"a^"". y *^ J ^ ^m- X-Q- .^^v ■ ',-^'./ -^it ^ >s U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT St^TION RECORD Volume XIII, 1901-1902 LIBRARY washingto:n^ GOVERNMKNT PRINTING OFFICE 19 02 A L. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus and Divisions. Weather Bureau — Willis L. Moore, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — D. E. Salmon, Chief. ' Bureau op Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Bureau of Forestry — Gifford Pinchot, Forester. Bureau of Soils — M. Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Division of Statistics — John Hyde, Statistician. Division of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Division of Biological Survey — C. Hart Merriam, Chief. Division of Foreign Markets — F. H. Hitchcock, Cliief. Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; . Canebrake Station: Uniontoum; J. M. Riche- son.* Tuskegee Station: Tuakegee; G.W.Carver.* Alaska— Sitta.- C. C. Georgeson.t Arizona — Tucson: R. H. Forbes.* A'RKA'SSAS—Fayettevilk: R. L. Bennett.* California— Bf/-Ar?f,(/.- E. W. Hilgard.* Colorado— i^ojt Collins: L. G. Carpenter.* Connecticut — State Station: New Haven; E. H. Jenkins.* Storrs Station: Starrs; L.A.Clinton. I Delaware— iVewiarA:; A. T. Neale.* Florida— iate City: T. H. Taliaferro.* Georgia— £xper/7nc?!^- R. J. Redding.* Hawaii— Federal Station: Honolulu; J. G. Smith. f Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F. Eckart.* Idaho— J/o.scoM'.- J. A. McLean.* Illinois— LVftana.- E. Davenport.* Indiana— ia/aT/e«c.- H. A. Huston.* Iowa— ^))2cs.- C. F. Curtiss.* Kansas— .VanAa«a)(; J. T. Willard.* KEtiTVCKY— Lexington: M. A. Scovell.* Louisiana— State Station: Baton Rouge; Sugar Station: Audubon Park, New Orleans; North Louisiana Station: Calhoun; W. C. Stubbs.* Maine— Oro?io.- C.D.Woods.* Maryland— Co/^Pf/c Park: H. .T. Patterson.* Massachusetts— >-l?n/)C)-.st- H. H. Goodell.* UiCHiGAS— Agricultural College: C. D. Smith.* Minnesota— ,9/. Anthony Park, St. Paul: W. M. Liggett.* UississiPFi— Agricultural College: W. L. Hutchin- son.* Missouri— College Station: Columbia; H.J. Waters.* Fruit Station: Mountain Gi-ove; J.T.Stinson.* Montana— Boseinrt??; S. Fortier.* Nebraska— imco??).- E. A. Burnett.* Nevada— i?c?!o.- J. E. Stubbs.* New Hampshire— Dwr/ia?)!.- F. W. Morae.§ New Jersey— iVew Brunswick: E. B. Voorhees.* New Mexico— Mesilla Park: Luther Foster.* New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan.* Cornell Station: Ithaca; I.P.Roberts.* North Carolina— JJo^e/fir/t.- B. W. Kilgore.* North Dakota — Agricultural College: J. H. Worst.* Ohio— TUooster; C. E. Thorne.* Oklahoma— Stillwater: J. Fields* Oregon— Cor!'oMj>.- J. Wivhycombe.* Pennsylvania— S^ate College: H. P. Armsby.* Porto Ylico-Mayaguez: F. D. Gardner.! Rhode Isla^^d— Kingston: H. J. Wheeler.* South Carolis a— Clcmson College: H. S. Hartzog.* South Dakota— Brookings: James W. Wilson.* Tennessee— i'no.ri'fV/e.- A. M. Soule.§ Texas— College Station: P. H. Mell.* Utah — Logan: J. A. Widtsoe.* \ERiiovT— Burlington: J. L. Hills.* ViRGitii A— Blacksbiirg: J. M. McBryde.* Washington— PitH^wan: E. A. Bryan.* West Virginia— 3/orj?a?itow?i; J. H. Stewart.* Wisconsin— Jfad/sow.- W. A. Henry.* Wyoming— Lomm/e.- B. C. Buffum.* * Director. 11 t Special agent in charge. I Acting director. § Vice-director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: K. W. ALLEN, Vu. D., Assistant Diredor. KDITOKIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. "\V. Lawsox. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evaxs, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Laxgworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. AVilc'tained in lUOO from trial plats of grain, etc., AV. Saunders 34 Kxperiments with grain and f( irage crops, R. A. Moore 36 Experiments with corn, forage crojts, and cereals, A. M. Soule et al 36 Experiments with forage crops, J. H. Skinner 37 Crops for sunuuer forage, G. Henze 37 Influence of the size of the seed on the yield, Edler 37 The improvement of cereal crops, T. H. Middleton 37 Fertilizer experiments with different forms of potash 37 I'roduction of silage, S. Al. Babcock and H. L. Russell 37 Unavoidable losses in silage, F. H. King 38 Alanagement of ensilage crops, A. M. Soule 39 The textile agaves ( if Algeria 39 Corn culture, R. J. Redding - 39 The effects of continued use of immature seed corn, E.^ S. Goff 39 Corn growing - 39 Cotton culture, R. J. Redding 40 Tests of lupines, vetches, ancl peas for green manuring, O. Pitsch 40 The culture of colza and lupines, Schribaux 40 Experiments with oats on the value of seed exchange, F. F. Bruijning, jr 40 Conmiercial fertilizers for potatoes, W. H. Jordan 41 Influence of selecting seed potatoes, C. von Seelhorst 41 A chemical investigation of the rice plant, etc., C. C. McDonnell 42 Rice culture in the South, S. A. Knapp 42 Pedigreed sorghum as a source of cane sugar, A. T. Neale 42 Germination experiments with sugar-cane cuttings, Z. Kamerling 43 Cane farming in Trinidad, P. Carmody 43 A soil study of sugar beets, W. P. Headden 43 Influence of mineral fertilizers on vield of sugar beets, P. Petrov 44 Notes on sugar beets for 1899, R. H . .AIcDowell 44 Sugar-beet culture in Wisconsin during 1899, F. AA'. AA^oll 44 The culture of beets at Grignon in 1900, P. P. Deherain 45 The conservation (drying) of beet tops 45 Protuberances on sugar beets, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan 45 List of publications on sugar-beet culture published in 1900, H. Briem 45 The beet-sugar industry in Alichigan, 1900, C. D. Smith 45 The sunflower plant, H. ^V. AViley 45 Variation in the nitrogen content of cultivated wheats, P. de A^ilmorin 46 The production of wheat in Alichigan, (). C. Howe 46 Domestic supi>ly of sugar for Alichigan, R. C. Kedzie 46 Management of the estate of Ellenbach, A. Caron 46 HORTICULTURE. Report of tlie horticulturist, Georgia, A. L. Quaintance 46 Report of the horti<'ulturist. North Carolina, W. F. Alassey 47 Effects of continued use of immature tomato seed, E. S. Goff 47 The horizontal training of tomatoes, G. Quinn 47 Fertilizer and cultural tests with tomatoes, J. Troop 47 Notes on celery, E. Walker 48 Duration of the growth period in fruit trees, F. Cranefield 48 Trial orchards, W. G. A'incenheller 49 I'nder ])ianting in orchards, C. A. Keffer 50 Effect of ah'alfa and grass on the growth of orchard trees 50 Ai)ples that originated in Ohio, W. R. Lazenby 50 The cherry in Kansas, with a chapter on the apricot and nectarine 50 Pickling green olives, F. T. Bioletti 50 Training the young lemon tree, Leffingwell 50 The artificial coloring of oranges, Pum and K. Micko 50 Navelencia — a new citrus creation 50 Training the peach, C. A. Keffer 50 Peaches in Massachusetts, J. AV. Clark 50 IV CONTENTS. I'aKe. Grafting .-. '''*^ An idt-al Jiictliod of pruning fruit trees, E. S. (luff 50 Wlu're to cut ill pruning, V. A. Keffer 51 A liylirid of tlie Liberian and Araljiaii coffee tree, E. Bordage 51 Lil)erian coffee; its culture and manipulation, V. Boutilly 51 The cultivated guavas and their l)otanical differences, J. B. Davy 51 A tendency to l)isexuality in straw lierries, U. P. Hedrick 51 Second report on experiments in pinching raspl)erry shoots, E. S. (ioff 51 Making a cranberry bog, F. A. Makepeace 51 OJrapes, F. S. Earle and C. F. Austin 51 Grapes, C. C Newman 52 Ringing 52 The Kniffen method of grape pruning, C. A. Keffer 52 Waxed pai)er bands for grafting grapes 52 First steps in anijielography, M. Mazade 52 Introductior to Roumanian ampelography, G. N. Nii'oleano 52 Chestnut cultivation in France, J. C. Covert 52 A practit-al guide to garden plants, J. Weathers 52 The experiment stations and the florist trade 5;! The question of colf)r relative to flowers, F. S. Mathews 5.'! Pvther treatment of plants 5:^ Hybridization in Amaryllefe 53 Notes on cannas, F. K. Luke 53 Carnations, preparation for field planting, A. M. Herr 53 New chrysanthemums of 1900, H. Dauthenay 53 Shasta daisies 53 IIi/dniiKjea hortensla, Jeanne d' Arc 53 ])ISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases in 1900, Georgia, A. L. Quaintance 53 Notes on injurious fungi 54 Report of the vegetalile pathologist, Queensland Dept. Agr., H. Tryon 55 The sterile fungus Rhiz(jctonia, B. M. Duggar and'F. C. Stewart 55 Plant diseases in U. S. due to Rhizoctonia, B. M. Duggar and F. C. Stewart. . 55 The wilt disease of cotton and its control, W. A. Orton 55 Formalin and hot water for loose smut of wheat, J. C. Arthur 5(i Formalin as a ])reventive of millet smut, W. Stuart 5(i Inoculation experiments with grass-infesting ergots, R. Stager . 5(i Damping off of lieets in the field, J. C. Arthur 5(i The diseases of sugar beets, A. Stiff 57 The scab of sugar beets 57 The asparagus rust, J. C. Arthur 57 Diseases of tomatoes, 11. Tryon 57 A bacterial disease of tomatoes, W. Stuart 57 A new method of combating club root of cruciferous plants, J. Burvenich .... 58 Disease of turnips caused by bacteria, W. Carruthers and A. L. Smith. .-. 58 Sulphur-lime treatment for onion smut, F. A. Sirrine and F. C. Stewart 58 Crown gall of apple, W. (t. Vincenheller 59 The New York apple-tree canker, W. Paddock 59 The canker ( Rostrella disease) of Coffcu. arablca, A. Zimmermann GO INIuiberry-dwarf troul)les, V. Suzuki (il Black rot and mildew of grapes and their treatment, Schloesing (il (iiiignardia reiiifortiiiif in the Caucasus, A. Lebedeff 61 Some diseases of New England conifers, H. von Schrenk 82 A disease of Td.rodiinn disticlnim, etc., H. von Schrenk 62 A new species of Trimmatostroma, INI. W. Doherty 63 The rust of white pine, C. von Tubeuf \ '63 Concerning a fungus disease of the Norway spruce, R. Beck 63 Copper-soda mixture for the prevention of pine-leaf cast, F. Grundner 63 Stutlies on the hexenbesens of barberry, J. Eriksson 63 Wakker's hyacinth germ ( Pseudomonas hyacinthi), E. F. Smith 63 On the coloring and spotting of rose leaves, C. Wehmer 64 A nematode disease of clematis, J. Chiftlot 64 Concerning a bacteria-like fungus which destroys nematodes, G. Lagerheim. . 64 Fungicides, South Carolina Station 64 Copjjer and sulphur in plant i:)rotection, J. E. Weiss 64 CONTENTS. V Paee. Bordeaux mixture witli linseed oil, Condeiiiinal. (54 Suggestions f(ir international piiytopatliologioal connnission, .1. l''riksson (>4 K\TOMOI>0(i\ . Thirty-lirst annual report of the Kntoniolugieal Society of Ontario, IDOO 04 Miseellaueous notes on injurious insects, V. II. Lowe 65 Insect notes, A. L. tiuaintance 66 r>ugs injurious to our cultivated plants, (). Lugger 66 r.eetles injuring trees in the Turkestan region, N. N. Sokolov 67 Report of the division of hiology. New Zealand Dept. Agr., T. W. Kirk 67 Keport of tlie entomologist, (Queensland Dept. Agr., H. Tryon 67 Auoplirlcs )nacnllj)ciiiiis, (I. F. H. Nuttall and A. E. Shipley 67 Extermination of malaria-breeding mosquitoes, H. C. Weeks 67 Remarks on J'sorojihorn rlliatu, Tj. ( ). Howard 67 Phylloxera and its destruction by means of lysol, G. Cantin 68 The palmer-worm, ]\I. V. Slingerland 68 The carjienter w< >rm, S. 1>. Doten 68 The coilling moth or apple maggot 69 The gvpsv moth, S. Lampa 69 Orchard insects, H. Osborn 69 Treatment of orchards infested with tlie San Jose scale, W. 31. Scott 69 Crurophagous insects, E. A. Bogdanow 70 The spinning apparatus of larvfe of Lyda, N. Cholodkovsky 71 The stridulating organs of the Rhynchota, A. Handlirsch 71 Occurrence of T)njfiopIiil The niethf ids of practical hygiene, K. B. Lehmann 7;> Fifth report on food products, E. II. Jenkins 7.S Food products examined for the Connecticut Dairy Commissi(jner, 1900 74 The Schweitzer system of grinding grain and making bread, A. Miintz 74 Shredded entire wheat biscuit 74 Buckwheat flour, A. L. Winlon 74 Preserves, A. L. Winton 74 Fruit eating 74 Lard, A. L. Winton and A. \V. Ogden 74 Lard oil, A. L. Winlon 74 OMve oil, A. L. Winton anng city horses, J. McFadyean 92 Report of bacteriological station, Kharkov Veterinary Institute, A. Rayevski. 92 Decomposition of peroxid of hydrogen by animal tissues, etc., B. Danilewsky. 92 Spore formation of anthrax bacillus under anaerobic conditions, A. Klett 92 New staining method for so-called capsule of anthrax bacillus, W. Raebiger.. 92 luununization of the anthrax bacillus, J. Danysz 92 P^xperimental studies on blackleg, E. Leclainche and H. Vallee 93 Preventive vaccination as means of comVjating cattle plague, A. Dudukalov . . 94 The study of the organism of cattle i^lague, G. Garlichkov 94 Fat formation by different bacteria, etc. , A. Sata 94 The lesion in actinomycosis, etc. , R. C. Rosenberger 94 Bacteria in milk after mammitis, J. F. Lameris and H. G. Van Harrevelt 94 Spotted kidney in calves, K. Kavitz 94 Diseases of sheep .- 94 Diseases of sheep, W. A. Rushworth 94 The micro-organism of sheep pox, F. J. Bosc 94 The prevalence of sheep scab, A. W. Bitting 95 Epidemics of hog cholera and swine plague, A. W. Bitting 95 Diseases of the pig, A. W. Bitting 95 Combating swine plague and hog cholera, Schreiber 96 A study of the constituents of corn smut, W. Stuart 96 Nerve diseases of horses in the sacral plexus, Thomassen 96 Upon the occurrence of rabies, A. W. Bitting 96 Antirabies serum therapy, A. Rodet and Galavielle 96 Animal parasites, I and 11, V,. P. Niles 96, 97 Destruction of offal in slaughterhouses, Laurent 97 STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. Organization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations 98 Experiment Station Work — XVII 98 Estimates of Russian crops, E. T. Peters 98 Foreign markets for American agricultural products, F. H. Hitchcock 98 Agriculture at the Paris Exposition of 1900, F. Brettreich 98 Fourth report of the Victoria Royal Commission on technical education 98 Among the patriarchs of agriculture, I. Klingen 98 German agriculture at the end of the nineteenth century, L. Geschwind 98 VITI CONTENTS. experimp:nt station and department publications abstracted. Pago. Stations in the United States: Alabama College Station — Bui. 110, Dec, 1900 51 Thirteenth An. Rpt., 1900 97 Alabama Tuskegee Station — Bui. 4, 1901 21 Arkansas Station — Bui. 64, Dec., 1900 48 Bui. 65, Dee., 1900 77 Thirteenth An. Rpt., 1900. 49,59,97 Colorado Station — Bui. 57, July, 1900 33 Bui. 58, Aug. , 1900. 43 Connecticut State Station — Bui. 132, Feb., 1901 75 An. Rpt. , 1900, pt. 2 17, 31, 73, 74, 75, 82 Delaware Station — Bui. 50, Mar., 1901 71 Bui. 51, Jan., 1901 42 Georgia Station — Bui. 51, Nov., 1900 39 Bui. 52, Jan., 1901 40 Thirteenth An. Rpt. ,1900 46, 53, 66, 97 Idaho Station — Bui. 26, Feb., 1901 69 Indiana Station — Thirteenth An. Rpt., 1900 17, 31,32,37,45,47,56, 57, 69, 81, 95, 96, 97 Louisiana Stations — Bui. 63 (2. ser.), Sept., 1900.. 32,71 Maryland Station — Bui. 70, Jan., 1901 28 Massachusetts Hatch Station — Met. Buls. 145-147, Jan.- Mar., 1901 23 Michigan Station — Thirteenth An. Rpt., 1900 23,97 Minnesota Station — Bui. 69, Dec, 1900 66 Nevada Station — Bui. 49, Sept. , 1900 68 Bui. 50, Dec, 1900 44 New York Cornell Station — Bui. 186, Jan., 1901 55 Bui. 187, Jan., 1901 68 New York State Station — Bui. 180, Dec, 1900 65 Bui. 181, Dec, 1900 71 Bui. 182, Dec. , 1900 58 Bui. 183, Dec, 1900 85 Bui. 184, Dec, 1900 86 Bui. 185, Dec, 1900 59 Page. Stations in the United States: New York State Station — Bui. 186, Jan., 190] 55 Bui. 187, Dec, 1900 41 North Carolina Station — Twenty-third An. Rpt., 1900. . 47, 97 North Dakota Station — Bui. 46, Dec, 1900 21 Oregon Station — Bui. 65, Jan. , 1901 84 Rhode Island Station — Bui. 76, Jan., 1901 34 South Carolina Station — Bui. 57, Dec, 1900 64 Bui. 58, Feb., 1901 52 Bui. 59, Jan., 1901 42 Tennessee Station — Bui. Vol. 13, No. 4, Dec, 1900. . 76 Bui. Vol. 14, No. 1, Jan. , 1901 . . 3(i Thirteenth An. Rpt., 1900 98 Virginia Station — Bui. 107, Dec ,1899 75 Bui. 108, Jan., 1900 96 Bui. 109, Feb., 1900 97 Wisconsin Station — Seventeenth An. Rpt., 1900. . . 16, 17,18,21,24,27,32,34,36,37, 38,39,44,47,48,51,77,78,79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 87, 88, 91, 98 U. S. Dept. of Agriculture: Farmers' Bui . 1 24 98 Farmers' Bui. 125 75 Rpt. 67 98 Bureau of Animal Industry — Circ 32 75 Circ. 33 88 Division of Chemistry — Bui. 60 45 Bui. 61 75 Office of Experiment Stations — Bui. 88 98 Bui. 89 72 Division of Statistics — Circ 14 98 Div. of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology — Bui. 25 62 Bui. 26 63 Bui. 27 55 Weather Bureau — Monthly Weather Review, 28, No. 13, 1900 23 Doc. 235 24 Doc. 237 24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XIII. No. 1. The los.s of domestic animals from poi,sonous plants has long been recognized as a more or less serious obstacle to stock raisers, espe- cially in the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast regions. In the more thickly settled regions of the Eastern States the land is more exten- sively cultivated, and there are comparatively few areas left in their natural condition and covered with native vegetation. Under such circumstances the existence of poisonous plants in large areas is prac- tically impossible. On the Western cattle ranges, however, cattle, sheep, and horses depend almost exclusively for their sustenance upon the native forage of the country, which includes a number of plants which have been found to be poisonous when eaten in large quantities. A great difference of opinion has prevailed with reference to the identity of the plants which are responsible for stock poisoning and as to the best antidotes or remedies to be applied in actual cases of poisoning. Considerable work along these lines has been done by the Washington, Oregon, Colorado, South Dakota, and Montana stations, and during the season of 1900 an investigation of the poisonous plants of Montana was undertaken by the Division of Botany of this Depart- ment. The experiments conducted during this investigation, in the field and in the laboratory, established the poisonous nature of a number of common plants and indicated a convenient and effective remedy in most cases. The problem of plant poisoning in a State like Montana is perhaps as important as any connected with stock raising, and has been only partially solved. A number of interesting and highly important lines of work remain for investigation by veterinarians and botanists of States which are most affected by plant poisoning. Among these may be mentioned a determination of the poisonous or nonpoisonous character of a considerable number of native plants which have been suspected of being poisonous by stockmen; experiments in the eradi- cation of these plants by irrigation, displacement ])y means of aggres- sive forage plants, or other methods which may be practically applied with some hope of success under the local conditions which prevail in different cases; experiments on the nature and cause of "loco" dis- ease; experiments on the exact localization of the poisonous principles contained in lupines and the time when these substances are most active; and experiments in perfecting simphiand effective antidotes. 1 2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 'The investigations which were made during the season of 1900 indi- cated clearl}^ that a considerable proportion of the loss by poisonous plants might easily be avoided by a more general diffusion of the knowledge which already exists concerning such plants. In general, however, stock could not at present ))e managed on any lixed basis with reference to poisonous plants, on account of the great difference of opinion which prevails not only among stockmen, but among vet- erinarians and l)otanists, as to the poisonous nature of particular species and as to the time of year when they are most dangerous. Further investigations along this line will probably show that many of the plants which at present are suspected of l)eing poisonous are quite harmless, and that a few species of plants are responsible for nearly all of the serious stock poisoning. In order to determine the poisonous or nonpoisonous character of a given plant, it is not sufficient to obtain positive or negative results from a few experiments on rabbits or guinea pigs. As is well known, rabbits are easily excited, and many peculiarities of their actions after being fed with extracts from plants are due to the fright or nervous excitement of the operation. Carefully controlled feeding experiments, either with extracts from poisonous plants or with the plants themselves, on sheep or cattle, and conducted under conditions as similar as possible to natural field conditions, should yield results which will be much more convincing to the practical stockman and to other investigators of this subject. In a sheep-raising region the animals necessary for such experiments are readily furnished by sheep- men, and feeding experiments, as well as experiments with remedies, could be conducted upon sheep at the same time that cases of poisoning occur under natural conditions, and therefore with plants in the stage of growth in which they are eaten by sheep or cattle on the ranges. Many feeding experiments with poisonous plants are open to the criti- cism that they were made with suspected plants in a different stage of growth from those which were eaten by the poisoned animals.^ In future experiments with poisonous plants it would be well to bear in mind that the active principles of such plants may vary exceedingly in different stages of growth of the plant, and even during different hours of the day. The possibility of a plant being poisonous at one time and not at another must constantly be reckoned with if experiments with these plants are to yield conclusions which will be established beyond criticism. Experiments during the season of 1900 showed pretty conclusivelj" that potassium permanganate, if administered soon after the symp- toms of poisoning develop, may be depended upon, as a rule, to oxidize and destroy the plant alkaloids contained in the stomach and to pre- vent the progress of the symptoms of poisoning. This substance was administered b}^ direct injection through the l)ody wall or ])y drench. Further experiments on a larger scale with potassium permanganate EDITORIAL NOTES. 8 .should bo undortakon, for the purpose of doteruiinino- the host, method of applyuig- it and the actual plant alkaloids toward which it is most destructive. The account of the Hungarian experiment stations given in the pres- ent issue will h(^ of interest to students of the experiment station sys- tems of ditierent countries, and will serve to show how well organize^ and etlicicnt a system has been worked out for the benefit of the agri- culture of Hungary. We are inde))ted for this account to Dr. Peter Fireman, who recently visited a num))er of the stations in that country, and to the kind assistance of Mr. Alajos Paikert, royal Hungarian com- missioner, who represents the agricultural interests of his country in the United States. Although still in their infancy, the Hungarian stations have become a recognized power for the promotion of agriculture and the improve- ment of agricultural practice in that country. The first station for plant culture was established less than ten years ago, and up to 1898 confined itself to conducting practical experiments in cooperation with farmers; and the plant-culture stations since established have been in operation only two or three years. The laboratories are not elaborate in their equipment, and have not made original research a prominent feature of their work. But the stations are, to a greater extent than those of most other European countries, on a practical basis, and are working in the direct interest of the farmers. Their aim has evidently been to promote the interests of agriculture in all proper ways, to assist the farmer in procuring pure seed and fertilizers and the best varie- ties of plants, and to work out better methods of practice. They are reported to have been successful in reaching the farming population and winning their confidence in a quite remarkable degree. In spite of the natural conservatism of the farmers in so old a country, they have not failed to profit by the teachings of the stations, and are put- ting the results of their work into practice. In their aims and tenden- cies and their relations to the practical agriculturists, Mr. Paikert declares that the Hungarian stations resemble those of the United States more closely than any other country. Incidentally the Hungarian stations are carrying on an increasing amount of work which is of interest to investigators at large. The accounts of their work are published for the most part in the official organ of the stations (lui^erletugyi Kdzlemeriyek), and the fact that this is printed only in the language of the country, and does not appear to be reviewed regularly by any German or French periodical, has caus(Ml much of their work to ])e lost sight of. It has been our desire to include reviews of the Hungarian work in the Record, but consid- erable difficulty has been experienced in obtaining the services of a translator competent to review the more or less technical articles. Arrangements have now been made, however, by which, it is hoped, the principal articles of general interest in the official publication may be noted in 1>riel' in these columns. ' AGRICULTURAL liXPERIMENT STATIONS OF HUNGARY. • There are in Hungary 5 experiment stations corresponding to those in this country, each containing- departments for agricultural chemistry and seed control, and often others. These stations are located at Alten- burg (Magyar-(3vfir), Debreczen, Kaschau (Kassa), Keszthely, and Klausenburg (Kolozsvar). Besides these there are the Central Chem ical Experiment Station, the Station for Animal Physiology and Feed- ing, the Entomological Station, .and the Seed-Control Station, each having only a single department, and all located at Budapest, the Sta- tion for Vegetable Physiology and Pathology at Altenburg, and the Chemical Station at Pressburg (Pozsony). The ditferent departments of the 5 stations mentioned first are each organized as separate institutions and are designated in the Hungarian official publications as individual stations, each with its own director. On this basis there are in Hungary 8 agricultural chemical stations, 6 seed-control stations, 1 entomological station, 1 plant-culture station, 1 station for vegetable physiology and pathology, 1 for tobacco cul- ture, 1 for animal physiology and feeding, and 2 for agricultural machines, or 21 in all. The experiment stations in Hungary are government institutions. Most of them are designed to promote th«^ advancement of the agricul- ture of the country, mainlj" b}' practical experiments but also by orig- inal research, and to give advice to the farmers on various agricultural questions. In addition, the chemical and seed-control stations are called upon to examine agricultural supplies and agricultural products. The Central Commission of Experiment Stations exercises a directing and supervisory power over the individual stations, and acts as the representative of the Minister of Agriculture in matters relating to the organization and work of the stations. The commission consists of a president, secretary, and about a dozen permanent mem])ers, all appointed by the Minister of Agriculture. In this commission each branch of experiment station work is represented by a station director, the remaining members l)eing prominent specialists in particular branches of agriculture. Since its creation in 1898 the commission has published a journal, Kiserletugyi Kozlemenyek, embodying the reports of the work of the various stations. CHEMICAL STATIONS. All the chemical stations are charged with the examination of agricul- tural and other industrial products, ])othfor theGovernmentand private AGRICTTLTTTRAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF HUNOARY. 5 porsons. Of thoS. stations, tho.se at Pressbur^-, Klaus('nl)uri>;, anclFiunie arc oct'upicd oxclusivel}' with control work, while the other 5 conduct scientific investij>ations alonj^ diverse lines pertainini>" to agriculture in addition to their control work. Of the latter the one at Budapest, designated as the Institute of the Hungarian Kingdom and Central Chemical Experiment Station, ditt'ers from the others in having a nuicii larger start' of workers, a considerably wider field of action, and additional duties as an advisory agency to the Minister of Agriculture. All of the chemical stations except the Central chemical station at Budapest are intimatel}' connected with educational (mostly agricul- tuial) institutions, the professor of chemistry being the director of the station in all cases. ( 'hentical Experitiunt Station at Biidaped. — This station was estab- lished in 1881 in connection with the Veterinary Institute, the pi"o- fessor of chemistry being the director of the station and performing- all the work. As the work increased assistants were added, and in 1887 the station became independent of any educational institution, and is now located in the department building. Its present organization dates from 1892. The start' consists of a director, Dr. L. Liebermann, 2 chemists, 7 assistant chemists, including 3 agricultural chemists, and a number of laboratory helpers. In addition to the analytical work growing out of the control and inspection duties in executing the law against falsirtcation of agricul- tural and other industrial products the station examines the foreign wines subject to duty, as well as the wines destined for export; it examines the purity of sugars which receive the export bounty, and furnishes expert information to the Government on chemical questions relating to commei'ce, rtnance, and customs. The following table shows the number and kinds of materials analyzed b}^ the station during the ten years from 1889 to 1899: Food articles and spices 10, 784 Other examinations in the interest of hygiene or ordered by the tribunals 381 M ust of raisins and wine 7, 698 Other alcoholic beverages and alcohol (beer, brandy, li(|uors, champagne, etc. ) !)."> 1 Feeding stuffs 984 Soils and fertilizers 5, 980 Agricultural plants 72S Products of agricultural indu.stries (sugar, starch, dextrin, yea.st, etc. ) 1 2, 122 Water analyses for hygienic and industrial purposes 2, 189 Indu.strial and mining products 8, 0()9 Lighting and heating materials (J2S Expert opinions and miscellaneous examinations 4, 787 The scientirtf activity of the station covers a larg(> mun))er of lines. Much attention is given to the elaboration of new methods of chemical 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. analysis and to the testing of methods recommended b}^ others. The methods adopted })}' the station become official in the sense that they must be employed by all the other chemical stations. The stall' of the station has elaborated and published new methods for the analysis of milk, wine, whisky, meat, red pepper (paprika), soils, feeding- stuffs, fertilizers, petroleum, lubricating- oils, crude carbolic acid, caoutchouc, dextrin, and other materials. Numerous analyses of agricultural plants and feeding stuffs cultivated in Hungary, and of factory refuse materials which can be employed as feeding stuffs have been made and the results published. The station has, by a large number of analy- ses, ascertained the composition of the musts and wines of Hungary. It has examined the lime contents of the soil in many localities, and by a method elaborated by itself it has examined a large part of the sandy areas of Hungary which are suited to the cultivation of grapes, and established the fact of the immunity of these areas from the phyl- loxera. It has also devoted nuich attention to researches relating to physiological chemistrj^; a number of articles have been published on embrvo-chemistry, on the determination of nucleins and the acid which they contain, on the chemistry of yeast cells, the formation of gastric juice, the secretion of urine, iodized starch, the so-called animal caoutchouc, etc. Chemical Station at Alteiiburg. — This is the oldest station in Hun- gary, having begun its activit}" in 1873, and is next in importance to the Institute of Chemistry at Budapest. It is connected with the Agricultural Acadeni}^ at Altenburg. The staff' of the station consists of a director (now Prof. T. Kosutany) and three assistants. In the course of its existence it has made a thorough study of the chemistry of wine and of the methods of wine examination; has carried out a series of investigations relating to yeasts and their influence on fer- mentation ; it has made contributions on the question of the formation of vegetable albumen, studying among other things the influences which affect the biological functions of plants. It has also conducted extensive and thorough researches with reference to the development and chemical composition of tol)acco, and has published valuable works on the chemistry of certain agricultural plants, on oil cakes, and on the process employed in Hungary in the production of oils. Much attention has been given to the examination of fertilizers and soils. Chemical Station at Kaschau. — This station was established in 1884 as a department of the Agricultural Institute at Kaschau. The scien- tific work of the station is mainly devoted to investigations in its experimental distillery, installed for that purpose. The staff' consists of a chief and one assistant. Chemical Station at Keszthely. — This was founded in 1889. and is immediatelv connected with the agricultural institute of that town. AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF HUNGARY. 7 The researches of this station relate to the plants cultivated in Hun- gary, their physioloo-y, and need for fertilizers. The chief performs all the work of tlie station. Chemical Station at Dehreczen. — This was established in 1894, and is attached to the Agricultural Institute of Debreczen. The original investigations of the station relate to the composition of Hungarian flours, and to the methods of examining tobacco. The staff consists of the chief and one assistant. Chemical Station at Klausenhurg, — This station was founded in 1887 as a department of the university at Klausenburg. It is almost exclu- sivel}^ occupied with control work. The staff' consists of the chief alone, who is occasionally assisted by the laboratory' instructors of the universitj. Chemical Station at Pressbvrg. — This was established in 1883 in con- nection with the Technical High School of Pressburg. It performs only control duties. The staff' consists of the chief alone. Chemical Station at Fiume. — This was established in 1900, espe- ciall}' for analysis of wines and other products imported through this seaport. An indication of the activity of the control stations is furnished by the following table, showing the number of analyses made by several of them during the eight years from 1890-1897: Number of analyses made bij Himgarian control stations, 1890-1897. Station. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. Altenburg 126 139 293 266 72 218 107 66 236 182 53 125 425 80 229 277 167 175 215 98 85 412 1,105 699 Kaschau 397 118 702 Klausenburg 83 82 280 1,319 1,466 i,955 2,330 SEED-CONTROL STATIONS. The beginning of seed testing in Hungary dates from 1871, the tests being made b^- the Agricultural Institute at Debreczen. In 1878 a special laboratoiy for seed testing was fitted up at the Agricultural Academy at Altenl)urg, and in 1882 a seed-control station was founded at Budapest in connection with the Veterinary Institute, which was made entirely independent in 1891. In 1884 similar institutions were established at Kaschau, Debreczen, Keszthely, and Klausenburg. The work of the seed-control stations received a great impetus in 1892 upon the enactment of a law prohibiting the sale of clover or alfalfa seed not entirely free from cuscuta (dodder), under penalty of a maxi- mum fine of 200 crowns (1 crown = 20.3 cents); and again in 1895, when a new law was enacted against the adulteration or misbranding of food articles, providing heavier penalties. 8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. It is the l)usin(>.s,s of the .seed-control stations, in the first place, to do all the seed testino- required to safeguard the interests of the farm- ers, horticulturists and sylviculturists in the sense of the above laws, and, 1)esides, to make experimental studies relating to the formation, maturity, germination, and germinative al)ility of seeds, to determine the noxious weeds of the countr}^ and their seeds; to disseminate infor- mation regarding protection against weeds and plant parasites, and regarding good apparatus and machines for purifying seeds; and to make botanical analyses of different kinds of hay and other feeding stuffs. All the Hungarian seed-control stations, except the one at Budapest, are attached to agricultural institutes. The permanent staff of the station at Budapest, which is now^ known as the Central Seed-Control Institution, consists of the director (now Dr. Arpad de Degen), 3 assistants, 1 microscopist, and 4 helpers; to these are added in the winter 6 aids and 2 boys. The personnel of the other stations is lim- ited to the director, who is professor of botany in the agricultual insti- tute with which the station is connected. Each station possesses a standard collection of the seeds of cultivated plants and weeds, a lil)rary, analytical and volumetric balances, a set of optical instruments, thermostats, farinometer, and a collection of feeding stuffs. The number of samples of seeds tested has increased from 62 in 1.S81, to 32,487 in 1898, and is steadil}" growing. By far the largest number are tested at the Central Institution at Budapest. The rules and regulations prescribed ])y the Minister of Agricultiire for seed testing are practically identical with those adopted by the German Seed-Control Commission. The tariff' for seed tests varies from 1 crown (20.3 cents) for single tests to 8 crowns for a complete analysis of sugar-beet seed. As the sale in Hungary of clover or alfalfa seed which is not free from cuscuta is prohibited, merchants are required to keep the seed of these plants in bags provided by the stations, with tags showing their purity. The tags are also furnished to merchants, on applica- tion, for use on other seeds, provided they come up to the following prescribed standards of purity and germinative abilit}^: AURICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF HUNGARY HuiH/arifni .slxnuhinlsfor seeds. Ahifsalha Ar/rostin alba Aloprriinis i)riiti ii.'iix . . A>i(h!/ll4,'! niliK niria.. . Anna i^alira Beta viilijarix &-assica spp Brom ((,s erect iis Bi'oniiin iiii'niiis CunnabiK xatira Ci/nusiinis cn'slittiis . . . jjacti/ligijloiju rata Dani-ii.f enrotii Festi/i'ii iiniti iisis />»(»SN;///v.v/r/x Piiiiiin iiitlii'ifin Poa prati ii.iis Poa triviatis Polygonum fagopyriini Secale cerenle Set aria germanica Ilordeum sp Purity. • cent. 85 70 70 90 98 96 95 70 70 95 85 73 80 80 90 92 85 85 96 98 90 98 Germina- tive ability. Per rent. 29 80 50 75 90 76 80 62 65 80 65 75 50 78 55 85 50 .58 70 95 75 95 Lathyrus sativus Lathynis .'ifiiti>:siiiiiiiii Lnliiiin ilnlieinii Lnliinii iicrriiiir Liipiiiiltispp Ml lUenijii lupulina . . . .\tiliratinn(i sp ]'niiiriiiii miliacriim. . J'lKi.iri/hit^ sp l-ldiiim pratcnse Piirae.rcdsa Pill lis: a iintriaca Snro/iiiiii sp Trij'i ilium hybridum. . Trifiilin III, i ncarnatiim Trifiiliu III pratense . . . Tri/iiliii III. repens Triticuiii .sp Mcia sativa Zca mays Purity. ■cent. 90 95 96 92 95 95 95 % 90 97 95 95 92 90 92 95 95 96 95 98 93 95 Gerniina- tive ability. Per cent. 80 80 80 74 77 experimp:\t station for agricultural machines at altenbukg. This station was established in 1869 in connection with the Agricul- tural Academy at Altenburg. Its object is to test newly invented agricultural luachinos and implements, or those already in use, from both the theoretical and practical points of view, to determine their fitness for the operations for which they are designed. The station examines all machines and implements referred to it b}' the Minister of Agriculture, or submitted by agricultural associations or private parties. It is further the business of the station to supply to the agri- cultural population as complete and detailed information as possible on all questions relating to agricultural machines in actual use. From 18T(» to the present year (1900), the station has tested 241 machines. The duties of the director of the station devolve upon the professor of agricultural-mechanical engineering, now Prof. V. Thallmayer. Another experiment station for agricultural implements is located at Budapest in connection with the Polytechnicum. PLANT CULTURE EXPERIMENT STATION AT ALTENBURG. This station is the only one in Hungaiy primarily designed for general culture experiments. It was established in 1891 as a department of the Agricultural Academ3\ Its work was at first limited to variety testing, l)ut in 1895 fertilizer experiments were undertaken. Up to 1897 the work of the station was exclusively practical in its nature, but in that year it received an appropriation for the installation of pot culture experiments, and since the spring of 1899 it has been able 23194— No. 1—01 -2 10 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, to take up the i lives tig-ation of a munljer of .scientific ao-riciiltural problems. In accordance with the practical and theoretical objects which the station pursues it is divided into two sections. One is charged with the direction of experiments carried out with the cooperation of farmers, while the other is occupied with experimental investigations. The staff of the station consists of the chief, Prof. A. Cserhati, three assistants, and a chemist. In the experiments carried out with the cooperation of farmers the latter receive the seeds and fertilizers free of charge, and in return conduct the experiments and keep records of them in accordance with instructions from the station. In 1899 495 variet}'' tests and 100 ferti- lizer experiments were carried out in cooperation with farmers. The fertilizer experiments have shown that the Hungarian soils are mostly in need of phosphoric acid, whose application alone materially increases the yield. The station has been successful in its endeavors to introduce the culture of sugar beets into Hungary. It has demonstrated that, con- trary to the general opinion, the seed raised in Hungary is in no respect inferior to that raised abroad, and it has induced many farmers to take up the growing of beet seed. EXPEEIMENT STATION FOR TOBACCO CULTURE AT DEBRECZEN. In contrast with the rather modest equipment of other Hungarian stations of a much wider scope, the tobacco station is generously appointed. It was founded in 1898. Its object is to promote the tobacco industry of Hungary, ascertain the best conditions for the cultivation and the most suitable methods for curing the plant, to aid tobacco growers in the selection of varieties and in the raising of tobacco seed, and to contribute to the improvement of the quality of the leaf. The station is further charged with the training of work- men and officials for the administration of the government tobacco monopoly, and with supplying the toliacco growers with information and instructions as to rational culture. In order to conduct the experiments simultaneously on the two most typical Hungarian soils, a substation (branch station) has been estab- lished at Bekes-Csaba, which is under the control of the station at Debreczen. The soil in the latter place is sandy, while that at the substation is black and compact. It is planned to increase the number of substations in the future. Many experiments are also carried out with the cooperation of tobacco growers. The station occupies about 29 acres of land belonging to the estate of the Agricultural Institute of Debreczen. Of this area the buildings occupy about 7 acres, the hotbeds 1.4 acres, the botanical garden 2.9 acres, a culture garden (for experiments on a small scale) 2.9 acres, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS OF HUNGARY. 1 1 ;ind the field for culture experiments on a larger scale about 14:.5 acres. The suhstatioii at Bekes-(lsal)a has :il)out 1) acres. The central station has at present a main ])nil(ling with alal»orator\% l)uildinj;s for gardeners ((5 separate cabins), 7 curing barns, 4 of which are of the various Hungarian systems, 1 of a Dutch, 1 of a German, and 1 of an American type; appliances for the Macedonian air-cure process, 2 storage houses, and 1 building for sorting and handling the leaves. In the near future a building for fermentation will l)e added, and later a school l)uilding designed for training gardeners in the cultivation of tobacco, and tobacco manipulators. The botanical garden presents on small plats 209 different varieties of tobacco, the aim being to include every kind of tobacco cultivated on the globe. The personnel of the station consists of the director (Prof. K. Ker- pely). y> other officers, 1 foreman, and 4 gardeners. ENTOMOLOGICAL STATION AT BUDAPEST. The entomological station began its activity :is the " Ph3dloxera Station," which was called into existence in 1880 to combat the phyl- loxera. When toward the end of 1809 the entomological study of the phylloxera was practically concluded and it became evident that protection against the insect was more a question of general viticul- ture, the phylloxera station was reorganized into an entomological station. The station is "concerned, in the first place, with the common inju- rious insects which are most prevalent. The life histories of these are studied and experiments conducted to ascertain the surest and cheapest means for their destruction. Work is also conducted on the repression of injurious mannnals, such as the ArvicoJa and the Spala.r ft/jj/t/vx. Furthermore, when a new injurious insect suddenly appears which requires prompt action to pi'event serious ravages, the director of the station is authorized to take the necessary steps promptly without waiting to obtain permis- sion from the higher authorities before he acts, as is otherwise the case. Measures of this kind have l^een required in the case of out- breaks of the following insects: Ilaplothrlp^^ Tyelteo, Entoinoscells adonid/s, Cleonus punctlveiitrlx^ Z(d)ru>< gihhus, IlellotJus d/jm(ceus, Botis mibitatuH^ Avijua refie.ruH^ Cecidomyia destructor, Oschu's fr/t, Chlorops tcBmoptis^ ChortophUa sniical analysis is accompanied by determination of the fuel value by means of a Berthelot-Mahler calorimeter. Experiments thus far have been made with horses, swine, sheep, and poultry. The personnel consists of the director, Prof. F. Tangl, who is professor of physiology in the Veterinary Institute, and 2 assistants. It will be seen that Hungary has a comprehensive system of experi- ment stations, wdiich are rendering efficient service to the agriculture of the country. In addition to these stations an agricultural nmseum is maintained at Budapest, somewhat on the plan of the Philadelphia Commercial Museum, but managed by the Government. This museum is for the convenience of purchasers of various kinds of agricultural supplies, and includes collections of photographs, implements, sam- ples, etc. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. The determination of phosphoric acid in fertilizers, soils, and ash by direct weighing of the ammonium phosphomolybdate, N. von Lokexz {Landu>. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 3, pp. 183-220) .—Previous methods based on this principle are briefly discussed and the method proposed by the author described in detail, with an account of investigations of the principles on which it rests and tests of its operation in laboratory work. The reagents required are as follows: (1) Sulphate- molybdic solution, prepared by dissolving 100 gm. of pure, dry ammoninm sulphate in 1 liter of nitric acid, specific gravity 1.36 at 15° C, and pouring into it a solution of 300 gm. of pure, dry ammonium molyt)date in 1 Uter of water, the volume being made up to 2 liters, allowed to stand 48 hours, and filtered; (2) nitric acid of specific gravity 1.2 at 15° C; (3) a mixture containing 30 cc. of sulphuric acid of specific gravity 1.84 in 1 liter of nitric acid of specific gravity 1.2; (4) a 2 per cent solution of pure ammonium nitrate rendered slightly acid by a few drops of nitric acid; (5) alcohol of 90 to 95 volume per cent which leaves no residue on evaporation and is not alkaline; (6) ether which leaves no residue on evaporation, is alcohol-free, not alkaline, and contains little water. Solutions of the substances to be examined are prepared as follows: In case of water-soluble phosphoric acid in superphosphates, dissolve 20 gm. in 1 liter of water and use 10 cc. for the determination. With double superphosphates use 10 gm. per liter and 10 cc. of the solution for the determination. For the determination of citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, prepare the solution according to Wagner's method and use 15 cc. of the solution for the deter- mination of phosphoric acid; in ca,se of superphosphates, precipitated phosphates, etc., follow Petermann's method, using 10 cc. of the solution for the determination. For citric-acid-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, prepare the solution according to Wagner's method and use 15 cc. for the determination. For total phosphoric acid in superphosphates and Thomas slag, dissolve 5 gm. in 35 cc. of concentrated sul- phuric acid without addition of nitric acid, or in 100 cc. of nitric acid, make uj) the solution to 500 cc. and use 15 cc. for the determination. In case of bone meal, spodium, mineral phosphate, precipitated phosphate, double superphosjihate, jruano, and all other substances containing more than 10 j)er cent of pho.sphoric acid, dis- solve 5 gm. in 50 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid, or in 100 cc. of nitric acid, make the solution to 500 cc, and use 10 cc. for the determination. With ground horn and other fertilizers containing less than 10 per cent of total phosphoric acid, dissolve 10 gm. of the substance in 50 cc. of sulphuric acid, or 100- cc. of nitric acid, making the solution to 500 cc, and using 15 cc. for the determination. For soils and other sub- stances with less than 1 per cent of total phosphoric acid, treat 25 gm. with not more than 200 cc. of nitric acid, then add about 200 cc. of water, cool, and add 10 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid, make the volume to 500 cc, and use 50 cc. for the determination. If the solution is made with sulphuric acid the alicjuot taken for the determination is made to a volume of 50 cc. with nitric acid of specific gravity 1.2. In all other cases, including water-soluble, citrate-soluble, citric-acid-solul)le phos- phoric acid, as well as solutions in nitric acid for total phosphoric acid, the volume 14 CHEMISTRY. 15 is made up to 50 cc. by the addition of the sulphuric-nitric acid mixture descriljed above. In case of soil solutions no further addition of acid is made. The 50 cc. of phosphoric acid solution is heated until bubbles of SVir., 1900, No. 1, p. 7.?).— The authors rei)ort comparisons of this method (E. 8. R., 12, p. 18) with the oHicial method with very satisfactory results. The testing of drinking water with the Erdmann reagent, A. Ficrmax {Oi'.^tcrr.-Ungar. ZLschr. Zuckcrind. u. Lundw., 29 {1900), pp. SGl-S6.i; abs. in Clwni. C'entbl., 1901, I, No. 8, p. 475). — Attention is called to the unreliabilty of Erdmann's reagent {Yj. S. R., 12, p. 18), due to tlie fact that very small amounts of organic matter and other sub.stances will give the nitrite reaction. The author recommends the use of m-phenylendiamin, for, while this reagent is less sensitive than Enhnann's, it is less likely to give misleading results on account of reaction with other substances besides nitrites. 16 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fitch's salt analysis, a rapid method for the estimation of salt in butter, A. Vivian ( Wiscomin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 98-101). — A method for tlie deteriiiinati(jn of salt in l^utter, designed for factory use. A' standard solution of silver nitrate is made by dissolving 2 tablets prepared for this purpose in 100 cc. of water. The tablets as j^ut up by a Chicago firm contain 0.0509 gm, of silver nitrate in combina- tion with potassium nitrate and gum acacia. The indicator is prepared by dissolv- ing 1 gm. of potassium chromate in 1 liter of water. The sample of butter, weighing 3.5 gm., is treated with 180 cc. of boiling water, and 17.6 cc. of the mixture, when cool, is taken for titration. The quantities used are such that each cubic centimeter of the standard solution corresijonds to 0.1 per cent of sodium chlorid. The number of cubic centimeters of the standard silver nitrate solution used divided by 10 gives, therefore, the percentage of salt in the butter. Comparative determinations by this method and the official method gave closely corresponding results. A quick method for estimating sodium chlorid in meat, F. Glage (ZlsrJir. Flei.^rlt u. Mikhhiji)., 11 {1901), Xo. 4, pp- 111-114)-— -'^ practical method for obtain- ing quick results by the use of an ammoniacal solutitjn of silver nitrate. A comparison of the calculated Tvith the analytical results in estimating the solids of milk, H. Ldhrig {Molk. Ztg., 14 {1900), Xos. 50, jjp. 869-871; 51, pp. 889-891). — Results with milk from various sources and different degrees of freshness. The estimation of dry matter, fat, and ash in milk, H. Timpe {Ztschr. Oeffentl. Chem., 5 {1899), p. 413; abs. in Hyg. Rundsduiu, 10 {1900), No. 15, p. 748).— In milk analysis the use of asbestos as an absorbent material is advocated in lieu of sand or filter ])aper. Estimation of fat in milk, R. Leze {Repert. Fliarui. el Jour. C'him. Med., S. ser., 13 {1901), p. 1; abs. In Chem. Ztg., ;J5 {1901), Xo. 16, p. 5^).— A practical application of Ramchen's method, employing a solution of potash, ammonia, ethyl and amyl alco- hols for separating the fat. The guiac test for pasteurized and unpasteurized milk, F. Glage {Milch Ztg., 30 {1901), No. 12, pp. 182, 183).— k. large number of tests were made of the color reaction produced in milk by the addition of guiac tincture. It was found that in pasteurized milk no blue color was produced. In the unpasteurized milk the results were variable. In some cases a dark-blue color was produced, in some a very light-blue color, and in others no color at all. Different prejmrations of the tincture were tested. A modification of Ritthausen's method for the determination of albumi- noid nitrogen, F. Barxsteix {Landw. Vers. Stat., 54 {1900), No. 5-6, pp. 3^7-336). — The modilication proposes the addition of a known quantity of soda solution after the addition of copi)er suljihate to the heated nuxture to be tested. The operation is carried out as follows: To 1 to 2 gm. of the substance in 50 cc. of water heated on the water bath there is added 25 cc. of a cojiper sulphate solution made up of 60 gm. of crystallized copper sulphate and 1 liter of water. After stirring, 25 cc. of soda solu- tion of the strength 12.5 to 1,000 is added. After settling, the suisernatent liquid is run through a filter, the i)recipitate washed by decanting, l)rought on the filter and washed with warm water until the filtrate gives no precipitate with barium chlorid. By this method of adding soda solution in excess the copper is thrown down as a hydrate and not as a basic salt. Quite a number of comparative analyses of differ- ent substances are shown of the method proposed and of the method of Stutzer. The results show a higher average nitrogen content in tlie proposed modification. Tables for use in Kjeldahl method for determination of nitrogen, A. Vivian ( Wisconsin Sla. Rpt. 1900, pp. 261-265). — Tables are given showing the percentage of nitrogen corresponding to any titration and for the conversion of nitrogen into ammonia and protein. The chemistry of proteids, A. Cohenhei.m {Chemie der Eriveisskorper. Bruns- uicJc: F. Vieireg d- Sou, 1900; rev. in Oesierr. Chem. Ztg., 3 {1900), No. 21, p. 518). — The chemical properties and behavior of albumen toward reagents, micro-organisms, metabolic processes, etc., are discussed. BOTANY. 17 Tlie proteids of vetch, T. Osborne and G. Campbell, translated by V. Griess- xMAVEK [Zlxchr. Landw. Vermchsw. Oesterr., S {1900), No. 1, pp. (!S-67). — Abstracted from another publication (E. S. R., 10, p. 214). The proteids of peas, lentils, horse beans, and vetch, T. Osborne and G. Campbki.i., translated l)y V. (tkiessmaykk ( Z/.sr/;;-. Lniifhr. VerHuchs^ir. Ot^nlerr., 3 {moo). X<>. l,j>p. '>cS-7v;).— Abstracted from another pulilication (E. S. R., 10, p. 214). The microscopy of the more commonly occurring starches, H. Galt {Xeiu Yurk-: II'. II'ooJA- ('»., l'J01,pp. 112). The anatomy of maize cob, Avith especial reference to the detection of ground cobs in wheat or rye bran, A. L. Winton {Connecticut Slate Sta. Rjit. 1900, pt. J, pp. 186-195, figs. 9). — A botanical study of the corncob is reported. The estimation of tartaric acid in -wine, L. M. de la Source {Ann. ('him. Annhjt., 5 {1900), No. 8, pp. 281-285).— A modification of the Berthelot-Fleurieu method of estimating tartaric acid whereby potassium bromid is substituted for the potassunn hydroxid employed. Determination of salicylic acid in wines, L. Zanardi {Ami. Sac. Chirn. Milan, 1899, J). 1.J4; (ilj.s. 1), Ann. Chiin. Anahjt., 5 (1900), No. 10, pp. 394,395). Volumetric estimation of boric acid, J. Wolff {Ann. Chim. Anahjt., 5 {1900), No. 8, pp. 293,294).— A volumetric method using ferrisodium salicylate as an indica- tor, it giving with the alkaline salts .of the borates a red or yellowish red solution. The estimation of cacao hulls in cacao preparations, F. Filsinger {Ztsclir. Oefentl. Chern., 1899, p. 27; abs. in Hyrj. Rundschau, 10 {1900), No. 23, p. 1159).— Five grams of cacao or chocolate is extracted with ether, and the residue repeatedly treated by washing and decanting with successive portions of water. The heavier particles remaining in the beaker are transferred to a watch glass, dried and weighed. This residue may then be examined microscopically and the percentage of hulls estimated. The chemical composition of materials, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 80-88). — Analyses are reported of 1 sample each of alkali incrustation, black-eye cowpeas, dwarf soy beans, ash of oat clippings and oat du.st, a.«h of corncobs, dry distillers' grain, hominy chop, and oat feed, 2 samples of water, 5 of limestone, 3 of formaldehj'de, and 2 of hothouse tomatoes, with a brief discussion of the results in each case. On the identification of minute quantities of carbon monoxid in blood and air, S. KosTER (.l/'c/uV'. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 83 { 1901), Nos. 10-12, pp. 572-608, figs. 3) .— Experimental methods are reported. The article contains a bibliography. On the measurement of higher temperatures by means of the spectrum apparatus, W. Hemi'el {Zlschr. Angen: ('hem., 1901, No. 10, pp. 237-242, figs. 3). A convenient micro-polariscope for food examination, A. L. Winton {Con- nectirul SUde Sta. Rpt. 1900, pt. 2, pj>. 195-198, figs. 2). — Noted from another pulili- cation (E. S. R., 12, p. 516). The essential oil industry of Michigan, A. M. Tonn {Micliigan Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, J))). 400-403} . — The histoiy and j)resent .status of the peppermint oil industry in the State, together with metliods of culture ami mainifacture. BOTANY. The resumption of root growth in the spring, E. S. Gofi<' ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 19(j0, pj). ;^91-;:94, figs. 3). — In a jtrevious iep(jrt (E. S. R., 11, p. 511) the re.'^ults of investigaticjns made in the sjiring of 189S upon the roots of perennial plants were shown. The winter had been, for that region, an unusually mild one and as a result the roots of all plants examined were found to have started growth at the points where growth had ceased in autumn. The succeeding winter was an extremely severe one, and examination shf)wed tiiat the roots of only the hardiest plants started growth from their tips. The roots of all fruit trees at the station were more or less damaged, 18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and of many trees examined only a single root of a Whitney crab was found to have started growth from its tip. The roots of the other trees were injured in all degrees, from total destruction to the destruction of the smaller root branches. The author concludes from liis observations that the question as to whether or not the roots of perennial plants resumed growth in spring at their tips depends, in many si)ecies, wholly upon the character of the winter and except in the hardiest species it is prob- able^ tliat there is more or less root killing in the average winter. Investigations on tlie root growth of plants, MIjller-Thukgau {Juhresher. Tens. Stdl. u. Schvlr, WddensweU, 1897-98, pp. 79-8:^. — The author conducted a numljer of experiments with gourd and pea seedlings to determine the effect of a mixture of salts upon the growth of the roots. The salt mixture consisted of dibasic phosphate of potash, sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia, phosphate of iron,, sodium chlorid, and annnonium nitrate. Different proportions of this combination were added to water cultures in which the plants were grown. The development of the roots was noted from time to time, the growth of the primary and secondary roots being measured and comparisons made with roots grown in distilled water. The concentration of the solution seems to exert a detrimental effect upon root growth, in general the best results being with the weaker solutions. The overfertilization of potted plants with easily soluble nutrient salts will not only impede the transpiration of the plants, but will check the formation of new roots, rendering their growth unsatisfactory. Investigation of flower buds, E. 8. Goff ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 266-285, figs. 32) . — In continuation of the investigation conducted by the author in a previous season (E. S. R., 12, p. 22), the investigations on the origin and development of the flowers of the cherry, plum, apple, and pear have been continued and extended to include the peach and strawberry. The effect of temperature on the development of the flowers was a subject of investigation, and the variation between the appear- ance of the flowers in the two seasons was observed. The author found that the anthers of the cherry and apple did not begin to swell perceptibly until the maxi- mum temperature had reached 70° F. The pollen of the mother cells in the plum and cherry underwent some changes before the temperature reached 50° F. The embryo flowers of the cherry and plum appeared a little earlier than in 1899, while the date of the first appearance of the embryo flowers of apple and pear was not positively determined. In some cases they appeared as early as July, and in others in September. The summer and autumn periods of flower formation may ]jrove dis- tinct, and the late-formed flowers of the ajiple and pear may alone produce a good fruit crop the following season. Side buds, developed on the fruit spurs of apple, formed embryo flowers on several varieties before the middle of October. In the Clyde strawberry, the tirst indication of flower formation appeared Seijtember 20, flowers appearing on the rooted runner plants at practically the same time as upon the parent plant. Experiments in which pear trees were partiall}' defoliated early in July hastened rather than retarded the formation of embryo flowers, and the par- tial defoliation of the fruit spurs of plum and cherries, as embryo flowers were com- mencing to form, did not prevent their formation but slightly reduced their size. The embryo flowers of the peach and strawberry began to be formed with the advent of cool nights in September. Flower buds, although apparently not structurally different from leaf buds, seldom, if ever, revert to leaf buds. In the case of apple buds, they may develop into flowers the flrst, second, or any subsequent season. However, if heavily shaded, flowers may never be formed. In seasons favorable for flower formation many of the buds formed, and nearly all those formed the preceding two seasons that have not already flowered will become flower buds. An excessive apple crop is followed by a light one on account of the supply of reserve buds being exhausted. BOTANY. 19 Studies on tlie formation of nitrogenous compounds in plants, A. Emmerling (Landiv. ler.f. Stdt., r>4 {WOO), No. S-4, pp. 215-281; abs. in Arm. Agron., ;t', {WOO), No. 10, pp. 517-522). — The author conducted a series of investigations on the forma- tion of nitroj^enons bodies in different j)arts of the plant during various stagi's of development. The plant chosen for the experiments was Viciaf((ha. Analyses were made on (I different dates, representing stages in the development of the plant from the day it had developed 'A or 4 leaves to its maturity. In the first and second periods, the dry matter of the plant was at tlu' niinimum. The leaves contained their minimum content of total nitrogen, and active nitrogen assimilation had not yet begun. The roots, stems, and leaves contained about the same (piantities of amido acids. Combined nitrogen was most abundant in the leaves and buds. The third period was when the plants were in liowcr, and at this time nonproteifl nitrogen was found abundantly in all parts of the Hower, and amido acids exceeded all other nitrogenous compounds in the leaves. During the second to the fourth period, inclusive, the nitrogenous bodies increased aV)out three times. The leaves maintained their relative excess over the other parts. At the end of this period assimilation was at its height. Amido acids were formed more actively than bases, and the nitrogenous content of the roots was slowly increased. At the end of the period, some fruits had been formed in which the proportion of nonpro- teid and total nitrogen in the seeds and hulls was about eciuaj. During the fifth period there was a marked increase in the dry matter of the fruits, and much nitro- genous matter was requii-ed by the seeds. The daily increase in nitrogen at this period was greater than in the preceding ones, and there was an active consumption of inorganic nitrogen for the formation of albumen. The fruits at the end of this period contained nonproteid bodies as their reserve material, and basic nitrogen was more abundant in the seeds than in the hulls. The quantity of nonproteids at this time was about the same in the leaves, hulls, and seeds. In the sixth period the dry liiatter of the fruits increased rapidly, and the daily increase of nitrogen attained its maximum. At this time the dry matter of the leaves about equaled that of the fruits. The proteid nitrogen increased in the seeds and hulls, while the nonproteids increased but little. Amido acids diminished very appreciably in the leaves and fruits. During the sixth and subsequent periods, until maturity, there was a gradual increase in the dry matter of the seeds. An increase in the nitrogenous constituents was found only in the seeds, and it was made at the expense of the nitrogen of the leaves, stems, hulls, etc. The amido acids in the seeds are transformed during the period of ripening, and they are said to be employed for the develoinnent of the seeds. The leaves and hulls seemed to act as reserve organs for the amids. At maturity the amid compounds decreased throughout the entire plant. An extensive review of the literature relating to the subject is given, and the methods of cxjjerimentation are described in detail. Albuminous substances and their transformations in the plant in connec- tion with respiration and assimilation, D. N. PrianisHiMkov {Izr. .1/o.scom' oth curves reach their highest points a few days earlier than the curve of th« respiration of carbonic acid. (4) At tlu- end of the period of vegetation, the energy of the accumulation of 20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. asparagin, or more accurately, nitrogen in the form of asparagin, exceeds the rapidity of the decomposition of the albumins. Another series is described in which 4 experiments were made with Pisum mtivum, in order to ascertain the influence of the temperature upon the energy of the decom- position. Comparative experiments at 20°, 28°, and 35° C. were made with the fol- lowing results: The increase of temperature produces on the process of the decompo- sition of albumin an influence analogous to that which temperature produces on the respiration, but unlike the influence on the process of growth. The formation of albumins, in the process of assimilation, from the products of their decomposition, is described. Numerous experiments were made in the years 1895, 1896, 1897, and 1898 with Vicia faha, Pisum sativum, Phaseolus vmltlflorus, Luphms luteus, and Cucurbita pepo. The results can be summed up as follows: Plants which germinate in the light destroy albuminous substances just as energet- ically as those germinating in the dark; at a later period, when the leaf surface has developed, there begins the regeneration of albumin. In some plants this stage occurs 10 to 15 days from the beginning of the germination, while in others, Vicia and Faba, considerably later. The regeneration of albumin takes place at the expense of asparagin, as well as of other amido compounds, or the consumption of asparagin falls behind the consumption of other amido compounds. The leaves must be con- sidered as the place of the most energetic regeneration of the alljuminous substances, and analyses corroborate this a priori conclusion. In the fourth and last chapter are communicated the results obtained in an exper- iment undertaken to verify results obtained by Zaleski in his study of the germina- tion of Allium cepa in the dark. The work of the author corroborates the results communicated by Zaleski, namely, that in the germination of A. cepa in the dark, albu- min is formed—the first reported case of formation of albumin in the dark. After a survey of the literature on this subject, the author concludes that the observations which Zaleski made on the germinating A. cepa have for the first time proved that a regeneration of albumin is possible without the aid of light; but the observations of Zaleski, as well as of others, have not yet furnished clear evidence that a synthesis of alljumin in the dark from nitrates and anunonia is i)Ossible in higher plant«. — ■ p. FIR KM AN. Upon the gaseous exchange bet^veen plants and the atmosphere, T. ScHLOESiNG, Jr. {Compt. Rend. Sd. Paris, 131 {1900), No. 18, pp. 716-719).— The author has made a study of the effect of different forms of nitrogen upon the gaseous exchange of plants, using for his experiments buckwheat and Tropxolum minus. Plants were grown in sand cultures and given appi'oximately the same amount of nitrogen in the form of nitric nitrogen and ammoniacal nitrogen. It wai? found that the plants were able to utilize the ammoniacal nitrogen almost as readily as the nitric nitrogen, the development of the buckwheat being essentially the same in both media. As a whole the volume of oxygen given off by the plants was greater than the carbon dioxid taken up, and there appeared to be a relationship between the amount of gaseous exchange and the available mineral matter contained in the soil. The author states in conclusion that there is a direct relationship between the gas- eous exchange which causes the formation of vegetable tissues and the composition of the mineral salts which are in contact with the roots of the plant. The action of dry and humid air on plants, Eherhardt ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. Paris, 131 (1900), Xos. 3, jjp. 193-196; 11, pp. .513-.51.5).—X report is given of an extensive series of experiments conducted by the author to ascertain the effect of dry and humid air on the growth of beans, lupines, spinea, cytisus, acacia, and castor beans. Comparisons were made with the same plants grown under normal condi- tions. It was found that humid air increased very materially the development of the plants, both stems and leaves, while the diameter of the stem was diminished. There was a tendency to greatly increase the leaf surface and diminish the chloro- ZOOLOGY. 21 phyll c'(>ntaino(l in the Icavcj?, as well as to greatly reduce the root system. On the other hand, the dry air checked the growth and development of stems and leaves, increased the diameter of the stems, diminished the leaf surface, and greatly increased the num1)er and distribution of the roots. In the later paper, the effect of the same factors on the structure of plants was shown. Dry air increased the thickness of the epidermis and the numl)er of stomata. It also increased the production of ligne- ous tissue, hastened the differentiation of the sclerenchyniatous tissue and also the pith. There was under the influence of the dry air a much greater development of palisadi' tissue in the leaves. In the humid air these structures were less differen- tiated than under normal conditions. A closed-circuit respiration apparatus, S. I\I. Babcock and II. L. Kissell ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpi. 1900, pp. 143-146, figs. 3). — A description is given of a form of apparatus devised by the authors for conducting experiments in the respiration of vegetable tissues, particularly for the study of the phenomena attending the production of heat in silage. In the processes of their investigations it was found desirable to economize in the jaroduction of gases used, which was accomplished by the use of an apparatus in which a closed circuit permitted a limited quantity of gas to be used over and over, with or without the addition of volatile substances. The circulation of the gas was secured by utilizing a Bunsen inunp. Instead of the ordi- nary Pettenkofer absorption tube, a special form of tube for the absorption of carbon dioxid was used with good results. The tube presents numerous irregularities which break up and hold the air, so that the carbon dioxid is more readily absorlied. A preliminary list of the Spermaphyta, seed-bearing- plants of North. Da- kota, H. L. BoLLEY and L. R. W.\ldron [North Dakota Sta. Bui. 46, pp. 591-IJ81). — A list is given of the seed-bearing plants of the State, in which 340 genera and 775 species and varieties are enumerated. Notes are given on the economic value of many of the species and their distribution throughout the State indicated. The principal points of collection are shown upon a map of the State. Some Cercosporae of Macon County, Alabama, G. W. Carver {Alabama Tus- Lcf/ee Sta. Bui. 4, pp. S). — A list is given of about 75 species of Cercosjiora, with their host plants. Origin of the cultivated plants of Argentina, C. Lemee {Bol. Ofic. Ayr. Gan., 1 {WO I), Fih., pp. .i-f)). The improvement of agricultural cultivated plants, C. Fkchwirth {Die Zi'ichtung der landwirtscliaftlichrn Knlturpjianzcn. Berlin: Paul Parey, 1001, pp. X-\-270). ZOOLOGY. Infestation by mice and means for destroying them, G. Del Guercio {Nnore Relaz. li. Staz. Ent. Ayr., l.ser., 1900, No. S, pp. 109-128, fig. 1). — It is reported that Microtus terrestris is becoming annually more destructive in certain parts of Italy. Experiments were made for the purpose of determining the most practicable means of destroying these animals. Poisons which were used for this purpose included arsenious aciil, arseniteand arsenate of potash, arsenite and arsenate of copper, sul- phate of coj)per, and corrosive sublimate. The experiments were conducted under conditions as near the normal as possible, fresh vegetation being sprinkled with solu- tions of the poison. Arsenite of potash proved the most effective and arsenious acid • came next in effectiveness. Good results were also obtained from the use of poison- ous ga.sses, such as sulphurous anhydrid and bisuli)hid of carbon. Exjieriments were conducted in infecting mice with a disease due to ('uccobacitlns mariinn, and under favorable conditions this method promi.ses favoi^'able results. Detailed directions are given for the practical application of fluid poisons, gaseous poisons, and the bacterial virus. 22 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Combating field mice, wood mice, and house mice by means of liOffler's bacillus of mouse typhus, K. Kornauth {Ztsclir. Landir. ]\'rsiieli>!ir. OrMerr., S {1900), No. 2, pp. 123-132). — The laboratory methods for preparing jnire cultures of this bacillus have been much improved and it is now possible to distribute cultures of a more uniform virulence and at a smaller price. During 1899, 20,471 agar cultures of this bacillus were distributed in 468 localities. Circular letters of inquiry con- cerning the effectiveness of these cultures were sent to 324 persons, and satisfactory replies were received from 214. Of the 115 replies which referred to Held mice, it was stated in 71 cases that the action of the cultures was good, while about 15 per cent of the replies stated that the cultures had no effect. Of the 24 replies which referred to wood mice, 18 reported good effects; and of the 73 relating to house mice 57 reported good results. A detailed statement covering the statistics relating to these agar cultures is presented in tabular form. The author states tiiat the distri- bution of cultures was made late in autumn, and therefore at a time of the year when the disease was less apt to spread rapidly than in the spring. The feathered denizens of the orchard, O. Widmann {Missouri State Hort.Soc Rpt. 1900, pp. 146-156). — Brief notes on the biological relations of woodpeckers, sapsuckers, chickadees, wrens, and other common birds. The insectivorous birds of Western Australia, R. Hall (.Tour. Drpt. Agr. West. Auxtrp. 3S8-397, ,tip. 307-318, figs. 6). — This article sununarizes the results ot meteorological observations on the solar eclipse of May 28, 1900. The meteorological effects of the eclipse are shown to be important, because (1) they con- firm Ferrel's theoiy of the cold-air cyclone, and show (2) the wonderful rapidity with which cyclonic jjhenomena can develop and dissipate in the atmosphere, and demonstrate (3) that cyclones do not necessarily drift with the atmosphere, but move with their originating cause, which in the eclipse had a i>n)gressive velocity of about 2,000 miles an hour. "The discovery that the brief fall of temperature attending a solar eclipse produces a well-develoi^ed cyclone which accompanies the eclipse shadow at the rate of about 2,000 miles an hour suggests that the fall of temperature due to the occurrence of night must also produce or tend to produce a cold-air cyclone. Since the heat of day produces or tends to produce a warm-air cyclone, there must tend to occur each day two minima of pressure, one near the coldest part of the day and another near the warmest part of the day, with areas of high pressure between them due to the over- lapping of the pericyclones surrounding the cold-air and the warm-air cyclones, respec- tively. These causes must produce entirely or in part the well-known double diurnal period in air pressure. At any rate, in view of the fact that an eclipse causes a cyclone over half a hemisphere, it will be necessary before rejecting such a theory to show that the fall of temperature at night does not produce a cyclone, or that this cyclone and the corresponding warm-air cyclone of the daj' do not appreciably influence the barometer." The points in favor of the theory that the double diurnal j^eriod in pressure is due to 2 diurnal cyclones, one developed by the cold of night and the other by the heat of day, are briefly stated. METEOROLOGY. 23 West Indian hurricanes, with some observations on the hurricane of the 10th of September, 1898, at Barbados (/>'«/. »S7'(. [linrhados], Mi.sc Bui. JO, pp. l-lii,Jifi>^. 4). On the theory of precipitation on mountains, F. Pockklw [Ann. PItys., 4- >"">'., 4 (l.'K)!), Xi). .)', J)/). 4'>!)-4S()). — 111 this article an attempt is made to reduce the well- known theory of I'oifdensation of moistnre from the air on monntain slopes to a (juantitative matlieniatical l)asis. The conclusion is reached that there is a zone of maxin mm precipitation on each mountain slope and that the amount of precipita- tion depends more upon the inclination of the surface than upon its absolute height. It is claimed that the latter conclusion is borne out l)y actual observation, especially on the higher mountain ranges. Report on radiation, presented by the international meteorological com- mittee at St. Petersburg- in 1899, J. Violle {Ann. ('hint, ci I'hy.'t., 7. -^er., 22 [I'JOl), Mar., pp. .I,^:i-,i7()). — This report briefly reviews investigations on the sub- ject of radiation, and discusses the various instruments and ajjparatus which have been used for its measurement, as well as the formulas used for the calculation of results of observations. It is stated that we have excellent apparatus for measuring and recording solar radiation in the observatory as well as transportable instruments for scientific researches, but it is questioned whether we have actinometers which combine the features of simplicity, strength, and ease of use required by meteorologists in ordi- nary ol)servations. Attention is called to the unreliability of all proposed fornuilas for calculating the solar constant. Observations at higher elevations permit an ajiproach to the truth, and it is therefore urged that such observations be multiplied. Prevention of hailstorms by cannon, J. C. Covert ( ['. S. Consular Rpts., 65 {1901), No. 246, ])p. 3S4-386, fig. 1). — The almost unanimous indorsement of this method of preventing hailstorms by the "hail congress," held at Padua, Italy, in November, 1900, is reported, and a new form of cannon, which uses acetylene gas as an explosive, is 1)riefly described. Frost protection {California Cult., 16 {1001), Xo. 10, }>p. 145, 149-131, fig. 1).— Pai)ers by E. W. Holmes, E. A. Meacham, and J. H. Reed liefore the- Riverside Horticultural Club on the protection of citrus-fruit orchards from frost. Meteorological and experimental observations on beets, M. Hoffjl\nn {Bl. Ziickrrrulirnbaii, S {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 1-7). Phenological observations, Canada, 1899, A. H. MacKay {Froc. and Trans. Xora Sent id Inst. ,Sci., 10 {1899-1900) , Xo. 2, pp. 303-318, fig. 1). Annual summary of meteorological observations in the United States, 1900 {U. S. Dept.Agr., Weather Bureau, Monthlg Weather Review, 28 {1900), Xo. 13, pp. X 4- 585-599, charts 7 ). — This number gives a table of contents, list of corrections, additions, and changes, and an index for volume 28; and a summary of observa- tions on temperature, pressure, precipitation, wind movement, cloudiness, and other meteorological phenomena " based essentially upon data received from about KiO regular stations, 28 regular Canadian stations, and a number of voluntary stations." Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and C. L. Rice {Massacliusetts Hatch Sta. Met. Bnls. Ljo, 146, 147, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pres- sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phe- nomena during January, February, and March. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological observations at the Michigan Agricultural College for 1899 {Michigan Sta. Ujit. V.iOO, pp. 03-117). — Talnilated dailyand monthly summa- ries of observations during 1899 on tem])erature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc. The sunnnary for the year is as follows: Mean temperature, 47.7(5° F. ; humidity, 89.1 percent; atmospheric jiressure (reduced to 32° F.), 29.088; cloudiness, 47.9 per cent; amount of rain or melted snow, 2-1.73 in., snowfall, S!t.l5in.; number of thunderstorms, 5. 24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Meteorological charts of tlie Great Lakes ( U. Sjc. Nat. Napmli, 14 {1900), No. 1, pp. 5-18). — Observations on temperature, pressure, elasticity and ten- sion of vapor, relative humidity, direction of the wind, rainfall, and cloudiness are reported. Meteorological observations {Mem. An. Estac. Eaol. Haro, 1900, Jul;/, p. 31). — A monthly summary of observations at Haro, Spain, duringthe year ended June 30, 1900, on pressure, temperature, radiation, humidity, wind movement, rainfall, evapora- tion, cloudiness, storms, etc. Meteorological reports for 1898 and 1899 [Bot. Sta. {^Barbados'], Misc. Bid. 10, pp. 14-31). — This includes tabular monthly summaries of observations at Dodd's Botanical Station, Barbados, on temperature, pressure, tension of vapor, humidity, rainfall, rainy days, and velocity of the wind, and monthly summaries of observa- tions on rainfall at a large number of places in different parts of the island. A table is also given which shows the average annual rainfall, the value of the chemical manures applied, the crop of the island the following year, and the number of hogs- heads of sugar obtained for each inch of rain which fell the previous year for 19 years, 1881-1899. From this taV)le it appears that the average rainfall on the Island during this period was 67.08 in., the average value of the commercial fertilizers used was £57,723 (S280,533.78>, the number of hogsheads (| ton) of sugar produced per inch of rain, 885. Psychrometric tables for obtaining vapor pressure, relative humidity, and temperature of the dew-point, C. F. Marvin ( f ' ;S'. Dcpt. Agr., Weather Bureau Doc. 235, pp. 84, figs. 2). — The methods and apparatus used in the measure- ment of atmospheric moisture are briefly discussed, the methods of computing the results are explained, and tables for the reduction of psychrometric observations at stations of the Weather Bureau and cooperating observers are given. "Weather forecasts in Australia {Rev. Sci. Paris, 4- ser., 15 {1901), No. 10, p. 310). — Refers to ri'jiort of the Royal Astronomer of West Australia as claiming that the night and morning forecasts have attained an accuracy of 82 to 89 per cent. WATER— SOILS. Soluble salts of cultivated soils, F. H. King and A. R. Whitson ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 204-226, figs. 7). — This is an account of a continuation of investi- gations of the i^revious year (E. S. R., 12, p. 28), including studies of the influence of tillage, season, and cropping on the total amounts, relative proportions, and distri- bution of nitric nitrogen and soluble salts in soils. "The chief effort has been devoted to a study of the amount of nitric nitrogen in field soils under crop conditions throughout the season, at the same time following a parallel control series of studies in jilant house cylinders as a check upon the field work. "Work in the field was begun as soon as the frost was out of the ground and the nitric nitrogen content of the 9 field plats, covering 10 acres, has been determined at the middle and beginning of each month from April 18 to September 18, or 11 times. WATER SOILS. 25 "In 8 of those cases samples were taken in 1 ft. sections to a depth of 4 ft., at the other intervals at a depth of 2 ft. By doing this we have secured a detailed record of the changes in the amount and distribution of nitric acid through an entire grow- ing season for 3 plats of corn, 2 plats of potatoes, 2 plats of clover, 1 plat of alfalfa, and 1 ])lat of oats. . . . "Side by side with the nitric acid determinations we have made a study of the total soluble salts as indicated by the electrical resistance, the two sets of determina- tions being usually made on each set of samples. "The amounts of water present in the field soil have been recorded at each interval and for each depth, and the total amount of dry matter produced on each plat has also been recorded; so that we are now in possession of a fairly accurate set of data showing the amount of nitric acid and the amount of water present in the soil, throughout the season, upon which known amounts of nine crops have been grown." The experiments on tillage were made in the i)lant house with cylinders 52 in. deep and 18 in. and 3 ft. in diameter in 3 series, as follows: (1) Not cultivated, (2) cultivated 3 in. deep once a week, and (3) cultivated 3 in. deep once in 2 weeks. The soil used was a clay loam and had in different cases previously borne crops of corn, clover, oats, potatoes, and timothy and beets following beans. No water was applied and there was no drainage from the cylinders during the experiment. The gains and losses of nitric nitrogen and soluble salts during the 93 days of the experiment are recorded. "The general conclusions suggested by this study may be stated as follows: " ( 1 ) Nitrification has taken place at all depths down to 3 ft. below the surface, and hence that in these cases it is not a process limited to the surface few inches. "(2) As a general rule there has been the highest increase of nitric nitrogen in the surface foot and the increase in the third foot has generally exceeded that in the sei'ond foot. "(3) Tlie increase of nitric nitrogen has been greater at all depths, as a rule, where the soils have not ])een cultivated than where they have. "(4) In two groups of cylinders there has been a tendency for the nitric nitrogen to decrease rather than increase. " (5) There has been 22 per cent more nitric nitrogen developed from the soil after clover than from the .soil after corn, and 13 per cent more than from that after oats during the 93 days. "(()) But the soil after growing corn the same number of years that the other had grown clover Ijegan the experinient with nearly three times as much nitric nitrogen in it as the soil after clover did and it closed the cultivation i)eriod with 17 per cent more nitric nitrogen. "(7) The soil, after oats, Ijegan the experiment with 2.6 times as much nitric nitrogen as the clover soil did and it closed the cultivation period with 13.8 per cent more nitric nitrogen. "(8) The fertilizing power of clover appears to depend more upon the amount of nitrogenous material left in the soil which is ca|)able of rapid nitrification than upon nitric nitrogen accumulated by it. "(9) With the marsh soil yielding poor crops there was in both cases a heavy gain of nitric nitrogen in the first foot, but in the soil giving l^etter yields there was only a small gain in the not cultivated ground and a loss in the surface foot of cultivated ground. Indeed there was a total mean gain in the poorer soil of 37.47 parts per million but one of only 2.97 parts per million in the l^etter soil for all three feet, while in the case of the clay loam the total mean gain was 8.77 parts i)er million of nitric nitrogen." Similar observations on cylinders filled with sand or pine barrens soil on which clover and alfalfa had been grown and turned under as green manure confirmed the above conclusion that "the clovers leave a soil in such a condition that the rate of 23194— No. 1—01 3 26 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. development of nitric nitrogen in them is more rapid than after other crops, hke oats and corn." Tlie soil stirred once a week developed more nitric nitrogen than th?t stirred once in 2 weeks, but there is no evidence that tillage exerted any- notable influence in increasing nitrilication or the formation of soluble salts in the soil below the stirred layer. The influence of the frequency and depth of tillage on the nitric nitrogen and soluble salts was studied on uniform clay loam, using the cylinders described in a previous report (E. S. R., 12, p. 521). The experiment was begun in December, 1899, and lasted 258 days. The amounts of nitric nitrogen in the surface foot in the cylinders at the close of the 258 days were as follows: Not cultivated, 325.48 lbs. per acre-foot; cultivated once a week, 1 in. deep, 217.60 lbs.; cultivated once a week, 2 in. deep, 323.4-4 lbs.; cultivated once a week, 3 in. deep, 441.24 lbs.; cultivated once a week, 4 in. deep, 387.96 lbs.; cultivated once in 2 weeks, 1 in. deep, 213.29 lbs. ; cultivated once in 2 weeks, 2 in. deep, 199 lbs. ; cultivated once in 2 weeks, 3 in. deep, 401.68 lbs.; cultivated once in 2 weeks, 4 in. deep, 245.26 lbs. The nitric nitrogen was determined August 22, 1899, and April 30, 1900, in the first, second, third, and fourth foot of soil of 9 fallow plats described in a previous report (E. S. R., 12, p. 31), which were surrounded by trenches and raised border at the beginning of winter to prevent washing and to secure as much leaching as possible from the natural precipitation. The results show "that there was more nitric nitrogen in the soil at the beginning of May, 1900, than was found after being cultivated every week or 2 weeks from May, 1899, until August 22 of that year with no crop on the ground." "If an average of the amounts of nitric nitrogen found in the surface 4 ft. of the 9 field plats in the spring is compared with the amounts found in the upper 4 ft. of the 9 fallow plats, they will stand as given in the table below: The differences in the ainounts of nitric nitrogen in fallow ground and in that hearing crops after the vnnter and early spring rains. [In pounds per acre. Calculated to dry soil.] First foot. Second foot. Third foot. Fourth foot. 212.00 25.24 56.22 15.08 21.91 10.00 13.11 Plats not fallow 7.24 186.76 41. 