 40.5.447. 523. .124,613. 615 notes... 270, 443, 833 State Station, bulletins.... 36, 38, 89- 311,313,705,707 notes 362 report 398 New Zealand flax, distribution. Cal. Sta. 597 Nicoliana aUenuata. notes. Cal. Sta 598, Nicotine in tobacco, formation Niellia opulifolia, notes. Nebr. Sta... Nightshade, spiny, notes. Iowa Sta.. Nine bark. notes.Nebr. Sta 522 Nitrate of— calcium, preparation 927 copper, effect on soil and plants 499 for stinking smut of wheat, Kans. Sta 226,286 potash, analyses. Conn. State Sta . . 764 for carnations, Mass. Hatch Sta 2D0 soda, analyses. Ala College Sta.... 6 Conn. State Sta 8,764 Mass. StateSta 162 N.J. Stas 168.299 S.C.Sta 536 Vt.Sta 471 determination of nitrogen In. . 6.>4 for carnations, Mass. Hatch potatoes, N. J. Stas 31 rye 655 timothy grass, N.J. Stas . . 299 tomatoes,N.J.Stas. 30.293,299.879 Va.Sta 626 wheat, full rs. fractional applications 927 N.J. Stas.. 35 time for applying. S. C. Sta ,324 Nitrates, aerobic ferment which reduces , 916 formatifllus ni(/ioriliafiifi. notes, Can. Sta... 198 periiireUdnctyl'iii. noles,N. J. Slas 298 O.'s erei'onomics, N. J. Stas 301 indnstry.investij^alions.N. J. Stas 29G shell bark louse. notes- Can. Sta 132, 198 N. Mex. Sta 230 N. Y. State Sta 313 Ohio Sta 176 scale, description and treat- ment. Ore. Sta 889 Shells for laying hens, N. Y. S'ate Sta 705 Oysters, eggs. N. J. Stas 305 embryos, N. J. Stas 305 parasites. N. J. Stas 303 physiology, N. J. Stas 303 spermatozoa, N. J. Stas. 301 temperature of spawning, N. J. Stas 303 Pifc'dnrapsius Uneatus, notes, Mich .Sta . .. 291 Paint, analyses. M. H. Sta .92,292 Paleacrita venia/a, notes. N. C. Sta 175 Palma dactylifera, notes, Cal. Sta .597 Palm nut cake, alum in... .503 Palms. Persian, varieties, Cal. Sta 686 Pamphila ethlius, notes, S. C. Sta 318 Pa/ic^iora sp., notes, U. S. D. A 414 viridig. notes. U. S. D. A 183 Pauicled panic grass, analyses. W. Va. Sta 029 Panicum bulbonnin. notes, Ariz. Sta 280 clandestinum, analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 frumetitaceum, culture experi- ments.La.Stas 860 notes, Kans. .Sta 18 lachnanthum. notes, Ai-iz. Sta... 280 miliaceum, cultui-e experiments. La, Stas 800 notes, Wyo. Sta 51 saiujuhud". analyses, W. Va. Sta. 629 notes, Tenn. Sta 40 virgaluin, analyses, W. Va. Sta . 629 notes, Wyo. Sta 51 Papaw. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Paper-making wasps, use of grape bags by. U. S. D. A 547 Pajnlio tnriiHs, notes, TJ. S. D. A .55 Pappophoruin apertum. notes, U. S. D. A. 519 lagaroideum,' notes, Ariz. Sta 280 wrir/hfii. notes, TJ. S. D. A. .549 Param chloris, notes, U. S. D. A 54 Parasite of white pine sawfiy. notes, Mich. Sta .■ 291 Parasites, for the Hessian fly, U. S. D. A. 517 mantis egg, U. S, D, A 811 notes, U. S, D. A 327 Of black scale, U, S, D. A 516 tt^ scq,le, U. S. D. A 510 Parasites ot hog.s, U. S. D. A 501 Japanese silkworms. U. S. D. A 414 Parasitic Hymenoptera, notes. U. S. D. A. 411 Parasitism as related to color of host, U, S, l),A 812 Paria aterrima. notes, Mass. Hatch Sta. . . 290 Paris green — analyses, Mass. State Sta 162 Miss. Sta 876 and Bordeaux mixture for potatoes, Vt. Sta 180 effect on apple foliage, Mass. Hatch Sta 870 foliage. Ark. Sta Zi'i N.C.Sta 174 Ohio Sta '.7 for codling moth, Cal. .Sta 600 cranberry insects, N. J. Stas 309 vine worm, Ma S3. Hatch Sta 871 plum cureulios. Ohio Sta 621 potato beetles, Me. Sta .335 K. Y, State Sta .... 403 tent caterpillars. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 wireworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta... 417 inspection. La. Stas 411 law regarding in Louisiana . _ 114 preparation and use, Mass. Hatch Sta. 23 N, J, Stas... 298 solubility, N. C, Sta 174 with fungicides, Mass, Hatch Sta 864 N, Y. Cornell Sta ... . 525 Ohio Sta 96,621 Vt. Sta 101.892 Parlatoria zizypfii, notes, U. S. D. A 183 Parsnips, analyses, Mass. State Sta 1.59 ridge »s. flat culture, R. I. Sta. 532 Parturient apoplexy in cows. La. Stas .. 152 Puaiinachus elonfjalus, notes, N. C. Sta ... 175 sp., notes, Minn. .Sta 228 Paspalum distichum, notes, U. S. D. A 519 lividum, notes, U, S. D. A 519 piibliflori/in, notes, U. S. D. A . .519 Pasturage vs. soiling for cows, Pa. Sta.. 45S Pasture grass, analy,ses, N, J, Stas 206 Pa. Sta 455 digestibility. Pa. Sta 451 grasses, species. Teun. Sta 41 thistle, notes, W, Va. Sta._ 893 Pasturing of pigs. Md. Sta 608 Patent Office and Government work, U. S. D. A.... 327 Peach aphis, black, notes, N. J. .Stas 309 description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 notes, N. Mex. Sta 230 blight, notes. U. S. D. A 327 borer, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 buds, microscopic study, N. J. Stas 308 winterkilling, Mass. Hatch Sta 885 winter protection, Mass. Hatch Sta 865 curci^iio, noi-'s 657 1032 Page. Peach curl, notes, U. S. D. A 810 fruit rot, treatment, Mass. Hatch Sta 864 N. J. Stas... 878 leaf curl, treatment, N. J. Stas... 878 maggot, notes. U. S. D. A.. 812 mildew, notes, U. S. D. A 810 moth, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 rosette, contagious character, U. S.D.A 486 investigation, U. S. D. A. 480, 810 rot, notes. N. C. Sta 172 U.S.D.A 810 rust, notes, U.S.D.A 810 tree borer, notes, N. J. Stas 2D8,:W9 N. Mex. Sta.... 230 N. Y. State Sta. 31.3 N. C. Sta 175 W. Va. Sta 46 treatment, N. J. Stas . . 878 "Western, description and treatment. Ore. Sta a'O trees, fertilizer tests. Md. Sta hlrt winter protection, Mo. Sta . 44.5 yellows, contagious character, U. S.D.A 485 Investigation. U. S. D. A. 810 nature an I treatment, Conn. State Sta 846 notes, N. C. Sta 172 Peaches, black spot, notes, U.S.D.A;... 810 clubbed branches, U. S. D. A ... 792 crossing, N.Y. State Sta 403 culture, N.J. Stas 303 fertilizer tests with, N. J. Stas. . 29.3. 299,300 frosty mildew, U. S. D. A 810 insecticides and ftmglcides for, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 varieties, Ala. College Sta 589 Can. Sta 361 Fla.Sta 3H6 Mass. Hatch Sta 865 Mich. Sta 701 N.Y. State Sta 403 Tenu. Sta 723 Tex. Sta 246 Pea hay, analyses. Ark. Sta 284 in diet tor steers, Ark. Sta 281 meal in diet for colts. Me. Sta 391 pigs. Can. Sta 130 steers, Can. Sta 129 Peanut crop, statistics. Tenn. Sta 42 hay, analy.sps, Tenn. Sta 43 as a feeilingstutr, Tenn. Sta. 44 hulls, analyses. Ga. Sta 148 Tenn. Sta 43 kernels, analyses, Ga. Sta.. 148 meal, analyses 191 Tenn. Sta 43 digestion coefflcients 192 in diet for milch cows 564 roots, analyses, Ga. Sta 148 vines, analyses, Ga. Sta 148 PagA Peanuts, culture. Tenn. Sta 43 field experiments, Colo. Sta 85 Georgia, analyses. Ga. Sta 148 Spanish, analyses, Ga. Sta 148 varieties, Colo. Sta... a5 Nebr. Sta... 703 Pear and qiiince leaf blight, treatment- Del. Sta 688 N.J.Stas 878 blight beetle, notes. Ore. Sta 889 notes. Mo. Sta 445 Vt. Sta 479 culture, U. S. D. A 107 disease, notes. U. S. D. A 810 fire blight, notes, N. C. Sta 172 leaf blight, fungicides, Mass. Hatch Sta 864 N.C.Sta.... 172 notes. Conn. State Sta 846 Del. Sta 144,688 Iowa Sta 217 Mich. Sta 871 Mo. Sta 445 N.C. Sta 17-2 rust, notes. Conn. State Sta 10 scab, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 Vt. Sta 479 treatment, N. Y. State Sta 403 Vt. Sta 892 tree borer, not«3. Miss. Sta 876 psyllas, not?s. U. S. D. A 414 slug, notes. Can. Sta 132, 19s Ore. Sta 889 U.S.D.A .55 twig girdler, notes, N.C.Sta 175 Pears, analyses 92v for wine making 92^ Injury by codling moth. Cal. Sta.. 600 Insecticides and fungicides for, Ma.ss. Hatch Sta 23 varieties. Ala. College Sta .588 Ark. Sta... 68"i Can. Sta 356,360,361 Colo. Sta 85 Fla.Sta. ,386 Mich. Sta 701 N. Y. State Sta 40.? Pa. Sta 72.' Tenn. Sta 7*^3 Peas, aciiuisitlon of nitrogen by 116,337.9.5 analyses. Conn. Storrs .Sta .375 Mass. State .Sta 159 and oats, analyses, Conn. Storrs Sta 375 N. Y. State Sta 401 fts a forage plant. Conn. Storrs Sta. 376 N.Y. State Sta.. 404 green manure, Ala. Canebrake Sta 590 fertilizer tests, Ga. Sta 388 Me. Sta 393 field experiments. Colo. Sta 85 green, in diet for milch cows. Can- Sta 131 in diet for pigs, Utah Sta 624 1033 r.igo. PcHis. treatment with bisulphiiio of car- bon, Can.Sta 3.59 varieties, Ark. Sta 284 Cal.Sta.. 444 Can.Sta 128,356,360 Colo. Sta 82,85 Fla.Sta 386 Ga.Sta 388 Ind.Sta 781 Ky.Sta.... 791 Me.Sta 395 N.Y.StateSta 402 Ore. Sta 622 Tenn.Sta 724 UtahSta 470 Vt. Sta 480 yield in Great Britain 835 per acre, Me. Sta 394 Peat, analyses, Cal. Sta 590 Can.Sta 357 Vt.Sta 471 Pea tree, notes, Iowa Sta... 788 Pea vines as green manure for wlieat, N. C. Sta - 172 Pea weevil, injuries by, Kans. Sta 18 notes, Can.Sta 197.359 Ky.Sta 792 N.C.Sta 175 Pedicutidd', U. S. D.A 547 Pellucid locusts, notes, U. S. D. A 55 Pempelia hammondii, notes, U. S. D. A 55 Pennisetum spicaium, notes, Nev. Sta 30 Pennsylvania Station- bulletins 177,468,722,889 legislation affecting 4.53 notes- 69, 135, 362, 433, 501, 658, 752, 930 report 453,712 Pentaglucoses, occurrence and determi- nation 748,911 Pentastomum tanioides, migration, U. S. D.A 501 Penfhina chionosema. notes, U. S. D. A 54 Pentstemon Icfvigatus, var. digitnll'. notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 616 People's banks in— Austria-Hungary, U. S. D. A 905 Germany, U. S. D. A P05 Pepino, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 618 Pepper grass, notes, N. J. Stas 308 leaved physalis, notes, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta _ 618 Peppers, anthracnose, N. J. Stas 307 leaf spot, N.J. Stas 307 varieties. Colo. Sta _ 82 Pepsin digestion for determining source of nitrogen in fertilizers, Vt. Sta 471 Peptones, analysis ^ 578 chemical character 488 Perennial rye gi'ass as a forage plant — Nev. Sta 29 Wyo. Sta 51 culture experiments. Mass. State Sta... 159 notes. Colo. Sta 85 Peresiamonfana. notes, U. S. D. A 103 fcrilanqms hyaliiius, notes, Mich. Stij 291 Page. Peronoajjora — auslralis, notes, Mass. State Sta 160 celtidis. notes, U. S. D. A 810 cubensis, notes. Conn. State Sta 10 Mass. State Sta 160 N. J. Stas 297 effttm. notes, Mass. State Sta 161 (fonolobi. n. sp.. notes, U. S. D. A 328 hydrophylli. notes, U. S. D. A. 810 IHirasitica, notes, Mass. State Sta 161 N.J. Stas 307 violcp, note,s, N. J. Stas 307 viticola. (See Mildew, downy.) PeronosporacecR in the herbarium of Di- vision of Vegetable Pathology, U. S. D.A 810 Peronosporce, new species, U. S. D. A 810 Persimmon, Japanese, varieties, Fla. Sta 386 Pesialozzia lateripex, notes, U. S. D. A 810 Petroleum sludge as an insecticide, U. S. D. A .54 PezoteUix enigma, notes, IT. S. D. A 907 Pliacelia tanacetifolia, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Phacidium medicagiim, notes, N. J. Stas . 295 Phalaris arundinacea, notes, Wyo. Sta... 51 intermedia, var. angusta, notes, U.S. D.A .549 Phanerogams of Western Texas, manual, U.S. D.A 103 Phenacomys orophilus, n. sp., notes, U. S. D.A 184 PhlcEodes diabolicus, notes, U. S. D. A 812 PhlegethontAus — Carolina, fungous diseases. Conn. State Sta 10 notes, Ky. Sta 792 N.C.Sta. 175 celeus, fungous diseases, Conn. State Sta 10 Phleum pratense. (See Timothy. ) Phlmothrips hicasscni, n. sp. . notes _ 278 sp. , as a parasite of the Gypsy moth, Mass. Hatch Sta 869 Phlox ca;spito8a, notes, Wyo. Sta 53 douglassii, notes, Wyo. Sta 52 Phobetron pUhecium, notes, U. S. D. A 54 PhoUgora hayhurstii. notes, U. S. D. A .53 Phorbia ceparum. notes. Can.Sta 198 Phorodon humuU, notes, U. S. D. A .55 Phosphate beds of Florida 579 Florida, analyses— Fla.Sta 145 Mass. StateSta 162 V't.Sta 471 odorless, analyses, Del. Sta. . 6SK) N.J.Stas. 523 Of lime, in diet for milch cows ...579,744 study 655,818 magnesium, studies 927 precipitated, anaylses, Conn. StateSta 8 rock, analyses, Cal.Sta .500 Phosphates containing iron and alumin- ium, analysis, U.S. p. A... 63^ 103-1 Pape. Pho.sphates, determination of source. Pa. •^ta- - 462 effect on wheat. N. J. Sta.s. . . 294 in milk, increase 503 te.st.sof different forms 258 Pho.sphatie fertilizers for corn. Pa. Sta. 401 sugar beets . . . 7.",0 rock, analyses, Ala. College Sta. — 6 slnjr, analyses, Mass. State Sta 162 for potatoes, Mass. State Sta 159 Phosphoric aciU — comparison of different forms, Pa. Sta. 461 det^-rminatifm in presence of iron and alumina. Ci/;«i7//«. notes, Iowa .Sta 7-r«/7i/)«(i,not«s. Iowa .Sta 788 strobux, notes. Iowa Sta 788 pr.)pagation from seed, Minn..Sta 229 nylrrnlrix. propagation from seed. Minn. Sta ojo Pion'a rimoKiilU. notes. VV. Va. .Sta 41; Pipette for Uabcock milk ten- Conn. State Sta 14, 7,j-, 111. Sta .!!." 1.52. 778 Plane tree,notes, Xebr. Sta 521 Plantago eripoda (.'1. notes, Wyo. Sta...." 52 fanwo^afo, notes, Cal. Sta 698 182 608 131 .392 860 308 870 3.59 .•?8i 107 3.*7 229 493 229 521 .521 788 1035 Page. neiiUir/n lancp.olala, notes. Mo. St ;i Ji'JG N..T. Stas 308 W.Va. Sta---- 893 ?rtajo/', notes, Cal. Sta .- 598 N.J.Stas.... 308 mollis, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Plantain, buck, notes, W.Va. Sta 893 notes, N.J.Stas 308 Wyo.Sta 52 Plantanus occidentalis, notes, Nebr. Sta . . 521 Plant bug.gray. notes, lowaSta 784 tarnished, notes. Iowa Sta 784 ctilture, water supply. U. S. D. A. 107 diseases, notes, N. C. Sta 172, 327 growth as affected by wind move- ment, S. C. Sta -. 317 principles, N. C. Sta 314 soils as related to, S.C. Sta 316 lice,uotes, U. S. D. A.. .54 Wyo.Sta 182 oncottonwoodtrees, Wyo. Sta 182 lettuce, tobacco powder for, Ohio Sta 97 rose bushes, kerosene enaul- sion for, Mass. Hatch Sta 870 treatment, N. J. Stas 878 louse, corn, notes, N. C. Sta 175 grain, notes. Ark. Sta 282 Ky.Sta... 792,8.59 N.J.Stas 309 N.C. Sta 175 Ohio Sta 176 W.Va. Sta 46 willow grove, notes, Ohio Sta 176 nutrition, principles, N. C. Sta 314 protector, test, N. Y. State Sta 403 Plants collected in Western Mexico and Arizona, U.S D.A. 103 distribution, Cal. Sta ..444,596 in pots, liquid manure for. U. S. D. A _ 107 promotion of fruitfuluess. U. S. D. A 107 root pressure, N. Y. Cornell Sta. . 616 Plasmodiophora brassiece. notes. N. J. Stas 307 Plasmopara. (See Peronospora. > Plaster, as a fertilizer for corn, Kans. Sta. 858 effect on potato scab. Conn. State Sta 772 for wheat. Kans. Sta 224 jand. analyses. Conn. State Sta. 8 La. Stas 444 Vt. Sta 471 Plat experiments, at Dresden .Station . . . 350 Halle Station 276 errors. S.C. Sta 320 Platinic chloride, test of purity 660 Platysa?nia cecropia, notes. Me. Sta 396 ■■'leurisy in sheep, nature and treatment. N. Dak. Sta - 619 weed, analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 Pleuro-pneumoniaiuGreat Britain. Scot- land, and Ireland, U. S. D. A 729 JPlochionus timidus, notes, U. S. D. A 64 4512 — VOL in 5 Pagp. Ploarujhlia iHorhom. (See IJlack knot of plums.) Plum aphis, description and treatment. Ore.Sta 889 notes, N. Hex. Sta... 230 borer, notes 657 catocala, notes, Ore. Sta 889 curculio, notes, Can. Sta 198 Ky.Sta 792 N. J. Slas 2S8.309 N. Y. State Sta.... 313 N. C. Sta 175 Ohio Sta 176 W.Va. Sta 46 treatment, N. J. Stas 878 Ohio Sta 97 R. I. Sta 889 fruit rot, fun.a;icides for. Mass, Hatch Sta 864 leaf blight, fungicides for, Mass. Hatch Sta 864 notes,!!. S. D.A._ 810 pockets, notes, Mich. Sta .._ 871 treatment, N. J. Stas 878 rust, notes. Iowa Sta 217 wild, notes. Nebr. Sta .522 Plums, black knot. Can. Sta ]->r Conn. State Sta 846 Mass. Hatch Sta 834 Mass. State Sta 16O Mich. Sta 871 N.J.Stas 308.878 N. Y. State Sta 313,403 N.C.Sta 172 Pa. Sta _ 720 Tenn. Sta 42 Vt. Sta 479 grafting. Ala. College Sta .589 insecticides and fungicides for, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 Japanese, varieties, Fla. Sta 386 leaf spot, Conn. .State Sta 10 varieties. Ark. Sta 282,685 Can. Sta 356,330,361 Colo.Sta. 85 Mich. Sta 701 N. Y.StateSta 403 Pa.Sta 722 S.Dak.Sta .537 Tenn. Sta _.. 723 Tex.Sta 246 Plume moth, raspberry, notes. Can. Sta - . 198 PliiMa braasicit. notes, Ohio Sta 97 Plutella crnciferarum, notes. Can. Sta 359 Pneumonia of horses, investigation, U. S.D.A.... 729 Poa annua, notes. Cal.Sta.. 598 arac/mifera. (See Texas blue grass. ) nemoralis, notes, Nev. Sta 29 Wyo.Sta.. 51 prat ends. (See Kentucky blue grass.) sfro^iwff, notes. Nev. Sta 29 Podagrion mantis, notes. U.S. D.A 811 Pod-bearing plants, locatif)n of heaviest kernels 925 1036 Page. Podisus spinos'in, as a parasite of the Gypsy moth, Mass. Hatch Sta 870 Podosphcera oxycantha, treatment, N. J. Stas - - - 878 Poison ivy, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Poland-China pigs, feeding experiments with. Me.Sta — 392 Pole beans, varieties, Mich. Sta 609 '•Pole burn" of tobacco, cause and pre- vention, Conn. State Sta 773 Polk weed, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Pollen of com, analyses. N. Y. Cornell Sta - 616 Pollinationof plants. N.J. Stas — 297 Polyactin sp.. notes. Mass. State Sta 162 Polycaoa confertng. notes, Ore. Sta 453 Polygonum avicvlare. notes, Cal. Sta 598 itni/ietorum. var. xrandens, analyses. W. Va. Sta 629 hydropiper. notes, N. J. Stas.. 308 Pomologist. report, N. Y. Slate .Sta 403 Popcorn, analyses. Ga. Sta 16 varieties, Nebr. Sta 703 Poplar balsam, notes. Xebr. Sta 521 Poppy cake, in diet for .sheep 572 Pojmlus angiiiftifolia. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 baUamifera, var. candicans, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 monUiffra. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 tremuloidf. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Pork raising, profit in, Can. Sta 132 Portulacca ol-racea, notes. Cal. Sta . ...... 598 N.J.Stas -.... 308 Post oak, notes, Nebr. Sta .521 Potash and magnesia sulphate- analyses. Conn. State Sta ... 8,764 N.J.Stas 168 deterrain;ition 831 muriate, analyse.s— Ala. College Sta 6 Conn. State Sta 8,764 T.,a. Stas 444 Mas.s. State Sta 162 N.J.Stas 168.299 Rl.Sta .V» S.C. Sta .536 Vt.Sta 471 effect on starch forma- tion in potatoes, Mass. Hatch Sta 889 for potatoes, N. J. Stas . M iwtato scab. Conn. State Sta 771 wiroworms. N.Y. Cor- nell Sta 449 *«. sulphate for grapes, Mass. Hatch Sta 24 with barnyard maniu-e for corn. Mass. Hatch Sta 867 nitrate, analyses. Conn. State Sta. 764 for carnations. Mass. Hatch Sta ,... 290 ealts, appllrutlon 7.t0 as fefillizers 750,831 Page. Potash salts for repressing nematotles. 750 tobacco 188 sulphate- analyses, Comi. State Sta ... 764 La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta ... 162 N.J.Stas 168,299 for carnations. Mass. Hatch Sta 290 potatoes. Mich. Sta 874 N.J.Stas 34 verbena mildew, N. Y. Cornell Sta 619 Pi itassium. 1 lichromate.for stinking smut of wheat. Kans. Sta 226 cyanide for rose chafer, N. J . Stas 171 hydrate for potato scab. X. Dak. Sta 619 Potassium sulphide for— brown rot of stone fruits, Ky. Sta 860 gooseberry mildew, N. Y. State Sta.. 403 potato scab, N. Dak.Sta 619 powdery mildew ot grapes, Ind. Sta . . 781 rust of sorghum. Kans. Sta 287 wheat, Kans. Sta 286 smut of com, Kans. Sta 287 oats, Kans. Sta 285 Potato beetle. Colorado, notes. Can. Sta. 198 Ky.Sta.. 792 N.C. Sta. 175 W.Va.Sta 4« In N< >va Scotia, U. S. D. A. 813 remedies. Me. Sta 395 N. Y. State Sla 403 blight, notes. Conn. State Sta 10 N.C.Sta 172 treatment,Conn. State Sta 10 Vt.Sta ... 101 culture in France 65S disease, new. Vt. Sta 892 e.xperimeiits In flerniauy 927 flea be.'tlc. notes. Ky..>>ta 860- plants, adherence of fungicides .. 734 residue in diet for milch cows 538- steers STO rot. notes. Conn. State Sta 10, 847" lowaSta 2ir Ma.s.s. State Sta 161 N.J. Sta.s 297,307- N.C.Sta 172 R.I. Sta 5S2 Vt.Sta 479 treatment 749,926 Conn. State SU... 847 Del.Sta 688 Mass. Hatch Sta . . 864 Vt.Sta 101 scab, conditions affecting develoj)- ment. Conn. State Sta 772' favoring, R. I. Sta 623 experiments in ]f>reventlon, Conn. State SUA 77* 1037 Page. Potato scab, forms, Conn. State Sta 9 fiinsus, description, Conn. State Sta 9,772 notes, U. S. D. A.. 810 in sugar beets, Ind. Sta 854 investigation, Conn. State Sta 9,771 nature and treatment, N. Dak. Sta 619 notes, Me. Sta 395 Mass. State Sta 161 N. J. Stas .307 Vt.Sta 892 vitality of spores, Conn. State Sta 772 stalk borer, notes, Ohio Sta 176 U. S. D. A 55 tuber moth, notes, U. S. D. A 811 Potatoes, analyses, Nev. Sta 802 N.J. Stas 34,883 changes In keeping 493 composition as affected by fer- tilizers, Mass. Hatch Sta 868 condition and acreage, U. S. D.A 107,183,253,326 culture 926 determination of starch 578, 748 different forms of potash for, N- J- Stas 34 effect of muriate of potash on staich formation, Mass. Hatch Sta 869 fertilizers above vs. below seed. Ala. College Sta 589 fertilizer tests .187,754 Ark. Sta... 281 Pla.Sta 145 Ga.Sta... 694 Ky.Sta 791 Me. Sta 394 Mass. Hatch Sta _ 165, 866, 868 Mich. Sta 873 N.J. Stas. 32. 294. 299, 300,881 N.Y. State Sta. 405 R.I. Sta .529 W. Va. Sta 807 field experiments 187 Ark. Sta 281 Can. Sta .360 Fla. Sta 145 Mass. Ha«ch Sta 165 Mass. State Sta 1.59 Mich. Sta ... 872 Miss. Sta 876 N.J. Stas.... 32 N. Y. State Sta 404 R.LSta 529 for seed, first vs. second crop, Kans. Sta 19 Improvement by selection of tubers rich in starch 655 Paga Potatoes, insecticides and fungicides for, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 methods of culture 754 Ala. College Sta 589 Ind. Sta... 781 Nev. Sta.. 802 N.J. Stas.. 32 N. Y. State .Sta 405 harvesting 579 Northern vs. Southern seed — Md.Sta 515 Mo. Sta 168,445 Vt.Sta 480 phosphatic fertilizers for, Mass. State Sta 1.59 physiology of sprouting 927 planting— at different distances— Ga. Sta 694 Mich. Sta 873 different — sized tubers, N. Y. State Sta 401 weights of seed, R. I. Sta 351 large vs. small tubers, Mich. Sta 873 seed ends. Mich. .Sta 873 sprouted tubers, N. Dak. S ta 619 whole tubers vs. cuttings — Ala. College Sta 589 Ga.Sta 694 Ind. Sta... 781 Md. Sta 515 Mich. Sta 873 N. Y. State Sta 404 R. I. Sta 531 W. Va. Sta 807 starch in, Can. Sta 3.57 sweet, analyses, Ark. Sta 284 Ga. Sta 148 La. Stas 698 N.J. Stas 884 black rot, Del. Sta 689 N. J. Stas... 703 U.S. DA.... 327 composition as affected by fertilizers, N. J. Stas 884 culture, Ark. Sta 281 Ga.Sta 695 diseases, N. J. Stas 307 fertilizer tests- Ark. Sta 284 Ga.Sta 695 La. Stas 698 N. J. Stas 299,884 planting different-sized roots, Ala. College Sta 589 rot, N. J. Stas 297,703 varieties. Ark. Sta 384 Colo. Sta 85 Ua. Sta 695 La. Stas 6B3 1038 Page. Potatoes, sweet, varieties, Nebr. Sta 70 N. Y. State Sta 40a varieties 655.743.831 Ala. College Sta 589 Can. Sta ... 