14 1 1 91 5.87 Studies of the seasonal changes of nitrates and other soluble salts were continued during 1900 with crops covering the entire surface, so that intertillage could not be practiced, and with cultivated crops. The studies began in April, just after the frost had left the ground, and continued until September 19, when most of the crops had completed their growth. The combined results obtained are shown graphically. The nitrates increased rapidly in the surface foot of the cultivated ground until July 1, then fell rapidly until August 1, when the crops were making the most rapid growth. From this date they rose slowly until corn was cut, September 1, and then more rapidly until September 19, when the last observations were taken. With uncultivated crops, such as clovers, on the other hand, the nitrates of the first foot increased much more slowly, reaching a maximum June 1, or a month earlier, then declining slowly, reaching a minimum on August 1, after which they again rose until the end of the season. The most rapid increase in nitrates in case of the corn and potato soil occurred in the surface foot. When, however, the crops came into vigor- ous growth, the nitrates in the surface soil were rapidly reduced. Similar, but less marked, fluctuations occurred in case of the uncultivated crops — clover, alfalfa, and oats. WATEE SOILS. 27 The total salts in the surface foot of the cultivated soil reached a maximum July 1, from which date they rapidly declined until they reached a minimum August 1. In case of the uncultivated crops — clover, alfalfa, and oats — the soluble salts increased rapidly at the beginning of the season, reaching a maximum about May 1. From this date they slowly decreased until the 1st of July, and then remained stationary until August, after which they rose again until September 1, when they were prac- tically the same as at the beginning of the season. " If comparison is made between the changes in nitrates in the second, third, and fourth feet and in the total soluble salts for corresponding depths it will l)e seen that the curves generally go through the same phases throughout the season under both the cultivated and not cultivated crops, each rising and falling together, but through a nuu'h greater amplitude with the total salts where the amounts are so much larger. "The most striking difference between the seasonal changes, both of nitrates and total salts, in the lirst foot of soil, and in the next 3 ft., is found in the much greater fluctuations recorded for the surface. "The relation existing between the amount of nitric nitrogen in field soils com- puted as calcium and magnesium nitrates and the total soluble salts as indicated by the electrical resistance appears to be widely variable under different conditions. "The ratio of total soluble salts to the nitrates in the surface foot of the five culti- vated fields is, on the average for the whole season 2.14 to 1, while in the surface foot of the clover fields it is 4.8 to 1. For the second, third, and fourth feet for the season the ratio is 7.29 to 1 for the corn and potato fields, and 9.97 to 1 for the clover, alfalfa and oats." It was found that the largest yield of corn was not associated with the highest per- centage of nitrates In the soil, but with the largest amount of soluble salts. The results of the season's observations show that extremely small amounts of nitric nitrogen may occur in a soil on which plants make vigorous growth and pro- duce large yields. With the right amount and distribution of water large yields may be produced when the nitrates in the surface foot of soil are as low as 24 lbs. per acre in case of corn, 45 lbs. in case of clover, 19 lbs. with alfalfa, and 105 lbs. with potatoes. Influence of potash salts on black marsh soils, F. H. King and A. R. Whit- son ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 197-W3, fig. 1) . — In continuation of previous experi- ments (E. S. R., 12, p. 32), tests were made at the station of the relative effective- ness of ( 1 ) potassium sulphate, potassium chlorid, potassium-magnesium carbonate, and kainit; and (2) potassium sulphate and chlorid applied in different ways and at different rates. The potash salts were aj^plied to corn at the following rates per acre, furnishing equal amounts of iwtash: Sulphate, 263.3 lbs.; chlorid, 171 lbs.; potash- magnesium carbonate, 649.8 lbs.; kainit, 644.6 lbs. Comparing the yields of the fertilized rows with the parallel unfertilized rows, counting the latter yield as 1, the following results were obtained: Increased yield of corn with, potasli scdts, counting yield vitJiout potash «s 1. Increase Increase of stalks, of ears. With equal amounts of potash: 023.3 lbs. potassium sulphate 171 lbs. potassium chlorid C49.8 lbs. potiissium-magnesium carbonate (! 1 1.G lbs. kainit With (liffercnt amounts of potash: 040 lbs. potassium sulphate 320 lbs, p( itassium .sulphate 171 lbs. [Kitassinui clilorid 8.5.5 lbs. i>otassiuni chlorid In hillsrs. broadcasting: Potiussiuin sulphate ap7)lied in hill Potassium sulphate applied broadcast Potassium chlorid applied in hill Potassium chlorid applied broadcast 2.04 1.89 1.84 1.81 1.70 1.51 1.41 1.33 1.72 1.81 1.14 1.42 4.43 3.66 3.04 2. 52 2. 29 1.91 1.48 1.48 2.37 1.91 1.82 1.24 28 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Potassium sulphate at rates of 77.2 lbs. per acre, chlorid, 86.5 lbs., and nitrate 91.1 lbs., were each applied at the surface and at depths of 3, 6, and 9 in. to corn growing in 3 ft. cylinders of marsh soil. From the results reported it appears that: "(1) The untreated soils have given yields only about one-half those from the treated soils. "(2) While the yields on the untreated poorest soils are less in every case than those from the better soil, the same amount of potash given to the poorer soil as that given to the better has in nearly every case produced a larger mean yield than the better soil did. "(3) The salts when applied at the surface have produced the least general increase in yield, the 9 in. depth standing next, while the 3 in. depth has given the largest general average. "(4) The data appear to indicate that the corn can not utilize the potash as well for food when applied at the surface or 9 in. below as at intermediate depths, or else that the salts exert an influence between 2 in. and 6 in. which is helpful in other ways than as plant food." In experiments with potash salts on a variety of crops on marsh soils on 3 farms in different parts of the State it was found that the potash salts were beneficial when worked into the soils. On tlie absorption of monocalcium phosphate by arable soil and by humus, J. DuMONT {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 {1001), No. 7, pp. 435-437).— This article reports tests of the absorptive power of different kinds of soil for monocalcium phosphate by the following method: Fifty grams of the fine dry soil (passing a 1 mm. sieve) was shaken up with 350 cc. of a solution of monocalcium phosphate containing 0.815 gm. of phosphoric anhydrid, and at intervals of from 2 hours to 15 days phosphoric acid was determined in 20 cc. of the solution. It was found that in humus soils containing variable amounts of lime, al:)Sorption was greater than in ordinary soils and that removal of humus l)y incineration greatly reduced the absorptive capacity. Apparently absorjition depends upon the relative proportions of humus and lime, i. e., the greater the proportion of humus to lime, the greater the absorption. The fixation of the phosphoric acid was not due exclusively to reversion, and an abundance of humus reduced the amount of reversion. The chemical composition of Maryland soils, F. P. Veitch {Marijlund Sta. Bid. 70, pp. 63-114). — This is a report on a chemical investigation of 60 samples of soil rei:)resenting the typical soil formations of the State. The analyses were made in the laboratory of the Division of Soils of this Department. The bulletin distrusses the importance, object, and scope of soil work; the i)urpose and methods of chem- ical examination of soils; describes the samples, and discusses their classification with reference to geological formations, typical crops, and chemical and mechanical com- position. In the chemical examination of the soils 3 methods were used, (1) fusion method,' (2) concentrated (1.115 sp. gr. ) hydrochloric acid method,^ and (3) fifth- normal hydrochloric acid method.^ The average results obtained with the different classes of soils are given in the following table: 1 Bui. U. S. Geol. Survey, 148. ''U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Chemistry Bui. 46, revised. WATER SOILS. 29 Chemical composition of typical Maryland soils. Soil and method of jimilysis. Columbiiiii truck soil: Bv fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp. jrr. HOI Soluble in J-normal HCl Chesiipeake and Columbia truek !Soil: By fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Soluble in !-normal HCl Chesajieake tobaeeo soil Bv fusion nulhod Soluble in 1. 115sp.gr. HCl Soluble in J-normal HCl Chesapeake corn and wheat .soil .. By fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp.gr. HCl Soluble in J-normal HCl Columbia corn and wlieat soil By fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp.gr. H(;i Soluble in l-normal HCl Chesapeake and Columbia eorn and wheat soil: By fusion method Corn "and wheat soil of Eastern Shore: Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Soluble in ;J-normal HCl Hudson Kiver shale By fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp.gr. HCl Soluble in i-normal HCl Gneiss soil By fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Soluble in -J-normal HCl Gabbro soil Bv fu.sion method Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Soluble in J-normal HCl Helderberg limestone By fusion method Soluble in 1.116 sp.gr. HCl Soluble in J-normal HCl Catskill sandst( me 15 V fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Sohible in J-normal HCl Trias.sic sandstone Bv fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Soluble in jt-normal HCl Trenton limestone Bv fusion metliod , Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Solulile in J-normal HCl , Cambrian sandstone Bv fusion method Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Soluble in ^-normal HCl Lafayette .sands: By fusion method Serpentine .soils Bv fusion method , Soluble in 1.115 sp. gr. HCl Soluble in J-nornuil HCl Potomac clay soils By fusion method Soluble in 1. 115 sp. gr. HCl Silica. o Per ct. 93. 89 96. 92 89. 92 96.12 97. 813 84. 95 89.72 95. 531 78.05 84.08 93.69 80.99 88.13 86. 56 95. 114 64. 80 73.46 rot- ash. Perct. 0.47 .025 1.06 .009 .91 .25 1.27 .42 (&) .13 .024 64. 67 73.36 53. 54 01.79 88. £07 70. 86 80.00 65. 85 81.56 62.00 74.81 65. 25 74.49 92. 711 64.41 82. 42 93. 084 94.32 67. 55 83.71 62.94 84.05 2.40 .40 .016 1.31 .19 .90 .19 .013 2.37 .72 .022 3.02 .57 .017 3.10 .67 .015 3.05 .45 3.40 .33 1.64 .18 .015 1.54 .14 Soda. Per ct. 0.22 .04 .012 Perct. 0.41 .04 .61 .10 .52 .18 (&) .51 .14 1.87 .10 .017 Mag- nesia. Perct. 0.32 .21 .63 .12 .098 .67 .10 .043 .61 .07 .40 .02 .019 .47 .37 .030 .73 .52 .056 .45 .041 1.09 .78 .43 .030 2.08 1.78 .85 .058 1.21 .53 .027 .07 3.21 .88 Iron oxid. Perct. 0.75 .75 Alu- mina. Perct. 1.90 1.90 Per ct 0.07 .025 .75 .58 4. 04 1.25 0.115 2.30 2.12 6.58 3.78 0.617 3.26 1.85 9.98 7.15 2.67 1.95 8.82 5.13 5.70 15.50 4.15 |l0.85 0.406 3.95 19.29 5.95 I 9.62 5.58 3.88 17.46 6.15 2.06 4.82 13.46 3. 82 5. 22 "0480 4.22 3.07 21. 63 5.26 Phos- phor- ic acid. .076 .024 .001 .26 .155 .034 .002 .058 .001 .17 .105 . 125 .0.55 .00; .11 .082 .002 .19 .065 .001 .135 .046 Reaction. Very faintly acid. Acid, 2d in acidity. Most acid of all. Acid, 3d in acidity. Alkaline. Neutral. Neutral. Neutral. Neutral. Acid. Neutral. Neutral. Acid. Very faintly acid. ■ ttTotal silica in case of fusion method, insoluble silicates in case of the ('oncentrated hydrochlonc acid nutliod, and the sum of the soluble and insoluble silica in case of the J normal hydrochlonc acid method, i) Not determined. 30 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The author concludes from the results obtained that the ultimate chemical analy- sis (by fusion) of a soil "affords absolutely no reliable basis for a classification." "The solubility of the essential plant foods in strong acids is shown to afford a grouping and an arrangement within the groups that is about as valuable as the results based upon the physical properties alone. The solubility in weak hydrochloric acid affords about as satisfactory a grouping as either of the above methods. The systematic classification of these soils upon the combined influences of their physical and chemical properties is as yet impossible. There are evidently undetermined factors whose influence is great enough to vitiate this classification." The results indicate that these soils are most in need of lime or lime and organic matter. "Phosphoric acid is probably the substance which, after lime, is indicated as being most needed." ' ' In the order of economic importance the next need of our soils is nitrogen. While we have no data upon the actual nitrogen content of these soils, some infor- mation' upon this point may be gained by the amount of volatile (organic) mat- ter which they contain and Avhich approximately determines their nitrogen supply. . . . "From the results of the chemical analysis it is evident that the addition of potash is the least needed of the several plant foods. In all the soils it is present in great quantities. Its solubility in the two solvents, concentrated and fifth-normal hydro- chloric acid, is indicative of its presence largely in an available form in all but the light sandy soils of the State." A chemical study of the phosphoric acid and potash contents of the wheat soils of Broadbalk field, Rothamsted, B. Dyer {Froc. Roy. Soc. [London], 68 {1901), No. 44^, PP- 11-14)- — Determinations of phosphoric acid and potash soluble in strong hydrochloric acid and in 1 per cent citric acid in samples of soils from the first, second, and third 9 in. of the soil of 12 plats, manured in different ways and unmanured, that had been cultivated in wheat for 50 years consecutively, are reported. (See also E. S. R., 10, p. 933. ) Examinations of samples of the same soils collected in 1865 and 1881 are also reported. "The difference between the total percentages of phosphoric acid in different soils, unmanured and variously manured, corresponds fairly well with their history, but in the absence of a knowledge of such history these differences would not suffice to give any indication of the profound differences known to exist in the phosphatic condition and fertility of the soils. The relative proportions of citric acid soluble phosjihoric acid, however, appear to afford a striking index to the relative phosphatic fertility of the soils." The superiority of the citric acid method for determining the phosphoric acid requirements of a soil was more strikingly shown in case of the subsoils than of the surface soils. In the surface soils the average ratio of the total phosphoric acid in plats which had received phosphatic fertilizers to that in plats receiving no phos- phates for 50 years was 1.65:1; of citric acid soluble phosphoric acid, 5.46:1. The results obtained indicate that a soil containing as low as 0.01 per (*nt of citric acid soluble phosphoric acid in the surface soil needs phosphatic fertilizer, while that containing as much as 0.03 per cent is in no immediate necessity of such fertilizing. The results generally indicate also that the greater proportion of the uneonsumed phosphoric acid accumulates in the first 9 in. of soil. In case of barnyard manure and of superphosphates accompanied by potash, soda, and magnesia salts, the fer- tilizing constituents were diffused to a considerable extent throughout the second and even the third 9 in. "Strong hydrochloric acid as a solvent for potash in soil analysis is shown to be practically useless as a gauge of potash fertility where there is an abundance of total potash in mineral combination, as silicates, etc. . . . The results obtained by citric acid, however, are strikingly instructive and consistent. . . . The ratio of the FERTILIZERS. 31 average quantity of hydrochloric acid sohible potasli in the surface soil of 3 potash- dressed i)lats to the average quantity found in 7 plats not dressed with potash was 1.20 : 1. The citric acid soluble potash ratio, however, was 6.75 : 1. The plat dressed with dung for 50 years and 9 years, respectively, gave, as compared with the same 7 nonpotash plats, hydrochloric acid soluble potash ratios of 1.27 : 1 and 1.23 : 1, while the citric acid soluble potash ratios were 10.67 : 1 and 9.17 : 1." The results indicate that when the first 9 in. of the soil contains as much as 0.01 per cent of citric acid soluble potash, applications of potash fertilizers are not needed. The larger part of the unused potash was accumulated in the surface soil, although a considerable ])roportion was found by the citric acid method to be diffused through- out the second and third 9 in. The valuation of arable soils on a scientific statistical basis, G. Thoms ( Zur ]]\'rtlisrliatznng dt'r Ackererden anf naturwissenschaftlich-stutistischer Grundlage. Mitt. III. Higa: N. Kymviel, 1900, pp. 115, map 1, charts 6). — This is a continuation of pre- vious investigations (E. S. R., 8, p. 573) and reports the results of analyses of 234 samples of soils collected during 1893, 1894, and 1895, on 39 estates in Courland. The results are charted as well as tabulated. The following table gives a summary of the average results obtained: Average comjwsition of Courland soils of different productive capacities. Phosphoric acid Lime Potash Nitrogen Magnesia Waterin the soil in the field Loss on ignition Absorptive capacity for am- monia Clay Depth of surface soil Productive capacity ob- served Priiductive capacity on ba- sis of examination Best soil. Surface soil Per ct 0. 1332 . 9973 . 2849 .1910 . 5318 13.44 CIO 42. 91 27. 46 29.80 14.83 12.87 Subsoil. Per ct. 0. 0937 . 7290 .3638 .0666 . 6294 9.80 2.99 57.23 31.77 Medium soil. Surface soil. Per et. 0. 1099 .4393 .2437 . 1582 .3962 12.69 4.73 37.85 25. 51 22. 76 11.64 12.02 Subsoil, Per ct 0. 0743 .5585 .3308 .0551 .6164 8.01 2.68 50.05 27. 98 Poorest soil. Surface soil. Per ct. 0. 1011 .3401 .1785 . 2012 .2814 12.80 6.04 36.61 18.06 17.33 7.49 10.90 Subsoil. Per ct. 0. 0652 .4918 .2500 .0477 .4030 8.73 2.32 38.96 18.96 Average of surface and subsoil. Best. Per ct. 0. 1134 . 8031 . 3243 .1291 .5806 11. 62 4.54 60.07 29.61 Me- dium. Per ct. 0. 0921 .4989 . 2872 .1066 .5063 10.35 3.70 43.95 26.74 Poor- est. Per ct. 0. 0831 .4169 .2142 .1244 .3422 10.76 4.18 37.78 18.61 The results show a direct relation between the productive capacity of the soil and its content of plant food as shown by analysis. This is especially true as regards the phosphoric acid, but is also shown in the case of potash, lime, magnesia, and nitrogen (in subsoil). Waters for table use sold in bottles or jugs, H. E. Smith {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1900, pt. 2, j)p- 201-215) . — Analyses of a number of samples. FERTILIZERS. Swamp muck, H. A. Huston and A. H. Bryan {Indiana Sta. HjH. 1900, pp. 73- 75). — The nuu-k beds which are found in different parts of Indiana, in areas vary- ing from a fraction of an acre to over 5,000 acres, are briefly described and their value as manure is discussed, the nitrogen in 6 samples of water-free muck being reported. The nitrogen varied from 2.75 per cent to 4.14 per cent. For purposes of comparison, 2 samples of muck and 1 of pure peat moss in an advanced state of decay, secured in Elaine, were also analyzed. The nitrogen in water-free material in these samples was 1.75 and 1.83 per cent in case of the muck, and 0.67 per cent in the peat moss. Suggestions regarding the conqjo^ting of the muck are made. 32 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Marls, H. A. Hustox, W. J. Jones, and A. H. Bryan {Indiana Sta. Rpl. 1900, j)p- 75, 77). — The character of the calcareous marls found in Indiana are briefly described and the range in composition of 10 samples of such marls is reported as follows: Composition of hididna marls. Per cent. Moisture 0. 34 to 0.80 Organic matter 3. 25 to 6. 63 Insoluble matter 44 to 3. 30 Carbonate of lime 85. 68 to 92. 74 Magnesia 98 to 1. 76 Sulphur trioxid 70 to 1. 02 Iron and alumina 46 to 1 . 64 As the analyses show, the value of these marls depends mainly upon their lime content. The utilization of the marls as fertilizer and for the manufacture of cement is discussed. Observations on the action of sulphate of ammonia on succeeding crops, E. Kloepfer [Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 50 {1901), No. 4, pp. 154-158).— The results of a series of plat experiments are reported which indicate that an excess of sulphate of ammonia applied to a croj) is absorbed and retained by the soil and is utilized by the succeeding crop. Field experiments ■witli fertilizers, Baessler {Ber. Tluit. Agrchem. Vers. Samen- controhtat. KosUn, 1899, pp. 16-135) .—T\vv% includes detailed accounts of cooperative experiments on typical soils with different crops. In these experiments the fertil- izer requirements of different soils were studied by means of field experiments and by chemical and mechanical analysis. Comparative tests were made of 40 per cent potash salts and kainit. Tests were made of the effect of applying lime and marl and of the Schultz-Lupitz method of fertilizing sandy soils. On fertilizer experiments, Behrens {Mili. Deut. Landiv. Gesell., 16 {1901), Nos.4, pp. 14, 15; 5, pp. 17-19; 6, pp. 21, 22). Fertilizers for Tennessee, C. A. Mooers {JJn'iv. Tennessee Record, 4 {1901), No. 1, pp. 76-80). — -A brief jjopular discussion. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. C. Stubbs {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 63, pp. 483-576, 592-595). — This bulletin discusses the sources of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash and the valuation of fertilizers, and reports analyses of 1,817 samples of fertilizing materials, including mixed fertilizers, acid phosphates, bone meal, bat guano, tankage, cotton-seed meal, cotton seed, dried l)lood, fish scrap, nitrate of soda, kainit, sulphate of potash, wood ashes, and ground oyster shells. Statistics of the consumption of fertilizers in the different parishes of the State are given. These show that 30,302 tons of fertilizers were sold in the State during the season of 1899-1900. Of this 12,338 tons was tankage. Blanks used in the inspection are given. Analyses of licensed comniercial fertilizers, F. W. Woll and A. Vivian ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 257-260, 336, 337). — A report of analyses of 7 samples of fertilizers examined during the year, with notes on the fertilizer inspection in Wisconsin and the text of the State fertilizer law. Perclilorate in nitrate of soda, T. Wetzke {Oesterr. Chem. Zfr/., 4 {1901), No. 4, p). S3). — The author takes exception to Dafert's conclusion (E. S. R., 12, p. 325) that perchlorate was not a common impurity of nitrate of soda until within recent years. He reports finding perchlorate in 8 samples of museum specimens of caliche which he examined by the following method: The chlorin was removed with silver nitrate and the excess of the latter with sodium carbonate. The filtered solution was evaporated to dryness and the residue fused and dissolved in water. The solu- tion was acidified with nitric acid and tested with silver nitrate for chlorin. The appearance of a precipitate or cloudiness was taken to indicate the presence of per- chlorate or chlorate. Dafert in a note on the above article calls attention to the fact FIELD CROPS. 33 that in the method employed no account wa^ taken of the iodates which mip. S05-308). — This article notes briefly the sources of potash, the discovery of the Stassfurt deposits, the extraction, preparation, and production of the Stassfurt salts; and gives tables showing the composition, pro- duction, and consumption of the different products. It is stated that the total l)roduction of crude Stassfurt salts in 1899 was 2,737,965.38 tons (of 2,000 lbs.). This includes 64,679.877 tons of carnalite and kieserite used for agricultural purposes in Germany, and 5,082.37 tons exported to other countries for the same purpose, besides 1,385,293.041 tons converted into concentrated potash salts; and 791,051.485 tons of kainit and sylvinite used for agricultural purposes in Germany, and 347,080.319 tons exported to foreign countries for the same purpose, besides 144,778.286 tons converted into concentrated salts. FIELD CROPS. Farm notes, W. W. Cooke {Colorado Sta. Bui. 57, pp. 39). — This bulletin is a resume of the results of different experiments with alfalfa, corn, potatoes, and sugar beets, carried on at the station during the years 1894 to 1899. This work has all been considered in former bulletins with the exception of the cooperative work on sugar beets in 1899. The results of these tests show that beets planted on May 5 gave a larger yield with a higher percentage of sugar and purity than beets planted earlier or later. Planting in rows alternately 27 and 11 in. apart gave 4.4 tons of beets more per acre than placing the rows uniformly 24 in. apart. The furrows for irri- gating the beets were made in the 27 in. spaces. Seed irrigated when planted gave better results than seed not irrigated, but the author believes that in this respect no definite rule is applicable for all parts of the State since the results showed consider- able variation, and he advises to irrigate the seed if within 5 days after planting there are no indications of sprouting. The varieties Zehringen, Vilmorin No. 1, Vilmorin No. 2, and Kleinwanzlebener were tested at the station. On heavy clay soil Vil- morin No. 1 showed the highest percentage of sugar in the juice and of purity, while on a clay loam soil Vilmorin No. 2 stood at the head. The average of 10 tests gave an increase of 18 per cent in the weight of the crop as a result of subsoiling. Field experiments at Ghent, Belg-ium, P. de Caluwe {Expose Cult. Exper. J(ird. Gand., 1898-99, pp. 82, pis. 3, dgm. 1). — The annual report on the work at the experimental garden for the province of East Flanders. Fertilizer tests were made with rye, oats, maize, peas, rape, chicory, fodder beets, and potatoes. In some cases variety and culture tests were made in connection with the fertilizer experiments. The experimental culture of comfrey and sacchaline w'as conducted as in previous years, but these crops received no fertilizer applications. A series of fertilizer tests were made on meadows, and the injurious effects of nitrate, perchlorate of soda, and perchlorate of potash were studied. Daily meteorological observations for the year lieginning October 1, 1898, are tabulated, and the weather conditions for each month are discussed. The results of a variety test wdth potatoes are given in a table. The use of potassium chlorid in the fertilizer application produced a considerable and favorable effect on the yield of rye in every respect, but especially on the weight of the grain. The rye from the plats having been furnished potash weighed 4.43 kg. per hectoliter more than the grain from plats having received no potash. Thomas slag increased the yield of oat straw as compared wdth mineral phosphates, but the yield of grain was about the same. Alinit had no appreciable effect on the yield of oats. Potassium chlorid as a fertilizer for peas increased the yield by 8.56 kg. of peas and 16.8 kg. of straw per acre. Among several varieties of chicory, Smouter gave the largest yield and Palingkop the highest percentage of dry matter. 34 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In the experiments with rye nitrate of soda proved injurious in proportion to the amount of perchlorate of potash added. The perchlorate applied alone was injuri- ous only in a small degree. In general, the injurious effects of perchlorate of potash were more pronounced than those of potassium chlorid, and less so than sodium perchlorate. Oats was much less sensitive to these substances than rye. Influence of the right amount and the right distribution of water in crop production, F. H. King ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 185-188) . — This is a report on the yields of hay, corn, and potatoes grown under different degrees of soil humidity. The rainfall for the years 1898, 1899, and 1900 is compared, and the amount of water applied in irrigating this season is given. The year was not favorable for hay and small grain on account of only a small rainfall early in the season, but these condi- tions are considered as having favored the development of nitrates in the soil, which was beneficial to the corn crop. Corn has been grown on the same plats since 1894, and for the entire period the average yield of water-free substance per acre was 1,993 lbs. greater on irrigated ground than on ground not irrigated. The first four years of the experiment the average gain due to irrigation was 3,543 lbs. of water-free substance per acre, but for the last three years it was only 62.2 lbs. On the sandy portion of one of two potato plats there was an increase of 81.4 bu. per acre due to irrigation, but on the heavier soil of the plat there was a decrease of 56 bu. per acre. The plats were irrigated twice and the last irrigation was followed by rains, which is considered the cause of the decrease in yield on the heavy soil. On the other plat, which also had a heavy soil, the results were in favor of no irrigation. Flat culture gave a larger increase in yield than irrigation, but irrigation increased the yield of potatoes 11.6 bu. per acre over ridge culture. The different quantities of water applied by irrigation to supplement the rainfall, and the yields obtained from the various plats, are given in tables. A five-year rotation of crops, H. J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast {Rhode Island Sta. Bid. 76, pp. 105-128) . — This bulletin describes an experiment with a 5-year rotation carried through its first course on 5 different plats, and gives the yields obtained in tabular form. The history of the different plats is given, showing that at the beginning of these experiments in 1893 corn grown without fertilizers was unable to attain a height of more than about 5 in. during the entire season. The order of the rotation tested was corn the first year, potatoes the second, winter rye the third, and grass the fourth and fifth years. The various fertilizer applications, consisting of chemicals and commercial fertilizers only, are given for the different plats for each season. During the first course of the rotation only two of the five plats gave profitable returns. In the summary, the authors report a yield of 13.78 bu. of corn and 1,3 tons of stover per acre in 1893; 72.57 bu. of grain and 2.4 tons of stover in 1896, and 65.71 bu. of grain and 3.9 tons of stover in 1900. The potato crops showed the largest gains. The smallest crop of marketable potatoes, 60 bu. per acre, was pro- duced in 1893, and the largest crop, 283.33 bu. in 1900, when the total yield amounted to 321.66 bu. The results with rye were irregular but are considered as indicating the increase of assimilable nitrogen in the soil. From the fact that the grass crops have remained small it is believed that they received an insufficient amount of fer- tilizer. This rotation was not as profitable as the three and four year rotations pre- viously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 1030). The changes suggested by the author are beginning the rotation with rye, increasing the fertilizer application for the grass crops, and applying the fertilizers for the potato crops entirely in the drill. Results obtained in 1900 from trial plats of grain, fodder corn, field roots, and potatoes, W. Saunders {Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Bui. 36, pp. 5-51, figs. 4)- — This report is a record of cooperative variety tests in continuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 134). The plan of the experiments has remained unchanged, but owing to unfavorable weather conditions at the Brandon and Indian Head farms no results are reported from these places for this season. FIELD CROPS. 35 The yields of each crop at the other experimental farms are tabulated. The varieties giving the largest yields at the different stations were as follows: 0«/,s. — Holstein Prolific, Black Beauty, Early Blossom, Golden Giant, Cromwell, Buckbee Illinois, Oderbruch, California Prolific, Hazlett Seizure, Thousand Dollar, Joanette, and Bavarian. Average yield per acre, 69 bu. 29 lbs. Two-rowed barley. — Beaver, Danish Chevalier, Canadian Thorpe, French Chevalier, Bolton, andJSepean. Average yield per acre, 48 bu. 2 lbs. Six-rowed barley. — Manshury, Common, Royal, Odessa, Albert, and Petschora. Average yield per acre, 50 bu. 15 lbs. Spring wheat. — Huron, White Russian, Preston, Laurel, Countess, Red Fife, Red Fern, White Connell, Monarch, Pringle Champlain, Wellman Fife, and Colorado. Average yield per acre, 32 bu. 44 lbs. Peas.— White Wonder, Duke, Prince, Archer, Crown, Chancellor, Carleton, Harrison Glory, Daniel O'Rourke, German White, Agnes, and Early Britain. Average yield per acre, 27 bu. 57 lbs. Indian, corn. — Thorough- bred White Flint, Early Mastodon, Superior Fodder, Champion White Pearl, Mam- moth Cuban, and Cloud Early Yellow. Average yield i)er acre, 21 tons, 1,341 lbs. Turnips. — Carter Elephant, Perfection Swede, Champion Purple Top, Drummond Purple Top, Skirvings, and Hartley Bronze. Average yield per acre, 25 tons, 1,339 lbs. Mangels. — Giant Yellow Intermediate, Giant Yellow Half Long, Sutton Yellow Globe, Canadian Giant, Champion Yellow Globe, and Mammoth Yellow Inter- mediate. Average yield per acre, 29 tons 480 lbs. Carrots. — Giant White Vosges, Half Long White, Improved Short White, New AVhite Intermediate, Green Top AVhite Orthe, and Ontario Champion. Average yield per acre, 30 tons, 1,053 lbs. Sugar beets. — Improved Imperial, Red Top Sugar, Wanzleben, and Danish Red Top. Average yield per acre, 23 tons, 132 lbs. Potatoes. — Seattle, American Wonder, Northern Spy, Irish Daisy, Irish Cobbler, Vanier, Uncle Sam, Rural Blush, Rose No. 9, Carmen No. 1, Seedling No. 230, and Holborn Abundance. Average yield per acre, 398 bu. 13 lbs. The average results obtained for the different crops for 5 and 6 years ai-e also given. The varieties which have given the highest averages during this period are as follows: Oats. — Banner, American Beauty, Bavarian, Golden Giant, Holstein Prolific, Buckbee Illinois, Columbus, Golden Beauty, Early Golden Prolific, White Schonen, Oderbruch, and Wallis. Average yield per acre, 70 bu. 31 lbs. Too-rowed barley. — French Chevalier, Danish Chevalier, Beaver, Canadian Thorpe, Newton, and Sidney. Average yield per acre, 43 bu. 30 lbs. Siv-rowed barley. — Manshury, Trooper, Odessa, Common, Royal, and Oderbruch. Average yield per acre, 47 bu. 39 lbs. Spring wheat. — Preston, Monarch, Wellman Fife, White Fife, Goose, Red Fife, White Connell, Huron, White Russian, Rio Grande, Hungarian, and Pringle Champlain. Average yield per acre, 31 bu. 47 lbs. Peas. — Crown, Carleton, Pride, New Potter, Early Britain, Duke, Mummy, Centennial, Trilby, Archer, King, and Paragon. Average yield per acre, 32 bu. 52 lbs. Indian corn. — Red Cob Ensilage, Thoroughbred White Flint, Selected Learning, Giant Prolific Ensilage, Angel of Midnight, and Champion White Pearl. Average yield per acre, 21 tons, 1,604 lbs. Turnips. — Selected Purple Top, Perfection Swede, Bangholm Selected, East Lothian, Hartley Bronze, and Skirvings. Average yield per acre, 29 tons, 585 lbs. Mangels. — Yellow Intermediate, Yellow Giant Intermediate, Gate Post, Selected Mammoth Long Red. Giant Yellow Half Long, and Giant Yellow Globe. Average yield per acre, 31 tons, 21 lbs. Carrots. — Half Long White, Giant White Vosges, Im])roved Short White, Mammoth White Intermediate, Iverson Champion, and Green Top White Orthe. Average yield per acre, 20 tons, 335 lbs. Sugar beets. — Danish Red Top, Danish Improved, Red Top Sugar, and Wanzleben. Average yield per acre, 23 tons, 14 lbs. Potatoes. — Seedling No. 230, Irish Daisy, American Giant, American W^onder, Empire State, Carmen No. 1, Late Puritan, State of Maine, New Variety No. 1, Seattle, Vanier, and General Gordon. Average yield per acre, 352 bu. 36 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experiments ■witli grain and forage crops, R. A. Moore ( Wiscoyifiin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 227-238, fifjii. 2) . — Experiments with grain consisted of tests for liardness and productiveness of 35 varieties of oats, 15 of barley, 10 of spring wheat, 6 of peas, 2 of speltz, and 1 of spring rye. The yields of straw and grain and other data connected with the experiments are given in a table and discussed. The best varieties of oats were Swedish, Poland White, and Tobolsk, and of bar- ley, the Oderbrucker and Mandshury varieties. The observations on varieties of bar- ley listed as Mandshury, Manshury, and Mandschuri indicate that they are all the same variety. Speltz stooled abundantly and grew rapidly. Sowing oats at the rate of 2J to .S^ bu. per acre had no effect on the tendency to lodge, but sowing at the rate of 1 bu. was very effective in preventing lodging. Treating seed oats with a solution of 1 lb. of formalin to 50 gal. of water was found to be absolutely effective in this experiment. A comparative test of Victoria and Dwarf Essex rape indicated that Victoria rape is probably Dwarf Essex under a different name. A test was made of sowing rape at the time of seeding and two weeks later. Where rape was sown with oats on the same day the yield of oats was 50.3 bu. per acre, and where the rape was sown 2 weeks later the yield was 60.3 bu. The same variety of oats without rape yielded 64.5 l)u. per acre. A good yield of rape for fall fodder was obtained in both instances. Clover was sown with oats as a nurse crop, with oats that were cut for hay while green, and without a nurse crop. Clover sown with a nurse crop gave the best result, and where the oats were cut for hay a much better stand of clovei was obtained than where the oats were left to ripen. Black, yellow, and green soy beans were grown experimentally. The black and green varieties matured seed, while the seed of the yellow did not ripen. The green soy bean yielded 9.9 tons of green forage per acre. Experiments with, corn, forage crops, and spring cereals, A. M. Soule, P. O. Vanatter, and J. K. Fain {Tennrfsec Sta. Bui, Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. SI, figs. 13).— This bulletin reports the results of tests w'ith varieties of corn, sorghum, Kafir corn, Durra, broom corn, eowpeas, millet, Canadian field peas, and spring varieties of Avheat, oats, and barley. In connection with these trials tests were made of sowing rape, oats, and barley at different dates, and of seed corn taken from different parts of the ear. The draft these crops make on the soil and the root systems of corn, sorghum, eowpeas, and soy beans were also studied. Of 31 varieties of corn, Florida gave the largest yield, 18 tons per acre. No. 3889, Ellis, and Huffman all yielded over 14 tons. The best grain-producing varieties were No. 3889, yielding 72.09 bu. per acre; Improved Golden Beauty, 68.07 bu. ; and the Improved Leaming, 56.69 bu. The varieties giving the highest percentage of grain in the whole crop were Three-eared with 20.48 per cent and New Klondike with 17.72 per cent. New Klondike gave the smallest total yield and the Florida and Huffman, two of the varieties giving tlie largest total yields, produced only 7.90 per cent and 5.64 per cent, respectively, of grain in the whole crop. Seed corn from the North gave smaller total yields, but a higher percentage of grain than Southern varieties. Several of the Northern varieties ripened in 97 days, while 119 days were required to mature the best yielding Southern varieties. Among the different forage crops, teosinte gave the best yield of green crop, 26.25 tons per acre, followed by rape with 18.50 tons, corn and eowpeas together 17.70 tons, corn alone 17.60 tons, and eowpeas alone with 14.10 tons per acre. There was no- advantage in growing eowpeas together with rape, corn, or millet, the yields being practically the same when the crops were grown alone. There was also the difiiculty of obtaining crops maturing at the same time. The results showed that a succession of forage crops may be had in that region from the middle of June until November. The best yield of sorghum was 11.85 tons per acre, and of Kafir corn 8.01 tons. The varieties of eowpeas giving the largest yields of peavine hay were Taylor, Wonderful, Clay, Blackeye, and Whippoorwill, in the order given, the yields varying from 2.3 FIELD CROPS. 37 to 3.1 tons of hay per acre. There was a loss of from 5,000 to 6,000 lbs. in the produftion of hay per acre as compared with the weight of the green crop. Soy beans did not prove as profitable a crop as cowpeas. Japanese millet yielded 2.62 tons, but the imported Japanese varieties did not give satisfactory yield.s. Rape on fall-plowed land yielded 8i tons of green crop per acre. Of 10 varieties of spring oats, Texas Rust Proof gave the largest yield of grain, 42.26 bu. })er acre, followed by Big Four with 36.38 l)u., which variety also yielded the most straw, 1.93 tons per acre. Early sowing of both oats and barley gave bet- ter results than late sowing. Wellman Fife spring wheat stood at the head of varie- ties tested with a yield of 17.91 bu. per acre. The highest yields of digestible pro- tein per acre were as follows: Cowpeas, 504 lbs.; soy beans, 380 lbs., and corn, 352 lbs. Corn was richer in carbohydrates and fat than soy beans or cowpeas. Sorghum was inferior in digestible nutrients to most of the crops tested. The greatest draft on the soil was made by the corn crop, which removed 144.3 lbs. of nitrogen, 52.8 lbs. of phosphatic acid, and 116.2 lbs. potash. Cowpeas came second, with 75.60 lbs. of nitrogen, 28 lbs. phosphatic acid, and 86.6 lbs. potash. It is concluded that while sorghum and millet do not draw so heavily on the soil as corn they are shallow feeders and tend to exhaust the surface foot of soil. Experim.ents with forage crops, J. H. Skinner {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1900, pj). S9-94). — Red clover, alsike, alfalfa, and crimson clover were sown in 1898 on the 15th of each month, from April to September, inclusive. In 1899 the work was contin- ued, but owing to the season was a failure. The results indicate that red and alsike clover may be sown as late as June 15. It was found more difficult to obtain a stand of alfalfa and crimson clover than of red and alsike clover. All except alfalfa win- terkilled. Alfalfa stood the winter nuich better the second year than the first, when many of the roots were broken by the lifting of the soil, due to freezing. Cul- ture and variety tests were made with cowi)eas, soy beans, sorghum, and corn, and the results are briefly noted. Sorghum yielded the most forage, with common corn second, and Stowell Evergreen third. Crops for summer forage, G. Heuze {Jour. Ayr. Prat., 1901, I, No. 8, pp. 248, 249). — A brief note on growing summer forage crops in Northern France. Influence of the size of the seed on the yield, Edler {Landic. Zlschr. Rhein- jn-oriiiz, 2 {1901), No. 1, pp. 1-3). — This is a report on experiments with seeds weigh- ing 50.9 and 33.9 gm. per thousand. In one test the same number of grains of the heavy and the light seed were sown, and in another test equal weights of the two kinds of seed. The heavy seed produced the heavier plants, having a larger number of productive stems and producing heavier and a larger numlier of grains than plants from the light seed. The conclusion is drawn that when equal weights of heavy and light seeds are sown the heavier seed will generally give the best results. The improvement of cereal crops, T. H. Middleton {Jonr. Neivcastle Farmers' cliih, 1001, pp. 1-29). — A paper on the improvement of field crops. Fertilizer experiments with different forms of potash {Jahrh. Dent. Landir. Ge.scIL, l.'> [lUoO), pp. 27-42). — A review and discussion of experiments comparing different i)()tash salts as fertilizers for cereals, sugar and forage l)eety, potatoes, and meadows. The results of tests on marsh soils were also considered. The work here reviewed wa.s done at different (Jernian experiment stations. Causes operative in the production of silage, S. M. Babcock and II. L. Rus- sell ( Wiscomiu Sta. RjA. 1900, pp. 123-141) .—This is a report and a discussion of experiments in making silage under laboratory conditions for the purpose of study- ing the changes which occur in the formation of good silage. Work bearing on this subjei-t done by other investigators is reviewed and the method of conducting these experiments is described. The results show that good silage can be made under con- ditions which exclude bacterial activity, and that the initial heating of silage is due mainly to the respiratory i)rocesses of the cut plant tissues themselves. 38 EXPERIMETSTT STATION RECORD. "The gases of a silo are carbon dioxid and nitrogen, the carbon dioxid being evolved by the intramolecular respiration of the ensiled tissues, while the nitrogen is simply due to the entangled atmospheric air that is originally present when the silo is filled. In good silage, where putrefactive changes do not occur, the gases associated with bacterial fermentation are not found." First-class corn silage was made in numerous instances in small receivers, the tem- perature of which never exceeded 75 to 80° F. The changes that characterize the formation of good silage are considered due to the changes inaugurated and under the more or less direct control of the protoplasm of the jjlant tissues that are ensiled. It is concluded that the acids of silage are a product mainly of the intramolecular resi)iration, and that the degree of acidity is dependent upon the duration of the res- jjiration of the cells. These facts are considered as explaining the presence of large amounts of acids in silage from immature and succulent crops. The putrefactive changes occurring in silage are due to bacteria capable of developing under anaerobic conditions in the succulent tissues. That the peculiar aroma of good silage can be produced under conditions in which all vital processes are suspended is taken as an indication that enzyms are operative in this connection. ' ' The unavoidable losses in silage are due to the formation of water, carbon dioxid, and volatile organic acids, which are produced as a result of the intramolecular res- jiiratory processes of the ensiled tissues." The avoidable losses are due mainly to the decomposition of organic matter by l^ac- teria and molds. The admission of air by imperfectly constructed silos facilitates the growth of these organisms and prolongs the direct respiration of the plant tissues. Bacterial acti\ity, instead of being essential, was found deleterious, being most marked where putrefactive changes occurred. Unavoidable losses in silage, F. H. King {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 189-196, figs. 2). — The work here reported consisted of a series of experiments in the produc- tion of silage with small quantities of different materials under the complete exclu- sion of air, but permitting so much as would be entangled in the material when filling the silo. The materials were ensiled in Mason jars. In the first experiment with peas, cowpeas, oats, rye, and corn, all in a comparatively early stage of growth, the results show the greatest loss in weight during the first 15 days on oats, rye stand- ing second, and corn last. The loss on cowpeas was also small. The author con- cludes that in 100 tons of corn silage under similar conditions the loss of dry mat- ter would have been between 1.27 and 1.62 tons. In this first test the material was not compressed sufficiently to crush the tissues and express the juices. In the second experiment peas, cowpeas, oats, and corn were treated as in the first, except that the plants were 27 days older. Alfalfa from 6 to 8 in. high was added to the test. The materials were packed to have a mean weight of 33.6 lbs. per cubic foot. The loss calculated on the green weight ranged from 0.91 per cent in 108 days of hot summer weather for the cowpeas to 4.93 per cent for the corn, the average loss l)eing 2.71 per cent. The object of the third trial was to determine the effect of the close- ness of packing on the losses, and the test was made with mature corn packed closely and loosely, but the results obtained were not conclusive. In the fourth and ninth experiments the gaseous products given off from the corn silage were measured. In experiment 4 the corn was in the milk stage and in experiment 9 fully matured when ensiled. In 105 days number 4 lost 3.31 per cent of its green weight and number 9 3.24 per cent in 59 days. The total amomit of gas collected in experiment number 4 was 20.10 cu. ft., and in experiment number 9 17.05 cu. ft., or from 3 to 4 times the volume of the silage. On the average 74.02 per cent and 72.24 per cent of the gas given off by the silage in experiments Nos. 4 and 9, respectively, was carbonic-acid gas. Experiment number 8 consisted in the measurement of gaseous products given off from clover silage. On June 18 medium clover was packed so as to give 22.5 lbs. per cubic foot in an air-tight iron cylinder. After 28 days it had FIELD CROPS. 39 lost 0.8 per cent of its orijjinal weight and after 58 days 1.19 per cent. During the lirst 58 days it gave off 15.7 per cent cubic feet of gas, or about double the volume occupied by the silage. The first 5 hours 2,400 cc. of gas were given off per hour, but during the 22 days preceding September 6 the average rate per hour was only 91 oc. The first 5 days the ratio of carbon dioxid to other gases was 47.10 to 52.90, but for tlie re.i. .5) . — This article discusses in a popular maimer the growing of silage crops and points out the value of silage for feeding purposes. Corn, oats, cowpeas, sorghum, Kafir corn, and teosinte are considered in this connection. The textile agaves of Algeria {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 61 {1901), No. l,pp. 52-54). — A series of brief descriptive notes of various textile plants belonging to the genus Agave, which are grown in Algeria. Corn culture, R. J. Redding ( Georgia Sta. Bui. 51, pp. 273-293). — Cultural, variety, seed, and fertilizer tests with corn are reported. The work is in continuation of that previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 1030) . Weather indications are reported as exceed- ingly favorable. Among 16 varieties of corn tested in 1900, Cocke Prolific, Sanders, Tennessee Yellow, Georgia Cracker, and \'^irginia Horsetooth, given in the order of their productiveness, yielded from 45.20 to 51.31 bu. of shelled corn per acre; Hoff- man AVhite ranking last, yielded 34.75 bu. The yields obtained from 11 varieties for several years, including this season, are given in a table. A comparison of several methods of harvesting showed that cutting and shocking corn about the middle of August gave a greater yield of shelled corn and stover than harvesting the leaves separateh' at that time, or harvesting the stalks with the leaves after the plant has become dry. A fertilizer application containing 45 per cent acid ijhosphate, 2 per cent muriate of potash, and 53 per cent of cotton-seed meal applied at the rate of 600 lbs. per acre on uplands increased the yield 1.45 bu. as compared with 400 lbs. and 2.61 bu. as comjiared with the yield from 200 lbs. A test of applying fertilizer broadcast or in drills led to the conclusion that fertilizers properly applied in the drill will give as large a yield as double the amount broadcasted. As in previous years, nitrate of soda, cotton-seed meal, and dried blood were compared as sources of nitrogen. Dried blood was a little more effective than the other two fertilizers but it was less profitable. Cotton-seed meal at from $17 to $20 per ton is considered the cheapest source of nitrogen for a corn crop. Fertilizer formulas for corn on different Georgia soils are given. From the results of experiments on the relative value of planting corn at different distances, the author concludes that a distance 2 by 4 ft. is preferable to other dis- tances on upland soils capable of producing from 35 to 40 bu. of shelled corn per acre, but that on the unimproved and badly worn soils the distance between hills should range from 5 by 4 ft. to 5 by 5 ft. No advantage was observed in selecting kernels for seed from either the butt end or the middle of the ear, but kernels from the third of the ear, including the tip, were more pnjlific than kernels from the other j^arts. The effects of continued use of immature seed corn, E. S. Gopf ( Wiscon.Hin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 297-2.99).— A study of this subject was begun in 1896. The results obtained during 5 years are tabulated, and the effects upon the yield of corn and stalks and upon the time of maturity are discussed. The variety grown was King Philip, a variety of flint corn. The very immature seed gave smaller yields of corn and stalks and slightly earlier maturity than the fully matured seed. Larger yields were obtained from seed corn gathered slightly immature. Corn growing {Sci. Amer. Sup., 51 {1901), No. 1310, pp. 21000, 21001).— A r6sum6 of the result of 12 years' work at different experiment stations hi the United States, with conclusions based upon the rc-^ults. 40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cotton culture, R. J. Redding {Georgia Sta. Bui. 52, p. 32). — A continuation of previously reported work (E. S. R., 12, p. 137). Frequent and heavy rains interfered to some extent with the results. In 1900 21 varieties of cotton were tested. Prize, Schley, Moss, Improved, Russell Big Boll, and Lee Improved, mentioned in the order of the value of total products, outranked the rest of the varieties in profitable returns. As in the preceding year the largest percentage of lint — 39 per cent— was produced by Moss Improved. Corput Find and Griffin Improved were the earliest varieties and the least profitable. As a rule the late varieties gave better results than the early ones. Each variety is briefly described, and directions for selecting a variety and selecting seeds in the field are given. The results obtained in a composite seed test were equally significant with those obtained in 1898 and 1899, and confirm the conclusion previously drawn that if the seed3 of 2 equally productive varieties, one an early and the other a late cotton, be mixed, the yield will be greater than that of either variety planted alone. The results of distance experiments show that cotton planted 4 ft. by Ij ft., one plant in a place, gave a l^etter yield than when planted 4 ft. by 3 ft., two plants in a place, and that for the years 1899 and 1900, on the soils covered by the experiments, planting 12 in. apart in rows 4 ft. apart gave better results than 16, 20, or 24 in. between plants in the row. Dividing the fertilizer application gave results confirming the conclusion drawn from previous experiments, namely, that commercial fertilizers should be applied not less than 1 week before planting, but that nitrate of soda may sometimes be profitably applied a month or more after planting. Applying commercial fertilizer in the bedding furrow was found preferable to broadcasting the application. A gen- eral fertilizer test did not give definite results, l)ut the author thinks they tend to the conclusion that a formula consisting of 3.33 parts of i)hosphoric acid, 1 part of potash, and 0.93 part of nitrogen, all in available form, is best suited to middle Georgia ui)land.s in high condition. Culture tests ■with, several varieties of lupines, vetches and peas for green manuring, O. Pirscn {Orgaan. Ver. Oudleer. Eijks. Landbuuimchool, 13 {18901), No. 151, PI). 20-33). — The results for 1897 and 1898 are reported in tabular form and dis- cussed. In 1897 blue lupines produced the largest amount of dry matter of nitrogen. In 1898 the amount of dry matter and nitrogen produced by blue lupines was greater than the amount yielded by yellow and white lupines, but smaller than in the case of vetch and peas. The roots of lupines were richer in nitrogen than the roots of vetches and peas. The culture of colza and lupines, Scuribaux (7>(tZ. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 61 {1901), No. 1, jjp. 41-44)- — An article presenting a paper by Wagner, professor at the Agricultural School at Ettelbri'ick, Luxenilwurg, on the utility of the culture of colza ami lupines on the value of green manure and the advantage ot i>lowing shallo"w when turning under organic manures. Experiments with varieties of oats to determine the value of seed exchange, F. F. Bruijning, Jr. ( Verzamel. Verdag. Rijk (kiinlmdieerde rroefvelden., etc., 1899-19U0. Department Bmnenlund.sche Zaken, Netherlands, pp. 549-586; also published as a Separate, Wagen'mgen, 1900, pp. 37). — The question of the use of seeds raised under different conditions from those under which the crop is to be grown has usually been approached from the quantitative standpoint. In the present work variation's in quality were studied. A portion of the seed first imported was reserved as a type and the quality of each year's product compared with the standard thus established. The experiments were carried on in 1899 with five standard varieties of oats in use in the Netherlands. The seeds of these varieties were distributed to 16 farmers wOio planted them in the regular course of their farm rotation, without special prepara- tion. Details as to the nature of the soil, fertilizers, weather, cultural conditions, growth, etc., are tabulated as are also data as to the purity, weight of the grain, per- centage of straw to grain, etc. FIELD CROPS. 41 It is shown that in most cases the seed sent in by farmers who had cnndneted the work was inferior to the original seed and in some cases the samples fell niucth below the standard. They contained more impurities, had a smaller hectoliter weight and a smaller weight per 1,000 seeds and a greater percentage of hull than the original seed. The year 1899 was, however, a poor year for oats, many of the flowers were not fertilized and many seeds were shrunken. The author further compares the standard seed and the seed produced in 1899 in regard to the character of the seed. He recognizes 5 classes, 3 of which are based upon the position of the seed in the spikelet and called, respectively, lower middle, and upper seeds, besides single and double seeds. A single seed is one developed in the lowest flower of the spikelet when the other flowers are abortive; the double seed is formed by the middle seed becoming enclosed in the glume of the lower seed of the same spikelet. The lower seeds are the heaviest and best developed, being even larger than the single seeds. A careful analysis of the original seed and that of the 1899 crops of all varieties showed that the former contained a larger proportion of lower and single seeds than did the new crop as sent in by the farmers. This crop could, however, be made equal to the standard by selecting the heaviest seeds with a fanning mill. This is the secret of maintaining a variety constantly up to its original quality and is the means of improving it. This is the first year of the exi:)eriment. — ii. m. pieters. Commercial fertilizers for potatoes, W. H. Jordan {Nev! York State Sta. Bui. 187, pp. 215-2S2) . — This bulletin is a report on experiments made in 1899 and 1900 in continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 235). The plan and purpose of the experiments have been heretofore described. The results of the yields for the 2 years are given in detail in tabular form. The author summarizes the results as follows: " Experiments in potato growing conducted for 4 years on 4 Long Island farms with fertilizers varying in quantity from 500 lbs. to 2,000 lbs. per acre show that on the average the largest profit was realized from the use of 1,000 lbs." The so-called Long Island formula, containing 4 per cent of nitrogen, 8 of available phosphoric acid, and 10 of potash, proved to be superior to a potato formula con- taining 7, 4, and 10 per cent, respectively, of these different elements. "Experiments with varying quantities of potash gave results which do not justify the use of such large quantities of this ingredient as are now being ai^plied in potato growing by many Long Island farmers whose conditions are similar to those under "which these tests were made. "It is clearly evident that a large supply of available plant food does not neces- sarily insure a satisfactory crop. Other conditions which largely pertain to culture, such as texture, humus, and water supply, exercise a controlling influence, and when these conditions are unfavorable their effect is not overcome by heavy applications of fertilize'-." Profitable potato fertilizing, III, F. H. Hall and W. H. Jordan {New York State Sta. Bui. 187, popular ed.,pp. 5). — This is a popular summary of the above bulletin. The influence of selecting' seed potatoes from plants with well-developed stems and large tubers, C. von Seelhorst {Jour. Landiv., 4S {1900), No. ;?, pj). 07-103). — A report is here given of experiments made in 1898 and 1899 with seed potatoes from large and from small plants. In some of the tests the seed had been selected from large or small plants since 1892. The results in nearly every case indicated that the productivity of the parent plant is transmitted, the seed tubers selected from the larger jilants giving the best yields. 231Ui— No. 1— 01 4 42 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A clieniical investigation of the rice plant and of the product and by- products of the rice industry, C. C. McDonnell {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 59, pp. 26). — This bulletin contains notes on the history and production of rice and a brief description of the procasses employed in milling or cleaning the grains. Analyses of 21 samples, comprising parts of the plant and various by-products, were made at the station and the results are given in tables. The work included analyses of the ash. A table showing the average composition of some of the most important feeding stuffs, taken from other sources, is presented for the purpose of comparison. The value of the different parts of the rice plant and of the by-products is briefly discussed. From an investigation on the percentage relation of the various parts to the entire plant, the author finds that nearly one-half of the harvested crop is grain and that three- fifths of the straw are leaves. The ash analyses showed a very large percentage in silica, especially in the hulls. The polished grain had very little silica, but an unusu- ally large percentage of phosphoric acid. All the samples showed but a small amount of lime. From the results of the chemical analyses reported the quantities of fer- tilizing constituents removed per acre by a crop of 35 bu. of rice and 1,800 lbs. of straw are calculated and presented. aice culture in the South, S. A. Knapp [Rice Industnj, ^ {1901), No. 13, pp. 9-11). — An article discussing rice culture in the South. Pedigreed sorghum as a source of cane sugar, A. T. Neale {Delaware Sta. Bui. 61, pp. 3-24). — This bulletin gives a comparison of sugar cane, sugar beets, and sor- ghum as sources of sugar, describes a method of raising sorghum, points out how its value lor sugar production is determined, and discusses the machinery needed to extract sorghum sugar, with estimates of its cost and suggestions as to its management. The author reviews the work that has been done along this line and summarizes the results obtained in Delaware, which have been partly reported in previous bulletins (E. S. R., 10, p. 345; 11, p. 141). In 1898 two selections of seed were made, one from stalks whose juices averaged 19.85 per cent of sugar with a purity of 83.5, the stalks weighing 23 oz. each, and the other from stalks containing 19.54 per cent of sugar in the juice with a purity of 83.1, the stalks averaging 18.6 oz. in weight. In 1899 seeds from the first selection were used on the Packard, Killen, and Neale farms, and seeds from the second selection were used on the Corbit farm. This same year seeds were selected on the Packard farm from 38 canes having an average sugar con- tent of 16.50 per cent in the juice, a purity of 82.8, and an average weight of 24 oz. per cane. These seeds were used in 1900. The results are given in the following table: Results from p>edigreed sorghum seed in 1898, 1899, and 1900. Grower. Yield per acre. Sugar per ton. Avail- able sugar per ton. Avail- able sugar per acre. Purity of mill juice. Number of stalks per acre. Number of stalks in 100 ft. of row. Dis- tances be- tween rows. Full .stand of cane. Full yield of sugar. 1898. E.G. Packard B.F.B. Wootlall.... J. W. Killen A. T. Neale S.H.Derby Tons. 10.8 14.1 12.4 9.8 9.6 14.1 14.0 20.3 20.0 22.6 25.3 Lhs. 310. 0 274.0 313.0 331.0 325. 6 289.0 296.5 270.8 277.4 282.3 301.5 Lhs. 267 233 272 277 283 240 250 226 235 240 261 Lhs. 2,880 3,288 3,371 2,717 2,714 3,482 3,500 4, 595 4,714 5, 420 0,600 Per ct. 81.6 81.5 81.8 79.6 82.1 80.9 80. G 79.9 80.6 81.2 82.6 19,097 25,068 19,754 35,052 15, 109 28,222 IS, 934 44, 518 44, 770 65, 209 75, 144 168 203 174 290 133 180 130 234 294 420 516 Inches. 46 42 46 42 46 36 36 30 36 34i 34i Per ct. 29.3 38.4 30.3 53.8 23.2 43.3 29.1 68.3 68.7 100 Perct. 63.1 60.7 62. 2 50.1 ■50.0 1899. E.G.Packard D.W. Corbit J. W. Killen A. T. Neale 64.2 64.5 84.7 87.0 1900. E.G.Packard: Average 100 FIELD CROPS. 43 The author summarizes the directions for growing sorghum for sugar as follows: "Use seed from cane testing as higli as possible in sugar, from 1.5 to 18 per cent, with juice purities in excess of 80 degrees. Select land which will produce 50 bu. or more of corn after repeated manuring with crimson clover, which crop may have been pastured down or plowed under, or cured as hay. Fertilize with muriate of potash l)roadcast at rate of 160 lbs. per acre. To this add 150 lbs. of nitrate of soda, provided some crop other than crimson clover has immediately preceded sorghum. Seed during the last fortnight in May, in rows 36 in. apart. Let each row consist of two lines of plants 4 in. apart, and in these lines let the plants stand at regular intervals of 6 in. To each plant would then be given 108 sq. in. of soil surface. Cultivate as if for Indian corn. Prepare to begin milling during the last fortnight in September; provide cane for 60 days' work, to close November 15. Such a field so planted and tilled should yield raw sugar in excess of 5,000 lbs. per acre. Germination experiments -witli sug-ar-cane cuttings, Z. Kamerling [Meded. Frocfotat. Suikerrift West Juca, 1900, No. 41, pp- 6-17). — Two series of experiments were carried on, the first to ascertain the influence of fertilizers on the growth of sugar-cane cuttings (bibits), and the second to determine the effect of applying tar or Bordeaux mixture to the cut surface of the cutting. For the first series of exiieriments 40 pots were used, in each of which 2 cuttings of 3 eyes each were planted. The manures used were potassium phosphate, mag- nesiuni sulphate, and sulphate of ammonia. These were applied to the pots in differ- ent combinations, 10 gm. of salt in solution being used in each case. The salts had no effect upon the growth of the cuttings. In the second series of experiments 85 pots planted with 2-eyed cuttings were used. The cut surface of some of the cuttings were coated with tar, others were first washed for h hour and then coated with tar. A third set was treated with Bordeaux mixture, while a fourth was treated with Bordeaux mixture after having been washed for ^ hour. Of the cuttings treated with Bordeaux mixture, 81 per cent of the eyes started as compared with 62 per cent when the cuttings had been treated with tar. The former also started more promptly. When the cuttings were soaked and then treated with Bordeaux mixture a greater number of buds started than in the unsoaked lot and they also began growth more quickly. The soaking before applying tar hastened the commencement of growth, but did not materially increase the total germination. The author attributes the harmful effect of the tar to a clog- ging of the water vessels at the cut surface. — n. m. pieters. Cane farming in Trinidad, P. Carmody ( Wed Indian Bui., 2 {1901) , No. 1, jij). S.3-41) ■ — A jtaper discussing the financial and economical phases of the iudustrj\ A soil study of sugar beets, W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bid. 58, p}). 46). — This bulletin is in continuation of work reported in Bulletin 46 of the station (E. S. R., 10, p. 743). An outline of the previous work and some of the conclusions drawn therefrom are given in the preface. The experiments here reported were made in 1898 and 1899 on the same plat that had been used in 1897. They embrace a study of irrigation, manuring, and alkali content of the soil in connection with sugar-beet culture, and an investigation on the influence of drying and soaking the beets and the size of the beets on the composition. During these seasons the crop received l)ut one irrigation and was cultivated less frequently than in 1897. In 1898 the plat was divided into sections, the alternate ones receiving an application of 64 tons of barnyard manure to the acre. One section received a dressing of cut straw at the rate of 14 tons per acre. No further application of manure was given in 1899. Irrigation was unnecessary in 1899, but water was applied from August 31 to Septem- ber 2 and the ground then left to bake and harden. The year before the plat received about 8 in. of rain and irrigation water. The plat also received subirrigation. The results show that the appli(;ation of manure mitigated the effects of the alkali and improved the stand of beets in general, but produced beets of inferior shape and 44 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. quality. It did not, however, prevent an absence of a stand in some spots. The mechanical effect of the cut straw on the soil was nearly as great as that of the manure, but in other respects was less effective. The second season the influence of the manure was less evident, but, owing to soil conditions retarding its decay, the percentage of sugar and the purity of the beet were affected about the same as dur- ing the first season. The results corroborate the conclusions of 1897, that the quantity of alkali in the soil of the plat had no injurious effect on the percentage of sugar in the beet, and that it had no influence on the maturity. The average sugar content of 1898 was 13.62 per cent and of the crop grown on alkali soil 13.65 per cent. There was an increase of 4.9 per cent of dry matter in the beet in 1898 and of 3.8 per cent in 1899 over the j^ercentage of dry matter in 1897. It is stated that beets weigh- ing 2 lbs. or more are as rich as those weighing less than 1 lb. grown under the same conditions. The fact that an increase in sugar at the time of ripening, oljserved in 1897, was not noticeable in these crops is attributed to differences in the seasons. Beets grown ui a single row with several feet of space on either side were lower in sugar content than beets of the same varieties grown in rows 20 in. apart. The chemical work done in this connection showed that continued cropping and cultivation of the plat had slightly decreased the percentage of ash in the beet and changed its composition, particularly lowering the percentage of chlorin. The per- centage of pentoses in beet pulp after the extraction of the sugars was foimd to be higher in beets rich in sugar than in beets of a low sugar content. It was found that beets soaked for 7 days in water cooled by ice showed an actual increase in sugar content. The leaves of the sugar beet were found to contain some glucose and mal- tose, but very little sucrose. Influence of mineral fertilizers on the yield of sugar beets, P. Petrov {SeM. Khoz. i Lijesov., 197 {1900), May, pp. 327-377).— The experiments here described were conducted on the estates of P. I. Kharitonenko in the Kharkov gov- ernment, Kussia. In studying the influence on the yield of sugar beets of calcium superphosphate, waste products from beet-sugar factories, and a mixture of these two substances when applied as fertilizers, it was fomid that the mixture gave the best results as to quantity and quality. The results further showed that a large ai:)plication of calcium superphosphate improved the quality of the beets, while a small application lowered it. The author explains this result by stating that phos- phoric acid has a deteriorating influence on the quality of sugar beets, while lime has the opposite effect, and that in heavy applications the beneficial influence of the lime overcomes the injurious effect of the phosphoric acid, while in light applica- tions this is not the case. Notes on sugar beets for 1899, R. H. McDowell {Nevada Sta. Bui. 50, p. 13). — This bulletin contains a report on several cooperative culture tests with sugar beets in Nevada. The possi]:)ilitilies of growing sugar beets in the State and of establishing sugar factories is considered. Sugar-beet culture in Wisconsin during 1899, F. W. AVoll {Wisconsin Si a. Rpt. 1900, pp. 239-256, figs. 3, map 1) . — The work with sugar beets for 1899 con- sisted of analyses of samples grown by farmers in different parts of the State, and of variety and fertilizer tests with sugar beets made at the university farm. The results of all analyses and the meteorological data for the season are given in tables. The results of analyses for the years 1890 to 1899 are arranged b}' counties and further indicated on a map. The analyses of 178 samples of beets from 56 counties show an average of 14.68 per cent of sugar in the juice, with a purity of 80.5 per cent. The average weight of topped beets in the samples was 1.34 lbs., and the average yield i^er acre 16.1 tons. The experiments at the university farm show a depressing influence of an apjilica- tion of 20 tons of barnyard manure per acre on the quality of the beets, and an improvement in the quaUty due to a special fertilizer containing phosphoric acid and FIELD CROPS. 45 potash and to an application of i)hosphoric acid alone, each used at the rate of 200 lbs. per acre. Vilmorin, KleinwanzleVjen and RiUker Dippe Elite produced beets of early maturity and exceptional richness. The Rolker Dippe Elite grown without fertilizer contained 19 per cent of sugar in the juice with a purity coefficient of !)2.9 per cent. The culture of beets on the experimental field at Grignon in 1900, ]*. P. Deherain {Ann. Agron., 26 {1900), No. 12, pp. 593-603). — The work here reported consisted of a test of 3 varieties of beets grown at different distances. Each variety occupied fi different plats fertilized with barnyard manure at the rate of 40,000 lbs. per hectare. A report on similar work has been previously given (E. S. R., 10, p. 8H9). Meteorological data for the year, which was characterized by a dry summer, are given. The results show that the variety Giant Rose gave a much better yield than the Small Leaved Globe or the Giant White. The Giant Rose and the Giant White varieties are known as demi-sucrieres, indicating that their sugar content is high but not high enough for the manufacture of sugar. For Giant Rose the distance of 35 cm. in rows 40 cm. apart gave the best results. The author states, however, tliat no definite conclusions as to distance can be drawn from this season's results. The conservation (drying) of beet tops {Deut. Landw. Presse, 27 {1900), No. S6, x>p- 1059, 1060). — In a paper read by L. Wiistenhagen before the Agricultural Society of Bernberg, the following phases of the subject were considered: Cleaning the tops from dirt, small stones, etc.; decreasing the oxalic acid content of the leaves; preserving the sugar content of the root crowns; cutting up the crowns and tops to facilitate drying, and drying the same for storage. The method of handling the beets is as follows: The tops are gathered in small heaps and left lying in the field for a week or so. Here the leaves wilt, thus losing a part of their moisture content and at the same time part of the oxalic acid con- tained in them. Whether the decrease in the oxalic acid content of the leaves is due direct to oxidation or to the action of micro-organisms was not determined. The tops are taken from the field to the factory, where they are put into a revolving sieve cylinder and brought in contact with a blast of hot air. The dirt, sand, and stones are largely removed by this process and the further decomposition of the oxalic acid in the leaves hastened by contact with the hot air. The tops are then cut up and the drying contiaued at a low^er temperature, in order not to decompose the sugar in the root crowns, until only about 15 per cent of water remains. That the oxalic acid content of the leaves is greatly reduced by this drying is shown by the analyses of the leaves before drying and of the finished product. In one instance tho leaves before drying contained 2.93 per cent of oxalic acid; after- ward, 0.6 per cent, and ihe average for a whole week for the dried product was only 0.3 per cent of oxalic acid. Examination of protiiberanceo on sugar beets, H. A. Hustox and A. H. Bryan {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1900, ] n. 7G, 79). — Comparative analyses are reported of normally grown sugar beets and of beets which had one or more protuberances on the upper portion of the roots, the protuberances and the beet proper having been analyzed separately. All the samples were of the same variety. The results show that the (quality of the beet is very seriously impaired by the presence of protuber- ances. List of publications on sugar-beet culture published in 1900, II. Briem (LV. Zuckcrruhenbaii, S {1901), No. ., pp. 55-.?5).— A bibliography of 149 publications Vjearing directly upon the culture of the sugar beet. The beet-sugar industry in Michigan, 1900, C. D. Smith {MlchUjan lid. Agr. Rpt. 1900, iqt. oS0-o91). — A paper discussing the relation of the manufacturer of beet sugar to the farmer and laboring classes. The sunflower plant: it': cultivation, composition, and uses, II. W. Wiley (U. »S'. Dept. Agr., Division of Chemittr!/ Bid. 60, pp. 31, pi. l,figs. ^).— This bulletin treats of the botanical, agricultural, and commercial relations of the sunflower. 46 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. The uses of the plant are considered, and full directions for its culture are given. A series of letters on the culture of the crop, its expenses and returns, are presented, and investigations of sunflowers by experiment stations in the United States and Canada and the Division of Chemistry of this Department are reviewed and the results noted. The investigations by the Division of Chemistry comprise measure- ments of the plant and its different parts, the determination of the weight of the seeds, kernels, and shells, and chemical analyses of the various parts of the plant, including the ash. Variation in the nitrogen content of cultivated -wheats, P. de Vilmorix et al. {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 61 {1901), No.l,'pp. 73-101). — A comprehensive dis- cussion of this subject at a meeting of the National Agricultural Society of France. The results of physical and chemical analyses of a list of varieties of wheat are given in a table. The production of wheat in Michigan, O. C. Howe {Mkhlrjan Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 375-379). — A general discussion of the sul)ject. Domestic supply of sugar for Michigan, K. C. Kedzie {Michigan Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 391-400, map 1). — This article is an abstract of a paper presented before the United States Industrial Commission in 1900. The history, progress, and present condition of the beet-sugar industry in Michigan are reviewed. Management of the estate of EUenbach, A. Cakon {Jahrh. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 15 {1900) ,]ip. 43, 44) ■ — ^ paper read at a meeting of the German Agricultural Society in 1900. HORTICULTUEE. Report of the horticulturist, A. L. Qitaintance {Georgia Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 305-351, ph. 4). — This is a report on work at the station with peaches, plums, grapes, cantaloupes, onions, and celery. Analyses with reference to sugar, water, and starch content are also given for 43 varieties of sweet potatoes, and some illustrations given showing the development of the fruit buds of the peach at different stages of growth between May 23 and the following Deceml)er. Of the 65 varieties of native and European plums tested at the station, Munson, Wild Goose, Hughes, and Nebraska are considered the most desirable. The work with grapes is in continuation of that previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 50) and consists (1) of a study of the degree of self -fertility of the different varie- ties, and an examination of the stamens as to whether they were upright or reflexed; (2) a test of the keeping qualities of the different varieties; (3) a study of the effects on the fruit of ringing grapevines; and (4) analyses of the different varieties with reference to the sugar content of the juice. In the self-fertility test, out of 271 varie- ties grown, 144 are recorded as having bunches above 80 per cent perfect. The.se were all varieties with upright stamens. The author states that those varieties which have a percentage of self-fertility less than 80 should be planted with other varieties of the same blooming period. When inclosed in sacks varieties with reflexed stamens failed entirely to produce fruit. In some other Instances the bunches from the inclosed flowers were often larger and more perfect than where the flowers were exposed to pollen of other varieties, and there was almost every gradation from this condition to complete si'lf-sterility. In the test of the keeping qualities of grapes, there was no great degree of uniformity with the results secured the preceding year. This question is being further studied. The fruit from ringed and unringed canes is compared in point of size, quality, and date of ripening in a number of tables. The ringing was begun when each variety was about one-third grown. ' ' Great variation was noticed in the effects produced on the different varieties. In some the ripening of the fruit was much earlier, while in other varieties it was actually retarded." HORTICULTURE. 47 Twelve methods of training grapes were compared, and notes are given on the results secured with each. Cay wood or arbor system, umbrella Kuifiin, and the true or three-wire Munson system were most satisfactory. Work with cantaloupes consisted of a test of 43 varieties planted at different dates. The first seed was planted in Neponset pots on March 24. On April 7 a second planting was made, and these were transplanted in the field April 30, at which date seed was also planted in the ground. The average yield per vine for the different plantings was as follows: March 24, 3.89 lbs.; April 7, 4.97 lbs.; April 30, 4.06 lbs. Thirteen varieties of onions were tested; one-half of each plat was fertilized in 1899 with lime at the rate of 50 bu. per acre, and in 1900 at the rate of 25 bu. per acre. The best yields were made by Prize Taker, 391 bu. per acre on the limed soil, and by Gigantic Gibraltar with a yield of 252 bu. per acre, also on limed soil. The greater part of the latter crop rotted in the field. The effect of lime on the whole was contradictor}^ Of a number of varieties of celery grown, Golden Self-Blanching, Giant Pascal, and Boston Market are considered the best. Report of the chief of the division of horticulture, botany, and. entomolog-y, W. F. Massey {Xorth Carolina Sta. RjU. 1900, jyp. XXI-XXIX). — The author reviews the work of the year, mentioning briefly the results in some instances. A large number of orchard fruits have been planted, and experiments in bulb culture, tomato growing, and seed growing carried out. Good narcissus bulbs have been I)rodueed, and very favorable results secured in the bulb culture of the Bermuda Piaster lily. In experiments with tomatoes, limed plats were entirely free from the bacterial blight known as "Southern blight," while on unlimed plats nearly all of the plants died of the disease. The following season when tomatoes were planted on both limed and unlimed plats, without further addition of lime, the plants on both plats died, showing that the lime to be of benefit must be renewed each year. Some experiments in seed production seemed to show that some of the late-blooming fiowers may be profitably grown for seed in that State. The effects of continued use of immature tomato seed, E. S. Gofp ( Wiscon- sin Sill. Jijit. 1900, pp. 'J95-J97). — Experiments with Cook Favorite tomatoes in 1891 (E. S. R., 4, p. 155) with seed from mature and immature fruits, through six gen- erations, indicated that the use of immature seed reduced the growth of the plant, increased its prolificacy, and promoted early maturity. In the fall of 1891, samples of seed from mature fruit, and from fruit that had not commenced to redden, were savcil from Cook Favorite, Little Gem, and Potomac varieties. With the Potomac variety, the seed from fruit that had just commenced to redden was also saved. These were planted the following season and seed again saved for the next year's crop, the mature seed being taken from plants grown from the mature seed, and the immature seed from the jilants grown from the innnature seed. This method of sek'ction has been continued up to the present time. The yield of fruit per 100 lbs. of vine, percentage of crop that reddened before frost, and the percentage of fruit gathered in the first four pickings, from both the mature and innnature seeds, are arranged in tabular form. A study of these data shows results entirely at variance with those reported in 1891. The use of the immature seed in this second experi- ment had no uniform effect " on the prolificacy or the maturing season of the plants, and no effect could be seen at any time upon the vigor of the plants." The horizontal training- of tomatoes, Cf. (iuiNN {Juar. Agr. and Lid., South Aii.