128, 356, 360, 361 Colo. Sta 82,85 Del. Sta 689 Ga. Sta 693 Ind. Sta 781 Iowa Sta - 786 Ky. Sta 791 Md. Sta 515 Mich. Sta 872 Mo. Sta 445 Nebr. Sta 703 Nev. Sta 30,802 N.Y. State Sta 402 Pa. Sta 453,719 R. I. Sta 531 Vt. Sta 480 Va. Sta 6-i=). 626, 627 yield as affected by removing tubers from time to time 740 InGreat Britain 835 the United States. D. S. D. A 414 per acre, N. J. Stas 33 Potentilla canadfinnis. notes. W.Va. Sta .. 893 Poterium sanguisorba, notes, Colo. Sta... 85 Wyo. Sta.. 51 Pot experirnents in Germany 208,275,342 Poultry, feeding experiments with, N.Y. State Sta 399,705,708 manager, report. Can. Sta 359 Powdery mildew of— cucumbers, notes. Mass. State Sta. . . 162 remedies, N. Y. Cornell Sta 241 Ind. Sta 781 grapes, fungicides for. Ma.ss. H.-xtch Sta 8^1 notes. Mich. Sta 871 N. Y. State .Sta 403 Prairie rose, climbing, notes. Nebr. Sta. 522 notes. Nebr. Sta .=)22 Preservatives, foreggs.N. Y. Cornell Sta. 617 milk samples. 111. Sta . 150 Pressure, observations o:i Moimt Wa.sh- ington. U. S. D. A 549 Price of cotton, reduction. U. S. D. A . . . 253 Prices, local record. U. S. D. A 253 of farm products. U. S. D. A h^ Prickly ash, notes. Nebr. .Sta .521 gooseberry, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 tarweed. notes. Cal. Sta .598 Primrose, evening, analyses. W. Va. Sta. 629 notes. Cal. Sta 598 Prionus laticoUU. notes, N. J. Stas 705 spp.. notes. N. Mex. Sta 886 Pristiphora grosKularia. notes— N. Y.State Sta 313 W. Va. Sta 46 Privet, Russian, notes, Iowa Sta 788 Prncrix ann:ricana. uotes, N. C. .Sta 175 Procyonida in Idaho, U. S. D. A 181 Pagp. Proteids of com kernels. Conn. State Sta 768 oat kernels, Conn. State Sta. II. 13 Protein, deficiency in American farm products --- 671,672 Proteopteryx spoliana. notes, U. S. D. A. . . 54 Pruning, notes, U. S. D. A 107 of fruit trees, Tenn. Sta 42 Pruiiuti americana. notes, Nebr. Sta 522 demixna. notes, Nebr. Sta .522 maacki. notes. Iowa Sta 788 padus. notes. Iowa Sta 788 pumila, notes, Minn. Sta 230 Nebr. Sta 522 terotina. notes, Nebr. Sta 522 triloba, notes. Iowa Sta 788 rirginiana. notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Psoa marulata, notes, U. S. D. A 812 Paoroptee comm>tnui.\z,T. opi<, notes, Minn. Sta 228 PsyWopi/ri, kerosene emulsion for, Mass. Hatch Sta 864 notes, U. S. D. A 414 pyricola. notes, U. S. D. A 414 pijrUuga. notes. U. S. D. A 414 Pterldophytes of western Texas, manual . U.S.D.A 103 Pferis aqiiilina. notes. Cal.. Sta .598 Ptychoden frilin^atus, notes, S. C. Sta 318 Publications— , foreign, titles of articles In 499, 578. 654,748,831,924 of stations, indexes 760 list . . ..r2, 138, 20.5. 272. 363. 4.37. 505. .5S2, 663. 757, H39. 935 style and form 760. 761 U. S . D. A., abstracts .5,3. 103. 183. 2.53. .T26, 414.4S4. .543. 631. 72X, SIO. 894 list 71. 137. 204. 272. 3i«. 437. 504, 582, 66:1, 756, S3X, 9.34 Puccinia agropyri. not«s. U.S.D.A 810 bullata. notes, N.J. Stas 885 gramini*. notes. Mich. Sta 871 N. C. Sta 172 treatment. Iowa Sta.. 787 hfniizrniiukfdor,lii, notes, r. S. D. A 810 Pulvinario innumerabili«, notes. Ky. Sta . . 792 Ohio Sta. 176 Pumpkins, varieties. Colo. Sta 85 Purple scale, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 Purslane bug. notes. Iowa Sta 7>*« notes, N. J. Stas 308 1039 Pago. Putrufiictlon, chemical nature 748 Pijraiiieis uldlaata, notes, S. C Sta 318 Pyiethruni and kerosene emulsion— preparation, Mich. Sta.. 291 U.S.D.A.. 327 for rose chafers, N.J. Stas... 171 Pyj-us coronaria. notes. Nebr. Sta ■''22 Py(hinia de baryaiium, notes, Mass. State Sta 161 Quaking asp, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Quassia for rose chafer, N. J. Stas 171 j C«f /-CM*- aWff. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 ! cocci/trtJ, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 j iJici/oiia, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 ' m&rica?'ja, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 i Tnarroca/'pa. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 i wi«A?ertftes. Conn. Storrs Sta.. 375 N. Y. State Sta. 401 as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta. 28 Nev. Sta . . 30 culture experiments. La. Stas 860 for permanent meadows, Mich. Sta 398 currant, wild, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 1040 Page. Red elm. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 fescue as a forajie plant. Nebr. Sta.. 28 Nev. Sta. . 2^ grain beetle, notes. Miss. Sta "02 mite as enemy ol the locust. Minn. Sta 228 mulljerry, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 oak. notes. Nebr. Sta... 521 osier dogwood, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 pine, notes, Iowa Sta 788 raspberry, notes. Nebr. Sta 52i root, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 rust of raspberries. Ohio Sta 411 scale, notes, U. S. D. A... 54 spider, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 notes, N. C. Sta 175 Redbud. notes, Nebr. Sta — 522 Red-humped caterpillar, notes, Can. Sta. 198 Ore. Sta . 889 legged locust, non-migrating, notes. U. S.D. A 55 Redonda phosphate, composition 263 detection 211 Red top, analyses. Can. Sta 357 Tenn. Sta 40 W. Va. Sta 629 as a forage plant. Nebr. Sta 28 Nev. Sta 29 culture experiments, Ma.ss. State Sta 158 Refractive index of animal fats 929 butter 929 margarine 929 Refuse from glue factory, analyses. Mass. State Sta 162 rendering establishments. analyses. R.I. Sta 315 Rennet action, and clotting of blood. Pick's theory 832 curdling action 929 Rescue grass, analy.ses, Tex. Sta 890 as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta 51 notes. Tex. Sta 890 Wyo. Sta 51 Resinous and tannic substances in — (r'(i/(/(?/iia, genetic alllulty between... 925 SperinolepBh, genetic affinity be- tween 925 Resiu washes, for Phylloxera. U. S. D. A . . . 54 San Jos6 scale, U. S. DA 54 preparation, U. S. D. A 54 lihamnuK ahiifolia, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 ciiriiliniana. notes. Nebr. Sta . . . 521 hiiiceolatas. notes. Nebr. Sta . .. 521 Rheumatism weei. analyses. W. Va. St;i. 629 RhizopKg niijricang. notes. N. J. Stas 297 Rhode Island bent grass, cultiu-e. Mass. State Sta... 158 for lawns. K.I. Sta 532 College,note3 930 Station, bulletins 244, 315. 53:1. 622,623,889 Page. Rhode Lsland Station, report 529 Rhopobota vacciidum, notes, Mass. Hatch Sta 871 Rhubarb, varieties. Mich. Sta 701 Shut canadensix. var. trilobala, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 copallina. notes.Nebr. Sta 521 diverftiloba. notes. Cal. Sta 508 glabra, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 toxicodendron, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 Bibes aureum. notes. Nebr. Sta 522 cereum. notes. Nebr. Sta 522 cynonbati, Holes. Nebr. Sta 522 Jloridum. notes. Neor. Sta 522 gracile. notes. Nebr. Sta 522 Rib grass, notes, Cal. Sta 396 Me.Sta 396 N.J.Stas 306 W. Va. Sta 893 Rice, analyses. S.C. Sta 318 by-products, analyses, S.C. Sta 318 corn. Egyptian, field experiments with. Kans. Sta 16 yield per acre. Kans. .Sta 19 fertilizer tests. Fla. Sta 604 fieldexi)erlments. Fla. Sta 604 growing in Queensland 753 hulls, analyses. Fla. Sta 146 meal r*. corn meal for pigs. \t. Sta 479 weevil in dry hop yeast, U. S. D. A . 812 Ringworm <>f cattle. Ark. Sta 371 Ripening of cherries 655 cream, bacteria in S81 Conn. Slorrs Sta ... 381 Emraenthaler cheese, bac- teriological studies 929 Ripe rot of apples, nature and treatment. Conn. State Sta 846 River water, analyses. Ariz. Sta 444 Ri>ckpho-iphates. analyses. N.J. Stas.. . 168 Rocks, decomiwsltlon, by nitro-bacterla. 114 R(K-kweed, analyses. Conn. State Sta 9 Rocky Mountain- bee plant, notes. Wyo. Sta 58 grasshoppers, notes. Iowa Sta 222 locusts, notes. U. S. D. A .%5 Root borer, clover, notes, Ohio Sta 97 giant. notes, N.J. Stas 705 strawberry, notes, N. V. State Sta 313 borers, notes. N. Mex. .Sta KXti crops, analyses, Kans. Sta S.'iV* varieties, Utah Sta 625 di.sease of beets, notes, Iowa .sta .. 7X1 hairs, microscopic study X36 lou.se of the apple, woolly, parasite. U.S.D. A 546 pressvu-e in dlflferent plants, N. V. Cornell SU 6i6 rot of carrots, notes, N. J. Stas 307 onions, notes, N. J. Stas 3i>T ealsify, notes. N. J. Stas :W7 turnips, notes, N. J. Stas 307 1041 Page. Root tubercles as related to acquisition of nitrogen....ll6,331,334,418 of leguminous plants 56,211, 651,749,836,914 production, Pa. Sta 461 vrorm, corn, notes. U. S. D. A 53 Roclb and stubble of leguminous plants, analyses. Conn. StorrsSta 376 in diet for milch cows, Iowa Sta. . . 222 /<'o«a arAart«a«.a, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 fendleri, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 rM^o«a, notes, Iowa Sta "88 setigera, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 woorfsit, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 Rose chafer, breeding, N. J. Stas 170 insecticides, N. J. Stas 171 notes, N. J. Stas 169 N. C.Stas 175 prevalence in New Jersey, N. J. Stas 169 treatment, N. J. Stas 878 climbing prairie, notes, Nebr. Sta '. 522 low, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 slug, notes, Ky. Sta 692 tall, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Rosemary willow, notes, Iowa .Sta 788 Roses, summer propagation, Minn. Sta 230 Rotation experiments. Ark. Sta 763 Md. Sta 514 in cropping, U. S. D. A 107 Rot.bitter, of apples, notes, Ky. Sta 860 treatment, Del. Sta.. 689 N.J. Stas. 878 grapes, N. Y. State Sta.... 31 3, 403 black, of grapes. Conn. State Sta.. .10, 847 Ind. Sta 781 Mass. Hatch Sta .. 864 N.J. Stas 878 N. Y. State Sta... 313, 403 N. C. Sta 172 R.I. Sta 88£ Tenn. Sta 470 sweet potatoes, Del. Sta ... 689 N.J. Stas. 307, 703 U. S. D. A. 327 tomatoes, notes, Ky. Sta . . . 860 bro'\%Ti, of grapes. Tenn. Sta 470 stone fruits — Conn. State Sta 846 Ky. Sta 860 Mass. State Sta.. 161 Mich. Sta 871 N. J. Stas 878 N. C. Sta 172 U. S. D. A 327,810 of grapes, notes, N.J. Stas 297 peaches, N. C. Sta 172 U. S.D. A 810 potatoes, nature and treatment — Conn. State Sta 8J7 Del. Sta 688 Iowa Sta 217 Mass. Hatch Sta 804 Page. Rot of potatoes, nature and treatment- Mass. State Sta 161 N.J. Stas ..297,307 N. C. Sta 172 R. I. Sta 533 Vt. Sta 101,479 scarlet clover, notes, Del. Sta 689 sweet potatoes, notes, N. J. Stas.. 297 ripe, of apples, notes. Conn. State Sta 846 soil, of sweet potatoes. N. J. Stas ..307,703 white, of grapes, N. Y. State Sta... 313, 403 Rotharasted Experimental Station- history, U. S. D.A 895 lectures on 73,139,894 Rowen, analyses, Mass. State Sta 288 hay. analyses 639 Royal English Horse and Cattle Condi- ment, analyses. Mass. State Sta 157 Rubus canadensis— notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 523 ■vax.invisus, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 523 roribaccus, notes, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 523 occidenlaUs, notes. Nebr. Sta 522 strigosus, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 trivialis. notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 523 villosus, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Rudbeckia hirta, notes. N. J. Stas 308 Ruinex aeetosella, analyses. W. Va. Sta ... 629 notes, Cal. Sta 598 N.J. Stas 308 W. Va. Sta 893 crispus, notes, Ca.1. Sta 598 N. J. Stas 308 hymenosepalum, tannin in, Cal. Sta 591 obtusifolius, analyses, W. Va. Sta. 629 notes, W. Va. Sta 893 ptilcher, notes, Cal. Sta... 598 Russian privet, notes, Iowa Sta 788 Rust, black, of cotton, Ala. College Sta - 7 of apples, notes, Iowa Sta 217 Vt. Sta 479 treatment, N. J. Stas 878 beets, notes. Iowa Sta 783 celery, notes, N. J. Stas 885 cereals, notes, N. C. Sta 172 clover, notes, Iowa Sta 217 Vt. Sta 479 elder, notes, Mass. State Sta 161 hollyhocks- notes, Mass. State Sta 161 N.J. Stas 307 Vt. Sta 479 treatment, N. Y. State Sta.. 403 oranges, notes, N. Y. Slate Sta.. 313 peaches, notes. U. S. D.A 810 pears, notes, Conn. State Sta... 10 pine leaves, notes, U. S. D. A 327 plums, Iowa Sta 217 1042 Page. Rust of raspberries and blackberries, Mass. State Sta 161 rye, notes. Conn. State Sta 10 strawberries, notes, Mass. Hatch Sta ■■JSO sugar cane 278 wheat, notes, Mich. Sta 871 treatment, Iowa Sta 787 Kans. Sta.... 288 white, of turnips. Mass. State Sta. 161 Rusts, new species, U. S. D. A 327 Ruta-bagas, analyses. Kans. Sta "teS Rye, analyses, Tex. Sta 890 ash constituents. Tex. Sta 890 bran, adulteration 257.264 analyses, N. J. Stas 878 condition and acreage, U. S. D. A 53, 107 feed, analyses, N. J. Stas 878 fertilizer tests, R. I. Sta S29 fleld experiments with. Ark. Sta 763 Cal. Sta 599 Colo.Sta.... 85 Fla.Sta.... U5 R.I. Sta 529 for soiling, Kla. Sta U5 grass, Italian, as a forage plant. Nev.Sta 29 perennial, as a forage plant— Nev.Sta 29 \Vyo..Sta 51 culture t'xperi- mt-nts Colo. Sta . 85 Mass. State Sta 159 middllngs.analyses, N.J. Stas 878 production in Europe, U. S. D. A 107 the United States, U. S.D.A 253 rust, Conn. State .Sta 10 smut. Conn. State Sta 10 spring, condition. U. S. D. A 183 varietie.s,Cal.Sta 599 Can. Sta .356..361 Colo. Sta K5 Nebr. Sta 703 yield in the United States, U. S. D. A. 328 Sarromyi)/,! In Idaho. U. S. D. A 184 Sagebrush, notes, Nebr. Sta .'>22 Saiufoiu. adaptation. Cal.Sta .'iOC analyses. Mass. State Sta liiS as a forage plant. Nebr. Sta ... 28 Nev.Sta.... 30 Wyo. Sta.... 51 culture experiment, Colo. Sta . 85 Mass. State Sta 1.58,1.59 Salandria (vrfiKi. notes, U. S. D. A 55 Saline deposits, analyses. Ore. Sta 412 SalixainygiUdoideti. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 corduta. var. Vfntifa. notes, Nebr. Sta. 521 ftumilis. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 longifolia. notes, Xebr. Sta 521 J««*/. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 niffni, notes. Nebr. Sta .521 romiKi riif/ol ia. notes. Iowa Sta 788 roalrata. notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Pag'-. .Sa/ia; evlne. notes. N. J. .Stas 298 parasite, notes. Mich. Sta 291 wheat, notes. Ohio Sta 889 U.S.D.A 548 white pine, notes, Mich. Sta 291 .Scab, black, of pears, Vt. Sta. 479 fungus of pi'tatO€s,note.s. U. S. D. A 810 of apples, noles. Can. Sta 197, .151 Conn. State Sta. . 848 Iowa Sta 217 Ky.Sta 880 Mich. Sta 871 N. Y. State Sta. 31.T 403 N.C. Sta 172 Ohio Sta 6J» 1043 I'ajre. Scab, of apples, notes, Vt. Sta 479 treatmeut— Can. Sta ...197.357 Conn. State Sta 846 Mass. Hatch Sta 864 N.J.Stas.... ■ 878 N. Y. State Sta .... 403 Ohio Sta 620 R.I. Sta 889 Vt. Sta 892 beets, notes. Iowa Sta 783 pears, treatment, N. Y. State Sta 403 potatoes, notes. Me. Sta 395 N.J.Stas 307 sheep, nature and treatment — Minn.Sta 228 N. Dak. Sta. 619 S. Dak. Sta 537 wheat, notes. Del. Sta. 689 Ind. Sta. 512 Scale, black, parasites, U. S. D. A.. 546 flat, parasites, U. S. D. A 546 insects, gas treatment, Cal. Sta. 601 hydrocyanic acid gas for, U. S. D. A 183 methods for destroying, U. S. D. A 54 notes, U. S. D.A 53,812 Scarlet clover, analyses, Del. Sta 687,690 as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta 51 cu 1 1 n r e experiments, Del. Sta 687 rate of seeding, Del. Sta 687 rot. notes, Del. Sta 689 oak, notes, Nebr.Sta 521 Schedonnardus texanns, notes, U. S. D. A.. .549 Schistocerca aniericana, notes, U. S. D. A. . 55 Schizoneura lanigera. notes. Me. .Sta 396 N. Mex. Sta. 230 Scirpophaga intacta. notes 278 Scmrida, in Idaho, U. S. D. A 184 Scleropogoii karwinskianus, notes. U. S. D.A... 549 Sderotinia trifolium, notes, Del. Sta 689 Scoletotrichum caricce, notes, U. S. D. A... 810 Scolymus hispaaicus, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 618 Scolytidoe, parasites, W. Va. Sta _ 47 Scolytid borers, description and treat- ment, Ore.Sta 889 Scolytus rugulosus, notes... 6.57 Scotch pine, propagation from seed, Minn. Sta 229 tares, analyses, Mass. State Sta. 1.59 culture experiments, Mass. State Sta 159 tare seeds, analyses, Mass. .State Sta 157 Screw worms, hominivorous habits, U. S.D.A ., 518,812 Scrophularia californicus, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Scrub oak. notes. Nebr.Sta .521 stock, raising, N. Y. State Sta 404 Pnjje. Scurfy bark louse, notes. N. Mex. Sta ... 230 Ohio Sta 176 Scymnus spp., collection in Australia and New Zealand, U.S.D.A 546 Seaweed, analyses. Conn. State Sta 9 Mass. State Sta 162 as a fertilizer for corn, R. I. Sta 529 ash constituents. Cal. Sta 373 Seed, alfalfa. American vs. European 266 clover, American <'■?. European 266 germination tests. Can. Sta . 356 Iowa Sta 217 corn, butt, middle, and tip kernels. Kans. Sta 857 large V8. small kernels, Kans. Sta 856 selection, Ohio Sta 95 farms of the United States, statis- tics 202 grain, germination tests. Can. .Sta. 356 grass, germination tests, Iowa Sta 217 leaf tobacco, artificial curing, Conn. State Sta 775 oats, effect of matiu'ity, Kans. Sta. 790 grading, Kans. Sta. 790 Northern vs. Southern, Mo. Sta 168 potatoes. Northern vs. Southern — Md. Sta.... 515 Mo. Sta... 168,445 Vt.Sta 480 testing station at Hohenheim. re- port 656 wheat, effect of copper sulphate. Can. Sta.. 357,358 iron sulphate,Can. Sta 357,358 Northern vs. Southern, Mo. Sta 168 selection, Ind. Sta 510 Kans. Sta. _ 224 treatment for smut, Ohio Sta 243 Seeding of wheat, methods, Ind. Sta 510 Seedling date palms, distribution, Cal. Sta 597 Seeds cabbage, Eastern vs. Western, N. Y. State Sta 38 imported vs. American, N. Y. State Sta 38 cauliflower. Eastern vs. Western, N.Y. State Sta 38 imported vs. Ameri- can distribution, Cal. Sta .444, .595 Can. Sta 356 evergreen, planting, Minn. Sta 229 germination apparatus... 211 as affected by— boracic acid 579 electricity, Mass. Hatch Sta 518 fluorides 502 Of weeviled peas, Kans. Sta 18 1044 Pajre. Seeds, law regarding, in North (':irol)n;i. 580 orchard grass, planting, U. S. D. A 107 tests, C. pasturage for cows. Pa. Sta . . 456 Soils, absorption of ammonia by 110 analy.ses 362 Cal. Sta 590 Can.Sia 357 Nev.Sta 30 S.C.Sta 315 Utah Sta 624 as related to plant growth, S. C. Sta 316 bare, sulphate of iron t'«. sulphate of lime for conserving nitrogen In 717.750 Page. Soils, composition of drainage waters from 492 cultivation. U.S.D.A 107 decomiHJsition of organic fertili- zers in 113 determination of— moisture in, S.C. Sta 316 nitrogen in. N. Y. Cornell Sta . . 616 drainage and evaporation for, S. C. Sta 317 exhaustion. Can. Sta 133 fixation of nitrogen by .552 flocculation. N. J.Stas 301 S.C.Sta 317 formation 114 gain ( r loss in nitrogen 120 humus substances 119 hygrosi opic moisture, S. C. Sta 316 live .stock as related to fertility. Pa. Sta 713 mechanical analy.ses. S. C. Sta 316 methods of analysis. N. J. Stas 301 investigation 665 new method of determining fertili- zer reiiulrements 920 nitritication 139,899 nitrogen comiHumds in 117 of the '• marcite," composition 927 physical action of fertilizers, S. C. Sta 317 condltlon.as affecting dif- fusion of carbunlc acid 927 report on analysis. U. S. D. A 632 rl.se and f.iU of nitrogenous mat- ter In. U. S. U. A 895 sampling. K. J.Stas 301 Ore.Sta 412 study. K. J.St.is 296 underdralning. Md. Sta 514 volatile nitrogenous compounds.. 118 water capacity 927 Soja bean and com silage, analyses. Mass. State Sta 288 vines, analy.ses. Conn. Storrs Sta 375 S.C.Sta.... 319 beans, analyses. Conn. Storrs Sta. 375 Mass. Hatch Sta . 869 Mass. State Sta .1.'>7,1S9 S. C. Sta 319 as a forage plant. Conn. Storrs Sta 376 culture exjieriments— Ga. .Sta 696 Mass. Hatch Sta 699 Ma.ss. State Sta ISO field experiments with— Kans. Sta 17 S.C.Sta 3S5 In diet for milch cows. Mass. State Sta 153 .sojr/ hinpi'la. (See Soja l>ean.) 5o<(7H(7c^i». study of alkaloids 985 Solanum carulinense. notfs. Io\v;i .Sta 217 W. \'a. Sta... 893 1047 Pace Solarium iniu'icatum, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 618 nigrum, notes, Cal. Sta 598 rostratum. notes, Iowa Sta 217 Solar radiation. Me. Sta 396 Soldier bug, banded, notes, N. C. Sta 175 glassy-winged, notes, Tenn. Sta 42 Solidago jnnca , analyses, W. Va. Sta 6i9 Sonchus oleraceu.i. notes. Cal. Sta .598.509 Sorbit in the fruit of the cherry laurel . . 749 Sorbus americana. notes. Iowa Sta 788 Sorex dobsoni. n. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 184 idahoemtin. n. sp.. notes, U. S. D. A_ . 184 sp.,lnIdaho,U. S. D.A 184 vagrans similis,n.. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 184 Sorghum, analyses, Ark. Sta 281 Del. Sta 687 Ga.Sta 16,147 Kans. Sta 696 N. Mex. Sta.. 803 N.Y. State Sta 401 as a forage plant. Tenn. Sta. . . 40 condition, in the United States. U.S. D.A 253 culture experiments, Ga.Sta. 148, 696 fertilizer tests. Ark. Sta 281 Ga. Sta 696 field experiments with— Ark. Sta 281 Cal. Sta 599 Colo. Sta 85 Kans. Sta 16 S. C. Sta.... 325 Tenn. Sta 40 for silage, field experiments with, Kans. Sta. 17 yield per acre, Kans. Sta 17 green, digestibility, Pa. Sta__ 4.54 harvesting. Kans. Sta. 16 In diet for milch cows, Tenn. Sta 40 juices, analyses, N. Y. State Sta 400 liming. N. Y. State Sta 400 planting at different distances. Kans. Sta 16 seed, analyses. N.Y. State Sta. 400 silage in diet for milch cows. Iowa Sta 216.232 smut, notes, Kans. Sta 287 sugar, alcohol in manufacture 366 varieties. Ark. Sta 281 Colo. Sta 82,a5 Del. Sta 687 Ga. Sta 696 Kans. Sta 16 Nebr. Sta 703 Nev. Sta 803 N.Y. State Sta 400 Sorghum halepense. (See Johnson grass. ) vulgare. var. cernuum, not-es. Wyo. Sta 51 Soricirfo: In Idabo, U. S. D. A 184 Page. Sorrel, analyses, N. J. Stas 296 W. Va. Sta 629 notes, N.J. Stas 308 W. Va. Sta. 893 Sour milk, methods of analysis, U. S. DA 633 South Carolina phosphate, for potatoes, Mass. State Sta 159 use. N.J. Stas 294 rock, analyses, N. J. Stas 299 Station, bulletins. . .244, .53.3, .586 report ."^15. 733 South Dakota Station, bullelins.39, 537,889. 890 equipment 623 notes 7.52,833 report ...623,733 Southern cattle plague. Investigation, Ark. Sta 283 Soxhlet method for fat In cream 750 Spanish needles, analyses, W. Va. Sta. .. 629 notes. W. Va. Sta 893 salsify, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta. 618 Speculation vs. industry, U. S. D.A 813 Spelt, field experiments, Cal. Sta 599 varieties. Cal. Sta 599 Spergula arve/m.t. notes. Cal. Sta 598 .Sperm oil. fuel value. Conn. Storrs Sta.. 386 Sper/nophilii-'i sp., in Idaho.U. S. D. A 184 Sphaceloma ampelinum — nature and treatment. Conn. State Sta 847 notes, N. Y. State Sta 31.3,403 N. C. Sta 172 Sphairellafragarioe, nature and treatment. Conn. State Sta 847 notes, Iowa Sta 217 prevalence, Md. Sta.. 515 Sph(Kropsis albescens, notes. U. S. D. A . . . 