^lndid, 4 (1901), No. 7, pp. 5SS-585, fujx. S) . — Wire netting with large meshes is stretched horizontally about a foot alxjve the tomato rows. Tlie vines grow through the meshes and are thus kept off the ground. Good results have been obtained by the author by this method of training. Fertilizer and cultural tests -with different varieties of tomatoes, J. Troop {Indiana Sta. Jlpt. 1900, ]>p. oH-JJ). — Results are here reported of fertilizer and 48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cultural tests with 12 varieties of tomatoes in plat experiments. The plants were grown from seed in the greenhouse, except 2 varieties which were started from cuttings. A portion of the plants were transplanted once from the seed bed into pots before planting them out in the open ground. The results secured in the fertilizer test with each variety are recorded in 9 tables, but no conclusions are drawn. The results of the experiment in transplanting versus nontransplantmg with 7 varieties of tomatoes are in favor of the nontransplanted plants as regards the average yields per plant of all the varieties. The Stone variety yielded 15 lbs. per plant from cuttings, as compared with 11.32 lbs. per plant from seed— a difference in favor of cuttings of 3.68 lbs. per plant. Tomatoes were grown in the greenhouse and a portion subwatered. The results show a decided gain in the weight of fruit from tlie subwatered plants as compared with the surface-irrigated plants, although the latter produced the greater num1)er of fruits. In connection with these experiments, the author investigated the varia- tions which occur in individual plants. "Fourteen plants were selected from a lot that was as nearly uniform in size and vigor of growth as possible, and these were planted in the greenhouse and treated exactly alike so far as it was possible to do so. The results of these tests gave a maximum variation in number of fruits produced by each plant of 75 per cent. Some individual plants produced nothing but small fruits throughout the season. The maximum variation in the weight of fruit produced by each plant was only li lbs." Some data are also included on results of fertilizer experiments with tomatoes in the greenhouse, no conclusions from which are drawn. Notes on celery, E. Walker {Arhinsas Sla. Bid. 64, pp. 77-94, figs. 5).— A num- ber of cultural, fertilizer, and irrigation experiments were made at the station with celery, and notes are given on the results of the different experiments, together with brief suggestions on growing celery. The rainfall record for the months of July, August, and September is appended. The author's experiments seem to indicate that pithiness of the stalk may be caused by a deficiency of water during a late stage of growth. Early sown celery rotted when it was bleached by earthing up in warm weather or by the use of boards. This difficulty was obviated by planting self- blanching varieties close together, as in the "new celery culture." The cabbage plusia, parsley worm, and the celery-leaf blight {Cercospora apii) were held in check by applications of Bordeaux mixture containing Paris green. A rot occurred among young transplanted celery, following severe topping. It occurred at the base of leafstalks next to the ground, in cases where the whole blade had been cut away, leaving a leafless petiole. "It was checked by pulling out plants most affected and many of the affected leafstalks, cleaning up between the rows, and spraying witli Bordeaux mixture." The author states, in this connection, that the tops should not be sheared off too close in transplanting. It is recommended to prepare the seed bed as for tobacco. Giant Pascal is considered one of the best of ^ the green varieties < if celery. Duration of the growth period in fruit trees, F. Cranefield ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, jyp. SOO-308, figs. 2, dgms. ^).— The length of the growing period of apple, pear, cherry, and plum trees has been studied by the station for the past 2 years. The growth of the branches was determined by careful measurements of selected branches at intervals of 2 to 4 days, until no further growth in length could be observed. On the trees under observation, no increase in the growth of the pear occurred after June 1, nor the cherry after May 27. With the apple, the branch growth ceased about June 4, and with the plum June 23. Examination of several hundred other orchard trees during the following July and August showed no indi- cations of further growth. The author points out in this connection that these obser- vations were taken after one of the most severe winters ever known in Wisconsin. During the season of 1900 no growth on any of the trees under observation occurred after July 10, while with the pear tree growth ceased June 18, and with HOETICULTUEE. 49 the apple and plum June 29. Other trees in the same orchard, however, continued to grow until (Jctober 1, "at which time most of the terminal buds examined appeared to be plump and fully formed." This second growth on the other trees in the orchard began about July 15, and out of 325 trees examined 66 per cent of the trees on cultivated soil and 21.1 per cent of those in sod made a second growth. "Several of these second-growth shoots were measured as in the previous case and were found to be growing rapidly, in some cases at the rate of ^ in. per day." "No second growth was found in the cherry orchard, consisting mainly of Russian varieties, nor on any native plum trees, but all of the Japan plums developed a strong second growth. . . . Many apple grafts, top-worked on orchard trees in the spring of 1900, continued to grow several weeks later than the stocks. No flowers opened at any time, showing that only the leaf buds developed, and of these only the ter- minal buds." In connection with these experiments, observations were made to determine, "if possible, the earliest and latest date on which the bark would peel or separate from the wood readily enough to permit of budding, and if this condition jirevailed con- tinuously throughout the season; also to learn if the bark 'set' or tightened earlier on the smaller or larger branches. The method employed in the season of 1899 was to make T cuts similar to those employed in budding in branches of various sizes on trees of the various species previously mentioned. Several thousand of such cuts were made during the season, and as a result it was found that the bark could be jseeled readily at any time on both large and small branches up to August 15; that after this date the bark was set on many of the smaller branches, although it could be easily peeled on the larger ones; that no difference appeared to exist between trees of different ages; that cultural conditions appeared to exert no influence; that a wide difference existed between trees of the same variety, age, and external appear- ance, and that the difference was often greater between different branches of one tree than between different trees. ' ' During the season of 1900 the bark slipped readily on all branches up to Septem- ber 15. After this date it was found impossible to slip the bark from branches J in. or less in diameter. On the larger branches it separated easily up to about September 25, and after October 3 it appeared firmly set on all branches, both large and small alike. "From this it would appear that the time when the bark sets varies with the season, as it could be peeled one month later in 1900 than in 1899. It would also appear that it sets first on the smaller branches." The duration of the period of root growth was determined by digging a narrow trench on INIay 25 about 2 ft. from the trunks of the different trees. In doing this, many roots were cut. The trenches were then filled with well-enriched earth. This earth when examined, July 10, showed that many active new roots had pushed out into the soil from the cut ends, the most extensive root growth being found with the cherry, followed in order by the plum, pear, and the apple, which had made the least growth. The new growth of roots was then cut off and the trenches refilled. An examination of the roots August 22, and again October 6, showed that in all cases good root growth had been made, although no growth of twigs had occurred on any of the trees later than July 1, as determined by a careful system of measurements. Trial orcliards, W. G. Vincenheller {Ai-kansas Sta. Rpt. WOO, pp. 111-113). — These are orchards which are being established by the station throughout the cotton- growing sections of the State for the ])urpose of encouraging fruit growing. Thus far 27 orchards have been established in as many counties. Typical soils of the locality are selected, and the orchard so planned as to be a model as regards methods of cul- tivation, etc., for the neighborhood in which it is located. The station furnishes the trees, while the land is furnished by the owner, who is selected for his intelligence and promise to care for the trees in accordance with directions furnished by the station. 50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. TJnder planting in orchards, C. A. Keffer {Univ. Tennessee Record, 4 {1901), No. 1, pp. 59-61, figs. ^).— The author discusses the value of various crops for planting in the young orchard. Cowpeas planted in the orchard the last of June, plowed under the latter part of September, and followed by a seeding of rye, has been practiced at the university farm with good results. The soil cover of rye is designed to prevent the wanhing of the land during winter. Tlie effect of alfalfa and grass on the growth of orchard trees {Ber. K. LeJminst. Obst, Weinu. Gartenbau, Geisenheim, 1899-1900, pp. 16-18) .—Trees in alfalfa and grass were compared with those in cultivation. The results as regards tree devel- opment and fruit production were decidedly in favor of cultivation. Apples that originated in Ohio, W. R. Lazenby {Jour. Columbus Ilort. Soc, 15 {1900), No. 4, pp. 137-140) .—Description?, of 8 varieties which originated in Ohio, with a list of summer, autumn, and winter varieties for the State. The cherry in Kansas, with a chapter on the apricot and nectarine {Topeka: State, 1900, pp. 128, figs. 3, map i).— This is a popular compilation of a number of articles on the culture, insects, and diseases of cherries, apricots, and nectarines, with statistics of Kansas production. The work is compiled and revised by W. H. Barnes for the Kansas State Horticultural Society. Pickling green olives, F. T. Bioletti {Pacific Rural Press, 61 {1901), No. 10, p. j^y — The author describes a successful process for pickling olives so that they will maintain their green color. Training the young lemon tree, Leffingwell {Pacific Coast Fruit World, 11 {1901 ) , No. 2, p. 3, figs. 4) . — The open-topped system of pruning lemon trees is briefly described and its advantages pointed out. The artificial coloring of oranges, Pum and K. Micko {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussrnll., 3 {1900), No. 11, pp. 729-735, fi-gs. 7i).— Attempts to color oranges in imitation of blood oranges by injection with solutions of fuchsia, or with the color- ing material in grapes or bilberries, resulted in failure. Even where the solutions were injected under consideraljle pressure, the colored portions were always local and of such an appearance as to deceive no one. The reaction secured with the juice from blood oranges and a number of chemical reagents is given in some detail. Navelencia, a new citrus creation {Pacific Coast Fruit World, 10 {1901), No. f5, p^ ^j. — A new orange originated by A. C. Thompson by the union of buds of the navel with the Valencia orange. The new variety is said to have all the points of superi- ority of the navel with the shape and late-ripening habits of the Valencia. Training the peach, C. A. Keffer ( Univ. Tennessee Record, 4 {1901), No. 1, pp. 57-59). — Methods of pruning the peach tree at different stages of growth are ilhis- trated and described. Peaches in Massachusetts, J. W. Clark {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 327, jrp. 229, 230) . — A paper discussing the history of peaches and the results secured by the author in growing peaches in Massachusetts. Peaches can be successfully grown in Massachusetts in certain locations on high ground, but the crop is frequently destroyed by winter temperature of — 20° F. Grafting {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 324, p. i7i) .—The writer states that he has successfully grafted two Wagner apple trees with Flemish Beauty pears. The pears grew much larger than on the original Flemish Beauty trees, and had no l)rown specks on them when ripe like those on the mother pear tree. The fruit was also much superior in flavor. The grafts bore every year for 6 years without intermis- sion, while the mother pear tree bore no fruit some years, and the Wagner apple trees on which they were grafted bore apples only every second year. Grafts of Black Tartarian cherries on the American black wild cherry always died the third year. An ideal method of pruning fruit trees, E. S. Goff {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 325, p. 188). HORTICULTURE. 51 Where to cut in pruning, C. A. Keffer {Univ. Tennessee Record, 4 {1001), No. 1, pp. 5-)-5o) . — The author beheves that the best method of cutting off limbs is through the base of the shoulder parallel to the trunk or limb on which the branch to be removed is growing. On a hybrid of the Liberian and Arabian coffee tree obtained at Reunion, E. BoRixvGE [Rer. Cult. Coloniales, 8 {1901), No. 68, pp. 1-7, figs. 5). — Illustrations and descriptions are given of the leaves, flowers, and fruit of a natural hybrid l)etw'.»en the Liberian and Arabian coffee trees. The hybrid resembles the Arabian tree most in the form of its leaves, flowers, fruits, and the quality of the berries. On the other hand, it is much more resistant to insect attacks and fungus diseases than the Arabian coffee, and in these respects resembles the Liberian tree. Liiberian coffee; its culture and manipulation, V. Boltilly {Le cafeier de Liberia, sa cnlture et sa manipulation. Pari.'<: A. Cludlanwl, 1900, pp. 137, pi. 1). — Includes also a bibliography on the subject. The cultivated guavas and their botanical differences, J. B. Davy {Pacific Rnnd Prt'ss, (U {1901), No. 11, p. 164). — A brief account of the genus with a key to the species already introducefConsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 286-290). — The experiments along this line reported in 1899 have been continued (E. S. E,., 12, p. 51), being modified only by allowing 5 shoots to grow to each plant instead of 4. The data for the two years are tabulated and summarized. " Judgmg from the first two full crops, high jjinching, i. e., at 18 to 24 in., has apparently increased the yield of the Gregg raspberry, Imt has slightly decreased the yield of the Cuthbert. Low pinching, i. e., at 12 in., has decreased the yield of both varieties. Pinching appears to have slightly reduced the size of the berries in both varieties. Pinching has evidently increased the growth of super- fluous shoots in the (jregg variety." Making a cranberry bog, F. A. M.vkepeace {Agr. Epitomixf, 20 {1901), No. 4, ]). 23). — The work of preparing the bog, grading, plantmg the vines, and harvesting tlie crop is discussed. Grapes, F. S. Earle and C. F. Austin {Alabama College Sta. Bui. 110, pp. 55-91, figs. 2). — This bulletin discusses in a general way soils and planting, training and l)runing, cultivation, marketing, and insects and diseases and their treatment. One of the most serious diseases at the station has been root rot. Out of 651 vines planted in 1894, 483 vines, or a little over 75 per cent, are now dead, and the death of tlie majority of them was caused by the root rot. Of the 16 varieties included in this planting, only 2, Herbemont and Rulander, were entirely resistant to the disease. It is thought that possibly these varieties may be used as stocks for less resistant kinds. Various fertilizers have been used to note their effect in the control of the disease. Among others heavy applications of kainit, lime, coal ashes, and stable manure have been made, but with no marked results so far as the disease was con- cerned. The southern part of the State seems to suffer more than the northern part from the disease, and it is worse on sandy lands than on clays. Short descriptive notes are given on 94 varieties of grapes fruited in the station 52 EXPERIMENT STATION BECORD. vineyard during 1900. Of these varieties Rockwood is considered deserving of special mention as the best of the very early black grapes. For market purposes, Concord, Ives, Delaware, Brighton, Moore Diamond, and Niagara are recommended. Grapes, C. C. Newman {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 58, pp. 27, pis. 18). — A popular bulletin on grape culture, including the laying out of the vineyard, planting, culti- vation, pruning, training, trellises, spraying, selection of varieties, etc. Ring'ing [Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 328, pp. 245, 246). — A general discussion of the effects of ringing plants to produce earliness of fruit, with a review of L. Daniel's experiments in ringing herbaceous plants. In Daniel's works, when cabbage and Brussels sprouts were ringed, the results of the operation were seen in the more open heart or head, comlnned with a decrease in size; Avith the kohl-rabi a bulb was formed above the wr)und, showing that the bulb is a product of the elaborated or descending sap. The bulb was modified in form somewhat, being drawn out some- thing like a gourd. In the case of ruta-bagas the operation was performed below the tuft of leaves. As a result the leaves liecame elongated and the root developed in the form of an abundant mass of fibers. With these j^lants the conclusion is reached that ringing is of no i)ractical value whatever. With eggjjlants the size of the fruit was nearly doubled })y ringing, and with tomatoes the size was increased consider- ably, as was also the (juantity, but the quality was somewhat deficient. The results with these plants point out the value of the operation in developing these fruits for exhibition jmrjio^^es. The Kniffin method of grape pruning, C. A. Keffkr ( Unir. Tennessee Record, 4 {1901) , No. 1, pp. 56, 57, figs. 2). — A popular description of this method. "Waxed paper bauds for grafting grapes {Ber. K. Lehranst. Obst. Wein u. Gartenhau, Geisenheim, 1899-1900, p. 42) . — Parchment paper bands were waxed with the following mixture: One-third resin, one-third beeswax, and one-third crude turpentine. The paper was 3 cm. wide and 20 cm. long. These strips were tightly bound around the grafts and gave very satisfactory results. First steps in ampelography: A guide to facilitate the recognition of vines, M. Mazade {Melbourne: Govt., 1900, pp. 95, figs. 43) . — Translated by R. Dubois and W. P. Wilkinson from the French. A simple guide for the recognition of the more prominent species and varieties of European and American grapes. Introduction to Roumanian ampelography, G. N. Nicoleano {Introduction a V AmpelograpMe Roumaine. Bucharest: Govt. , 1900, pp. 152, pis. 12, figs. 54). — Treats of the varieties of grapes grown in Roumania, climate, soils of different provinces, history of grape culture in the State, production and value of the crop, and gives careful descriptions and plate illustrations of all the more important varieties, with analyses of many wines, etc. Chestnut cultivation in France, J. C. Covert ( U. S. Consular Rpts., 65 {1901), No. 246, pp. 304-308) . — French varieties of chestnuts are briefly described, their uses — especially in confectionery — noted, and the belief expressed that French chestnuts might be profitably grown in naany places in the United States, especially along the coast of Lake Erie near Cleveland. In the preparation of glaced chestnuts the meats are peeled and boiled and placed for 3 days in vanilla sirup, after which they are drained, coated thinly with vanilla, and put up in fancy packages for shipment. It is believed this industry could be profitably undertaken in the United States, where sugar is 50 per cent cheaper than in France. A practical guide to garden plants, J. Weathers {London: Longmans, Green & Co. {1901), pp. XII + 1192, figs. 163). — This work contains descriptions of the hardiest and most beautiful annuals and biennials; hardy herbaceous and bulbous perennials; hardy water and bog plants; flowering and ornamental trees and shrubs; hardy ferns, bamboos, and other ornamental grasses; also an account of the best kinds of fruits and vegetables that may be grown in the open air in the British Islands, with practical instructions as to culture and propagation. The work is well DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53 indexed. It is particularly intended for the use of amateur gardeners, and also ior those engaged professionally in horticulture, as a book of reference. Tlie experiment stations and the florist trade {Florists' Exchange, IS {1901), No. 1~\ pP- 0O0-0O7). — Reports from 40 experiment stations throughout the country, summarizing the work done at each station along the lines of floriculture. An account of the work done by the Division of Pomology and the Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology of this Department along the same lines is also included. Tlie question of color relative to flowers, F. S. Mathews {Florists' Exchange, IS {1901), No. IS, p. 361). — Points out the differences occurring in supposedly authentic color charts as regards names of different colors. Ether treatment of plants {Gartenflora, 50 {1901) , No. 4, p. 99). — A brief account is here given of the successful use of ether vapor in forcing a number of greenhouse plants. It Avas especially valuable with Viburnum tomcntosurn plicatum, Azaleamollis, and A. pontica, but was without benefit with Deutzin gracilis. Hybridization in Amarylleae {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 29 {1901), Nos. 734, pp- 37, 3S; 735, p. 53; 736, jyp. 71, 72; 737, pp. 89, 90; 738, pp. Ill, 112) .—The author deals with hybrids that have been raised in gardens between individuals of this suborder from warm, temperate, and tropical regions. Forty-seven genera are dealt with specifically. Notes on cannas, F. K. Luke {Jour. Columhus ITorf. Soc, 15 {1900), No. 4, pj). 150-159, ph. 3). — Cannas are divided into 4 subgenera and a mimber of the more prominent varieties described. Carnations, preparation for field planting, A. ]M. Hekr {Amer. Florist, 16 {1901), No. 668, pp. 1159, 1160). — Directions for fertilizing and cultivation. New chrysanthemums of 1900, H. Dauthenay {Rev. Hart., 73 {1901), No. 5, pp. 121-123) . — This paper purposes to give a complete list of the different varieties of chrysanthemums introduced in 190O. Each variety is descriptively characterized. Shasta daisies {Pacific Rural Press, 61 {1901), No. 8, p. 113, figs. ^).— This new creation by Luther Burbank is illustrated and described. It is said to be the result of crossing and selection between the weedy, free-flowering American species, the rather large but coaise European sj^ecies, and the Japanese species. The flowers are very large, averaging from 3 to 4 in. in diameter, and are produced on stiff stems nearly 2 ft. in length. The petals are glistening white and arranged in three rows. The plant flowers freely and is hardy wherever oak is hardy. Some Shasta daisies with well-marked colors are now appearing. Hydrangea hortensia, Jeanne d'Arc {Anicr. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 327, p. 225). — A new pure white creation said to be a sjiort from the variety Thomas Hogg and especially suitable for pot culture. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases in 1900, A. L. Quaintaxce {Georgia ,Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 351-361, jtls. 3). — Notes are given on a number of the more injurious plant diseases noted by the author during the season covered by the report. One of the most destructive diseases is the brown rot of peaches and plums {Monilia fractigena). Experiments have been reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 962) for the control of this disease on the peach, and in the present report the results of spraying plums of the Americana tyi)e are given. From the data at hand it appears that the spraying with Bordeaux mixture was practically wdthout value upon plums of this race. As an explanation of the inefficiency of the fungicide the author suggests that possibly the fruit is infected by the fungus which may have been perennial in the fruiting spurs. A bacterial rot of onions, similar to that which has been described as occurring in New York (E. S. R., 12, p. 56), is reported, and in some cases has proved very destructive. Notes are given on a number of diseases of peach, cherry, pear, grape, and apple. A cantaloupe blight, similar to that described in Colorado (E. S. R., 12, p. 261), is 54 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mentioned as occurring at the station. This Ijlight is said to be due to Macroaporium cucumermm. The older leaves first showed small brown spots, which developed so as to kill the leaf in a week or ten days. The injury proceeded mostly from the older to the younger leaves, leaving the central part of the hill destitute of foliage. The quality of the fruit produced during the season was very inferior, and this depre- ciation is believed to be due to the presence of the disease. A very destructive disease of tomatoes is reported as occurring at the station during the summer of 1900. It made its appearance in the tomatoes when about one-third grown and was first noticeable by the presence of small brown, slightly depressed spots with an irregular tessellated margin. The spots enlarge rapidly, the skin shrinks, becoming more or less cracked and wrinkled, making it possible for the entrance of numerous fungi. As yet no organism has been positively observed in the early stages of the disease. Experiments were conducted for the prevention of this disease, with the idea that it was possibly of bacterial origin and might be spread by insects. Tomatoes were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and a number of insecticides, with the result that those plants receiving the Bordeaux mixture every 2 weeks had 48.6 per cent of their fruit rotted, while the untreated plants had 88 per cent rotten fruits. The plants which were sprayed with insecticides showed no improvement, and in one case a greater amount of disease was noticed on plants which received applications of the insecticide at intervals of from 5 to 7 days during the growing season. A disease of apple trees, which is due to an unidentified fungus, is reported. It attacks the foliage, causing the leaves to fall, or causing them to dry up and remain upon the tree, giving an appearance resembling that of the pear blight. The fungus causing the trouble appears to be wholly superficial and is readily controlled by applications of Bordeaux mixture. Notes on injurious fungi {Aeet, carnation, lettuce, and others have been repeatedly caused by the authors by placing pure cultures of the fungus in contact with the plants. In other cases the fungus is found associated with the disease, but as yet there is no proof that it is the chief cause of the trouble. The fungus is believed to be capable of prolonged existence upon decaying organic matter in the soil, and in this way it may be spread from plant to plant, even when culture or other means fail to spread it. Plants growing under favorable conditions of moisture, temperature, and nutrition will probably show marked resistance to the attack of the fungus, so that in seeking to prevent this disease good sanitary conditions are of the greatest impor- tance. In the propagating and forcing benches, where the fungus is commonly pres- ent, a frequent change of soil is advisable. Should the fungus prove a serious pest in greenhouses, the sterilization of the soil with steam or hot water is recommended. The fungus grows readily upon acid media, and as a consequence liming of soil, while not thorouglily effective, will frequently prove beneficial. Plant diseases due to Rhizoctonia, F. H. Hall, B. M. Duggar, and F. C. Stewart {New York State iSta. Bui. 186, popular cd., pp. 11, pis. 2, figs. 2). — This is a popular summary of the bulletin noted above. A second preliminary report on plant diseases in the United States due to Rhizoctonia, B. ■\I. Dtggar and F. C. Stewart {Abs. in Srienrr, n. .scr., 13 {1901), No. 320, p. 249). — Since the publication of the previous notes on diseases caused by Rhizoctonia (E. S. R., 11, p. 57), the authors have observed the fungus on a number of entirely new host plants. The princii^al host plants of this fungus are beans, sugar beet, cabl)age, cauliflower, carrot, celery, cotton, lettuce, potato, radish, rhu- barb, asparagus, china aster, carnation, coreopsis, sweet william, and violet, with about a dozen other plants of less importance. In many cases the Rhizoctonia proves to be truly parasitic and undoubtedly the cause of the disease, as is shown by abundant experiments, while in other cases innoculation experiments have not been performed. Studies are in progress to determine more carefully the physiology of the forms and the limitations of the species. The wilt disease of cotton and its control, W. A. Orton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Vegetable Physiology and PatJiology Bid. 27, pp. 16, pis. 4)- — The wilt dis- ease of cotton is widely distributed through the South, having been reported from a number of places in South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, and Arkansas. The extent of loss from this source is very considerable, in some places cotton culture having been abandoned on infected soil. A description of the disease, together with its cause, is given. The nature of the fungus {Neocosmospora vasinfecta) has been previously described by the Division (E. S. R., 11, p. 944). In addition to cotton, this same disease is believed to occur on okra, and in both the okra and cotton it is sometimes complicated by the presence of root nematodes {Heterodera radicicola). The progress of the disease is relatively slow when compared with others, on account of its being a soil fungus. Natural and artificial infections from cultures of it are described, and experiments with fungicides for its prevention are outlined. Some of the common 56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fungicides were applied to the soil in such quantities as to be practically prohibitive in ordinary practice without destroying the fungus or reducing the disease. The preventive measures suggested are rotation of crops, removal of diseased plants, avoidance of the spread of the disease by means of cattle, tools, etc., and care of the compost heap. Probably the most hopeful means for combating this disease is to be found in the resistant races of cotton. Experiments with a number of varieties have shown that some are much less subject to the disease than others. Experiments in this line are to be continued. Formalin and hot water as preventives of loose sraut of wheat, J. 0. Arthur {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1900, pj). 17-24)- — The loose smut of wheat is said to sometimes cause losses amounting to 50 per cent of the crop, and quite commonly 10 per cent of the crop is destroyed year after year. Earlier experiments have seemed to indicate that the loose smut is more difficult to eradicate than the stinking smut, and experi- ments were conducted to test this subject. Smutted seed wheat was treated with hot water and various strengths of formalin, after which the seed was sown and the amount of smut in the subsequent crop ascertained. These experiments were repeated several years, and from the data at hand the conclusion is reached that the loose smut of wheat can not be removed from a crop by the treatment of the seed with formalin or hot water even when the treatment is so severe as to kill one-third or more of the seed. As indirect methods of preventing loose smut, it is recommended that seed should be sown only from fields known to be free from the smut and upon land that had not l:)orne wheat for 2 or 3 years. In addition, it is recommended that wheat used for seed should be thoroughly screened, using a strong blast which would dislodge or blow out a large portion of the smut germs. Formalin as a preventive of millet smut, W. Stuart {Indiana Sta. iv/><. 1900, p. 25). — In the s]jring of 1899 the author treated millet seed from a badly smutted field with different strengths of formalin to test its value as a preventive of the smut. As a result of his experiments, the efficiency of formalin as a preventive of millet smut was established. Where the seed was treated for 1 to 2 hours in a solution of 1 lb. of formalin to 45 gal. of water there was no smut in the resulting crop. Where a weaker solution was used a small percentage of smut was noticed, but in no case was the disease as prevalent as in the check plats. Inoculation experiments with grass-infesting ergots, R. Stager {Bol. Centbl., 83 {1900), No. 5, p. 145). — According to the author there are 5 species of grass-infesting ergots, namely, Claviaps purpurea, C. microcephala, (J. wilsoni, C. pusilla, and C. setu- losa. Inoculation experiments were conducted by means of ascospores and conidia with the first three, and a preliminary report is given of the results. It was found possible with ergot on rye to inoculate the following: Rye, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Arrhenatherum elatius, Phalaris arundinacea, Poa pratensis, P. alpina, P. sudetica, P. hyhrida, P. cxsia, Hierochloa borealis, Bromus sterilis, Dactylis glomerata, Hordeun^ murinum, barley, Briza media, and Calamagrostis arundinacea. It was found impossible to inoculate Lolium sp. or Bromus erectus with C. purpurea from rye, although reciprocal inoculations were made between Lolium and Bromus. On this account it is claimed that the C. purpurea reputed to occur on Lolium and Bromus is physiologically different from that of rye and other grasses and must be considered as a distinct biological species. Ascospores of C. microcephala from Phragmites communis regularly infected Nardus stricta, and from Molinia ccendea they were successfully transferred to Nardus stricta, but all attempts to inoculate the grass hosts of C. purpurea with C. microcephala failed. C. v-ilsoni from Glycerin ftuitans is said to be a distinct species readily infect- ing its host plants, but withstanding all attempts to transfer it to other species of grasses. Damping off of beets in the field, J. C. Arthur {Indiami Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 15, 16). — The author's attention was called in May, 1900, to a serious trouble which DISEASES OF PLANTS. 57 affected the beets in some i)arts of tlie State. At the time of tlie attack tlie beets were in the tiixt to third leaf following the seed leaves, and had ])een i>lanted about 3 weeks. The roots and stems below ground became lilack and lifeless and the top drojiped to the ground and withered. An examination of tlu^ roots showed the pres- ence of the fungus mycelium, but in the aljsence of fruiting i)odieH it was impossible to identify it. The author believes it probable that the disease was conveyed through the seed, and suggests a treatment of the beet seed before planting. A second dis- ease similar to the one just described is reported as affecting young sugar beets in ^lichigan. It passed under the name "black rot," and differed from the other out- break chiefly in its failure to kill the plants outright. The surface ti.ssues of the roots were lilackened, but the I'entral axis remained alive, and the plants in lields which had not l)een i>lowed up largely recovered. It is l>elieved that this disease likewise is conveyed to the cnij) through the seed, and the use of either formalin or hot water on the seed would prove iH'neticial. The diseases of sugar beets, A. Stift (Xc.s- inuladlix de la iKilcrarr. I'uris: Ccrf, 1900, pp. A'-{ iii). — This is a translation of a German publication relating to the diseases of the sugar beet. The scab of sugar beets (/>/. Znckcrfuhcnbua, 7 {1!)00), No. 4, pp. '>!, i>J). The asparagus rust, J. C. Aktui-k {Indiana Sta. Bpt. 1900, pp. 10-14). — The author notes the ()ccurrence of the asparagus rust in the State and Ijriefly outlines its life history. The rust Mas first noticed in Indiana in 1S96. The a'cidiospores, which are formed in tlie spring, are rarely met with, but the other forms are quite common and the disease promises considerable injury to the asparagus croj). A'arious methods are suggested for combating the disease, among them spraying the plants, destroying the spring spores, burning over the ground in autumn for the destrtiction of winter spores, and planting on soil which will stipply an abundance of moisture during the summer. Other means are mentioned, such as the removal of all jilants growing in hedge rows or fields, and the natural check to the rust by its parasites. Diseases of tomatoes, H. Tkyox {Queensland Agr. Joar., 8 {1901), No. ^, iJp. 136, 137). — A description is given of a tomato black rot in which a nundjer of fungi are associated. The princijjal one, however, proved to be Macrosporium tomato. A bacterial disease of tomatoes, W. Stuakt {Indiana Sla. Hpf. 1900, pp. 33-86, pi. l,ji(/. 1). — While studying the effect of chemical fertilizers upon tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, the author experienced considerable annoyance by a disease which attacked and destroye-i many of the fruits. Usually the fruit showed no sign of injury until two-thirds grown, sometimes not until fully developed. The first indication of the disea.se was noticed in the appearance of slightly watery discolora- tions of tissue l>eneath the epidermis. As the disease progressed the affected por- tion assumed a darker color, followed by a gradual depression of the affected tissue, resembling in many respects the disease caused by the black rot. The entire fruit was rarely destroyed, but as a rule its maturity was hastened, the ripe fruit, how- ever, being unmarketa1)le. Generally the disease attacked the apical portion of the fruit, although in a few instances its appearance was noticed in the central or basal portions. An examination of the diseased tissues showed the presence of motile bacteria, which seemed to be fairly constant in all the tissues examined. The organ- ism was isolated and cultures made of it, after which inoculation experiments were conducted with the pure cultures. The inoculation experiments Avere made by puncturing the epidermis of the fruit and introducing the germs, and a character- istic infection was established within a week or 10 days. In this time the greater portion of the tomatoes haffensive od(jr accompanying the rot of the inoculated plants and they were completely destroyed, while in the ordinary i)rocess of the disease no odor was perceptible and only rarely was the 2;31Ui— No. 1—01 5 58 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. entire fruit involved. Inoculation was made upon one-lialf or two-thirds grown tomatoes still remaining on the vines, and produced the disease in all cases where the epidermis was punctured. All attempts to infect the fruit through the flower proved futile. Some doubt is expressed as to whether the two diseases are due to the same organism. This is to be a subject of further investigation. From the lim- ited knowledge of the disease, no preventive measures are suggested. A new^ method of conibating- club root of cruciferous plants, J. Bikvenich {Bill. Arhor. d Flor., 1900, ]>}>. 337-340). A disease of turnips caused by bacteria, W. Carruthers ami A. L. Smith [Jour. Bui. \^London'\, 39 {1901), No. 4o7, 2>P- 33-36, figs. 2; and Jour. Roi/. Soc. lErujland'], 3. ser., 11 {1900), pi. 4, PP- 738-741, figs. 2).—X disease of turnips has been the suljjectof investigation by the authors for a number of years. The injured plants had the crown of young leaves destroyed, and a cavity scooped out of the turnip occupied the top immediately below where the leaves had grown. This cavity was empty, its wall a dark-brown color, and the remaining tissues were protected by the development of a corky layer. There was no indication of injury in the turnip beyond the wall of the empty cavity. The first specimen of this disease suljmitted to the authors was in 1893. In 1900, in Yorkshire, the disease was very prevalent. In the worst cases the young leaves disappeared from the crown or rotted away. The outer older leaves showed signs of wilting, their stajks decaying at the base. As a rule, the outer skin of the turnip was sound. In some instances, where the top was scooped out, the depression was lined by a white slimy substance; in other cases the injury had penetrated farther through the turnip and the whole center \\as a mass of rotten pulp. A careful examination of the leaf and root showed the injury was due to bacteria, which had probably gained access to the plants between the bases of the young leaves or through the broken surface of the root. Sections taken from the diseased parts were swarming with l)acteria. They were motile, cylindrical rods, measuring 0.65// in width antl 1 to 4// in length. Later a careful field examination was made, upon which it was found that in a field of 25 acres not one turnip in five had escaped. Yellow turnips had suffered very little. CaVjbages growing near were somewhat diseased, but a strip of kohl-rabi through the center of the severely diseased area was without injury. At a later period the progress of the disease was to a large extent checked. This was probably due to the destruction of so many of the leaves, leaving the rows somewhat bare. The sunlight and air gained free access to the roots and the bacteria were dried up or destroyed. The well-known action of sunlight on bacteria is cited, and it is thought probal)le that the same influence had been exerted in the turnip field, for in many cases thi' only trace of injury observed was a clean walled cavity at the top of the turnip. Experiments on the sulphur-lime treatment for onion smut, ¥. A. Sirki.ve and r. C. Stewart {New York 8lule Sta. Bui. 182, pp. 14S-172, figs. 2). — The smut caused by Urocystis cepulx is said to be exceedingly troublesome in the onion fields of some portions of New York. AV'^hen onions have been grown continuously on the same land, the smut gradually continues to increase from year to year until crops can no longer be profital^ly grown. The organism is a soil-inhabiting fungus, and is rarely transferred except as carried on the bulbs. Numerous methods of combating this disease have been suggested and some of them practiced. It is a rather common practice to use larger quantities of seed than required, the idea being that a portion of them will escape the disease. Rotation of crops and deep plowing have been sug- gested. As the fungus attacks the onion in a very young stage as a seedling, it has been recommended that the young plants be started in- beds where the soil is unin- fested and thence transplanted to the field. This method is known to give freedom fromi the smut, but large growers do not practice it on account of the expense in transplanting. In order to ascertain some cheaper method of treatment, the authors DISEASES OF PLANTS. 59 heijaii in 1S90, and I'oiiliiiued for 5 years^, field experiiuents in which the vahie of sulphur, and sulphur and lime, as soil treatments were testeil. Various amounts of sulphur and sulphur and lime were applied in the drills where the seed was planted, with beneficial results. The best results were obtained where 100 lbs. of suli)hur and 50 lbs. of lime per acre were applied directly to the drills. With this treatment there was an average annual increase of fully 50 per cent in the product on soil that had jireviously given snuitty crops. The apxilication of sulphur and lime, when sown broadcast, was without particular value. It is recommended in the api)lication of lime and sulphur for the prevention of smut that it be drilled in the drills at the same time the seed is sown, and an implement is s and from decaying apples, and inoculation experiments made upon apple, pear, hawthorn, apricot, peach, sumac, i)ersimmon, and hop hornbeam. The inocula- tions were successful only where applied to the apple, pear, and hawthorn, but 60 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. exi)eriiiientH witli riilturt's of Spliarv>!)HiH takt-n fnnii all tin- dtiicr tree^, with the axfeption of the jjeach, were found to readily jtrodnce the l>lack rot of the apple fruit. Two explanations are offered for this behavior, one that the apple fruit is a very favorable medium for the growth of the different species, the other that Sph;e- ropsis is not parasitic on all of the trees. As a result of his experiments, conducted through o seasons, the author states that he has positive evidence that the Sph;er((i)sis occurring on apple, pear, and hawthorn trees and on apple, pear, and (juince fruits is one and the same species. The relation l)etween sun scald, sunburn, and canker is shown, in- which it is believed that the canker fungus finds access to the living tissues through such injuries as sun scald and sunl)urn. To prevent these injuries it is recommended that trees be sprayed witli a winter wash composed of lime 30 ll)s., tallow 4 lbs., salt 5 lljs., diluted with en(jugh water to make it spray readily. Experi- ments for the control of the canker were continued, but as yet no definite results have been oljtaineil. The recommendations of the previous year, in which good orchard sanitation and si)raying witli Bonleau.x mixture is advised, are repeated. Accompanying the aj^i^le-tree canker, as mentioned in the previous report, is a second fungus, McuyropJioma malonun. It resembles the canker fungus very closely, except in the character of its spores. Inoculation experiments on both apple and pear trees with cultures of Macroplnjma gave negative results. These, however, should be repeated before deciding that the fungus is not parasitic. The author reports the occurrence of the pAirop)ean canker, Xcdria dilismna, up)on apple trees in a number of portions of New York and in Nova Scotia, the preliminary report ot which is given in E. S. II., 12, p. 262. Apple-tree cankers, F. H. Hall and W. Paddock {New York Slate Sla. Bid. 185, jMjpiihir 1(1. , j/ji. 4, jilx. J). — This is a popular summary of the bulletin noted above. The canker i Rostrella disease ) of Coffea arabica, A. Zimmekmann [Medcd. 'S Lcuidii Plautvidain, J7 (1900), jijj. ^4-iJJ, fuj-s. 10) . — The author describes a canker disease of coffee trees, shows that it is caused by a hitherto undescribed fungus, and suggests methods of treatment. The disease is confined to the Java variety of coffee and usually attacks isolated trees. 8o far it has lieen known to attack only trees at least 10 years old. A yellow- ing and sudden drooping of the leaves indicates the i)resence of the disease, which is further characterized by the development of brown patclies in the cortex of the stem and larger limbs. Death follows soon after the leaves droop. The brown patches may extend nearly around the tree and involve the entire cortex, including the cambium layer. The mycelium has not been found in the wood. The fungus belongs to a hitherto unde.scribed genus of Ascomycetes, and the author names it EodreUa coffea. Four forms of reproductive bodies are de\elo]jed, asco- spores, macroconidia, microconidia, and a fourth form which the author calls rudi- mentary microconidia, produced by the breaking up of hy])a' developed from thie macroconidia and microconidia, each form being fully describev placing small portions of diseased tissue under the corte.x of healthy trees or pieces of stem and later by inoculation with microco- nidia. All the infections were successful and the checks uniformly remained free from the disease. The characteristic symptoms appeared in from 4 to 8 days and frequently all the spore forms were developed. Infection experiments made on the leaves and young twigs, as well as on the older limbs and trunk, showed that in Very moist air Rostrella coffea can develop on the leaves and young twigs of Coffea arabica when fresh wounds are present, but that the disease is checked on the young parts by the development of a cork layer. Hence the mjury to the trees is always caused by* the disease attacking the stem or larger hmbs. Experiments en Coffea liberica showed that while the fungus made a weak growth in fresh wornids on l)oth stem and leaves, the mycelium did not penetrate beyond the wound. Open air experiments gave negative results. Experiments on shrubs DISEASES OF PLANTS. ()1 or weeds growing in or near coffee plantations proved that the fungus would grow in wounds on J'Jrj/lhrina litltospermn, Alhizzia inolnklcdiut, and Cedrela serrata, but only when the experiments were conducted in moist air. Open air cultures were unsuc- cessful. The fungvis will not grow on sugar cane {Saccharuin offirinarum). For treatment of the disease the author recommends burning all diseaselantation, the trunks should ])ecoate, ph. -2J). — For 10 years or more there has I)een known in Japan a widespread disease of the mulberry which attacks the leaves and branches, checking the growth and finally causing the death of the plant. This disease has spread, caus- ing great losses to silkworm raisers l)y almost entirely destroying the croji of mul- berry leaves. In 1897 the Japanese Government appointed a commission to investigate the subject, and the present Ijulletin is in the nature of a report. The first recognition of the disease is supposed to have been 20 or 80 years ago. Different varieties of mulberries are unequally affected. (Generally speaking, those varieties which are most highly esteemed for leaf production are most subject to the disease, while those which are characterized by hard leaves and slow growth are comparatively free from it. The different methods of cutting mulberries are descril)ed, and the belief expressed that the primary cause of the disease is attributable to the pra<'tice of subjecting the mulberry to repeated cuttings. This treatment results in a deficiency of reserve material in the twigs antl tends to abnormal development. Chemical analyses of healthy and diseased plants at various stages of growth are reported upon in considerable detail. Investigations were made on the reserve mate- rials of the mulberry tree and their relation to the disease. It was found that the diseased leaves were remarkably poor in nitrogen and in the development of woody liber. The deficiency in nitrogen in the diseased plants was not due to an insufficient supply of nitrogen in the soil, but is attributed to a diminution of the absorptive l)Ower of the roots and the chemical activity of the plant cells. The repeated cutting of twigs (jr plucking of leaves residts in the exhaustion of the new shoots before they have attained a height and development sutticient to enal)le them to perform the function of assimilation. This statement, it is claimed, is supported by the fact that tiie disease always appears in new shoots after cutting in. the growing season and is never observed in plants which have not been cut. Diseased plants may recover when kept from cutting for a number of years. Differences in the susceptibility of varieties and the effect of different soils are menti(jneil. It ai)pears that a plant becomes more liable to disease by accelerating its growth with abundant soluble manures. Young plants are rarely diseased. This is thought to be ilue to the rapid develoi)mentof the roots and the large capacity for the al)Sori)tion of mitrients by the young i>lants. ( )lil plants have less power of devel- oping new roots, and conseiiuently there is a tleficiencj' of reserve material which ••an not l)e supplied by the alisorption of material from the soil and air. Careful investigations were made, but no fungi or other micro-organisms were found constantly a.ssociated with thedisease, the decay of the roots being considered secondary. Aside from the correction of methods of pruning which suggest them- selves, no other means f)f jirevention are described. The black rot and mildew of grapes and their treatment, Schloesinc (Rev. Vil., 1900, \<). .li:o, Siiji.). Guignardia reniformis in the Caucasus, A. I.ebeoekk '('oithl. BaLi. n. Par., 2. AfiL, I! {JUOO) , X(}. JO, J). iio.i, Jiij. 1). — A rejjort is given of studies of grapes received 62 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. from the Caucasus. Examinations were made of the perithecia, in wliioh the author claims to have found the fungus (ittigitardia rrniformii^. The characteristics of the fungus are described, and it is affirmed that this fungus is undou])te!, Jii/. 1). — The disease of cypress known as "pecky" or " peggy " is a species of decay to which it is very liable. When a dis- eased cypress tree is cut down the heart wooil frequently apjiears as though a large number of holes had been bored through it. These holes vary in size from i to | in., and are found in the heart wood only. Young trees of Taxodium varying in age from 50 to 125 years are almost always free from defect, only the older ones being attacked. The holes in the wood extend longitudinally up and down the trunk, parallel to the wood fibers, never transversely. They are separated from one another by cells of apparently sound wood. The holes vary in length from J to 6 in. or longer, most frequently from 4 to 5 in. long. The cavities are filled with a yellow-brown powder, which readily crumbles in the fingers. A fluffy whit6 mycelium, covered with drops of liquid resembling dew, is sometimes present. The structure of the diseased wood is described at considerable length. In the cells immediately surrounding the rotten areas certain parts of the holes are colored dark l)rown. This is thought to be due to the formation of humus compounds. The wood between the rotted areas is described and data given relative to the com- parative strength of sound and pecky heart wood. The progress of the disease is described. The constant presence of the colorless mycelium in the diseased trees makes it seem probable that it is the vegetable part of a fungus which causes the decay. The author states that certain ferments are associated with this disease, and he arrives at the conclusion that humus compounds found in the wood surrounding the holes are probably one of the effective means in preventing the unlimited spread and destructive action of the disease. A somewhat similar disease of Libocedrus decurrens is described. The author sum- marizes his investigations as follows: mSKASKS OK PLANTS. 63 "In the foregoing, two forms of di'cay have been (lencribed, one destroying wood of Td.rodkaii (lifftichmii, thi' other of LihoceilniN (lernrrernf. In both case.s the wood iss destroyed in loeaHzed areas, whieh are snrrounded l)y apparently sonnd wood. The cell walls are ehanujed into coinpoinids whieh diffnse through the walls and till the cells surrounding the decayed center; an, fj(/s. .)') . — Jn the sununer of 1898, the author's attention was called to a diseased condition of the balsam tirs in the province of Ontario, Canada. The disease at this time had done but little damage and all efforts to collect fruiting material of the fungus was futile. In 1899, the author visited the same locality and found that trees which the previous season showed only an occasional dead branch had entirely succumbed and the disease was spreading rapidly, many new points of infection )>eing noticed. At this time the diseased leaves showed the presence of numerous l)lack warty tubercles, which jjroved to be fruiting masses of the fungus. A quantity of material was collected and subjected to further examination and study. From observations made on cultures, the author has decided the fungus is new and has given it the name Trlmmutostromf Ilctfrixlem railiriculd. Concerning a bacteria-like fungus which destroys nematodes, G. Lager- HEiM (Bihang Srenska Vetensk Ahid. Hdiidl., 26 [1900), No. 4; "'«• m Bot. CenthL, 85 {1901), No. 9, pp. 282, 283). — A description is given of a fungus which resembles Actinomyces, that has been found parasitic; upon Tylenchm agroi^tidix in the flowering clusters of Poa alpina. The fungus seems very destructive to this nematode, and it is probable that it will prove destructive to others. Experiments are to be conducted to ascertain this fact. Fungicides {Soidh Carolina Sla. Bid. .57, pp. i6).— Notes are given on the use of fungicides for the prevention of various diseases of 'plants, together with formulas and directions for the application of a number of the more common fungicides. Copper and sulphur in plant protection, J. E. Weiss (PrrJ./. Bl. Pfianzemclintz, 1900, No. 8, pp. 00-02). Bordeaux mixture with linseed oil, Condeminal {Rev. Vil., 10, p. 765; aim. in Ann. AgroiK, 26 [luno), No. 4, p. 216). — The formula is given for Bordeaux mixture, in which 15 to 20 gm. of linseed oil to each kilogram of lime is added. The adhesive property of the Bordeaux mixture is said to l)e C(>nsideraV)ly increased. Suggestions for an international phytopathological commission, J. Eriks- son {Landt. Akad. Handl. Tid.^kr., .39 {1900), No. 5-6, pp. 361-368). ENTOMOLOGY. Thirty-first annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1900 {Bpl. Ontnrii) Enl. Soc. 1900, pp. 112,_p'g.<<. ./';) .—Tiiis rei)ort contains the proceedings of the thirty-seventh annual meeting <(f the Entomological Society of Ontario, held in London, Novend)er 13, 14, and In, 1900, and the proceedings of the second annual meeting of the Northwest Entomological Society, held at Laeombe, All)erta, North- west Territory, January 16, 1901. -' A discussion of the San Jose scale proljlem was given by G. E. Fisher (pp. 26-29). Whale-oil soap and kerosene were found to be somewhat unsatisfactory remedies for this insect. Crude petroleum gave most ))eneflcial results. Trees were freed from the scale and case l)earers and many other insects were destroyed by the use of a 25 or 30 per cent mixture of crude petroleum and water. The annual address of the president, T. W. Fyles (pp. 29-34) was devcjted to a discussion of the beneficial action of insects toward plants. W. Lochhead (i)p. 34-37) called attention to the necessity of making a systematic .«tudy of the forest insects of Ontario. F. M. Webster made a report on experiments in protecting apples from the attacks of the second brood of codling moths (pp. 37, 38). Two trees were selected in the center of an orchard, sprayed on the 22d of June, and one was covered with a netting on the next day. From the covered trees 627 apples were obtained, of which 466 were sound, while from tlie uncovered tree 1,514 apples were obtained, of which only 452 were sound. ENTOMOLOGY. fi5 Brief notes were given on the lial)itH and life liistory of forest tent caterpillar, pea weevil, tussock moth, clover-root borer, and cahhage-root maggot. J. A. ^loffat (pp. 42-52) presented notes on the liabits and means of combating carpet beetles, and gave a detailed account of the life history of Archippus butterfly. The eggs of (hrysopa were found parasitized to a certain extent by an Inchneumon fly. T. W. Fyles presented an account f)f the dragon flies of Quebec (pp. 52-57). The possi- bility of silkworm industry in Ontario was discussed by W. Lochhead (pp. 57-59). !t was concluded that the cost of labor and price of silk precluded the practicability of the establishment of the silkworm industry in Ontario. F. M. Webster (pp. '|-()1) reported the result.s of experiments with petroleum by X. A. lladden on I atawba Island. Peach trees were killed by sj)raying with undiluted crude petro- k'um on ]\Iarch 10, 1900, while 1 jieach tree and some plum trees escapeil injurj' after ])eing sprayed on the same day. J. Fletcher (pp. 62-72) gave notes on the habits and life history of Hessian fly, cutworms in grain, white grubs, pea weevil, pea moth (Seniami nigrieana) , destructive pea aphis, clover-root borer, clover weevil {J'In/ionomus punckilus) , imported cabbage butterfly, cabbage-root maggots, asparagus beetle, cabbage aphis, codling moth, plum curculio, palmer worm, etc. W. Loch- head (pp. 72-78) presented notes on fruit-bark l)eetle, San Jose scale, bean fly, {Anthomyhi rmUciiin] , asparagus l)eetle, Hessian fly, pea weevil, bollworm, and imported cabV)age butterfly and squash bug. F. M. Wel)ster (pp. 81-84) reported observations on Sapt'rdu veKtita, which was found injuring linden trees in nursery rows, and Ohfrea bhiuwulata as a pest of small fruits. The luibits of Dennestes talpinus and other species of this family were discussed. A brief account of the present status of the San Jose scale in Ontario was given, together with notes on Ti/nx/lyphus mains as a parasite of San Jose scale. Miscellaneous notes on injurious insects, \'. H. Lowe {Nev York Slate Sta. Bui. ISO, jtp. Ihi-lSn, ],h. S,rii/s. ,.^).— The forest tent caterpillar (pp. 115-122) is reported as having been unusually destructive to orchard trees. Circular letters were sent to correspondents throughout the State for the purpose of obtaining information con- cerning the abundance and injuriousness of this species. The localities of its occur- rence are given and the life history of the insect is briefly described. As remedies for this insect the autlior recommends the destruction of egg masses, which is mo.st conveniently done at the time when the trees are pruned, banding the trees to pre- vent the caterpillars from crawling back after being jarred off, and spraying with arsenical poisons, such as Paris green, arsenite of lime, or arsenate of lead. Kero- sene oil ajiplieil directly to the cater]>illars on the trunks and branches of trees gave .«ati.sfactory results. ('ater])illars may also l)e dislodged by streams of water from hydrants. The cocoons are conspicuous and may be readily gathered l)y children. The frult-l)ark })eetle (j)j). 122-128) is reported as attacking the branches of cherry, l»each, anil other fruit trees. During late summer and fall the beetles make short galleries in the thick bark of the trunk and large limbs and longer galleries in the .sapwood of twigs and small limbs, in which the eggs are laid. In a peach orchard it was noticed that the most extensiw injury was done to Crawford and Reeves Favoi'- ite varieties. Injury to twigs is shown by the death of the leaves and by drops of sap which exuile from the burrows. The number of eggs in each Inirrow vary from I to 12. The numlx'r of l>roods ])er year for western New York was not determined. For studying the habits of the beetle under experimentiil conditions, half-inch curtain rings were fastened together and to the bark by means of melted i)arafhn, the beetles being placed in these cells andcovered by a coverglass. Their habits of boring could then be observed. As remedies against this beetle the author recommends a liberal application of a causti(! solution, such as whale-oil soap, 2 lbs. to the gallon of water, about the middle of July. Crude carbolic acid may be added to the solution in the ])roportion of 2 oz. to the gallon. The ctbject of these apjilications is to jirevent 66 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the l>eetles from Imrrowing into the hark. Revere winter pruninu; and l)nrning of the twigs will destroy the eggs and hiljernating insects. A mealy Img attacking quince trees (pp. 128-130), a species of Dactylopius, was found injurious and its ha)>its were studied. A quince orchard examined on April 27 showed that nearly all the trees were infested. The adult mealy hugs were noticed making cocoons and laying eggs on June 28. When the orchard was examined, on Septemher 26, the numbers of the species had materially diminished. Brief descrip- tions of the insect in all its stages are given. As remedies the author suggests 1 or 2 applications of whale-oil soap, 1 lb. to 5 gal. of water, in the spring and scraping the trunk and large limbs during the winter, and painting with a strong solution of whale-oil soap. Apple leaf miners {Ornix prunivorella) (pp. 131-135) were first reported from Brockport in 1900. The young larvae of this species feed upon the parenchyma, usually on the upper side of the leaf. The epide)'mis of the leaf is uninjured, and a mine is produced which causes the distortion of the leaf. Before pupating the cater- pillars line their retreats with a heavy coating of silk thread. A brief description is given of the caterpillars. Arsenical or other sprays would have little effect in the case of this species. Since it passes the winter in the leaves, the insect may be held in check by destroying the fallen leaves or plowing them under. Tischeria malifolU- ella is reported as very conmion in the leaves of apple orchards at Albion and Geneva. The mines are somewhat trumpet shaped in the upper side of the leaf. The tarnished plant bug (p. 135) is said to have caused consideral)le damage to peaches. The bugs were watched by means of a hand lens and could be seen to puncture the fruits. The bugs usually confine their attacks to the under side of the fruit, making large numbers oi punctures with their beaks. Shortly afterwards drojis of sap exude from the punctures and the skin begins to wither. The peaches ulti- mately become deformed. A few fruit-tree foes, F. H. Hall and Y. H. Lowe {New York State Sia. Bid. ISO, popnlar cd., pp. 8, pla. ,9). — This is a popular summary of the above bulletin. Insect notes, A. L. Quaintance {Georgia Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 361-371, pi. 1). — The author gives brief notes on harlequin cabbage bug, leaf-footed i)lant bug, tar- nished plant bug, squash bug, Oicadula c.eitiosn, boUworm, grape-leaf folder, imported cabbage worm, cabbage plusia, and codling moth. The pickle worm is reported as having been injurious to squash, cucumber, canta- loupe, and watermelon, the vines of which were more or less injured, especially those of the cantaloupe and squash. The fruit of the pumpkin was not injured. In order to test the value of squash as a trap crop for the larvje, 4 rows of summer squash were planted at equal intervals across a 1-acre field of cantaloupes. From June 19 until July 17 squash flowers were picked off, and the larvse infesting them were counted. In all, 1,640 larvae were thus captured, and the cantaloupes were prac^ tically free from pickle worms until July 14. Experiments with arsenites were again unsuccessful. Cantaloupes were thoroughly sprayed with Paris green, 1 lb. to 50 gal. of water, and with Disparene, 6 ll)s. to 25 gal. of water. The pickle worm was not affected Vjy the latter and only slightly by the Paris green. Short notes are also given on the melon worm, squash vine borer, Diatrsea saccha- ralis, striped cucumber beetle, Ceratoma trifurcata, Colorado potato beetle, false potato beetle {Doryphora juncta), plum curculio, and Allorlnna nitida. An articleon Dinbroiica 12-panctata is reprinted from BuUetm 26, Division of Entomology of this Department (E. S. R., 12, p. 860). Bugs injurious to our cultivated plants, (). Lugger {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 259, pis. 16, figs. 200).— This bulletin contains a general account of the anatomy, life history, habits, and classifications of the order Hemiptera, including lice, Heterop- tera, and Ilomoptera. Brief biological antl economic notes are given on the more imj)! )rtant species of the variou-i families of these su))orders. The bulletin constitutes a compendium of practical information upon these insects. ENTOMOLOGY. 67 Beetles injuring trees in the Turkestan region and means of destroying them, N. N. Sokolov [Zlmkl jtin'rezhdaijualiduedercvu a nkladaklt Turkeslam^kayo knuja i sj)o.'i and cot- toiiwoods wliicli luiv*> Ikh-oiiu' hadly iiifeytetl should be cut urrows may be cleaned out and a wad of cotton saturated with bisulphid of carbon inserted. Woodiieckers are mentioned as feedinjj ui)on the caterj)illars to some extent. The codling moth or apple maggot ['. .sr/-., j.'t {WOl), Ntt. 7')S,i I'. 32, f(jx. ,i) . — Brief notes on the habits and life history of tins insect. For pre- venting the caterpillars from crawling up the trees, the author recommends the banding of trees with sacking. The bark of infested trees may be scraped and treated with caustic solutions. The gypsy moth, S. Lamta [Mitlniolnix Ldiift Kparently free from the insect, on account of the persistent efforts of fruit men to destroy the scale and prevent its further introduction. Crude petroleum; the elm louse; the pear-leaf blister mite, J. M. Aldrich (Idiihi) Sla. Bill. 26, pp. 1.5-24, Jiijx. 1). — The author experimented with connnercial crude petroleum, jjnrchased in San Francisco, with a specific gravity of 0.954 and a density of 16.8 Baume. It was found impossible to spray this oil undiluted, since it was .«o gunnny that 75 lbs. pressure to the inch was not sufficient to break the oil into a spray. The machines commonly used for making automatic mixtures of ker- osene and water were useless for making mixtures of the crude oil and water. This oil was found, however, to pass into emulsion with soapsuds more readily than with kerosene. Spraying with emulsions for San Jose scale was made March 1 to 10, and the trees were inspected on September 21 following. At that time it was found that one large pear tree, which had l)een covered with a solid stream of pure petroleum, bore more and larger fruit than adjacent trees of the same variety which were not infested with the scale, and that the foliage was in good condition. One side of an apple tree sprayed with undiluted petroleum died after leafing out, while the other side, which was sprayed with a 50 per cent emulsion, was in good condition and free from scale. Experiments were made with emulsions of crude petroleum varying in strength from 3^ to 50 per cent. Branches of trees which had been sprayed with 3^ per cent emulsion, examined soon after, revealed no living scales. 70 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The author believes, therefore, that the weakest sokition used is sufficient to kill all scales with which it comes in contact. In some cases a marked stinuilation of pear trees as a result of spraying with crude petroleum was observed. Spraying with a 33 per cent emulsion of petroleum was very effective in destroying apple aphis and elm aphis. The elm aphis {Schizoneura ainericana) lays its eggs in crevices of the bark and passes the winter in the egg stage. During summer the attacks of this insect cause the leaves to roll up and some leaves contain a hundred or more plant lice of all sizes. About midsummer the plant lice develop wings and migrate. In September the return migration occurs. These return migrations produce a new brood, which deposits the egg. The only remedy recommended by the author for this species is crude petroleum, as already mentioned. The pear-leaf blister mite is reported as having caused the death of some trees at the station. Experiments with kerosene emulsion were carried on and emulsions of 12^, 16§, and 20 per cent kerosene were used. The weaker solutions did not destroy all the eggs, while the 20 per cent solution was very effective. Nectarophora pisi, E. D. Sanderson {Canad. Ent., 33 {1901), No. 2, pp. 31-39, pi. 1) . — The author compared series of specimens from American and European sources with the result that the species previously described as A"^. destructor is con- sidered the same as that called A^. jnsi by European authors. The specimens of A^. destructor, upon which measurements were based in the original description, were larger than the average form. Details of measurements of specimens from different sources are given. The author discusses briefly the previous outbreaks of this spe- cies in the United States. The insect is described in its various forms, together with notes on the varieties found on various plants. The pea aphis, J. C. Chapais {Nat. Can;5, 209G6). — A Ijrief general account of insect parasitism and details of the anatomy and functions of various organs which constitute the insect's body. The simple eyes of insects, R. Hes.se {Zool. Am., 24 {1901), No. 634, pp- 30, 31). — The author reports the results of his studies on the structure of the simple eyes as found in the larvae of a considerable variety of insects. Biological notes on the predaceous Hymenoptera, G. Aulerz {E)it. Tidskr., 21 {1900) , No. 3-4, pp. 161-200). — The author gives notes on the habits and life his- tory of a number of species, including Animopliiki sabulosa, Miscns campestris, Cer- ceris Jobialu, ami species of Psammophila, Crabro, Pompilus, etc. Biology of coprophagous insects, E. A. Bogdanow {Allg. Ztschr. Ent., 6 {1901), No. 3, pp. 35-41).— '^^w 'Author gives brief notes on the habits and life history of ENTOMOLOGY. 71 several species of flies and Ijeetles. Experiments were conducted on some of these sjtecies for the purpose <>f determiniiit,' their reaction to liglit, gravity, and other influences. The spinning apparatus of larvae of Lyda, N. C'uolodkovsky {All//. Ztsrhr. Eut., 6 {1901), No. i2, pp. 17-19, jigs. 4). — The author gives a detailed description of the anatomy of the spinning glands and related structvires in the larvfe of the genus Lyda, especially L. erythrorcpJKild. The stridulating organs of the Rhynchota, A. Handlirsch ( Verhandl. K. K. ZdoI. Bot. r?c.s7'//. 117///, 50 {1900), Xo. JO, pp. 555-560, fins. 7).— The author studied the >«triduluting organs of a number of species and gives details of the anatomy of these structures. The study involved a large number of si)ecies. Occurrence of Drosophila ampelophila in great numbers, L. Melrhar ( Weimr Enl. '.'.Iij., ^0 ( 191)1), Xo. 1-..', ]>j>. 7. S). — This species of vinegar fly is reported a»s being abundant in southern parts of Germany. The author observed the species in great numljers during October, 1900, in and about a barrel in which wormy fruit had been left. A brief discussion is given of the literature relating to this species. Cockchafers and means of combating them in forests, A. Sobolev {Selisk. KJtoz. i Liicsor., 199 [1900), Xav., pp. SS9-40S). — The author reviews the literature relating to the life history and means of condmting MelolouOia vulgaris and M. hippo- costani, and gives a list of years during which these insects were especially injurious. Especial attention is given to the habits of and remedies for the latter species, espe- cially since there is so little literature on the subject. The methods of digging out and cutting out are descTibed in detail, and notes are given on the agency of the fungus parasite Bofrgtis tenella in controlling the cockchafers. Means of protection of plants against attacks by caterpillars, G. Lagerheim {Ent. Tid^kr., 21 {1900), Xo. 3-4, pp. 209-232, figs. 5).— The author presents detailed notes on Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Aphididre, with reference to the fre- quency of their attacks U2)on various plants. Notes are also given on the bitter juices, hairs, tough tissues, and other devices ])y w'hich different families of plants are t(i some extent protected against the insects' attacks. Directions for treatment of insect pests and plant diseases, E. D. Sanderson and F. D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Bui. 50, folio, figs. S). — Brief notes are given on the common insect and fungus diseases of the more important economic plants, together with formulas for making the standard insecticides and fungicides. Paris green, W. C. Stubbs {Louisiana Stas. Bui. 63, 2. ser., pp. 577-589, 595, 596). — The author gives a copy of the Louisiana law regulating the sale and purity of Paris green as an insecticide, and reports the percentage of arsenious acid found in a large nimiber of samples. The amount of Paris green sold in different parishes is men- tioned, and it is stated that no evidence has thus far been obtained of violation of the law in adulterating Paris green. A fumigator for small orchard trees, V. H. Lowe {New York State Sta. Bui. 181, ])p. 138-142, pis. 5). — The author devised a fumigator with dimensions 10 by 6 by 6 ft. The frame was made of pine strips, one side of the bottom being left out, so that the box could be easily placed around the tree. A movable side was con- structed so as to be easily fastened in place by means of wooden buttons. The frame is covered with any suitable gas-tight material, such as 8 oz. duck, which may be treated with raw oil and white lead, or shellac with oil and white lead. The canvas over the top may be protected by fastening wire gauze in the top of the l)ox, to pre- vent the branches from tearing the canvas. A strip of canvas 18 in. wide is fastened to each side of the base of the fumigator, and when the box is in place these strips are covered by dirt or sand bags. The box is thus gas tight. The cost of this fumigator varies from $13 to $18, according to the kind of material used for the cover. The box may be easily manipulated by 2 men. A bag of cyanid is placed over the dish of acid, and by means of a string passing through a small hole in one of the upright sticks may In- pulled into the acid. The time required for mov- 72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ing the odx from one tree to another is about 10 minutes. The advantages claimed for this fumigator are that its cubic contents may be accurately computed, that the same amount of chemicals will be used for each charge, thus avoiding extra weigh- ings, that fewer men are required to handle it, and that the fumigator does not rest upon the tree and is therefore not likely to break the limbs. Apiculture, A. Gale {Ayr. (t]>■ 1-^7-1^9, figs. 2). — In preliminary experiments with this substance tlie author made use of frames I'ontaining larvae infested with foul brood. Small portions of the comb were exposed in glass, vessels to the vapor of formaldehyde for one-quarter of an hour. This treatment was found to have destroyed the bacillus of foul brood. The experiments were repeated on a larger scale by a practical bee keeper with satisfactory results, and a lamp has been devised which is especially adapted for fumigating infested colonies in the hive. Very fav(^rable results have been obtained from its use. A detailed description is given of the lamp. Foul brood of bees, F. C. Harrison ( Ontario Ayr. Col. and Expt. Farm Bid. 112, pp. 32,mpls. 4). — This article has already been noted from anotht-r source (E. S. R., 12, p. 986). Some experiments in the exportation of beneficial insects, F. M. Webster ( Canad. Ent., 33 {1901), No. ^, pp. 5S, .59) . — The author refers briefly to experiments in shipping species of lady bug beetles from Ohio to South Africa. Numerous speci- mens of several species were sent with good results in the case of Pcntilia inisella. FOODS-^NUTRITION. Experiments on the effect of muscular work upon the digestibility of food and the metabolism of nitrogen, conducted at the University of Tennessee,, 1897-1899, C. E. Wait { ('. S. Dipt. Ayr., Ofiirr of Experiment Stations Bid. 89, pp. 77). — This bulletin is in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 10, p. 171), and reports 16 experiments. With one exception they are divided into three periods, during two of which the subject (in every case a young man in health) performed little or no nmscular work, while during the third j)eriod he had more or less exer- cise. The digestibility of the diet and tlie balance of income and outgo of nitrogen were determined in all the periods with a view to learning the effects of nmscular work. During the majority of the work jieriods and some of the rest j>eriods the outgo of nitrogen in the urine was determined in portions corresponding to 6-hour intervals. "The nmscular work performed during the work period of the experiments carried on [during the first year] was not at all severe. There was, moreover, a slight increase of nitrogen in the diet during the work period, in addition to a large increase of energy from additional fats and carbohydrates in the ration (in some cases as FOODS NUTRITION. 78 much as 1,000 calories per «lay). It was found that the (lif:estil)ility of the diet was not appreciably affected under these conditions. As regards the income and outgo of nitrogen, there was almost invariably a gain of nitrogen during the period of work which amounted to as much as 5 gm. per day at times. Allowing for the slightly increa,sed amounts of nitrogen in the daily diet during this period, as compared with the preceding rest period, there was at times a relative gain and at times a relative loss of nitrogen. In the experiments made [during the second year] the energy in the diet during the period of muscular activity was increased by about 500 calories per da;-, while the nitrogen remained practically the same as during the preceding rest period. The calculated energy required for the measured muscular A\ork ranged from 127 to 147 calories and averaged 139 per day. The digestibility of the diet was again uninfluenced by muscular work. A study of the nitrogen balance shows that in the majority of cases if there was a gain during the rest period it was increased during the work period, and if there was a loss it was diminished. In other words, comi)aring the elimination of nitrogen in the periods of little muscular activity and normal diet with that during periods of increased activity and a diet furnishing energy largely in excess of the heat equivalent of the measured work performed, there seems to be a slight decrease under the latter condition. This is true even when we consider the possibilities of a small loss of nitrogen in the perspiration and a lag (»f considerable duration between the breaking down of nitrogeiious niaterial within the body and the excretion of nitrogen in the urine." Concerning' the influence of pasteurized grape juice upon g-eneral nitro- gen metabolism, etc. , body weight, and intestinal putrefaction in healthy- man on mixed diet, M. Minas {Inaug. Dixft., Dorjiat, 1900, pj). 144; f'fe- lit Zt^i. and Siirij., I'jod, Xor., pji. ..'0). — The autlior discusses experiments carried on by him- self and other investigators. The methods of practical hygiene, K. B. Lehmann {Die Meihodcn der jiraldischen IIl/;/iei><: Wic.^fxiden: J. F. Bergman, 1901, 2. ed., pp. XVIII + 698, figs. 140).— A revised and enlarged edition of this handbook and laboratory manual, which is designed to meet the needs of physicians, chemists, and others who have occasion to make examinations of air, animal and vegetal)le foods, etc., from a hygienic stand- point. Fifth report on food products, Vj.H. J knkish {Connect icid Slate Stu. lipt. 1900, pt. J, pp. 10.5-1/4). — The Connecticut food law and the law regulating the sale of commercial feeding stuffs are quoted. The work of the station during the year in the examination of food products is briefly reviewed. lu all 82-1 samples were examined. 23194— No. 1—01 6 74 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Food products examined for the dairy commissioner in th.e twelve months ended July 31, 1900 ( (Mnirct'irnt Stutr Sta. Jl/,t. i:>t/(), />t.J, jtp. ^KJ-JIS) .—Samples of a number of iiiuterials ineludin^r butter, molasses, and vinef^ar were examined. Bread and the principles of bread making, Helen AV. Atwater {British Food Jour., -^ {1900), Nos. 17, pp. 120-122; IS, pp. 1.50,151; 19, pp. 180,181; 20, pp. 215- 217; 21, pp. 246,246; 22, pp. 279,280; 2S, pp. 312, SIS; 24, pj>. 349, SoO) .—A reprint of U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 112 (K. 8. K., 12, p. 279). The Schweitzer system of grinding- grain and making bread, A. ]\Iuntz {Bnl. A'jr. Ali/irir ct Tnni.-7). — Notes on the adulteration of samples of mace. Baking powders, A. L. Winton, A. AV. 0(ii)EN, and C. Langley {Coniiectieu^ State Sta. Rjit. 1900, j>t. 2, j^p. 157-180, pi. i).— Details are rejjortcd of the examina- tion of 76 l)rands of baking powders. Cream of tartar, A. AV. Ogden {Connecticut Stale Sla. Rpl. 1900, jd. 2, jiji. 180- 185). — Seventy-six sami)les of cream of tartar w'ere examined. The manufacture of vinegar, E. M. Hawkins {Britisti l-nml .four., 2 {1900), No. 24, 1>P- '^47, 348). — A descriptive artii'le. Coffee and coffee compounds, A. L. Winton ( (Jonnecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1900, pt. 2, pp. 118-122). — Of the 5 samples of unground coffee examined during the year it is stated that 3 were unadulterated; of the ground coffees, 48 were not adulterated and 7 adulterated. Chocolate meal, A. Bevthien and H. IIempel {Zti^chr. Unter.mch. Nahr. u. Genussrntl. 4 {1901), No. 1, pp. 23-25). — A chemical examination of samples of so-called chocolate meal is reported. Concerning Dutch cocoa, J. Forster {Hyg. Rund.^chau, 10 {1900), No. 7, pp. 305- 307) . — The process of manufacture and healthfulness of cocoa is discussed at some ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 75 ItMijith. Analyses (proxinuite and ash) are ])riefly reported, as well as dis. 219.1 222.6 224.0 221.55 222. 3 223. 4 224. 0 223. 15 Lbs. 1,344 2,016 1,344 1,344 1,344 1,344 1,344 1,344 Lbs. 4,581.8 4, 445. 7 3,972.7 4,277.25 4,416.3 4, 076. 1 3,735.1 4,075.7 Lbs. 195. 40 186. 94 167. 95 181. 675 189. 16 173. 81 159.38 174.27 Cents.' 9.0 Period 11 (12 lbs. grain) 12.2 10.8 Average of Periods I and III LotB: 9.9 9.6 Period II (8 Ib.s. grain ) 10.6 Period III (8 lbs. grain) Average of Periods I and III 11.6 10.6 The results are discussed at some length. The production of milk and butter per unit of dry matter consumed decreased during the heavy grain feeding. The after effects were unfavorable to heavy grain feeding. "The results of the experiments in this line conducted by us during the last two years lead to the general conclusion that it does not pay to feed dairy cows more than a medium amount of grain feed, which may be placed at about 8 lbs. per head daily, except in case of cows of marked dairy tendencies that respond to heavy grain feeding by an increased production of milk and fat rather than bv a gain in live weight." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 81 Record of the university dairy herd, W. L. Carlyi.e ( Wisconsin Sta. lijit. 1.900, pp. 31.'f-Sd'>, fi'/x. 14). — -An acTOunt is given of the care and management of the dairy herd, used in a comparison of the milk and butter production of cows of the special- purpose dairy type and cows of the dual-purpose type, and the records of 12 pure- bred and grade cows for the year. The data given include the breed, age, and weight of cows; kind, amount, and cost of food eaten; number of days in milk; amount and value of products, and total profit. Variations in the j^roduction of 2 cows are noted. Illustrations are given of 10 of the cows, acc'ompanied in each case 1)y descriptive and historii'al notes and a summary of ])rop. 7G-S1) .—This lias been alistracted from another source (E. S. R., 11, p. 1083). Influence of temperature on tests of skim milk by the Babcock test, E. H. Kakkington []Vi>i<-oHxin sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. S1-S6) . — The fat content of skim milk w as determined by gravimetric analysis and by steam turbine testers at 140 and 200° F. in 10 comparative tests. The average results by the 3 methods were, respectively, 0.08, 0.06, and 0.03 per cent. "In every case the tests were higher when made in the tightly-closed tester and heated to about 200° F. than they were when tested in the machine having an ojiening in the cover and whirled at about 140° F. In some cases twice as much fat was shown in the hot test bottles as in the others. . . . Tests of skim milk made with 20 cc. of acid and whirled at a high speed in a machine heated to about 200° F. give results nearer those obtained 1)v gravimetric analysis than are obtainep. 9). — This is a popular summary of the above bulletin. The cause of the ripening of cheese, E. von Freudenreich [Ann. Agr. Suisse, 2 {1901), No. 1, pp. 1-5). — In the present study it was sought to make cheese under normal conditions, but without containing certain bacteria. For this reason milk was drawn under the best a.septic conditions possible. Six lots of milk were obtained witli from 62 to 316 bacteria per cu])ic centimeter. These lots were made into 6 cheeses. In Nos. 1 ami 2, used as checks, the milk from which they were made did not contain any lactic-acid bacteria and was coagulated with artificial rennet to avoid the addition of bacteria. Two other portions (Nos. 3 and 4) were coagulated with a natural rennet that contained almost pure cultures of these lactic-acid ferments, which, according to the author, are necessary in the ripening of cheese. The fifth lot was coagulated with artificial rennet and in addition 3 kinds of lactic-acid bacte- ria. Bacterium ladis acidi and 2 others denominated a and e, were incorporated. The sixth lot was made up as No. 5, except that only 1 kind of lactic-acid forming bacte- ria, s, was added. After 10 weeks, bacteriological and chemical examinations of the cheeses were made, the chemical examination consisting in the determination of the nitrogen soluble in water, and the nitrogen of the products of decomposition, in percentages of the total nitrogen. 80 experimj:nt station record. The folldwintr ^^ll()^^•H the clieiiiical analyses: AiKili/xei^ of cheese ripened in different irays. Cheese No. 1 (artificial rennet) 2 (artificial rennet) 3 ( natural rennet) 4 (natural rennet) 5 (artificial rennet, with 3 lactic-acid bacteria) 6 (artificial rennet, with 1 lactic-acid bacteria) Nitrogen soluble in water. Per cent. 9.31 16.38 9.77 12.88 13.89 12.20 Nitrogen of the products of decom- position. Per rent. 0.75 1.70 3.00 3.52 2.55 1.30 Nitrogen of decomposi- tion in total soluble ni- trogen. Per cent. In the checks in which lactic-acid bacteria were absent, there was no evidence of ripening in the taste of the cheese. The differences in the amounts of soluble nitrogen in these cheeses appeared to depend upon the number of bacteria present which were able to decompose the casein but which did not have any favorable influence upon the ripening. The larger decomposition of No. 2 did not show an improvement in quality over No. 1. InNos. 3 and 4, while the ripening had not jirogressed very far, yet the results were favorable for the ])roduction of a good cheese. The differences between No. 5 and No. 6 showed that the absence of 2 of the lactic-ai-id liacteria in the last lot had an unfavorable influence upon the rii)ening. The differences between the cheeses in the experiments are more strongly brought out in the column in the table giving the percentage of nitrogen of decomposition in the total soluble nitrogen. The role of lactic acid bacteria in the ripening- of cheese, R. Chodat and N. O. Hofman-Bang {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 15 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 36-4S).