810 Spharotheca mors-uvce, notes. Can. Sta... 197 paiinosa. notes, U. S. D. A 810 Sphervix speciosns, notes, U. S. D. A 811 Sphenophonis parviUus. description and treatment. Ohio Sta 889 zece. notes, N. C. Sta 175 Spiderbites. poisonous nature, U. S. D. A. 812 egg parasites, notes. U. S. D. A . . .548 red. description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 Spiders as parasites of the Gypsy moth. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 red, on rose bushes, kerosene emulsion for, Mass. Hatch Sta. 870 Spinach, leaf blight, notes. N. J. Stas 307 mildew, Mass. State Sta 161 Spinfherus.n. sp.. notes, W. Va. Sta. 47 Spiny nightshade, notes, Iowa Sta 217 Spirea;a douglasi, notes. Iowa Sta 788 vanhouteii, notes. Iowa Sta 788 Spiraea, summer propagation, Minn. Sta. 2.30 Spongospora solani, notes, U. S. D. A 810 Sporobolus argutus. notes, U. S. D. A .549 buchleyl. notes, U. S. D. A .549 interruplus. notes. U. S. D. A. 549 tricholepis, notes, U. S. D. A.. 549 urightii, notes, U. S. D. A 649 1048 Page. fSporotrichum glol>iiUfn->nn on chinch bugs - - 657,834 Spot disease of beets, notes, Iowa Sta 783 cherries, notes, Iowa Sta . 217 currants, notes, Iowa Sta 217 Spotted grapevine caterpillar, notes. N. C. Sta 175 mite, notes. N.Y. Cornell Sta. ..91, 241 Spraying apparatus — description, Can. Sta 197 Conn. State Sta 11,847 Iowa Sta 217 Mass. Hatch Sta 866 N. J. Stas 298 N. C. Sta 172.175 OhioSta 177 Pa. Sta 889 R.I. Sta 889 Tenn. Sta 325 U. S. D. A - 55,327 W. Va. Sta 808 manufacturers, Ohio Sta 620 standard fittings for, U. S. D. A 327 Spraying exi)eriments. U. S. D. A 813 Spring rye, condition. U. S. D. A 183 wheat, condition, U. S. D. A 183 Spruce fore.sts of West Virginia, extent. 47 silver, notes. Iowa Sta 788 white, notes. Iowa Sta 788 propagation from seed, Minn. Sta 229 Squash borer, notes, N. J. Stas 309 n. S. D. A 327 treatment. U. S. D. A 812 bug, notes. Can. Sta 198 Sqnashes, varieties, Colo. Sta «3 Mich. Sta 609 Stachys bullata, notes, Cal. Sta .598,599 tuber if era — analyses. N. Y. Cornell Sta.. 618 chemical study 65.=). 741. 831 culture te.sts, Nebr. Sta 703 notes 740 N. Y. Cornell Sta 618 Staggers in horses and mules, Tenn. Sta. 42 of horses. Kans. -Sta 388 Sfagmomanfiti Carolina, notes. U. S. D. A. 811 Stagonospora fpinaceiT. notes, U. .S. D. A. 810 Stalk borer, potato, notes, Ohio Sta 176 U. S. D. A... 55 wheat, notes, Ohio Sta 889 Staphylea trifolia. notes. Nebr. Sta .521 Starch, determination 831.924 dlastatlc inversion 924 formation in potatoes, effect of muriate of potash. Mass. Hatch Sta 869 fuel value. Conn. Storrs Sta 386 In trees, distribution during win- ter 417 oxidation 924 reaction with ferrous iodide 748 waste, aualyses. Mass. State Sta. 162 Station at Bonn, Germany, reports 2.56,751 Bremen, Germany, report 627 ragfli Station at Brunswick. Germany, report . 6.56 Danzig. Germany, report . 2.58 Darmstadt.Germsfiy. report .70. 27.5. 929. 933 Eldena, Germany, report 258 Gelsenheim, Germany, report 259 Gottingen, Germany, history. 1 report.. 259 work... 210 Hlldesheim, Germany, report . 260 Hohenheim, Germany, report 266 Insterburg, Germany, report. 260 Marburg, Germany, report ... 263 Miinster. Germany, report . .263. 656 Popplesdorl.Germany.report. 263 Posen. Germany, report 263 Proskau, Germany, report . 264 Regenwalde.Germany.report. 264 Rostoik. Germany, report 265 Rothamsted. England- history, U. S. D. A 895 lectures on Investigations by. U.S.D.A 894 Wiesbaden, Germany, report. 265 for plant culture at Dresden, (Jer- many 208 Repression of Nematodes at Halle, Germany, report . . . 656 publications, character . iio work in the Southern States 841 Stations— at Breslau. Germany, report 257 Halle, Germany, feeding experi- ments .507,509,557 reports 260 work 309 Kiel. Germany, reports 280 Kimigsberg, Germany, reports 262 in Belgium, reports .502 Brazil 362 Germany, meeting of officers 207 Java, statistics 279 the United Stat«s, a foreign view 833 statistics 439 metoorological work for .585 Statistics. Division, U. S. D. A 5.3. 107. 183, 253, 328, 414, 543, 6.32, 728. 813. 903 Stearin, fuel value. Conn. Storrs .'^ta 388 Steers, blanketing r«. not blanketing, UtahSta 800 cut vf. imcut clover hay for, Ind. Sta 512 Xeedlng experiments 570. 6.50, 741 Ark. Sta .. 284 Can. Sta 129. 131 Ind. Sta.... 512 Me. Sta 391 Md. Sta 608 Mass. Stat^ Sta 162 N. Y. State Sta 399 N. C. Sta .710,711 Tenn. Sta . 41 UtahSta... 413 Va. Sta .... 179 1040 Page. Steers, nutritive ritioof rationsfor 575 tests of breeds, Can. Sta 131 whole corn vs. corn meal for, Va. Sta IW with and without exercise, Utah Sta 80C Stefjanoptychajryricolana. notes, U.S.D. A . Stellaria media, notes. Cal. Sta 598 N. J.StaS 308 montana, notes, U. S. D. A 103 Stem and root tubers of peaches, notes, U. S. D. A 810 maggot of wheat, description and treatment. Ohio Sta ^'^9 rot of tobacco, Investigation, Coim. State Sta 775 prevention, Conn. State Sta 775 Stickweed. analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Stinking smnt. notes. Can. Sta 127 of wheat, fungicides for. Can. Sta 225 notes, N.C. Sta. 172 S/ipa pennafa. notes, U. S. D. A 549 Kcrib/iffi, notes, U. S. D. A -549 "Stippen" of apples, nature 926 Stockmelous asafeedingstuf[,Kans.Sta. 17 notes, Kans. Sta 17 Strawberries, culture, Ga. Sta 607 fruitfulness as affected by rainfall. N. J. Stas 297,306 Insecticides and fungicides lor. Mass. Hatch Sta.... 23 varieties. Ala. Canebrake Sta 370 Ala. College Sta. 588 Ark. Sta 282,685 Can. Sta ...356,360,361 Colo. Sta 82,85 Del. Sta 689 Fla. Sta 386 Ind. Sta 781 Iowa Sta 78 Kans. Sta 697 Md. Sta 514 Mass.HatchSta. 290 Mich. Sta 700,794 Minn. Sta 229 Miss. Sta 876 Mo. Sta.. 445 N.Y. State St a. 31.% 401 Ohio Sta 411 Ore. Sta 412 Pa. Sta 722 R. I. Sta 532 S. Dak. Sta 537 Utah Sta- 470 Strawberry bush, notes, Nebr. Sta. 521 crown borer, notes. N. Y. State Sta... 313 leaf blight- notes, Conn. State Sta... 847 Iowa Sta 217 N. Y. State Sta... 313 Vt. Sta 479 prevalence. Md. Sta 616 Pag0, Strawberry plants, setting, Tex. Sta — 246 root borer, notes. N. Y. State Sta...- 313 rust, notes. Conn. State Sta . 10 tomato, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 617 tree, distribution, Cal. Sta . 597 weevil, notes. Can, Sta 359 repression. Can. Sta. 359 Straw, oat, analyses, N. J. Stas 296 S. C. Sta 318 wheat, analyses, N. J. Stas 206,301 worm of wheat, description and treatment. Ohio Sta 885* Stricds compressa, notes, U. S. D. A 81t» Striped cucumber beetle, notes- Can. Sta 198 Ky. Sta 792 N.C. Sta 175 Ohio Sta 176 flea beetle, notes, W. Va. Sta 46 Strychnine for wireworms, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta - 448 Stubble and roots of leguminous plants. analyses. Conn. Storrs Sta ST6 Subsoiling for corn, S. C. Sta 322 Subsoils, analyses, S. C. Sta 315 Sugar adulteration, U, S. D. A 814 analysis, report, U.S. D. A 632 beet culture in Canada 3.57 Indiana 852: Iowa 782: Kansas 8.58: Maryland 51& Massachusetts 1.59 Michigan 794 Missouri »~7 Nebraska 800i Nevada 802: North Dakota .... 80* Ohio 886 Oregon. 806 South Dakota .... 889 the United States. 365 Washington 807 Wisconsin 808 Wyoming 413 -residues, dried, feeding ex- periments with 928 beets, analyses 662 Ark. Sta 281 Cal. Sta 591 Can. Sta ....127,133,357 Colo. Sta 82 Ind. Sta 858 Iowa Sta 782 Kans. Sta 858,859 Md. Sta 516 Mass. State Sta. . 159 Mich. Sta 794 Mo. Sta 877 Nebr. State 800 Nev. Sta 445 N. Dak. Sta...... 804 Ore. Sta 803 8. Dak. Sta...... BOO 1050 Pago. Sugar beets, analyses. Utah Sta 634 Wis. Sta 809 Wyo. Sta 413 ash constituents. Cal. Sta . . 373 bacterial disea.se. Ind. Sta.. 853 conditions favorable to growth. Wyo. Sta 413 CTilture implements. Nebr. Sta 800 directions for culture, Iowa Sta 788 diseases, Ind. Sta 853 Iowa Sta 783 fertilizer tests. Ark. Sta.... 281 Xebr. Sta... 800 fertilizing materials ab- sorbed by — 926 flold experiments with— Ark. Sta 281 Cal. Sta 599 Can. Sta 36n Md. Sta 516 Nev. Sta 445 improvement by select ion.. 662 In diet for steers. Mass. State Sta 162 Insects affecting, U. S. D.A 53 irrigation in culture, Xev. Sta 445 liquid mantire for 928 uemat'Kle diseases 830 pho.^phorlc acid as a fertil- izer for 760 pitting. Can. Sta 1S2 planting at different dates, Nebr. Sta 800 quality of Maryland-grown. M<1. Sta 517 Mas.saeh use t ts- grown, Mass. State Sta l,^ BHixar In different parts. Nev. sta 446 ▼arlotles 743 Ark. Sta 2S1 Can. Sta XA Colo. Sta 82, H6 Iowa Sta 782 Kans. .sta 858 Md. Sta 516 Mo. Sta 877 Nebr. Sta 800 Nev. Sta 445 N. Dak. Sta HOI Ohio Sta 886 Wis. Sta 806 W.niancel- wur/.els for stork feeding. Ohio Sta 887 Bllage for lambs. Mich. Sta „ 9rZ water core spots, Ind. Sta . . 855 Stigar cane- analyses. r^a.Sta8 863 bllglit, notes '.'78 composition i?r8 Pas*". Sugar cane — composition at different stages of growth. La. Sia.s 863 culture, Fla. Sta 604 distribution, Cal. Sta 444 effect of stripping. La. Stas 861 fertilizer test. La. Stas 862 field experiments. Fla. .Sta 604 La. Sias 861 S, C. Sta S25 Insect enemies 278 irrigation experiments. La. Stas 861 juices, analyses. La. Stas 390 clarification. La. Stas 389 planting at different distances. La. Stas 861 different numbers of stalks. La. Stas 868 parts of the stalk. La. Sta -i 868 plant w.sttibble cane for seed. La. Stas 868 rust, not-es 278 sirlp<"d r». purple. La. Stas 86S Tarieties, I.A. Stas 868 Sugar- chemists. Internatl'inal congress 938 determination of minute quantities . 925 feed, analyses. Conn. State Sta 13 In diet for milch cows, effect on milch fat 579,744 different parts of -sugar beets, Ner. Sta 446 urine, detection 921 making from ran", f^a. Stas 389 maple sap. Vt. Sta 846 sorghum, X. J. Stas... 296 sorghum with alcohol. 366 maple. note.s. Xebr. Sta 581 producing plants, compilation of analys«'8 Ma.ss. State Sta 163 schlattbe I/ouisiana Station 861 stations In .lava 278 Sugars, analyses, U. S. D. A 814 raethfMl of analysis, U. S. D. A ... 6S8 Sulla, an.-ilyses, Ma.s,s. state Sta 159 culture. Ma.s,s. State Sta 159 Sulphate of— ammonia, analyses. Conn. State Sta. 8,764 La.Stas 444 Mass. State Sta 162, 299 N. .T. Stas 168.299 for Carnations, Mass. Hatch Sta 290 copper. effect on .seed wheat, Can.Sta. 3.58 soil and plants 499 experiments with. Mass. H;itehSta 864 for l)r<»wn rot of stone frtjlts, Ky. Sta 880 corn smut. Iowa Sta 787 cranberry diseases, N. J. Stas a07 internal treatment of Per- onospora 986 potato scab. N. Dak. Sta.. 619 smut of wheat, Kans. Sta. 896 Ohio Sta.. Ml 1051 Page. Sulphate of— copper for sweet potato diseases, N. J. Stas 307 preparation and use, Mass. Hatch Sta 23 with arsenites, N. C. Sta 175 London purple, N. Y. Cornell Sta 525 Paris green, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta... 525 iron, effect on conservation of nitro- gen in bare soils 917 nitrification 917 seed wheat. Can. Sta. 358 experiments with, Mass. State Sta.. 864 for brown rot of stone fruits, Ky. Sta 860 cranberi-y diseases, N. J. Stas 307 in the soil, effect on cereals 919 reaction with phosphates 927 with arsenites, N. C. Sta 175 lime, analyses, Cal. Sta.. 590 Can. Sta 357 La. Stas 444 Ore. Sta 412 Vt. Sta 471 for corn, Kans. Sta 8.58 oats and barley 262 OS. sulphate of iron, for— conserving nitrogen in bare soils 750,917 promoting nitrification ...750,917 potash, analyses. Conn. State Sta 764 La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta 162 N. J. Stas 168,299 and magnesia, analyses — Conn. State Sta 764 N. J. Stas 168 for brown rot of stone fruits, Ky.Sta 860 carnations, Mass, Hatch Sta... 290 potatoes, Mich. Sta 874 potato scab, N. Dak. Sta. 619 verbena mildew, N. Y. Cornell Sta _ 619 Siilphatine, analyses, Mass. State Sta.. . 162 Sulphide of potash, for— brown rot of stone fruits, Ky. Sta... 860 gooseberry mildew, N. Y. State Sta. . . 403 potato scab. N. Dak. Sta 619 powdery mildew of grapes. Ind. Sta . 781 rust of sorghum, Kans. Sta 287 wheat, Kans. Sta 286 smut of corn, Kans. Sta 287 oats. Kans. Sta 285 Sulphiue for bleaching molasses. La. Stas 390 Sulphur and tobacco, analyses, N. H. Sta. 292 N. J. Stas 523 compoimds in arable soils 637, 655 flowers of, for rust of wheat. Kans. Sta 286 for potato scab. Conn. State Sta. 771 N. Dak. Sta 619 4512— VOL III 6 Page. Sulphur for San Jos6 scale, U. S. D. A . . 54 smut of onions. Conn. State Sta 11 fumes for powdei-y mildew of cu- cumbers, N. Y. Cornell Sta 241 in humus, nature and function.. 578 presence and function in plants. 654 refuse, analyses, Cal. Sta 592 Sulphuring dried fruits, Cal. Sta 592,685 Sumac, chemical study 825 dwarf, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 low, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 smooth, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Summer grape, notes, Nebr, Sta 521 Sunflowers, field experiments with, Colo, Sta.. 83 varieties, Colo. Sta 85 Sunshine available for crops. S.C. Sta.. 317 record, Me. Sta 396 N. Y. State Sta... 405 Superphosphates, analyses, N. J. Stas. .. 523 from phosphates rich in arsenic 655 Swedish turnips, varieties, Vt, Sta 480 Sweet clover, analyses, Mass. State Sta. 1,58 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta. 30 Wyo. Sta 51 culture, Mass. State Sta .. 158 notes, Cal. Sta sgg corn, varieties, Colo. Sta 85 Ind. Sta 781. Ky.Sta 792 Me. Sta... 395 Mich. Sta.. 610 Nebr. Sta... 703 Nev. Sta.. _. .30 N. Y. State Sta ... 402 Tenn. Sta 724 Utah Sta 807 Vt. Sta 480 potato beetle, two-striped, notes, N.J. Stas 309 rot. notes, N. J. Stas 297 vines, analyses, Ga. Sta... 148 wild, notes, W. Va. Sta ... 893 potatoes, analyses, Ark, Sta 284 Ga. Sta 148 La. Stas 698 N. J.Stas 884 black rot, Del. Sta 689 N.J. Stas 703 U. S. D.A 327 composition as affected by fertilizers, N. j. Stas 884 culture experiments — Ark. Sta 284 Ga. Sta 695 diseases, N. J. Stas 307 fertilizer tests. Ark. Sta . 284 Ga. Sta.. 695 La. Stas. 698 N.J. Stas 299,884 planting different-sized roots, Ala. College Sta. 589 soil rot, N, J, Stas 297, 703 1052 rage. Sweetpotatoes, varieties, Ark. Sta 284 Colo. Sta 85 Ga. Sta 695 La. Stas 698 Nebr. Sta 763 N.Y.StateSta. 403 vernal grass as a fora.^e plant, Nev. sta 29 culture experi- ments, La. Stas.. 860 Swine, condition, U. S. D. A 253, 813 diseases, epidemic, report, U. S. Board of Inquiry , U. S. D. A 729 fat, fuel value. Conn. Storrs Sta .. 386 lung diseases. La. Stas 152 mange,La. Stas 152 measles, La. Stas 152 plague, cause and prevention, U. S. D.A.... 254 trichinosis. La. St;is 152 Switch grass as a forage plant, Wyo. Sta 51 Sycamore blight, notes, U.S. D. A 810 Sylvanit. analyses, N. J. Stas 229 Bymphoricarpus occuientalig, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 raceinosus, var. pauciflo- ru«, notes. Xebr. Sta .. 522 t!w/(7ari«. notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Bynchytrium varcinii, notes, N. J. Stas 297. 307 Tabebuia palmeri, notes, U. S. D. A 103 Tachina fly, as enemy of the oak looper. Can.Sta 3,59 Tceniocampa sp., notes. U. S. D. A 54 Tagasaste, adaptation, Cal. Sta 596 Tall fescue, analyses, Can. Sta 157 Conn. State Sta 375 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta . 29 "Wyo. Sta 51 for permanent meadows. Mich. Sta 398 notes, Colo. Sta 85 meadow I'Ob grass — adaptation, Cal. Sta 595 as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta 28 Nev. Sta 29 for permanent meadows, Mich. Sta 398 Tallow in diet for hens. N. Y. State Sta.. 707 Tamarix. notes. Iowa Sta 788 Tamias sp.. in Idaho. U. S. D. A 184 Tankage, analyses, Ala. College Sta 6 Conn. State Sta 8,764 La. Stas 444 Mass. State Sta 162,287 N. J. Stas 299 S. C. Sta .\36 hog, analyses. Cal. Sta 592 Tannery ashes, analyses. Pa. Sta 463 Tannic and resinous substances in— Gardenia, genetic affluity between .. 925 Spermolepsis. genet ic affluity between 92) Tannin, culture of canaigre tor, Ariz. Sta 846 determination 925 In black wattle. Cal. Sta .595 canaigre roots.Ariz. Sta 846 Cal. Sta 591 Page. Taphrina deformans, notes. U. S. D. A... 810 pruni. notes. Mich. Sta 871 Tarantula, death due to, U. S. D. A 812 Taraxacum officinale, notes, N. J. Stas . . 308 Tare seed, analyses, Mass. State Sta 157 Tares, Scotch, analyses. Mass. Stat« Sta 159 culture exi)eriments, Mass. State Sta 159 Tar for wireworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta ... 447 Tariff in France, U. S. D. A 903 Tariffs, foreign, on agricultural products, U. S.D.A 326 imder reciprocity treaties, D. S. DA : 338 Tarnished plant bug, notes, Iowa Sta.... 784 Taro. notes. Cal. Sta 444 Tartar emetic, analyses. Del. Sta 690 Tartarian honeysuckle, summer propa- gation, Minn. Sta 230 Tarweed. notes. Cal. Sta 593 prickly, notes, Cal. Sta spg Tea, aboriginal North American, history, U. S. D. \ '[ 415 and coffee, methods of analyses 925 culture In North Carolina T09 New Jersey, notes. Nebr. Sta hi\ North American, analyses, U. S. D.A 4,5 Teachers and investigators, relation be- tween 140 Teasel. Fuller's, note.s. Cal. Sta ,598 Temi)eraiure, observations on Mount Washington, U.S. D.A. 549 of the air in the region of Paris, variation in 926 Tenderfoot leaf hopper, notes, Iowa Sta 2:8 Teimessee fescue, notes. Tenn. Sta 41 Stat ion, bulletins 40. 42. .325, 470, .=>37, 723 notes 501 Tent caterpillar, apple tree, notes— Ky. Sta 792 N. Mex, Sta 230 N. Y. State Sta .... 31S N. C. Sta 175 W. Va. Sta 4S forest, Me. Sta 398 N.Y.StateSta.. 313 caterpillars, notes. Can. Sta igg Ore. Sta........ 889 treatment- Mass. Hatch Sta . .864, 870 Ore. Sta 889 Teosinte. analyses. Ga. Sta 16 Mass. State Sta 159 as a forage plant, Ga. Sta 148 culture experiments. Ga. Sta. 148, 696 La. Stas. 800 field experiments with, Kans. Sta 17 Termfgjlavipeti. notes. Miss. Sta 876 Terreslial radiation. Me. Sta 396 Tetranychus lelarius, notes. N. C. Sta 176 Ore. Sta K89 Tettignnia inotliiifK. notes, Ky. Sta 860 Texas blue grass, adaptation, Cal. Sia . 505 1053 Page. Texas blue grass, analyses, S. C. Sta 318 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta 29 culture experiments, Fla. Sta 604 notes, Nev. Sta 29 Tenn. Sta 41 fever, investigation, U. S. D. A . . . 729 Station, bulletins . .97, 244, 246, 325, 72.'>, 890 facts regai-ding 325 report 724 Thainnocalamus spathiflorus, notes, Cal. Sta 597 Thermometer, maximum and minimum. instructions for use, U. S. D. A 894 Thei'oiua rnelanocephala as a parasite of the Gypsy moth. Mass. Hatch Sta 870 Thistle, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, N. J.Stas 308 Wyo.Sta 52 Thomas slag, adulteration 211, 263. 261, 265 analysis, Conn. State Sta.. 8 composition 660 patents 755 relation of basic calcium phosphate 818 w. Martin slag 661 Thomomys clusiusfuscus.n. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 184 Thorn-headed worm, hosts, U. S.D.A 501 Thrips on gi-apes, U. S. D. A 107 wheat, notes, Ky. Sta 860 Thrips sacchari, n.sp., notes 278 Tiger beetle, notes. N. C. Sta 175 Tile drainage, effect on crops. Mo. Sta ... 27 experiments, Tex. Sta 246 for corn, Ala. Canebrake Sta 590 Tilia americana, notes, Iowa Sta 788 Nebr. Sta 521 Tilletiafoitens. notes. Can. Sta 127 Kans. Sta 286 N.C. Sta.. 172 irjVJrt. notes, Kans. Sta 286 Timber investigation, U. S.D.A 658 physics, laboratory tests, U. S. D.A 729 proposed work, U. S. D.A 908 Timothy- grass, analyses, Can. Sta 357 N. H. Sta 291 W. Va. Sta 629 as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta. 28 Nev. Sta 29 fertilizer tests. N. J. Stas 299 for permanent meadows, Mich. Sta 398 growth, N. H. Sta 291 hay, analyses. Ark. Sta 284 Me. Sta 391 N.J. Stas 296,301 N. Y. State Sta 401 Tenn. Sta 40 ash constituents, Cal. Sta 373 earty-cutD«. late-cut, Me. Sta.. 391 Page. Timothy- hay in dietformilchcows.Miss.Sta.. 166 mules. Miss. Sta 167 yield per acre, Me. Sta 391 Tip worm of cranberries, notes- Mass. Hatch Sta 871 N. J. Stas 309 Tithonia fruticosa, notes, U. S. D. A 103 Tmelocera ocellana, notes, Me. Sta 396 Toadflax, analy.ses, W. Va. Sta 629 notes, N. J. Stas 308 Tobacco— and sulphur, analyses, N.H. Sta 292 N.J. Stas 523 aroma as controlled by bacteria 354 as an insecticide, use, N. J. Stas 298 chlorine compound as affecting qual- ity 188 condition and acreage, U. S. D. A 107,183,253,326 cooperative field experiments with . 662 cultivation and curing — Conn. State Sta 776 La. Stas 861 N. C. Sta 709 U. S. D. A 631 culture in Alabama 833,845 Florida 510 Louisiana 861 Queensland 753 fermentation 354 as affected by bacteria . . 367 field experiments with, S.C. Sta 325 flea beetle, notes, Ky. Sta 860 for cranberry insects, Mass. Hatch Sta.. 871 rose chafer, N. J. Stas 171 formation of nicotine 65 improvement of burning quality 189 insects in Florida. U. S.D.A 813 liquid, analyses, Mass. State Sta 162 marketing, Ala. College Sta 845 "pole burn" investigation. Conn. State Sta 773 potash salts as affecting quality 188 powder for plant lice on lettuce, Ohio Sta 97 relation between quality and compo- sition 187 seed leaf, artificial curing. Conn. State Sta 776 smoke, studies 832 Snow system of curing- Conn. State Sta 776 N.C. Sta 709 stem rot, investigation. Conn. State Sta 775 stems, analyses, N.J. Stas 299,523 taste as controlled by bacteria 354 varieties, Nev. Sta 802 worm, notes, Ky. Sta 792 N.C. Sta 175 yield, U. S. D.A... 414 Tocalote. notes, Cal. Sta 598 Tomato blight, investigation. Miss. Sta . 702 plant, botany, N. Y. Cornell Sta. 410 1054 Page. Tomato rot. notes on, Conn. State Sta .. 10 worms, fungous diseases, Conn. State Sta 10 Tomatoes- acids in 190 analyses 189,191 artificial pollination, N. Y. Cornell Sta 91 ash constituents 193,191 black rot, notee. Ky. Sta 860 coloring matters 189 crossing. N. Y. Cornell Sta 409 early vs. late setting. N. Y. Cornell Sta 407 effect of imperfect pollination, N. Y. Cornell Sta 91 farm manure vs. commercial ferti- lizers for, N. Y. Cornell Sta 91 fertilizer tests. Ga. Sta 696 N.J. Stas 293,299,879 N. Y. Cornell Sta 406 Va. Sta 626 forcing houses for, N. Y. Cornell Sta. 91 from green c«. ripe seed- Mich. Sta 610 N. Y. Cornell Sta 408 N. Y. State Sta 39,402 frultrot. N. Y. Cornell Sta 409 fimgous diseases. N.Y.Cornell Sta... 91 hilling, N. Y. Cornell Sta 408 Insects affecting. N. Y. Cornell Sta 91 keeping quality N. Y. Cornell Sta 409 leaf blight, nature and treatment. Conn. State S»a 847 manuring, N. Y. Cornell Sta 91 methodsof culture. N.Y. State Sta 38 mixing. N.Y.Cornell Sta 409 nitrate of soda for, N. J. Stas 30.879 quality as affected by fertilizers. N. Y. Cornell Sta 403 rimuing out of varieties, N. Y. Cornell Sta 410 seeds p«. cuttings, N.Y. Cornell Sta ... 