—T\\q authors made a number of culture experiments with different species of lactic-acid bac- teria and the tyrothrix form of Duclaux. Casein was used as a culture medium and was prepared as follows: Fresh milk was creamed in a separator, pasteurized, coagulated, the whey removed, and the curd washed and dried. AVheu used, the curd was treated with a small amount of water and sterilized. The small por- tions of the culture medium were inoculated with the various forms of bacteria tested, and the soluble and insoluble nitrogen formed are shown in tables. From the re.sults obtained the authors conclude that the lactic-acid bacteria do not have the importance in ripening cheese that Freudenreich ascribes to theiii. The tyro- thrix forms appeared to have the power of dissolving the casein of tiie culture medium while the lactic-acid bacteria did not. The infl.uence of the temperature of curing- upon the commercial quality of cheese, G. A. Smith {Xeie York Stitte St. i:i.i-J0.1). — Introductory notes are given on the cheese industry in New York, and experiments reported in curing cheese at temperatures connuou under ordinary factory conditions and at lower temperatures. The method of making the cheese was uniform in all the experiments and is described in detail. In liS99 cheese was cured at 55, 60, 65, and 70° F., and in 1900 also at 75 and 80°. Scorings are tabulated. "Of the cheeses made in 1899 those cured at 60° F. and below scored, on the average, almost 5 points higher on flavor and 2.5 points higher on texture, than those cured at 65° F. and above. In 1900, the average difference in favor of the lower temperatures was 5.1 points on flavor and 2.7 points on texture." The improvement of curing rooms, by making them tighter and providing some means of cooling them, as a cold-air duct, is strongly urged. Cold-cured cheese, F. H. Hall and G. A. Smith {Xeir York State Sla. Bid. 184, popular cd., pp. 4)- — This is a brief review of the above bulletin. I DAIRY FARMING DAIRY IN(J. 87 The changes of the fat in the ripening of cheese, K. Wimmsch [ArL K. (iemndheilmititr, 17 {1901), p/>. l-ldO; nhs. in (*hem. Cerifld., 73 {1901),. I, No. H, pp. l^S-130). — The changes in the fat in the ripening of chee-se are apparent from the variations in the quality and the amount of the fat. The changen in the quality are ehemical and are especially noted in the formation of soluble fatty acids. The breaking up of the glycerids with the formation of soluble fatty acids ])egins shortly after the manufacture of the cheese, the volatile acids lu-ing in part at least elimi- naterincipal role, the work l)eing especially aided by certain enzym-producing species. Influence of rennet on cheese ripening, S. M. R.muock, li. J^. Ku.sskll, and A. Vivian {Wiscomin Sta. Rjit. 1900, pp. 10^'-12J, jUj.^. r>). — The views of various authors on the action of rennet in cheese making are given and investigations to le nitrogen in the cheese made in each case was determined at different intervals. An increase in the quantity of rennet extract used was accompanied in each case by an increase in the percentage of soluble nitrogenous products. The average water content of cheese made from 1,000 lbs. of milk to which 3 oz. of rennet extract had been added was 35.23 per cent, and from the same quantity of milk to which 9 oz. of rennet extract had been added was 34.37 l»er cent. The hypothesis advanced that an increase in the amount of rennet tends to increase the moisture of cheese and so hasten the ripening process is therefore considered untenal)le. To determine if other ferments than rennin in the rennet extract was the cause of increased digestion where large quantities of the extract were used, an attempt was made to inhibit the action of rennin by heat. Rennet extract heated to 152° F. for 5 minutes was compared with the unheated extract. As heat- ing decreased the proteolytic action as well as the curdling power of the rennet extract, the results of this experiment did not permit of a definite conclusion. Studies were made of the soluble decomposition products in cheese made with vary- ing (juantities of rennet. Four series of experiments are reported in detail. Deter- minations of the alljumoses, peptones precipitated by tannin and ))y phosphotungstic acid, amids, and ammonia in cheese made with varying (juantities of rennet at different stages of rijiening are given. The effect of adding varying (juantities oi pejtsin to the rennet extract was also studied, as well as the influence of acidity of curd on rate of peptic digestion. Several different brands of commercial pepsin were compared. The results of the investigations are summarized as follows: "The increase in soluble nitrogenous products in cheese and also in milk due to an increase in amount of rennet extract used are also coniined to those by-products that are j)eculiar to pej)sin, thus indicating that the digestive action of rennet extract is attributal)le to the action of the pepsin incor|)orated with the rennet extract. The crucial test of this ccmclusion was made by adding j)urified i)ei)sin to milk and making the same into cheese, where rennet extract was or was not added to curdle the milk. In such cheese digestion has been increased in those cases to which pepsin has been added, and this increase has been confined to th(jse by-products that are characteristic of pepsin, and which also appear in cheese made with high quantities of rennet. "The digestion in cheese incident to pepsin is determined mainly by the degree of acidity developed in the nulk and curd. In Cheddar cheese, peptic digestion ])rob- ably does not begin until the acidity of the milk is approximately 0.3 per cent lactic 88 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. acid. Acidsalt«as jjhoHphates, etc., favor peptic digestion in milk in a manner comparable to free acids. Free acid does not normally exist in Cheddar cheese, the apparent acidity being due to acid salts. "Summarizing these conclusions, rennet exerts a digestive effect on the casein of cheese, due to the presence of peptic enzyms contained in rennet extracts, the action of which is intensified by development of acid in the curd. The soluble nitrogenous produ(!ts formed in Cheddar cheese by rennet are the albumoses and the higher peptones that are precipitated Ity tannin." A study of the action of rennet, J. J. O. de Vries and F. W. J. Boekhout {Landw. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 3, j)p. 221-239).— T\w work of several authors on the influence of the organic and mineral substances of milk upon the action of rennet is reviewed. The work of Soldner upon the favorable influence of soluble lime salts on the coagulation of milk is treated at length. The effect on the action of rennet of heating, diluting, and the addition of soda solution, carbonic acid, and of cal- cium chlorid to the milk, are shown. From the results of the several tests the con- clusion is drawn that Soldner' s theory of the great influence of the soluble lime salts upon the action of rennet is not well founded, and that they do not have the impor- tance that he ascri))es to them. The solubility of lime is variable, depending upon its combination and the acidity of the milk, and does not indicate the most favorable condition for rapid coagulation. Kemoving carbonic acid previously added to milk will not affect the soluble lime content, but will greatly reduce the coagulating power of the rennet. It would appear, therefore, that the acidity, as well as the soluble lime content of the milk, affects the action of the rennet. A description of the new cheese-curing rooms and the foreign cheese-mak- ing rooms, E. H. Farrington {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 309-313, figs. 2). — An addition to the dairy building provides rooms for instruction in the manufacture of Swiss, brick, and Limburger cheese, and rooms for pressing and curing Cheddar cheese. The main floor of the new building, which is below the surface of the ground, is 47 by 57 ft. The ground plan and the side elevation of the building are given, and the subearth duct, method of heating, and method of roofing the cellar are described. Officials, associations, and educational institutions connected writh the dairy interests of the United States for the year 1901 ( U. S. Dipt. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Oire. 33, pp.8).- — A list of each. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Proceedings of the American Veterinary Medical Association for 1900 {St. Paul: Veterinuri/ Press Co., pp. 296, pi. 1). — The thirty-seventh meeting of the Association was held in Detroit, Mich., September 4 to 7, 1900. Some of the papers presented are briefly noted below. Labor, rest, and confinement, W. L. Williams (pp. 82-92). — The author attempts to define these terms as applied to domesticated animals. The relation of veterinary medicine to the public health, W. H. Lowe (pp. 92-96). — In this article the author gives a brief statement of the services which the veterinarian may render in preventing the transmission of animal diseases to man. Sarcoptic scabies of the horse and psoroptic scabies of cattle in Montana, M. E. Knowles (pp. 97-104, pi. 1). — In the northern part of Montana sarcoptic scabies of the horse has prevailed to some extent since 1885. It is believed that the disease was intro- duced by Indian horses, perhaps during the raid of the Nez Perc6 Indians in 1877. During the past 3 years, about 12,000 horses have been treated for this disease, and it is now practically stamped out. Each affected horse was roped and hand treated. A brief account is given of the symptoms of the disease and of the behavior of affected horses. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 89 The psoroptic scabies of cattle is reported iia prevailing to considerable extent in Teton County, ^Montana. The cattle men of the State describe a similar disease which affected the buffalo, and believe that the disease was transmitted from buffaloes to domestic cattle. The disease makes its first appearance in cattle at the root of the tail or on the neck and withers, and slowly extends along the shoulders and sides of the chest. In long standing cases it comes finally to cover the entire Ixxly and head, except the part of the legs l)eloM^ the knees. The author estimates that of the cattle on the ranges north of the ^lissouri River, between the Rocky ^Mountains and the Dakota line, 20 per cent are affected with this disease. At first parafhne oil, to which about 3 per cent of sulphur was added, was used for hand treatment of the disease. Later extensive dipping vats were constructed, and a lime-and-sulphur dip has been employed cheaply and successfully. Tfie rapid diagnosis of rabies, JV. P. Ravenel and D. J. McCarthy (pp. 109-111). — In all positive cases of rabies in dogs and rabbits the authors found certain constant changes in the intervertebral ganglia. The most pronounced changes ^\■ere noted in the ganglia of rabbits in which the disease had been produced from subdural inocu- lations with material from dogs. The relation of the lymphaiks to meatiwtpection, T. Butler (pp. 112-123). — The author calls attention to the frequency with which the various lymphatic glands are affected in cases of infectious diseases. Detailed notes are given of changes produced in these glands by the pathogenic organisms of various diseases. Rabies and hi/drnphobia, D. E. Salmon (jip. 124-144) . — A controversial article con- cerning the nature and prevention of this disease. Antiseptic therapeutics, J. F. Winchester (pp. 15.3-159). — In this article the author discusses the possibility of checking or preventing the growth of pathogenic l)acteria within the animal organism by an excess of alkalies or acids and by the use of such antiseptics as potassium permanganate, benzol, and pelroleum. Obstacles to enforcing regulations requiring the tuberculiji test in interstate cattle traffic, A. Peters (pp. 202-214). — The author states that the greatest obstacle to the enforce- ment of laws or regulations requiring a tuberculin test is dishonesty among certain cattle dealers who object to the test because it interferes with their profit, and among certain veterinarians wIkj advance certificates without reliable tests. Experimentid tuberculosis, human and horine, in tJte domestic animals, R. R. Dinwiddie (pp. 215-228). — Three pigs Avere inoculated wdth sputum cultures and another pig of the same size with bovine culture. All of these pigs soon exhibite<.l signs of disease. The pig which received the bovine culture showed the more extensive tubercular disease. Another comparative test of sputum and bovine cultures on pigs clearly indicated the greater virulence of the bacilli of bovine origin for pigs. Com- parative experiments on sheep gave similar results. The following articles were also read during the meetings of this society: A pos- sible cause of azoturia, A. W. Balch; The i)athology of azoturia, "\V. A. Brinckerhoff; Practical antiseptics in surgery, G. A. Johnson; Veterinary progress inlNIichigan, W. Jopliug; Spavin, its etiology and treatment, \V. J. Martin; Snakes, snake venoms, and antivenines, E. M. Ranck; Urinary analysis in veterinary practice, P. A. Fish; Live-stock vaccines and serum therapy, W. Rushworth; Gruber's reaction in hog cholera, R. R. Dinwiddie (E. S. R., 12, p. 788); The work of the veterinary section of the experiment stations, J. J. Repp (E. S. R., 12, p. 601). Report of cattle commissioners, I. A. Watson and N. G. Bachelder {New Hampshire Slate Bd. Agr. Rpt. IS'M-IBOO, pp. 353-3S2). — A copy is given of the regu- lations of the State Board of Cattle Commissioners regarding the care and disposi- tion of diseased animals, and regarding quarantine and inspection service. Brief notes are given on the use of tuberculin and malleiu in the control of tuberculosis and glanders. It is concluded that enforcement of proper sanitary measures for preventing the development of b(jvine tuberculosis is as important aa the destruction 23194— No. 1—01 7 90 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of diseased aiiiiiialH. Thorough (Usinfection has been insisted upon in all stables where outbreaks of tlie disease were found. Phagocytosis during fatal infections, T. Tchistovitch {Ann. Imt. FaMeur, 14 (1900), Xu. 1^, pp. 80J-S1~'). — Rabbits were inoculated with fatal doses of strep- tococcus and killed for examination after \, I, %, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours. These experi- ments showed that immediately after intravenous injection of streptococcus these organisms are found in considerable numbers in the lungs, free at first and later surrounded by polynuclear leucocytes. The leucocytes are numerous and invade the capillaries. Phagocytosis in the lungs is by no means complete, and free strep- tococci were found in all of the rabbits. The process of phagocytosis was more complete in the lungs than in the liver. The hot fly (Gastrophilus equi), W. W. Froggatt [Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {IVOO), No. 11, pp. 947-951,1)1. 1). — The author gives a brief account of the life history and habits of the more common species of this family which infest the horse, ox, sheep, and camel. An experiment was conducted by T. 8ti'el in treating mules for hot flies. After a preliminary feeding with bran mash, li drams of carbon bisul- phid were given in a jjint of water, and the dose was repeated 3 hours later. In the evening of the same day J pt. of linseed oil was administered. The treatment had no apparent effect on the bot flies, although a large number of parasitic worms were expelled, but it was not certain that the bot flies had not left the mule when the treatment was administered. The species of bot fly which is common in Victoria is said to lie (i. sdlutaria. A ne\7 process in the culture of tetanus bacillus, L. Debrand {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 14 {1900), No. 11, pp. 757-768). — The tetanus bacillus when cultivated alone is anaerobic, and the experimenter has always the extra trouble of producing a vacuum in order to secure abundant supplies of pure cultures. In experiments con- ducted by the author it was found that when the tetanus bacillus was grown together with Bacillus suhtilis, it vegetated rapidly in the presence of oxygen, and a toxin w^as obtained from such cultures which possessed the same properties as the toxin from the tetanus V)acillus grown alone under anaerobic conditions. This gives an easy and convenient method for obtaining pure cultures of the tetanus bacillus. It was also found that other bacteria beside B. suhtilis had the same effect on the tetanus bacillus. Among these, mention may be made of B. mesetitericus and B. anth7-acis. When grown with the anthrax bacillus, however, the tetanus bacillus produces a very weak toxin. On the ringworm infection in man and animals, J. L. Bunch {British Med. Jour., 1901, No. 2093, Epit., pp. 323-326, pis. 2, figs. ^).— The author discusses a nundier of cases of ringworm which were communicated from horses and cats to man. The nature of the fungus parasite which was isolated is described in deta,il, together with remarks on its behavior in different culture media. Agglutination of bacillus of Koch by tuberculous discharges, P. Courmont {Arch. Med. E.vper. et Anat. Path., Paris, 1. ser., 12 {1900), No. 6, pp. 697-732). — The author's experiments included series of tests with serous fluids and blood serum from man and experimental animals. When animals were inoculated with the virulent form of tuberculosis the serum reaction was almost always negative, although death followed later in every case. On the other hand, when the animals were inoculated with a less virulent form of tuberculosis the serum reaction was always positive, in the proportion of 1 to 20 in the case of the guinea pig and 1 to 600 in the case of the dog. Experiments with various serous discharges which were not tuberculous gave reactions which were always negative. The general results obtained may be stated as follows: Non tuberculous, serous fluids do not agglutinate the tubercle bacillus under ordinary conditions in the propor- tion of 1 to 5. The majority of tuberculous, serous fluids show an agglutinating power in proportions of from 1 to 5 and 1 to 20. A certain proportion, however, of tuber- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 91 culous, serous fluids do not give a positve reaction, even in the proportion of 1 to 5. As a rule, however, this faihire of the reaction occurs in ca«es of advanced or gener- alized tuberculosis. The agglutinating power of blood is not always equal to that of the serous fluids upon the same animal. It may be more or less, or may be entirely absent, while that of the other serous fluids is quite pronounced. Under favorable conditions the agglutinating power of the blood serum and of other serums can V)e progressively increased. The results obtained from the study of serums of human origin and from other animals gave the same results. It is believed, therefore, that a positive reaction in the jiroportion of 1 to 5 constitutes a reasonably certain diag- nosis (if tulHTculdsis. Bacillus tuberculosis piscium and the tuberculosis of frogs caused by this bacillus, Ledoux-Lebard {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 14 (1900), No. 8, pp. 535-554, pi. 1). — This bacillus develops in the frog under forms more varied than those of the bacillus of Koch in mammals. The cellular reactions vary in different species and to a cer- tain extent in different organs of the same species. Each organ seems to defend itself against the invasion of the bacillus in its own way. In the liver of the frog certain special cells are recognized which differ from ordinary migratory cells and which are pigmented. These cells do not necessarily participate in the formation of tubercles, but under certain conditions they appear to be more numerous and become associated with the tubercles already formed. Bovine tuberculosis, E. Nocard [Jour. Agricole [Pan>], 13 (1901), No. 130, pp. 5-10). — The author discusses the liability to contagion from this disease and the various methods which have been proposed for preventing the spread of the disease and for controlling the sale of tuberculous meat and milk. Outbreaks of anthrax fever traceable to tannery refuse, H. L. Russell ( Wis- consin Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 171-184). — During the season of 1899 an outbreak of anthrax occurred on the Black River below Medford, Wis. Bacteriological examination of blood (jbtained from a horse which had died of the disease showed that the organism had all the characteristics of the anthrax bacillus. The disease prevailed for a dis- tance of about 10 miles along the river below a tannery, and the distribution of the cases of anthrax in the affected area indicated the river water as being the carrier of the virus. The wastes of the tannery are discharged into a canal, which in turn empties into the river. The hides received by the tannery came partly from South America and partly from China. The evidence obtained pointed conclusively to these hides as the original source of infection. Experiments were made by E. G. Hastings in testing the value of formaldehyde in destroying the anthrax bacillus. Pieces of dried hide were infected with anthrax spores and then placed in solutions of formaldehyde varying in strength from 1: 500 to 1: 10,000. The series of experiments was continued for 11 days, and at the end of this period anthrax spores capable of development were still found on the hides which had been immersed in solutions containing from 1: 10,000 to 1: 2,500 parts of formaldehyde. The formaldehyde gradually combined with the materials compos- ing the liide, and after from 8 to 12 days its presence could not be detected in solutions of the strengths just mentioned. The formaldehyde exerted a somewhat injurious effect upon the hides, and subsequent tests showed that the hair did not "sweat off" as readily after being treated with formaldehyde as did the hide which had not been so treated. As a practical disinfection of the hides seems to be impossible, it is reconmiended that the waste from tanneries be disinfected, and that stock raisers should vaccinate stock on areas which are likely to become infected. The behavior of anthrax bacillus in the body cavity of guinea pigs, J. B. Van Leent {CeMbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Aht., 28 {1900), No. 21, pp. 737-74^').— The author's experiments were conducted on guinea pigs which weighed about 500 gni. and with anthrax bacilli from 24 to 48 hours old, which had been grown on bouillon at a temperature of 28° C The following conclusions are drawn from the experi- 92 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. ments: Anthrax bacilli, even when present in large quantities in the body cavity of guinea pigs, are frequently destroyed. The animal does not acquire immunity, how- ever, during this process. In some cases, when the experimental animal succumbed to hypodermic inoculations of the anthrax bacillus, the peritoneum killed all the bacilli which were in the body cavity. If the anthrax bacillus is absorbed from the body cavity, it is fatal to the experimental animal, but the resorption of the serous fluid of the body cavity may be beneficial to the animal. The germicide action of the peritoneum is influenced to considerable extent by the presence of foreign bodies or a large quantity of fluid in the body cavity. Wandering cells seemed not to exer- cise any great influence on the anthrax bacillus, and no pronounced phagocytosis was observed. Anthrax among city horses^ J. McFadyean {Jour. Comp. Path, and Ther., 13 {1900), No. 4, pp- 344-345). — The author gives brief notes on 2 cases of anthrax in horses. The source of infection was not definitely ascertained, but it was found that the 2 animals had eaten oats from the same source, and the disease might possibly have been carried in this way. Report on the work of the bacteriolog'ical station of the Kharkov Veteri- nary Institute in 1899, A. Rayevski {Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov., 197 {1900), June, pp. 643-65'J) .—Dxxring the year 1899, 238 liters of the first and 122 of the second anthrax vaccine were prepared and used in the inoculation of sheep, horses, and cattle in various parts of European Russia. The mortality from vaccination was 0.38 per cent in sheep, 0.04 per cent in cattle, and 0.29 per cent in horses. The decomposition of peroxid of hydrogen by animal tissues and by bac- terial organisms, B. Danilewsky {Fln/siologiste Euxse, 2 {1900), No. 21-25, pp. 12-15). — In testing the effect of bacteria upon peroxid of hydrogen, the author made use of pure cultures of the anthrax bacillus on agar-agar. These cultures contained spores. It was found that the anthrax bacillus at ordinary temperatures decomposes peroxid of hydrogen, but loses this power to considerable degree after having been heated for from I to 1 hour at a temperature of 55 to 60° C. The anthrax bacillus was found to be very sensitive to alcohol, which weakened its power of decomposing peroxid of hydrogen. A numbei of experiments were made in determining the effect of ether, chloroform, corrosive sublimate, formaldehyde, and carbolic acid upon the anthrax bacillus. Spore formation of the anthrax bacillus under anaerobic conditions, A. Klett {Zischr. Hyg. u. Infediomkmnk., 35 {1900), No. 3, pp. 4J0-43S). — The results of the author's experiments may be summarized as follows: Spore formation in the anthrax bacillus is not dependent upon the presence of oxygen. Anthrax bacilli were found to form spores abundantly in an atmosphere of nitrogen. Spores were not formed in an atmosphere of hydrogen on account of the injurious effect of hydrogen upon the bacillus. The author believes that the term " anaerobiosis " should be more definitely characterized by reference to all the conditions which are concerned in any particular case. A new staining method for demonstrating the so-called capsule of the anthrax bacillus, W. Raebigek {Ztachr. luelsch n. M'dchhyg., 11 {1900), No. 3, pp. 68-70). — The author obtained unfavorable results by fixing the bacillus upon the slide by means of the flame, and was most successful in using a 40 per cent aqueous solution of formaldehyde for fixing the bacillus. The bacillus was then stained in formalin stains — formalingentianviolet, formalinfuchsin. It was found that by this method the anthrax bacillus could be readily differentiated from other organisms, since the anthrax bacillus showed a conspicuous capsule. Even in decomposing material where numerous bacteria of other species were present, a single anthrax bacillus was readily detected. Immunization of the p.nthrax bacillus against the action of rat serum, J. Danysz {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 14 {1900), No. 10, pp. 641-655),— ThQ author con- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 93 ducted a number of experiments for the purpose of determining the action of rat serum upon the anthrax bacilkis. 8mall quantities of the first and second vaccine and of virulent cultures were inoculated in 20 mixtures of bouillon and rat serum, which were arranged in a series, beginning with 19 droi)s f)f bouillon to one drop of rat serum, and ending with the i)ure serum. The results of these experiments indi- cated that the action of the tliastase contained in the rat serum is more noticeable in distilled than in physiological water, and more so in the latter medium than in bouillon. The first vaccine was more sensitive to the action of diastase than the sec- ond vaccine, and the latter more sensitive than the virus. V^ery small quantities of serum favored the active growth of the bacillus. From these experiments the author concludes that rat serum does not contain a true Ijacteriolytic diasta.se, but only a sub- stance analogous to antiseptics, which paralyzes the functions of assimilation and growth of the bacillus, while it favors the secretion and digestive action of a diasta.se which is secreted by the anthrax bacillus. The bacillus protects itself against the action of rat serimi by the formation of a mucila;^inous sheath. The immunization of the bacillus against this substance does not render it more resistant to autodiges- tion, but simply permits it to produce new cultures. Rat serum deprived of its anti- septic constituent is a good culture medium for the anthrax bacillus. By comparing the results obtained in these experiments with those indicated by experiments with solutions of arsenic, the author concludes that the digestion of the bacillus in rat serum is a phenomenon of similar nature to that of its digestion in suita])le solutions of arsenic. The antipathetic substance formed by the bacillus has no direct action upon the diastase, and does not arrest the development of patho- genic symptoms. Experimental studies on blackleg; immunization by serum, E. Leclainche and H. \'allee (A'cr. VJ {J MO), Xu. 1^, pp. 7-^.5-756).— The authors' experiments were arranged in 2 series. In the first series a goat which had been inununized by a virulent intravenous injection, received during a period of 6 months subi;utaneous inoculations of muscle tissue from infected guinea pigs. The first inoculations produced rather serious local lesions. Later inoculations, however, caused no reaction. The serum of the goat acquired immunizing properties rather slowly. After 3 inoculations, at intervals of 10 days, with 5, 10, and 15 cc. of filtered material from infected guinea pigs, a serum was obtained which, in doses of from 1 to 5 cc, protected guinea pigs against inoculations of ^ cc. of virulent material. In the second series of experiments pure cultures of Bacterium chaund were used. • Two horses were used in these experiments, having been immunized by intravenous injections of pure cultures. They were subsequently treated by intravenous injec- tions of virulent serous fluid in one case and of pure culture in bouillon in the other. The authors found that a sulx'utaneous injection of serum produces an immuniza- tion in organisms thus treated which i)ermits them to endure rejjcated inoculations with the virulent material. Both the horses and the goat were rapidly brought to a condition where they furnished immunizing serum. A fatal dose of virus mixed with a small quantity of immunizing serum becomes neutralized. The simultaneous injection at different parts of the body of virus and serum does not produce any increased resisting power in the guinea pig. It was found that an indifferent serum obtained from horses or cattle would not bring about agglutination, even in the pro- portion of 1 to 12, while the serum of an immunized horse produced immediate agglutination in the proportions of from 1 to 30 to 1 to 3,000. The authors conclude that serum is endowed with preventive iinjperties and that it confers merely a tem- porary immunity. Serum and virus when mixed neutralize each other without conferring a permanent inmmnity. Fnnn a practical standpoint the authors l>elieve that serum therapy must be restricted in use, and that vaccination by means of pure virus is the method to be chosen, as being more simple and certain. 94 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Preventive vaccination as a xaeans of combating cattle plague, A. Duduka- Lov {Arch. Vrt. Nmtk, 30 {1900), No. 11, II, pp. 447-452).— T\w author discusses briefly the extent of this disease and the losses caused by it, and presents a detailed account of the method for making preventive inoculations. The study of the organism of cattle plague, G. Garlichkov {Arch. Vet. Nauk, SO {1900), No. 11, II, pp. 45-2-401, j\(jii. 8). — The author discusses the methods by which these organisms may be obtained, and describes their behavior on different culture media. Fat formation by different bacteria together -writh a new stain for actino- myces on sections, A. Sata {Centbl. Allg. Path. u. Path. Anat., 11 {1900), No». 3-4, pp. 97-102). — The author discusses the literature of this subject in connection with a bibliography of a number of pathogenic organisms. A method for staining actino- myces on sections is described, which depends upon the affinity of a stain known as Sudan III for fatty substances. The method includes fixation in formalin, washing in water, sectioning with the freezing microtome, staining with dilute hsematoxylin, washing with alcohol, staining in an alcoholic solution of Sudan III for 12 to 24 hours, and embedding in glycerin. The lesion in actinomycosis writh a few new stains for the actinomyces, R. C. RosENBERGEK {JouT. Appl. Micws., 3 {1900) , No. 11, pp. 1051-1053). — The author obtained good results from staining this organism with luematoxylin and methylene blue. The ray forms of the organism are readily distinguished, their situ- ation being usually within an area of small round cells. A clear zone suri'ounds the whole mass, and beside the small round cells a number of leucocytes are usually found in the tumor. Bacteria in milk after recovery from mammitis, J. F. Lamekis and H. G. Van Harrevelt {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 11 {1900), No. 4, pp. 114, 115). — An investigation was instituted to determine the cause of serious diarrhoea among the consumers of milk from a certain dairy. It was found that a strejitococcus was present in great numbers in one quarter of the udder of the cow which had suffered from mammitis but had recovered. The streptococcus was not pathogenic for rabbits or guinea pigs. Itwas doubtful whetherthe organism was the original cau.se of mammitis. It persisted for several days in the apparently normal milk from the quarter of the udder which had previously been diseased. Spotted kidney in calves, K. Kavitz {Monatsh. Prakt. Thierh., 13 {1901), No. 4, pp. 157-192, Jigs. S). — The author made detailed studies of this disease in calves, with the following conclusions: The primary infection may be through the navel from chemical toxic substances or from infections which arise in the alimentary tract. Diseases of sheep {Kansas Stale Bd. Agr. Rpt., 12 {1S99-1900), pp. 131-159, figs. 9). — Brief accounts are given of the desirability of the practice of fall dipping. Bul- letin 21 of the Bureau of Animal Industry on sheep scab is reprinted in part, and short notes are presented on ticks, lice, foot rot, stomach worms, hmgworms, tapeworms, and the sheei> bot fly. Diseases of sheep, W. A. Rushworth {The sheep. Ihiffahi, N. Y.: Buffalo Review Co., {1S99), pp. 143-404, figs. 12). — The greater part of this volume is devoted to a discussion of the diseases of sheep, including those of the brain and nervous system, respiratory and digestive tracts, skin diseases, and specific contagious affections. Recommendations are made with regard to the treatment of the various sheep diseases, and formulas for the approved remedies are given. A general discussion is given as to the subject of Federal and State inspection of sheep. The micro-organism of sheep pox, F. J. Bosc {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 53 {1901), No. 1, pp. 9, 10). — The author made an investigation of cases of sheep pox for the purpose of studying the micro-organism which causes this disease. Pustules in the skin and other tissue were fixed in corrosive sublimate and acetic acid, and sectioned. In the skin pustules the micro-organism was found in epithelial cells of VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 95 the epidermis aiul also in the sebaceous glands. In tlu- lung tlie inicro-organisma were found in hypertrophied epithelial cells, such as are found in catarrhal pneumonia. The prevalence of sheep scab, A. W. Bitting {Indiana Sta. lipt. WOO, p)>. 40- 52). — The author re])orts in a tabular form the results of inquiries concerning the prevalence of this disease during the years 1899 to 1900. These inquiries indicated that there are about "t.TOO cases of sheep seal) in the State. Epidemics of hog- cholera and swine plague, A. AV. Biitini! {rudknid S(on which this report is based cover a period of 8 }ears, from 1893 to 1900, inclusive. A ta])le is given showing the number of hogs and loss from disease in Indiana for a period of years. Tiu^ author studieut is more epidenuc during late summer and fall, and gradually subsides during winter and spring. Feeding with corn has not been shown to have an unfavorable effect. The author made a study of the relation of transportation to the spread of the disease. During 8 years not more than a dozen outbreaks of the disease were fomid which appeared independently of the shipment of stock, and the disease was not found more prevalent along railroad lines than at points more remote. Experiments were made to determine the length of time during which the hog-cholera bacillus may persist in a virulent condition in infected premises. Repeated observations showed that outbreaks of the disease occurred in from 1 to 4 years as a result of rooting out and eating the remains of former victims. Many farmers, however, allow the hogs to run on premises from which diseased hogs have just been removed, and without bad results. The carcasses of dead hogs are often fed to other hogs. In harmony with these practices is the observation that after a severe outbreak of hog cholera the premises usually remain free from the disease for a few years. A study of the relation of the age of swine to the virulence of Tie infection indi- cated that hogs mider 5 months suffered more than those which were older. Exhi- bitions at fairs and i)ublic sales are considered more important factors in the dissem- ination of disease than they are usually thought to be. Government efforts in stamijing out the disease in Iowa, Minnesota, and in England have yielded favorable results, but such police measures are expensive. Diseases of the pig, A. AV. Bittinc {Special report of the Indiana State Board of Agriculture on the huP- 9-65) . — In this part of 96 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. the report the author (lisousses pwine diseases, incUiding those of the alimentary tract, nervous system, and respiratory passages, those caused by parasitic worms and arthro- pods, and the more important infectious diseases, among which may be mentioned hog cholera, swine plague, and anthrax. Combating swine plague and hog cholera, Schkeiber {Berlin. Thierarzfl. Wchnschr., 1000, No. 51, jjp. 61-64). — The author conducted experiments in immun- izing sheep, cattle, and horses against swine plague and hog cholera, in order to obtain from them an active serum for treatment of these diseases in hogs. A serum was obtained which in very small doses protected mice from fatal doses of the swine plague bacillus. Later this method was applied to hogs with encouraging results. The immunity thus produced, however, was only temporary. Inoculations for cura- tive purposes in cases of swine plague were made with Septicidin. A hog which was suffering from swine plague and showed a temperature of 40.8° C. was much improved in its condition on the second day after inoculation, and on the fourth day appeared to be entirely recovered. The author conducted other experiments along this line with similar results. A study of the constituents of corn smut, "\V. Stuart {Indiana Sta, Rpt. 1500, pp. 26-32). — The author made a number of tests for alkaloid salts and total alkaloid content by technical methods which are described in detail, with the 4 reagents potassium-mercuric iodid, phosphotungstic acid, iodin in potassium iodid solution, and picric acid. Positive results were ol)tained from the first 2 reagents in all cases, and negative from the last 2. Tests were also made of commercial extracts of ergot and corn smut for the jjurpose of comparing them with extracts made in the labora- tory. The results were quite uniform. Experiments for the purpose of testing the physiological effect of alcoholic extracts of com smut upon horses were made by Dr. R. A. riraig. In these experiments it W'as found that a subcutaneous injection of 25 to 30 cc. caused an increased jieristaltic movement of the intestines and a slight acceleration of the pulse and breathing. An injection of 45 cc. produced in addition to these symptoms dullness and an unsteady gait. Subcutaneous injections of 15 cc. and doses of 130 cc. by way of the month produced little effect. Determinations were also made of the ash and moisture con- tent of the snuit spores. Nerve diseases of horses in the sacral plexus, Thomassen {Moruitsh. Prakt. Thierh., 12 (1901), No. 4, pp. 14S-156). — The author gives a brief account of the symptoms and post-mortem finduigs in cases of diseases of the sacral plexus. Upon the occurrence of rabies, A. ^y. Bitting {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1900, j>p. 53-55). — A report is given of 3 outbreaks of this disease which occurred within the State. During these outbreaks dogs, sheep, hogs, horses, and cows became infected with the disease. Antirabies serum therapy, A. Rodet and Galavielle ( Compt. Itrnd. Soc. Biol. Paris, 52 {1900), Xo. 40, j)p. 1091-109S). — The serum employed in the author's experiments was obtained from a sheep which had Ijeen treated with rabies virus. This serum inoculated hypodermically, intravenously, or into the body cavity, dur- ing the period of incubation, proved to be without effect, except after the use of rabies virus. When injected into the brain alone, either during the period of incu- bation or after the appearance of rabies symjjtoms, it had the effect of prolonging the duration of the disease; but its influence in all cases was very slight. It did not bring about a recovery from the disease or prevent the appearance of violent symp- toms. If this serum Vje introduced into the brain, mixed with virulent material, it exercises a marked influence on the progress of the disease and retards to a great extent the final fatal attack. Animal parasites, I, E. P. Niles ( Virginia Sta. Bui. lOS, pp. 11). — A brief classi- fication of the parasites of domestic animals according to the natural orders to which they belong. STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS, 97 Animal parasites, II, E. P. Niles {Virginia Sta. Bui. 109, pp. 13—22, Jigs. 2). Brief popular notes on the CulicidiL' with suggestions of remedies against these insects. Destruction of oflfal in slaughterhouses, Lackent {Rec. Med. Vet., Pari-t S. ser., 7 {19G0), No. 23, pp. S90-S92).—X number of disinfectant methods which have been proposed for treating offal from slaughterhouses are discussed bv the author. It is contended, however, that no method is so thorough and certain as the complete incineration of all waste materials. STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS. Thirteenth Annual Report of Alabama College Station, 1900 {Alabama College Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 20) . — This includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, and reports of the director and heads of departments review- ing the different lines of station work. Thirteenth Annual Report of Arkansas Station, 1900 {Arkansas Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 7—114)- — This includes a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, a brief report of the director, and reprints of Bulletins 61-65 of the station dealing with the following subjects: Some hay, forage, and pasture ])lantsfor Arkanr sas (E. S. R., 12, p. 634); wheat experiments (E. S. R., 12, p. 1034); the relative susceptibility of the domestic animals to the contagia of human and bovine tubercu- losis (E. S. R., 12, p. 1084); notes on celery (E. S. R., 13, p. 48); and pig feed- ing experiments (E. S. R., 13, p. 77). A popular edition of Bulletin 63, entitled the source of tuberculosis in farm animals (E. S. R., 12, p. 1092), and a station cir- cular on pomology and institutes are also reprinted. Thirteenth Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1900 {Georgia Sla. Rpt. 1900, pp. 294-371). — This includes a report of the director on the publications and work of the station during the year, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, and a report of the biologist and horticulturist abstracted elsewhere. Twenty -third Annual Report of North Carolina Station, 1900 {North Caro- lina Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. XXX-\-104). — This includes a report of the director on the work and publications of the station during the year; reports of the agriculturist, chem- ist, and the horticulturist, botanist, and entomologist, giving detailed outlines of the work of their respective departments; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900; and reprints of Bulletins 170-174 of the station on the following subjects: Gardening imder glass (E. S. R., 12, p. 444) , corn culture in North Carolina (E. S. R., 12, p. 538), the digestibility of some non-nitrogenous constituents of certain feeding i;tuff.-3 (E. S. R., 12, p. 667), purification of phloroglucinol (E. S. R. 12, p. 611), another warning in regard to compost peddlers (E. S. R., 12, p. 841), and methods of determining proteid nitrogen in vegetable materials (E. S. R., 12, p. 819). Thirteenth Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1900 {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 104). — This includes a report of the director enumerating the different lines of station w^ork and giving a subject list of station publications issued during the year; miscellaneous articles abstracted elsewhere; a list of periodicals received at the sta- tion; and a financial statement f(jr the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. Thirteenth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1900 {Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 69-361) . — Included in these pages are reports of the director and heads of departments reviewing in some detail the work of the station during the year, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, meteorological observa- tions noted elsewhere, and reprints of Bulletins 17.5-185 of the station on the follow- ing subjects: Some insects of the year 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 954), strawberry notes for 1899 (E. S. R., 11, p. 931), the South Haven report for 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 238), the production and marketing of wool (E. S. R., 12, p. 275), sugar-beet investigations (E. S. R., 12, p. 540), some insects of the year 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 575), cooperative soil test experiments (E. S. R., 12, p. 623), a popular discussion of pure milk supply 2319.1:— No. 1— Ui 8 98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. (E. S. R., 12, p. 986), gassy curd and cheese (E. S. R., 12, p. 984), tuberculosis and its management (E. S. R., 12, p. 987), and fertilizer analysis (E. S. R., 12, p. 933). Thirteenth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1900 [Tennessee Sta.'Rpt, 1900, pp. 40). — This includes a general outline of station work during the year; a history of the station from 1882 to 1900, with a list of publications issued during that time; reports by the agriculturist, botanist, horticulturist, chemist, and librarian review- ing the Avork of the different departments; a bi-ief discussion of the object, construc- tion, and use of daily weather charts by the meteorologist, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. Seventeenth Annual Report of Wisconsin Station, 1900 { Wisconsin Sta. Jipt. 1900, ])p. 352). — A report of the director on the work and publications of the station during the j'ear, miscellaneous articles abstracted elsewhere, lists of exchanges and acknowledgments, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. Org-anization lists of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations in the United States, -with a list of agricultural experiment stations in foreign countries (K S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bid. SS, pp. 134). — The bulletin contains in addition to the organization lists a subject list of the publications of the experiment stations received by this Oftice during 1900, Federal legislation affecting agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and the rulings of the Post- Oflice, Treasury, and Agricultural Departments as to the construction of the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, estal )lishi ng the stations. Experiment Station Work— XVII ( C. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 124, pp. 32, figs. 6). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Distilled drinking water, soil inoculation, treatment of sandy soils, lime as a fertilizer, fertilizers for market-garden crops, pecan culture, weed destruction, maple sirup and sugar, value of cotton seed, alfalfa silage, forage crops for pigs, grazing steers, and type of the dairy cow. Estimates of Russian crops, E. T. Peters {V. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Statistics Circ. 14, pp. 11, map 1). — A report on the princii)al cereal crops of European Russia for 1900. Foreign markets for American agricultural products, F. 11. Hitchcock ( U. S. Dept. Agr. lipt. 67, pp. 53). — Testimony given before the Industrial Commission. Agriculture at the Paris Exposition of 1900, F. Brettreich {Vrtljschr. Bayer. Landv. Rath., 5 {1900), Xo. 4, pp- 511-527). — A series of short descriptions of the agricultural exhibits of the different countries represented at the Paris Exposition. Fourth progress report of the Victoria Royal Commission on technical ■education (.1/(76oh;-/**v (rinemment, 1900, pp. 210). — A review of the progress and condition of agricultural education in Great Britain, Ireland, the continental coun- tries of Europe, America, and the Australian colonies. Part 1 discusses the teaching of elementary agriculture in the.se different countries. I'art 2 gives the general sys- tems of agricultural education. Among the patriarchs of agriculture, I. Klixgex {St. Petersburg: Department of Appanages, 1899, pt. 1, pp, 460, figs. 132, map 1; pt. 2, pp. VII-{-335, figs. 178, dgms. 4, chart 1; pt. 3, pp. 180, figs. 145; rev. in Selsl: Khoz. i Lyesov., 196 {1900), Mar., pp. 667-671). — This large work is a report to the Department of Appanages by the chief of an expedition sent by the department for the study of subtropical agriculture in the Orient. Part 1 deals Avith Egypt, part 2 with India and Ceylon, and part 3 with China. These three volumes will be followed by another on Japan. — p. firem.\n. German agriculture at the end of the nineteenth century, L. Geschwixd {Ann. Ayron., 26 {1900), Xo. 12, pp. 603-627). — This article is a general discussion of German agriculture, treating of the nature and imjiortance of agricultural crops, animal industry, agricultural machinery, the agricialtural population, the fertilizer industry, and the causes of agricultural development in the German Empire during the nineteenth century. Much statistical matter is given in tables. not.es. Iowa Station. — W. T. Shaw lias recently lieen aj^pointed assistant entomologist of the station. New INIexico College and Station. — Dr. Frederic W. Sanders, who for the past two years has been president and director, has declined reelection except upon con- dition that the system of annual elections be abandoned or modified. The board of control having declined to change its sj'stem, Dr. Sanders will leave the institution and spend next year abroad. His successor has not yet been chosen. J. D. Tinsley has been elected vice-director for the year beginning July 1 next, with the under- standing that he shall in most things act as the responsible director. For the year 1901-1902 the president of the college will retain the title, of director. The depart- ment of entomology in the station has been abolished. Oklahoma Station. — W. H. Coyle, of Guthrie, Okla., has been appointed a mem- ber of the board of regents, vice J. C. Tousley, whose term has expired. William M. Jenkins has succeeded C. M. Barnes as governor of Oklahoma and ex-officio member of the board. Utah College and Station. — Peter A. Yoder, Ph. D. , has been appointed assist- ant chemist in the college and station. Experiment Farm of the Virginia State Board of Agriculture. — S. B. Heiges, formerly pomologist of this Department, has been appointed superintendent of the farjii at Saxe, Charlotte County, Va. , secured by the State board of agriculture for the purpose of conducting experiments with fertilizers on various crops, as required by the provisions of the State fertilizer law. It is proposed to give special attention to experiments with tobacco, but other crops will also be included. Professor Heiges ■will have the assistance of a tobacco expert in his work with this crop. New Publications. — Clhnat is the name of a 16-page (32 pages octavo) semimonthly meteorological journal whose publication at St. Petersburg under the editorship of N. A. Dembchinsky is announced. The main object of this journal is stated to be the exact prediction of the weather. It will also include reports of theoretical inves- tigations on questions of weather and climate, especial attention being given, how- ever, to the influence of the moon on the weather, as the editor maintains that "the chief factor in the weather is the moon's attraction." All of the more important papers will l>e printed in Russian, French, English, and German. The predictions will cover Europe and North America, and the journal will be issued "sufficiently early to reach the most distant points (e. g., San Francisco) for which predictions are made before the fortnight to which they refer, e. g., the forecasts for the 1-15 May will come out in the beginning of April." Each number will contain 78 curves giving the weather elements at many stations in Europe and North America, and 2 maps of Europe and 2 of North America giving isobars and isotherms for each week. A new recruit to the agricultural press, which from its title and objects is worthy of special mention, is Agricultural Experiments, described as "a practical review of experiment-station work, recent agricultural investigations and developments in all branches of rural industry." Its o])ject is to i)resent timely and readable reviews of the experiment-station and similar literature in order to aid the farmer in keeping posted in the progress along these lines and to assist him in the practical ai)plication of the results. In addition to these reviews and notes the paper contains special 99 100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. articles by experiment-station workers which are in a sense resumes of the work along particular lines. While the agricultural papers generally give considerable attention to the work and publications of the experiment stations, there is an opportunity for furnishing better abstracts and resumes than is usually done. The progressive farmer must depend quite largely upon the teachings of the experiment stations, and any publication which presents these observi. 'ions and discoveries to him in a concise and intelligent manner serves a useful purpose. Agricola Arichis is the title of an attractive bimonthly recently inaugurated by the agricultural department of the Colorado Agricultural College and Experiment Station. The publication is intended as a form of university-extension work, its object being educational. It differs from the popular bulletins of some stations by appearing periodically, and by being composed of short timely articles on the work of the college and the station, the object being to arouse an interest in this work and to extend its range of usefulness. The attractive and readable character of the first number bespeaks for it a useful place among publications of its class. Miscellaneous. — Notice has been sent out of the following resolution adopted by the American Veterinary Medical Association at its last annual meeting at Detroit, Mich. : "Whereas we believe that the time has arrived in the history of our profession and in the history of our stock-breeding industry when the experiment stations of our various States and Territories should undertake the work of research in regard to the physiology and diseases of domestic animals in a more comprehensive manner than has yet been done: Therefore, be it "Hesolved, That this association recommend to the governing boards of the various stations that they give this branch of station work more liberal support." NeceoloCtY. — Dr. Otto Lugger, State entomologist to Minnesota and entomologist to the ^linnesota College and Station, died May 21 of pneumonia. Born in Ger- many in 1844, he came to this country in 1865, and was engaged in the engineer serv- ice of the Great Lakes for a period of three years. At the end of this time he became assistant to C. V. Riley in Missouri, which jjosition he held for seven years, after which he was chosen as curator of the ^Maryland Academy of Science in Baltimore. Professor Lugger spent two years in the Division of Entomology of this Department, and in 1888 was appointed entomologist and botanist at the Minnesota Station and professor of zoology and entomology in the college. These positions, together with that of State entomologist, he held at the time of his death. While he maintained a general interest in a variety of biological work, his main efforts were put forth in the field of entomology. In economic entomology his published contributions are recognized as Ijeing of high rank. Some of the more prominent features of his work have been his investigations on Rocky IMountain locusts and other locusts, and insects injurious to cereals, including numerous experiments in devising remedies for com- bating the chinch bug. During the past few years he published a number of reports on certain groups of insects, among which may be mentioned butterflies and moths injurious to fruit-producing trees, beetles injurious to fruit-producing trees, and bugs injurious to our cultivated plants. These reports contain, along with the summaries, many notes prepared from original observations on a great variety of insects during the active years of his life. In his death the ilinnesota College and Station and the cause of economic entomology in general have sustained a severe loss. The death of David Dickson, director of the practical school of agriculture at Ber- thonval (Pais-de-Calais), France, is reported in the Journal cV Agriculture Pratique. In collaboration with L. Malpeaux he had conducted a number of experiments on vari- ous agricultural topics while director of the station, notably on the use of pure and artificial milk for fattening calves, and upon the use of molasses in feeding animals. 0 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. A LI. EN, I'm. I)., A.ssi.shiid JJinct,,,: KDIIOKIAI. DEl'AKTMKNTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, ami Dairyinji — The Editor and II. \V. L.wv.sox. Meteorolojiy, Fertilizer and Soils (incliKiinir method.s of analysis), and Agrictdtiiral Engineerin^r — W. H. Beai,. Botany and Disea»ses of Plants — Wai/ikk II. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schci/pk. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilco.v, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Dejjartment and the Abstract Comuxittee of the Association of Othcial Agricultural Chemists. CONTENTS OF Vol. XIII, No. 2. Page Editorial notes: Statistics of atrricultural colleges and experiment stations for 1900 : 101 Recent work in agricultural science 105 Notes 198 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. CHEMISTRY. Heat of combustion in examinati(jn of oils, etc., H. C. Sherman and J. F. Snell 105 Apparatusfordetermining melting point of fats, F. T. Shuttaml H. W. Charlton. 105 A rapid method of determining the amount of salt in butter, C. E. Pitch 105 Determination of cocoanut oil in butter and in oleomargarine, J. Wauters 106 The chemical estimation of starch, E. lauts, L. Daniel Ill Notes upon albinism in sweet corn, B. D. Halsted Ill Loss of vigor in corn from inbreeding, H. J. Webber Ill The morphology of the fruit of Opuntia, J. W. Toumey 112 Concerning manna produced l)y olive trees, Trabut 112 The limits of variation in plants, J. W. Harshberger 112 Phenological observations in Canada in 1899, A. H. MacKay 112 Nitrogenous products of the seed and embryo of Litplnus albuf<, N. J. Wassilieff . 112 The insular flora of Mississippi and Louisiana, F. E. Lloyd and S. M. Tracy .. 112 Grasses in Elliott's "Sketch of the l)otany of South Carolina and Georgia," F. Lamson-Scribner 113 New or little known grasses, F. Lamson-Scribner 113 Bermuda grass, A. S. Hitchcock 113 Monograph of the North American Umbelliferw, J. M. Coulter and J. N. Rose. . 113 Studies of American fungi, G. F. Atkinson 113 Mushrooms or toadstools, L. F Henderson 113 Edible and poisonous mushrooms and toadstools, W. Trelease 113 Studies on influence of medium on polymorphism of fungi, J. Beauverie 113 FERMENTATION JJACTEKIOLOGY. Investigations on acetic-acid bacteria, E. C. Hansen 113 Growth of bacteria inthe presence of chloroform and thymol, E. F. Smith... 114 Duration of life of typhoid bacilli in ice, etc., W. H. Park 114 Use of carbolic acid in isolating BurHlns coll comnnmis, W. B. Copeland 114 A compendium of bacteriological water investigations, W. Migula 114 Formation of sulphureted hydrogen in town drains, etc., M. W. Beijerinck.. 114 Bacteria in the Ames, Iowa, sewage-disposal plant, L. H. Pammel 114 The action of light upon bacteria, A. Bournaret 115 Use of paraftin to exclude oxygen in growing anaerobic bacteria, W. H. Park. 115 The utility of a supply of live steam in the laboratory, H. A. Harding 115 Catalase, a new enzy m of general occurrence, 0. Loew 115 Oxidizing ferments in phanerogams, N. Passerini 115 The occurrence of proteolytic enzyms in. germinating seeds, W. Butkewitsch.. 116 Ferments of seeds with horny endosjierm, E. Bourquelot and H. Herissey.. 116 Cacao fermentation, A. Preyer 116 Diastases and their uses, C. Pozzi-Escot 116 A proteolytic and a protein-coagulating enzym in germinating barley, F. "Weis. 116 Formation of solanin in potatoes as a result of bacterial action, R. Weil 116 A diastatic enzym in the potato plant, A. Meyer 116 On the oxydase in kaki fruit, K. Aso 117 A physiological function of oxydase in kaki fruit, K. Aso 117 METEOROLOGY. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1898-99, W. L. Moore 117 Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1899-1900, W. L. Moore 117 CONTENTS. Ill Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 1-8 117 Kepcirt of iiiete<)r()l(ijiic'iil oonncil for year ending March Ml, l!H)(), London 118 The application of nieteorolo^n' to aj^yculture, J. Vandervaeren 118 INIeteoroloudcal ol)servati(.ns, I'lKM), L. (;. Carpenter, R. E. Trimble, ct al 118 INIeteorologiral rei>ort, I'tah, J. Drydcii 118 Barometers ami the measurement of atmospheric pressure, C. F. Marvin 118 The mean diurnal variation of temperature at Tacuhaya, M. INloreno y Anda . 119 Protection against hail, J. Roberts 119 Agronomic charts and agricultural situation, Canton of Redon, G. V. Lechartier. 119 A IK WATEK SOILS. On the elimination of methane in the atmosphere, M. Urbaiu 119 Evaporatii m from water surfaces, L. (1. Carpenter 119 ]\lineral- water imUistry , 119 Chemical comi)osition of soils of Cape Colony, C. F. Juritz 119 Humus and carbon in cidti vated soils, A. Pagnoul 121 Investigations on the cohesiveness of soils, etc., S. von Piedzicki 121 Soil temperatures, L. (4. ('arpenter 121 Value of the incidental increment of plant food in soils 121 FKKTILIZEKS. Sul)stitution of soda f()r potash in plant growtli, W. H. Jordan, C. G. Jenter.. 121 Relative values of some nitrogenous fertilizers, W. A. Withers, G. S. Fraps .. 122 The assimilation of free nitrogen by soil bacteria, etc., J. Kiihn 123 Pot experiments in 1899, J. llanamann 123 Comparative tests of fertilizing value of two new phosphates, Grinnn 123 Green manure and phosphorite as a fertilizer, A. N. Englehart 124 Fertilizing value of steamed bone meal, F. W. Dafert 124 Fish scrap fertilizers, W. H. Heileman 124 Commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell, A. M. Peter, and H. E. Curtis 124 AnaU'ses of commercial fertilizers, H. B. McDonnell et al 124 Ana^'ses of fertilizers, C. A . tToessmann 124 Registration and analyses of fertiUzers, B. W. Kilgore 124 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. Hamilton and W. Frear 124 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, et al 124 FIELD CROPS. Agricultural investigations in Alaska, 1900, C. C. Georgeson 125 Influence of water content of soil on plants, C. von Seelhorst 125 Influence of Avater content of soil and fertilizers on yield and composition of Italian rye grass and red clover, C. von Seelhorst et al 126 Mixed herl)age of permanent grass lands, J. B. Lawes and J. H. Gilbert 127 Alfalfa; methods of culture, etc., E. B. Voorhees and C. B. Lane 128 Bro)nns inermis, F. L. Watrons, II. II. Gritfin, and J. E. Payne 128 Culture tests of cereals, Edler 128 Corn culture, J. F. Duggar 128 Cooperative experiments with cotton in 1899 and 1900, J. F. Duggar 129 Linseed and flax 129 Crop and forage notes, 1900, F. C. Burtis 129 Experiments on the manuringof rye grass and clover hay, 1899, R. P. Wright.. 130 Influence of manures on l)otanical I'omposition of grassland, W. Somerville.. 130 Culture experiments with forage plants, A. 8empolo\vski 130 Cultivation of fodder crops 130 The present condition of Russian hop culture 130 Changes in conipositifni of mangels (luring storage, N. H. J. Miller 130 Variety tests and fertilizer experiments with fodder beets, A. Arnstadt 131 Experiments on comj)arative merits of varieties of oats, R. P. Wrigiit and A. N. M<- Alpine 131 The soy bean as a forage and seed crop, C. S. Phelps 132 Hill planting of sugar beets, 10. IMuchet 132 How the beet-sugar industry is growing, R. S. Baker 132 The production of sugar beets in the Province of Saxony, etc., Schulze 132 German beet-sugar industry, G. H. Muri)hy 132 Prospects of beet-sugar jiroduction in Siberia 132 Geographical distribution of the culture of sugar cane 132 IV CONTENTS. Page. Wrapper leaf tobacco of the Sumatra type raised in Connecticut, E. H. Jenkins. 133 Deep culture and intensive farming in Andalusia, L. Grandeau 133 Cooperative fertilizer experiments in Lower Austria in 1899, F. W. Dafert 133 Tropical plants at Wageningen, C. J. Van Lookeren Campagne 133 HORTICULTURE. The farmer's vegetable garden, J. W. Lloyd 133 Horticultural department, Utah, C. P. Close 133 Profitable celery culture, W. H. Jenkins 134 Cucumbers, W. Iggulden 134 Melons and melon houses, A. Dean 134 Fertilizer experiments with onions 1 34 Sweet potatoes, D. M. Nesbit 134 Saving sweet potatoes for seed 134 A vegetation house arranged for pot experiments, W. E. Britton 134 Chemical manures in the culture of greenhouse plants 134 Commercial fertilizers for forcing-house crops, E. H. Jenkins, W. E. Britton.. 134 Orchard notes, F. S. Earle 135 Orchard experiments, S. T. INIaynard and G. A. Drew 136 Chemical composition of one-year-old wood of orchard fruits, R. Otto 137 Apples of the Fameuse type, F. A. Waugh 137 The ]\Iontmorency cherries, G. H. Powell 137 The date palm for Queensland, T. M. Macknight 137 Figs under glass 137 Analyses of the olive, F. Bracci 137 Pruning and training peach orchards, K. H. Price 137 Peach growing in jNlaryland, H. P. Gould 138 Observations on the fertilization of peach orchards, E. H. Jenkins 138 Abnormal fruit branches of the peach tree; their treatment, G. Bellair 139 The sterility of fruit trees and shrubs, J. Burvenich 139 Winter budding, H. M. Stringfellow 139 Chemical analysis of the coffees of the greater Comoro island, G. Bertrand .. 139 Coffee culture in Queensland — disbudding, H. Newport 139 Coffee culture in Queensland — picking, H. Newport 139 American tea gardens, actual and possible, L. B. Ellis 139 Bush fruits, including gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, etc., C. H. Potter 1 39 Brief sketch of vine growing in Russia, etc 1 39 Rupestris St. George and bench gi-afting, F. T. Bioletti 139 Flute graft applied to the vine, F. Paulson 139 An experiment in vine toi)ping, E. H. Rainford 140 Experiments in the application of fertilizers, etc., C. H. Claassen 140 Something about nuts and nut growing, C. Forkert 140 Top-grafting native chestnut sprouts, W. E. Britton 140 Pecans in Texas 141 Raising Ficus elaMica from the seed, P. Van Romburgh 141 Rul)ber in Guatemala, J. C. McNally 141 Hedges, C. L. Zimmerman 141 Notes on canuas, F. K . Luke 141 Ornamental climbers, W. R. Lazenby 141 A chat on daffodils, P. Barr 141 FORESTRY. Third reunion of the International Association of Forestry Experiment Sta- tions at Zurich, G. Hiiffel 141 Report of the forest experiment station in Mariabrunn, 1900, J. Friedrich ... 142 National forestry, D. E. H utchins 142 The forest and its influence, J. G. H. Lampadius 142 The beech in Austrian forestry, F. Hufnagl 142 The Velani oak, Trabut 142 Selected trees suitable for shade, wind belts, timber, etc., H. F. Macmillan 142 The world's demand for timber and the supply, R. Zon 142 Philippine forest products, F. F. Hilder 142 The preservation of timber by artificial means, J. H. M. Hume 143 The harmfulness of bush fires, H. A. A. NichoUs 143 Study in Europe for American forest students, 0. W. Price 143 CONTENTS. HEKnS WKKDS. Page. Germination in distilled ■water, P. P. Deherain and E. Deinoussy 143 Experiniontri on increasing the germination of l)eet seed, Z. ZicklinHki 143 Report of the seed-control station of Skara, 1899-1900, S. Haniinar 144 Report of the seed-control station of Vienna, 1900, T. von Weinzierl 144 Seed separators, L. Fontaine 144 Intiticnce of soil on distribution of mistletoe and cuscuta, E. T^anrent 144 Destruction of charlock 144 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on the life history of certain Uredineje, M. A. Carleton 145 A tabular review of the Swedish cereal rusts, J. Eriksson 145 Culture exjjeriments with a rust fungi, H. Klel)ahn . ^ 145 Seed treatment for the prevention of bunt of wheat 146 Potato scab and its pre\ention, I^. R. Jones and A. W. Eds(jn 146 Potato blight and its treatment, I). A. Brodie 146 Root disease of cane, Z. Kamerling and H. Suringar 146 Observations on the niosaii- disease of tobacco, A. F. Wood 146 Spraying for asparagus rust, F. A. Sirrine 147 An investigation on damping off of seedlings, V. Peglion 147 On the diseases of mushrooms and their prevention, G. Delacroix 148 A fruit disease survey of western New York in 1900, F. C. Stewart et al 148 A rhizomorphic root rot of fruit trees, E. M. Wilcox 150 Preliminary report on bitter rot or ripe rot of apples, J. T. Stinson 150 The cause and cure of canker in apple and pear trees, P. Passy 151 The Monilia disease or twig l)light of apples and pears, H. Mi'iUer-Thurgau . . . 151 Peach foliage and fungicides, W. C. Sturgis 151 Notes on spraving peaches and plums in 1900, C. O. Townsend and 11. P. Gould ■ 152 Experiments in the control of fumagine of the olive, D. Vidal 152 The premature falling of fruit, J. Burvenich 152 The Anaheim or California vine disease, C. 1*. Lounsbury 152 The causes of gray rot of grapes, J. Dufour , 153 Treatment of anthracnose, E. H. Rainford 153 Tlie chrysanthemum rust, E. Jacky 153 A disease of carnations caused by Fiisdrium 2, and August 30, 1890, are now in ()i)enition in all of the States and Territories, but not in Alaska. Hawaii, Porto Rico, and the Philippines. The total number of these institutions is 6.5, of which 62 maintain courses of instruction in agriculture. The aggregate value of the permanent funds and efjuipment of the land-grant colleges and universities in 1900 is estimated to be as fol- lows: Land-grant fund of 1862, $10,72.5,180. .31; other land-grant funds, $1,528,141.37; other permanent funds, $15,017,963.80; land grant of 1862 still unsold, $3,570,907.80; farms and grounds owned by the institutions, $5, 659,731.26; buildings. $16.781. 9(58. 63; apparatus, $1,156,619.19; machinery, $1,738,369.88; libraries, $1,326,889.13; mis- cellaneousequipment, $1,519,048.33; total, $59,325,119.70. The income of these institutions in 1900, exclusive of the funds received from the United States for agricultural experiment stations ($719,999.07), was as follows: Interest on land grant of 1862, $677,870.33; interest on other funds, $726,229.70; United States appropriation under act of 1890, $1,198,100.21; State appropriation (annual or regular), $1,889,288.31; State appropriation (occasional), $744,184.07; tuition fees, $390,334.08; incidental fees, $254,337.26; miscellaneous, $550,694.68; total, $6,431,- 038.67. The value of the additions to the permanent endowment and equipment of these institutions in 1900 is estimated as follows: Per- manent endowment, $1,917,941.16; buildings. $948,377.94; library, $119,312.81; apparatus, $151,405.35; machinery, $141,667.15; miscella- neous, $129,288.49; total, $3,407,992.90. The numl)er of persons in the faculties of the colleges of agriculture and nuM-hanic arts were as follows: For preparatory classes, 333; for collegiate and special classes, 1,642; total, 2,013. In the other departments the faculties aggregated 842, making a grand total of 2,855 persons in the faculties of the land- grant institutions. The students in 1900 were as follows: (1) By classes — preparatory, 6,541; freshmen, 7,512; sophomores, 5,036; juniors, 3,648; seniors, 3,072; special, 12,964; postgraduate, 732; total, 39,505. (2) By courses— agriculture, 5,Of)6; mechanical engineering, 3,932; civil engineering, 1,964; electrical engineering, 1,617; mining 101 102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. engineering, 950; architecture, 292; household economy, 1,908; vet- erinary science, 1,167; military tactics, 11,506. The graduates in 1900 were 3,111, and since the organization of these institutions, 11,690. The average age of graduates in 1900 was 21 years 10 months. The total number of volumes in the libraries was 1, -169,318. The total number of acres of land granted to the States under the act of 1862 was 9,660,379, of which 886,889 are still unsold. Agricultural experiment stations are now in operation under the act of Congress of March 2, 1887, in all the States and Territories. Agricultural experiments have been begun in Alaska with the aid of national funds, and two experiment stations are in operation in Hawaii; one under private auspices, the other under federal control. Steps have been taken to establish a station in Porto Rico under national auspices. In each of the States of Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York a separate station is maintained wholly or in part l)y State funds. In Louisiana three stations are thus maintained; and in Alabama two — the Canebrake and Tuskegee stations — are maintained Avholly l)y State fimds. Excluding the l)ranch stations esta])lislied in the several States, the total number of stations in the United States is 57. Of these, 52 received the appropriation provided for in the act of Congress above mentioned. The total income of the stations during 1900 was $1,170,857.78, of which $719,999.07 was received from the National Government, the remainder, $150,858.71, coming from the following sources: State governments, $217,281. KJ; individuals and connnunities, $2,420.51; fees for analyses of fertilizers, $70,927.31; sales of farm products, $90,088.81; miscellaneous. $10,110. 59. In addition to this, the Office of P^xperiment Stations had an appropriation of $15,000 for the past fiscal 3'ear, including $12,000 for the Alaskan investigations. The value of additions to the equipment of the stations in 1900 is estimated as follows: Buildings, $89,416.23; libraries, $lO,7>i4.70; apparatus, $19,397.85; farm implements, $17,015.86; live stock, $22,009.10; mis- cellaneous, $8,850.94; total, $167,474.68. The stations employ 693 persons in the work of administration and inquiry. The number of officers engaged in the different lines of work is as follows: Directors. 71; chemists, 143; agriculturists, 74; experts in animal husbandry, 14; horticulturists, 75; farm foremen, 24; dairy- men, 30; botanists, 55; entomologists, 50; veterinarians, 29; meteor- ologists, 16; biologists, 6; physicists, 7; geologists, 6; mycologists and bacteriologists, 17; irrigation engineers, 7; in charge of substa- tions, 10; secretaries and treasurers, 27; librarians, 10, and clerks, 51. There are also 30 persons classified under the head of "miscellaneous." including superintendents of gardens, grounds and buildings, apiarists, herdsmen, etc. Three hundred and twenty-seven station officers do more or less teaching in the colleges with which the stations are connected. EDITORIAL. 103 During 1900 the stations puhlishodSSiBiiiinual reports and bulletins. Besides regular i-eports and bulletins, a number of the stations issued press ])ulletins. whieh were widely reproduced in the agricultural and county papers. The mailing lists of the stations now aggregate half a million names. In his report on the work and expenditures of the stations for the year ended June 30, 1!MK), the Director of this Office makes the fol- lowing general statements: By far the largest part of the work of our stations has direct relation to the important agricultural interests of the conununities in which they are located. The stations are, in fact, very responsive to the inuuediate demands of their farmer constituencies. Their greatest danger is not that thev will undertake too much work of renu)te practical l)earing, but that in the effort to meet the calls made upon them for inuuediate assistance they will attempt individually to cover more fields of investigation than the funds at their disposal will permit them to treat thoroughly. This temptation the stations generalh' are, however, resisting more successfully as their work is becoming better organized and their investigations are more carefully planned and supervised. The nature of their operations is also becom- ing better understood by the farmers, and the desirability of more thorough and far-reaching investigations is much more appreciated than formerlv. A broader and deeper foundation of scientific inquir}^ is ))eing laid each year, and there is a constant accumulation of data regarding the general agricultural conditions of the different regions of the United States. The climate, soil, water supplv, native and cul- tivated plants, injurious insects, fungi, and bacteria are being studied in more detail and with greater thoroughness than ever before. The princ;iples of nutrition of animals and the causes of their diseases are being subjected to more elaborate and fundamental scrutin3^ Meth- ods of investigation and the improvement of apparatus for research are being given increased attention. Much of this work is done without public observation and in the intervals of other operations. Without doubt it should receive more definite recognition and encouragement. But it is cause for congratu- lation that so nuich patient labor of this character is being performed by station officers, who, as a rule, are seeking to advance the boundaries of knowledge for useful ends and are not deterred by a multiplicity of duties from giving attention to the more fundamental concerns of agricultural science. And this work is having its effect on the more practical operations of our stations. These arc assuming a more sub- stantial and systematic character and are being conducted with more definite relation to actual conditions. They have, therefore, a greater assurance of successful practical outcome. Questions relating to the introduction of plants or to the improvement of the live-stock indus- try in any region, for example, are now being investigated with a 104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. strict relation to the real reqiiiremeuts of the agriculture of that region which would have been impossible a few years ago. The present activity in plant breeding, as distinguished from the indiscriminate testing of varieties, is a good example of the raising of the level of experiment-station work as applied to directly practical ends. The plant breeder now sets detinitoly before him the kind of variet}' needed by the farmer in a given region or for a given purpose and applies all his scientific knowledge and practical skill to the production of such a variety. The notable success of some of the efforts in this direction alread}^ made are but a foretaste of much wider practical results as knowledge and experience in this line of endeavor increase. To do such work effectively there must be an almost ideal combination of science and practice. And the more we can learn definitely regarding the underlying principles the more surelj^ will we be able to make successful practical applications. In such investigations science becomes more practical and art more scientific. RFXENT WORK IX A(;RICULTURAL SCIliNCE. CHEMISTRY. The heat of combustion as a factor in the analytical examination of oils and the heats of combustion of some commercial oils, H. C. Shekman and J. F. Snell (Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 3, pp. 164-172).— The accuracy and the rapidity of the determination of the heat of coinlnistion or calorific power Itvthe u>«e of tlie l)onil) calorimeter, has led the authors to attempt to apply this method in the ideutitication of oils. In the work reported the heats of combustion were deter- mined with a bomb calorimeter of the Atwater-Blakeslee type. The results are sIk )wn in a table and are the mean of two or more determinations, the figures being reduced to c-ombustion at constant volume. In making the determinations, the oil was absorbed by a small amount of fibrous asbestos and was ignited directly by elec- trically fused iron wire. The sources of the oil are given and the probable age of the sample. In each ca.se the specific gravity, the iodin absorption, the free acid aa oleic, and the heat of combustion per gram under constant volume and constant pres- sure are sliown. Of the 40 samples reporteil, it was found that the sperm, rosin, and mineral oils were considerably higher in calorific value than the fatty oils. Among the fatty oils the nondrying were of slightly higher value than the drying oils. Castor oil and l)oiled linseed oil showed a low heat combustion. The old samples whose specific gravities were high and iodin figures low gave in all cases rather low heats of combustion. Oxidation caused by light and air seemed to lower the heat of combustion to almost the same extent that it raised the specific gravity. By divid- ing the heat of combustion by the specific gravity a value was obtained ranging from 10 to 10.3 in the fresh fatty oils examined. The value obtained from sperm oil was 11.2 and for mineral oils from 11.8 to 12.8. The authors conclude that from the determination of the heat of combustion, accomplished in less than one hour, it wouM appear that the result would be of value, considered in relation to the specific gravity, in detecting ininei'al or rosin oils in fatty oils or fatty oils in sperm oil. An apparatus for the determination of the melting point of fats, F. T. Shutt and H. W. Charlton {Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 2. ser., 6 (1900-1901), Sec. Ill, pp. 21-25, fig. 1). — An electrical method, using mercury as the medium for conveying the heat to the fat and having a bell in the circuit to note the moment of fusion. It is to some extent a motlification of the method of Christomanos, but is much more rapid. The apparatus employed is figured and descril)ed. The advantages claimed for the method are that (1) there is no necessity to remelt the fat, as when drawn- out glass tubes are used, thus avoiding one source of error, (2) the factor of jiressure is practically cliininatcil, {'.-)) the iiiftliod is rapid. A rapid method of determining the amount of salt in butter, C. L. Pitch ( Xnt. f\eam. Butfermakers' A.'^.tor. Rpt. 1901, pp. 176-181, fig. 1) . — This method, which the writer has used in 6 creameries during 1 year, is carried out as follows: The but- ter is sampled with a trier, and from the sample small portions are taken here and there and carefully packed in a little I)rass mea,sure. The measure is suspended in a large cylinder partially filled with a known amount of hot water, and the cylinder stoppered and shaken until the butler melts; 17.6 cc. of the aijueous solution ia 105 106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. removed with a Ba])cock pipette and placed in a beaker. A tablet specially prepared and containing a definite amount of nitrate of silver is dissolved in 50 cc. of cold water. The solution containing an aliquot portion of the salt of the butter is then carefully titrated with the nitrate of silver solution, using potassium bichromate as an indicator. The number of cubic centimeters of the tablet solution used to pro- duce a permanent brick-red color indicates the number of tenths per cent of salt contained in the butter. Thus, 10 cc. of the silver nitrate solution indicates 1 per cent of salt. The author states that he is able to bring variations within | of 1 per cent of the standard desired. By employing this method the amount of salt in butter can be more easily controlled and a more uniform i)ruduct produced. Determination of cocoanut oil in butter and in oleomargarine, J. Wauters {Bui. Assoc. Beige Chim., 15 {1901), Xu. 1, pp. 25-28). — A distinction is found by determining both the soluble and insoluble fatty acids by the Reichert-Meissl number. The chemical estimation of starch, E. Giantukco {BoL Chim. Pharm., S9 {1900), pp. S29-3S5; Srliiniz. \V>'Itiis<-}ir. Fharm., 38 {1900), p. 348; abs. in Ztschr. Uniersurh. Nahr. u. Genussintl., 4 {1901), No. 1, pp. 40-41)- — This method is based on the tendency of carbohydrate bodies to unite with earthy bases, and is carried out in a manner somewhat similar to the method of Asboth, excejit an aluminum salt is used instead of barium hydroxid. A solution of potash alum is made up, in which 1 cc. contains 0.060769 gm. alum, equal to 0.01 gm. aluminum hydroxid. Of this solution 10 cc. is used for each 0.5 to 1.5 gm. starch. With commercial starch 2.5 gm. of finely powdered, well mixed substance is put into a Ijeaker, and 150 to 200 cc. water and 15 cc. of the alum solu- tion added and thoroughly mixed. A small excess of ammonia is then added and the precipitate l)rought upon a filter, washed until no sulphate reaction is given, dried at 100°, and weighed. With meal, 3 gra. of the substance is made into a dough with a little water, and then the starch washed out into a beaker with a fine stream, and the process continued as indicated above. Estimation of dextrose and dextrin in commercial g-lucose, L. Lindet {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 6 {1901), No. 2, pp. 43-45). — In the method proposed the total carbon is estimated by combustion with cupric oxid in the usual manner, and the rotary power of the glucose determined. From the carbon obtained by combustion the combined weight of the sugars present is calculated as CgHi-jOg. From this figure and the rotary power of tlie glucose, the relative pro])ortion of dextrose and dextrin is calculated. In making the estimation the specific rotary power of dextrose is i)laced' at 52.5°, of dextrhi at 195°. Influence of the nature and intensity of light on the inversion of sucrose by mineral acids, H. Gillot [BuL Acad. Roy. Sd. Belg., 1900, pp. 863-874; nbs. in Jour. Chan. Sor. [Loiidon'], 80 {1901), No. 460, I, p. 127). — Light of all wave lengths promotes inversion of sucrose in the presence of sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. The rays in the blue, violet, and ultra violet are much more active than those in the yellow or red. The determination of tragacanthin and dextrin in cacao and chocolate and the estimation of the dextrins by polarization, P. Wei.mans {Ztschr. Ocffcut. Chem., 5 {1900), j)j>. ^';,SW.V.>'; . .'/.-,, p. JO.>'/i).^X iiu'tli.Ml f,,r makiiig a very (U'licatc culoi' test. The cause of error in the search for salicylic acid in wines, A. Y. Fkkkkika DA SiLVA {Bid. >%r. Chiiti. />i(ris, 3. ser., 2S {1900), p. 795; Chcni. Neim, S.J {190/), JSjj. J14o, p. 4)- — In making this test the point is emphasized that no more tlian 50 CO. of the wine should be taken. In larger amounts there is danger of getting the reaction in a pure wine, as such may contain natiirally enough of a sul)stance resem- bling salicylic ai-id to respond to the test. A new coloring matter in wine and the determination of orseille, cochi- neal, pokeberry, and beet coloring- matter, J. Wkiaakr {Ann. Chini. Ann/i/l., 5 {1900), pp. 407-4IS; abs. in Chcm. CentbL, 1900, 11, No. M, pp. 1-296, 1291; (Jwin. Ztitated as calcium salts. The oxalic acid is then i)recipitated with argentic nitrate. International association method of tannin determination, H. II. PKocrrnu {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 2, p. iO^).— Because of the difficulty of o})taiu- ing a clear filtrate in the analysis of certain hide powders, as (juebracho extract, F. A. Blockey proposes to dilute such solutions, so that they contain approximately 0.4 gr. "tannin," instead of 0.7 gr. per 100 cc. This suggestion has l)een adopted by the International Association of Leather Trades Chemists, and they now direct that solutions for analysis - contain not more than 0.45 and not less than 0.35 gr. of "tanning matter" per 100 cc. The estimation of free acid in tanning decoction, B. Weiss ( GerJier, 26 {1900), pp. 269-383; abs. in. Chan. Ztg., 24 {1900), No. 96, p. 355). — A method of separation and of titration with standard alkali solution. Estimation of tanning materials, L. Specht and F. Lorenz {(Jlicia. Zt(j., 25 \1901), No. 1, pp. 5, 6). — Fornuilas for estimating results and comparisons of results. The estimation of organic and mineral acids in tanning solutions, F. Jean {Ann. rhini.. Anab/t., 5 {1900], No. 11, pp. 413-416; abs. in Chent. Zl-.'y^).— This method (lei)ends upon the fact that hydrazin sulphate (N._,H4H2S04) with a solution of iodic acid gives off free nitrogen. Hydrazin sulphate in the jjresence of formaldehyde forms hydrazon, and upon the addition of iodic acid the compound is broken up and free nitrogen given off. This is collected in a Knop- Wagner azotometer and the amount calculated to a zero temperature and 760 nun. pressure. One cubic centimeter of nitrogen e(iuala 2.7 mg. formaldehyde. 