407 setting "leggy" plants, N. Y. Cornell St.i 408 single-stem training, N. Y. Cornell Sta 408 transplanting, N. Y. Cornell S ta 407 trellises for, Mich. Sta 610 trimming, N. Y. Cornell Sta 407 varieties. Ark. Sta 282 Colo. Sta 82,85 Ga.Sta 693 Ky.Sta 791 Md. Sta 514 Mlch.Sta.. 610 N.Y.Cornell Sta 92.410 N.Y.StateSta 38,402 OreSta 622 Tenn.Sta 724 Vt.Sta 480 Va. Sta ....625.626 W. Va. Sta 808 Tornadoes in North Carolina. N. C. Sta . . 93 Page. Tortoise beetle, black-legged, notes. N. J. Sta.s 309 golden, notes. N. J. Stas. 309 mottled, notes.N.J.Stas. 309 Tortricid. n. sp.,note.s. U. S. D. A 183 Townsendia serk-ea, notes, Wyo. Sta 52 Toxoptera graminum, notes, U. S. D. A 811 Trailing strawberry bush, notes, Netr. Sta 521 Transportation rates, U. S. D. A 107, 183, 253, 326, 414, .=>43, 632. 728. 813, 903 Treasm-er, report, Ark. Sta 280,762 Conu. State Sta 8.85.763 Conn. Storrs Sta 374 Del. Sta 686 Fla.Sta 386 Me. Sta 396 Md. Sta 517 Mass. State Sta 162 Miss. Sta 874 Nebr. St:i 27 Nev. Sta 29 N.H.Sta 292 N.J.Stas 299 N. Mex. Sta 36 N.Y.StateSta 398 N. Dak. Sta 886 Ohio Sta 175 Ore. Sta 39 Pa. Sta 453,712 R.I. Sta 533 S. C. Sta 825 S. Dak. Sta «84 Utah Sta 884 Vt.Sta 470 Wyo. Sta 629 Tree berberry, notes, Iowa Si a 788 borer.x. kerosene for. D. S. U. A. .... 812 cricket, note.s. N. Y. State Sta 313 N. C. Sta 175 hopper, buffalo, Ohio Sta 176 lilacs, notes, Iowa Sta 788 planting in Washlugton 727 snowball, notes. Iowa Sta 788 Trees and shrubs for Inwa . . 788 of Nebraska 521 deciduous, list. N. Y. State S::i .. 404 evergreen, list. N. Y. State Sta . . 404 forest, planting. Colo. Sta 85 species. Can. Sta 3 ». 361 Tex. Sta. -'46 W. Va. Sta.. 43 locust, insects injtirlng. W.Va ii 47 plant I'd on Mount Hamilton, t a i- fornia 599 shade, notes. Tex. Sta 246 TriboUiimftrrui/tnfuiu. notes. Miss. Sta . 702 Trichinosis of swine, notes. La. Stas . . 152 Trichloris pluriflora. notes. U. S. D. .\ . . M9 verticillata. notes. U. S. D. .\ . 549 Trichobaris Irinotata. notes. Ohio .Sta 176 U. S. D. A.. 56 Trichophyton tonsurans, notes. Ark. Sta . S71 Trirhosteiua sp.. notes, Cal. Sta 508 1055 Page. Trifolium gracilenfntn, notes, Cal. Sta . . . 5'J9 hybridum. (See Alsike clover.) incarnatum. (See Scarlet clo- ver.) pratense, notes, Nebr. Sta 28 Nev. Sta 30 repens. notes. Nebr. Sta 28 Nev. Sta 30 Trigonoderus sp., notes, W. Va. Sta 4" Tri>nero(ropisj)seado-/asciala. notes, U. S. D.A 90- Triodia acuminata, notes, U. S. D. A .'549 albescens, notes, U. S. D. A 549 eragrostoides. notes, U. S. D. A. . . 549 grandiflora, notes. U. S. D. A 549 nealleyi, notes, U. S. D.A 549 jmlchella. notes, U. S. D. A 549 gtr ict a. uotea, U.S. D.A 549 texana, notes, U. S. D. A 549 trinerviglumis, notes, U. S. D. A. . 549 Triptogon iinperator. notes, U. S. D. A 53 Trisetum hallii, notes, U. S. D. A 549 interrupt iim, notes. U. S. D. A. .. 549 THtoma calif or nica. notes. U. S. D. A 812 Trombidium bulbipes as a parasite of the Gypsy moth. Mass. Hatch Sta 869 locustar urn. notes. Minn. Sta 228 Tropidocarpum gracile, notes, Cal. Sta. .. 598 Troximon sp. , notes, Cal. Sta .598 Trumi)et honeysuckle, notes. Nebr. Sta . 523 Tryblidiella pygmcea, notes, U. S. D. A 810 Trypeta pomonella, notes, Iowa. Sta. 218 N.Y. State Sta- 313 Ohio Sta 176 Tuberculin, for diagnosing tuberculosis . 832, 928 Tuberculosis- bacilli, method of examining milk for - 928 bacteria In butter 423 in cows, notes. Me. Sta 23 inoculation of dogs 928 Turnip flea beetle, notes. Can. Sta ._ 198 leaf miner, notes. Ky. Sta 792 Tm'nips, analyses, Can. Sta 133 Kans. Sta 859 Mass. State Sta 159 downy mildew Mass. State Sta. 161 fertilizer tests 755 root rot. notes, N. J. Stas 307 Swedish, varieties, Vt. Sta 480 varieties 743 Can. Sta 128,356,360 Pa. Sta 719 Vt. Sta 480 VS. silage for pigs, Can. Sta 129, 133 white rust, Mass. State Sta 161 yield in Great Britain 835 Turpentine, spirits, for wireworms, N. Y. Cornell Sta 448 Tussock moth, white-marked, notes— Me.Sta :»6 Ohio Sta 176 Ore. Sta ... 889 Twig borers, locust, notes, W. Va. Sta ... 47 889 414 Page. Twig girdler, notes, N. C. Sta 175 Tylenchus sacchuri, notes 278 Tylodernui fraganoi, notes, N. Y. State Sta 313 Typklocyba vitis. fungous diseases, Conn. State Sta 10 notes, Colo. Sta .-. 8 N.Mex. Sta 230,886 Typhoid fever bacteria in butter 423 Ulcinula spiralis. (See Powdery mildew of grapes.) Ulmus americana, notes, Iowa Sta 788 Nebr. Sta .521 fulva, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Unicorn prominent, description and treatment. Ore. Sta United States Entomological Commis- sion, report, U. S. D. A. National Herbarium, contributions from. . . 103, 631 Uranium solution for determining phos- phoric acid 924 Uredo gossypii.u. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 328 Urine, detection of sugar 924 Urocystis cepulce, nature and treatment. Conn. State Sta 847 notes, N. J. Stas 307 occulta, notes, Conn. S tate Sta. 10 Uromyces beta;, notes, Iowa Sta 783 kiitinii, n.sp., notes ^8 trifolii, notes. Conn. State Sta. 10 Iowa Sta 217 rmrfa; in Idaho, U. S. D. A 184 Urtica holoserica, notes, Cal. Sta .598 urens. notes. Cal. Sta 598 Ustilago avence, notes, Kans. Sta 285 reiliana, notes, Kans. Sta 287 sacchari. notes 287 segeturn, notes, Can. Sta 127 N. C. Sta 172 sorghi, notes, Kans. Sta 287 Irilici, notes, Kans. Sta 286 zecE mays, notes, Can. Sta 127 Kans. Sta 287 N.C. Sta... 172 Utah Siation, bulletins . . 100, 179, 412, 470, 806, 807 equipment 624 notes 69, 270, 501, 658, 752, 931 report 624 Valsaria hypoxyloides. notes, U. S. D. A.. 810 Vaseline as an insecticide, U. S. D. A 813 Vedaliaspp., exportation, U. S. D.A notes, U. S. D. A Vegetable ivory, analyses, Mass. State Sta pathologist, report, Mass. State Sta Pathology, Division U. S. D. A 327,485,631,810 seeds, tests. Can. Sta 356 Vegetables, cooked, composition 750,831 culture experiments, N. Mex. Sta 886 varieties, Ark. Sta 282 Can. Sta 356 Colo. Sta 82,85 812 183 162 160 1056 Page. Vegetables, varieties, Fla. Sta 386 Ga. Sta 387,693 Ind. Sta 781 Kans. Sta 18 Ky. Sta 791 Me. Sta 395 Mich. Sta 609 Nev. Sta 30,802 N. Y. State Sta.... 38, 401 Ore. Sta 622 Pa. Sta 461.719 R.I. Sta 531 Tenn. Sta. 724 Utah Sta 625,807 Vt. Sta 479 Va. Sta 625,808 Velvet grass, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Wyo. Sta 709 as a forage plant, Nev. Sta. 29 notes, Tenn. Stas 41 leaf, notes, N. J. Stas 308 Verbena mildew, treatment, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 619 Verbena officinalis, notes, Cal. Sta 598 Verdl^is. for stinking smut of wheat. Kans. Sta 286 Vennicularia circinang, notes, N. J. Stas. 307 tuheffigurata, notes. N. J. Stas. 308 Vermont Station, bulletins 101, 246, 890. 891 notes 362,658 report 470 Trotting Horse Breeders' Asso- ciation, exhibit, U. S. D. A.... 729 Vernal grass, sweet, as a forage plant. Nev.Sta 29 culture experi- ments. La. Stas.. 860 Fer-makiug. use of grape bags by, U. S. D. A 547 Water, action on lead pipes 432 analyses. Cal. Sta 590 La: Stas 444 Tex. Sta 24« Vt. Sta 471.890 analyses reports 8%l bug. Hydrobatld. n. sp.,U. S. D. A. 54* distilled, germ tree ~4S hot. for corn smut, Iowa Sta 787 potato scab. N. Dak. Sta 619 rose chafers. Mich. Sta. . 291 N.J. Stas.. 171 rust of sorghum. Kans. Sta 287 smut of— oats. Kans. Sta 286 Ohio Sta 806 Vt. Sta 892 wheat. Kans. Sta... 2-.'6, 286 Ohio Sta 243 irriRatlon. analyses. Colo. Sta . 82 mineral, analyses. Ore. Sta 412 preservation and study. 927 pepi>er. notes. N. J. Sta 308 potable, estimation of nitrates in. 109 rain, ammonia in, Colo. Sta 83 analyses 362 nitrates in. Colo. Sta 82 river, analyses. Ariz. Sta 444 sampling. Ariz. Sta 444 supply for lrrlg.1t ion. Colo. Sta .. 82 live stock, Iowa Sta. . . 219 1057 Page. Water, well, analyses, Ariz. Sta 444 Can. Sta 357 Mass. State Sta . . 163 R.I. Sta 530 Watering of horses, Utah Sta 470 plants, notes. U. S. D. A 107 Watermelons, varieties, Colo. Sta 85 Fla. Sta 386 Nev. Sta 30 Teun. Sta 7:14 Wattle, black, profitableness of culture, Cal. Sta 595 taunin in, Cal. Sta 595 Wavy-striped flea beetles, notes, U.S.D.A 54 Weather Bureau, predictions 433 reorganization, U. S. D. A saa report, U. S. D. A 3-J9, 486 transfer, U. S. D. A .. 329, 305 519, 817, 894 effect on yield of vrheat 926 forecasts, distribution. IT. S. D. A - 330 service- cooperation between sta- tions and U. S. D. A 141 inlowa 270 North Carolina 211.314,411 Webworm, fall, notes, Ky. Sta 793 Me. Sta 396 N. J. Stas 298 N. Y. State Sta... 313 Weeds as fertilizers, W. Va. Sta.. 639 chemicals as exterminators, W. Va. Sta 893 notes.Cal. Sta 598 Colo.Sta 83 lowaSta 217 N. J. Stas 308 N. Y. Cornell Sta 615 valueasfeedingstuffs, W.Va.Sta. 893 Weed seeds, descriptions, Cal. Sta.. 599 Weeping bird cherry, notes. Iowa Sta .. 788 Weevil, black, notes. Miss. Sta 702 Weeviled peas, germination, Kans. Sta.. 18 Well water, analyses, Ariz. Sta. 444 Can. Sta 357 Mass. State Sta... 163 R. I. Sta 530 Of Hai-penden, England 139,901 West Virginia Station, bulletins.. lOl, 103,628, 629, 807, 808, 892 report 44 Wheat, acreage, U. S. D. A 53 analyses, Tex. Sta 890 and oat smuts, treatment. U. S. D. A 631 as a forage plant. Conn. Storrs Sta. 376 ash constituents, Cal. Sta 373 Tex. Sta 890 bran, adulteration 264 analy.ses, Del. Sta 690 Mass State Sta .. 153, 157,288 N". J. Stas 296.878 N.Y. State Sta... 401 S.C.Sta 318 Page. Wheat, bran, in diet for calves, Iowa Sta. 221 milch cows- Iowa Sta 222 Me. Sta 19 Mass. State Sta 153,287 pigs, Iowa Sta . . . 222 Mass. State Sta 156 Vt. Sta 178 steers. Me. Sta ... 391 Mass. St ate Sta 162 vs. cotton-seed meal for milch cows, Pa. Sta 468 bulb worm, notes, Iowa Sta 223 Ky. Sta 860 chaff, analyses, N. J. Stas 296 continuous cropping 186 Kans. Sta... 225 cropping ««. rotation, Ind.Sta.... 510 crop of India. ls91,U. S. D. A 183 statistics, U. S. D. A 107, 183, 543, 545, 728 culture in Georgia 387 Ohio 526 different forms of nitrogen for, Ind.Sta 513 distribution and consumption, U. S. D. A 728 effect of phosphates, N. J. Stas 294 fertilizer tests 186 111. Sta 215 Ind. Sta 510 Ky. Sta 227 N.J. Stas 299 N. C. Sta 172 Ohio Sta. 241,. 527 S. C. Sta .320..536 field experiments with 186 Cal. Sta... .599 Can. Sta... 128 Colo. Sta.. 82,85 111. Sta.... 215 Ind.Sta... 510 Kans. Sta . 223 Ky.Sta ... 227 N.J. Stas.. 35 N.C.Sta... 172 Ohio Sta.. 241 S.C. Sta... 536 fly, companion, description and treatment, Ohio Sta 889 fodder, analyses. Conn. Storrs Sta 375 grass as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta. 28 Japanese, adaptation, Cal. Sta _ 595 growing, Wash. Sta 807 in diet for pigs, Utah Sta 624 sheep, Utah Sta 634 leaf minei-, notes. U. S. D. A 813 loose smut, Kans. Sta 286 louse, notes, N. J. Stas 309 middlings- analyses, Conn. State Sta 13 1058 Page. Wheat middlings- analyses, Mass.' State Sta 157 N. J. Stas 296,878 N.Y. State Sta 401 in diet for colts. Me. Sta 391 pigs, Can. Sta 130 Me. Sta 392 Vt. Sta 478 Wis. Sta 49 midge, notes. Can. Sta 197 Ohio Sta 315 mulching, Ohio Sta 243 Noe's, resistance to lodging 928 Northern vs. Southern seed. Mo. Sta 168 pasturing. Kans. Sta 225 pea vines as green manure for, N. C. Sta 172 plant, relation of parts 269 production in Russia. U. S. D. A . 253 quality in different years S23 rotation experiments, Kans. Sta. 225 rust, fungicides for, Iowa Sta 787 notes. Kans. Sta 286 Mich. Sta 871 sawfly, notes, U. S. D. A 546 scab, notes, Del. Sta 689 Ind. Sta 512 seed, effect of sulphate of — copper, Can. Sta 3.57.3.58 iron, Can. Sta $J7, 358 Northern vs. Southern — Md.Sta 515 Mo.Sta 445 Vt. Sta 4«0 selection, Ind. Sta 510 Kans. Sta 224 treatment for smut, Ohio. Sta 243 seeding at different- depths, 111. Sta 215 Ohio. Sta.. 243 rates, Ind. Sta 510 Ky.Sta 227 broadcast. Kans. Sta 224 Indrllls. Kan.s.Sta 224 vs. broadcast— Ky.Sta 227 Ohio Sta.... 243 Shorts, analyses. Mass. State Sta. 157 N. J. Stas 878 single varieties vs. mixtures. Kans. Sta 225 smnt, treatment. Ohio Sta 243 spring harrowing. Kans. Sta 224 Stem maggot, notes. Can. Sta . ..I97,3.=i9 Ohio Sta.... 889 sawfly. description and treat- ment, Ohio Sta 889 stinking smut, Kans. Sta 286 N. C. Sta 172 straw, analyses. Tenn. Sta 41 worm, description and treatment, Ohio Sta 889 thrips, notes, Ky. Sta 860 top-dressing with plaster, Kans. Sta 224 Page. Wheat, varieties 743 Ala. College Sta 590 Can. Sta.128, 199, 3.56. 360, 361.599 Colo. Sta 82,85 Ga. Sta 387 ni. Sta 215 Ind. Sta 510 Iowa Sta 785 Kans. Sta 225 Ky.Sta 227 Md.Sta 514 Miss. Sta... 875 Mo.Sta 167 Nehr. Sta 708 Nev. Sta 802 N.Y. State Sta 404 Ohio Sta 243 Ore. Sta 806 Pa. Sta 453,719 S.C. Sta 536 Utah Sta 625 weight per bushel, Ind. Sta 512 wireworra, notes, N. Y. Cornell Sta 450 yield as affected by weather 926 in c;reat Britain 835 the United States 336 per acre. N. J. Stas 35 Ohio Sta 527 Whey, analyses. Wis. Sta 48 feeding value. Wis. Sta 48 indict for pigs. Wis. Sta 48 Whip .scorpion, death due to. U. S. D. A. 812 White ash. notes. Nebr. Sta 522 clover as a forage plant, Nebr. Sta. 28 Nev. Sta . 30 for lawns, R. I. Sta .533 devil, notes. W. Va. Sta 893 elm, not«8. Iowa Sta 788 Nebr. Sta 521 grub fungus, publications U. S. DA 812 grubs, not^s 657 Ark. Sta 282 W. Va. Sta 46 marked tus.sock moth, notes. Ohio Sta 176 moldof radishes, notes, N.J. Stas. 307 mustard, notes, Cal. Sta 598 oak. notes. Nebr. Sta 521 pine, notes, Iowa Sta 788 plant louse, notes, Ohio Sta. 176 propagat ion from seed, Minn. Sta 229 sawfly. notes, Mich. Sta 291 rot of grapes, notes, N. Y. State Sta 403 rust of turnips, notes, Mass. State Sta 161 scale, description and treatment. Ore. Sta 889 notes. N. Y. Cornell Sta 91 Siberian almond, notes. Iowa Sta.. 788 spruce, notes, Iowa Sta 788 propagation from seed. Minn. Sta 229 Whitetop. notes. W. Va. Sta 893 1059 Page. Whitewash for the rose chafer, Ohio Sta. 97 Wild black cherry, notes, Nebr. Sta 523 current, notes, Nebr. Sta 52".i carrot, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629,893 notes, N. J. Stas 308 chess as a forage plant, Wy o. Sta. . . 51 crab apple, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 lettuce, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 oats, notes, Cal. Sta 598 olive, notes, Iowa Sta 788 onion, notes, N.J. Stas 308 red current, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 sweet potato, notes, W. Va. Sta 893 Willow, almond, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 beaked, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 black, notes. Nebr. Sta 521 diamond, notes, Nebr. Sta 531 dwarf, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 grove plant louse, notes, Ohio Sta. 176 prairie, notes, Nebr. Sta ._ 521 rosemary, notes, Iowa Sta 788 sand-bar, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 shining, notes, Nebr. Sta.. 521 Willows, osier, species, Nebr. Sta 703 Wind-breaks, use and value, Wash. Sta.. 807 Wine, determination of fixed and vola- tile acids in 751 industry in California, U. S. D. A. 326 quality as affected by different wine yeasts 832 Wing stem, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Wire grass, analyses, W. Va. Sta 629 Wireworms— description and treatment, Ore. Sta. 889 experiments with, N. Y. Cornell Sta. 447 fall plowing lor destruction, N. Y. Cornell Sta 449 fertilizers as insecticides for, N. Y. Cornell Sta 449 fungous diseases, N. Y. Cornell Sta.. 448 insecticides for, N. Y. Cornell Sta 447 investigation, U. S. D. A 811 kerosene emulsion for, N. Y. Cornell Sta 448 notes. lowaSta 784 Ky. Sta 792 W. Va. Sta 46 remedies, U. S. D. A 812 starvation by clean fallow, N. Y. Cor- nell Sta 448 starvation by growing- buckwheat, N.Y.Cornell Sta 448 mustard, N. Y. Cornell Sta 448 rape, N. Y. Cornell Sta 448 trapping, N. Y. Cornell Sta 450 vVlscousin Station, bulletins 48,248,480,808 Witch hazel, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Wolf berry, notes, Nebr. Sta 522 Wolf spider as enemy of the locust, Minn. Sta 228 Wood ashes, analyses, R. I. Sta ,530 meadow grass as a forage plant— Nev. Sta 29 Wyo. Sta _ 51 nymph, beautiful, notes. Can. Sta. 197 pea, culture tests, Nebr. Sta 703 Page. Woods of Utah, heat value, Utah Sta ... 625 Wool-cleaning refuse, analy.sos— Conn. State Sta 9 Vt. Sta 571 exhibit at World's Columbian Ex- position 755 fiber, effect of food on, Vt. Sta 471 growing in the United States, sta- tistics, U. S. D. A 904 measurements, Vt. Sta 471 waste, analyses, Can. Sta 3.'>7 Conn. State Sta.. 8 Mass. State Sta.. 864 N.J. Stas 2<»9 R.I. Sta 530 weight per fleece, U. S. D.A 107 Woolly apple louse, notes, Me. Sta 39S N. Hex 230 Ore. Sta 889 root louse, parasite, U. S. D.A 546 World's Columbian Exposition- chemical exhibit, U. S. D. A 6.33 station exhibit 141 test of dairy breeds 362 Wormwood, notes, Nebr. Sta 523 Wye. Sta 53 Wyoming College, notes 70 Station, bulletins. 50, 182, 413, 630, 727 equipment 629 notes.- ..135, 6i.8 organization 50 report 629 Xanthium canadense, notes, W. Va. Sta. . . 893 spinosuin, notes, Cal. Sta 598 strumarium, analyses, W. Va. Sta 6'9 notes, Cal. Sta 598 Xanthoxyluniamericanum, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 X. O. dust as an insecticide, U. S . D. A. . . .54 forasparagus beetle, N.J. Stas. 298 white cabbage butterfly. N. J. Stas 298 Xyleules robinice, notes, W. Va. Sta 47 Xylose, occvirrence in plants 925 Xylotrechus nauticus, notes, U. S. D. A 812 Yarrow, analyses, W. Va.Sta 629,893 notes, Wyo.Sta .53 Yeast fermentation as affected by fluo- rides 553,655 selected and purified, fermentation with 926 Yellow daisy, notes, N. J. Stas 308 honeysuckle, notes. Nebr. Sta .523 oak, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 pine, notes, Nebr. Sta 521 Yellows, peach, notes, Conn. State Sta.. 846 N. C. Sta 172 U.S.D.A 810 Yorkshire pigs, feeding tests. Can Sta 131 Me. Sta.... .393 ZapodidLV, in Idaho, U. S. D. A 184 Zebra caterpillar, notes, Ohio Sta 97 Zeuzera pyrina, notes, N. J. Stas 298 Zomania for rose chafer, N. J. Stas i71 Zygodesmus albidus, notes N. J. Stas 307 75 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. W. HARRIS, DIRECTOR EXPEPvIME^^T STATIC]^ RECORD Vol. Ill, No. 11 ISSUED JXJISrE, 1892 PUBLISHED BY AUTHORIXY OF THE SECKETAKY OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1802 LOCATIONS AND DIRECTORS OF THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— /I vbiirn • W. L. Bronn. LL. D.* UViton- toum: CaiH-brake Station : VT. H. Newraan, M. S.t Athens: Xortli Ahihania Station; R. E. Binfonl, M. A. Abbeville: Southeast Alabama Station; B.Gillis, M.S. Akizona— 7j/c«o)i: F. a. Gulloy, M. S. AitKANSAS — Fat/etteville: R. L. Bennett, B. S. CAlAFOityiA—BeikelAjn E. W. nilgara, LL. D. C'oi/)RADO— Forr CoUint: AValter J. Quick, B. S. CONNEfTICCT— iS'ew Haven : State Station ; S. W. Jolinson, M. A. Utorrii : Storrs School Station; W. O. Atwater. Ph. D. Delaware— .Vcu-ar*: A. T. Xeale, Ph. D. 'F UiKm\ —Lake City : 3. P. DePass. (iEoiiiiiA— /;jr/\S—ApriniItural CoUerfe: 0. CTute, M. S. MlSXEHOTA— St. Anthony J'ark : C. D. Smith, M. S. Mississippi— A ynVt^Uwrai CoUege: S. M. Tracy, M.S. MissocHi— CofHwibia .• E. D. Porter, Ph. D. Nebraska— iincofn; H.H.Nicholson, M. A. Nevada— J?nm, H. S. Vermont— 7Ji(rlin.7<(m: VT. W. Cooke, M. A. ViRUtNiA— /{/a<'i-*6ur(7: J. M. JlrBryde, LL. D. Washi.notox— Ft(Hman; G. Lilley, LL. D. W e.«t Virginia— J/orj/anAoim .• J. A . Myers, Ph.D. ■\Vis<-oxsin— J/adi*o?»: W. A. Henry, B. Agr. AVvoMixo— XaramiV; A. A. Johnson, D. D. •President of lionrd of direction, t Assistant director in charge. jChairmBii of council. 5 Acting director. OiFiCK OK ExrERi.MKXT Statioxs. — Director, A. W. Harris; As.sist:int. Director, A. C. True; Special A<^cnt for European Work and Consulting Expert, W. O. Atwater; Assistant Editors, E, \V. Allen (foreign work) and W. H. Beal (index); Lihrariun and Kecord Clerk, S. L. Sonimers. Coniinnnications intended for this Office .should be addre.«8ed to the Secretary op Aguicultukk. for the Office of Experiment Stations, Department of J(jrieulture, Ji ash- ingtoii, D. C. PUBLICATIONS OF THE STATIONS AND OF THIS OFFICE. Each station issues bulletins and annual reports, which are sent free of charge to citizens of its own State, and, so far as practicable, to applicants from other States. The work of the stations is also summarized in publications of this Office. Tlie Office of Experiment Stations issues two classes of publications for general distribution : (1) Farmers' Bulletins, which are brief and popular in character, and are sent on ai>p]ication. (2) Experiment Station Bulletins, Miscellaneous Bulletins, and the Experiment Station Kecord, which are more or less technical. It is the practice to send to persons applying for them one or more numbers, from which they may judge of their usefulness, but not to place any names Tipon the mailing list until after receipt of applications on special blanks furnished by the Office. The following bulletins have been issued: Farmers^ Bulletins. — No. 1, The What and Why of Agricultural Experiment Stations; No. 2, Illustrations of the Work of the Stations. Experiment Station Bulletins. — No. 1, Organization and History of the Stations; No. 2, Digest of Annual Eeports of the Stations for 1888, in two parts ; No. 3, Report of Meeting of Horticulturists at Columbus, Ohio, June, 1889; No. 4, List of Station Horticulturists and Outline of their W^ork; No. 5, Organization Lists of Stations and Colleges, March, 1890; No. 6, List of Station Botanists and Outline of their Work; No. 7, Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, Washington, D. C, August, 1891; No. 10, Meteorological Work for Agricultural Institutions. Miscellaneous Bulletins. — No. 1, Proceedings of Knoxville Convention of Association of Agricultural Colleges and Stations, January, 1889; No. 2, Proceedings of Washing- ton Convention of the Association, November, 1889; No. 3, Proceedings of Champaign Convention of the Association, November, 1890. The Experiment Station Becord, vol. i, 6 numbers; vol. ii, 12 numbers; vol. iii, Nos. 1-10. Copies of the station and Department publications aljstracted in the Record can, in many instances, be obtained on application. Communications intended for this Office should be addressed to the Secretary OF Agriculture, for the Office of Experiment Stations, Department of Agriculture, tFashington, D. C. New York Botanical Garden Libra 3 5185 00292 4213 M\ ■^.■