2453— No. 2—01 2 108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The elementary analysis and calorimetric value of the muscle substance of various animals, A. Koulek {'/Ai^clir. I'lufsiid. Cltcnt., -U, pp. 4^9-')19; aha. in Clu'iii. Ciiilh/., I'JOI, I, No. IS, p. 752). — The carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen content and the calorimetric value of the tiesh of cattle, Hwiiie, Hheej), dog, chicken, and hortJe are given. Determination of starch in liver sausage, K. Hefelmann {Ztac.hr. Oeffentl. Vlirni., 7, pp. 4-3-47; cOm. in Chi'in. CentbL, 1901, I, No. 12, j'P- 707, 708). Fluorescein as an indicator, H. Zellner {Fharm. Ztg., 4^ {1901), p. 100; ahu. in Uit-iii. Ztij., 25 {1901), Xo. 14, }>■ 40). — Fluorescein is used as an indicator in esti- mating ammonia. It is prepared by dissolving 0.4 gm. in 50 cc. alcoliol and adding 30 cc. water. The determination of ammonia in the air of stables, A. P.V(;noui. (*J1iiI. Sin. Aijnm. Pas . L. Van SLYKEand W. H. Andrews {New York SUde'Sla. Bid. 190, pji.2S.3-290). — Anal- yses were made of 22 samples of Paris green and 1 sample eat^h of Arsenoid, Para- grene, Black Death, Bug Death, and Hammomrs Slugshot. In the 22 samples of Paris green the arsenic content varied from 55.p- 7-9). — Analyses of 14 samples of Paris green an!, }>p. 15-17). — The authors show that an arbitrary correction of aljout 0.003 gm. must be deilucted from the indications in Williamson's process of direct titration with thiosulphate; and a correction varying from one- half that amount to nothing, according to theamount of arsenious acid present, when determination is made by iodin after neutralization with acid potassium carbonate. In the vaporization process the application of an arbitrary correction is unnecessary. Detection of arsenic in the presence of sulphites, J. F. Smith (Chem. News, 83 (1901), No. 2145, pp. 2, .?).— A modification of :Marsh's test. By this method 15 parts of arsenic in 1,000,000 were detected in the presence of a large (juantity of l)isuli)hite in 5 cc. of beer without previous treatment. The detection of arsenic in beer and bre-wing materials, A. C. Chap.man {Anali/.'iece of ])right copper gauze is sus- pended. BOTANY. 109 « Potassium — microchemical detection, K. I\I. Chamot (Jniir. A/ij)/. }[irr(>s., S [lUdO], .V'/. /.', pjK /()77-/'>M, Ji(/K. r>). — Metliods of foriiuitioii aii. 7, />/,. 1 1.h/->'0, Ji'jx. J).—X jrciicral rcvii-w of the suliject with special referoiu-t' to the progress of agricultural chemistry in Australia. BOTANY. Critical points in the relation of lig-ht to plants, D. T. MAcDoruAi, {.\hs. in ,Srinii-<\, II. SIT., J.) [lUOl), y<>. .)J0, p. ..'5J). — The influence of light upon plants is summarized 1)y the author as follows: " Light exercises a direct ciiemical effect upon the substances of which j)rotoplasm is composed. It stinuilates protoplasm to the formation of chlorophyll, although its action is not necessary to the proct-ss, and its direct chemical effect disintegrates this substance. It constitutes a source of energy w hich is absorbed by the chloroplasts. Absence of light constitutes a specific stimu- lus, calling out the various reactions of etiolation. Light acts as a directive; or orient- ing stimulus to which the plant responds by locomotory or bending movements. Different portions of the spectrum are operative in producing these sei)arate effects." The -author states that illumination is not necessary to the motility of protoplasm, and conversely that the deprivation of light does not induce a condition of rigor, but sets up various pathological phenomena, among which is the l)reaking down of chlorophyll. Light does not exert a paratonic or retarding effect upon growth. Its chemical action may hinder the acc-umulation of somatic material. The changed development of plants in darkness is an adaptive response which has for its purpose the elevation of the chlorophyll screen and reproductive bodies. On the development of etiolated plants when placed in sunlight, H. Rico .me {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sri. Paru, 131 {1900), No. £6, pp. 1251-1253) .—TXw results of a num])er of experiments in which etiolated plants were placed in the sunlight and morphological changes noted are given. The effect of the change on the structure of the stem and leaves and on the weight of the plants is shown. The stems of etio- lated plants were consideral)ly longer than normal ones and the leaves were smaller when the plant had l)ut iittle reserve material at its disposal. When plants having a large amount of reserve material were deprived of light for a considerable time and afterwards brought into the light, the effect of the etiolation was not as marked as in the case of those plants having a limited amount of reserve material. Transpira- tion was shown to play an important part in determining the effect of etiolation. It was shown that etiolated plants brought out to the light suffered a great loss of water, but this loss diminished as the dry weight of the plant increased. Contribution to the question of the synthesis of albumin by the higher plants in the dark, K. Schkodkr {Izr. Momjv^ Sehk. Khoz. Fiisf., a [1900), Xn. 3, pp. 405-428). —The author experimented with squash, peas, potatoes, and dahlias. In the case of the etiolated squash seedlings it was found that in the first two days after the soaking of the seeds no decomposition of albumin took place, but after that tlie albuminous substances began to decompose as usual. No synthesis of albumin was observed. In the experiments with month-old etiolated pea seedlings, placed in a T) per cent cane-sugar .soluti(m with other nutritive substances, no increa.se of albuminous nitrogen was o])served, but there was a retarding of the decomposition of the i)roteids. In the exi)eriments with potatoes germinated in sand cultures m the dark an increase of the albuminous nitrogen was observed. In the absence of j)ota.ssium nitrate there was either no increase or it was very sk>w. Dahlia tubers germinated in pure (piartz sand and without nutritive sul)stances showed no increa.«e of albuminous nitrogen. The above experiments, therefore, corroborate the state- 110 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, mente of various autlions concerning the pos8il)ility of albmuin synthesis in tlie dark by the higher j)lants. — v. fireman. Rheotropism of roots, F. C. Newcombe {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 13 {1901), No. 320, p. 250). — Rheotropism is defined as the curvature of the root when growing in running water. In all cases so far observed the root tip curves against the stream. In the experiments upon which the report is based the author examined 32 species of jilants, 15 of which have shown themselves to l^e rheotropic and 17 insensitive. Species of the same genius differ widely in the degree of response to this stimulus. Members of the Cruciferfe are among the most sensitive plants found, their roots often attaining an angle of 90° from the vertical. The velocity of the current was found to exercise a considerable influence upon the amount of curvature, the l^est response being given in a current carrying from 100 to 500 cm. per minute. A velocity of 2,000 cm. per minute in most plants produced a negative curve. The area of the root which perceives the stimulus includes the apex of the root and the elongating Z(jne, and the roots of mature plants are as responsive as those of seedlings. Thigmotropism of roots, F. C. Newcombe {A})^. in Science, n. ser., 13 {1901), No. 320, i)p. 250,251). — The sensitiveness of roots to contact or pressure has been investi- gated and the author shows that roots are responsive to pressure on the elongating zone. Some species respond to pressure while others do not, and the response is considered of the same class of phenomena as shown by tendrils when in contact with a solid object. In the experiments outlined by the author all the roots that showed the effect of this stimulus became concave on the side receiving the stimulus. The relation of water plants to the solid substratum, R. H. Pond {Ahn. in Science, n. ner., 13 {1901), No. 320, pp. 256, 257). — The common statement that the roots of water plants serve only as means of attachment requires, according to the author, some modification. He has found that aijuatic plants rooted in soil exc^eeded in vegetation and dry weight plants rooted in sand or merely suspended. Plants rooted in saml or merely suspended contained an excess of starch, lime, and magne- sium, while they were lacking in nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid. A volu- metric measurement of root absorption was made showing that the rooted plants absorbed more than floating ones. The influence of the presence of pure metals upon plants, E. B. Copelanu and L. Kahlenbekg ( Tra/t.s. Wisconsin Acad. Sd., Arts, and Letters, 12 {1900), pt. 2, pp. 454-474)-— "^^Q authors state that injury to plants grown in cultures containing pure metals will dei:)end ui>on the tendency of the metal to go into solution and the specific toxicity of the metal when in solution. A series of experiments were conducted in which chemically pure metals were placed in distilled water, and the effect noted upon the growth of a number of plants. As many of the metals as were available were rolled into foil or were in the shape of wire. Some of the other metals were in the form of sticks, others in flakes, etc. The vessels containing the water cultures were glass beakers, coated internally with paraffin, so that no solu- tion of glass would be possible. Seedlings of maize, lupines, oats, and soy beans were placed in these solutions and the effect of their growth determined by the increase in length of the radicles. In all, 30 metals were tested, the more common of which were copper, nickel, tin, silver, platinum, gold, mercury, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, iron, zinc, lead, manganese, sulphur, and carbon. The effect of these different ele- ments is shown in tabular form. It appears that thallium, cadmium, copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, iron, antimony, magnesium, arsenic, iodin, tungsten, and tellurium were almost invariably fatal to the growth of plants. It was not always possible to dem- onstrate by chemical tests the presence of these substances in the roots which they had killed, but in a number of instances the appearance of the roots showed the presence of the salts of the metal that had killed it. It was found that those metals whose salts are already known to be toxic poisoned plants when present in water. It is stated as a well-recognized fact in animal physiology that the i)henomena of stimu- BOTANY. 1 1 1 latinii and iMiisl)alt stimulated ^Towtli very a|>|>r('cial)ly, and horon, lead, and tungsten exerted a stiinulatinjj inflnt'nce in indivi1). — Studies were made of the hypha' of riiyeomyces, hypocotyls of Jirassica, radish, sunflower, luinne, and gourd, the epicotyl of beans, and the leaf sheath and first leaves of oats and wheat. Single shocks given by pressure upon the mycelium of the fungus showed that there wan a retardation, followed by a recovery in from 5 to 30 minutes, after which the growth was frequently faster than at first. In the larger ]tlants bending was followeil by rapid elongation, after whicth growth was retardeil for a short time, and ujMin the resumption of the functions of tlie j)lant the rate of growth was some- times greater and sometimes less than at first. The effect of continuous shock npon plants was investigated by means oi a form of apparatus which kept the plants sway- ing from side to side. The resnlts obtained were decisive otdy in the case of experi- ments with gourds, which showed a decided acceleration due to the swaying. With the other plants the results were variable, but as a whole gave evidences of acceU-ra- tion where the swaying was not too vigorous. The effect of annular decortication of herbaceous plants, L. Daniei, {('oinpt. Rend. Annl. ,Scl. rarlx, ISl {1900), No. 26, pp. 1 £5.3-1255). —The effect of removing a portion of the bark from annual plants was investigated by the author, the sub- jects of the experiments being different species of crucifers, eggi)lant, and tomatoes. In the c^se of the crucifers experimented with, the ringing of the stems was gener- ally followed by a wilting and final death of the lower leaves. When in a moist medium the plant was severely injured. If in a drier medium the wound wa.s healed over to some extent. The heads produced by the different varieties of cab- bage, Brussels sprouts, etc., were considerably smaller than in the check plants. In the experiments with eggplants and tomatoes there was a marked increase in the size of the fruit following the annular ringing of the plant. While there was inerea.'se in size of the solanaeeous fruits, there was a corresponding decrease in their flavor. It is thought probal)le that the marked effect shown in these plants would prol)ably be shown in other annual plants which furnish edible fruits. Notes upon albinism in s^veet corn, B. I). Halsted [Ahx. in. Science, n. ser., 13 {luoi), X<>. .^20, p. 247). — The author reports a complete albinism in a cross between black Mexican and Egyptian sweet corns. The albinos were produced in about equal numbers from the white, pink, and purple grains resulting from the crosses, and in some instances about 15 per cent of the plants were white. The albino plants possessed normal vigor and in every way resembled the types, except in the lack of a capacity to produce chlorophyll. After about 2 weeks' growth the plants began to weaken, and perished within a short time. In the dark they grew like normal plants, except no etiolin was jiroduced. The grain i)roduced by overl)urdened plants' seemed more liable to produ(;e albinos than that from stalks which bore a single ear. The al]>inism is believed to have been due to incomplete fecundation, and the fact that the plants were close bred may have had an effect upon the progeny. Lioss of vigor in corn from inbreeding, H. J. Webbek {Abs. in Science, n. .^er., l-i {1901), No. 820, pp. 257, 258). — The effect of inbreeding corn with pollen from the same stalk is shown by a number of examples. One hundred stalks of Hickory King corn grown from seed inbred with pollen from the same stalk yieliled 46 ears, weighing 9..'^ lbs., while seeds of tlie same race produced ])y crossing different seed- lings yielded, from the same numljer of stalks, 82 ears, weighing 270 lbs. In attempt- ing to fix hybrids of Hickory King and ("uzco, a number of eai-s were ird)red with pollen from the stalks bearing them, while others were fertilized with pollen from 112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. other liybrid needlings of the same parentage. The hyljrids of the second genera- tion, wliere the seed was inl^red, showed a great loss of vigor, 1)eing small in struc- ture and almost totally sterile. From these observations it is believed that in fixing corn hybrids it will be found desiraVjle to cross different hyljrid sei'dlings of the same parentage which are found to present the same characters, ratlier than inbreed the hybrid with its own pollen, as is frequently advocated by plant breeders. The morphology of the fruit of Opuntia, J. W. Toumey {Ahs. hi Scieiire, n. ser., 13 {1901), No. 320, pp. 253, 254)- — While the primary function of fruits is seed production and dissemination, according to the author the Opuntia has developed special adaptations for this purpose. Under the influence of desert environment many species of plants have to a great degree lost the power of production of seed, and in Opuntia fnlgida the fruit is mostly sterile. The reproduction of the plant largely takes place by the dissemination of the swollen, spine-covered, terminal joints. In this case the function of the fruit is not to produce seeds but to attrac;t animals to the plant that the fragile l)ranches may adhere to them and thus become disseminated. In many instances the author has observed clusters of spineless, short, proliferous joints which resemble fruits externally, but are entirely without evidence of even an abortive ovary. These in the economy of plants serve the same purpose as fruit clusters without the necessity of floral development. Concerning' manna produced by olive trees, Trabut ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 {1901), No. 4, pp. 225, 226; Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 7 {1901), No. 3, pp. 54-56, fig. 1) . — The author reports the occurrence in Algiers of a great number of olive trees which exude during the summer a form of manna which is api)arently identical with that produced by the ash tree. Analysis shows it to contain 52 per cent mannite and 7.8 per cent reducing sugars. The trees producing the manna are evidently diseased. The manna exudes from the trunk and larger l)ranches and at these points the cambium is in a state of complete liquefaction. This decomposition is caused by a bacterium. It forms large canker-like growths, exposing the naked wood. The author is led to believe that the bacteria are distributed by insects which puncture the bark, making it possible for the organism to reach the cambial layer. The limits of variation in plants, J. W. Harshberger {Alis. in Science, n. ser., 13 {1901), Xu. 320, pp. 251, 252). — The author has made astu. M. Tracy {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 13 {1901), No. 320, p. 253).— This paper deals with tlie 'Landw. Vers. Stat., 7m (1901), No. 1-2, p. 45. FERMENTATION — 1?A< TI<:in<)L<>(i Y. 1 1 1} climate, i>hyHi(),a;rapliy, ami vofrotatioii of tlu> islands in the vicinity of tlic l^clta of the Mississipiii, and is esi^'cially concerned with a comparison of the ecolojjical con- ditions in this reifion and that recently reporti'd for Ocracoke Island, North Carolina (E. S. K., 12, j>. 720). The islands of the Delta re-jion are comjxised of sand, innck- mar.'.'y--/o'). — Investigations are given on the limit^sof vitality and variations w readily in te.st-tube cultures of milk or beef bouillon to which an equal yulumc of chloroform has been added. Two organisms, it is stated, are known to grow readily in beef liouillon to which thymol has been added. Duration of life of typhoid bacilli, from different sources, in ice; and the effect of intense cold on bacteria, W. H. Park [Ahi'. in. Science, v. .srr., 13 [lUOl), No. 322, J). 323). — An account is given in which 20 cultures of bacteria of typhoid fever, after having l)een grown for 28 hours in nutrient agar, were placed in a room the temperature of whicli was rather constant at al)Out 23° F. From time to time tubes were removed and the effect of the cold, as shown in the development of liac- teria, was noted. At the end of one week, only 14 per cent of the l)acteria were then living, and at the end of 22 weeks all the cultures were dead. AVatery suspensions of different bacteria were placed in small tubes and dropped into li(iuid air, expo- sures being from 3 minutes to 2 hours and 10 minutes. As a result of tliis exposure the virulence of the organisms was only slightly diminished. The use of carbolic acid in isolating Bacillus coli communis from river ■water, W. B. Copeland {Ahs. in Science, n. .ser., 13 [1901), No. 322, 2)p. 330, 331). — A destTi])tion is given of a method by which the author has been able to separate the colon bacillus by the use of solid media. The cultures were made on AViirtz agar and the acid colonies were readily distinguishable by the reddening of the litmus. As numerous other bacteria are present in river water, the author has found that by adding 0.2 cc. of a 2 per cent solution of carbolic acid the number of bacteria in the water is greatlj reduced, while there is ai^parently no effect u])oii the colon bacilli. A compendium of bacteriological "water investigations, W. .Mkui.a {('oin- pendium der Ixikteriologi.'tclien Wat^aei-uidcrsucliung nehd rolUtdndigcv UeberaicJtt der Trinhveuiserhakterien. Wieahnden: Otto NemnicJi, 1901, pp. VII -r 440, tables 2). Formation of sulphureted hydrogen in town drains, and the genus Aero- bacter, INI. AV. Bei.ierixck {('eutbl. Bakt. n. Par., 2. Abt., 6 {1900), No. 7, j)]). 193- 206). — The formation of sulphureted hydrogen in town drains by Spirilhun desul- phuricans is mentioned. As a result of further research in this direction, the author suggests that this is due not only to the reduction of sulphate but also to free sulphur and to albuminous bodies. The decomposition of albuminous bodies is brought about either by aerobic organisms or by temjHjrary anaerobes. These organisms M^ere found by a special method of investigation to form sulphites. As a result of the author's investigations, the suggestion is made that these gas-forming species endowed with this temporary anaerobism should be classed together in a genus to which he gives the name Aerobacter, the species mentioned being (1) AeroUuicr aerogenes= Bacillus lactis aerogenes; (2) ^1. iit, 1l>7 ])ac"t(_'ria jK-r cc, and at no tinu" diont 100,000. This showc. 3,U). — On account of some of the disad- vantages attending the use of gas in the bacteriological laboratory, the autlior has devised means by which a steam pipe is introduced into an Arnold sterilizer. l!y this means the sterilizer can ))e brought to a tem^^erature of 09° C. within 5 minutes, ami by the use of a reducing valve the temperature can be controlled at any desired . degiee. Catalase, a new enzym of general occurrence, O. Loew ( l\ S. Dcpt. Agr. Bpt. as, pp. 47). — In the examination of many samples of tobacco tlie author found that one sample from the crop of 189.S contained a very energetic enzym capable of devel- o])ing oxygen by the addition of hydrogen peroxid. Tests showed that neither diastasi', jn-oteolytic enzym, enudsin, oxidase, or peroxidase were jiresent in the sample. From further study the conclusion w-as reached that another enzym was pi-esent, w liich the author calls catalase. A resume of previous work on tlie decom- l)osing ij(jwer of certain enzynis upon hydrogen peroxid, and the investigations of the author upon the enzym catalase, are given at some length. The new enzym was found to exist in both an insoluble and a soluble form, distinguished as (t- and fJ- catala.se. Quite a number of tests are reported, showing the presence of catalase in a number of plant and animal organs, and tallies are given showing the amount of oxygen given off l)y treating the various substances with hydrogen peroxid. The method of preparing the enzym and the effect upon it of various salts, acids, bases, and other compounds, are shown. The persistence of the enzym is found to be greater than that of any other contained in vegetalile organs, so far as tested. Some herba- rium specimens showed its presence after a lapse of over 50 years. From a number of tests the author concludes that catalase belongs to the oxidizing grr)U]i of enzyms. Owing to its very general occurrence, its presence is not believed to lie accidental, but that it plays some role in the physiological jirocesses; and the energy with which it attacks liydrogen jieroxid, suggests the view tentatively that its role in the animal and vegetable organism may lie the breaking down of this ))roduct, whicli has been claimed by some authors to be a jiroduct of organic gi'owth. The various views upon the formation of hydrogen peroxid in living cells are reviewed, and the author's suggestions of the jirobalile relation of catalase to the life jirocesses of the cells submitted. Oxidizing ferments in phanerogams, X. 1'asserini {Naur. Gior. Bot. ItaL, 6 {]S9!t), ])]). ^9r,-S21; ahs. in Join-. Hoy. Microti. ,Soc. [Jjondoii'], 1900, No. S, p. S42). — In examining with the guiacum test a])out 100 species of flowering jilants belonging to 40 different families the author found evidence in all but about 20 of at least a trace of oxidase in some organ of the ])laiit. Tlie jiart in whicli it was most constiintly 116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. . . present was the root. In the stem it is often stronger in the bark than in the pith. In the leaves oxidases are most commonly entirely wanting or present only in very small quantities and are then generally localized along the veins. When present in the flower these ferments are more abundant in the pistils than in the stamens. In the stamens they occur chiefly in the filaments. In fruits they are most alnindant in the pericarp, disappearing in the seed before maturity. In general the reaction is strongest in those organs which change color rapidly on exposure to the air. In a nnml)er of aipiatic plants examined (ixidases a])peare(l to be a])sent. Upon the occurrence and function of proteolytic enzyms in germinating seeds, AV. Butkewitsch {Zhur. Opuit. Agron., 1 (1900), No. 3, pp. 2S3-255; Bn-. Deul. Bot. GeselL, 18 {1900), No. 8, pp. 358-364). — The author reports studies on the germinated and unsprouted seeds oi Vicia faba, Ricinus major, Lupinus luteus, and L. cmgudifolms. To ascertain the presence of proteolytic enzyms the seeds were dried and pulverized in a mortar, after which they were treated ^^•ith ether for 2 or 3 days, and the extract kept in an Erlenmeyer flask in a thermostat for some time, and then examined. The treatment was considered fatal to all organisms and destructive of living protoplasm; yet in every case examined a change in the albu- minoid matter had taken place, with a formation of amid compounds. The enzyni present agreed closely with the trypsin of animal organisms, as has already been reported by Green. The shoots of Luphncs luteus and unsprouted seed of L. angusti- folius were found to contain a body very similar to zymogen. The proteolytic enzym in the seeds, according to the author's experiments, showed sufficient activity to transform all the protein reserve material contained in the seeds. A detailed report of the author's investigations is published in Ztschr. Physiol. CJiein., 32 (1901), No. 1-2, pp. 1-53. Ferment of seeds with horny endosperm, E. Bourquelot and H. Herissey {('ompf. Rend. Amd. Sri. J'ari.% 130 {1900), No. 11, pp. 731-733).— The authors regari>. /;.'', ISO). METEOROLOGY. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1898-99, \V. r>. Mookk ( F. 6'. />'///. Aoc. 231, and in Report of the Sccn-tary of Agriculture, 1900. 118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Huwanl Shriver, Dr. Earl Flint, HerlK-rtson's (Ustrilmtion of rainfall over the land, the storniH of the Hawaiian Islands, the rainfall and evaj.oration of Great Salt Lake, Harvard's meteorological stations, reflection by clonds of light from a distant fire, history of meteorology in Belgium, official standard time, the work of the Metef)ro- logical Institute of Prussia, temperature of deep lakes, ice caves. Weather Bureau men as instructors, English v. metric system of measurements, the structure and formation of hail, Hann's new meteorology, the relative duration of the normal warm and cold seasons, the weather in distant regions, and new determination of vajior tension. . No. 'A, special contributions on Fog studies on JNIount Tamaljiais: Nundier 4 (illus.), by A. G. McAdie; Pressure of saturated aqueous vapor at temi)erature.s below freezing, by M. Thiesen; Auroral observations on the second Wellman exjje- dition made in the neighborhood of Franz Josef land, by E. B. Baldwin; and Damage by hail in spite of cannonading, by J. M. Pernter; and notes by the editor on snow crystals, charts of atmosphere humidity, J. . Brown Hicklin, normals for Manila, the new Philippine weather service. Weather Bureau men as instructors, dust storms and red rain, the permanence of climate, and the moon and the weather. Report of the meteorological council for the year ending- Marcli 31, 1900, to tlie president and council of the Royal Society {London: (loirnnnrnt, ]900, pp. 158, fig. 1, charts 2). — Gives an account, with numerous appendixes, of the t)i)era- I'ons of the weather service during the year. The application of meteorology to agriculture, J. Yandervakren [Des appli- cations de la mctcorologie en agriculture. Brecht: L. Braeckmans, 1900, pp. 88, ]>!. 1). — The pamphlet discusses weather forecasting, briefly describing the systems followed in Belgium, France, England, Switzerland, and the United States, and exi)lains weather signals and other means of disseminating weather predictions and storm warnings. A bric-f note on the importance of climatological observations is ad(le«l. Meteorok)gical observations, 1900, L. G. Carpenter, R. E. Trimble, etal. ( Colo- rado Sta.lipt. HMO, pp. 16.5-211, 217,218). — This is a tabulated daily and monthly summary of observations, during 1900, on temperature, pressure, precii)itation, dew point, relative humidity, terrestrial and solar radiation, wind movement, and , fii/. 1; 5, pji. .)-.'V, //r/.s'. ,i). Agronomic charts and the agricultural situation of the Canton of Redon, (t. v. Lec'HAKTIER {Otrle.'< afjronomiquei^ et sUuatvjn ale is given which shows the monthly and annual evaporation from a tank 3 by 8 by 3 ft. flush with the ground at Fort Collins during 14 years, 1887-1900. Mineral-water industry {Spec. [K S.'\ Considar Rpts., 22 {1901), pt. -2, pp. 85- 212). — This is a report of consuls of the United kStates on the extent of trade in mineral waters in various countries of Europe, India, Japan, Siberia, Syria, Pales- tine, Asia Minor, New South AVales, New Zealand, Victoria, and Mexico. The chemical composition of the soils of the southwestern districts of the Cape Colony, C. F. JuRrrz {Tram. Phil. Soc. South Africa, 11 {1900), pt. 2, pp. 125- 160, rluuif! 5; Agr. .Tour. Cape Good Hope, 18 {1901), Nos. 6, pp. 328-338;' 7, pp. 391-401; 8, pp. 452-462). — An account is here given of the work done to date, January 31, 1900, on the systematic soil survey of the Colony which was begun in 1892 and which has been noted from time to time (E. S. R., 12, j). 122). The results are reported in tabular form and in charts, and there is a brief discussion of the general subjet;t of soil analysis and of the practical application of the analytical data reported, with a description of the methods used in this investigation. These methods are in brief as follows: The samples are taken to a depth not exceeding 12 in. and sufiiciently below the surface to avoid top growth and accumulations. The sample is washed through a 5 mm. mesh sieve. The part passing the sieve, together with the residue from the evaporation of the water used in washing it through, is designated flne earth and is used for the determination of lime, potash, and ])liosphorid acid. The portion which does not pass through the 5 nun. mesh sieve is dried and sifted through a 1 mm. mesh sieve. The part passing through is designated coarse sand and is included with the fine earth in determining moisture, organic matter, chlorin, and nitrogen. To prepare the solution for analysis, allow 200 gm. of the tine earth to remain in contact with 400 cc. of hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.115) in a large flask for 5 days at ordinary temperature, shaking thoroughly from time to time. Filter through dry plaited lilters into a dry flask, evai)orate 250 cc. of the filtrate tr) dryness, using first a small open flame, then the water bath, and finally a sand batli or air oven at 120° C, adding during the evaporation a few cubic centimeters of strong nitric acid. 120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Moisten the residue witli strong nitric acid and again evaporate to dryness. To expel nitric acid, moisten the residue with hydrochloric acid and evaporate nearly to drynei^s on the water bath, taking care to prevent the formation of crusts. Dry the residue in an air bath for an liour, treat with warm water and 20 per cent solu- tion of hydrochloric acid, wash into a 250 cc. flask, boil f< is ])li(>si)liuric aciil, (lie second nmsl itii|M(rtaiit rciuircinciit iK'ini,' lime. .V eumparison of liillock soils witii tiiosi' of the level <.m"'(//. ,SVp. .'/-/.'>). — 111 an examination of Jl samples of soil no lixed relation was found to exist between earhon anareiitly the carhon, nitro- gen, and hiinnis di-gree varied in the same dii'ection, although irregnlari\-. Investigations on the cohesiveness of soils and on mechanical and physico- chemical analysis, S. von riEozifKi (Mill. Laii.'. ;^ Pl>. i-r,4). Soil temperatures, L. (i. ("akpkntkk {('nlnntiln Sin. Iljii. 1:100, pp. ..'L.'-ji/i). — This is a tahnlatt'd n-cord of weekly observations on soil temiieratnres at different dejitlis in irrigate, pi. Bill. Mi.sc. Iii/nriii., l:>01, Xo. ..'7, pp. o:.'.')-.>..'7) . — It is elaimed that plants derive minn more plant food from .soils than eheinieal analysis accounts for. "A large amount of incidental plant food is evidently conveyed I ly rain water. . . . It ajipears i)rol)able also that tile fertility given by the deposited excreta of small animals, birds, insects, and worms and reptiles, and the decay of tlieir bodies npon the ground, and also the decay of Yegetal;)le matter, dust deposited by wind, leaves, flowera, seeds, and branches, etc., is largely in excess of what lias been previously estimated, and in fact is of as nmch importance as food obtained from the reserves hel 2. 35 2.00 ■1. 35 1.0 3 6.0 1.0 4 1.0 5 Calcium carbonate was ailded in each case in sullicieiit tinantity to neutralize any aciilily wliich might arise. Tlie crops grown were barley, tomatoes, and peas. The data secured and reported in the ])ulletin include yield and moisture, potash, and soda content of the air-dry crop. The results are summarized as follows: 122 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "(1) A (lelicioncy <>f available potash greatly depressed the growth «i the i)laiit even in the presence of an abundant supply of soda salts. A lack of soda in the presence of potash sufficient for the plant's needs seemed to have no deleterious effect whatever upon growth. "(2) Plants to which the necessary supply of potash was not accessible took up more soda than when potash was present in abundance. Soda may be substituted for potash in (juantity when the latter is lacking. " (3) While the substitution may take place in (luantity, it evidently can n(jt do so in function, as is shown by the limited growth when the plants were dei)rived of potash, even though soda was appropriated in increased proportions. "(4) The experiments incidentally suggest the view that the real need of plants for certain essential mineral constituents is not even approximately measured l)y the proportions of these constituents which the plant takes up." Can plants use soda in place of potash? F. H. Hall, W. H. Jokijan, and C. G. Jentkk {Neip Turk State Sta. Bid. 193, popular ed., pp. 10, figs. ^).— This is a popular sunuiiary of the above bulletin. The relative values of some nitrogenous fertilizers, W. A. Withkks and G. 8. FH.\Pi^-{ North Carolina Sta. Bui. 170, pj>. lo-,i2). — The bulletin calls attention to the results obtained by Miintz and Girard, and Boname (E. S. R., 9, j). 732) in studies of the rate of nitrification of fertilizers, and also to the work of Jenkins and Britton on the availability of nitrogenous fertilizers (E. S. E.., 10, p. 232), and reports experiments on the relative rate of nitrification carried out as follows: "A sandy clay soil from a pasture was sifted through a coarse sieve (6 meshes to the inch), and a quantity of material equivalent to 0.6 gm. nitrogen was intimately mixed with 1,000 gm. of the soil. The soil was then placed in precipitating jars and kept in a dark closet, enough water being added to raise the percentage from 6.3 to 11.6. At suitable periods 3 of the jars were weighed, and the estimated loss of water was replaced in all the jars. The tenqjcrature was 28 to 30° C, and the time was 3 weeks. When calcium carbonate was added, the amount was exactly sutiicient to combine with the nitrogen of the fertilizer if the entire amount were converted to nitric acid. At the end of the experiment the nitrates were leached out and the amount determined by the Tiemann-Schulze method. The amount of nitrates found in a blank experiment was deducted from the total." The results of these experiments, as well as of tests of the solubility in pei)sin- hydrochloric acid and neutral permanganate, and of vegetation tests with oats and Hungarian grass made by Jenkins and Britton, are given in the following table. Rate of nitrification and, araiUdAlitij of rariotis nitrogenous fertilizers. Rate of nitrification. Availability. Fertilizer. Without calcium carbonate. Witli calcium carbonate. By potas- sium per- manga- nate method. Bypep- sin-hy- drochlo- ric acid method. By vege- tation test. Series I: Dried blood Per cent. 34.8 33.9 30.3 26.2 22. 4 18.9 21.7 1.3 Rank. 100 97 87 75 64 54 4 Per cent. 54.9 54.8 46.5 34.8 35.8 16.6 17.4 31.1 Rank. 100 100 85 63 65 30 Per cent. 94 4 Per cent. n)gress on the experiment fields of the University at Halle since 1878. The fertilizers applied annually on the different plats were barnyard manure, superphosphate and kainit, suiierphosphate and kainit in conjunction with ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda, and ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda alone. A check plat received no manure. In 1892 the result^s showed that where the nitrogenous and nonnitroge- nous fertilizers were use]'■ 13). — This bulletin is supplementary to a previous one (E. S. K., 12, p. 225), dealing with the sources, uses, and value of commercial fertilizers. It calls attention to the value and importance of dried fish and fish scrap fertilizers, which are very abundant in the State, but are now allowed to go to waste. Commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell, A. M. Petek, and II. E. Cuims {Kcntachj Stu. Bui. 90, pjt. 201-230). — -This bulletin reports the results of the inspection, including analyses and valuations, of 175 samples of fertilizers examined during the last half of 1!»00. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, H. E. McDonnell et al. {Mav[ihi\id Aijr. C'olUyc Quart., 1901, No. 11, pp. 36). — This bulletin reports the results of analyses and valuations of 479 samples of fertilizing materials examined during tiie last half of I'JOO. Analyses of fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann (il/((.%a(7ia.sd<*' Hatch Sla. Jlal. 74, pp. 16). — This bulletin contains instructions regarding the sampling of fertilzers; notes on valuation of fertilizers; the Massachusetts laws relating to commercial fertilizers, with instructions to manufacturers, agents, etc. ; and analyses of 64 samples of ferti- lizing materials, including wood ashes, ashes from jute waste, hair waste, wool waste, cotton waste, toliacco and tol)acco dust, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, hen manure, shee]) manure, sewage, sizing i)aste, fleshings, bone, and soils (5 samples). Registration and analyses of fertilizers, B. W. Kilgoke {Bid. North. Caro/lna State Bd. Ayr., 22 {1901), No. 3, jjp. 3-25). — A list with guaranteed analyses of ferti- lizers registered during 1901, and analyses and valuations of 128 samples of fertilizers examined during the spring of 1901 are given, with explanations of terms used in analyses of fertilizers, notes on valuation, and a statement of freight rates from the seaboard to interior points of the State. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. Hamilton and W. Fkeak {Fenmi/lvania Dfpt. A(jr. Bid. 72, pp. 171). — This Imlletin contains the text of the fertilizer law of Pennsylvania, notes on valuation, a discussion of the composition of raw materials and the cost of fertilizer constituents, and tabulated analyses and valuations of 716 samples of fertilizing materials examined during 1900. The average composition of the fertilizers examined during 1900 is given and their selling price and valuation are compared with similar data for fertilizers examined during previous years. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. O. White {Vermont Sta. Bid. 86, pp. 123-144) -—This bulletin contains analyses and valuations of samples of 40 brands of fertilizers, with notes on valuation, etc., and tables show- ing the composition of tlie leading brands of fertilizers examined by the station dur- ing the i)ast 5 years, 1896-1900. KIKLI) CKOI'S. 125 FIELD CROPS. Fourth, report on the ag-ricultural investigations in Alaska, 1900, (!. C. (iKouiiESoN ( r. S. Dijil. .l(/r., Ojlirr of K>:pcrintcn( Stdtiuiis Iliil. ^4, J>p- ^'>'->, jilx. J.f). — This re]>ort deaLs with I'xiK'iinK-nts in growing cereals luul vegetal)k'S at the Sitka and Kenai ^'xiiorinient stations and at inmuTous other jxjints, and tlie stejw taken to cstahhsh experiment stations at llanipart and Fort Ynkon in the valley of the Yukon l\i\('r. Sprini,' wlieat, ))arley, rye, oats, enuner, millet, Ijuckwheat, and corn were grown experimentally and the results obtained, together with the charaeter and hal)its of growth of the different varieties, are reported. The qualities sought in cereals for the region are earliness and ability to stand u[) well during st(jrmy weather. Romanow has proven the best and earliest variety of spring wheat thus far grown. Ladoga ecjuals it in earliness, but is inferior in vigor and in yield. AiDong the different varie- ties of l)arley, INIanshury has given the best results and Bisolsk, an imported Russian variety, promises to stand next in value. Swedish rye, sown in May, 1899, and left undisturbed the following winter, gave a good yield. It averaged 5 ft. high in July of this year, produced heads about 6 inches long and ripened early in Septend)er. The most jiromising variety of oats with regard to earliness and strength of straw was Burt Extra Early, l)ut it pi'oduced rather light yields of both grain and straw. The other varieties grown, although doing well, were either not cpiite early enough m- did not have sufficient strength of straw. Ufa sprmg emnier matured early enough but was found inferior in quality to the grains already grown in that region. The best buckwheat thus far tested is Orenburg, a variety imported from Russia. A variety of early corn was grown, but it proved a failure, and the author doubts the successful culture of corn in Alaska, even for feed. Fertilizer experiments were conducted with barley, oats, and polatoi's on soil con- sisting largely of decayed moss and rotten and disintegrated wood. In its virgin state, this soil is almost entirely sterile. The fertilizers ai)i>lied in this connection weri.' tish guano, stable manure, and seaweed, used alone or in conjunction with lime. ()n unfertilized new land all the crops were failures. The best bai'ley was grown on land fertilized at the rate of 5- ton of fish guano and a ton of lime per acre. Ai)i)lications of 20 tons of seaweed with 2,000 lbs. of lime and a ton of fisli guano alone per acre also gave good yields of barley. Lime when used alulletin further reviews the agricultural possibilities of different sections of Alaska, and reproduces reports on gardening operations by settlers in various parts of the coast region. The author made a tour of investigation into the interior of the territory and surveyed two i)roposed sites for agricultural experiment stations, one at Fort Yukon and the other at Rampart. The itinerary with full notes on the trip are given and the observations are recorded. Soil temperature and meteon)logical observations made at different points are shown in tables. The influence of the water content of the soil on the development of plants, C. vox Seelhorst {Jour. Lainhr., 48 {1900), No. 2, pp. 16.5-177, pis. ^).— Experi- ments were conducted with oats and spring wheat to ascertain the influence of differ- ent (juantities of water in the soil on the form and composition of the plants. Five grains were sown in each of X>2 pots and thi- soil in all the pots received the same 126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ijuaiitity III' water U< irimire tMiual <,a'niiinatioii. When the plants liad well started, tlu" pots were (iiviiled into two series of 16 pots each. In the first series the water (intent was held at 47.4 per cent of the water-holding capacity of the soil, and in the second at 84. 1 per cent. When the plants Ijegan to head, 4 pots of the first series were changed to the second and 4 ])ots of the second series to the first. The results obtained are tabulated in detail. The tests with oats indicated that a high percentage of soil moisture during the early period of growth increases the number of internodes, and during the period of heading it increases the strength and the length of the culm. A high water content of the soil when the plants were heading considerably lengthened the two upper internodes and the rachis. The number of zigzags in the rachis, as well as the num- ber of sjiikelets, was increased by a high percentage of soil moisture during early growth, while the numlter of blossoms developed in the spikelets was relatively much greater when the water content of the soil was high at the time of heading than when it was low. The weight of the grains responded to the same influences to which the growth of the head responded. The specific gravity of the grain was smallest in the cases of highest soil moisture at heading time. The proportion of glumes in the grain was largest in the series of high water content for the entire time of the experiments and in the 4 pots in which the water content had been decreased when the plants began to head. The nitrogen content of the grain decreased with the increase of the proportion of glumes. The author draws the general conclusions that a high percentage of soil moisture at the time of heading is highly important in increasing the yields of straw and grain. The results with wheat were in many respects the same as with oats, but the effect of the water content during the early period of growth on the number of internodes was not so marked. It was also found that with wheat the length of the head depended upon a high water content during the early vegetative period. Increasing the amount of water in the soil at the time the wheat plants began to head did not increase tlie number of spikelets, but it was very effective in increasing the number of developed blossoms. The nitrogen content of the grains was influenced in the same manner as in the experiments with oats, and t^ie specific weight of the grains agreed with their nitrogen content. Tlie influence of the water content of the soil and the application of fer- tilizers on the yield and composition of Italian rye grass and red clover, C. VON Seeliiorst, N. Georgs, and F. Fahrenholtz {Jour. Landw., 48 {1900), No. 3, pp. 265, 286).—T\\Q report on this investigation is prefaced by references to similar work by other investigators. The results obtained by Pagnoul,"being to some extent opposed to those obtained by the authors, are quite fully described. The method of conducting the investigation is outlined and the results are tabulated and discussed. The experiments were made in pots containing each 11 kg. of soil. One-half the entire number of pots received no fertilizer, while the rest of the clover pots received 1 gm. each of potash and phosphoric acid and 5 gm. of rich marl and the grass pots 1 gm. of nitrogen in the form of nitrate of soda in addition to this application. Four-tenths of a gram of clover seed and 0.6 gm. of grass seed were sown per pot. In each test 4 pots were treated alike. The different quantities of water used grouped the pots into 3 series, as shown in the table below: Table showhuj the wight at which pots were held during different periods by controlling the water content of the soil. Period. May 8 to June 6 June 6 to June 22 June 22 to November 10 . First series. Gravis. 13,400 14,400 14,800 Second series. Grams. 14, 400 15, 400 15,000 Tiiird series. Grams. 15,400 10,400 16,400 FIELD CROl'S, 127 The iv.snlts indicato that an increane in the wator cdiiti'iit ul' tia- snil within tiic liniit.M of the experiment int-reased the yield of clover and the (jnantity of its most important food elements. The yield of rye grass was also increased, hut owing to the dearth of nitrogen in the soil no appreciable increase in its i)rotein content was obtained. The (piality of the crops, however, suffered frcjm an increase in the water content. The first cutting of clover showed a decrease in the percentage of protein and fat. In the rye grass the decrease in protein was greater than in the clover, which the authors again attriV)ute to the insufficient supply of nitrogen in the soil. The percentage of dry matter in the green clover decreased with the increase of water in the soil. In general the percentage of ash in the plants increa.sed as the water content of the soil increased. The infiuence of the fertilizers on the jiercentage of jirotein in the clover was very small but (juite marked in the rye grass grown on the soil lowest in water content. Agricultural, botanical, and chemical results of experiments on the mixed herbage of permanent grass lands, conducted for many years in succession on the same land; the chemical results, J. B. L.\wes and J. H. Gilbert {I'ltil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, ser. B, 192 {1900), pp. 139-210).— The topics treated in this paper are the botanical composition of the mixed herbage, chemical composition of the separated graminous, leguminous, and other herbage of the mixed produce of grass land; the state of existing knowledge as to the function of the mineral or ash constituents of vegetation; the conditions under which carbon dioxid is determined in i)lant ashes and the results obtained; and the dependence of the chemical compo- sition of various crops on the character and the stage of their growth and on the fer- tilizers applied. "The results show that the chemical composition of the mixed herbage is very directly dependent, not only on the supplies within the soil, and on the seasons, but also very prominently on the description of plants encouraged, and on the character of their development. . . . "There were very characteristic differences in the composition of the ashes of dif- ferent crops, according to the amounts of nitrogen they assimilated. Red clover, for example, yields large amounts of nitrogen over a given area, part of which is due to fixation, but much is certainly taken up as nitrates from the soil; and the results show that the greater the amount cf nitrogen assimilated the more is the ash char- acterized by containing fixed base in combination with carbonic acid, presumably representing organic acid in the vegetable substance before incineration. " The conclusion was that, independently of any specially physiological function of the bases, such as that of potash in connection with the formation of carbo- hydrates, for example, their office was prominently also that of carriers of nitric acid, and that when the nitrogen had been assimilated the base was left as a residue in combination with organic acid, which, according to the character of the plant, was represented more or less completely by carljonic acid in the ash. "Further, existing knowledge — as to the condition in which nitrogen is found in soil waters, as to the action of nitrates used as manures, as to the presence of nitrates in still-growing plants, and as to the connection between the nitrogen assimilated and the composition of the ash as has been illustrated — points to the conclusion tliat, at any rate, a large amount of the nitrogen of the chlorophyllons vegetation on the earth's surface is derived from nitrates; while, so far as this is the case, the rai>oi (I'rtre of much of the fixed base found in the ashes of plants would seem to be clearly indicated. . . . "When the more functionally important constituents are availal)le in relative al)undance, those which are of less importance in this respect are taken up and retained in less amount than they otherwise would be, the result being determined in great measure by the character of growth induced. 128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. •' Luxuriance or vegetative activity is intimately associated with the amount of nitrogen available and taken up. Further, chlorophyll formation to a great extent follows nitrogen assimilation. But the results relating to the increased amount of nonnitrogenous su1)stance yielded in the mixed herbage under the influence of the various manures clearly indicate that the nitrogen l^eing taken up and the chloro- phyll formed, the carbon assimilation and the carljohydrate formation depend essentially on the amounts of jjotash available." Alfalfa; metliods of culture and yields per acre, K. B. Voorhees and C. B. Lane {New Jersey Stas. Bid. 14S, 2>p- 3-15, j^ls. 4)- — This bulletin notes the growing importance of alfalfa on American farms, indicates methods of culture, and points out the usefulness and value of the plant. The yields from the different cuttings of alfalfa grown at the station, the cost of its culture per acre, the chemical composition, and the quantities of the various elements obtained per acre from the different cut- tings are recorded in tabular form. The average production of green forage, dry matter, and total protein per acre of alfalfa, compared with corn, red clover, crimson clover, barnyard millet, cowpeas, and oats and peas, are also given. In 1899 and 1900 the yields of green forage were 20.21 and 26.60 tons per acre, respectively. The first cutting, made the latter part of May, was large in each year. The average cost for 3 years of growing alfalfa at the station was $29.20 an acre. On account of the permanent character of the crop, the average cost per acre was reduced as the num- ber of crops increased. The authors recommend leaving alfalfa in the swath after cutting just long enough to become well wilted, and then to put it up into cocks to continue the curing process. Bromus inermis, F. L. Watrous, H. H. Griffin, and J. E. Payne ( CoJorado Sta. Bui. 61, pp. 10). — This bulletin contains directions for the culture of Broinvs inervm, and records the cultural tests with this grass on the college grounds and at the Arkansas ^'^alley and the Plains substations since 1892. In summarizing the results the authors report that the growth of />. inrrmi.'i has been very unsatisfactory. The greatest difficulty was experienced in obtaining a stand. The al)sence of rain after seeding, or even after the young plants had continued to grow, was sure cause of failure. It is believed that under more favorable moisture conditions the grass might succeed. On subirrigated land it made a growth of from 1 to 2 ft. high, Init where flooded it became sod bound and made almost no growth. Culture tests of cereals, Edler {Jahrh. Dcid. Lcmdv. Gesell., ].'> {IHOO), pp. i'Jl- 225). — A brief discussion on culture tests with grains. Corn culture, J. F. Dugc^ar {Alabama College Sta. Bid. Ill, jtp. 95-154, Jig. 1) ■ — This bulletin is a record of the results of experiments in corn culture, comprising variety, fertilizer, seed, and culture tests. Similar work has been previously reported (E. S. R., 9, p. 828). The results obtained during several seasons are discussed and presented in tables. Of 36 varieties of corn tested from 1 to 5 years, no single variety stood at the head in productiveness for more than one year. Mosby gave the highest average yield of varieties grown 5 years; Shaw, of those grown 4 years; Cocke of varieties tested 3 years, and Renfre and Higgins head the list in the 2-year tests. Mexican June corn made a heavy growth of stalks and leaves, but gave an unsatis- factory yield of grain. Seed corn from Virginia seemed to be more jiroductive than seed from Illinois, Delaware, (Jeorgia, and Alabama. As in previous experiments, the difference in the yields obtained from i)lanting middle, butt, and tip kernels were too slight to indicate any real superiority of seed from any particular jiortion of the ear. Owing to a wet season, corn planted in the water furrow of bedded plats gave small yields, and the method is considered practicable only in well drained, light soils. This season corn planted May 1, in ordinary upland soil, yielded nearly 30 bu. per acre, while a number of varieties jilanted July 13, on good soil, proved complete failures. In a comparison of medium and thick planting of corn, Goklen FIELD OKOPS. 129 Hoivuty, an early variety, with very small 8talks, showed the larjrest increasi? in yield due to tliick plantinu;, tlie average increase for '.i varieties l)eing 1.7 ]»u. per acre. In another series of distance experiments, condncted in 189(5 and 1897, the results of both sea,sons favor planting so that the distance in the drill nearly etjuals the dis- tance between the rows. The results of cultivation exi)eriments indicated that the first cultivation should l)e deep and that frequent cultivation should be continued late into the season. Among the different methods of harvesting, the l)est yields of grain and forage were ol>tained by cutting and shocking the entire plant, as com- parer with harvesting the ears alone, the tops and ears, and the leaves and ears. The fertilizer experiments comprised tests with commercial fertilizers and a num- Iter of leguminous crops. Lime was found useless on sandy upland poor in humus and unprofitable on soil containing considerable vegetable matter. Cowi)ea and velvet bean vines plowed under were effective fertilizers for corn. Beggar weed, as a fertilizer, also increased the yield, but to a lesser extent than velvet beans. The stul)ble of cowpeas and velvet beans did not produce a residual effect equal to that of the vines. A comparison of hairy vetch, hairy vetch stubble, rye, and rye stubble as manures for corn showed a yield of 8.4 bu. where the rye was plowed undfer and 17.5 bu. per acre where vetch was used as green manure. Vetch stubble also gave better results than rye stubble. It was found more profitable to harvest vetch for hay and turn under the stul^ble than to use the entire plant as a fertilizer. Applica- tions of 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and 4.'54 lbs. of cotton seed i)er acre, furnishing eijual amounts of nitrogen, were about etjually effective. Tests conducted for 2 and 3 years with acid phosphate kainit and cotton-seed meal on sandy soil showed that the use of these fertilizers was unprofitable. On "mulatto" land, cotton-seed meal increased the yield of corn 7.9 1)u. while acid jihosphate and kainit were ineffective. Cooperative experiments with cotton in 1899 and 1900, J. F. Duggar {AInhdma College Sta. Bui. 11.3, pp. oJ). — These experiments are in continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 139). pf the cooperative soil tests made in 1S99 and 1900 in 37 different localities of the State, including the station, 23 gave definite results and these are given in tables and discussed. The results of the rest of thii experiments were inconclusive on account of certain vitiating conditions which destroyed their value for comparison. The fertilizers em2)loyed were the same as in previous experiments. The weather conditions for both seasons were very unfa- vorable. The results ol)tained by each experiment are given, but no conclusions are drawn. Linseed and flax {Queendand Agr. Jour., S {1901), No. 1, pp. 4~^)- — -An article on the possilnlity of profitable flax growing in Queensland. Crop and forage notes, 1900, F. C. Burtis {Oklahoma Sta. Bvl. 4^, pp. 11). — This bulletin contains a rejjortof the crops under test at the station in order to deter- mine suita1)le varieties, the best adapted soils, and the most desiral)le methods of cultivation. The grass garden at the station is described, and the results with the different grasses and clovers in 1900 l)riefly noted. Alfalfa was sown in 1898 and 1899 on two fields, but the growth of the crop was not permanent and the second and third year tluire was only a poor stand left. Kape drilled in rows 30 in. apart and cultivat^'d yielded 23.5 tons of green forage per acre, and on plats where the rape was drilled 6 in. apart or drilled with oats, the yields were 1 1 anle. Sulphate of potash and muriate of potash proved to ])e equally suitable for these crops. A mixture of nitrate of soda and of sulphate of ammonia did not give better returns than either applied separately. Barnyard manure, used in conjunc- tion with either of these nitrogenous fertilizers, resulted in a much larger increase in the crop than when applied alone. Influence of manures on the botanical composition of grass land, VV. Som- ERViLLE {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'\, 7 {WOO), No. 2, pp. I40-I66). — This report on fertilizer experiments on grass land shows that nitrate of soda when used with super- phosphate repressed the growth of Agrostis and increased the yield of Cynosurus cris- tatus. When applied alone or with kainit only, the herbage produced was of an inferior type. Its use was unfavorable to the development of leguminous plants and Phmtago lanceolata. Sulphate of ammonia, as compared with nitrate of soda, i)roduced more Agrostis, C. cristatus, and P. lanceolata and less cocksfoot {Dactijlis glomerata) and leguminous plants. Basic slag and superphosphate affected the growth of Agrostis and cocksfoot, but had no general influence on other plants. Superphosphate gen- erally reduced the percentage of Agrostis and cocksfoot, and as compared with basic slag it produced much more Agrostis and less cocksfoot. Kainit markedly increased the yield of leguminous plants, while it decreased the yield of Agrostis. Lime was favorable to the development of P. lanceolata and unfavorable to the yield of Agros- tis and HolcH.'< htnatus. Culture experiments with forage plants, A. Sempolowski {Dent. Landu: Presse, 28 {1091), No. IS, p. 100). — Brief descriptions of cultural tests with the flat pea {Lathyrus sylrestris), sachaline, soy bean, giant clover " colossal ladino, " Hungarian clover ( Trifollum jKinnonicum) , Siberian vetch ( V'tcia sibirica), hedge vetch ( T'. dume- . tortim), and red and white lupines. Cultivation of fodder crops {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, IS {1901), No. 1, jyp. 13-15). — A general discussion of the subject. The present condition of Russian hop culture {Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 16 {1901), Suj). to No. 6, j^p. 37-41). — An article describing the culture of hops in Rus- sia and the conditions of production. Experiments at Rothamsted on the changes in the composition of mangels during storage, N. 11. J. Miller {Jour. Hoy. Agr. »S'oc. England, .3. ser., 11 {1900), pi. 1, pp. 57-64)- — The author reviews the investigations of others on the losses which occur in Swedish turnips, sugar beets, and mangels, and presents the results of his own work with mangels. The mangels were selected from two fields fertilized alike with barnyard manure, basic slag, and sulphate of potash, but one received in addition nitrate of soda at the rate of 550 lbs. per acre. The beets were stored in a brick shed built over a well. They were covered with straw and samples taken for analysis from time to time. The following table shows the results of these analyses as regards changes in composition of the dry matter and percentage losses of organic matter: FIELD CROPS. Composition of Mored mangeh. 131 In dry matter. L0.S.S of constituents. 1898-99. Organ- ic mat- ter. Sugar. Pento- sans. Nitro- gen. Ash. Dry matter. Organ- ic mat- ter. Per ct. Sugar. Pento- sans. Series I (nitrated): October 31 Per ct. 93. 62 93. 24 93.83 90.55 92. 01 91.40 90.48 89.81 91.36 Per ct. 05.65 68.43 68. 82 69.01 63.04 60.29 61.72 59.64 60.11 Per ct. 7.65 "'7.' 84' 7.46 '7.' 24' Per ct. 1.256 1.248 1.094 1.579 l.f..52 1.999 2.010 1.890 2. 056 Perct. 6.38 6.76 6.17 9.45 7.99 8.60 9. 52 10.19 8.64 Per ct. Perct. Perct. January 6 March 28 8.82 3.33 18.47 9.21 3.00 21.17 4.96 1.3 14.17 June 20 27. I Series II (no nitrate): October 31 January 6 March 28 4. 22 14.64 16.03 15.41 4.75 16.00 19.08 16.00 8.40 16.42 20.56 19.34 June 20 July4 2.5.8 From the table it will be seen that the nitrate of soda apparently increased the loss of sugar in the beets during storage and likewise of some other constituents. The experiment is being continued. Variety tests and fertilizer experiments with fodder beets, A. Arnstadt (FithU)i(/s Landu: Zty., 49 {1900), Xo. 32, pp. 835-839).— The varieties compared, Tannenkriiger, Eckendorfer, and Oliven, yielded per morgen (about 0.6 acre) 30,240, 22,680, and 17,640 kg. of l^eets, and 3,600, 2,700, and 3,240 kg. of leaves, respectively. The Oliven variety yielded 18 kg. of leaves and the other 2 varieties 12 kg. to each 100 kg. of beets. The Tannenkriiger variety was grown from selected seed obtained directly from the seed grower, while the seed for the other varieties was home grown, and the author believes that this circumstance has had a greater influence on the yield than the variety itself. The results of the fertilizer experiments show that an application of 50 kg. each of nitrate of soda and superphosphate per morgen in addition to a copious dressing of barnyard manure was insufficient to obtain the largest yield. By doubling these quantities the increase in yield was also doubled. The author observed that a lack in the soil of phosphoric acid not only flecreased the yield of beets but retarded their ripening and increased their water content, which was injurious to their keeping qualities. Report on experiments on the comparative merits of varieties of oats, R. P. Wkight and A. N. McAlpine ( Wed of Scotland Agr. Col. Rpt. 1899, pp. .^0).— These experiments were carried out on 17 farms distributed over the center and southwest of Scotland. The object of the work was to determine the most profitable varieties and to ascertain the effect of climate and soil on their relative productiveness. The experiments and the results are discussed at some length and all the data obtained are given in tables or presented graphically. The varieties tested were Providence, Potato, Sandy, Hamilton, Longhoughton, Newmarket, Tam Finlay, Tartar King, Black Tartar, Pioneer, Waverly, Banner, Improved Ligowo, Aljundance, Golden Giant, Siberian, and American Beauty, the last 6 varieties mentioned l)eing Canadian sorts. Pot experiments were made with 12 of these varieties to study their tillering powers and to compare the number of full-sized mature shoots, immature dwarf shoots, undeveloped heads, and very immature shoots not lieyond the leafy stage, produced by the different varieties. The weight of produce from each pot and the i>ercentage of kernel, husk, and moisture and the yield of meal were determined and are given in tabular form. In these tests Banner, Longhoughton, Potato, and Black Tartarian were the best grain-producing varieties and the Potato iiroduced rather more straw, but its grain, altliough the yields were about the same, was .Momewhat inferior in (juality jus com- pared with Longhoughton. The total yield of the Banner was eciual in weight to 132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. that of tlie Potato, but it consisted of less straw and more grain. Black Tartarian was inferior in every respect to Potato, although in some cases it produced exception- ally high and profitable yields. The Pioneer, a black variety, was- about e(iual in yield of straw and grain to Black Tartarian, but inferior to it in quality and milling value. The most productive varieties of straw were Sandy and Tarn Finlay. Sandy produced the heaviest total yield of all the varieties but Tarn Finlay, and with a very poor yield of grain was distinctly inferior to it in value of crop. Hamilton yielded almost as large a total crop as Sandy and it had a higher percentage of grain, making it the more profitable variety of the two. For combined high pi-oduction of grain and straw Hamilton proved an excellent variety. These three varieties, Tam Finlay, Sandy, and Hamilton, were resistant to the attacks of tulip root disease, which destroyed other varieties with the exception of Providence which partially resisted the attack. The Providence variety was inferior to Potato on account of its yielding much less grain. Tartar King ripened about 2 weeks earlier than any of the other varieties and Tam P'inlay matured about 2 weeks later than this variety and one week later than Potato. The best grain-producing varieties mentioned in the order of total value of crop were: Banner, Longhoughton, Potato, Hamilton, Black Tartarian, and Pioneer, and the best straw-producing varieties given in the same order were: Hamilton, Longhoughton, Sanf tota,l and digestible nutrients of the different crops are compiled from different sources. The bulletin treats largely of work on the soy bean at the station, the results of which have already Ih-cu jiublishcd in other station puVilications. Hill planting of sugar beets, E. PLUcnET {Sncr. Titdi;/. ct Cohinidlc, r>7 {1901), No. 6, p]>. 108-171). — A pajier on this subject read at tlie International Congress of Agriculture held at the Paris Exposition of 1900. Ho\7 tlie beet-sugar industry is grovring, R. S. Baker {Amcr. Mo. Rev. of Berleii's, 2.1 {IftOl), No. 134, ]>]>• 324-328). — A i)0])ular article on the beet-sugar indus- try in the United States, Viut discn.ssing princijially the condition of thi' industry in Michigan. The production of sugar beets in the Province of Saxony and the yields of cereal crops in Eastern and Western Germany, Schilze [Jahrh. Dent. Londw. GeselL, 15 {1900), pp. 186-196). — A paper calling attention to the fact that the yield of sugar beets in Saxony is the same as in other German provinces, lint that the yield of grain crops is smaller. The question of increasing the yields of cereal crops by different methods of fertilizing the soil is discussed. German beet-sugar industry, G. H. IMiirimiy {Scl. Arner. Sup., .51 {1901), No. 1306, pp. 20933). — A ccmdensed report of the discussions at the .50th annual conven- tion of the German sugar manufacturers, held at Magdeburg May 2!( to .June 1, 1900. Prospects of beet-sugar production in Siberia {Ihiil. Linidn: I're.'<.'. 197-204). — An article discussing the climatic conditions and limits of the culture of sugar-cane and its distrilmtion in the different parts of the world. HORTICTTLTURE. 133 Can wrapper leaf tobacco of the Sumatra type be raised in Connecticut? E. II. Jknkixs ( ('onttrctirat Stale Sta. Rpt. lUOO, pi. ii, jyp. SriS-S^9,j}l. 1). — Thi.« article is a (lesi-ription of an exjH'Hnient conducted in 1900 to determine wlietlier wrapper leaf tobacco of the Snniatra type could l)e grown in Connecticnt w liicii wonld compare favorably with imported Sumatra. The tobacco was grown under a frame I'overed with cheese cloth, and the method of covering and constructing tlie frame are here described. The cultivation and care given the plants is described, and the advan- tages accruing from growing tobacco under cover are jiointed out. Samiiles of the toba.'co jtroduced in this test were sent to tobacco dealers and experts, and tiie let- ters containing the exiK'rt o])inion concerning the (juality of the leaf are reproduced. The result of the experiment demonstrated that "tobacco of the Sumatra tyjn^ can be raised in Connecticnt which is equal in all respects to the average imported Sumatra." Deep culture and intensive farming in Andalusia, L. Grande a u {Jour. Af/r. Prat., V.I01, J, No. 7, pp. 309, 210).— A report on tests of shallow and deep plowing, sowing ))roadcast and in drills, and using a fertilizer application of 400 kg. super- phosphate, 200 kg. potassium chlorid, and 200 kg. sodium nitrate in growing cereals. Cooperative fertilizer experiments in Iiower Austria in 1899 conducted by tlie Royal Agricultural Society of Vienna, F. W. Dafert ['/txclir. Lnvdir. Ver.mcJisir. Orxtcrr., o {1900), No. 2, pp. 81-122, jils. 2). — -This is a report on exten- sive cooperative experiments with fertilizers for field crops and meadows. Tropical plants at the agricultural school at Wageningen, C. J. Van Look- EREN Camtagne {Oi'gaon Vrr. < >ii(1hrr. Jiijkx. Landhoitw.^rliool, 13 {1901) , No. 1,51^ pp. 24-29, fi(j>i. r>). — A description of growing sugar cane, rice, and indigo plants under glass. HORTICULTURE. The farmer's vegetable garden, J. W. Lloyd {Illinoifi Sta. Bui. Gl, pp. 16, figs. r>). — "In oi'der to secure data regarding the amount of labor involved in the care of a garden and the amount of produce it would yiels, salsify, and horse-radish left in the ground ff)r use in the spring. . . . These vegetables could not ordinarily have been l)ought at retail for less than $s:?.84. This leaves a balance of $51.78 in favor of the garden. What other lialf acre on the fanu would i)a\' as well?" Horticultural department, ('. !'. C'lose {Utah Sta. li/it. I'.too, ji/i. XXXIII- XLl). — The author outlines the work of th(> year, giving tiie results of some experi- 134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ments in forcing radishes and the irrigation of vegetables. The radishes were planted on a number f)f different soil mixtures, including leaf mold, sand, and manure mixed in various proportions, and the seed planted at various depths from J to | in. The results, which are tabulated, seem to indicate that plantings from | to | in. will be most satisfactory. The bed composed of equal Y>sirt» of manure and sand gave better results than any other mixture. Wherever leaf mold was used the yield was reduced. In the irrigation of vegetables, comparison was made between flooding and applying in furrows. Onions, carrots, beets, potatoes, cabbage, and beans were grown. With the exception of the beans, the largest yields in every instance were obtained on the flooded plats. With onions this gain varied from 48 to 95 per cent, carrots 6 per cent, beets 6 to 46 per cent, potatoes 53 per cent, cabbage 4 per cent. It is thought that liad furrows Ijeen run on lioth sides of the plats, instead of only one, the results for furrow irrigation might liave been better. Profitable celery culture, W. H. Jenkins {Agr. Epitomist, 20 {1901), No. 4, p. 22). — In setting the plants the author uses a home-made device for making the holes and watering the plants. The machine is like a 2-wheeled c^rt with pegs placed 2 in. apart around the wheels. These make the holes. The cart carries a tank from which two pieces of hose lead the water down over the rows of holes made by the wheels. The plants are placed in the holes and the soil pressed firndy about them. With the aid of this machine the work of planting is reduced about one-half. The rows are grown 12 and 18 in. apart. A mulch of manure is put in the 18 in. space. The blanching boards are set up so that tlie two rows 12 in. apart are between the boards. This is a saving of one-half the boards usually used. White Plume and Golden Self Blanching are the varieties most suited for this culture. Cucumbers, W. Iggulden {Jour. HorL, 53 {1901), No. 2738, pp. 233, 234).— The forcing of cucumbers is discussed, the experience of the author being drawn upon. Melons and melon houses, A. Dean {Garden, 59 {1901), No. 1531, pp. 214, 215, fig. 1). — Details of a successful method of forcing muskmelons. Fertilizer experiments ■writh onions {.Tour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4- ser., 2 {1901), Mar., pp. 185, 186). — Darnyard manure supplemented by complete com- mercial fertilizers produced larger onions than either alone. Sweet potatoes, D. M. Nesbit ( f. S. Dept. Agr., FarmeriC Bui. 129, pp. 40).— K popular l)ulletin on varieties of sweet i)Otatoes, production in different States, culture, fertilizing, storage, shipping, and exportation of sweet potatoes, with some recipes on methods of cooking, and a brief account of the injurious fungus and insect dis- eases affecting them, etc. Saving sweet potatoes for seed {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 2, p. 231). — Seed potatoes were successfully stored by putting in a box with alternate layers of dry, fine sand. A vegetation house arranged for pot experiments, W. E. Brittox {Con- necticut State Sta. Jijit. 19(10, pt. 3, pjj. 306, 307, fig><. 2).- — A brief illustrated descrip- tion is given of a \'egetation house conveniently arranged for carrying out pot experiments. Chemical manures in the culture of greenhouse plants {Belg. Hort. et Agr., 13 {1901), No. 5, pp. 70, 71). — Formulas are given for applying mixtures of com- mercial fertilizers to different kinds of greenhouse plants at different periods of growth, the mixtures to be applied dissolved in the water used for watering the plants. On the use of commercial fertilizers for forcing-house crops, E. H. Jenkins and W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1900, pt. 3, p)p. 298-306).— The results secured in plat experiments in the greenhouse with lettuce and carnations, in con- tinuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 550), are given. Lettuce (pp. 298-801). — Lettuce has been grown in rich sterilized and unsterilized compost, and in coal ashes and peat moss, with various fertilizers. The compost was HORTICULTURE. 135 .sU'i-ili/A'd l»y lK'atinotli where the fertilizer was all mixed with the soil at time of setting the plants and also where doses of nitrogen w^ere subse- quently applied. In the compost soil the greatest number of flowers was harvested, from plat 182, which received the maximum quantity of lime. Portia yielded better than Daybreak, averaging from 20 to 28 flowers per plant in the various plats. In no case did Daybreak yield over 18 flow^ers per plant. "The chief differences noted from varying (juantities of lime were in the varying nund)er of flowers per plant rather than in any marked difference in the average size and weight of the flowers or in the length of stem. The stiffness of tlie stem was not noticeably affected by the lime." Orchard notes, F. S. Eakle {Alnhama College Sta. Bui. 112, pp. 157-100). — These notes cover the season of 1900, and are similar in character to those recorded for previous years (E. S. R. 11, p. 1041). They are based on the behavior of the apples, figs, kaki or Japanese persimmons, hybrid oranges, peaches, pears, and plums, grown at the station during the season. 136 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The station experiment.s show that it is possible to grow thoroughly thrifty, vigorous apple trees on the thin, droughty lands of the station if attention is given to Ijroper cultivation and fertilizers. The station (jrchard is seeded to hairy vetch in the fall. The following March a strip 3 or 4 ft. wide is i)lowed each side of the tree rows, and kept cultivated after every rain, so as to form a dust nuilcli. The vetch in the middle of the rows is left ufttil June, l)y which time it has ripened its seed and is able to reseed the land when plowed under. Cultivation of the whole area is then continued until the middle of July, when peas are broadcasted and cultivated in. The peas in 1900 made a good grow'th during the late summer and fall, and were allowed to rot on the ground. "As the peas began to die down the self-sown vetch seed began coming up, and by spring the orchard Avill be a soliil vetch field." Under this treatment the mechanical condition of tlie soil is being rapidly ameliorated. A list is given of rust-free varieties of apples, and of those attacked by the rust and the aphis. The green aphis has been controlled by the use of a commercial spray known as "Rose Leaf." S{)raying the trees in winter with crude petroleum, for the purpose of destroying the aphis eggs, had no ill effects on the trees. "The effect on the lice, if any, was obscured by the general scarcity of them during the early part of the season." The following is a revised list of apples for general planting in Ala- bama, the varieties being given in the order of their ripening, and furnishing a succes- sion of fruit from June until early winter: Yellow Transparent, Early Harvest, Red June, Red Astrakhan, Horse, Hackworth, Carter Blue, Thornton Seedling, Kinnard's Choice, York Imperial, Yates, Shockley, and Herschal Cox. Relative to apple growing in Alabama, the author states that — "As a result of several years' (observation and study it seems i>rudent Uj strongly urge the increased planting of apples in middle and northern Alabama. It must be fully understood, however, that apjoles will succeed here only with the best and most intelligent care and cultivation." Celeste is considered by all odds the best early tig, and Green Ischia the best and most reliable late fig. Madeline is a good fig, ripening intermediate between these two. Tables are given showing the blooming period of 33 varieties of peaches and 43 A'arieties of plums. Tlie various classes of plums are described and their value for the State noted. Japanese plums are considered the most important type of plums for the region. The following varieties of 2)lums, mentioned in the order of their ripening, are given as the best varieties for general planting in Alabama: Kerr, Red June, Alnmdance, Burbank, and Orient. The necessity for mixing varieties in orchard planting, which bloom at about the same time, in order to secure fertilization of the blossoms, is jwinted out. The San Jose scale has been kept in control by spraying \\ith a 20 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene and water. Crude petroleum applied undihiteil did not harm either apple or peach trees. Oxcliard. experiments, S. T. Mayxakd and G. A. Dukw {Mas>tctlii JIalchSta. Bill. 73, })]). S-0). — Notes on the methods followed at the station in the culture, fer- tilizing, and spraying of apples, peaches, pears, grapes, blackberries, raspberries, cur- rants, and strawberries are given. The yields obtained in 1900 with the different fruits are also given, together with a record of the cost of thinning, yield, and value of the fruit from Red Astrakhan, Early Harvest, Hurllnit, Baldwin, and Rhode Island Greening apple trees. In every instance the thinning was done at a financial profit. With Red Astrakhan, Baldwin, and Rhode Island Greening the yields were slightly better on the thinned than on the unthinned trees, while in the other 2 cases the yields were the same. The greatest average profit ])er tree ($2.05) Avas obtained by thinning Red Astrakhan. The profits for the other varieties ranged from 55 to 98 cts. i)er tree. The thinning was performed Ijy emi)loyees unaccustomed to the work. HORTICULTURE. 137 It is l)flicvc'd that witli a larirc orclitml and skilk'd hilmr tlu; cost ..f lliinniii" could l)t' iiiiisidiTahly rediu-i'd. Tilt' varit'tics (i£ peadics sh(>vviii<,' the greatest vahic wi-rt- Moutitain Rose, St. Jolin, Karly Crawford, Old Mixon, Chainpion, and Elljorta. To this li.st Crosby and Dennis may ])e added for home use. Abundance and Burbank are among the most satisfactory Japanese plums grown, while the best of the American i)lums are Wild Goose, Hawkeye, Hanunar, and Gold or Golden. Cuthbert and Loudon have given the best results with raspben-ies, with the King as the In-st early variety. Pomona is considered the best-tlavored red currant, and the White Imperial the Ijest among the -.vhite kinds. The (3 heaviest yielding strawberries were Sauiple, Glen Mary, Biandywine, Haverland, Clyde, and Ruby. The chemical composition of one-year-old wood of orchard fruits according to the four cardinal points, K. Otto [Gurtciijlom, oO{1'j01), Xu. 7, jq). 177-181). Branches from apples, pears, and cherries from the north, ea.st, south, and west sides of the trees, respectively, and from the top, lower, and middle portions were taken, carefully drieil, and ground into powder and analyzed with respect to dry substance, ash, and nitrogen content. The i;ontent of the ash in phosphoric acid, potash, and magnesia was also deterndned. The results of the analyses are tabulated and dis- cussed. They show no regular variation whatever in the composition of tlu^ wood from the different i)arts of the tree as regards the cardinal p(jints of the I'ompass. Apples of the Fameuse type, F. A. Waugii ( Vermont Stu. JJnl. S.i, j'V- i>'i-'J^, pis. 4)- — The Fameuse ap2>le is taken as a central type of several different varieties of the Fameuse group, "all differing measurably from Fameuse, Ijiit all conforming closely enough to the Fameuse type so that their close relationship with one another and with the Fameuse may be readily recognized by the pomologist." The Shia- wassee, Mcintosh, etc., belong to this group. In the opinion of the author, the Fameuse originated in Canada from seed brought from France between 1600 and 1650. It was introduced into Vermont from C-anada about 1700. The Fameuse is a favorite dessert apple almost every where, is a i)r(ititable commer- cial variety in several important apple-growing districts, the central being the island of ]\Iontreal, and has a strong tendency to reproduce itself from seed. The author states that St. Lawrence presents a closely related but separate type. Jonathan, too, is perha])S closely allied to Fameuse. Historical and descriptive notes are given of 12 varieties of apples belonging to the Fameuse group. The Montmorency cherries, G. H. Powell {A)ner. Gard., 22 {1901), No. :i2'.), \q>. 260,267). — The author considers the Montmorency cherry, Long-Steunned INIont- morency, and Montmorejicy Ordinaire all synonyms for the same variety, and is convinced that there is but one JNIontmorency in commercial orchards in America, the MontuKjrency calles each year are advised. The purposes of pnniiiig are thus succinctly stated Vjy the author: "If the ends of the limbs are not headed back the fruit will be borne farther away from the trunk of the tree each succeeding year. The limbs will become long and angling. The weight of the fruit on the ends of the long liniljs will cause them to droop and frequently break or split off. If the fruit is not thinned off from them, many varieties Avill overbear one year and so exhaust the trees that they are not apt to bear the next year. Such orchards are liable to fruit every other year. During the heavy fruit year an overloaded tree will make but little wood growth on which to bear the following year. "Heading back the ends of the young limbs accomplishes several important things: (1) It enables the tree to make new bearing wood for next year; (2) it thins the fruit; (3) it lessens the liability of splitting and breaking of the limbs by making them more stocky; (4) the fruit is borne near the ground, where it is easier to gather; and (5) it keeps the bearing wood nearer the main trunk by causing side branches to come out on the main limbs." Relative to the Stringfellow method of root pruning, the author states that after careful observations with peach, plum, pear, and apple trees, grown at the station, he is con\-inced that the theory is not based upon sound physiological principles. The method, however, may have a local value, and wherever experience has proven this to be the case close root pruning may l)e followed. The principle, however, upon which tlie Stringfellow root system of pruning is based is not susceptible of wide application. Results secured at other experiment stations in root pruning orchard trees are quoted. Peacli growing in Maryland, H. P. Gould {Maryland Sta. Bui. 72, ]>/>. 129-151, figs. 5). — A discussion of the historical development of the peach industry in Mary- land, its present status, the culture of the orchard, and the marketing of the fruit. The first large peach orchard in Maryland was planted about 1800, in Anne Arun- del County. It contained 18,000 to 20,000 seedling trees, and the product was used for making peach brandy. The canning industry came into existence about the middle of the century. At present there are about 3,000,000 trees in the State, tive- sixths of which are in the 5 counties of Washington, Kent, Caroline, Anne Arundel, and Queen Anne. It is estimate*! that there are a])out 2,000,000 trees in bearing, and the product from these in 1900 was aV)Out 2,000,000 packages. Complete directions are given for locating the orchard, i)reparing the soil, selec- tion of varieties and stock, setting the trees, starting the top, intercropping, tilling, fertilizing, pruning, thinning the fruit, etc. Cowpeas have given the most general satisfaction in Maryland as a cover crop for peaches. Crimson clover has proven valuable in a few localities. It is believed that legununous crops should be relied upon to furnish the nitrogen required in the production of the peach crop. A suc- cessful fruit grower of the State recommends that peaches for profit should be thinned to about 6 in. apart on a limb. Relative to marketing peaches, conunission men in Pittsburg, Baltimore, and New York unite in recommending the six-basket carrier for choice fruits, and larger size boxes for second-class fruit or culls. The practice of putting poor fruit in fancy packages is condemned. Observations on the fertilization of peach orchards, E. H. Jenkins {Con- necticut Slate Sta. Rpt. 1900, pt. 3, ]>]>. 352-354)- — An account is here given of the establishment, in 1894, of a i)each orchard on a high hill of gravelly loam some miles from the shore of Long Island Sound. Different portions of the orchard were differently fertilized, and an account has been kept of the nund)er of trees that have died and the number of baskets of fruit collected on the different j>lats. These are HORTICULTURE. 139 •riven in tabular form as a lualtcr nf rcconl, Iml a iliscnssion of the experiment is reserve"! until further results have l)een ohtaineil. Abnormal fruit branches of the peach tree, their treatment, ' {1901), X(j. 6, pp. loi'>, l.)7,Ji(/s. o) . — I'opular article witli illustrations showing proper nietliod of pruning; away abnormal fruit branches. The sterility of fruit trees and shrubs, .1.' JUrKVKXK ii {Bnl. Ar/ior. d Flur., moo, pp. 10-..'.', .-,1-n.}) . Winter budding, II. M. .Stkin(U-'ei,low {Nut. N'arneri/indn, :> {I'JOl), No. 4, p. 17S). — Winter budding is described and its adaptation for fall use pointed out. The author believes that success by this method is more certainly assured if a small piece of waxed cotton cloth is placed over the bud after it is put in place. Chlorosis of peaches and grapes has l)een overcome by the author by the addition of pulver- ized sulphate of iron. He ]>elieves that if several bushels of ashes ai\d al)out 10 lbs. of copperas were top-dressed around a peach tree with the yellows it would probably cure it. The chemical analysis of the coflfees of the greater Comoro island, H. Bektr.\nd {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paru, 132 {1901), pp. Id 1-164; abs. in Chem. Centbl., 1901, I, No. 9, p. 532). — It was found that while grown upon the same island under like conditions of soil and climate Coffea arahiai container! 1..34 jjer cent of caffeiuj while C Jiumhlotiniia contained none. CoflFee culture in Queensland — disbudding, H. Xewpokt ( (pifendandA(jr. .lour., 8 {1901), N(}. 2, pp. 112-114). — Once in the life of the coffee plant, usually about the third year, it has been found advisable, in Queensland, to disbud. Only the green immature wood of the primaries need disbudding, and this should be done from 1 to 3 weeks after the l)lossoms appear. '"Disbudding is required from tlie primaries whenever and only when they attempt to bear on immature or green wood. It is not necessary if the primary has secondaries upon it, and it is not necessary to dis- bud secondaries or any other form of brancli." If, instead of disbudding, the innna- ture wood is allowed to bear, the liranehes are weakened and die. Coffee culture in Queensland — picking, H. Newport {Queeiixla^id Ayr.. low., 8 {1901), No 3, pp. 317-321, pi. 1). — Directions are given as to when and how to pick coffee. American tea-gardens; actual and possible, I^. B. Ellis {Amer. Mo. Rev. o/ Rrricirx, 33 {1001), No. 134, pp. 31.'>-330, fiijx. S). — A popular description of the tea plantation at Pinehurst, S. C, and a discussion of actual and possilile results. Bush fruits, including gooseberries, raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, C. H. Potter ( Colorado Sta. Bui. 60, pp. 13) . — Brief cultural notes are given on these crops. Six varieties of gooseberries, 12 of currants, 23 of raspberries, and 12 of blackljerries and dewberries are described, and the results secured at the station with each are given. Brief sketch of vine growing in Russia and of measures adopted for com- bating the phylloxera {Aj^enpi, succinct sur les lignobles en /v*rt.s-s(V et s-ur /tvs iiwsun'.s adopliix pour II coDibdUri! Ic plujlloxera. St. Petersburg: Min. Aer acre ior tlie l)encli-grafted vines and 4,()(>01bs. for the vines grafted in the vineyard. Flute graft applied to the vine, F. P.mlsov [Rrr. 17/., ir, {1901), No. 383, pp. 400-411). — The use of this graft in reconstructing vineyards on American stocks is coming int(j larger use, according to the author. Some of the advantages of the 2453— No. 2—01 4 1 40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. method are a longer grafting season — June to September — and a ^^neeessfnl taking of the graft, averaging !)0 to 95 })er cent. An experiment in vine topping, K. II. Raixfokd {(Queensland Ayr. Jour., 8 {1901), No. 3, p. 305). — In this experiment 20 vines were topped to about 12 in. length above the lowest bunch of grapes shortly after the Ijerries had set, and twice afterwards when the laterals had made sufficient growth to allow it. The bunches on toi)ped vines colored at least a week later than those on the vines not topped, and contained only 16.5 per cent of sugar, as compared with 20 jier cent in the grapes grown on the normally treated vines. There was also ilecidedly less coloring matter in the skins. The results are believed to go some way toward proving that exces- sive topping is hurtful and not beneficial. The experiment will be continued the coming season. A collection of reports on experiments in the application of fertilizers, and on the prevention of the Morell disease, C. H. Claa.sse.v ( Versumel. ]'er- slag. Rijk Gesubsidieerde Proefvelden, 1899-1900. De})artm£nt Binnenlandsche Zaken {Netherlands), jjj). 30). — In each case the experiuaent was carried on by farmers or horticulturists under the direction of the otficial in charge of the work. The fer- tilizer experiments were conducted on an orchard, and rhododendrons, hyacinths, pole beans, roses, andgrapes. Someof these experiments remain incomplete, and some for various reas(jns faileerous thickening said to be characteristic of F. elastica. Seedlings for commercial purposes may 1)e grown by sowing the very small seeds thickly on the surface of tine moist garden loam, in earthenware pots, which should be kept under cover. In favoral)le circumstances the seed will germinate in about 2 weeks, Init often a much longer time is re(iuired. The young seedlings have ten- der, light-green leaves, and the nervation differs from that of the mature leaf. Great care is necessary to prevent damping-off. Before being planted in the jJace where they are to be permanently grown, the seedlings should be transplanted to the nurs- ery and kept there for about a year. — h. m. pieters. Rubber in Guatemala, J. C. McNally ( U. S. Consular Rpts., 65 {1901), No. 246, pp. o71-37o). — The culture of Castilloa elastica in Guatemala is popularly described, and estimates given regarding the industry. Good rubber land costs about $100 an acre. About 100,000 trees can be grown on 115 acres. The trees will l)ring in a return of $1 to $2 apiece, beginning with the seventh year (jf the i)lantation, and continue to produce idetinitely. Hedg-es, C. L. Zimmerman {Amer. Gurd., 22 {1901), No. 330, p. .t^1>- '^17-3^4)- — A brief report is given on soils and climatology, forest products, forest management, injury and diseases of forest trees, and forest technology. Notes are given upon the plant- ing and present condition of a large number of exotic forest trees. The principal injuries reported are those due to smoke, gas, and similar causes. These are to be given special attention in a later publication. National forestry, D.- E. Hutchins {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hujjf, 18 (1901), Nos. 2, Pit. O.'i-io.i; J, pp. 163-173). — This is a paper in which the forestry conditions of Europe and America are reviewed, and some of the advantages of governmental control of forests are pointed out. The forest and its influence, J. G. H. L.\MPAnius {Valiforiua Cult., 16 {1900), No. 5, pp. 65-68). The beech in Austrian forestry, F. Hufnagl {Die Buchevfnuje in der oster- reicluKrlwn Fordn-irthiyrJiafl. Vienna: Wilhelm Frick, 1901, pp. 79). The Velani oak, Trabut {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 7 {1901), No. 5, pp. 97- 103, tig». 3). — A description is given of QiierciiH .rgylopx, which is esjiecially adapted to forestry conditions in Algeria. The growth of this tree presents no difRculties, and the author considers it a very valual)le species for planting. Selected trees suitable for shade, wind belts, timber, and fuel reserves, H. F. JNIacmillax (A'o//. But. Ganl. Ceijlon, Cir., 1. ser., 1900, No. 18, j)]}. '^07-230). The world's demand for timber and the supply, R. Zon {Forester, 7 {1901), No. 2, pp. 41-44). — A review is given of a number of papers relative to the produc- tion, consumption, and supply of timber throughout the world. The average imports and exports of a number of countries are given, and in addition to the home produc- tion it is stated that Europe requires from 1,230,000,000 to 1,400,000,000 cu. ft. annu- ally. This amount is secured largely from Austria-Hungary, Russia, Sweden, Nor- way, the United States, and Canada. As the consumption in some of these countries is almost e(|ual to the production, the e(iuilibrium at present is maintained almost entirely by the supplies obtained from Russia and Canada, and the supplies of these countries are estimated to last but about half a century, after which time there will be a scarcity of timl)er and as a consequence high prices. Philippine forest products, F. F. Hilder {Forester, 7 {1901) , No. 2, jjp. 27-33).— A brief account is given of the forests of the Philipi)ines, one peculiarity of them being that no single species of tree covers any great area, but in exploiting the forests in order to secure a cargo of any given kind of timber extensive regions will have to be called upon, as the species are poorly represented by individual specimens. A list of about 50 of the more important timber trees is given, their connnon and botan- ical names, together witli descriptions of the characteristics of the different woods, notes on their uses, and the jjrincipal localities in which they are found. Some of the difficulties of lumbering in that country are pointed out, and as there is almost an entire absence of roads the exploitation of forests will prove expensive and difficult. SEEDS WEEDS. 143 The preservation of timber by artificial means, .1. H. M. Hume {Ar/r. Studeiit>>' Gaz., n. ser., 10 [1901), No. S, pp. 74-79).— The relative value of timber protected by artificial means against decay, and that receiving no special treatment, is shown. Among the \arious materials vised for the i>reservation of timber, mention is made of jmint, tar, varnish, sulphates of iron, zinc, and copi)er, chlorids of iron, zinc, and mcrcuiy, creosote, etc. The use of creosote for preservation of timber is preferred on many accounts, and the method of treating tim])er with this ]>reservative is described at considerable length. Based upon the current market price of timber, the value of creosoted timl)er is iucreasetl fully 6() ju-r cent for posts and 140 per cent for boards. The harmfulness of bush fires, H. A. A. Nicholls (Imp. Dept. Agr..We.^t Indies, rmiipldd Xo. 4, 1901, pp. ^9). — The destrnctiveness of tires carelessly started or allowed to spread from intentional clearings is shown, and the author urges that severe means should be taken to prevent fires resulting from carelessness. The results of a number of fires, as shown in some of the now barren districts of Saint Dominica are cited as examples of the destrnctiveness of forest fires and the necessity for reforestati(jn. The protection of shade trees, E. H. Jenkins and W. E. Britton {( 'oiiiiccticut tStati- Std. Rpt. 1900, pt. .), pp. :330-S51, ph. 9). — This is essentially a reprint of Bulletin 131 of the station ( E. S. R., 12, p. 957). Study in Europe for American forest students, O. W. Price {Forester, 7 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 11-16, 38-41, figs. 4)- — The author reviews the characteristics of a number of the more prominent regions of Europe which are generally visited by students of forestry, and offers suggestions for the guidance of such students. SEEDS— WEEDS. Germination in distilled -water, P. P. Deherain and E. Demoussy ( Compt. Rend. Arail. Sd. Tdrix, 142 (1901), Xo. 9, pp. 523-5-27). — The irregularities shown in the germination of seed in distilled water have been ol)served for a long time, and in 1875 Bcehm published a memoir upon the subject in which lie held that the irreg- ularity was due to the absence of lime in the distilled M'ater. He maintained that in the case of beans lime was essential for their germination. His observations are said to have been largely ])ased upon the fact that seeds placed in spring water which con- tained various lime salts germinated readily, while those placed in the distilled water were either wholly retarded or germinated poorly. The authors have investigated this subject and claim that lime is not necessary to the utilization of the reserve material in the cotyledons of the plant and that beans will germinate readily in pure distilled water. A report is given of their experiments in wliich lieans, lupines, and other seeds were germinated in watei- which haer. Experiments on increasing- the germination of beet seed, Z. Ziei.inski {'/Jsrhr. Landir. Versnchsiv. Oesterr., 4 {1901), No. S, pp. i.^0-i^!,7).— Anaci-ountisgiven of experiments to increase the germination of beet seed. Equal lots of seed were treated in different manners, after which they were germinated and comparisons made with sinular lots of untreated seed. One lot was soaki'd for 0 hours in water; another for 15 hours; the third for 15 hours in sodium bichromate, and then (5 hours in water; the fourth was treated with sulphuric acid for 4 hours, after which they 144 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. were jilaced in water for 6 hours; the fifth lot was rubbed with emery paper and soaked in water for 6 hours, and the sixth lot was soaked for 15 hours in a solution of concentrated sulphuric acid and sodium bichromate, after wliich the seeds were placed in water for 6 hours. These experiments were repeated a number of times, and the germinations counted at the end of the sixth and fourteenth days, with the result that in every case the treated seed contained less ungerminated seed bolls at the end of the 14 days than the untreated. In 3 experiments the percentage of ungerminated seed bolls was 39, 25, and 25, respectively. The highest percentage of germination was secured in the seed treated as indicated above for the sixth lot, in which there remained ungerminated at the end of 14 days 8, 6, and 8 per cent respectively. These experiments showed the possibiUty of increasing the germina- tion of seed by treating them l)efore ])lanting. Report of the seed-control station of Skara, 1899-1890, S. Hammar (Ber. Verks. Skara Kem. Sta. FronkoniroUnist., 1900, jrp. 25-31). — A report is given of the various seed tests conducted at the laboratory between July 1, 1899, and June 30, 1900; the maximum, minimum, and average germinations of the different kinds of seeds being shown in tabular form. A report of the seed-control station of Vienna for the year 1900, T. von Weinzieki. (Ztftrlir. Laiuhi'. Vcrsiirlisir. Ofstcrr., 4 (1!>01), No. 3, pp. i273-316). — A detailed rejiort is given of the investigations conducted at the station during the past year. The number of seed tests made showed a decided increase over those of the previous season. The visual data, are given, showing the results of purity, germina- bility, presence or absence of dodder, the origin of seeds — particularly clover seed, and studies on numerous varieties of seed. Seed separators, L. Fontaine {Rev. Vlt., 15 {1901), No. 376, pp. 242-34S,fi.g!^. 3).~ A descrijition is given of a form of apparatus for the separation of seeds, the princi- ple upf)n which it is ))ased In-ing the separation l>y size. The influence of soil on the distribution of mistletoe and cuscuta in Belgium, E. Lai'rent [Bui. Agr. [i>Vns.seZ.s], 16 (1900), No. 6, 2ip- 457-510, pis. 5, ma]) 1). — The author has made an extensive study of the distribution of these 2 parasites in Belgium. The mistletoe is reported as occurring on 122 species of plants, a list of the host plants lieing given. The soils of Belgium are briefly described, particular attention being paid to the lime and magnesium content. While the mistletoe is not entirely confined to calcareous soils, it is found most abundant in those soils containing 1 per cent or more of lime. The same distrilnition is indicated for the cuscuta. Studies were made on tlie relation between the com])osition of the ash of mistletoe and the ash of its host plant, and it was found that there was no direct relation between the two. However, tlie nnneral su])stances pi-esent in the ash of the mistletoe depend upon the host plant and the nature of the soil. In the course of his investigations the author was led to examine into the cause of the infre- quent occurrence of the mistletoe upon pear trees, and he claims to have found that the mistletoe secretes a toxic substance which is destructive to many varieties of pear trees. Inoculation experiments were made with the juice obtained by grinding up the mistletoe in a mortar and adding distilled Avater to the mixture, and when a f)ortion of the mixture was introduced through the bark of the pear tree it set up an infection that was healed with gi-cat difficulty or remained as a ]ilace for the entrance of the spores of various fungi. \\'hen the liquid was heated for 5 minutes at a tem- perature of 120° C, the wounds were quickly liealed, just as was the case when dis- tilled water was injected into the plant. The study of the cuscuta is not reported in the same detail as that made with the mistletoe. Its distribution seems to be gov- erned by the same biological factors as the mistletoe, being most abundantly present upon calcareous soils. Destruction of charlock {.Tour. Bd. Agr. [L()ii |)lats of J acre eaeh were sprayed witli copper sulphate solutions, 2, 8, and 4 per ecnt solutions heing used. The amount of solution api)Hed was at the rate of 50 gal. |)er acre. The applieations, while not entirely. satisfactory, destroyed aljout »W per cent of tht' weeds without any permanent injury to the cereal crop over which it was sprayed. (;ras.s and clover seedhngs growing in the grain were unaffected by the treatment, and in one instance ap{)eared to have been improved by the application. While not altogether favorable, the results are thought to liave more than repaid the expense of the operation, and if this were persisted in for a nnud)er of years the weeds would be ultimately eradicated. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on the life history of certain Uredineae, M. A. Carleton {Al)f<. in Science, d. .srr., 13 [1901), No. 3:20, pp. 249, 2.50). — Notes are given on some investi- gations of rust fungi conducted by the author. In the case of UromijceH evpjiorhix it was demonstrated that this rust is able to propagate itself constantly through the germinating seed of its host and in this way becomes practically a pereuTiial sj)ecies. A.S far as known this is the only demonstrated example of this method of j)ropaga- tion among the rust fungi. Culture experiments with the common sunflower rus-t showed that the Puccinia and yEcidiun^ found on the sunflower are stages of the same species, and it is probable that all the species of Ilelianthus bear the same rust and that they have no distinction of host forms. The author rejjorts having succeeded in germinating the peculiar thick-walled, one-celled spores of J'nccinia re.niu.'<. Theje spores are shown to be neither nredosjiores nor teleutospores, but pai- take of the nature of both. They seem to be a distinct type of spore form and the author proposes for such spores the name amphispores. Experiments by the author have shown that ^■Ecidiinn liiliercidntnm is a perennial species in its i)erennial host OtUirrlioe iiivolucnttn, producing sjiores al)]e to germinate during the coldest winter. A tabular revie^w of the Svredish cereal rusts, J. EnrKssoN [Ztsclir. J'ttanzen- kraitk., JO (1900), No. 3-4, pp. 14^-146). — A review is given of investigations by the author on the specialization of rust fungi, in which the hosts of the different form species are indicated. Following the classification given by the author, it appears that Puccinia gram'mis secalis occurs on rye, barley, Triticum rejiens, T. caniimm, T. desertorum, Elynmn arenariua, and Broinua secaUitua; form (iveniv. on different species of Avena, orchard grass, meadow foxtail, millet, Lnmarkia aurea, and Trlsetnm (ll.'<- llcltophyUum; form tritici on wheat; form air»' on Aira civspHom; form . to 1 gal. of water. This amount of solution was used upon 4 bu. of wheat, being poured over the grain and thoroughly stirred. The resulting crop was entirely free from the disease, while an adjacent plant, grown from a similar lot of untreated seed, gave 4.66 per cent of badly snmtted stalks. Potato scab and its prevention, L. R. Jones and A. W. Edson ( Vermont Sta. Bid. 85, pp. 111-120, figs. 2). — The cause of the potato scab, its occurrence and appearance, are described in a popular manner. The development and spread of the organism through the soil is shown, and the relative resistance of a number of varie- ties of potatoes pointed out. Means for prevention of the potato scab are described, among them soil treatment of different kinds, such as rotation of crops, proi>er selec- tion of fertilizers,. use of fungicides on the soil, etc. The disinfecting of seed potatoes as a means for the prevention of the disease is described, soaking them in corrosive sublimate or formalin solutions being recommended. The effect of formaldehyde gas was investigated to a limited extent, and the authors believe that it will prove an advantageous method of treating potatoes for the prevention of scab. Potato blight and its treatment, D. A. Brodie {Washington Sta. Bid. 46, p>p. 15, figs. 5). — The author gives a popular description of the fungus Phytopldliora ivfes- tans, which is a cause of considerable injury to the potato crop in his region. The results of experiments in which plants were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture are given. The average increase of the sprayed over the unsprayed areas was nearly 37 per cent. The sprayed plants remained green much longer and were not as severely injured by the ravages of cutworms, which proved very destructive. It is recom- mended that spraying should begin about the middle of June, and the applications be repeated every 2 weeks during the growing season. Directions are given for the preparation of the Bordeaux mixture. Unsatisfactory growth and premature death, of cane as the result of root disease, Z. Kamekling and H. Stkingak [Reprint from Arch. Jam tSuikcriml., 1900, No. 18, pp. 24). — A disease of sugar cane that has caused nmch loss and is commonly known as " dongkellanziekte " was found to consist of 2 diseases, a root rot and another root disease. The latter has its center in Djoca, while the root rot has appeared all over Java and is especially bad along the seacoast. Inquiry among sugar planters has shown that this disease is most destructive on plantations that have been in operation for more than 40 years; that on plantations opened between 1860 and 1880 there is but little root rot, and that those established since 1880 are practically free from it. It is therefore a trouble met with only on ground that has been long useil for grow- ing sugar cane. It is claimed to be the result of soil exhaustion, which is prol)ably dependent upon a change in the physical condition of the soil. Facts to sustain this theory Avill be given in a future ])ai)er. — n. >r. i>ieters. Observations on the mosaic disease of tobacco, A. F. Wood {Ahs. in Science, n. ser., 13 {1901), No. 320, j^p. 247, 248). — As a result of numerous experiments con- ducted by the author, it is stated ihat the mosaic disease of tobacco can be artificially produced in a mmiber of ways, as liy cutting l)ack plants at any stage of active growth, by repotting or transplanting a plant during active growth and thus stimulating a DISEASES OK I'LANTS. 147 rapid root (levelopiiii'iit, ami hy injecting thi- stt'rili/.cd juice of (li^oant'il piantH into a growing bnd or pouring it upon the roots of a sound plant. The same disease has ))een pnxhiceil l)y the author on tomatoes, jHjtatoi's, )tetunia,s, phytolaeca, vii>lels, and otlier plants. The disease seems to be (iue to a disturbance in the balance between the oxidizing enzyms and the availability of reserve foods of the i)lant. Tlie intro- duction of the enzym pre.sent in the sterilized juice sets up a series of i)athological changes in which the normal enzym of the cell is greatly increa.sed and the availa- bility of the reserve foods decreased. It is believed that the diseases known as i)each yellows and the California vine disease are to be similarly ex])lained, and diel)ack of the orange may also be due to this cause. Spraying- for asparagus rust, F. A. Sikkine {Neu^ )'()rk- State >Sta. Bid. 188, pp. ' 233-270, pJfi. IJ). — Notes are given on the liistory and distribution of the asparagus rust {Piiccinid (tspdixufi) , together with descriptions of the various stages of its life history. The various reconnnendations that luive been given for the control (jf this disease are reviewed at some length. Burning the infested brush, which has 1)een recommended by a number of writers, is said to be in some cases tletrimental, espe- cially if the brush is cut and burned early in the season. This tends to weaken the plants, and if continued would greatly depreciate the crop. The value of resistant varieties is considered, and while some varieties seem less subject than others, there is as yet ai)parently no variety which is not lial)le to attack. Soil conditions, as des- cribed in Massachusetts Hatch Station Bulletin 61 (E. S. R., 11, p. 159), are reviewed, and the author believes that fcjgs and dews prol)ably play an important part in the spread of the disease, at least in the region covered by his investigations. Spraying for the prevention of the disease has been reconnnended by some writers, and the author conducted a series of experiments in whic'h plants were sprayed with Bor- deaux mixture containing resin, 3 applications being given. This fungicide was prepared by adding to a 1:8 formula of Bordeaux mixture a resin mixture com- posed of 5 lbs. resin, 1 lb. potash lye, 1 lb. fish oil, and 5 gal. of water. This was thoroughly si)rayed over the plants in August and Septendjer, and the effect upon the subsequent crop noteil. The yield of Inmches in 1899 was increased 69.5 per cent in the sprayed over the unsprayed plants, and in 1900 a gain of 48 per cent was reported. This fungicide adheres quite readily, and with a thorough aijplication will doubtless i)rove valualjle in combating this disease. The parasitic fungus Darlnca liluin was noticed abundantly, but it has never been observed attacking the winter spores of the rust, and there appear to be indications that this parasite will not materially check the disease where asparagus is grown in large quantities. A form of power sprayer especially devised for spraying asparagus is described at considerable length. The ajjparatus is not patented, and it is described in sutticient detail so that any one desiring can manufai-ture a similar implement. Protecting asparagus, F. H. Hali, and F. A. Sikkine [Xeir York Stulf >Sla. Jiuls. J88 fiii'l ]8!i, popiihir Cfl., pp. 14, figs. 5). — This is a popular summary of bulletins 188 and 1SV», giving directions for spraying for the jjrevention of fungus and insect pests. An investigation on damping off of seedlings, \'. Peglion {Stuz. Sper. Agr. Jtal., 33 {1900), No. 3, pp. 221-337). — The fungi usually believed to cause tlamping off are Phytophthora omnivora and Pythium debaryaiium. In addition to these, the author finds that a number of other fungi attack seedlings in the same manner. Among them are mentioned Botrytis clnfrca, Tklelavia hcmcola and Phovia hellcola. The action of these different fungi upon the plant is described, and experiments for preventing their attacks are outlined. The author conducted a series of experi- ments in disinfecting soils by means of heating and by application of carbon bi.sul- phid and formalin. Soil that was known to l)e infested witli Pythhun dchnryanuin was heated to 60 and 100° C. and was treated with various amounts of carbon bisul- phid and 20 and 80 jjer cent solutions of formalin. The soil was aftt-rwards seeded to Camelina, which is known to be very susceptible to attacks of this fungus. lu 148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. every case the treatment had beneficial effect in reducin>r <»i- totally i)n)hil)iting the action of the fungns. On the diseases of muslirooins and their prevention, (i. JJklackuix {Bui. Mill. Ales the author recommends the thorough sterilization of tlie mushroom beds and sjiraying around them with some good fungicide, after which the spawn is planteil. A fruit disease survey of -western New York in 1900, F. C. Stewart, F. M. Rolfs, and F. H. Hai.l {Xeir York Stat>' ,Sta. Bui. 191, j>j>._ 291-331, pis. .^).— The results of a survey of the western part of the State of New York, emitracing 18 coun- ties, are given. The data were obtained in the same manner as those secured for the survey of the Hudson River Valley the previous year. Circulars of inquiry and^ personal visits were made to different parts of the State, and the amount of damage done by the more common fruit diseases was estimated. Among the apple diseases observed were scab, leaf spot, fruit spot or Baldwin spot, fire blight, canker, crown gall, "hairy root," powdery mildew, and rust. The canker observed is attributed to 3 different organisms, and the authors believe that when more fully vniderstood the ap})le canker will l)e found to be caused l)y at least three distinct organisms, which are strikingly similar in their grosser characters, and as yet have not been sufficiently differentiated to distinguish them without microscopical examination. Of these, the canker caused by Sphirrojjsis malorum is the most troublesome, and a disease hitherto unreported, caused by a sjjecies of Cytospora, is the least injurious. Investigations were made to determine the possible identity of Splueropsis with Macropltorna malorum. These fungi differ principally in the character of their spores, but the authors believe that they are entirely distinct. The crown gall was found to be confined chiefly to young trees in the nur.sery, and it is recommended that all trees showing any trace of the disease be rejected. The "hairy root" disease was observed while examining nursery stock for crown gall. The affected trees have few if any large branch roots, the root system consisting of a multitude of small root- lets which spring from the somewhat thickened main root, giving it a bushy or hairy appearance. This disease has been known for 40 or 50 years among nurserymen, but is seldom sufficiently abundant to cau.'^e appreciable loss. Affected seedlings are usually rejected. No cause is known for this troul>le. Among apricot diseases noted are collar rot, injury of trunks and liranches, brown spot, and fruit rot. The collar rot is one of the most destructive of ai)ricot diseases. .The affected trees show dead bark for a distance of 3 or 4 in. above the union or collar. On recently destroyed trees the injury never extends below the union. As a rule, affected trees wilt rather suddenly during the summer, after having put out their leaves in an apparently normal manner. This disease is not confined to any particular part of the orchard- or to any locality, and so far no satisfactory cause lias been ot)served for it. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149 Of blackberry diseases observed, tlie nist, leaf spot, and caiie knot were the most destnietive. The rusts of ))lack))erry are usually called the orange rust and the white rust, from the nature of the fungus attacking the i)lant. A report is given of a third whicli is called the yellow fall rust. This disease is due to T/rdo luilllrri. The fini- gus does not ajjpear es{)ecially severe in its attack and there is no cause for alarm at its oi'currence. Tlie fruit rot, blat^k rot, witches' Itroonis, and leaf scorch of cherries are reporttnl, and the occurrence of a new fungus on cherry branches is mentioned. This fungus {('ri/ptotipDriinn i-rrdniiiniii ), while occurring rather fretjuently, is probably not parasitic. The diseases of currants and goose) )»'rries ol)si>rved were cane l)light, leaf spot, and powdtTV nnldew. The vineyards of western New York were found to be remarkably free from disease during the season. The black rot and downy mildew were destructive only in a few localities, and the powdery nuldew and anthrac^nose were exceedingly rare. In several localities green grapes showed russet bands and blotches on their skin, which were attributed to weather conditions, probably a light frost after the fruit had set. On many of the russeted fruits one or more seeds were sometimes exposed, and this is believed to be due to the same cause as that producing the russet spots upon the fruit. Of peach diseases the occurrence of leaf curl, yellows, little peach, l)rown spot, and a disease of peach trees in the nursery cellar, are among those noted. The brown spot is attributed to the fungus IL'hnhiihotiponum carpophihun . This fungus begins its attack while the fruit is stall green, but is most conspicuous on the ripe fruit, where it appears in the form of pink spots and cinnamon brown areas. The spots at first are quite small, and in time a number coalesce, forming irregular areas of cinnamon brown color, the pink discoloration almost entirely disappearing. AVhat ai)pears to be the same fungus was found on the branches of the peach tree, and it is believed that the fungus causing the brown spot is not only j)arasitic on the twigs, l)ut occurs sometimes on the leaves and knots of the trees. Whether para- sitic on leaves or not was not determined. The fungus is known al.so to attack the apricot fruit. The disease of peaches rejiorted frcim the nursery cellar was observed in the winter of 1899-1900. The cellar contained about 10,000 peach trees trenched in sand after the usual manner. Some of the trees were wet when put in the cellar, and the sand stuck to the branches. Early in January, it was found that 15 per cent or more of the trees showed dead sections of 1 to 4 in. on the limbs to which there was adhering sand. A fungus was associated with the disease, but failure to produce mature forms made its identity uncertain. Among the diseases of pear ol)served are tire blight, leaf scorch, l)ody blight or canker, injury due to winter and drought. Of the ])lum diseases, the fruit rot, sun scald, canker, and gum pockets, were the most frequently observed. Associated w^ith the fruit rot on the mummy plum was a fungus which, it is thought, does the twig little or no harm. The species has been identified a.s Ctmiotheclmn nociale. The canker of the plum is similar to that described on the a])ple as due to a species of Cytospora, but the fungus on the 2 different trees seems to be distinct. The same or a similar si)ecies has also been observed on apricot and j)each. Inoculation exjieriments were made with spores from a pure culture made from the canker on a Jajjan plum, in which the disease was readily connnunicated. The leaf blight, canker, and powdery nuldew of (juinces are reported as causing considerable damage, and a num])er of other diseases occurring less frequently than usual. A peculiar form of raspberry anthracnose, due to Glceosporlum venetum, is described. Ordinarily the anthracnose rarely attacks the red raspberries, but during the season 150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. it was observed as decidedly injurious to the Cuthbert variety of red raspberry, upon which knots of various sizes were produced. These were of a rough spongy texture, often twice the diameter of the normal cane. AVhen examined late in the summer, the knots were found to be intimately associated with the anthracnose. Similar knots are reported on the variety Thompson, and it is thought that these knots are a peculiar manifestation of the ordinary anthracnose. The raspl)erry rust, powdery mildew, cane blight, and leaf sjiot arc rej»)rted as injuring the crop to some extent. New or rare fruit diseases in western New^ York, F. H. Hall and F. C. Stewart {New York- State Stu. Bui. 191, popidar ed., pp. II, y>/.s'. 3). — This is a i)opu- lar summary of the above bulletin. A rliizomorphic root rot of fruit trees, E. M. Wilcox {Oklnhoma Sta. Bui. 49, pp. 32, pU. 11). — The results of investigations by the author on the cause of the root rot of fruit trees are given. This particular disease has been observed for some time occurring in the territory, and is due to one of the mushroom fungi. The dis- tribution of this root rot throughout Oklahoma and the United States is traced, from which it ajjjjears to be a widely scattered disease. The most characteristic effect of the attack of the fungus is a great exudation of gum about and from the crown of diseased trees. This gum flow occurs in apple, i)each, and cherry trees, according to the author's observation, and is reported in apricot and others. It sometimes hap- pens that the amount of gum exuded is so great as to form a mass of cemented soil about the tree. The leaves are usually discolored, the yellow coloration being one of the prominent symptoms of the disease. In some cases, however, the leaves wilt rapidly during the growing season instead of becoming yellow, and this rapid wilt is the first indication of the disease. Upon exanunation of trees affected by the dis- ease, typical rhizomorphic strands will be found adhering to the roots. The groups of sporophores, or — as they are commonly called — toadstools, about the V)ase of the tree is positive evidence of the presence of the disease. The changes in the wood caused by the fungus are described, and its spread is said to be through the produc- tion of abundant spores and through the spread of the mycelial strands in the soil. The fungus causing this disease is said to be new, and the name Clilocyhe jxirasitlca is given it. The technical characteristics are described and remedial and preventive measures suggested. If a single tree is found to be diseased it is recommended that a ditcli be dug completely around it at a distance of al)()ut 10 ft. The ditch should be about a foot wide and 2 ft. deep, with vertical walls. This will prevent the spread of the fungus through the soil. All infested fruit trees should be removed and burned. This, together with the ditch about the i)lace where the ti'ee has stood, will generally i>revent the further spread of the disease. The fungus has also been found to be parasitic upon various species of oak, and these should be treated in the same manner when occurring in or near orchards. Orchards should not be planted on soil known to contain old oak stumps or roots, as they may be affected and spread the disease to the trees when planted. An extensive bibliograi)hy on the subject completes the bulletin. A root rot of fruit trees, E. M. Wilcox and O. M. Morris ( Ohluhoina Sta. Bid. 49, popuhir ed., pp. 11, ]>h. 2). — This is a popular summary of the Inilletin noted above. Preliminary report on bitter rot or ripe rot of apples, J. T. Stinson {Miswxri Fniit Sta. Bui. 1, pp. 21). — A description is given of the ripe or bitter rot of ajtjjles, caused by Gkeospormm frucilgenuni, together with the results of experiments on the prevention of the disease. The varieties used were Ben Davis and Huntsman, both of which are believed to be especially subject to the disease. Bordeaux mixture was used, from 3 to 5 applications being given the trees. The fruit on the sprayed trees was about 10 days later in ripening than upon the unsprayed trees. The leaves remained on the sprayed trees until after the fruit was gathered, anSta. Bui. 71, pp. 115-127, Jifji<. 2). — The occurrence of the fruit rot {Monilia J'ru(iigena) upon peaches and plums is mentioned and the characteristics of the disease described. The results of experiments in which peaches and plums were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture for the prevention of this disease are given. Dilute Bordeaux mixture in which 3 lbs. of copper sulphate to a liarrel of water was used greatly reduced the amount of disease without seriously injuring the foliage. No marked difference was noticed between trees which received the first application March 23 and those sprayed May 26 and June 28. The spraying should be con- tinued well up to the time of ripening of the fruit, and, based upon the authors' experiments, can be done at an expense not to exceed 6 cts. per tree. Not only was the disease almost entirely prevented by this treatment, but the texture and size of the fruit was decidedly improved by the applications. The exj)eriments with plums indicated that plums of the domestic varieties were apparently uninfluenced by the aiiplication of the fungicides. The Japan varieties were greatly benefited b}^ the treatment. These are very subject to injury by the strong fungicides, and the amount of copper sulphate to a barrel of solution should not exceed 2 lbs. Experiments in the control of fumagine of the olive, D. Vidal {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed L'E.st), 22 {1901), No. 4, pp. 121-124).— ^his disease of the oUve is said to be (juite prevalent and is characterized by the presence on the branches, leaves, fruits, and frequently gn the trunks of the trees, of black, sooty-like patches. It is the growth of a nund)er of fungi more or less well known which follow attacks of certain insects, in this case Lcranium oleiv. Preventive treatment must be directed against the insects upon which the fungus is dependent. The results of investiga- tions carried out in the season of 1900 showed that tlie best meth(jd of treatment was to spray thoroughly with Bordeaux mixture to which turpentine was added. Two sprayings, one in June and the other in September, were found to be sufficient for the eradication of the disease. The premature falling of fruit, J. Burvknich {Bui. Arbor, et Flor., 1960, pp. 169-171). The Anaheim or California vine disease, C. P. Loxnsbury {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Ilopf, IS {l!)Ol ), ,Vo. ,?, pp. 90-94). — An account is given of the disease of grapes which was formerly (juite prevalent in California and which has l)een called the ' ' California vine disease. ' ' This disease was formerly described in a publication of DISEASES OF PLANTS. 153 this Dt'partnieiit (E. S. R., 4, p. 498). The author beheves that its spread may be prevented ]>y the phinting of resistant varieties, some of which are briefly descriljed. The causes of gray rot of grapes, J. Dufour ( (Jhron. Agr. Canton Vtmd, 14 {1901), No. J, pp. S8-4^). — The gray rot of grapes is said to have been exceedingly troublesome in parts of France during the season of 1900. In some regions it was reported to have very seriously diminishetl the grape crop. The disease is due to Botriftis chierea. Tlie fungus is dejieudent for its development upon somewhat pecul- iar atmospheric conditions which were i)resent during the season. August was very dry au, jiij.s. 54) -—The author discusses in a popular man- ner some of the causes of plant diseases and the methods by which they are si)read after which jiopular descriptions are given of the more common diseases which have been noticed as occurring in Ohio. The diseases are arranged alphabetically under the host plants and where methods of treatment are known they are descril)ed. Directions are given for the preparation and use of fungicides and insecticides, with a spray calendar, showing briefly the method of treatment to be followed for differ- ent insect and fungus pests. ENTOMOLOGY. The sixteenth report of the State entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York, E. P. Felt [Bui. Xew Yurk ,State J/«s., 7 {19U1), No. 36, pp. 949-10G3, pis. 16, figs. 2). — Popular accounts are given of the gypsy moth and the palmer worm, together with bibliographical references to literature concern- ing the latter species. A number of experiments were made with insecticides for the destruction of the San Jose scale. The result showed that a 20 or 25 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene did not kill all the scales. An api)lication of a 10 per cent mixture in summer was not injurious to the trees, but it was found that the api)lication nmst Ije repeated every 10 days, beginning about the middle of June, in order to obtain good results. The use of pure kerosene i^roved unsatisfactory and is not recommended. A 20 per cent mechanical mixture of cinide petroleum did not injure the trees and is reported as one of the most satisfactory remedies to be used in the early spring. Some scales escaped even when a 25 per cent mixture was used, and the latter strength is considered no more efficient than the 20 per cent mixture. A few scales were found alive after spraying with undiluted crude petroleum. Trees were not injured by application of whale-oil soap at the rate of 2 lbs. to the gall( >n of water. The results were not so good as those obtained by a 20 per cent mix- ture of crude petroleum, 2 applications of the whale-oil soaj) being required to produce the effects which were obtained by 1 application of the crude petroleum. Spraying in summer with whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 5 gal. of water was effective in kill- ing young scales. A combination of whale-oil soap with crude petroleum gave good results, but this mixture was no more effective than the crude petroleum alone. Hydrocyanic-acid gas proved to be very effective, practically all of the scales being killed by the use of 1 oz. of cyanid of potassium to 150 cu. ft. of si)ace. The trees were not injured in the least. The method is highly recommended for all except verN' large trees, where the exjiense would be rather great. Brief notes are given on the fruit-tree bark beetle, plum curculio, flea beetles, elm- leaf l)eetle, Chryxuclins aunilux, 12-spotted asparagus l)eetle, grain Ijeetles, snake worm, forest tent caterpillar, fall army Avorm, elm-bark louse, harkniuin cahl)age bug, grasshoppers, and Lophoderus (riferana. The forest tent caterpillar occurred in such numbers that contaiit insecticides were tested, with good results. A summary is given of the reports of voluntary observers in different counties of the State. The publications of the entomologist for the year are listed, and a state- ment is given of the additions to the enttjmological collections. Illustrated descriptive catalogue of some of the more injurious and benefi- cial insects of New York State, E. P. Fei.t (Bnl. Xeir York tShitr J/h.s., cS' [I'.kiO), Nu. 37, pp. 62, figs. 83). — Brief descriptive and economic notes on tlie ccunmon 2453— No. 2—01 5 156 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. specieH of inwefts injurious to fruit trees, small fruits, shade trees, ^rarden erops, and grass and food products, together ^vitli brief notes on the Ijeneliidal insects and the standard insecticides. Report of the entomologist, ('. P. Gillette {Colorado Ski. Rpt. 1900, pp. i^-J-yJi).— Brief biological and economic notes are given on the codling moth, peach- twig borer, Cacoccia argyrospila, C. semiferana, leaf crumpler, climbing cutworm, Ahjjna odomaciUata, Phikmipdw nchemon, pear slug, woolly aphis, apple aphis, Put- nam scale, Chronaspis ortholobi% leaf hoppers, apple-twig borer, Lina scripta, and wheat ai)his. Cutworms are reported as occurring in great numbers on alfalfa. They belonged to the species Carncades tcusellata. A beet army worm {Laphygma JIammacidata) was exceedingly injurious in 1899, but w^as comparatively rare during the past season. The caterpillars did the most damage to early Ijeets and injured only late planted beets near weeds or early beets. Brief notes are also given on a number of other injurious insects, bee paralysis, black brood, and experiments with leaf hoppers, coddling moth, and grasshoppers. Insect notes, W. E. Britton {Connecticut State jSta. Rpt. 1900, pt. S,pp. 311-322, fjfj_ i).— A brief report is given on experiments with hydrocyanic-acid gas in barn and greenhouse. Treatment of hay infested with clover-hay Avorm was unsuccessful. The gas could not be made to penetrate very far into the mass of hay. Fumigation with this gas was tried in a greenhouse containing tomato plants which were infested with Aleurodef! mporarlorum. The house contained 4,800 cu. ft., and 3 oz. potassium cyanid were used for each 1,000 cu. ft. The gas was generated in the afternoon, and the house was kept closed for 30 minutes. Gas was generated in vessels at each end of the greenhouse. All the insects were destroyed, but more or less injury was noted in most of the plants. A smaller quantity of cyanid than 3 oz. per 1,000 cu. ft. is recommended for fumigating tomatoes in greenhouses. Notes are given on the banding of trees to prevent injury by the fall cankerworm. This paper was published in essentially the same form in Bulletin 26, Division of Entomology, of this Department (E. S. E., 12, p. 860). Brief notes are given in tabu- lar form on the common and scientific names, host plants, locality, etc., of insects which are sent to the station for identification during the season. Elm scale ( Gossy- jKirki nlmi) occurred in considerable numbers on elm trees in different parts of the State. Spraying with whale-oil soap was found to be effective, as well as treatment with a 10 and 15 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene and water. Cabbage plusia was successfully controlled by spraying with a 15 per cent nnxture of kerosene and water. Brief biological and economic notes are given on book lice, codling moth, forest tent caterpillar, and other injurious insects. Mechanical mixtures of kerosene and water proved very effective in tht? treatment of a number of insects. A 10 per cent mixture was successfully used against oyster- shell bark-louse, and ajjple aphis and pear psylla were destroyed by means of a 15 per cent mixture of the same substance. White flies in greenhouses and the red spider yielded readily to treatment l)y this insecticide. The growth of economic entomology in Australia and its relation to agriculture, W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. New South H«/c,s, IJ {1901), No. 1, pp. 131-138) . — The author discusses the economic importance of investigation of various remedies for the control of injurious insects and calls attention to exchanges of beneficial insects between government entomologists of different countries. Brief references are made to various injurious insects by way of illustration of the discussion. Some of the internal changes which accompany ecdysis in insects, W. L. Tower {Pruc. Amer. Assoc. Adr. ScL, 49 {1900), p. ^^31).— One. of the most im])ortant changes which precede ecdysis is the development of exuvial glands. These are one-celled, pear-shaped, with the smaller end prolonged into a tube which oi)ens through a pore. The glands enlarge rapidly during the few days immediatel.v pre- ENTOMOLOGY. 157 cedintr el•pers in the State. The 4 most important ones from an economic standpoint are Melanoplns hivittalus, M. dUf'vrentUdh, M. feimir- rabnun, and J/, atlanis. Brief notes are given on the life history of gra^nshoppers and on the causes for excessive increase of these insects in certain years. The author discui-ses the method of killing locusts with fungus diseases. Experiments with a fungus disease imported from South America were without result. Another disease very similar to the South Amerii-an fungus is reported. Disking or harrowing and the use of hopperdozers are reconunended in the destruction of these insects. A preliminary report of progress of an investigation concerning the life history, habits, injuries, and methods for destroying the Mexican cotton-boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) , F. W. Mally {Amthi, Texas: Von Boeckmann, ScJiutz ct- Co., 1901, j>ji. 45). — The author describes in considerable detail the life his- tory and habits of this insect. The female eats a hole into the square, form, or young boll, and deposits 1 egg in each hole. The opening is then closed with a small drop of glue. So far as observed the eggs are deposited n()where else. The larva upon hatching feeds upon the inside portions of the square or form in which the egg has been laid. The whole life cycle is passed in the same situation and extends through 1 month. The species hibernates in the adult stage in the cracks of bark and under rubbish of various kinds. The adult weevil flies little, if at all, at night, and lantern traps are therefore not reconunended. Good success was had in planting trap rows of cotton early in the season, using early varieties. The beetles collect upon these early plants, from which they may be jarred into pans smeared on the bottoms and sides with coal tar or other adhesive substance. This method is recommended as especially effective and eco- nomical for small areas of cotton. Since infested squares may be recognized by what is commonly called flaring and later fall to the ground, they may be collected and destroyed l^efore the weevils have had time to mature and escajjc. In experiments f(jr the purpose of determining the cost of collecting the fallen squares, it was found that during the months of May and June the squares could be gathered for from 5 cts. to 10 cts. per acre, while during July the expense reached 25 cts. an acre. This was for the work of adult negroes. When boys were used the expense was about 6 cts. per acre for the season. As already indicated the infested scjuares can be recognized l)efore falling and can be picked off and destroyed. Plowing under fallen squares gives little promise of effet'tiveness, since ex2)eriments indicated that the weevils could make their way to the surface after l^eing buried to a considerable depth. For the imrjiose of securing early trap plants, it is recoumiended that the seed of early fruiting varieties be planted or seed grown in a northern latitude. Infested I'otton seed may be fumi- gated witli carbon l)isvilphid at the rate of 1 lb. to from 25 to 50 bu. of seed. It is well known that s(}uares whicli do not bloom within 6 weeks of frost very sel- dom come to maturity.. Such squares, therefore, serve chiefly as food and places for egg laying of the weevils. By turning stock into cotton fields late in the summer the young squares containing weevils will be grazed off. The stalks and other portions wliich are left l)y cattle may be cut down and piled up so as to serve as attractive hi])ernating quarters for the weevils. Such piles of refuse may then be burned. Since the boll weevil is protected against ordinary insecticides during its whole life, special methods of spraying are reconunemled. The best results were secured by the use of i)oisoned molasses. A formula for use on trap plants is 2 gal. cane molasses, 2 oz. arsenic boiled in water until dissolved, -1 oz. arsenate of lead, and 4G gal. of water. On the main crop of cotton for use in midsummer the following 158 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mixture wa« found effective: 1 gal. cane molasses, 1 oz. arsenic, 6 oz. arsenate of lead, and 47 gal. of water. The author insists upon the desirability of beginning all lines of treatment as early as possible in the spring. A supplementary report of investigation of the Mexican boll weevil is appended, in whidi the author calls attention to the work which has already been done, and the ap{>ropriations which will be necessary for continuing the work. The Mexican cotton-boll weevil, F. W. Mally ( K *S'. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bill. loO, pi>. oO, tiffin. ^).— The essential facts contained in this bulletin have been noted al)ove from another source. The root louse of grain and means of combating it, G. del Guercio (Nuore Relaz. R. Slaz. Ent. Agr., 1. ser., 1900, No. 3, pp. 87-94,. figs. 4).— The author describes Fentaplm trknalis in all its stages and gives brief notes on its habits and life history. Mention is made of a remedy previously recommended, which consists in mixing double sulpho-carbonate of potash and lime in the soil. The fumes of caj-bon bisulphid are given off from this compound, which destroy a certain pro- portion of the lice. The author recommends also the destruction by means of carbon bisulphid of the ants which attend this species of plant louse. Caterpillar plagues, with an account of the potato pests at Windsor, W. W. Froggatt (Agr. duz. Xew South Wahs, 12 {1901), Xo.2, pp. 237-243, ph. i*).— The author gives an account of an unusually extensive outbreak of injurious caterpillars. The larvte of Plusia verticillata appeared in such numbers as to threaten the utter destruction of potato fields. As many as 200 caterpillars were shaken from a single plant. The caterpillars remained on the underside of uninjured leaves or clung close to the leaf stalk after the leaves had been eaten. Notes are given on the life history of this insect and on its other food plants. The larvae of Marnedrd cwingii attacked potato plants in a different manner, gnawing into the main stalk, so that it soon broke off. This species appeared to prefer alfalfa when this plant could be obtained as food. Considerable damage was also done by the boll worm, an4 especially by Nysiusrini- tor, which occurred in great numbers and injured the potato stems by sucking out the juices. Spraying with Paris green gave fairly satisfactory results in combating the caterpillars, but better results were obtained by fastening 2 boards together inclined to one another at right angles, and hauling this apparatus betw'een the rows immediately behind men who knocked off the caterpillars by means of brushes. A crude sort of hopperdozer was also constructed, containing tar or kerosene, and the caterpillars were brushed into this apparatus as it was drawn along. These machines proved very effective. On the origin and distribution of Leptinotarsa decem-lineata, and the part that some of the climatic factors have played in its dissemination, AV.L. Tower {Froc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 49 {1900), pp. 225-227) .—Xn abstract of an article read by the author at this meeting. The parent form of the Colorado l)otat() ])eetle is considered to be L. underein-liueata, which seems to have originated in South America. The distribution of the beetle in North America was confined to Mexico and the Kocky Mountains until about 1850. In 1859 the beetle was reported as occurring in injurious numbers as far east as the 98th meridian, and during the next 20 years it traveled eastward to the Atlantic Coast and covered the whole coun- try to latitudes 37 to 47° north. The species is double brooded, but it is the second brood which flies most and Avhich consequently is the most concerned in increasing the distribution of the species. The beetle is not a strong flyer, and is unable to make much progress against a strong wind. Its flight is therefore controlled largely by the wind. During August and September there are certain well-defined wind tracks, and the beetle has progressed most rapidly along these lines. The most rapid advance has been made in the track of the westerly winds along the Lakes and down the St. Lawrence Valley. At present the potato beetle is distributed through- ENTOMOLOOY. 159 lint all that portion of North America which lies east of the Rot-ky ^roniitaiiis aii. junctu, ha- n-tri'ated before the advance of the Colorado potato beetle, and is now confined to a iiiore southern distrilmtion. A number of geo^'raphicuil forms of the potato l)eetie arc apparently l)einfr developed, but these forms are not easily determined without accurate and detailed measurements. The pea weevil and means of combating it, (t. Staes ( Tijdschr. J'ldiitenziekien, 6 {1900), No. 3-4, pp. 105-123). — The author presents a brief account of the insects which most commonly prove injurious to peas. The life history of Brurhm pi.'ii is (lescri})ed in detail, and notes are given on the literature of the subject. In combat- ing the attacks of this insect the author recommends planting seed which is free from weevils. This may be accomplished by securing uninfested seed or by treatment of infested seed for tiie destruction of the weevil. It is recommended that peas be heated in an oven to a temperature of from 50 to 60° C. for a short time, during which they are constantly stirred. Seed peas may be held over a year for the ])nr- pose of allowing the weevils to escape, so that they may be destroyed. It is advi.^able also to i. 1, pp. -22-26). — Notes on the liabits, life history, and most efficient means of com- Ijating Sphenophorus obscitru.'^. A little-known asparagus pest ( Agromyza simplex), F. A. Sirrine {Xerc York Sta. Bill. 189, pp. 211-282, jigs. 5).— The adult is a metallic black fly 3 to 4 mm. long, usually found resting on the flowers and ])ranches of asparagus plants. The pupal condition resembles the flaxseed stage of the Hessian fly. The puparia appear as raised spots under the epidermis near the base of the asparagus stems. The process of laying eggs was not observed, V>ut from the fact that mines made by the maggots flrst start V)eneath the leaf scale, it is suspected that the eggs are occasionally depos- ited mider or near the leaf scale. The species mines beneath the outer bark, and eats the green portion of the plant between the epidermis and the wood. When several maggots are present they completely girdle the stem. Although the species has been under observation for 4 years, it has not been observed as injurious to cutting beds. During 1900 it did considerable damage to seedling and newly set beds. Infested ])lants turn yellow and Anally die much earlier than they naturally should do. From the habits of the pest it is apparent that there is little opjiortunity of appl}'- ing insecticides. Since eggs for the flrst brood are deposited early in June, it is recommended that small shoots should not be allowed to grow on cutting beds during the cutting season. It is also advised that old stalks be pulled and burned after they are dead, prefera))ly late in the fall. There are 2 broods of the insect per year. Natural enemies and artificial remedies for Pieris brassicae, G. del Guekcio {Xiiorc Jlilii:. A". Slternuned hy exjjeri- ments with l)isulj)hid of carbon that the insects were destroyed when SOO cc. of this substance was used per culiic meter of space. A nund)er of birds are known to feed upon the olive fly, and among the preda- ceous and parasitic insects which keep the' insect in check the author mentions Enri/toiiKi nis:i; TrlcmmthiA xpiranddrix, JCiiIo/ihiiti pedinirornix, and C'remastogaster sntiellari.t. A discussion is given of the beneficial effects of the parasitism of the olive fly, the injuries caused by this fly, the remedies in common use against its ravages, remedies which are adapted to deterring the adult insect from depositing its eggs, and reme- dies devised for the destruction of the egg, larva, and pupa. Among the latter the author mentions hyposulphite of potash and soda, burning over the ground, and injection of cyanid of potash into the plant tissues. Experiments with the last- named remedy gave negative results. Two strawberry pests, J. B. Smith {Neir Jen^i'ij Stas. Bui. 149, pp. 17, pis. 2). — The author has worked out certain hitherto unknown details in the life history of strawberry-leaf roller {Phoxopteris comptana) . The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf, and are of a green color and difficult of detection. The larv.ie hatch in from 5 to 7 days, crawl upon the upper side of the leaf, and begin the formation of webs. The first full-grown larvfe were obtained on June 8, and the author believes that the larval life occupies about 4 weeks. From these larvse moths emerged on June 19 and began egg laying on June 22. The complete life cycle is therefore from 42 to 50 days. There are M annual liroods, of which only the first and second are especially injurious. The author describes the insect in its various stages, and makes brief mention of parasitic insects which are its natural enemies. As a remedial measure the author recommends spraying with arsenical poisons as soon as the moths are seen flying in considerable numbers, a second time one week later, and a third time after another week. The strawberry-root louse {ApJtis forbe.', f(jtf. 4)- — Drrpauolhrijis renteri is described in detail, and brief notes are given concerning its life history and injurious habits. P^xperi- ments with insecticides in controlling the species showed that the larvte were killed almost instantly when sprayed with a 2 to 2^ per cent solution of soft soap, and that the same solution was equally effective again.st the pronymphs and adult in.sects. A carbolized extract of tobacco was tried in 1, li, 2, 2h, and '.i per cent solutions. The weaker strengths stupified the insects but did not kill them. The stronger solutions were very effective. Another enemy of grapes is found in Sriiizoiii'ura <(iiipelorIiiz/). 4-, Ji;/-"^- '>)■ — This in a revision of Farmers' Bullt'tiii 19 {E. S. R., 6, p. 315). The l)ulletin h;is l)een in part rewritten and revised, in ordiT to include a discussion of some ni the more recent insecticide treatments. Tlie cliief additions are concerned with an account of the use of pure kerosene and crude oil, the mechanical mixtures of these oils with water, and the distillate emulsion, which is an emulsion of crude oil and soap recommended In- the California State l>oard ot Ilorticidture. A contribution to the study of the insect fauna of human excrement, L. O. Howard [Pror. Wa-^liington Acad. ScL, 2 {1900), pp. 541-604, ph. ,.', figx. 22). — A shorter popular account of these investigations was published in Pop. Set. Mo., 58 (1901), No. 3, pp. 249-256. The author made extended observations for the purpo.se of determining tlie species of fiies and other insects which, from their copro- phagous habits, may he considered liable to carry the typhoid fever organism from place to place. Many species of insects were bred from human excrement, in(;lud- ing 44 species of beetles, a number of Hymenopterous parasites, and 36 species of Diptera, while 41 other species were captured upon excrement. These species are listed and detailed notes are given concerning the habits and life history of the more important Diptera, including Cnmpsomyia macellaria, Sarcophaga mrracenise, S. tririali.^, Stomo.njs calcltmns, Homalogmia canicularis, Muscina slabulans, Phorafemorata, Lucllia Ciesar, Drosophlla ampelophila, CaUiphora erythrocephala, and other species. The 77 species of Diptera belonged to 21 different families. Extensive collections were made of flies which visit dining rooms or kitchens, and which might, therefore, come in contact with human food. These collections included 23,087 flies in different stages. Of this number, 22,808, or 98.8 per cent, were the common house fly {Mnsca doines- tica). The remaining 1.2 per cent comprised a number of species, some of which have already been mentioned. The conclusions maybe stated as follows: Of the 77 species of flies whose feeding habits might bring them into contact with typhoid organisms only 8 are likely to come in contact with human food. Of these 8 the common house fly is by far the most important and is to be considered a constant source of danger wherever care is not exercised in the disposal or disinfection of excrement from typhoid patients. The renewing of queens, U. Gubler {Rev. Inlernat. Apicult., 23 {1901), No. 2, p]). 2ti-2S) . — The autlior concludes from his observations that bees may produce fer- tile queens from April until October, but that the most favora]:)le time is at the end of the period for collecting h(jney. The conditions of sericulture in Italy, E. Verson {Arm. 11. Staz. Bacol. Padova, 28 {1900), pp. 22-33). — Brief notes on the statistics of silk culture in Italy from 1880 to 1889. The possibility of prolonging- the life of silkworm chrysalids, E. Qua.iat {Ann. R. St(tz. Bacol. Padova, 28 {1900), pp. 15-21). — The author conducted experi- ments to determine the question of whether the life of the silkworm could be pro- longed in the chrysalis stage by means of lowering the temperature. While con- siderable influence was exercised upon the silkworms l)y the low temperature to which they were subjected, it was found that many of the moths which issued fiom chrysalids thus treated were in poor condition and laid infertile eggs. Glandular tissues in the circulatory system of the silkworm, E. Verson {Ann. R. Staz. Bacol. Padova, 28 {1900), pp. 69-84, pi. i).— The author discusses the literature of the subject and describes in detail hypostigmatic, peritracheal, i>eri- cardial, and epigastric glands of the silkworm. The relation between the weight of the eggs of the pure races and of crossed races of silkworms, E. (^rA.rAT (.l»». R. Staz. llaroL Padora, 28 {1900), pp. 34-39).— ThiH is a controversial article. The autlmr believes from his own 104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (1b^^ervations that the wei^lit of the eggs of crossed races' is not greater than that of a pure race. Publications relating to sericulture during the year 1900 {Ann. A'. Staz. Bacol. Padm-a, .^8 {1900), pp. 107-110).— ^^n extensive bibliography of the subject. FOODS— NUTRITION. First report on the inspection and analyses of food products under the pure-food law for 1900, B. W. Kilgore, W. M. Allen, et al. {North Carolina State Bd. Agr. Bui, 21 {1900), No. 12, j)p. 61). — Details are reported of the exam- ination of a large number of samples of foods and beverages in accordance with the State pure-food law. Fifty-three commercial stock foods were also examined. The following tal)le shows the extent of adulteration of foods and beverages: Sammar)/ of re.mHs of the examination of food products. Food products. Beers and other alcoholic drinks Breakfast foods Butter Canned goods: Asparagus Boston baked beans Celery Corn Corn and tomatoes Garden peas Lima beans .^ Okra ( )kra and tomatoes Pumpkins Snap beans Succotash Tomatoes Catsups Flour Lard Nonalcoholic summer drinks Oil Sauces Vinegrar Total Total Percent- age of adulter- number samples. ation. 35 77.14 24 4.17 11 9 77.77 1 100 2 100 70 60 4 100 37 81 8 62.50 2 60 8 100 8 50 9 77.77 14 7.14 55 63.63 36 97.22 37 11 9 33 72.72 11 18. 18 7 86 22 .59 454 56. 04 Gluten contents of Hungarian wheat and flour, T. Kosutany {Kiserlet. Kbz- lem., 3 {1900), No. 4 pp. 227-208). — This article contains detailed comparative anal- yses of Hungarian and foreign wheats and wheat products. The primary object was to show the relative values of Hungarian flours as compared with those of other coun- tries. Incidentally the theory is advanced that flours possessing the same amount of gluten may possess entirely different food values, since they manifest different physical properties. Comparative tests were made of the tenacity of dough made of flour and water in definite proportions. If 50 gm. of dough could l)e extended to cover an area of i square meter without breaking, the flour was rated as first quality. With poorer grades the same area could not be covered with 75 gm. of dough. The author considers this a more exact method of grading than by the separation of the gluten or the aleurometer or farinometer tests. With the best Hungarian flours tested, a dough tissue of 100 sq. cm. weighed about 0.4 gm., and 3.S sheets super- imposed upon each other measured less than 1 mm. in tliickness. A lunnber of tables are given to show that total nitrogen constituents and gluten are not identical in amount in wheat flours or wheat and do not vary in equal ratio. The article POODS — NUTRITION. 165 includes the results of the aniilysiH of 17S samples of IlniiL'ariau and It! saiii]des of foreign wheat. — r. fiuemax. The chemical composition and nutritive value of barley and its products: V, Bread, A. Nikitix ( Ve.stnik. OImIi. Ilig. Suhi'd. i. I'rakt. Med., 18U9, p. 15 jG; nhs. in Clinii. Ztg., J4 (WOl), Repert., pp. 7;i, 74; 'Atachr. Vntermvh. Xp. 1-9).— Analyses are reported of the muscular tissue and fatty tissue of a number of different cuts of beef, i)ork (fresh and smoked), an4l mutton. 106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The red color of salt meat, J. ITaldane {Jonr. Hyg. [Camhndf/e'\, 1 {WOl), No. 1, pp. 115-12:2, jic). 1). — From a number of experiments the following deductions were drawn: "The red color of cooked salt meat is due to the presence of NO- heraochromogen. The NO-hemochromogen is produced by the decomposition by the the meat of NO-hemoglobin to which the red color of salt meat is due. NO- hemoglobin is formed by the action of nitrite on the NO-hemochromogen, in the absence of oxygen and in the presence of reducing agents. "The nitrite is formed by reduction within the raw meat of the niter used in salt- ing. The nitrite is distrilmted l)y long cooking." The handling and preserving of raw meat, R. Emmerich {Ztsehr. Untersnch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 4 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 17, 18). — The author insists on the need of cleanliness in slaughtering and handling meat. On the occurrence of tin in preserved meat, together with some observa- tions on the estimation of and the compounds of tin in preserved meat, F. WiRTHLE {('hem. Ztcj., 24 {1900), p. 263; Chem. News,82 {1900), No. 2144, pp.'sOS, .i09). The manufacture and exportation of tasajo, or jerked beef, by River Plata countries ( f/. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Jndn.ttry Rpt. 1899, pp. ,399-404) ■ — The preparation of this sun-dried and salted beef is described and statistics of the amount exported are given. Eggs and their uses as food, C. F. Langworthy ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 128, pp. 31). — Eggs and their uses are described and the flavor of eggs, digestibility, marketing and preservation, desiccated eggs, egg powders and egg substitutes, and similar topics are (hscussed. The bulletin summarizes a considerable amount of the work of the experiment stations and American and foreign investigators, on the sub- jects treated of. Lard oil, M. Duyk {Bid. Assoc. Beige Chim., l'> {1901), No. 1, pp. 18, 7.9). —Analy- sis and description of lard oil— "prime steam lard " or neutral — imported into France to be used in the manufacture of oleomargarin. The soy bean and its products from a chemical and dietetic standpoint, A. NiKiTiN ( Vestrilk. Ohsh. Hig. Svbed. i. Prakt. Med., 1900, No. 4, pp. 4o3-4<:9; s. in Ztsehr. Ihtersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 {1901), No. 1, pp. 39,40). — The author sum- marizes the literature of soy bean products with especial reference to food value, quoting many analyses made ])y himself and other Russian investigators. Manufacture of cocoanut butter in Mannheim {Sci. Amer., 84 {1901), No. 18, p. 282; U. S. Consular Rpts., 66 {1901), No. 248, pp. 63, 64).— A descriptive article. Coffee substitutes {Proc. Agr. Hort. Soc. Madras, 1901, Apr. -June, p. .5). — A note quoted from G. Watt, on the composition and use as coffee substitute of the seeds of Spermacoce hispida. Studies of theobromin and caffein and the salts they form, T. Paul {Archiv. Pharm. 239 {1901), Nos. 1, pp. 48-80; 2, pp. '. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment >S(atiotis liiil. 91, pp. ^1-2G). — It was found that on an averajre a club of women students consumed 64 gni. protein, 99 ^n. fat, 3(50 gm. carbohydrates per woman per day, the fuel value being 2,(j(>U calories. The average daily cost of food including waste was 13.8 ('ts. Nutrition investigations at Lake Erie College, Ohio, Isauel Bevier and Eliz.\betii C. Si'UAGUE [U. ,S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 91, pp. 27-4-2).— A.S shown by a dietary study, a club which was made up almost entirely of women students and teachers, consumed on an average: Protein 68, fat 115, and carbohydrates 321 gm. per woman per day, the fuel value being 2,665 calories. The cost including waste was 18.3 cts. per day. The results are discussed and compared with those obtained in similar studies elsewhere. The digestion of various food substances, C. Turle {British Food Jour., 2 {190U), Xos. 21, pp. 246, 247; 22, pp. 27S, 279). — A general discussion. Contribution to the physiology of digestion; function of the spleen in the formation of trypsin, A. Hekzen {Arcli Physiol. [Pfliiger], S4 {1901), No. 3-4, pp. 115-229). — The author cites a number of experiments conducted by himself and his students which lead him to the conclusion that the spleen secretes some substance which possesses the power of changing protrypsin into trypsin. Contribution to the physiology of digestion: I, Influence of several foods upon the quantity and quality of the gastric juice, A. Hekzex {Arcli. Physiol. [Ptli'ujer'], 84 {1901), Xo. 3-4, pp. 101-114).— On the basis of experiments made in the author's laboratory, which are not yet reported in full, the effect of a number of foods, including, among others, raw meat, meat juices, and meat broth, on the secre- tion of gastric juice and its composition, is discussed. The experiments were made with dogs having suitable fistulee. The experiments are discussed with special ref- erence to the theories advanced by J. P. Pawlow.^ Feeding tests with a dog given difi'erent nitrogenous materials, K. Korn- Ai'TH {Zischr. Landw. Versuchsiv. Oesterr., 3 {1900), Nos. l,pp. 1-25; 2, pp. 133-162). — In a study of the comparative value of a number of vegetable and animal proteids, the digestibility ot aleuronat, conglutin (from lupines), casein, gelatin, hide powder, and nuclein was determined, as well as the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen and i)hosphorus. With the exception of the nuclein preparation, which was uuijleas- antly acid, the nitrogenous substances were as well or better digested than meat meal. Although definite conclusions are not drawn, the experiments, in the author's opinion, do not indicate that the phosphorus of casein was more thoroughly assimi- lated than that of other foods. On casein gains of nitrogen were accompanied by corresponding gains of phosphorus. The assimilation of fats, Desgrez {Rev. Gen. Sci. Pares et ApjiL, 1900, July 6; (lbs. in Ztschr. Untersnch Nuhr. u. Genussmtl., 4 {1901), No. 5, p. 206). — According to the author his experiments demonstrate that fat is converted in the body into glyco- gen, and not into sugar. In experiments with dogs the amount of glycogen in the muscles was much increased when fat was consumed, while the glycogen in the liver was not increased. The conclusion is therefore drawn that fat is not converted into carbohydrates in the liver, but that the conversion takes place under the influence of the leucocytes. Concerning lipase, the fat-splitting enzym, and the reversibility of its action, .1. II. Kastle and A. S. Lowenhart {Amer. ('Item. Jour., 24 {1900), No. 6, J)}). 401-525). — Lipase was found in largest amount in the liver, next in the pancreas, kidney, and submaxillary gland. The enzym was tested as to its hydrolizing power ' Pie Arbeit der Verdauungsdriisen. Bergmann, Wiesbaden, 1898. 108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ill I'oriiiiiij,' etliyl ))utyrate. In the experiments a glycerin extract of lipase from the pancreas, prepjxred l)y macerating p(jrtions of the organ and (^training through cloth, was used. Filtering through filter paper almost completely removed the en/ym. The enzym was found to be more stable than usually supposed and its action was strongest at 40° C, while it was destroyed at 65 to 70° C. In studying the effect of lipase on ethereal salts of a homologous series, it was found that the stability of the latter decreases with the increase of the molecular weight of the combined acid. With concentrated amounts of the enzym or with small amounts of ethereal salts hydrolysis was complete. The authors believe that under other conditions the hydrolizing action of the enzym stops and its action under favorable circumstances is reversed. Experiments are described, wherein ethyl butyrate was formed from butyric acid and alcohol by the action of lipase. The trials were carried on with control experiments and the presence of the butyrate detected h\ its odor. About 5 per cent of the butyric acid was changed into ethyl butyrate. The l^earing of this result on fat a1)Sorption, storing, and translocation in the plant is discussed. The question of the resorption of fat, I. Munk {Centhl. Physiol., U {1900), pp. 13 1-1S5, 153-156; abs. in ZUchr. Untcrmch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 4 {1901), No. 5, p. 205). — A controversial article. Concerning tlie influence of butter on the secretion of gastric juice, W. A. WiKsciriLi.o ( Vravli [>SV. Pdcrxlmr'j], 21 {1900), pp. 423, 424; ah^. in Zt^rlu-. Unhrxuch. Nahr. v. CUnmssmtl., 4 {1901), No. 5, p. 206).—T\\e principal conclusions, which were drawn from experiments made with man in which the stomach contents were exam- ined, follow: Butter diminishes the hydrochloric acid and pepsin of the gastric juice, and hinders the secretion of the gastric juice less when first taken than after a time. The peptonizing power is greater under the influence of butter than without it. Butter diminishes the activity of the glands secreting gastric juice, and the secre- tion does not continue longer than when no butter is consumed. According to the observer butter should be given an imjiortant place in the diet of invalids on account of its nutritive value, pleasant taste, and easy digestibility. Concerning the quantitative determinations of easily digested carbohy- drates (starch and nearly related bodies) in the human feces, J. .STRAsiuKciER {Arch. Physiol. iPfliiger'], 84 {1901), No. S-4, pp- 173-189).— As the result of investi- gations, the author concludes that the small amount ot starch present in the feces can be determined quantitatively with the Volhard-Pfliiger sugar method. The silica content of human and animal tissues, H. Schulz {Arch. Physiol., [Pfluger], 84 {1000), No. 1-2, pp. 67-100; abs. in Chcm. Ccntbl, 72 {1901), I, No. 11, p. 636). — Details of chemical investigations are reported. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Bye as a concentrated feed, AV. von Kniekie.m {Landw. Jahrb.,29 {1900), No. 3, pj>. 483-523). — Tests made at the Peterhof Experimental Farm on the value of rye grain as a concentrated feed are reported and discussed. The investigations include a test with milch cows, a feeding test with pigs, digestion experiments Avith horses, sheep, rabbits and hens, and chemical and physiological studies of the fat of rye and other feeding stuffs. Tests tvith coivs (pp. 484-491).— The first test reported was made by A. von Villon. Two cows were fed during 3 periods from November 13 to February 12. The coarse food was 30 lbs. of clover hay daily. During the second period 1 cow was fed in addition 5 lbs. of malt dust, and another cow 5 lbs. of crushed rye daily. But little change -was produced by the addition of grain to a ration of such nutritious coarse feed as clover hay. The ration containing the malt dust appeared to have a more favorable influence upon the production of milk than the ration with rye. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 169 A UKire exteudod tost wats iiiadc l)y J. I'lohinaii in a comparison of ryo and oats with niiU'li cow.s. Tlie tesstH wen; cairii'd on during different periods of lactation, the cows being given tlie 2 feeds alternately in order to eliminate the factor of indi- viduality. The coarse feed was 15 lbs. of clover hay, 12 lbs. of straw, and 2 lbs. of cocoannt cake daily. The concentrated feed was 6 11)S. of ground rye or ground oats. The day's rations i-ontained practically the same amounts of protein, the fat being larger in the case of tlie oatmeal ration. The test e.xtended from November 25 to January 8, and was divided into 3 periods of 10 days each, with 5 days interval between. In every case it was found that the oatmeal ration gave a larger production of milk than the rye meal ration. The fat content of the dry substance of the milk was higher in every case with the oatmeal ration. The following table shows the result by i)eriods: Fat in the dry substance of tlie milk. Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Cow No. 1. Ration. Oats . . . . Rye .... Oats . . . . Fat in to- tal solid.s. Per cent. 28.77 26. 24 28.67 Cow No. 2. Ration. Rye .... Oats Rye .... Fat in to- tal solids. Per cent. 26.41 26.98 24.48 The specific gravity of the milk was in every case lower on the oat ration than on the rye ration. Of the butter made during the different feeding periods, no differ- ence was noticed in the grain or taste, but that made on the rye ration was harder, while that made on the oat ration had a deeper yellow color. No bad effects on the animals were noticed in feeding the r3'e ration. As analysis shows, rye grain is poor in fat, and hence it is recommended to feed it with coarse food rich in fat or in connection with oil cake. Tests uith sheep (pp. 491-500). — Tests made by P. Kasimirsky, on the comparative digestibility of rye and oats by two sheep and the effects of these grains on the digest- ibility of hay, are reported. The ration consisted of 700 gm. of hay and 300 gm. of grain per day. The usual experimental methods were followed, the coefhcients* of digestil)ility of the rye and oats alone being calculated from the digestibility of the whole ration, as described in a previous publication (E. 8. R., 10, p. 1083). The average results follow: Coefficients of iVujestibllitij ufhaij, oats, and rye; average of two sheep. Protein. Fat. Crude fiber. Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Ash. Hay and oats: "Calculated diKostibility of hay alone . Calculated digestibility of oats alone . Hay and rye: Calculated digestibility of hay alone . Calculated digestibility of rye alone ., Per cent. 68.83 81.61 44. 22 68.00 Per cent. 64.08 93.72 67.75 30.83 Per cent. 44.22 71.98 41.08 7.00 Per cent. 48.43 82.35 58. 72 77. 20 Per cent. 41.57 45.79 The author calls attention to the fact that when rye formed part of the ration the digestibility of protein and crude filler of the hay was diminished, while that of the nitrogen-free extract was increased; furthermore, the fat of rye was nmch less thor- oughly digestetl than the fat of oats. Te.tts irltJi pigs (pp. 500-504). — On the basis of tests carried on by ydiukowski, the comparative value of rye, barley and milk for pigs, is discussed. Two i>igs were fed rye with whole milk for 17 days. Barley was then substituted for rye until the end of the feeding jieriod, which covered 142 days. Two similar pigs were fed barley for 68 days and then rye alone or rye and barley for the remainder of the test. The 170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. total gain of the first lot was 127.98 ]h».; of the second, 132.32 lbs. The author states that rye, as distiiijiuished from barley, was not eaten readily when fed in large amounts and that sometimes it was refused altogether. The conclusion was drawn that although large amounts of rye can be successfully fed such rations can not long be continued. To compare whole milk and skim milk, a ration of whole milk and barley was continued with one of the pigs for some 7 months. After a short time on whole milk and barley, a similar pig was fed at the close of the test on skim milk and barley. The author calculates that skim milk made a return of 0.38 ct. per kg. 3V.S/.S with horses, rabbits and hens (pp. 504-523).— The author reports and dis- cusses a number of experiments made with horses, rabbits and hens. The compar- ative digestibility of rye and oats was tested with horses by W. Groot. The grains were fed with clover hay, the daily ration consisting of 4,914 gni. of the former and 8,190 gm. of the latter. The usual experimental methods were followed. The aver- age coefficients of digestibility of the two rations follow: Coefficients of digestibility of hay and oats, and hay and rye; average for two horses. ^Sx^-i^-tein. Fat. Crude fiber. Nitrogen- free extract. Hay and oats. Hay and rye.. Per cent. '■ Per cent. 51.46 ] 62.80 52.24 1 55.84 Per cent. 59.81 Per cent. 36.60 31.23 Per cent. 60.26 66.11 As pointed out by the author, when oats constituted part of a ration, the fat was much more thoroughly digested than when rye was fed. He believes that the chief reason why oats are such superior feed for horses is that almost no vegetable fat is so easily digested as that of oats. In the tests noted above, the time spent in work was recorded as well as the weight of the horses. The losses in weight were greater on the rye ration than on the oat ration. The fact that variations in weight can serve for judging the value of feeding stuffs is insisted on. The author believes that although oats are much better feed for horses than rye, yet the latter can be fed to advantage in rather large quantities. He recommends that the grain be soaked before feeding and that the horses be gradually accustomed to it. Since rye is defi- cient in fat, this constituent should be supplied by other feeding stuffs. The low coefficients of digestibility of fat observed when rye was fed is discussed and tests bearing on this subject by Roschnowski, Redych, and R. Slawinski, are briefly reported. Roschnowski found that as an average of two tests, the coefficients of digestibility of rye by rabbits was as follows: Dry matter, 85.95; protein, 68.45; fat, 72.70; nitrogen-free extract, 93.59; crude fiber, 65.97; and ash, 36.15 per cent. According to Redych' s results, rabbits digested 98.3 per cent of the fat of cocoanut cake, 94.8 per cent of the fat of oats, and 76 per cent of the fat of rye. Slawinski found that rabbits digested 96.3 per cent of the fat of cocoanut cake; 65.5 per cent of the fat of oat straw, and 55 per cent of the fat of rye straw. Further studies of the comparative digestibility of rye, oats and barley, and espe- cially of the fat are reported by the author, which were made by W. Grost. Three hens were used, and the daily ration consisted of 70 gm. of the grains tested. The coefficients of digestibility follow: CoeffiderUs of digestibility of rye, oats, and barley; experiments with hens. Rve .. Oats . . Barley ^'\^^'- Protein. Per cent. \ Per cent. 76.96 70.72 49. 88 62. 34 69. 41 75. 41 Fat. Nitrogen free extract. Per cent. Per cent. 16. .59 I 87.8 84. 01 60. 82 67. 43 81. 11 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. ni 111 tliig rdfo also the coeftirieiitw of (li,L't'stil>ility of tlii' fat of barley wa.s lower than that of the other grains. As the author points out, digestirjn exi)eritiieiits with poultry jiresent this ditiieulty, vi/, the urine aixl feces are excreted together; there- fore, in determining the coetticients oi digestibility of protein, the amount of uric acid and ammonia excreted was determined and the sum deducted from the total nitrogen. The remainder was assumed to represent the nitrogen of the undigested protein. In discussing these experiments and those reported above (see milch cows, sheep, and pigs), the author draws general deductions coiu-erning rye as a concentrated feed, some of which follow: Rye may be profitably used as a feeding stuff, but some precautions are necessary in the method of feeding, and in the selection of other constituents of the ration. Rye should be soaked or coarsely ground. On account of the low content of the crude tiber and the low coefficients of digestibility of the fat, this grain can not be recommended as a concentrated feed for horses or young cattle. When, on account of its comparatively low cost, rye must be used, the other feeding stuffs should lie chosen so that the necessary fat is supplied. No injury to health was observed when rye was fed except in the case of pigs fed this grain alone. Such injury the author Ijelieved due to ergot and other impurities. As l:)earing upon the low coefficients of digestibility of the fat of rye, the author reports a number oi determinations by P. Kotow of the chemical cliaracter of the fat from the grain and straw of rye and oats. The results follow: Comparison of the fat of rye, oats, rye straw, and oat straw. Specific gravity. Melt- ing point. Unsapon- iflable material. Acid number. Saponifi- cation number. Ether number. Insoluble fat. lodin number. Rvefat 0.9284 . 9324 .8278 .8507 °C. 29 26 58 57 Per cent. 8.5 7.8 10.2 8.6 12.2 14.8 27.5 18.2 360 204 110.5 190.8 347.8 189.2 83 172.8 Per cent. 80.2 77.1 55.4 56.1 117. 2 Oat fat 98.4 Rye-straw fat 82.2 66.5 The differences observed in these fats are discussed, and it is stated that further studies will Ije reported on the relation between the chemical constituents of fat to its digestibility. Vetch as concentrated feed, W. von Kxierie.m {Landir. Jahrb., 29 {1900), No. 3, pp. 524-040). — The value of vetch seed ( Vlcia saliva) is discussed, many investiga- tions previously reported b ing cited. The author rejiorts experiments made at the Peterhof Experimental Farm with cows by Schaposchnikoff and A. Buschmann and with jiigs by M. von Wichert. The digestibility of vetch seed was tested with rab- bits and compared with that of pea meal. It is stated that because of its cheapness vetch-seed meal has been fed to the dairy herd at the Peterhof P^xperimental Farm for several years. Increasing amounts were fed, aggregating in one year 1,421 lbs. per head, or a daily average of almost 4 lbs. It favorably influenced the milk yield, the cows ate the vetch-seed meal readily, and it was not detrimental to the health of a single individual. In an experiment by Schaposchnikoff a cow was feed during 3 periods with 35 lbs. of clover hay. During the second period 5 lbs. of vetch-seed meal was added to the daily ration. With the vetch ration there was a large increase in the yield of milk and in the i)ercentage of protein and a decrease of the percentage of butter fat. The cow ate the vetch with relish, and no unfavorable results were apparent. In another exi)eriment liy A. Buschman, a comparison was made between vetch- seed meal and cocoanut meal. These 2 concentrated feeds were fed in connection with 15 lbs. of trefoil clover and 10 lbs. of o&t straw daily. This amount of vetch-seed 2453— No. 2— Ui G 172 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. meal liad no bad effect upon the health of the cow, while the yield of milk was 8 per cent higher than with the cocoanut-meal feed. The fat content of the milk was 4.24 per cent daring the first cocoanut-meal period, 3.58 during the vetch-seed-meal period, and 4.38 during the concluding cocoanut-meal period. The test with pigs covered 70 days. Two of the pigs were fed vetch seed alone, vetch and milk, or vetch and barley. For a few days barley alone was given. Two similar pigs were fed l)arley alone at first, and later barley and milk. The.grains were coarsely ground. On the first ration the total gain was 18.265 kg. and on the second 21.726 kg. One pig in each lot was then slaughtered and the feeding con- tinued with the other, hay meal being added to the rations. In 18 days the pig fed the vetch ration gained 10.249 kg. and the pig fed barley 15.579 kg. In this test it was observed that the pigs did not eat the vetch with great relish, and sometimes it was refused. The author believes, however, that vetch seed may be profitably used as a feeding stuff for pigs, although some caution must be observed. On the other hand, vetch was found to be a very satisfactory feeding stuff for milch cows, and at the same time, according to the author, it is very cheap. Concentrated feed stuffs; condimental stock and poultry foods, J. ]\. Lind- SEV {Massachusetts Hatch Sfu. Bui. 71, pp. 40).— A. large number of analyses of feeding stuffs are shown in tables, giving the brand, manufacturer, source, and the protein and fat guaranteed and found. The various feeds are divided into 4 classes, with reference to their protein content. For New England conditions, the most econom- ical concentrated feeds in the author's opinion are cotton-seed meal, corn-gluten meal, gluten feed, dry brewers' grains, malt sprouts, and fine flour middlings. Expensive feeds are wheat bran, linseed meal, and so-called mixed feeds. The latter especially are undesirable, on account of being so often adulterated. Therefore it is usually more economical for the feeder to make his own mixtures. For this purpose tables of desirable mixtures are given. Of the 11 samples of cotton-seed meal not guaranteed, 8 were found to be largely adulterated. Farmers are therefore urged to purchase only guaranteed meals. The gluten meals and feeds were free from adulter- ation and usually of excellent (piality. A large number of the so-called oat feeds were of very inferior quality, and, while costing nearly as mucli as corn, are only h to I as valuable. A large number of analyses of condimental stock foods and condition powders are reported and the substances found in them discussed. They were found to consist principally of cereals, oil meals, and by-products. In some, condiments as fenugreek and gentian were found, as well as various other products, as salt, sulphate of magne- sium, soda, charcoal, sulphur, and, in poultry foods especially, ground oyster shells, charcoal, and pepper. The condition powders varied very imicli in t-()mj)osition, but in general the author believes were (jf very little value, and in mi way merited the strong claims made for them by the manufacturers. Their cost is excessive, and in no case are they necessary to the health of the animal. Commercial feeding- stufifs in the Connecticut market ( Connecticut Stale Sta. Bui. 133, pp. i'S). ^Agents of the station collected in the 25 towns and villages of the State 186 samples of commercial feeding stuffs. The results of analysis are shown, giving the chemical composition, the digestible nutrients, and the cost per ton. A list showing the average weight of 1 qt. of each of the feeds named is also given. With the exception of cotton-seed meal, old-process linseed meal, and hominy chops, the percentages of fat in these feeds was not very unlike, ranging between 2.4 and 5.5 per cent. As the ])rotein is the nutrient which the feeder is chiefly con- cerned in getting, a comparison is shown of the cost of that ingredient in each of the classes of foods. If 20 lbs. of protein in cotton-seed meal cost %0.M, then 20 lbs. of protein in gluten meals cost about $0.85, in gluten feeds $0.88, in wheat feeds $1.20, in oats, corn, provender, corn chop, etc., $1.77, and in oat feeds and other trash $2.10. This is a rough but practically just statement of the comparative cost ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 173 of protein in the feeding stuffn analyzed. Cheap and low-grade oat feeds are con- sidered to be of very little value. Corn meal should be produced by the feeder, and he is advised not to buy anything containing less protein than wheat feeds, and espe- cially to avoid purchasing the condimental and medicinal fcxjds, put up usuallv under proprietary names. The composition of commercial feeding- stuffs sold in Connecticut {(_h)i- nertiriil State Std. Upt. 190(), />/>. o'fil-SST). — A rei)rint <>f the alxivr bulletin. Condimental and medicinal cattle and poultry foods {Connecticut State Stu. R/it. 1!)00, pj). .I5o-St)0).—Iiei)r[ut of Bulletin i:« of tlie station (E. 8. R., 18, p. 75). Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Joxes, and B. O. White ( Vcnaont Stu. Bui. 84, pi>. 95-107). — In accordance with the State law regu- lating the sale of commercial feeding stuffs, 230 samples were analyzed. These included cotton-seed meals, linseed meals, Cleveland flax meal, gluten meals and feeds, oat feeds, corn-and-oat feeds, corn and oats, wheat bran, wheat middlings, mixed Avlieat feeds, ground oats, corn and l)ran, hominy chop feed, calf meal, poultry foods, and animal meal. "A general survey of the analyses discloses no considerable amount of adulteration. There is still some sale of goods containing more or less plentiful proportions of oat hulls, but buyers are coming to understand this better and to purchase accordingly. This is not an adulteration in the eye of the law, provided the composition of the goods is stated and maintained. There are still some sales being made of goods car- rying oat hulls, where the guaranty is lacking. Pressure is being brought to bear upon the makers of such mixtures to comply with the law. . . . "(iuaranties were not upheld as well with the gluten feeds samples as with the meals, uiiless refuge is taken behind the ' dry basis ' claim. . . . " Germ oil meal is a new material on the Vermont market. It is made largely from the germs of the corn kernel, is lower in its ])rotein content than the other glucose by-products, and is very high in fat. The four samples analyzed were uni- formly below guaranty. . . . "Oat feeds and corn and oat feeds are largely made up of the residues from the manufacture of oatmeal and other breakfast foods. They form the outlet for oat hulls and light oats, and contain, as a rule, much more woody fiber (oat hulls) than is found in a good quality of oats or jjrovender. Certain of these goods are fortified with more or less of some highly nitrogenous concentrate like cotton seed or linseed meal. Others are very lacking in jiroteiu and are hardly more than oat hulls." Experiments on the utilization of gorse, A. C. Girard {Ana. Jgron., 27{190l), No. 1, pp. 5-44)- — The composition of gorse was stuilied, and also its digestibility by a horse and a sheep. The culture of gorse is descriVjed and the plant comjmred with alfalfa. Contribution to the subject of aspartic acid and asparagin, A. Jolles {Arch. I'lujslol. [Pftuger}, S4 {1901), Xo. 7-10, jiji. 44'>-4oO). — From his experiments the author concludes that when aspartic acid is oxidized with i)ermanganate of potash, the nitrogen is obtained in the form of ammonia. When asparagin is oxidized, more than one-half of the nitrogen is obtained as urea, tiie remainder as anunonia. The experiments are discussed in relation to their bearing upon the oxidation of asi)aragin by animals. Rational stock feeding, W. J. Stillmax ( \]'a.shl)ii/ton Sla. Jiul. 4.i, pj>. 4S). — A popular discussion of the principles of stock feeding. This is a revision of an earlier bulletin (E. S. R., 10, p. 583). Notes on the animal industry of Porto Rico, (). F. Cook ( T. S. J)(j)t. Agr., Bureau of Anhiml Indui/.s. 10). — Brief notes on feeding stuffs, breeds unprofitable. Feeding' skim milk to calves, A. L. Haecker [Nebraska JSta. Bid. 68, jjp. 22- 29). — Six grade calves were used. Three calves (lot 1) were taken from their dams a day or two after birth and fed whole milk for about 10 days. Skim milk, to which flaxseed meal Avas added, was then gradually substituted for whole milk. At the end of 8 weeks the calves were weaned. They were then pastured and later fed in the barn. The average weight of the calves in lot 1 at the l)eginning of the trial was 90 lbs.; at the end of 5 months, 333 lbs.; and when a year old, 798 lbs. The three calves in lot 2 were allowed to run with their dams for 5 months. The average weight of the calves at birth was 78 lbs. ; at the end of 5 months, 347 lbs. ; and when a year old, 792 lbs. Record was kept of the milk and butter fat j)roduced by the dams of the calves in lot 1 and the data used in comj^uting the cost of feeding. Among the conclusions were the following: "As to the quality of the calves in the two lots, it was quite easy at the end of the fifth and sixth periods (of 4 weeks each) to pick out the sucking calves, as they were rounder in body and had l)etter coats, but at one year old this difference could not be detected. ... "In conclusion it maybe safely said that by careful feeding good steers can be raised on skim milk by u.sing ground feed to replace the lost l)utter fat. "The cost of feed for a skim-milk calf raised to six months old was about nine dollars. Where a market for butter is accessible, even cows with a beefy tendency can be milked with profit and their calves raised with little cost and work." Milk and. artificial foods for calves, L. Malpeaux {BuL Soe. ]'(ni(]. Arokeii and shrunken wheat. At the beginnin-; of the test, which covered 14 weeks, the average weiglit of the hunlxs was about 47 lbs. each. On good wheat the average daily gain wa.s 0.19 lb., and on frosted wheat 0.21 lb.; on No. 1 screenings, 0.21 1))., and on No. 2 .screenings 0.24 11)., while 4.54, 4. U), 5.o2, and 4.38 lbs. of the grains were required per pound of gain, respectively, in addition to about 62 lbs. of alfalfa. The cost of food eaten i)er ]>ninid of gain in the 4 lots was 4.88, 4.18, 3.24, and 3.95 cts., respectively. "Taking into account both the rate and the cost of the gains, the results of this experiment indicate that it is more profitable to feed screenings than either good or frosted wheat." The composition of the different grains fed is reported and tlu' work 01 the Cana- dian stations in feeding frozen wheat cited in some detail. The influence of manures on mutton, W. Somerville and T. H. MiDDLirrox (Jour. nr(led an exact means of determining the live- weight increase due to the action of manures, so it promises to throw light on the specific effects of certain fertilizers on the (juality, the earliness, and the persistence of pas- tures. Exact information on these points is much wanted, and the future develop- ment of the Tree Field jilats i)ronii.>Je to be instructive." 176 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Our horse-raising industry {Lamhr. Jnhrh. Schweiz, 15 {1901), No. 1, pp. 55, („I,1(:k;{).—Xx\ vxWni\vi\ accomit of horses and horse breeding in Switzerland. Concerning the shelter and care of draft animals and poultry in winter, E. S. ZuixN ( /-VI////;///'.s- Landiv. Ztg., 49 {1900), .Vo.s\ :i::!, pp. SS9-84^; 2:i, ]>j>. Sc^\f-8S6; 24, pp. 91S-915). — A general discussion. Breeding thoroughbred poultry, J. J. MqCvy. {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 (1900), No. W, pp. 1075-1087, dgm. /).— Selection, reversion, inheritance, the sexes and their power, and line breeding are discussed with relation to poultry. Ducks and duck breeding, E. Brown {.Tour. Bd. Agr. [London^l, 7 {1900), No. 3, pp. ;W0-.U0, figs. ^).— A general discussion. Foreign markets for eggs and poultry, H. E. Alvord, N. B. Ashby, and S. Lowe ( [7. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Rpt. 1899, pp. 321-S45).—T\\\s includes a number of short articles by the authors mentioned on such subjects as "The report on poultry and egg trade in foreign markets," etc. The British egg supply, E. Brown {Jour. Rog. Agr. Soc. England, 3. ser., 11 {1900), pt. 4, pp. 60.5-645, figs. 11). — The article contains many statistics and other information regarding the egg industry as well as information on poultry raising and kindred topics. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Alfalfa protein vs. purchased protein in rations for dairy cows, E. B. Voorhees and C. B. L.\ne {New Jersey Sla.'i. Bui. 148, pp. i.5-^^).— Alfalfa hay was compared with wheat: bran and dried brewers' grains in quantities furnishing prac- tically the same amounts of protein. The test included 4 cows and lasted 00 days. The record of each cow is given in detail and the data are summarized and briefly discussed. "The experiment showed that the protein in alfalfa hay could be suc- cessfully and profitably substituted in a ration for dairy cows for that contained in wheat bran and dried brewers' grains, and for this purpose is worth $11.16 per ton, when compared with the wheat bran and dried brewers' grain at $17 per ton." Some forage plants for summer feed, T. L. Lyon and A. L. Haecker {Nebraska Sta. Bid. 69, pp. 30-42). — This bulletin is a report on experiments with forage plants for the purpose of determining their relative value for ])asturage and for Boiling and comparing the value of certain of these crops for milk and butter fat production under the two systems of feeding. Similar work has been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 279) and the results are here again briefly reported. The method of conducting the experiments was the same as described in the abstract of the previous work. Rye and sorghum gave the largest amounts of pasturage and corn and millet the smallest amounts among the annual forage plants. Alfalfa and awnless brome grass representing the perennial crops afforded the least pasturage. The lirome grass furnished only a little more than half during the same part of the summer. The largest increase in the yield of milk and butter fat was obtained from cowpeas and alfalfa, followed by rye, oats and peas, sorghum, Kafir corn, and awnless l)rome grass, in the order given. Cowpeas produced the greatest quantity of milk and but- ter fat from a given area of land. A comparison of alfalfa, sorghum, and corn when used for pasturage and for soiling showed that in the case of each crop from two to three times as much feed was produced from a given area when the crop was usetl forsoiling as when it was pastured. The average daily jiroduction of milk and butter fat for the same amount of forage was 1.17 times greater when the cow was pastured on the crop than when it was fed as soiling. Summer forage crops, J. B. Lindsey {Ma.michusetts Hatch Sta. Bui. 73, pp. 16, pis. 4). — This bulletin gives a concise description of a number of forage crops which have been grown at the station for soiling purposes. The relative advantages of i)as- turage and soiling, desirable forage crops and crop mixtures, and suital)k' fertilizei-s DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 177 for their culturo are discussed. A system of Sdiliiij; crops for 10 cows is sntrjrested with tiie times for seediuii and cuttinjr, and tiie area of each. Several }j;rain mixtures for feediiifi to cows in connection with the soiMng crops are given; and the composi- tion and digestibility of grasses, cereals, legumes, and various fodder mixtures, as well as the number of pounds of digestible dry matter, protein, and carbohydrates in different weights of the several fo00, X7-407). — This association was formed in 1898 for the purpose of controlling and improving the production of the dairy herds of the members who reside in the district of Hvilan, Sweden. The work described in the present report covers the period from May 1, 1899, to May 1, 1900. Eighteen dairy herds, containing in all about 300 cows, were regularly tested every 21 days during the year by the assistant in charge of the work. The system of feeding practiced on the different farms, as well as the production of the individual cows, was determined, and the economy of the production in each case and for the different herds. The latter is calculated on the basis of so-called " food units," 1 kg. of grain feed being assumed equivalent to 2.5 kg. of hay, 4 kg. of straw, 10 kg. of roots, etc. Some of the average results for the year for 235 cows that finished a whole year's w^ork are as follows: Milk produced per head, 3,327.4 kg.; average fat content, 3.19 percent; butter fat produced, 106 kg., equivalent to 116.71 kg. butter; co.st of pro- ducing 1 kg. milk, 1.7 cts., and 1 kg. butter, 44.6 cts. (about 20 cts. a {)ound). The rations of the cows consisted (per 100 food units) of 38.4 per cent concentrated foods (11.1 per cent oil cakes) and 61.6 per cent of coarse fodder. The educational value of the work of these control associations, which during the last decade have been formed in large numbers in the Scandinavian countries, and especially in Denmark-, can hardly be overestimated. A gradual improvemen't in the production of the herds and in their ecVinomy of production has been wrought, line first of all to the weeding out of the poorest cows in the different herds, and also to the adoption of a better system of feeding and c-aring for the animals, and to the use of superior pure-bred hulls. — f. w. woll. Report of the Control Association of Vejen and. Vicinity, 1899-1900, C. NvEGA.VKU {Mdlkefitld., IS [1900), No. S7h, pj). 591-638). — The report^gives detailed information concerning the individual production and food consumption of 598 cows in 25 different herds, for the winter and the summer periods, as well as for the whole year, and average annual data for 13 herds for a period of 5 years, 1895-1900. A • letailed account is also given of the cost of rearing and keeping young cattle, bulls, and swine on the farms belonging to this Danish control association. — f. w. woll. The dairy herd, II. J. Watkks (Mlxmuri State B<1. Ayr. Bui., I {1901), Xo. l,pp. 04-70). — A pojiular article on the selection, l)reeding, and feeding of dairy cattle. The influence of the amount of water consumed on the milk secretion, R. Koc-ii {Jour. Ijtiidir., 49 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 01-88). — The o))ject of the experiment was to study the influence of the water consumed upon both the yield and the com- position of the milk. Previous work along this line is reviewed at some length. In the i»resent experiment 2 cows were fed similar ratitms during 4 periods. In the 178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Iii>t iKTiixl of 20 ilays the cows were o;iven in addition 30 gm. of salt each (laily, during the second i)eriod of 20 days 80 gm. of salt, during the third period of 10 days 120 gni. of salt, and during the fourth period of 20 days the same as in the first period. The amount of water consumed by each animal was carefully determined. The milkingy were made twice daily, at 5 a. m. and 5 p. m. The average daily :'3?ults are shown in the following tal)le: Average daily yieUJ a)id i-oniposition of milk. Cow No. 66: Period I . . Period II . Period III Period IV Cow No. 67: Period I . . Period II . Period III Period IV Water Milk Dry mat- Fat. consumed. yield. ter. Kg. Kg. Per ct. Per ct. 31.5 10. 315 12.773 3.895 41.2 10. 259 12.907 3.934 36.0 9. 935 12.675 3.908 30.5 9. 561 12. 791 3. 863 41.4 18. 695 10. 999 3.134 48.8 16:892 10. 860 3. 105 53.5 15.075 10. 732 3.046 51.9 15. 132 10. 878 3.010 Nitrogen. Per ct, 0.528 .527 .536 .534 .454 .458 .468 .460 Bacillus lactis viscosus, a cause of ropiness in milk and cream, A. E,. Ward {Science, n. ser., IS (1901), No. 322, pp. 324, 325). — From the examination of cream- eries in the State of New York, it was found that ropiness in milk from 3 different localities was due to Bacilhis lactis viscosus. This organism, found in water, nmltiplies at a temperature as low as 8° C. In the cases coming under the author's observa- tion, the milk was cooled in long open-topped cans in ice water, and the water was found in each instance to contain the organism. By adding to the Avater potassium bichromate 1 part to 1,000, 1;he, trouble was obviated. Although scrupulous care had been observed in sterilizing vessels, the trouble persisted in its appearance, the milk doubtless being inoculated each time from the water in which the cans were cooled. Tlie changes in milk caused by heating, J. Sebelien [Chem. Ztg., 2.'> {1901), Nos. 27, pp. 29.3, 294; 28, pp. 307, 308). — A compilation of the work of various authorities. Calcium and sodium citrates in the coagulation of the blood, lymph, and milk, L. Babbatani {Atti. R. Accad. Sci. Torino, .i(j {1901), pp. 27-53; ahs. in Jour. Che)n. Soc. [London'], 80 {1901), II, No. 461, p. 175). — The results shown support Vaudin's hypothesis that the citric acid normally in milk assists in keeping the cal- cium salts in solution. They also tend to confirm the view that cak'ium in a chem- ically active condition is necessary to the coagulation of milk. The bacterial condition of city milk, and the need of health authorities to prevent the sale of milk containing excessive numbers of bacteria, H. W. Park {Science, ». ser., 13 {1901), No. 322, pp. 322, 323).— It was found that during the coldest weather the milk sold in New York City averages about 250,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter, during the cold weather about 2,000,000, and during hot weather about 5,000,000. Investigation showed that the milk sold in other large cities is in about the same condition. Attention is called to the fact that children in cities sicken on the milk supplied in summer, and that where they are put on milk that is sterile, or that contains few bacteria, they as a rule improve rapidly. Any intel- ligent farmer with sufficient cleanliness and a low temperature can supply milk averaging not over 100,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter; and the author suggests that the sale of milk should be so regulated that that containing more than tliis num- ber per cubic centimeter should be excluded from the market. A report upon the examination of milk, E. A. de Schweinitz( T. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bureau of Aimnal InduHtry Rpt. 1899, pp. 147-153).— The results of the examination of DAIRY FARMING^DAIRYTlSrr;. 1 79 a number of suinplos of milk ohtaincc] from various sources in tiic citv of Wasliincr- ton. The average numl)er of ))aeteria pel- t'ubic centimeter found in the samples of sanitary milk examined between January!, 1898, and February 1, 1899, was o 971. The average number of bacteria i^er cubic centimeter in the samples of i)asteurized milk examined during the same time was 2fi8. The total numl)er of bacteria per cubic centimeter in samples obtained from various dairies furnishiui^ milk for the city was found to average over 61,SSG. Butter making, ('. L. WiLLoroiiBV {Missudri Stall' lid. A;/r. Bitl., I (J90J), Xo. J, pp. J7-'!o,ti(j. 1). — A popular article on butter making, relating especially to the conditions within the State. Starters and flavors, U. L. McKay [Nal. ('n'titn. BnUevmnkcrx .l.wor. Rpi. J901 pp. 133-140). — A popular article describing the use of starters for rijujuing cream at the Iowa Agricultural College, Ames. Moisture in butter, E. H. Fakrinutox {N((t. ('rcaui. BiiKcniKil-crx" .i,s-,sor. /,';>/. 1901, pp. 140-147) .^A resume of the work of various experiment stations ujjon the water content of butter and the conditions affecting the same. A comparison of the yield of salted and unsalted butter and the influence of the aeration of the milk upon the quality of the butter, Seijelien [Molk. Ztg., 15 ( 1901), Xo. 15, pp. 253, 254).— ■'YM^ is a report of work done by H! P. Lunde, E. Helm, and P. O. Petersen, under the direction of V. Storch, Copenhagen. The experiments covered a period of several months, and the investigations were carried on in 5 different dairies. Butter was made from milk under like conditions. After churning, a portion was washed, worked twice, and salted in the usual manner. Another portion was thoroughly washed and worked once, but not salted. The. yield of the unsalted butter averaged 2.4 i^er c^ent less than the yield of the salted butter. The lesser yield of the unsalted Imtter ranged from 1.2 to 3.7 percent. The loss in washing was 0.26 per cent with the salted and 0.47 per cent with the unsalted butter. The water content of the salted butter was 16.49 per cent, of the unsalted 17.12. The substances other than water and fat were 4.75 per cent in salted and 1.57 per cent in unsalted butter. This difference was largely made up of salt, the salted butter containing 2.45 per cent of that substance. The casein content of tlie salted butter was 0.97 per cent, of the unsalted 0.80 per cent; milk sugar, salted butter 1.01 per cent, unsalted butter 0.76 per cent. The results of the aeration of milk upon the quality of the butter were varialjle. In 19 per cent of the. trials the product was improved, in 25 per cent there was no difference, while in 56 per cent of the trials tlie l>utter ])roduced by aeration was inferior to the control. Fishy flavor of butter, the cause and remedy, .M. A. O'Callaotia.v ( .l/y;'. (inz. Xeir South Wales, 12 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 341-346, figs. utter of good flavor, while the control trans- mitted the fishy flavor. As a remedy pasteurization of infected milk is recom- mended, the l)acilli causing the fishy flavor being readily destroyed at 1()S° F. Cleanliness in and al)out the dairy is also urged, to ])revent the inoculation of the butter during the manij)ulation of the milk. Report upon experimental exports of butter, 1898-99, II. K. .Vi.voud ( r. X Ikpt. .[(jr., Jliimni 0/ AtiiriKd Industrij Rpt. 1899, pp. 154-24-)) .—TU'i!^ is a statement of the results of the efforts of the United States Depaitment of Agriculture in j)romoting the exportation of American dairy i)roducts. The results of the trial shipments are given in full with the sci.res of the flifferent shipments and the style of packages. The reciuirements of European markets, espec'ially those in England, are di.^^cussed at some lenirth. 180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cooperation in Denmark, A. Vind {Creamer;/ Jour., 11 {1901), No. 1S8, p. 3).— Method of oi-cranizinj; ami managing cooperative creameries. Report of the ninth annual meeting: of the National Creamery Butter- makers' Association, St. Paul, Minn., February 18-22, 1901, E. Sudendorf {Nat. Cream. Bnttermaken^' As.wc. Rpt. IHOI, pp. 184). Improvement of cheese-curing rooms, J. W. Robertson and J. A. Ruddick {Ontario Dept. Agr., Dairy Division Bui. 1, n. ser., 1901, pp. 13,fig». 5).— An experi- ment is reported of curing cheese in a room connected with a subearth air duct and with provision for using ice to keep the temperature below 65° F., in comparison with an ordinary lirst-class curing room with no special means of regulating the tem- perature, and in a curing room of poor construction. During June and July and part of August, cheeses made under like conditions were taken from the press and distributed in equal numbers in the 3 rooms. When the cheeses were from 3 to 5 weeks old they were placed in cold storage, and at the end of the season were divided into 3 lots, according to the rooms in which they were cured, and were scored by a committee of the Montreal Butter and Cheese Association. It was found that those cheeses cured at a temperature not exceeding 65° F. were very much superior in quality. They were better bodied, more silky in texture, and much milder in flavor, while retaining their moisture better than those cured in the ordi- nary way. They were rated fully i ct. per pound higher in price. The cheeses in the room under control lost 2.53 per cent of moisture, those in the good ordinary room 3.95 per cent, while those in the poor curing room lost 4.45 per cent. Counting the depreciation in value and the loss of moisture, it is estimated that a 50-tou factory would loose in a season $313.90 by not having a curing room in which the tempera- ture could be controlled. This is an amount considerably in excess of the cost of making a curing room. The methods for improving curing rooms with cement floors and walls, the construction of subearth ducts, and the use of ice in racks are figured and discussed. The cost of a subearth duct for a space of 5,000 cu. ft. is estimated at $169.55. An ice rack for use in a curing room may be constructed at a very small cost, the expense of using ice depending almost entirely upon the cf)st of the ice. Testing- Cheddar cheese, G. S. Thomson {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South AnMralia, 4 {1901), No. 8, pp. 632-634) • — Tests were made to determine the value of the acidity apparatus in Cheddar cheese making. In the examination of 14 cheeses it was found that in only 3 instances did the acidity exceed 0.8 per cent at the time of pressing. This shows careful manipulation, by the use of the hot-iron test combined with the burette. At the time of renneting the acid ranged from 0.18 to 0.25 per cent. In general the cheeses made from the milk with the higher percentages of acid scored highest. In the case of cheese having "holey" and gassy curd, it is suggested that all uten- sils and cloths used in the manufacture be thoroughly sterilized and the sanitary conditions in and about the factory perfected. Should the trouble persist, the indi- vidual milks received should be investigated and the source of the infection located. Statistics of oleomargarine, oleo oil, and filled cheese, R. A.' Pearson ( V. R Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Epf. 1899, jjp. 287-320). — Statistics of the pro- duction and distribution of oleomargarine, oleo oil, and filled cheese from 1876 to the end of the fiscal year 1899. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. A preliminary report of poison parsnip in western Washington, D. A. Bro- DiE ( Washington Sta. Bid. 45, pp. 12, Jig. 1).—Jn a herd of dairy cows 16 were taken sick and 6 died within a short time. It was suspected that the cause of death was the presenc;e of Cicuta vagans in the hay. In order to determine whether the hay was VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 181 poisonous, 2 foedin-; expcriiiieiits were undertakeii. A yearling steer was allowed to eat freely of the hay fur 4 days without auy had results. Auother yearling was fed about 3 lbs. of fEnniitlie fiitrmtnitosK, whi('h was picked out of the hay. The result was the same as in the first experiment. It was thouglit well to try experiments in feeding fresh i)lants of C. vagans. The stem and leaves of 8 plants, collected on May 5, when the plants were about a foot high, were fed to a yearling steer without producing any symptoms of poisoning beyond a slight twitching of the muscles of the nose. A small quantity of roots was fed at the same time to 2 yearlings, with the same results. The plant was tested in the same way July 26 to 81, when in bloom, the roots, stems, and flowers being fed together. Again, August 12 to 15, plants were fed, when the seed was ripe, without causing any had effects. On November 23, when the new roots had tleveloped suffi- ciently to be tested, a quantity of the new roots was cut into small pieces and fed to an 8-months-old heifer. The animal died after about 3 hours with violent symptoms. On November 4, 3 roots, which had been cut into small pieces on the previous day, were fed to a heifer without producing any poisonous effects. Two days later the same animal was fed fresh roots and manifested serious symptoms of poisoning, although recovery ultimately resulted. Two other experiments resulted in the death of the animals in from 3 to 3j hours. Feeding experiments with 0. sarmerUosa, Angelica genuflexxi, A. hcnder-wni, Sium cinitvrfolium, Hcraxienm lanatam, Conioselinum gmelini indicated that these i)lants were not poisonous. Contagious diseases of animals in foreign countries ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Fpf. 1S99, pp. 479-493). — An account is given of the distribution, virulence, and means of combating the more important contagious diseases in Great Britain, France, Switzerland, German Empire, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, and New Zealand. Report of the chief inspector of stock and registrar of brands for the year 1899, P. R. Gordon {Queensland Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1899-1900, pp. 75-t. 1S99, pp. .'>.i4-o.57).—Thii author gives a general account of the work of this congress, which was held at Baden-Baden, Ger- many, August 7-12, 1899. The paper l»y Professor Bang, on preventive measures against tuberculosis, is reprinted in full, and brief accounts are given of other discus- sions on tuberculosis, foot-and-mouth disease, milk inspection, the i)revention of swint epizootics, etc. Researches on the treatment of tuberculous animals according to the method of Landerer, and on the virulence of tubercle bacilli, E. Kromi-ecukk {A)tii. Inst. Pdstcm; U {1900), No. 11, pp. 72.3-749).— Yov the purpose of determining the action of cinnamic acid in curing and preventing tuberculosis and of determinin"' the reaction of animals to tubercle ])acilli of varying degrees of virulence, the author conducted a large numl>er of experiments, of which the principal results are herein stateil. Landerer in work along the same line claimeical (•asc.u.s processes with giant cells and with stainable tubercle bacilli. All animals inoculated in this manner showed a pronounced decrease in weight. Non- virulent tubercle bacilli which had been subjected to the same temperature and later inoculated into the body cavity or hypoderinically produced no changes in the experimental animals. Inoculations with the tubercle bacilli from tish in quantities of from 2 to 4 cc. had no effect, the health of the animals remaining good, and no changes were revealed by a microscopic study. From these experiments the author concludes that virulent tubercle bacilli are not killed by subjection to a temperature of 120° C. Tlie author studied the prol>lem of variation in reaction to tuberculin on tlie part of animals which had l)een inoculated with tubercle bacilli of different degrees of virulence. It was found that animals inoculated with from 0.1 to 0.25 mg. of virulent tul)ercle bacilli, after a period of from 2 to 4 weeks, reacted ]jy a rise in temperature of from 1 to 1^°. Animals inoculated with the same amount of nonvirulent tuljercle bacilli usually showed an elevation of only a fraction of a degree when tested with tuberculin. Animals which were inoculated with tubercle bacilli from fish did not react to the tuberculin test. In order to determine the reaction of tuberculous guinea pigs to tul)erculins i)re- pared from tubercle bacilli of different degrees of virulence, the author made a num- ber of inoculation experiments. During this study it was found that tuberculous guinea pigs which received from 0.1 to 3 mg. of tuberculin, prepared from virulent tubercle bacilli, showed an elevation of temperature which constantly exceeded 1°. Tuberculous guinea pigs when tested with from 0.2 to 3 mg. of tuberculin from non- virulent tubercle bacilli of human origin, from fishes, or from tubercle l:)acilli which had been subjected to a high temperature, reacted Avitli a rise of temperature which never reached 1°. The period of incubation of tuberculosis in cattle and the ag-e of tubercular lesions, Nocard (AVc. Med. Vet., Paris, S.ser., 7 {1900), No. £.3, pji. S11-S15).— The results of the author's experiments may be stated as follows: Ingestion of tubercu- lous material rarely causes tuberculosis, while inhalation is believed to l>e the ordi- nary method by which the disease is a(;quired. Enormous quantities of tuberculous material were fed to 4 cows, with the result that 1 resisted infection entirely and no lesions could be found in the other 3, although they responded slightly to the tuber- culin test. Experiments indicated that tuberculous material could be inhaled in a state of dry, impalpable dust or in fine particles held in suspension. The period of incubation of tuberculosis in experimental animals varied from lU to 32 days. Direct inoculation into the trachea did not give uniform results. The lungs entirely escaped infection. Even in cases infected by inhalations of dry tuber- cular material the pulmonary alveoli were not attacked, the tubercular lesions being confined to the pleura or periphery of the pulmonary lobes. The nmcous layer of the bronchial tubes and active mammary glands showed very slight resistance to infection, and were nearly always centers of tubercular lesions. The author believes that the mannnary glands may occasionally be the primary focus of tuberculosis. Intravenous inoculations with virulent tubercle bacilli uniformly gave the most malignant and rapid form of tuberculosis; but since this method of infection can hardly Vje realized under natural conditions, it is of no great practical importance. The interesting fact was noted in connection Avith experimental tuberculosis that the tubercles in no case became caseous or calcified. The growth of tubercle bacilli on acid media, G. Jochman.x (Hyg. Itmtd- aclmu, 11 (1900), Xo. 1, jip. 1, ;?).— During culture experiments it was found that a medium with an acid reaction had a favoral)le effect upon the growth of the tubercle V)acillus. The author continued his experiments along this line, in order to deter- mine the conditions most suitable for producing a rapid growth of the bacillus. VETEBINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 185 Th« most vigorous (levolopniL-nt was ohUiiiu'd from the use of blood serum of slieep, cattle, and man, to which lactii; ai-id had l>een added in the proportion of 10 od hud been drawn. The susceptibility of crosses of Algerian merinos to anthrax, ^Martinet {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, 8. set:, 7 (1900), No. 3S, pp. 108-111). — In order to determine any possible variation in the susceptibility of different races of sheep to anthrax, the author selected for his experiments a pure-bred merino, a lamb of which both parents were merino crosses, and 2 lambs from crosses of the second generation. The 4 aniinals were inoculated with anthrax virus which had undergone 2 passages through rabbits. Three of the animals died of anthrax, but the time of resistance varied and indicated that the resistant power toward the anthrax was 'in inverse proportion to the amount of merino blood present in the animal. The first animal died within 36 hours, the second within 74 hours, the third within 92 hours, while the fourth remained without infection. Other experiments and observations were made along the same line, with similar results. The author recommends crossing of the pure merinos where anthrax is liable to cause losses. The origin of lingual actinomycosis in cattle, A. Bkeuer [Ztscltr. Fleischu. Milclihyg., 11 {1900), No. 4, pp- 103-111).— The author describes in detail the ana- tomical structure of the tongues of cattle as related to the development of actinomy- cosis in this organ. During this stud}' it was observed that the frequency of cases stood in a rather constant relation to the age of the animal. Actinomycosis of the tongue was never observed in animals under 2 years of age, while the number of cases increased rapidly after 3 years, and in cattle of from 8 to 10 or more years of age the tongue was almost always affected in cases of this disease. The author believes that the cause of frequent actinomycosis of the tongue in cattle is to l)e found in the anatomical structure of this organ. Numerous changes take place, especially during old age, in the dorsal ridge of the tongue, and the author states that the disease invades this (>rgan in consequence of these changes. Experiments with Texas fever and southern cattle ticks, E. C Schroeder and W. E. Cotton {U. K Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal InduMrii Rpt. 1899, pp. 33- 52). — Grou-iiKj noninfeded ticks and afterirards infecting them. (pp. 33-41 ). — An attempt was made to grow ti(;ks on animals immune to Texas fever. Horses, mules, dogs, sheep, goats, rabbits, pigeons, and guinea pigs were used without success. Ticks which were taken from a permanently infested field containing cattle recently recovered or sick with Texas fever were placed on a young calf without causing a development of the disease. The second generation of ticks were grown on the same calf with the same result. The third, fourth, and fifth generations were grown on adult cattle without producing Texas fever; while another portion of the fifth generation from adult ticks which were grown on cows from North Carolina, when placed on 2 northern cows, produced Texas fever, Avith death in one case. Further experiments were conducted along the same line, from which it is concluded that it is possible to obtain a supply of southern cattle ticks which can be grown on suscep- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 187 'tibU' cattle without rauf^ing ili^ease, ami that iioniiiftTtiouis i-attlc tirk.-, after liaviiig lived for tieveral i^ueees.'^ive generational on h;u.sceptil)le eattle without cauHing disease, may produce fatal case?* of Texas fever after having lived for a single generation on an animal from infestetl territory. The virulence of the infection is in no wuy influenced hy the length of time which has elapsed since the southern animals were removed from the Texas fever area. J note on the vildlitii of the Koutlurn ixittlf tick (pp. 41, 42). — Ticks were collected from a cow of the expei'iment station of the Bureau and placed in cotton-stoppered Hasks. Eggs were soon laid, and on ^larch 11 they had nearly all hatched. The young ticks remained without food, except the empty egg shells and dead bodies of the adults, and without water until July 21, when they were plai-ed on a cow. The majority of them were still alive and developed into full-sized adults l)y August 13. They produced fertilized eggs which subsequently hatched. The possibility is sug- gested of cattle ticks outliving an infection of Texas fever and becoming annually reinfected in the spring. A note 0)1 the persistence of the IVxasfeeer organism in. the hloodof c((ttle (pp.42, 4.'>). — On October 4, 1895, 2 calves about 5 months old received liypodermic injections oi l)lood from a southern cow. The calves suffered a very mild attack of Texas fever. In .\ugust of the following year the blood of these calves was used for inoculating 2 northern cows. Acute cases of Texas fever developed, and one of the animals died. The experiment shows that infectious blood when injected into young cattle in the fall of the year, although producing a very mild attack in them, may render the blood of the young cattle sutiiciently virulent to cause fatal cases of Texas fever in adult cattle 10 months later. .1?* experiment la blood and serum injections in connection irith Texas ferer inrestigalions (pp. 43-52). — Experiments in inoculation with blood and serum from recovered cat- tle indicated that large doses of blood or serum may produce a milder form of the disease than small doses. In experiments along this line on 8 cattle; the amount of blood used for inoculation ranged from 10 cc. to 400 cc, and inoculations were made subcutaneously or intravenously. The injections were given on August 1. The first attack of Texas fever began about August 10. The cattle recovered and suffered a second attack about the middle of September. At this time one of the animals died. The results obtained from these experiments showed that the quantity of blood from an inmume cow used for inoculation has no influence upon the severity of the inocu- lation disease, and that no difference is noted in the effects of intravenous and sul)- cutaneous injections. A do.se of 10 cc. of blood is recommended as most satisfactory •for inoculation purposes. The experiments indicated that the antitoxin which is present in the blood of immune cattle can not be introduced into susceptible cattle in quantities which will serve as a protective agent. Hemorrliagic septicsemia in cattle, S. D. Brimhall and L. B. Wu.son {Jour. Coniji. Med. and Yd. Arrh., .n (1900), Xo. 1^, pp. 7i^~^-7^i).— Three outbreaks of this disease occurred in ^Minnesota during the fall of 1900. In 3 herds, containing 67 ani- mals, 37 were affected and all died. The chief symptoms were loss of appetite, fever, lameness, swelling of the legs and submaxillary region, and black or l)loody dis- charges. Death usually occurred in from 6 to 24 hours. The lesions found on post- mortem examination were chiefly hemorrhagic areas in the subcutaneous connective ti.ssue, nmscles, lymph glands, and external organs. The cervical lymph glands, heart, spleen, and intestines were most affected. Post-mortem examination was made on 9 animals, and a l)acillus was ol)tained from all cases apparently identical with that of hemorrhagic septicjcniia described by other authors. Inoculations of ral)bits, guinea pigs, and calves produced the characteristic symptoms of the disease. Exper- iments in innnunizing animals by inoculation with Altered cultures yielded fairly satisfactory results, although the number of experiments was too small to determine the degree of immunity thus produced. 2453— No. 2—01 7 188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Protective inoculation against foot-and-moutli disease of sheep, as prac- ticed in the immunization of sheep and pigs, Loeffler and rnLExnuTn {Ber- lin. Thicrarztl. Wchiixrhr.. 191)0, X». .52, j)},. 613-610).— A? previously reported, the author? ha\'e i)roduced a perum which rendered young [Ag^ quite immune to this disease. In doses of 0.1 cc. per kg., an immunity was produced which lasted for 3 weeks. In doses of 0.2 to 0.5 cc. per kg., immunity persisted for 8 weeks. The same serum was used successfully in rendering cattle immune from foot-and-moutli disease. Inununity in cattle, however, was only of short duration. In an outbreak of the disease in a herd of 416 sheep, 28 sheep received an injection of serum 2 days after the tirst appearance of the disease. The sheep were apparently well at the time, l)nt 4 were sick on the day after vaccination. These 4 were probably infected at the time they were vaccinated. All the other vaccinated animals remained healthy. Foot-and-mouth disease broke out in a large herd of swine. A number of the pigs were vaccinated, and all the vaccinated animals showed a perfect immunity to the di.sease. The authors describe in detail the methods foi- obtaining the immun- izing seruni in a rapid and convenient manner. The nature, cause, and economic importance of ovine caseous lymph- adenitis, V. A. XoRGAARD ( r. S. Depi. Ac/r., Bureau uf Animal Industry Rpt. ISfiQ, pp. 638-662, p)U. 7). — The first cases of this disease in the United States were reported by Dr. 0. B. Hess, from Los Angeles, Cal. Later it was rejiorted from Chicago, Omaha, and Kansas City by inspectors stationed at those places. Usually no charac- teristic symptoms are observed in affected animals during life. The disease is chronic and the pathological changes develop so slowly as to cause no striking inter- ference with the health of the affected sheep. This is esj^ecially true of lambs and sheep which are raised for mutton and which are marketed liefore they are 2 years old. A careful examination of an affected sheep will disclose an enlargement of one 01' more of the superficial glands, the precrural and prescapular glands being most frequently attacked. By metastasis the disease may attack the principal organs of the body, causing a chronic broncho-imeumonia, with symptoms of coughing. Several thousand cases are observed annually in slaughterhouses of the United States, and the progress of the jmthological changes usually correspond to the age of the animal. When first infected l)y the micro-organism of the disease the gland tissue enlarges to several times its original size. Later an abscess is formed witli caseous contents of greenish yellow color. In the liver i)athological changes are most fre(]nent!y in the form of large nodules. The kidneys are seldom affected. The micro-organism of this disease is a short bacillus, with rounded v\n\<. It is aeroliic and develops well upon glycerine agar or in peptonized beef bouillon, hut most readily on blood serum. Bouillon containing 1 per cent of dextrose in fer- mentation tubes indicates a fermentation in the ])urD with an acid reaction. The organism develops most rapidly at a temperature of 37° C, and is destroyed by exposure for 10 minutes to a temperature of 65° C, or 6 minutes of 70° C. An exposure of 5 days to direct sunlight does not destroy the vitality of the organism. Culture tubes kept at a temperature of 6 to 8°C. for a period of several weeks showed an active development when subsequently incubated at a temperature of 37° C. In guinea pigs intravenous inoculations of from ,3 drops to 0.3 cc. caused death in from 4 to 10 days. Intra-abdominal inoculations of from 0.3 to 0.75 cc. proved fatal in from 8 to 15 days; while subcutaneous injections of from 0.25 to 0.75 cc. caused death in from 15 to 28 days. Guinea pigs fed with oats infected with bouillon cul- tures of the organism died after from 5 to 8 weeks. In rabbits intra-abdominal inoc- ulation in doses of from 0.25 to 0.75 cc. caused death in from 20 to 32 days; while ral)bits inoculated by the subcutaneous method did not die until from the 25th to the 38th day. Experiments on pigeons and fowls indicated that these animals are imnume to the disease. Inoculation experiments with sheep produced a chronic VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 189 f( inu of the disease with apparent recovery of external al^scesses in some cases. Feed- ini; experiments with sheep gave negative results. The author believes that the disease has existed in this country for many years. Of 16,000,000 sheep slaughtered in Chicago, Kansas City, and South Omaha during the years 1S97-1900, inclusive, only 3,236 were condemned for this disease. The disease is infectious and due to the bacillus of Preisz, which is pathological to mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and sheep, Ixit not to pigeons and chickens. It prevails in certain districts in the western part of the United States, and all classes of sheep, whether pure blood, lireeded, or common stock, are susceptible. A l)i1:)liography of the subject is added. The organism of sheep pox, E. Nocard ( Compt. Rend. Sac. Biol. Paris, 53 {1901), Xn. ,), pp. 50, .51). — The author's investigations on tWs disease indicated that the blood of animals affected with sheep pox is not virulent at any period of the disease. Experiments were tried on 3 sheep, in inoculating them with the blood from affected animals. All 3 sheep remained without infection, and a subsequent inoculation with fresh virus demonstrated that the injections of blood had had no effect in producing an immunity against sheejj pox. Staggers in sheep, J. D. Stewart {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 12, pp. 1112-1117). — Out1)reaks of a disease in sheep commonly known as "staggers" were reported from Narrabri. The disease was ascril^ed to several causes, such as micro-organisms and im'proi)er feeding, and the poisonous effects of marsh mallow. Various tissues of affec-ted sheep were subjected to microscopical and bacteriological investigations with the result that no micro-organisms were found. A chemical analysis was made of marsh mallow, since this plant constituted one of the chief elements of the feed of the affected sheep. The protein contents of the plant were found to be rather high, and it is suggested that this is due to the presence of an alkaloid. The disease has been known for some time, and has been especially l)revalent during the past 2 years. It affects sheep of all ages. The symptoms of shivering or staggering become especially pronounced when the animals are driven hurriedly. Under such circumstances a high temperature and rapid pulse and res- l)iration are noted. Post-mortem examinations failed to determine with certainty the cau.se of the disease. Experiments -with lime-and-sulphur dip ( V. S. Depf. Agr. , Bureau of Animal Iiiiliistri/ Rpt. 1899, p)p. 506-508). — Experiments were made by AV. R. Southey to ascertain whether the fleece of sheep was injured bj^ dipping in this mixture. Samples of wool were submitted to experts, who reported that the wool was unin- jured, although slight traces of the dip were to be detected. A comparative study of the biological characters and pathogenesis of Bacillus X, B. icteroides, and the hog-cholera bacillus, W. Reed and J. Carroll {.Tovr. E.vpt. Med., 5 {1900), No. 3, pp. 215-270, pi. l,Jigs. .^).'-The authors previously called attention to the resemblance of these bacilli and the similarity of the lesions produced in guinea pigs, rabbits, and dogs by B. icteroides to those caused by the hog-cholera bacillus. As a result of this work B. icteroides was con. sidered a varietj^ of the hog-cholera bacillus. The present paper contains details of observations itpon which these conclusions are ba.sed. B. X is considered as belong- ing to the colon group. It is most pathogenic for guinea pigs when injected into the ])eritoneal cavity. The bacillus is pathogenic for rabbits in quantities of from 1 toocc, whether injected into the body cavity or subcutaneously or intravenously. Ral)l)its died in from 16 to 43 days after inoculation. B. icteroides and the hog-cholera bacillus are facultative, anaerobic organisms, which are decolorized by Gram's method, and do not liquefy gelatine. Details are given of the morphology of these bacilli and of their behavior in different culture media. Both bacilli possess a considerable range of pathogenesis for animals. The hog- cholera bacillus is pathogenic, in some degree, for mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, i)igeons, 190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (logfi, and hogs-. The legions produced by the hog-cholera bacilhi^; are compared with tho!^e produced in the same animals by B. iderokks, and found to be in general very f^imilar. Details are given of the macroscopical and microscopical pathogenical lesions on animals artificially infected with the bacilli. The close affinity of B. ideroiilcn and the hog-cholera bacillus is indicated Ijy the following facts: Sterilized cultures of B. ideroides protected guinea pigs against a fatal dose of the hog-cholera bacillus. SteriUzed cultures of the hog-cholera bacillus protected these animals against a fatal dose of B. ideroides. Rabbits may be immu- nized against a virulent culture of the hog-cholera bacillus by repeated doses of a living culture of B. ideroides of weak virulence. The bacilli possess, therefore, the power of reciprocal iumiunization. An equally pronounced reciprocal agglutinative reaction is also obtained from the blood of animals artificially inoculated with B. ideroides and the hog-cholera bacillus. The authors conclude that B. X belongs to the colon group, while B. ideroides is a member of the hog-cholera group. The channel of infection, the duration of the disease, and the lesions in mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits are the same for B. ider- oides and the hog-cholera bacillus. B. ideroides, when fed to pigs, causes fatal infec- tion, accompanied by diphtheritic and ulcerative lesions in the digestive tract, such as are seen in hogs when infected with the hog-cholera bacillus. The disease may be acquired by exposing hogs in pens already infected with B. ideroides, or by feed- ing them the organisms. While the blood of yellow fever does not exercise a pro- nounced agglutinative action upon B. ideroides, the blood of hog-cholera agglutinates this bacillus in a marked degree. Hog-cholera and SAvine-plague investigations in lo'wa ( f; «S'. Dept. Agr., Burtcm of Animal Industry lipt. 1899, jiji. 501, .50J). — The sui)ervision of the work of the Bureau on swine diseases in Iowa is in the hands of Dr. ]\IcBirney. Altogether 21,000 animals were treated during the season of 1899. Of the total number of ani- mals treated, about 70.5 per cent survived, while in non treated herds during the years 1896-1899 only about .31 per cent of the hogs survived. Our present knowledge of the kidney worm (Sclerostonia pinguicola ) of swine, Louise Tayler [U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industrg Rpt. 1899, pp. 612-637, figs. 16). — The author gives an elaborate account of the synonymy of this species, a description of the internal and external anatomy, and a review of the lit- erature relating to this, subject. On account of the habits of hogs, any practical measures for preventing infection will meet with difficulty. Feeding from clean troughs and supplying an abundance of pure drinking water will diminish the infes- tation of the kidney worm, but will probably not entirely prevent the disease. The kidney worms are not transmissible to man in either the egg or adult condition, and ordinary methods of packing or curing kill all the worms. A bibliography of the kidney worm is appended to the article. Diphtheria in horses, L. Cobbett (Centld. Bait. v. Par., 1. Abt., 28 {1900), No. 19, pp. 631-684) ■ — A case of diphtheria in a child was traced to a horse which showed a discharge from the nose containing diphtheria bacilli. The animal was killed and cultures made of the bacilli obtained immediately after death. The 1)acillus thus obtained was not to be distinguished from the diphtheria bacillus, and produced the same pathological lesions when inoculated into guinea pigs. The author believes that the observation is of great practical \-alue as showing the possibility of the pres- ence of diphtheria in the nasal passages and larynx of horses, and also the possibility of human infection from this source. It is suggested also that this may help to explain the observed fact that the blood of normal horses often contains active diph- theria antitoxin. Experiments with serum and defibrinated blood of animals which had recovered from horse sickness, A. Edington {Jour. Comp. Path, and Titer., 13 (1900) , No. 4, pp. 28 1-300). —During these experiments it was found that neither the VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 191 serum from recovered animals, nor that from animals which had been suV>jectecl to a series of inoculations with constantly increasing doses of virulent blood, possessed any appreciative curative action or antitoxic quality. Strengthened serum, when mixed with a fatal dose of virulent blood, deprives the latter of its virulence; and it appears from this experiment that such serum exerts a definite action on the virus. The results were not, however, entirely uniform. While 100 cc. of strengthened serum in mf)st cases prevented 1 cc. of virulent blood from producing any marked elevation of temperature in tlie susceptililt' animal, 1 case was oljserved in which this result was not obtained. Tlie study of the attenuation of rabies virus by means of heat, W. G. ()r( HAKOFF (.l7v7/. Sci. Biol. [St. I'eti'rKlmiy], S [1900), Xu. 2, pp. 131-135). — The author prepared an emulsion from the cerebro-spinal material of a rabliit which had died of rabies. Water was then added, and the whole was passed through a sterile filter. In the preliminary experiments the emulsion was separated into (juantities of 8 cc. and placed in test tubes 1 cm. in diameter. These were then subjected for 15 minutes to temperatures of 40, 50, and 60° C. Inoculation experiments with the virus thus treated showed that this virus was destroyed at a temperature l)etween 50 and 60° C. Further experiments showed that when the virus was subjected to a temperature of 52° for a half hour it was only slightly attenuated. A temperature of 5.")°. however, for 10 minutes greatly attenuated or completely destroyed the virus. A new form of infectious lung disease in guinea pigs, F. Strada and R. Traixa {VeniU. Bakt. ii. Far., 1. Aht., 28 {1900), No. 19. pp. 63.5-G4S).—A.n extended out])reak of a very fatal lung disease was observed in guinea pigs, and since these animals are of great imiiortance in all pathological laboratories for experimental jairposes, the authors undertook an investigation of the nature and cause of the dis- ease. Affected guinea i)igs were attacked by fits of coughing, accompanied with asthmatic breathing. Post-mortem examinations showed that the lungs were unusu- allv disteniled and of a dark brownish-red color, with a peculiar spotted appearance. In some cases large yellowish-colored spots were observed on the surface of the lungs. The lungs in nearly all cases were strongly hepatized. The spleen was normal and kidnej'S congested. A micro-organism was isolated from the diseased animals and described as new under the name Bacterium pneumoniie cariarum. Detailed descriptions are given of the appearance of this organism and of its behavior on dif- ferent culture media. A number of inoculation experiments were conducted, with the result that the disease was reproduced with the .«ame symptoms which were observed in cases of natural infection. Second outbreak of maladie du coit in Nebraska ( F. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of A)ii)nal Industry Rpt. 1899, j^p- 134-144)- — A report is made Ijy Dr. C. M. Day on 24 cases of this disease. Culture media for biochemic investigations, E. A. de Schweixitz ( U. S. Dept. Atjr., Bureau of Animal Industry Rpt. 1899, pp. 14o, 146). — This article was previously published in the Xeu- York Medical Journal for March, 1893. A culture medium was used containing for every 1,000 cc. distilled water 0.2 gm. magnesium sulphate, 1 gm. acid potassium sulphate, 10 gm. annnonium sulphate, and 45 gm. glycerine. This liquid was substituted for beef broth in the preparation of agar, or solid nutrient media. For the tubercle l)acillus the solution of salts was used containing 7 i)er cent of glycerine and 1 per cent of peptone, while for the glanders liacillus the media were prepared in the same way, except that 5 per cent of glycerine was used. Later asparagin was substituted for peptone. Artificial modifications of toxins, with special reference to immunity, J. w Ritchie (Jour. Hyj. (Cainhridye), / (1901), Xo. 1, }>}>. l~'o-144)- — Extensive exi)eri- ments on the effects of livdrochloric acid and alkalis. 192 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Disposition of dead animals in foreign cities (T. -S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bureau of Animal Indrntri/ Rpt. JSi'O, pp. ,U6-.i61). — This article contains information obtained through the Department of State relative to the disposal of bodies of animals, the use of such flesh for cat and dog meat, fat for soap making, hoofs for glue making, bones for fertilizer, hides for leather, etc., and in the case of animals dead of con- tagious diseases their complete incineration, as practiced in various European cities. Notes on parasites, 50-52, C. W. Stiles and A. Hass.\ll ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Indmfry Rpt. 1899, pp. 558-611, ph. 2, Jigs. 7).— The muscle fluke belonging to the genus Agamodistomum was found by the trichina inspectors of the Bureau. It is possible that the species is identical with A. mis of Europe. It has been reported from Buffalo, New York, by Mr. C. Bullard. It is unlikely that the parasite is transmissible to man, and there is no indication that infested tissue is rendered unfit for food. The lung fluke {Paragonimus westermanii) has ])een found in tigers, cats, dogs, hogs, and man. The authors give an elaborate l)i])liography of the species and describe its life history. The occurrence and pathological lesions caused by the worm in different species of hosts are discussed in detail. In 1898 Dr. A. J. Payne forwarded portions of a hog's lung containing specimens of this worm. In all, 52 cases of infes- tation by this .species we''e reported. In the majority of cysts which were examined 2 specimens of the worm occurred. They were of a pinkish color, nearly or quite round on cross section, and the largest specimens attained a length of 14 mm. and a diameter of 4 mm. The cysts in the lungs were from 12 to 37 mm. in diameter and contained a chocolate-colored semifluid material, in which many eggs were found. These worms have not been diagnosed in hogs, except on post-mortem examination, and the symptoms are therefore not noted. It is probable that the fluke requires an invertebrate intermediate host, probably moUusk, after leaving swine, and that infection could, therefore, .not be transmitted directly from hogs to man. The conical fluke {ximphistoma cervi) has been reported from Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Specimens of this species in the United States were repeatedly collected from steers during meat inspection at Sioux City, Iowa. Note on the chicken tick (Argas americanus ) , A. Hassali. ( F. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Bpt. 1899, pp. 496-500, pi. 1, figs. 7). — This species is native to tropical America, and is gradually extending its distribution northward. It has been reported from various parts of Texas as cau.sing loss to poultry raisers. For combating the tick the author recommends thorough application of whitewash in a hot condition. The whitewash may be made more effective l)y adding one quarter of a pound of carbolic acid to each li lbs. of lime. The mixture is then thoroughly applied, so as to fill the cracks of the walls and floors. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation investigations in California, E. ]\Iead ( V. S. Senate, 56. Cong., 2. Session, Doc. 108, pp. 73). — A preliminary report on irrigation investigations con- ducted in California during 1900 l)y this Oflace in cooperation with the California Water and Forest Association. It contains a brief statement of the plan, organiza- tion, and outcome of these investigations, Avith extracts from the reports of the agents and experts in charge of the work in different localities in California. Irrigation farming in the Southwest, D. A. Willey {Sci. Amer., 84 {1901), No. 4, pp. 53, 54, fig-<- 4; Trade.^man, 44 {1901), Xo. 12, pp. 51, 52, figs. 5).— This is an account of the methods followed in the irrigation of rice on the great southern prairie which extends along the coast from the parish of Saint Mary in Louisiana to the Texas line, with notes on the harvesting and tlirashing of rice and on the AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 193 extent of tlu> rii-e interests of Louisiana and Texas. Originally diversion of water from streams was depended upon exclusively for irrigation of rice fields. In time, however, it was found. necessary, in order to insure a reliable supply of water in time of . 101, ph. S, luajmS). — The subjects treated in this report are the arid and irrigable portions of Idaho; increase of population and irrigation since 1890; irrigation surveys; ])rojects under the Carey Act; irrigation districts; duty and distribution of water, including accounts of investigations carried nn in cooperation with this Otiice; water rights and their adjudication; plans for dams anil embankments, and selections of desert lands by the State. The reservoir system of the Cache la Poudre Valley, E. S. Nettleton ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of E.eperiineiit Statio)is Bill. 92, pp. 48, pis. 14). — This is an account of the exj)erience of the Cache la Poudi-e Valley in the construction and use of stor- age reservoirs. The bulletin descril)es the Cache la Poudre River and Valley, reviews the history oi the settlement and development of the valley and the systems (jf cropping practiced there, and gives detailed accounts of the reservoir systems established by local and individual enterprise in the valley, including their location, construction, tilling, and use. It is shown that by means of the water saved from waste by these reservoirs and by the system of rotation in the use of water i)racticed in the valley, the area ca]-)able of being irrigated has been doubled and the irrigation has been more effective and thorough than is usual without the aid of storage reser- voirs. The author's general conclusions are as follows: "(1 ) Reservoirs in the Cache la Poudre Valley are a paying investment. "(2) Storage of water in this valley is capable of extension. "(3) There is a necessity for increasing tlie carrying capacity of reserv(Mr feeders. 194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "(4) Reservoir ejml)ankments shrmld he l)etter protected from damasre bv wave action. "(5) Reservoir outlet? should lie inspected annually. "(6) Exchange of water facilitates its distrihution and amplifies its use. "(7) Accurate measurement is essential in the exchange of water. "(8) The concert of action in the exchange of water apjiears to have lessened the number of legal conflicts. "(9) Laws based on the outcome of customs are usually well founded. "(10) Greater economy in the application of water is attained by alternating rather than prorating in times of scarcity, both among canals and among users from canals." Seepage gains and losses, 1^. G. C.\rpexter ( ('olorailo Sta. Rpt. 1000, pp. 135- 140). — This is a continuation of previous observations (E. S. R., 11, j). 394) on the Cache la Poudre, Rio Grande, Conejos, and Uncompahgre rivers, and Big Thomp- son, Little Thompson, St. Vrain. Left Hand, Boulder, South Boulder, Clear, and Bear creeks. Conveyance of water in irrigation canals, flumes, and pipes, 8. Fortier ( Wiitfi- Siipph/ am} Irrltj. Paper-'', l. S. Geol. Siirreji. Xn. 4-^. pji. S'l, ph. 1.'), fig.?. 27). — The experience of the author in the construction of irrigation canals and related" hydraulic works used in the reclamation of the arid lands is given under the follow- ing heads: Irrigation canals, including location, standard cross sections, grades, oper- ating canals in winter, aquatic plants in canals, and flow of water; wooden flumes, including flume lining, framework, protection of ends, carrying capacities, and semi- circular flumes; stave pipe, including lumber for staves, steel for bands, construction, location of pipe line, dura1)ility, use, and t-ost; riveted-steel pipe: and cast-iron pipe, including history, manufacture, dimensions and weights, testing and inspecting, laj'- ing, durability, and cost. The Austin dam, T. U. Taylor ( Water Supphi arid Jrrir/. Papers, V. S. Geol. Sur- vey, So. 40, pp. 52, piK. 16, figs. 12). — "In this paper the author describes the prelim- inary projects, the construction of the dam, the difficulties encountered, the silting up of the storage reservoir, and, finally, the failure of the structure and the probable causes which led to the catastrophe. The attempt is made to present these facts from the engineering .standpoint." Inter or sub irrigation, H. P. 8tiles [CaUfornia Cult., 16 {1901), No. 4, pp. 49, 52, .>3, figs. 3). — This is a discussion of Woodbridge's system of inter-irrigation, with a description of a subsoil plow devised by the author for breaking uj) hardjian and preparing the soil of orchards for irrigation. The organization of irrigation farming, W. Toissaixt (Dent. Lnmbr. Presse, 28 {1901), No. 17, p. 135). BiBservoirs for irrigation, water power, and domestic supply, J. I). Schuy- ler (A>»' York: .John Wile;/ Jam25,figs. 130).— This is "an account of various types of dams and the methods and plans of their construction, together with a discussion of the available water supply for irrigation in various sections of arid America; the distribAition, application, and use of water; the rainfall and run-off, the evai^oration from resei'voirs; the effect of silt upon reservoirs, etc." It contains chapters on rock fill, hydraulic fill, masonry, and earthen dams, natural reservoirs, and projected reservoirs. Irrigation laws of the Northwest Territories of Canada and of Wyoming, J. S. Dexxis, F. Boxd, and J. 'SI. Wilsox {U.S. Dept. Agr., Office af Experinicitt Sta- tions Bui. 96, pp. 90, vis. 6).— This bulletin "gives the texts of the irrigation laws of the Northwest Territories of Canada and of Wyoming, with the regulations, forms, and methods of procedure adopted in their administration and discussions of the principles underlying the lav.^s, and the methods followeil in their enforcement." STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 195 The windmill, its efficiency and economic use, E. C. Mirphy ( Water Snpph/ ami Jn-Kj. Pa/irrs, {'. S. Geol. Snrveii, Xos. 41 and 42, pp. 147, pis. 16, figs. 70). — This is a revision of a previous paper of this series printed in 1897 (E. S. R., 9, i>. 796), embodying al'l,'S, fi;/s. 19). Practical suggestions for farm buildings, (4. (i. Hill {V. S. iJi'jit. Aor., Fartnrr.i' Bill. 126, pp. 4S, figs. 28). — This '"contains plans and specifications for inexpensive farm buildings, both dwellings and barns, and several suggestions relat- ing theret(v" House drainage and sanitary fitments, G. J. G. Jensex {London: SanUanj Publishing Co., 1900, pp. XX-\-257, pJ. 1, figs. S47).—\n this book the attempt is made to present the subject in an untechnical manner and so concisely and simply that it may be readily comprehended bj' those having no previous knowledge of the sul)ject. STATISTICS— MISCELLANEOUS. Thirteenth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1900 { Colorado Sta. Rj^t. 1900, jiji. 77-22.')). — Thisincludesa financial statement tor the tiscal year ended June 30, 1900; a report of the director giving the regulations of the State board of agricul- ture governing the operations of the station and detailed plans of station work for 1900, notes on the station staff, list of publications issued during the year, and a general review of the work of the station and substations; an inventory of station equipment; list of exchanges; departmental reports giving detailed accounts of the different lines of station work; a report of the superintendent of the Arkansas Valley Substation giving notes on experiments with cantaloupes, sugar beets, tomatoes, grasses and leguminous plants, potatoes, wheat, and apples; and a report of the superintendent of the Plains Substation, including notes on the fruits, vegetables, and field crops under cultivation, notes on the forest trees planted as wind breaks, observations on soil moisture, and notes on the agricultural conditions of eastern Colorado. Thirteenth Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1900 {Illinois Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 15). — A brief statement of tlie principal lines of station work, a subject list of the bulletins issued since the organization of the station, a detailed financial statement for the fiscal year ended Jvnie 30, 1900, and the organization list of the station. Ninth and Tenth Annual Reports of New Mexico Station, 1899 and 1900 {Xi ir Mi.rin, Sin. Rpts. 1899 and 1900, pp. ln-o2, o9-87). — Reports of the directorand heads of departments reviewing the different lines of station work and financial statements for the tiscal years ended June 30, 1899 and 1900. The chemist notesthe discovery of a deposit of bat guano in the Territory and gives the composition of the material. Lists of publications of the entomologist each year are given. Reports of the superintendents of the San Juan and Las Vegas substations outlining work in progress are included, the latter containing notes on weather conditions during the calendar year 1S99. Eleventh Annual Report of Utah Station, 1900 {I'tah Ski. Rpt. 1900, pp. LXVIII ). — This ((intains a report of the director reviewing at some length the his- tory, organization, ecjuijiment, work, and publicaticms of the station; a subject list of Bulletins 1-70 of the station; a financial statement for the tiscal year ended June 30, 1900; list of exchanges; and departmental reports giving outlines of investigations in horticulture, irrigation, poultry raising, chemistry, dairying, and stock feeding, together with meteorological ob.servations and some of the results of work along dif- ferent lines noted elsewhere. 196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ninth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1899 ( Wnslilngton Stu. R])t. 1S99, pp. S). — Thi.s foiitaiuf^ a rt-pcjrt f butter, cheese, and eggs from the United States and Canada. STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 197 Sixteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1899 ( I'. S. Di/)t. At/r., Bm-idH nf Anhiud Lulustri/ Rpt. IS'jQ, pp. 7!>0, jils. 41, lig^. .}.■-,), — This con- tainsJ the report oi thi- cliief, reviewinji the work of the Bureau during the year; a nuniber of articles noted elsewhere; reprints from the Yearl)ook of the Department for 1899 of articles entitleii Some examples of the development of knowleilge con- cerning animal diseases (E. S. R., 12, p. 488), Administrative work of the Federal Govermnent in relation to the animal industry (K. S. R., 12, p. 488), and Dairy development in the United States (E. S. R., 12, j). 484); reprint of Bulletin 24 of the Bureau entitled Notes upon dairying in California and the export of California but- ter to the Orient (E. S. R., 12, p. 89); reprint of Farmers' Bulletin 100 entitled Hog raising in the South (E. S. R., 11, p. 381); abstracts of 10 station bulletins reporting investigations along lines embraced in animal industry; brief miscellaneous articles taken in part from correspondence and consular reports, dealing with hog cholera and swine i)lague investigations in Iowa, a correction to an article appearing in the report of the Bureau for 1898 on the cattle tick and tuberculosis in New South Wales, sale of American thoroughbred horses in England, the exhibit of the Bureau at the Trans-Mississippi and International F^xposition at Omaha in 1898, experiments with lime-and-sulphur dip, disinfection of hides of cattle shipped to the United States, injury to hides by branding, successful treatment of lumpy jaw, cattle notes of south- western Texas, a report concerning the cattle of Porto Rico, Texas cattle, some statistics of cattle and cattle products of the Argentine Republic, decrease in Cana- dian-British cattle trade, shipments of Venezuelan cattle to Cuba, trade of Liverpool with the United States, United States sausages in (Gibraltar, Germany's wool import, Silesian wool, American boots and shoes in Denmark, leather manufactures in Ger- many, leather industry in Japan, leather industry in Russia, exports and imports of animal products of Cape of Good Hope, Siberian dairy notes, potato bread for horses in Germany, and the distribution of tuburculin, mallein, and blackleg vaccine by the Bureau; a list of sanitary officers for the control of animal diseases in the various States; statistics for 1899 of the number and value of farm animals, the world's wool clip, and the receipts and shipments of farm animals at leading cities; rules and regulations of the Bureau of Animal Industry issued in 1899; and laws for the con- trol of contagious diseases of animals in the different States. The report also contains several statistical articles dealing with the trade of Porto Rico in animals and anin)al products, imports of animals and animal products into the United King- dom, imports and exports of animals and animal products, and the number of live stock in foreign countries. • Investigation of the great plains — field notes from trips in eastern Colorado, J. F>. Payxe {Colorado Sta. Bid. 39, pp. 16, ph. 2, map 1). — The author traveled over 1,300 miles, mainly in Kit Carson and Arapahoe counties, interviewing settlers and obtaining information as to the methods employed and results obtained in tree planting, fruit growing, and stock raising. Notes are also given on methods of irrigation, the results obtained with different field crops, character of the soil, weeds, insects, etc. Farm and dairy industries of America, C. >^E\hEy {Queenslaitd Agr. Jour., 8 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 12-16'). — A report on an extended t()ur tlirough Canada and the United States. Perfume farm in Western Australia {(Queensland Ayr. Jour., 8 {1901), No. S, pp. 215, 216, fig. 1). — A description of a perfume farm lately started in Western Aus- tralia. Wild verbena is the plant principally grown at the present time. An illus- trated description is given of a box successfully used in extracting scent from tiowers. The plant breeding station at Svalof in Sweden {Milt. Deut. Landw. GesclL, 16 {1901), Xo. 9, pp. 49-6I). — An article giving the history and describing the man- agement and iJurjMjse of the institution. NOTES. Alabama College axd Station. — F. S. Earle has resigned hi? position in this institntion to accept a position in connection with the botanic gardens at Bronx Park, X. Y. Colorado CoLLECiE and Station. — "W. R. Thomas has succeeded P. A. Amiss as principal of the State board of agriculture. Bids are to be called for for the construc- tion of the foundation of a building for the department of irrigation engineering and the offices of the experiment station. This Iniilding will cost about $40,000. E. S. G. Titus, who has been acting assistant entomologist of the station for the past year, has accepted the position of assistant to S. A. Forbes, of the Illinois Station and Bureau of Natural History. The board of control has authorized the completion of the sale of what has l^een called the Divide Substation and transferred the property to the purchaser. CoxxECTici'T State Station. — S. W. Johnson has resigned his position as a mem- ber of the station staff. "\V. E. Britton has 1)een appointed State entomologist under the recent act of the general assembly providing for the inspection of nurseries and for experiments in combating insect pests. The act provides that the State ento- mologist is to be a member of the station staff and is to receive no other salary than that paid by the station. An annual appropriation of $3,000 is made for carrying on the work. Walter Mulford has been appointed State forester under an act of the general assembly concerning the reclamation of barren lands by tree planting. Idaho College and Station. — John Henry Dye, C. E., a graduate of the Uni- versitv of ^Michigan, has been elected professor of civil engineering in the college and irrigation engineer of the station. Iowa College and Station. — John A. Craig, of the department of animal husbandry of the college and station, has resigned to accept a position as editor in Des Moines, Iowa, his resignation to take effect September 1. W. J. Kennedy, of the University of Illinois, has been elected to succeed Professor Craig. C. H. Eckles, dairy bacte- riologist and assistant in the dairy department, has resigned to accept an assistant professorship in charge of dairying at the University of Missouri. Kansas College and Station. — R. "W. Clothier, assistant chemist of tlie station, has resigned to accept the professorship of agriculture and chemistry in the Normal School at Cape (lirardeau, Mo. The station has recently completed experiments in the feeding of 130 calves for the production of "baby beef" and is undertaking investigations in pasture and range improvement, and with forage plants in connec- tion with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. At a recent meeting of the board of regents the two departments of chemistry in the college were com- bined, J. T. Willard lieing made professor of chemistry and George F. Weida assist- ant. E. A. Popenoe Avas relieved of horticultural work, the latter being left for the present in charge of A. Dickens. Maryland Station. — A. L. Quaintance, "SI. S., of the Georgia Station, has been appointed associate horticulturist and entomologist. E. P. Sandsten. ^I. S., a gradu- ate of the Minnesota University, has been apjwinted general a.-sistant in horticultural work, succeeding H. P. Gould, resigned. F. P. Veitch has resigned as assistant in 198 NOTES. 1*)() soil work to lurept a position as assistant soil chemist in this Department. The soil investigations which the station has carried on for several years will be discontinued. H. ('. Whitford has been appointed to the position vacated by R. H. P(jnd, assistant plant jiatliolo'iist. The board of trustees at their annual meeting made provisions for liuilding a house tu furnish quarters for the herdsmen and for the dairy and horticultural apprentices at the station. ^Iaine Station. — H. W. Britcher has been appointetl assistant zoologist to the statior. ^Iis.M)iKi Station. — J. F. Gmelich, of Boouville, has succeeded N. M. Givan as a memlier of the governing board of the station. >sEi5KASKA University and Station. — E. A. Burnett has been matle director of the station, rice Chancellor E. Benjamin Andrews, who retires from the work of the station. R. \V. Thatcher, assistant chemist of the station, has resigned to accept a position as assistant chemist of the Washington Station. H. R. Smith, B. Sc., a graduate of the ^lichigan Agricultural College, recently acting professor of agricul- ture in the University of Missouri, has been elected assistant professor of animal husliandry in the university and assistant in animal husbandry at the station, to take effect September 1. W. H. Tuck, laboratory assistant in the department of animal I>athoiogy, has resigned to accept a position with a large disinfecting company. J. H. Gain, a graduate of Chicago Veterinary College, has been elected assistant in the department of animal pathology of the station. New Mexico Station. — Theotfices of second assistant chemist and a.ssistant botanist have been discontinued. North Carolina College and Station. — The college and station passed June 1, 1901, under the control of the State ):>oard of agriculture, composed of the folic >wing members: S. L. Patterson, chairman of the board of agriculture, Raleigh; J. B. Coffield, Everetts, X. C. ; E. L. Daughtridge, Rocky 3Iouut, N. C. ; W. M. Dunn, Xewbern, X. C. ; C. X. Allen, Auburn, X. C. ; J. S. Cunningham, Cunningham, X. C. ; A. T. McCallum, Red Springs, X. C; J. P. McRae, Laurinburg, X. C; L. G. Waugh, Dobson, X. C. ; W. A. Graham, Machpelah, X. C. ; A. Cannon, Horseshoe, X. C. ; Howard Browning, Littleton, X. C; J. R. Joyce, Reidsville, X. C. ; G. E. Flow, Monroe, X. C. ; and J. C. Ray, Boone, X. C. The ottice of professor of agriculture in the college and agriculturist at the station was vacated. A professorship of veter- inary st'ience and animal industry and the oftice of State veterinarian were estaV)lished. An instructorship in biology in the college and biologist of the station was also estab- lished. President G. T. Winston, of the college, resigned as director of the station, and B. W. Kilgore, chemist of the State board of agriculture, was appointed as his successor in the directorship. XoRTH Dakota College and Station.— Two barns, one for horses and the other for cattle, the combined cost of which will be about $18,000, are being constructed to replace the large station barn burned January 5. Experimental work has been undertaken at Edgeley, a little over 100 miles southwest of Fargo, under a small State appropriation made for the establishment of a substation at that place. A 812,000 addition is l)eing made to Mechanical Hall, and the contract has been let for the construction of one wing of a science l)uilding. Pennsylvania St.\tion. — Enos H. Hess has severed his connection with the sta- tion as assistant to the director to assume the management of a large farm at Casanova, Va. South Carolina College and Station. — The capacity of the chemical building has been doubled by recent additions. A. P. Anderson, entomologist, has tendered his resignation, to take effect September 1. P. H. Rolfs has resigned to ai-cept a position in the Division of Plant Industry in this Department. He will be patholo- gist in charge of the Tropical Laboratory at Miami, Fla. 200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. South Dakota Station. — President John W. Heston lias been elected acting director of the station. Utah STATrox. — W. W. McLaughlin, B. S., has been appointed assistant chemist of the station. Vermont Station. — A. W. Edson, A. B., assistant botanist of the station, has become student aid in the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, and W. .7. Morse, B. S., has been appointed to succeed him. Virginia Station. — John Spencer, V. S., has been appointed assistant veterinarian, i>ice C. McCulloch. Necrology. — Dr. Charles Mohr, the well-known botanist of the Southern United States, died at Ashevtlle, N. C, July 17, in his seventy-seventh year. Dr. Mohr was born December 28, 1824, at Esslingen-on-the-Neckar, Germany. He was edu- cated as an apothecary, but his natural inclination was in the line of botany. In 1846 he made a trip to South America, returning to Euroi)e early in 1848, soon after which he came to the United States, settling in Mobile, Ala., in 1857, making that his home thereafter. He has long ])een considered an authority on the forest, medici- nal, and other economic plants of the South. In 1885 he prepared and had charge of the collection of medicinal and other useful plants of the South at the New Orleans Exposition. He contributed the information regarding Southern forests to the report on the forests of the United States in the Tenth Census Report and Bulletin 13 of the Division of Forestry. The Timber Pines of the Southern United States was written by him. He also contributed extensively to botanical and pharmaceutical journals, usually treating of economic considerations. At the time of his death there was in course of publication for the Botanical Division of this Department a report on the fiora of Alabama, which gives results of forty yeai s of his observations. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. IX, A.ssiMant Director. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — Tlie Editor and PI. W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. CONTENTS OF Vol. XIII, No. 3. Papre. Editorial notes: Need for investigation in stock breeding 201 Organization of the Bureau of Soils 203 The use of funds for lease of college land grant 204 New agricultural building 205 Prof. Max. Maercker, deceased 206 The ash constituents of plants; their estimation and their importance to agri- cultural chemistry and agriculture, B. Tollens 207 Recent work in agricultural science 221 Notes 293 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. Methods of chemical soil investigation, G. Berju 221 On the methods of chemical investigation of soils, B. Sjollema 221 ( )n tlie determination of the potash content of soils, A. Ri'impler 221 Analysis of soils, J. A. Murray 221 Err( ir in method of Kubel-Tiemann for organic matter in drinking Maters, Duy k 222 Determination of nitric nitrogen in water by means of stannous chlorid, II. Ilenriet '. 222 A}>{)aratus for determination of nitrogen in nitrates ])y Schulze-Tiemann method 222 On the detennination of chlorin in natural waters, E. G. Smith 222 I tctection of l)icarl)onates in waters, E. Pozzi-Escot 222 Deterniiimtion of su]i)hids, hydrosulijhids, and thiosulphates, A. Gautier 222 Notes on recent work of German Sugar Conunission, A. Herzfeld 222 Volumetric estimation of invert sugar, F. Stolle 222 The determination of mannose in sugar-cane products, H. Pellet 222 A multii)le fat extractor, (\ 1^. IViniy -22 Comparison of Rei('liert-Meissl nuiul)ers obtained in analvsis of butter, M. Siegfeld '. 223 ^ I II CONTENTS. Page. Hal lien's reaction for cotton-seed oil, and some American lards, P. Soltsien ... 223 The optical method of examining fats and waxes, G. Marpmann 223 The detection of archil in wine, R. Truchon 223 The valuation of commercial solutions of lactic acid, F. Jean 223 Notes on the proximate analj'sis of cloves, A. McGill 223 Chemical action of Bacillus coli communis on carbohydrates, etc., A. Harden . . 223 Micro-chemical analysis, H. Behrens 224 Seventeenth annual convention of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists . 224 Grasses — I, L. H. Pammel, J. B. Weems, and F. Lamson-Scribner 224 Our native pasture plants, F. Lamson-8cril)ner 224 Some Arizona grasses, E. D. Merrill 224 Aristida purpurea and its allies, E. D. Merrill 224 Oil-yielding plants cultivated in Egypt, G. Bonaparte 224 Geology and l^otany of Upper Peninsula Experiment Station, C. F. Wheeler . . 224 Descriptions and ilKistrations of new species of IVIicromycetes, F. Tassi 224 Edible mushrooms of North Carolina, C. W. Hyams 225 The sexual reproduction of fungi, P. A. Dangeard 225 On the evaporation of water by plants, F. Yanovchik 225 On the presence of invertin or sucrose in grapes, V. Martinand 225 A diastase which inverts saccharose in white wines, B. Fallot and L. Michon. . 225 On the exosmosis of diastases of plants, J. Laurent 225 On the question of formation of all)uminoids l)y plants in darkness, M. Iwanoff . 226 Influence of various inoculating materials on tubercle formation and yield of leguminous i^lants, F. Nobl^e and L. Hiltner 226 Physiological and anatomical investigations of the cuscutas, M. Miranda 226 Botanical investigations and vegetable physiological experiments, F. Schleichert 226 List of publications of the Division of Botany, F. V. Coville 226 ZOOLOGY. Birds useful to agriculture, E. H. Forbush 226 Birds as protectors of woodlands, E. H. Forbush 226 How birds affect the orchard, F. E. L. Beal : 227 The food of nestling birds, S. D. Judd 227 The relationship of crows to agriculture, J. Jablonowski 227 Protection of birds and game, T. S. Palmer 227 Directions for the destruction of prairie dogs, C. H. Merriani 227 Rabbit destruction 227 METEOROLOGY. Amplification of weather forecasts, A. J. Henry 227 Hot waves: Conditions which produce them, and effect on agriculture, A. T. Burrows - - 227 Meteorological observations, W. T. Ellis, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, et al 228 Report of the mete( )r( )logist, W. H. Bishop 228 Meteorological observations, Maine Station 228 Report of central station for meteorology and terrestrial magnetism, Vienna . . 228 Agricultural meteorology 228 Meteorological observations in 1899, R. Guerin 228 Formation of hail and surfusion, Rosenstiehl 229 Cannonading against hail in Belgium, J. Vandervaeren 229 Protection against hail, J. Roberto 229 An easily constructed barometer, G. W. Russell 229 WATER — SOILS. Soluble salts in cultivated soils, F, H. King and A. R. Whitson 229 Nitrification in northwest soils, F. T. Shutt 231 The origin of nitrates in caverns earth, W. H. Hess 232 Nitrates in cave earths, H. W. Nichols 232 Soil solutions; classification of alkali lands, F. K. Cameron 232 CONTENTS. Ill Page, Objects and methods <>[ investigating physical properties of soils, L. J. Briggs. . 233 Conservation of soil moisture, F. T. Shutt 233 Canadian soils, F. T. Shutt 233 Soils of the Upper Peninsula, A. C. Lane 233 Soils of Mississippi — jilant food and productiveness, W. L. Hutchinson 233 Bacteriological studies of drinking water, F. D. Chester 234 Water from farm homesteads, F. T. Shutt 234 FEKTILIZEKS. Basic superi)hosphate, its preparation and use as a manure, J. Hughes 234 Twelve years' experiments with Thomas slag, A. Andouard 235 Statistics of the manufacture and use of Thomas slag 235 A fertilizer experiment with crude phosphate, F. W. Dafert 235 Report of agricultural chemical laboratory, St. Petersburg, 1898, P. S. Kf)ssovich 235 Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, H. Bachmann 235 Tlie regulation of the trade in nitrate of soda, M. Ullmann 235 Experiments on the action of potash fertilizers on upland moors, A. Baumann. 235 The consumption of potash salts in 1900, Maizieres 235 Fertilizing with lime refuse from gas works 235 An analysis of the Leeds gas liquor, A. W. Cooke 235 Fish fertilizers, Maizieres 235 Manuring tlie soil, J. Fields 235 Report on demonstration experiments with fertilizers in lower Austria, 1900. . 235 Organization and results of cooperative fertilizer experiments, Bavaria, H. Dubbers , 236 Organization of fertilizer experiments, Bavaria 236 Commercial fertilizers and humus, K. de Vrieze 236 Fertilizers, F. T. Shutt 236 Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods 236 Fertilizer inspection in North Carolina, B. W. Kilgore 236 Commercial fertilizers inspected, analyzed, and licensed in Ohio during 1900. . 236 Commercial fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite 236 Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1901, R. H. Shaw and A. Vivian.. 236 Draft bill to regulate the sale of agricultural fertilizers and feeding stuffs 236 Recent contributions to knowledge relating to fertilizer industry, von Grueber. . 236 FIELD CROPS. Field experiments, J. Atkinson 236 Field experiments with farm crops, W. Saunders, J. H. Grisdale, W. T. Macoun, etal 237 Field crops, vegetables, and fruits, L. M. Geismar 240 Varieties of cereals giving the best results in East Germany, etc., Gisevius . . . 240 Range grass and forage plant experiments at Highmore, S. Dak., F. Lamaon- Scribner ^ 240 The culture of winter barley, A. Schmid 240 Seed corn and some standard varieties for Illinois, A. D. Shamel 240 Experiments with American varieties of corn, E. Ramm and C. Momsen 240 Researches on the utilization of furze, A. C. Girard 240 Oats as grain and fodder, J. M. Bartlett 240 Old and new varieties of oats and composition of straw and grain, A. P. Aitken 241 Variety tests with oats, H. Biedenkopf 241 Ramie congress in Paris, A. Schulte 241 Correlative variation in rye, C. De Bruyker 241 Sorghum in 1899 and 1900, C. L. Penny 242 Soy beans in Kansas in 1900, H. M. Cottrell, D. H. Otis, and J. G. Haney 242 Variety tests with sugar beets 242 The world's exhibit of leaf tobacco at the Paris Exposition of 1900, M. L. Floyd 242 Report on experiments on the manuring of turnips in 1899, R. P. Wright 243 Successful wheat growing in semi-arid districts, M. A. Carleton 243 A five-year rotation and subsoiling, G. Heuze 243 Commercial plant introduction, J . G. Smith 243 Report on plant breeding establishments, Edler 243 The breeding of agricultural plants, C. Fruwirth 243 IV CONTENTS. HORTICULTUHK. Paga Fruits, vegetables, etc., at experimental farms? in Canada, W. T. Macnun et al. . 243 Treatment of winter muskmelons, A. Griffin 244 Melons in pots, C. Edwards 244 The "Fikongo " {Brachjatelma bingeri), A. Chevalier 244 Testing commercial varieties of vegetables, W. W. Tracy, jr 244 The development of the trucking interests, F. S. Earle 245 Growth of the North Carolina trucking industry 245 Report of the horticulturist, Delaware, G. H. Powell 245 Commercial pear culture, M. B. "\\ aite 246 Some notes on pears for export, G. Quinn 246 Native plums, E. S. Goff 246 Notes on the prune, principally from a California point of view, S. C Lamb. . 248 The date palm and its culture, W. T. Swingle 248 Fig drying, C. H. Gorman *. 248 Grape fruit classified , 248 Pineapple culture in southwest Florida, F. G. Tise 248 Propagating the mango, J. B. Beach 248 Frost and fruits, A. C. Fuller 248 Orchard cover crops, J. Craig 248 Mistakes in orcliard management and how they may be avoided, J. Ettle 248 Common mistakes in fruit culture, G. Bun yard 248 Shade in coffee culture, O. F. Cook 248 Strawberries, E. W. Wooster 249 Experiments on the manuring of vines in the department of Aude, M. G. Barbut . 249 The vine in New South Wales 249 Raisin drving 249 Cold storage, L. C. Corbett 249 The influence of refrigeration on the fruit industry, W. A. Taylor 250 Cold or cool storage of fruit, W. Crump, G. Bunyard, et al 250 ■Memorandum respecting cold storage and the utility of collecting stations 250 Canning and pulping fruit 250 Nomenclature, S. A. Beach 251 Carnations, C. H. Herbert 251 The tulip, J. Douglas 251 Native California bulbs, C. H. Shinn 251 FORESTRY. Forest extension in the middle West, W. L. Hall 251 Practical forestry in the Scnithern Appalachians, O. W. Price 251 Our forest reservations, J. W. Toumey - 251 Forestry in the British Colonies, W. Brown 251 The forest of Fontainebleau, France, E. M. Moir 251 Forest trees and shrubs, S. A. Bedford 252 SEEDS — WEEDS. The quality of clover seed offered in the French market, E. Schribaux 252 The seed industry in Germany 252 Dodder in alfalfa, J. Whiteley - 252 A new treatment for the destruction of cuscuta, Chefdebien 252 The water hyacinth 253 Eradication of charlock by spraying, W. Somerville ^ 253 Spraying for the destruction of mustard, J. Fletcher 253 Effect of various salt solutions upon weeds and cultivated plants, B. Steglich. . 253 Weed killmg comjiounds, F. T. Shutt 253 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the mycologist, Delaware, F. D. Chester 253 Investigations on a parasite of flax, E. Laurent 254 Treatment of oats for smut, A. D. Shamel 254 Formalin as a preventive of oat smut, W. Stuart 254 The prevention of oat smut, E. S. Goff 255 Formalin and IMassel powder as preventives of smut in oats and barley, W. Saunders 255 CONTENTS. V Page. ExperimentH to prevent simit in oats and l)arley, R. Robertson 255 Test of snnit preventives for wheat, S. A. Bedford 256 Test of smnt preventives for oats and barley, S. A. Bedford 256 Test of copper sulphate as a preventive of snuit in wheat, A. Mackay 256 Formalin and Massel powder for prevention of snuit in oats and barley, A. Mackay 256 Formalin and Massel jjowder as preventive for smut, T. A. Sharpe 256 Exi)eriments with Bordeaux mixture as a preventive of potato rot, W. S. Blai r 256 Diseases of sugar cane, Z. Kamerling and H. Suringar 256 Finger and toe of cruciferous plants 257 Notes on celery blight, C. O. To wnsend 257 Onion smut, A. D. Selby 257 The Fusicladiums of fruit trees, R. Aderhold 258 Moiiiliii fructigciKi as a cause of diseases of fruit trees, L. Montemartini 258 The fungus diseases of orange trees in Brazil, F. Noack 258 Diseases of the pear, L. De Nobele 258 A monograph of the Peronftsporacete, A. N. Berlese . . 258 A grape disease in the Caucasus region, L. Montemartini and R. Farneti • 259 Grape rots in Ohio, A. D. Selby 259 Experiments in the prevention of grape rot, A. D. Selby and J. F. Hicks 259 Hexenbesen on cacao trees, J. Ritzema-Bos 259 The dwarf mistletoe in JNIichigan, C. F. Wheeler 259 Fungus diseases f)f forest trees, H. von Schrenk 260 A disease of elm trees, B. G. Aliiio 260 Concerning some fungi occurring on tropical culture plants, A. Zimmermann. . 260 Two new smuts on Eriocaulon septangulare, G. P. Clinton 260 A new disease of Caragmia arborescens, A. von Jaczewski 260 Chlorosis, a physiological study, C. Chevalier 260 Infection house and system of experiments of the Dahlem experimental field, C. vonTubeuf 260 KNTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, Canada, J. Fletcher 260 Rei)ort of the entomologist, Delaware, E. D. Sanderson 261 Insect attacks in 1900, R. S. MacDougall 262 Some insec-ts injurious to the violet, rose, etc., F. H. Chittenden 263 Insect enemies of tree and fruit, and how to control them, E. C. Green 264 Insect and animal life on the Upper Peninsula Experiment Station, R. H. Pettit. 264 Chronological accomit of Royal Entomological Station of Florence, G. del Guercio 264 Insects injurious to beets - 265 Mites injurious to field crops, A. Berlese 265 The destructive green-pea louse, F. H. Chittenden 265 Experiments with lime mixtures for eradication of scale insects, W. T, Macoun. 265 Experiments in destroying scale lice of cultivated plants, Italy, G. del Guercio . 265 The San Jose scale, J. Ritzema-Bos 265 San Jos6 scale, Y. Sjostedt 266 Pure kerosene for San Jose scale 266 Classification of Aspidiotus, G. Leonardi .' 266 The scale insect and mite enemies of citrus trees, C. L. Marlatt 266 Phylloxera, J. A. Ortiz 266 Smyrna fig culture in the United States, L. O. Howard 266 Insects injurious to pine treeS; K. Hagstrom 266 Mites injurious to animals, R. S. MacDougall 266 Protection of animals against the attacks of files, G. del Guercio 266 Parasites of insect pests, C. Harper 266 Dust spray, J. J. Kiser 267 Chemistry of insecticides and fmigicides, F. T. Shutt 267 Bibliography of American economic entomology, VII, N. Banks 267 FOODS — NUTRITION. A new process of l^read making, G. Lebbin 267 Leguminous })read, R. Fanto 2''" Malted bread, Goudfellow 267 VI CONTENTS. Page. The food value of meat?, Helen T. Sheldon 267 When is meat spoiled? 0. Mai 267 Elementaiy composition of muscular tissue of different animals, A. Kohler... 268 Examination and judging of egg pastes, A. Beythien and E. Wrampelmeyer . . 268 The value of potatoes as food, C. F. Langworthy 268 Food value of the sweet potato 268 The sweet potato, G. McCarthy 268 Rice cookbook, ]\Irs. S. A. Knapp 268 The dietetic value of sugar, H. W. Gardner 268 The crude fiber content of shelled cocoa, F. Filsinger 268 Analyses of Paraguay tea, K. Dieterich 268 The composition and judging of raisin wine, A. Schnugaus 269 The dietary on troop ships 269 The new workhouse dietary order 269 The new workhouse dietaries 269 Some of the singular foods of the Filipinos, G. D. Rice 269 Are the teachings of science regarding food economy practical? A. P. Bryant. 269 The use and abuse of food preservatives, W. D. Bigelow 269 Report of the State Food Commissioner of Illinois, A. H. Jones 269 Report of the Dairy and Food Commissioner of the- State of Michigan, 1900 . . 269 Axinual report of Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner, 1899, J, E. Blackburn. . 269 ANIMAL PRODrCTIOX. Fodders and feeding stuffs, F. T. Shutt 269 Wheat and molasses in the feeding of farm animals, L. Martin 269 Feeding stuff insixiction, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett 270 Fattening steere on clover, with and without grain, R. S. Shaw 270 Steer exjieriments, J. H. Grisdale 270 Steer feeding — dehorning, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay 270 Fattening lambs on clover, with and without grain, R. S. Shaw 271 Sheep-feeding experiments at Mains of Airley wight, A. P. Aitken 271 Sheep, J. H. Grisdale and R. Robertson 272 Experiments in pork production, L. Foster and L. A. Merrill 272 Feeding pigs on grain, grain and sugar beets, grain and alfalfa, R. S. Shaw . . . 273 Molasses and maize germ molasses; feeding exf>eriments with i)igs, M. Gerlach 274 Pigs, J. H. Grisdale 274 Swine, R. Robertson 274 Swine, S. A. Bedford and A. Mackay 274 Pumpkins, J. H. Grisdale 274 The Jerusalem artichoke {Helianthus tuberosum), J. H. Grisdale 275 Rape [Brassica napu.s) , J. H. Grisdale 275 The market classes of horses, E. Davenport 275 Horses, J. H. Grisdale 275 Horses, A. Mackay 275 French stud farm, " Le Hara du Pin" 275 Concerning the metaljolism of horses, N. Zuntz 275 Experimental contributions to the theory of heredity, J. C. Ewart 275 Poultry raising, H. C. Gardiner 275 Poultry experiments, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood 276, 277 Report of the poultrv manager, A. G. Gilbert 277 Poultry, 1899-1900, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay 278 Squab raising, G. H. Pollard 278 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYIXG. The development of a dairy herd, A. T. Neale 278 Dairy studies, C. L. Penny 278 Dairy herd records, J. H. Grisdale and R. Robertson 279 Dairy bulletin, Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm 279 Jerseys: Notes on their origin, improvement, merits, local history, A. Gorrie. 279 The red 1 )anish milch cattle, Bohsen .' 279 Alfalfa for dairymen, G. F. Weston 279 Alcohol in spent distillery wash used as a food for cows, G. Heinzelmann 279 Milking, J.Petersen 279 CONTENTS. VII Page. Time of milking, J. H. Grisdale 279 Progress of dairying in Kansas, D. H. Otis 279 Denmark's dairy progress, INI. Mortensen 279 Solids in cows' nulk, H. Ingle 279 Variation in milk tests, F. AV. Bouska 280 Variations in milk tests, T. L. Haecker 280 Physical state in which fat exists in cream, H. D. and S. (). Richmond 280 Detection and estimation of preservatives in milk, M. W. Blyth 280 Pasteurization and milk i)reservation, and the city nulk supply, J. H. Monrad. 281 Report of connnittee on milk and cream regulations 281 The ai id proof micio-organisms of dairy products, E. Schiiltz 281 INIilk for creameries, J. A. Roddick 281 American Initter in Hawaii, J. D. Avery, jr 281 The comiKJsition of Dutch butter, J. Clark 281 Low Reichert-IMeissl value of Dutch butter, L. T. Reicher 281 Influence of food and weather on Holland butter, A. J. Swaving 281 Faults in creamery butter, G. L. McKay 282 The Cole butter-making process, F. T. Shutt 282 Paymentformilk in cooperative creameries on basis of quality,M. Henseval 282 Export butter trade, G. 8. Thomson 282 Butter and egg storage in Belgium 282 Simple apparatus for simultaneously estimating fat and water in butter, H. Poda 282 Milk for cheese factories, J. A. Ruddick 282 Cheese making, M. A. O'Callaghan 282 Cause and prevention of acidy cheese, J. A. Ruddick 282 Manufacture of soft cheese, E. B. von Heyne 283 Condition of the cheese industry in New Zealand, J. A. Ruddick 283 Dairy products at the Paris Exposition of 1900, H. E. Alvord 283 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACmCE. vStock -poisoning plants of Montana, V. K. Chesnut and E. V. Wilcox 283 Some poisonous plants of the northern stock ranges, V. K. Chesnut 283 Tetanus treated by the antitetanus serum, Dabert 284 Contagious diseases of animals, H. Mitchell 284 Report of the board of agriculture as cattle commissioners, C J. Bell 284 Actinomycosis in animals, R. Hartl 284 Bovine tuberculosis in Wisconsin, H. L. Russell and E. G. Hastings 284 Report of tuberculosis commission 284 The suppression of bovine tuberculosis, A. Peters 284 Blackleg, D. Hutcheon 284 Fungiform ijapillpe in diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease, H. Leutsch 284 Study of a case of pneumonia of calf, F. D. Chester 285 Differential diagnosis of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, F. Hauptmann 285 Pneumonia and inoculation against this disease, Reinl;inder 285 Stoppage of the milk duct in the teat and its treatment, M. Strebel 285 Exi)erimental transmission of Texas fever, Lignieres 285 Horse sickness of South Africa, E. Nocard 286 Malignant tedema in the horse, E. Zschokke 286 Sheep pox, E. Perroncito 286 Dourine, J. De Does 286 Hog-cholera remedy, C. L. Penny 286 Rabies; Its cause, frequency, and treatment, D. E. Salmon 286 Diseases of poultry, A. G. Gilbert 286 Asthenia or going-light of fowls, F. I). Chester 286 Entero-hepatitis or blackhead of fowls, F. D. Chester and A. Robin 287 Notes on parasites, 55-57, C. W. Stiles and A. Hassall 287 On disinfection, AV. L. Mackenzie 287 Stable disinfection, F. P. Gorham 287 Laws of Hessen relating to indemnities for diseased animals, Lorenz 287 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. The carrying capacity of irrigation canals, S. Fortier 287 Practical irrigation, V. T. Johnston and J. I). Stannard 289 Study of the practice of irrigation on tiie plain of Urgel, Spain, P. Philipi)ar-. 289 VIII CONTENTS. Page, The Chapman subirrigation plant 289 Tenth Biennial Report of State Engineer to Governor of Colorado, 1899 and 289 1900 289 Agricultural machinery at the Paris Exposition of 1900 G. Coupan 289 Results of tests of alcohol motors in Germany, E. Leplae 289 The selection of materials for macadam roads, L. W. Page 289 Mountain roads, J. W. Abbott 289 Construction and care of earth roads, I. O. Baker * 289 Good dirt roads for Mississippi, J. W. Fox and W. L. Hutchinson 289 STATISTICS — MISCELLANEOUS. The Upper Peninsula Experiment Station, C. D. Smith 290 Bulletins of Alabama Station 290 Finances — meteorology — index, Maine Station 290 Experimental work in agriculture, C. Schreiber 290 The cotton crop of 1899-1900, J. L. Watkins 290 Foreign imports of American tobacco 291 Influence of rye on the price of wheat, E. T. Peters 291 Our foreign trade in agricultural products, 1891-1900, F. H. Hitchcock 291 Our trade with Scandinavia, 1890-1900, F. H. Hitchcock 291 Agricultural imports and exports, 1896-1900, F. H. Hitchcock 291 Agricultural returns for Great Britain, 1900 291 Prices of farm implements and machinery for a series of years, G. K. Holmes. 291 Agriculture in the Twelfth Census, Le G. Powers ■. 291 Notes on the agriculture of Reunion, F. Stuhlmann 291 Visit to Great Britain and France, W. Saunders 291 Free delivery of rural mails, C. H. Greathouse 291 Agricultural education in France, C. B. Smith 292 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United Stateii. Alabama College Station: ladex to Vol. VIIT, Buls. 108- 112, and Thirteenth An. Rpt., Apr. to Dec, 1900 290 Delawiiri' Station: Bui. 52, Apr. , 1901 254 Twelfth An. Rpt. , 1900 222, 228, 234, 242, 245, 253, 261, 278, 285, 286, 287, 290 Illinois Station: Bui. 62, Feb. , 1901 275 Bui. 63, Mar., 1901 240 Bui. 64, Mar., 1901 254 Bui. 65, Mar. , 1901 289 Indiana Station: Bui. 87, Mar. , 1901 254 Iowa Station; Bui. 54, Jan. , 1901 224 Bui. 55, Feb., 1901 236 Kansas Station: Bui: 100, Mar., 1901 242 Louisiana Stations: Thirteenth An. Rpt. 1900 290 Maine Station: Bui. 69, Dec, 1900 228, 290 Bui. 70, Jan., 1901 240 Bui. 71, Feb., 1901 270 Bui. 72, Mar., 1901 236 Marj'land Station : Bui. 74, May, 1901 257 Michigan Station: Bui. 186, Dec, 1900 224, 233, 240, 259, 264, 290 Mississippi Station: Bui. 66, Feb., 1901 233 Bui. 67, Apr., 1901 289 Montana Station : Bui. 26, Apr. , 1900 275 Bui. 27, Apr., 1900 .... 270,271,273 North Carolina Station: Bui. 177, Dec, 1900 225 Ohio Station: Bui. 122, Dec, 1900 257 Bui. 123, Jan., 1901 259 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 50, Apr., 1901 235 Utah Station: Bui. 70, June, 1900 272 Bui. 71, July, 1900 287 West Virginia Station: Bui. 71, Dec, 1900 276 Stations in the United States — Contiiuu'd. West Virginia Station — Continued. Bui. 72, Jan. 1 , 1901 2.36 Bui. 73, Fel>. , 1901 277 Bui. 74, Mar., 1901 249 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 8^, Mar., 1901 \. 284 Bui. ,) contain- ing water (c). In the Tucker apparatus the air drawn off is passed through a small flask {g) containing water, in which the volatilized chlorids, etc., are collected. During the combustion the substance is stirred by a platinum stirrer, 212 EXPEKTMENT STATION RECORD. which in the Shuttle worth apparatus is attached to the tube introduc- ing- air into the crucible, and in the Tucker apparatus extends down through the inlet tu])e. The Tucker apparatus has the advantage over the Shuttleworth apparatus of simplicity of construction and ease of operation. Again, tlie cover of the Shuttleworth apparatus is complicated, and forcing the air through is less satisfactory than drawing it through, as in Tucker's apparatus. The conical form of the crucible of Tucker's apparatus is also preferable, permitting the heat to be applied more uniformly. Fig. 2. — Tufkcr iipparatiis for as?h determination. With this apparatus, straw, leaves, and potatoes are incinerated in the course of two hours, the charring occupying about 1^ hours, and the completion of the incineration in a current of air requiring not more than a half hour. H. Wislicenus^ has recentlj' described an apparatus which embodies the principle of the Tucker apparatus, but consists only of a platinum cover which may be adapted to dishes and crucibles ordinarily" found in laboratories, thus doing awa}" with the special crucible. Another form of incinerating apparatus is the Berthelot bomb, in which the substance is burned, b}' means of an electrically heated wire, in oxygen under 25 atmospheres pressure. This apparatus has the advantage of excluding every possible loss, and is absolutely closed ^Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 40 (1901), No. 7, p. 441. THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS. 213 during the operation; but the manipulation of it is somewhat difficult, special care being- necessary in collecting- the products of combustion, and, as Berthelot^ states, it })urns only small amounts at a time. Fur- thermore, the apparatus is quite expensive, and necessitates a supply of compressed oxyg-en. The same applies to the modihed apparatus constructed by Mahler and l\v von Hempel and Atwater.*^ Grouven^ destroj^ed organic matter by combustion in superheated steam in iron tubes. In this method the sulphur occurring in plants in such compounds as protein, etc., is not oxidized to sulphuric acid, as in the usual process of burning, but is obtained as sulphuretted hydrogen. It sometimes happens that the incineration occupies a long time, even in the Shuttleworth and Tucker forms of apparatus exceeding the 2 hours which is usualh^ sufficient; for example, when large quantities of fusible salts and especiall}^ alkaline phosphates are present. In such cases the carbon particles are occluded from the action of oxygen of the air; but in burning in an open platinum dish this occurs to a much greater extent, so that the incineration may sometimes require 10 or 12 hours and even longer. In such cases the danger from loss of alkaline salts is naturall}' great, increasing as the temperature is raised. In order to prevent the enveloping of particles of carbon, due to the fusing of salts, these salts ma}'^ be removed prior to the combustion. In the method of Fresenius,* mentioned above, the charred substance is extracted with water or acetic acid,^ the insoluble portion collected on a filter, dried, and incinerated, and the soluble portion then added, evaporated, and gently incinerated. (See also Reichardt.") This opera- tion requires both time and pains. The fusing of the salts may also result in the formation of silicates which are difficult to decompose with hydrocloric acid, as in the case of straw which contains much silicic acid, and is an important point to be observed, as Shuttleworth^ has pointed out. In such case the por- tion of the ash insoluble in hydrochloric acid must be treated with hydrofluoric acid, and the bases contained in that portion estimated separately. ADMIXTURES TO FACILITATE INCINERATION. To overcome the difficulties of incineration, attempts have been made for manj' years to discover some substance to be added to the mass 'Ann.Chim. etPhys., 6.ser., 6 (1885), p. 546. • ^ U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 21, p. 123. ='Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 22 (1883), p. 439. *Jour. Prakt. Chem., 70 (1857), p. 85. ^Stildeler in Wohler's Mineralanalyse in Beispielen, 1861, 2. ed., p. 188. «Areh. Pliarm.,73 (1853), p. 258. 'Jour. LandAV.,47 (1899), p. 173. 214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. which would prevent the fusing of the salts and unite with the volatile substances, like chlorin, sulphuric acid, and phosphoric acid, so as to avoid their loss. As an oxygen-furnishing material and to facilitate the incineration Verdeil ^ employed ammonium nitrate, and Keller nitric acid, for animal substances. Platinum sponge was first employed by H. Rose." This material , however, is somewhat expensive. Platinum chlorid, employed by Rose and Fleitman,^ is similar in its action, but naturallj^ the vola- tilization of an indeterminable amount of chlorin from the platinum chlorid renders it impossible to accurately determine the chlorin in the ash. Admixtures of iron oxid, as recommended b}^ Griiger,* and of ferric nitrate, employed by A. Miiller,'' likewise accelerate the com- bustion and may be useful in some cases. In employing mercuric oxid, as practiced by Will, the analyst must guard against the mercury vapor given off. The addition of sand likewise facilitates the burning, and Alberti and HempeP recommend in incinerating sugar products, molasses, etc. , adding a weighed amount of quartz sand, which is after- wards subtracted from the total weight of the ash. However, by the use of sand chlorin, sulphuric acid, and phosphoric acid are at least par- tially driven off. Kassner^ mixed calcium plumbate (Ca^PbOJ with the substance, thereby facilitating the burning, but interfering with the later analysis of the ash. The same objection applies to l^ismuth nitrate, which Bechamp^ recommended. Among other admixtures suggested may be mentioned pumice stone, copper oxid, clay, and magnesia, employed by Donath.^ According to Donath, these are inferior (at least with sugar products) to incineration at first in dilute and later in pure oxygen. Recently H. Wislicenus^" has suggested moistening the greyish ash with pure hydrogen peroxid, which facilitates the com- plete combustion of the carbon. Most frequently, however, admixtures of an alkaline character are employed, and these, while facilitating the combustion, are also of real value in preventing the volatilization of chlorin and sulphuric acid, which otherwise are in danger of being lost. Strecker" has employed the addition of baryta, Way and Ogstone ^^ barium nitrate, lAnn. Chem. u. Pharm., 69 (1849), p. 89. 2 Ann. Phys. u. Chem. [Poggendorff], 80 (1850), p. 101. ^ Jahresber. Chem., 1849, p. 595. *Ann. Chem. u. Pharm., Ill (1859), p. 124. s Jour. Prakt. Chem., 80 (1860), p. 118. «Ztschr. Ver. Dent. Zuckerind., 1891, p. 743. '' Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 30 (1891) , pp. 44, 55; Arch. Pharm., 228 (1890) , pp. 171-178. 8 Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 73 (1871) , p. 337. ^Ztechr. Ver. Riibenz. Ind., 1891, p. 740. 1" Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 40 (1901), No. 7, p. 443. "Ann. Chem. u. Pharm., 73 (1850), p. 346. 1'^ Jahresber. Chem., 1849, p. 600; Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 8 (1847), p. 134. THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS. 215 Slater^ barium superoxid, Wackenroder^ lime, calcium carbonate, and (.-alciuni acetate, all with good results. Von Schroder and Reuss* in the analj'sis of forest products impregnated the substance with a solution of sodium carbonate previous to charring, to prevent the loss of chlorin and sulphuric acid. Councler* added to each gram of sub- stance to be burned 1 cc. of a 10 per cent soda solution, dried, charred, and incinerated over an alcohol lamp. Behaghel von Adlerscron and Bunge'' earlier showed that in incinerating animal substances correct figures for the chlorin content were obtained only with the addition of sodium carbonate. Shuttle worth'' found the addition of a measured quantity of calcium acetate of known calcium content very advantageous, the lime result- ing from the higher heating retaining the chlorin and preventing the fusing together of the salts, so that the mass remained porous and dif- ticulth' decomposed silicates were not formed. This admixture is especially to be recommended in case of substances like straw, which are rich in silicic acid, with leaves, and with seeds rich in phosphoric acid. With potatoes it is not necessary, as von Daszewski^ has found, because they are easily and completely incinerated without such addition. A further advantage of the addition of alkaline substances in the incineration is the avoidance of the formation of pyro-phosphate in the ash and incomplete precipitation of the phosphoric acid, which may result in case of insufficient treatment of the ash solution with "nitric acid.* Addition of sulphuric acid in incineration. — In the analysis of molasses and other sugar products, the incineration is now generally carried on with the aid of sulphuric acid, as proposed b}^ Scheibler.® This addition simplifies the operation very materially, but the bases are naturally all recovered in the ash as sulphates. As this increases the weight over the bases themselves or their carbonates, a correction must be made in the weight of the sulphate ash, which according to Scheibler should be about one-tenth of the ash. Although this factor is now commonly used for the correction, it is onlj" a conventional factor and by no means accurate under all circumstances. Hence, others, as Biard,^** Sidersky, von Lippmann, and Wiechmann," have 1 Jour. Prakt.-Chem., 65 (1855), p. 253; Chem. Gaz., 1855, Feb., No. 295, p. 53. ''Arch. Pharm., 53 (1848), p. 1. ^ Die Beschiidigung der Vegetation (lurch Eauch, p. 131. ••Landw. Vers. Stat., 27 (1882), p. 375. ^Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 12 (1873), p. 390. « Jour. Landw., 47 (1899), p. 173. nbid.,48 (1900), p. 22.3. 8Von Raumer, Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 20 (1881), p. 376. ^Ztschr. Ver. Riibenz. Zuckerind., 1864, p. 188; 1867, p. 338. i"Ibid., 1891, p. 93. "Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 35 (1896), p. 699. 216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. preferred to deduct one-fifth of the ash; and, because of this uncer- tainty, Albert! and Hempel advocate their method of combustion with a known amount of quartz sand, as mentioned above. Hehner ^ has also proposed the addition of sulphuric acid in the combustion of gl3'cerine, using the factor 0.8. It is apparent that ash prepared with the addition of sulphuric acid can not be emploj^ed for the later estimation of that acid, or for chlorin, and probably not for phosphoric acid, CRUDE ASH — PURE ASH. The substance secured by the described methods, whether or not with the addition of some material to assist the incineration, is not the true or pure ash, but is regarded as crude ash. This crude ash is of variable composition, but may contain any residue of carbon which escaped combustion, particles of "sand" from .the soil which adhered to the substance, and more or less carbon dioxid, combined with the alkali bases when other acids, especially phosphoric, are not present in sufficient quantit}^ Carbonic acid is driven otf from calcium carbonate by intense heating, and also from alkali carbonates when fused with silicic acid. To obtain an ash free from carbonic acid Stutzer and Isbert ^ moistened the ash with nitric acid and then glowed again. This is not always applicable, as the chlorin is also partly or wholly vola- tilized. As the carbonic acid in the ash is a variable and uncertain quantity, it is best to estimate the amount present and deduct it from the crude ash. The pure ash may be stated to be the crude ash, less the carbon dioxid, unconsumed carbon, and sand. DETERMINATION OF CARBON DIOXID. The carbon dioxid is usually determined by collecting the liberated gas in a weighed potash bulb. The very complete and satisfactory apparatus described by Fresenius is familiar to all. As this is some- what complicated the writer employs in his laboratory an apparatus similar in part to one described by Vogel,* and which has proved to be very efficient. Shuttleworth avoided transferring the ash from the crucible of his apparatus (p. 211) to a special carbonic acid apparatus by using the crucible itself as a generator, with the stirrer (e) and upper part of the lid {a and <:^) removed. For this purpose he made the joint between the lid and the crucible tight by one or two wide rub- ber bands, and placed a rubber stopper carrying the acid funnel and the evolution tube in the larger opening (h) of the cover. Tucker also 1 Ztsehr. Analyt. Chem., 28 (1889), p. 363; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 8 (1889), No. 1. ^Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 12 (1888), p. 78; Ztsehr. Analyt. Chem., 29 (1890), p. 433. 'Die Versuchsstation der deutschen Landwirtschaftsgesellschaft. Berlin, 1896, p. 17. THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS. 217 made the determination directly in the crucible, but employed the wash bottle {(j) of his apparatus (p. 212) in collecting the carbonic acid. ESTIMATION OF SILICIC ACID. After driving off the carbonic acid the contents of the generating tiasK are transferred to a porcelain dish, evaporated to dryness on a water bath with aqua regia, dried at 105 to 110^, as in' analysis of sil- icates, moistened with concentrated hydrochloric acid, and after a half hour heated with warm water. The silicic acid and any unconsumed carbon are filtered out with a Gooch crucible,^ and the filtrate made up to a definite volume (250 to 500 cc). The contents of the crucible are dried at 120^ and weighed for silicic acid and carbon. After incin- eration the usually very small amount of carbon is determined hj difference. When silicates not decomposed b}^ hydrochloric acid are formed, the precipitate must be dried at 120° and collected on a filter previously dried at that temperature, and weighed for silicic acid and carbon, after which it should be incinerated, weighed, and the residue sub- tracted from the previous weight to determine the carbon. The resi- due from the above, containing silicates, is evaporated with sulphuric acid and h3^drofluoric acid or ammonium fluoridto free the silicic acid, and then weighed as sulphate. The sulphuric acid must be determined in the latter and subtracted, in order to determine the bases of the silicates to be deducted from the weight of crude silicic acid, giving the pure silicic acid. All this is a complicated operation and requires much time and care. It is important, therefore, to avoid the formation of difiicultl}' decom- posable silicates. This is accomplished b}^ employing the lowest pos- sible temperature for incineration, and by mixing sodium carbonate, lime, or baryta with the substance. In the writer's laboratory the formation of silicates is avoided by the use of the Shuttleworth or Tucker apparatus and by the addition of calcium acetate. SEPARATION OF SAND AND SILICIC ACID. The silicic acid which is obtained by the above-described methods is that which is present in the substance as amorphous silicic acid. Crystallized silicic acid and silicates may also be present in the substance examined, especially with roots, in the form of sand or earth adhering to theuL For the separation of this "sand" from the true silicic acid of the plant, various means have been suggested. Prominent among these is ' 111 the methods of analysis adopted by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, November, 1S98, p. 77, there is descril)ed a hardened filter of Schleicher andSchiill. The silicic acid, sand, and carbon are washed from this into a iilatinum dish and before incinerating are boiled with a saturated solution of sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxid added, and the Hiii<"ic a(-id and sand sejiarated. 218 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. boiling the silicic-acid mixture with a solution of sodium carbonate or of sodium hj'droxid, neither of which attack the sand but dissolve the amorphous silicic acid derived from the substance itself. To this end the silicic-acid residue after weighing is boiled with a concentrated solution of sodium carbonate, or, according toFittbogen/ with a 5 to 6 per cent solution of sodium hydroxid, in a platinum dish with contin- uous stirring (to avoid bumping), filtered, washed, and the residue ("sand") weighed. The latter is subtracted from the crude ash in order to obtain the pure ash. The results of this troublesome operation, however, are not always satisfactor3^ The difficulties of separating quartz and sand from amorphous silicic acid have been well illustrated in mineral analysis.^ It is consequently preferable to free the materials to be incinerated from sand and earth as far as possible, in order that the determination and deduction of sand ma}^ be avoided. ANALYSIS OF PURE ASH. So much has been written upon the determination of the several ash elements that it will be impossible to review the entire subject here. Only brief mention can be made regarding the shortest means for estimating the principal constituents. While the whole series of mineral elements which occur in plants may be present in the ash, in most cases only the more important ones are considered, and among these the phosphoric acid in particular gives rise to some analytical difiiculties. It is convenient to use 3 aliquots for the analysis, made up as described above, determining the iron and alumina, lime and magnesia in the first, the sulphuric acid in the second, and the potash and soda in the third; a separate solution for the phosphoric acid and chlorin being made up with nitric acid. In the first aliquot the iron and alumina are precipitated with ammo- nia and acetic acid, the precipitate being mainly neutral iron phos- phate, as aluminum phosphate occurs but rarely in important amounts. If the above is not satisfactory, the precipitate may be dissolved and the constituents determined separately — the phosphoric acid with molybdic acid, the iron by titration with potassium permanganate, and the aluminum by difference or by the method of Berthelot and Andre* of precipitating alumina as phosphate with sodium h3^posul- phite. The lime is determined in the filtrate from the iron phosphate precipitate b}^ means of ammonium oxalate, and the magnesia in the ^Landw. Vers. Stat., 13 (1871), p. 114. '' Michaelis, Ber. Deut. Chem. Gesell., 28 (1895), Ref. p. 1020; 29 (1896), Ref. p. 562; Lunge, Ibid., 28 (1895), Eef. p. 1020; 29 (1896), Ref. p. 188. ^Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 35 (1896), p. 630; Ann. Chim. et Phys., 7. ser., 5 (1895), p. 429. THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS. 219 filtrate from the latter with ammonia and sodium phosphate or ammo- nium phosphate. In the second aliquot the sulphuric acid is precipitated with barium chlorid, the precipitate being boiled once with dilute hj^drochloric acid. The third aliquot is treated with recrystallizcd ])arium hydrate to remove the ferric oxid, magnesia, and sulphuric and phosphoric acids, and then with ammonium carbonate to remove the barium and lime. The filtrate is neutralized with hydrochloric acid, evaporated to drjniess, and the ammonia driven off, after which the residue is puri- fied Iw taking up in water, filtering, and evaporating, and the com- bined weight of the potassium and sodium chlorids obtained. The potash in this residue is determined with platiuic chlorid as usual, and the soda found b}^ difference. The phosphoric acid is precipitated from the nitric acid solution first with molybdic acid and then with magnesia mixture; and the chlorin is precipitated in another portion with silver nitrate. To avoid contamination of the solutions it is advisable to employ only dishes of platinum or of Berlin or Meissen porcelain, and Jena glass beakers. The calculations are made by means of the atomic weights of Clarke or of the Berlin atomic weight commission. The results must of course be corrected for the chlorin in combination, deducting its equivalent of oxygen from the total. DEFECTS OF THE DESCRIBED METHOD. The above described method may possibly be regarded as open to criticism, as it does not take account of all the elements occurring in ash, and does not make an altogether sharp separation of phosphoric acid, lime, and magnesia. It possesses the advantage, however, of being applicable to analysis on a large scale, which can not be said of the theoretically exact methods, as they require too much time, and except in the hands of very expert analysts are liable to lead to error. Among the limitations of the method it will be noticed that no notice is taken of manganese, although this element is frequently found in plant ash. Pichard^ found it in considerable amount, especially in fungi, leaves, and grain. It may be estimated in the filtrate from the iron-phosphate precipitate with bromin, the manganese being precipi- tated as MnOg. If no manganese is separated it is mixed with other precipitates. The lime precipitate derived by the above method may contain some phosphoric acid and also some magnesia; and, on the other hand, the lime is not wholly insoluble in the acid solution. These errors may counterbalance each other, but some lime may be thrown down later with the magnesium phosphate."^ In very exact analysis, either the iCompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 126 (1898), p. 550. =* Among others see Hornberger, Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 18 (1879), p. 361; Richard- son, Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 23 (1884), p. 409; Amer. Chem. Jour., 3 (1881), p. 422. 220 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. phosphoric acid must be removed before the precipitation of the lime and magnesia, or the precipitates obtained as above must be purified by reprecipitation, the filtrates being added to the principal solutions of lime, magnesia, etc., respectively, and in this way absolute accuracy approximated. This operation, however, is so troublesome, time con- suming, and questionable in the hands of any except very skilled analysts that where a number of ash analyses are to be made it becomes wholly impracticable. In most cases the above method or a similar one will sufiice, giving results approximately accurate and at all events comparable with each other. Among those who have sought to remove the difiiculties due to phosphoric acid, Konig^ attempted to separate it before the precipita- tion of the lime and magnesia by combining it either with stannic oxid, or with a ferric salt as iron phosphate. He gave the preference to the latter, which is carried out as follows: Sufficient ferric chlorid solution of known strength is added to the solution to unite with the phosphoric acid as FePOi. The solution is made alkaline with soda or ammonia, then slightly acid with acetic acid, some ammonium acetate added, boiled and filtered. In the solution thus freed from phosphoric acid, lime and magnesia may be estimated without diffi- culty. Hornberger^ and Ulbricht'' have employed a similar method. The above method is not the one which Konig* describes in his manual of agricultural analysis, but a simpler one similar to it. The methods of analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural Chem- ists adopted in 1898 (p. 78) prescribe the use of ferric chlorid. 1 Landw. Vers. Stat., 10 (1868), p. 396. 2 Ibid., 29 (1883), p. 281. 3 Ibid., 25 (1880), p. 401. * Die Untersuchung landwirthschaftlich und gewerblich wichtiger Stoffe. Berlin: Parey, 1898, p. 189. [Concluded in next number.] RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. Methods of chemical soil investigation, G. Berju {Landw. Vers. Stat, 55 {1901), No. 1-2, 2U>- 19-31; abs. in Chcm. Centbl., 1901, I, No. 14, p. 795).— Treatment with hydrochloric acid is claimed to give no indication of the available plant food in soil. Dyer's method using 1 liter of 1 per cent citric acid for 100 gm. of soil is considered preferable to using i liter of 2 per cent acid for the same amount of soil, because absori)tion by the soil is less from the weaker solution than from the stronger. In experiments on the length of digestion required, it was found that sliaking in a rotary apparatus making 48 revolutions per minute for 6 liours one day and 2 hours the following day was sufficient to extract the soluble potash and lime in every case and the phosphoric acid in most cases. In these experiments 750 cc. of 1 per cent citric acid at a temperature of 18 to 20° C. was used to 75 gm. of soil. Somewhat less was dissolved by 8 hours continuous shaking than by the above method. Longer shaking dissolved a little more phosphoric acid, but the slowly soluble phosphoric acid is not considered practically important. Samples of sandy and loam soils were shaken with 0.1 per cent solutions of potassium nitrate and ammonium chlorid, with and without the addition of 1 per cent citric acid solution. The absorptive power of the soils for potash and ammonia was only very slightly affected l)y the citric acid. The influence of the absorptive power of soils on the results of chemical analysis is to be further studied. On the methods of chemical investigation of soils, B. Sjollema {Cliem. Zfg., 25 {1901), No. 29, pp. 311, 312). — Experiments are reported in which samples of soil of different character were subjected to successive extractions with 1 per cent citric acid. The results show that ordinary methods, such as that of Dyer, do not remove all of the phosphoric acid soluble in 1 jjer cent citric acid, but that on subseiiuent treatment with this solvent further amounts of this constituent go into solution, the amounts so dissolved being quite large, but varying with the character of the soil. On the determination of the potash content of soils, A. Rumplek {Lmulw. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), p. 149; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 18, liepert., p. 62).— A preliminary note on the determination of the potash extracted from soils by treat- ment with limewater or solutions of potassium chlorid. There seems to be a definite limit to the extraction of the potash by this method, beyond which further treatment with the solvent fails to remove any more of this constituent. The author believes that the potash removed by the proposed treatment is tliat occurring in zeolitic sili- cates and is especially available to plants. Vegetation experiments to further study this subject are to be undertaken. Analysis of soils, J. A. Mukray {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 301, pp. 92-96; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. ILondon], SO {1901), No. 463, II, p. 350). — A criticism of the method proposed by Hall and others (E. S. R., 12, p. 905). The principal suggestions offered are that (1) the constituents should be reported in ounces per cubic foot; (2) a deter- mination should be made of organic carbon; (3) that undried soils yield a larger pro- portion of available phosjihoric acid than dried; and (4) the stones in the soil should be tested for available plant food. 221 222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On a serious error in the method of Kubel-Tiemann for the determina- tion of organic matter in drinking- ■waters, Duyk {A)in. Cliim. Analyt., 6 {1901), PI). 121-124; (lbs. in Chem. CentU., 1901, I, No. 20, i^. 1113).— The author finds that sodium chlorid in acid solutions interferes to a marked extent with the oxidation of organic substances dissolved in water. It is therefore necessary before applying such methods to remove the chlorin. For this purpose the author uses silver oxid (Ag,0). Determination of nitric nitrogen in water by means of stannous chlorid, 11. Henriet {Coinpt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 182 {1001), No. 16, pp. 966-968) .—Xi the boiling temperature stannous chlorid in presence of hydrochloric acid converts nitric nitrogen into hydroxylamine hydrochlorid as follows: 3 SnOla+KNOg+S HC1= 3 SnCl^+NHa OH HCl-{-KCl+2 HjO. This reaction may be used in determining nitrates by adding an excess of stannous chlorid of known strength and titrating the excess with iodin. The stannous chlorid used is prepared by dissolving 14 gm. pure tin in 1 liter of pure hydrochloric acid. The solution is kept in a flask from which air is excluded. The iodin solution is prepared by dissolving 8 or 9 gm. of iodin and 20 gm. of potassium iodid in 1 liter of distilled water. Its strengtli is determined by titration with sodium hyposulphite, or with a solution of potassium nitrate of known strength. Apparatus for the determination of nitrogen in nitrates by the Schulze- Tiemann method {Bohm. Ztschr. Zuckerind., 25 {1900), pp. 356-358; abs. in Chem. Centbl, 1901, I, No. 22, p. 1216, fig. 1) . On the determination of chlorin in natural waters, its accuracy and sig- nificance, E. G. Smith {Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 13 {1901), pt. 1, 2>p- 359-365). — This is a brief discussion based upon the author's experience in examination of waters of the accuracy of three methods commonly used for deter- mining chlorin, namely, the gravimetric method, and the volumetric methods of Mohrs and Volhard. Of these the author has found Mohrs' method most reliable, and the modifications of it which he has found necessary for the greatest accuracy are given in detail. Detection of bicarbonates in waters, E. Pozzi-Escot {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 6 {1901), pp. 135, 136; abs. in Chem. Centbl., 1.901, I, No. 20, p. 1113). — For this pur- pose the author adds to 250 cc. of the water a few drops of a solution of 0.5 gm. of pyrogallol in 5 to 6 cc. of water, to which 2 drops of officinal iron chlorid solution has been added. If carbonates or bicarbonates are present a violet or amethyst color appears. Ammonia interferes with the reaction. Determination of sulphids, hydrosulphids, and thiosulphates coexisting in solution especially in sulphurous mineral waters, A. Gautier ( Co)npt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 {1901), No. 9, pp. 518-523). Notes on recent work of the German Sugar Commission appointed for fix- ing normal standards, A. Herzfeld {Ztsclir. Yer. Pent. Zuckerind., 1900, pp. 1126- 1128; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 3, p. 268).— The Brix tables in use at present are based on determinations made by Balling in 1839. The new tables, worked out by the German Sugar Commission, are somewhat higher than the old tables. Volumetric estimation of invert sugar, F. Stolle {Ztschr. Ver. Dent. Zucker- ind., 1901, No. 541, II, pp. 111-117; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. ILondon], 80 {1901), No. 462, II, pp. 286, 287). — By the proposed method a portion of the solution of the invert sugar is added to a known volume of Fehling's solution, the excess of the latter being estimated by titrating with an ammoniacal solution of potassium cyanid. In titrating the color is destroyed by the formation of potassium cuprous cyanid. The determination of mannose in sugar-cane products, H. Pellet {Bid. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 18 {1901), No. 10, pp. 755-76^9).— Methods of analysis. CHEMISTEY. 223 A multiple fat extractor, C. L. Penny {Ddnware Sta. lipt. 1900, pjj. S.:-f)3, figx. 2). — The author de>sc;ribes a device and method the chief object of which is "so to expedite the determination of fat in milk and its products as to make accurate gravimetric determinations economically possible in competition with the speedy volumetric methods now in use. . . . The ai^paratus devised to this end differs in its principle of action little, if at all, from the well-known Soxhlet extractor. Its chief peculiarity is such an arrangement of parts as admits any number of samples at the f-amc time and under a single operation to the action of the same extracting licpiid. This is attained l)y the use of a single comnion chamber for all of the samples, in which they are held in shallow capsules jilaced parallel and close together." Tin- foil capsules containing an absorbent such as sand or asbestus are used. The solvent is that portion of gasoline distilled off at 100° C. The fat is determined by difference. It was found that extraction was ajjproximately complete in 4 and practically com- plete in 12 hours. The time required for drying the sample at steam heat when a determination of total solids was to be made was from 12 to 14 hours, and for drying the extracted sample from 2 to 4 hours. The method is considered as accurate as the ether extraction method. A comparison of the Beichert-Meissl numbers obtained in the analysis of butter, M. Siegfeld {Zlschr. Untermch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 {1901), No. 10, 2>p. 433-446)- — A compilation of the results obtained by different chemists under differ- ent conditions from 1879 up to the present time. Halpen's reaction for cotton-seed oil and the behavior of some American lards toward the same, P. Soltsien {Ztxchr. Oeffentl. Chem., 7 {1901), pj). 25-27; (lbs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. \_London'], SO {1901), No. 462, II, p. 292).— The author advo- cates the use of amyl alcohol in the Halpen test, and heats the oil to be tested with 20 per cent of a 1 per cent solution of sulphur in carbon disulphid. The light is not excluded during the heating in boiling water. Several samples of genuine American lard which responded to this test are supposed to be derived from pigs fed on cotton- seed meal. The optical method of examining fats and waxes, G. Marpmann ( Chem. Rev. Fettu. Harzind., 8 {1901), pp. 65-68; abs. in Chem. Centbl., 1901, I, No. 18, jip. 1015- 1017). — A description is given of the methods and results of determining fats and waxes singly and in combination. A table of fats and waxes is included showing the refraction number obtained with the Zeiss-WoUny apparatus. The detection of archil in wine, E. Truchon {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 5 {1900), pp. 444, 445; (lbs. ill AnaJi/st, '36 {1901), No. 302, p. 129). — Fifty cc. of the wine is acidified with 1 cc. of 10 per cent sulphuric acid and boiled 5 minutes with a little wool which is then washed and immersed in ammonia water. With uncol- ored wines the wool will assume a green tint; in the presence of archil it turns violet, the intensit)' indicating the quantity of coloring matter. The valuation of commercial solutions of lactic acid, F. Jean {Arm. ('him. AnalijL, 5 {1900), pp. 285, 286; abs. in Aiuih/st, 26 {1901), No. 302, p. 132). Notes on the proximate analysis of cloves, A. McGill {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 302, pp. 123-126) . The chemical action of Bacillus coli communis and similar organisms on carbohydrates and allied compounds, A. Harden {Jour. Chem. Soc. [London}, 79 {1901), No. 462, pp. 610-628). — The author found in the fermentation of glucose Vjy Bacillus coli communis, that the lactic acid produced while sometimes less, never exceeded one-half of the amount of sugar fermented. Alcohol and acetic acid were produced in about ec^ual amounts. The products of Bacillus ti/phosus were similar except that formic acid was ])rodu('ed instead of a mixture of carbon dioxid and hydrogen. r)ther bacteria were found to decompose glucose with a different result. 8347— No. 8—01^—3 224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Micro-chemical analysis, PI. Behrens {Anleitnng :ur mikrorhemhrhen analyse. HamJmrg: Leopold TVw.s, JS99, 2. rd. enl, j^p. XI +242, figs. 96). Proceeding-s of the seventeenth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Chemisfry Bui. 62, pp. i-5o).— This is an account, edited by the secretary, H. W. Wiley, of the meeting held in Washington, D. C, November 16 to 19, 1900, and which has been previously reported (E. S. R., 12, pp. 503-509). The papers read before the meeting and the discussions thereon are reported in full. BOTANY. Grasses — I, L. H. Pammel, J. B. Weems, and F. Lamson-Scribner {loiva Sta. Bui. 54, pp. 71-344, fig.^. 137). — Original observations and compiled notes are given relating to the general description of grasses; the growth and minute structure of their roots, stems, leaves, and flowers; a discussion of fertilization and hybrids; and the various phenomena attending germination. Chapters are devoted to cereals in which the more important ones are described, and their production, climatology, and uses as medicines are indicated. Various sugar-producing grasses are enumerated and other economic uses described. The poisonous and injurious effects of certain grasses are mentioned, and notes given on the fungus diseases to which grasses in general are subject. Our native pasture plants, ¥. Lamson-Scribner ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 581-598, ph. 4, figs. ll). — Descriptions are given of many of our more important native pasture grasses, the author having grouped them under the heads of grasses of wooded regions, mountain meadows, and deer parks, treeless regions, and pasture plants of alkali soils. Some Arizona grasses, E. D. Merrill ( U. S. Dep>f. Agr., Division of Agrostology Circ. 32, pp. 10) . — Critical notes and descriptions of new species and varieties of grasses collected by P. Griffiths and R. H. Forbes, of the Arizona Station, are given. Aristida purpurea and its allies, E. D. Merrill ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Agrostology Circ. 34, pp. S) . — Critical notes and technical descriptions are given of Aristida pwpivrea and the allied species which occur in North America. Oil-yielding plants cultivated in Egypt, G. Bonaparte {.Tour. Khediv. Agr. Soc. avd Srlinol Agr., 3 {1901) , No. 1, pp. 14-19). — The plants cultivated in Egypt for the production of oil are said to be flax, sesame, cotton, safflower, and lettuce. The methods of extraction and character and uses of the oils, as well as the use of the by-products, are described. The geology and botany of the Tipper Peninsula Experiment Station, C. F. WiiEELKR {Michigan Sfa. Bui. 186, pp. 17-27). — Notes are given upon the geology of the substation located at Chatham in the northern peninsula of Michigan, and lists and critical notes are given upon the trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants growing at the station grounds. A list is also given of a number of fungi which were observed causing diseases of cultivated plants at the substation. Descriptions and illustrations of new species of Micromycetes, F. Tassi {Bid. Lab. Orto Bot. B. Univ. Siena, 3 {1900), Xo. 3-4, pp. 117-132, p>ls. ^).— Descrip- tions are given of about 50 species of Micromycetes which have not hitherto been described. Many of them occur on dead or decaying plants, although a few were found to be parasitic on the leaves of living plants. Among the latter class may be mentioned PhyUosticla yulan, which is found parasitic on the leaves of Magnolia yidan; P. edivardsiw, on the Edwardsia microplnjlla; P. salisburiiv, parasitic on the leaves of the common Gingko biloba; Phoma btdbicola, on bulbs of Freesia; Ascochyta catalp.v, on the leaves of Catalpia speciosa; Bartalinia nervisequa, on the leaves of Magnolia grandiflora; Glceosporium coffeicolum, on the leaves of Coffea arabica; and Pestalozzina Celestri, parasitic on the leaves of Celastrua bu.rifolia. BOTANY. 225 Edible mushrooms of North Carolina, C. W. Hyams {Nortli Cnrolhid Siti. Bui. 177, pp. ^7-58). — Notes are given on the food value of mushroomy, directions for their collection, and descriptiona of a number of the more important mushrooms occurinjj; in the State. The sexual reproduction of fungi, P. A. Dangeakd {Bolnnistc, 7. wr., 1900, No. 3-4, pp. 89-130). — A critical review is given of some of the recent literature relating to the reproduction of fungi. On the evaporation of water by plants, F. Yanovchik {Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov., 197 {1900), June, pp. 487-508). — Three series of experiments are described which were carried out at the Kherson Experiment Field in 1898 and 1899. The amount of water evaporated was determined by the aid of a special apparatus which is fully described. In the series of experiments made in 1898 with spring wheat, the humidity of the soil was kept in 3 vessels at 50 per cent, in 1 at 40 jier cent, and in 2 at 30 per cent of saturation, which corresponds to 16, 12.8 and 9.6 per cent of water, respectively, in the soil. The evaporation per gram of dry matter from the vessels with 50 per cent humidity was 512, 532, and 555 gm., respectively; from the vessel Avith 40 per cent humidity, 484 gm. ; and from the 2 vessels with 30 per cent humidity, 591 and 578 gm. , respectively. In 1899, 2 series of experiments were carried out. In the first series the soil contained 18.7 per cent water and was kept in 6 vessels at this optimum of humidity and in 2 at 14 per cent. In 2 vessels l)arley was grown, in 2 oats, and in 4 spring wheat. In 2 of the vessels with wheat, the soil was maintained at 14 per cent of humidity. The evaporation per gram of dry matter was as follows: From barley, 471.8 and 470.6 gm.; from oats, 666 and 615.3 gm. ; from wheat (with optimum humidity), 542.9 and 518.2 gm.; and from wheat (with 14 per cent humidity), 452.2 and 466.4 gm. of water. In the second half of the summer another series of experiments was carried out with barley, but not so much with a view of establishing the normal amounts of water evaporated (the season being too much advanced) , as for a comparison of the amounts of water evaporated ])y different varieties of barley. The soil was kept at the optimum humidity. There evaporation per gram of dry matter from two-rowed barley, 456.7 and 404.7 gm.; square head barley, 378.9 and 400.4 gm.; Guymalaye barley, 329.6 and 335 gm. ; and Trifurcate barley, 314.5 gm. of water. — p. fireman. On the presence of invertin or sucrose in grapes, V. Martinand (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci Paris, 131 {1900), No. SO, pp. 808'810).~The author states that he has found invertin present in the juice of the grapes of all varieties that he has been able to obtain. A method of separation is described, as well as some of the properties of the substance. Invertin acts upon sucrose best at a temperature of 54 to 56° C. The quantity of acetic acid, which limits its maximum action, lies between 5 and 13 parts per thousand. It does not pass through a porcelain filter, and is partially arrested l)y the filter paper ordinarily employed in laboratories. Its properties in general are very similar to those of the diastase secreted by AspergiJlus niger. The quantity of sucrose found in the grapes is comparatively large, as shown by the amount of sugar which it is able to invert. It is also found present in the leaves of the grape, 2.5 gm. of fresh leaves furnishing a unit of sucrose. Its action in ferment- ing must is stated, and it is further said that it is never found in wine that has been well oxidized, nor in wines which are attacked by bacterial diseases. Concerning a diastase which inverts saccharose in white wines, B. Fallot andL. MicnoN {Rec. 17/., 1900, No^. 347, pp. 141-144; 348, pp. 179-181; 349, pp. 197-201). On the exosmosis of diastases of plants, J. Laurknt {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 131 {1900), No. 21, pp. 848-851). — From cultures with sterile media, the a,uthor has shown that starch may be utilized by young maize plantlets, their roots not only absorbing a small (juantity of soluble starch which is formed during the steriliza- tion of the liquid at 120° C, but starch paste was liquefied and served as a nutrient 226 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. to the plant. Similar experiments were conducted with wheat, peas, and buck- wheat, together with another series with maize, in which the radicle after attaining a length of from 1 to 5 cm. was immersed in starch paste. It was found upon ger- mination that a part of the amylase formed in the seed was transferred from the plant by exosmosis, the seeds rejecting it to their advantage. At the same time the starch material was acted upon by the ferment and converted into a form capalile of being utilized by the young plants. This phenomenon occurs only during the proc- ess of germination, older plants being unable to utilize starch through the exosmo- sis of amylase. Experim.ents on the question of the formation of albuminoids by plants in darkness, M. Iwanoff [Lanchv. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 1-2, pp. 78-94)-— -^ brief review is given of some of the literature relating to the formation of proteids bv plants in darkness, and results of the author's experiments with kohl-ral)i, car- rots, and potatoes. These roots and tubers were divided, and analyses made of a portion, the other part being planted in pots and kept in darkness. After an inter- val of 2 or 3 months, analyses were made of the portions planted and it was found that the albuminoids had increased in an apprecialile amount. On the influence of various inoculating materials on tubercle formation and yield of leguminous plants, F. Nobbe and L. Hiltner {Landw. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 1-3, pp. 141-148, fig. i).^A report is given of experiments in which various dilutions and concentrations of inoculation material were tested to ascertain the effect of such material upon the development of tubercles upon the roots of legu- minous plants, as well as upon the total product. The experiments covered a number of years. The results c)l)tained showed that there was a comparatively slight differ- ence in the dry matter and nitrogen content of plants which had received the different strengths of inoculating material, the weakest and strongest solutions giving almost identical results. In the experiments the authors employed a normal strength of Nitragin, and it was used in strengths varying from 0.01 normal to 100 times the normal bacterial content. Physiological and anatomical investigations of the cuscutas, 31. Mirande {Extr. Bui. Sri. France et Belg., 35 {1900), pp. 384, pis. 16). A. guide to botanical investigations and vegetable physiological experi- ments, F. ScuLEicHERT {Anleitwig zu botanlschen Beobachtungen unci pflanzenphysiolo- cjischen Experimenten. Langensalza : Hermann Beyer & Sons, 1901,- pp. Till + 182, figs. 64). Iiist of publications of the Division of Botany, F. V. Coville ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Circ. 30, pp. 10). — A classified list of the publications of the Divi- sion of Botany from its establishment in 1869 to date is given. ZOOLOGY. Birds useful to agriculture, E. H. Forbush {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 36-61, pis. 4). — The author discusses the various ways in which birds are beneficial to the farmer. The subjects considered include the use of guano and special notes on the feeding habits of hawks, owls, cuckoos, woodpeckers, goat- suckers, flycatchers, crows, blackbirds, sparrow's, swallows, wrens, creepers, and warblers. Birds as protectors of woodlands, E. H. Forbush {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 300-321, figs. 3). — A discussion is given of the feeding habits of birds with special reference to their beneficial action in destroying caterpillars and other insects which are injurious to trees. Lists are given of the birds which feed on the gypsy moth, brown tail moth, forest tent caterpillar, apple-tree tent caterpillar, can- kerworms, white-marked tussock moth, INIay beetles, and plant lice. Observations are given on the birds which are especially useful in the destruction of the eggs of METEOROLOGY. 227 injurious ingects on tn'es duriiiir winter. Wr'ivi notes arc jriveii mi the injuries to trees which may be done by certain l)ir(ls in eating off the l)U(ls or in borin^-o). — A brief discussion of the economic relationship of \voo(lpec;kers, titmice, nuthatches, cuckoos, warblers, l)irds of prey, shrikes, catbirds, etc., witli esi)ecial i-efei-ence to their harmful and beneficial actions in cultivated orchards. The food of nestling birds, S. D. Judd ( U. S. Dcpt. Ac/r. Yearbook 1900, pp. 411- 436, j)h. 5,Jifjs. 9). — The author investigated the food materials of nestling birds as compared with those of adults of the same species. A large number of species were studied, and it is concluded that the young of all birds excepting doves and pigeons are fed at tirst almost exclusively on an animal diet and that later the diet is gradu- ally clianged so as to include vegetable materials. The parent birds frequently carry insect food to the young while their own diet is chiefly vegetable. The relationship of crows to agriculture, J. J.\blonowski {Kiserlet. Kiizlem., 4 (1901), No. 2, pp. 143-182, fixjs. 3). — An elaborate discussion is given of the feeding habits and economic relation of Corvus frugUegus and C. comix. Protection of birds and game. Directory of state officials and organiza- tions for 1901, T. S. Palmer {U. S. Jkpl. Agr., DIrigion of Bhilogical Sunrij Circ. 33, pp. 10).- — The present circular contains a corrected directory of officials, and organizations concerned with the protection of birds and game in the United States and Canada. Directions for the destruction of prairie dogs, C. H. Merriam ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Biological Survey Circ. 32, pp. 2). — The use of poisoned grain as a bait and of carbon bisulphid in burrows is recommended. Rabbit destruction [Jour. Agr. and Iiid. SouOi Auxtralia, 4 {1901), Xo. S, pp. 639, 640). — Formulas are given for preparing poisoned water containing arsenic, strychnin, or cyanid of potash, and for making poisoned baits, such as phosphorized j)ollard, i)hosphorized wheat, and baits poisoned with arsenic and strychnin. For destroying the rabbits in ))nrrows, the use of bisulphid of carbon is recommended and also the use of pieces of absorbent cloth saturated with kerosene and sprinkler, with sulphur. Tfiese rags are to be lighted and pushed well into the burrow. METEOROLOGY. Amplification of -reather forecasts, A. J. Hexrv {U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 107-114, plx- 3, fig. 1). — This paper exj)iains the Government system of weather forecasting with a view to encouraging "the making of local predictions by persons whose working hours are spent for the most part in the open air." The gen- eralizations given apply to all parts of the country east of the Rocky JMountains, but it is believed that they will be found most useful in the middle and upper Mississippi and Ohio valleys, the Lake region, and tlie Middle States. Hot waves: Conditions which produce them, and their effect on agricul- ture, A. T. Bi-KRows ( U.S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, pji. 325-336, pis. 3).— This article discusses the extent and character p. 196, 197). — This is a monthly summary of observations at Orono during 1900 on atmospheric pressure, tem- perature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement. The mean temperature for the year was 43.46° F. (mean for 32 years 42.54°), mean pressure 29.79 in., pre- cipitation 53.80 in. (mean for 32 years 45.33), and iumi1)er of cloudy days 153. Annual report of the central station for meteorology and terrestrial mag- netism, Vienna {.Tahrh. K. K. Central- Anst. Met. u. Erdmagnet., Vienna, 1900, pp. 192). — This is mainly a collection of tables giving (1) daily observations on atmos- pheric pressure, temperature, moisture, direction, and force of the wind, and i^recipita- tion at 20 stations in Austria during 1899; (2) hourly and daily observations on pressure, temperature, wind, rain, sunshine, and soil temperatures at Vienna and at a few of the other stations of the first class during 1899; and (3) observations on temperature fluctuations in Lower Austria in the winter of 1898-99. Agricultural meteorology {Meteorologie agricole. Paris: Paul Dujjonl, 1900, j)p. 51, Jigs. 4)- — This pamphlet, prepared for u.se at the Exposition at Paris in 1900, gives a brief history of the Russian weather service and an account of the organiza- tion of special service for agricultural meteorology in 1897; and a descriptive list of the apparatus, reports, charts, etc., illustrating methods and results, exhibited at the exposition. There is also included ari account of work on forest meteorology, and of the charts exhibited at the exposition showing results of such observations. Meteorological observations in 1899, R. Guerin {Observaciones meteor ologicas correspondientes alano de 1899; observaciones meteorologicas practicadas en varios lugares de la Republica. Guatemala: Tipografia Xacional, 1900, pp. 57). — Daily and monthly summaries are given of observations on temperature, pressure, humidity, rainfall, etc., WATER SOILS. 229 at the central lal)<>rat(>rv at (iuati-iuala ami l>y (•(>oin'ratin','(>l).st'rv('rs in iliffcivnt parts of the repnl)M<'. Formation of hail and surfusion, Kosenstiehl ( Orele, 2 {1901), Xo. 6, pp. .i-s). — A (liscus-^ion of the tlieories of the formation of hail. Cannonading against hail in Belgium, J. Vaxdervaekex {Rev. Gm. Ayron. [Lourahi], 10 {1901), Xos. 4, pp. 145-163, figs. 8; 5, pp. 201-216, pi. i).— The extent and resnlts of this method of protection against hail in Belgium are reported, the con- clnsion being that it lias 1 )een decidedly profitable in protecting glass houses and crops. Protection against hail, J. Roberto {GnUe, 2 {1901), Xos. 6, pp. 9-15; 7, pp. 11- 16,fi(js.2; 8, pp. 6-10). An easily constructed barometer, G. W. Russell {Amer. Chem. Jour., 25 {1901), Xo. 6, pp. 508-510, fig. 1). WATER— SOILS. Development and distribution of nitrates and other soluble salts in culti- vated soils, F. II. KiX(; and A. R. Whitsox ( Wlscunsin Sfo. Bid. 85, pip. 48, figs. If) . — This is in large part a reprint, with more detailed data, of an account of investiga- tions already noted from another publication of the station (E. S. R., 13, p. 24), but contains also accounts not previously reported of investigations on the limit of nitric nitrogen in field soil at which the leaves of corn and oats turn yellow, difference between the amounts of nitric nitrogen under growing crops and in cultivated fallow ground at the same time, distri])utiou of nitrates and other soluble salts in scjil under growing corn as it comes into full tassel, the strength of soil solutions under lield crops, results of Warington's nitric nitrogen studies at Rothanisted, method of deter- mining solu])le salts and nitric nitrogen in field soils, sensitiveness of the methods used in the study of nitric nitrogen and solul)le salts, and possible error in results due to the methods. The investigations reported in this bulletin were made on 9 plats of soil aggregat- ing 10 acres, and covered the first, second, third, and fourth feet of soil separately in each case. The objects were to study the variations in the amount of nitric nitro- gen and S(jluble salts in the soil under different conditions of cropping and culture, to determine the amounts of nitric nitrogen in the soil required for the healthy growth of crops, to trace the relations, if any, between the amount of nitric nitrogen and total soluble salts in the soil water and that of the deeper ground water wells, and to devise an accurate, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination of nitric nitrogen in soils. The conclusions drawn from the work are as follows: "(1) The nitrates and total soluble salts in the surface foot start in the spring (com- paratively small in amount, then increase somewhat rapidly until June 1 on clover and oat grovmd, and until July 1 on corn and ijotato ground; from these dates they fall more or less rapidly until August 1, when crops are growing most vigorously. After this date they remain nearly constant with a general tendency to rise slightly until September. In the third and fourth feet the seasonal changes are ccjmpara- tively small and show but little progression, and they are not marked in tlu> second foot. "(2) The amounts of nitrates and of soluble salts in the soil under the clover and oat crops were much smaller than in the soil under corn and potato crops through the entire season, the greatest differences occurring during the month of June. "(3) There has been no strong concordance between the yields of dry matter per acre and the amounts of nitrates fomid in the soils during the season, but where the yields have Ijeen relatively quite small, there too has been found amarkeil deficiency of both nitrates and total soluble salts. In the case of the 8 corn crops the largest yields of dry matter are associated with the largest total solul)le salts. "(4) The relation between the amount of nitrates in a soil and the total soluble salts varies between wide limits, when the salts are measured by the electrical method. It occasionally happens that there may be as much or even more nitrates 280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. than the total salts imlicated. This may he due to the destructiou of l)icarl)onate3 by the nitric aeid when it is forming. "(5) The amount of nitrates and soluble salts under growing crops and in fallow ground at the same time is very different. Our observations show a relation for nitrates of 10.88 lbs. in the surface foot per acre as a mean, to 47.3.65 lbs. for imme- diately adjacent fallow ground at the same time. "(6) It was found that stirring the soil once per week, as compared with the stir- ring of it once in two weeks, left the soil after 91 days with 98.16 as compared with 53.01 lbs. of nitric nitrogen per million of dry soil. In the second series of experi- ments, which covered 258 days, the soil stirred once per week had acquired a mean of 225.41 parts, and that once in two weeks 158.79 parts per million of dry soil, show- ing the largest gains with the more frequent cultivation. "(7) It was found that stirring the soil to depths of 1 in., 2 in., 3 in., and 4 in. during an interval of 258 days resulted in an increasing amount of nitric nitrogen until the 3 in. depth was passed, but that cultivation 4 in. deep gave a smaller nitrification than the 3 in. depth did. "(8) In the plant house cylinders nitrification api)ears to have taken place to a depth of 3 ft., but was most rapid in the surface foot. "(9) There was 22 per cent more nitric nitrogen developed in soil ujjon which clover had grown than from that after corn, and 13 per cent more than from that after oats, during the same time, under like conditions. "(10) Virgin soil which had grown corn continuously the same number of years that like soil had grown clover contained, at the ])eginning of the cultivation experi- ment, nearly three times as much nitric nitrogen as that upon which the clover had grown, and it closed the cultivation period with 17 per cent more. "(11) Virgin soil growing oats began the cultivation experiment, after the same number of years of cropping as the soil hearing clover, with 2.6 times as much nitric nitrogen, and closed the 91 days with 13.8 per cent more. "(12) Clover and alfalfa appear to hold the nitric nitrogen in the soil down to a lower limit than corn, oats, and potatoes do, but when the crop is removed from the ground nitrification appears to go on faster in the clover and alfalfa soil. "(13) The amcjunt of nitric nitrogen left in the surface foot of soil before crops begin to turn yellow for lack of available nitrogen becomes very small, the amount found being 0.213 parts per million where oats were yet green, and 0.025 parts per million where they were turning yellow. In corn it was found as low as 0.95 parts where corn was green, and 0.10 parts per million where it was strongly yellow. "(14) The amounts of nitric nitrogen and of soluble salts were found greatest between the rows of corn, as they were coming into tassel, and least, directly beneath hills, except in the surface 6 in., and in the fourth foot where the relations were slightly reversed. " ( 15) The amounts of nitric nitrogen and of total soluble salts are less in the deeper ground water of wells of this vicinity than in the soil moisture of the fourth foot, the nitric nitrogen being Only about one-third of the amount. "(16) Observations indicate that when the textural equilibrium of soils is destroyed in the presence of salts in solution the reflocculation and regranulation of the soil may take out of solution a portion of the salts, leaving a smaller percentage present after establishing the new equilibrium." The soil solution for tlie determination of nitric nitrogen was prepared by kneading for 2 or 3 minutes in a mortar 50 gm. of the soil in a close muslin sack with 250 cc. of a 0.1 per cent solution of formaldehyde containing 5.36 cc. of a saturated solution of potash alum. The solution was then wrung from the sack and allowed to settle. Fifty cubic centimeters of the clear solution was evaporated to dryiiess on a water bath, 12 to 20 drops of disulphonic acid were added, and after standing at least 10 minutes with thorough stirring 20 cc. of distilled water and enough ammonia to make the solution alkaline were added. The nitric nitrogen was determined by the colorimetric WATER — SOILS. 231 metliod, using standard .lolutionsof potassium nitrate. Total solu])lo salts worodoter- mined by electrical resistance, accordiujz; to Whitney's method. A ta])le is given showing the amount of solul)le salts for different readings of the instrument calcu- lated from a solution curve determined for these investigations. Duplicate determi- nations of nitric nitrogen by the method described showed quite satisfa(!tory agreement, but it was found necessary to protect the solutions from denitrification by the use of formalin and to make the determinations as promptly as possible. It was found "that solutions to which formalin had been added lost none of their nitrates in 4 days, while duplicate solutions to which no formalin had been added lost from 12.2 to 71.6 per cent of their nitrates in that time. . . . This protection of the formalin against denitrification is not permanent and in some cases samples rich in nitrates have lost the whole on standing 5 weeks. In other cases we have observed notable losses on standing 2 to 3 days, this being greater than 50 per cent as a mean of 5 cases." As stated above, the electrical method for total soluble salts seemed to be subject to an error due to the absorptive power of soils for soluble salts. In 2 series of experiments in which soil was made into a paste (1) with distilled water containing 100 parts per million of potassium nitrate, and (2) with drain water containing 195 parts of soluble salts per million, the results were as follows: Amounts of soluble salts uctnally present and found hij electrical metliod. Amount in soil. Amount added. Total. Amount found. Amount absorbed. Series 1 44.172 44. 172 17.2 38.82 61. 172 82.992 46.10 69.72 15. 072 Series 2 13. 272 "These results indicate that the making of the soil paste with dilute soil solutions resulted in fixing some of those salts in an insoluble form. Another set of observa- tions in clearing turbid solutions gave similar results both with nitrates and with other salts, wdiich makes it appear that breaking down the soil texture will throw out of solution solul)le salts already contained in them." Nitrification in northwest soils, F. T. Srutt ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 159-161). — The progress of nitrification was studied in the soils used in the observa- tions on soil moisture referred to on page 233. ' * The method adopted was to weigh out 100 gm. of the fresh soil and add thereto 1,000 cc. of ammonia-free distilled water and shake the mixture well for 1 hour. It was then allowed to settle for 1 hour and the free ammonia in an aliquot part at once determined. A further quantitj' was at the same time set aside in contact with a zinc-copper couple (by means of which nitrates are reduced to ammonia) and at the expiration of 24 hours distilled. From the free ammonia in the distillate the amount previously found deducte9). — Observations on soil moisture at Brandon, Manitoba, and Indian Head, Northwest Ti>rritories, are reported. The plan of the investigation was as follows: "Early in the spring on each of the farms two areas having as far as possible soil of a similar character were selected, the one intended to be fallowed during the pres- ent season, and which had l)een cropped in 1899; the second area to be cropped, but which had been fallowed in 1899. Samples from each of these areas were taken, month by month, from May to November, inclusive, to 2 depths — the first represent- ing the upper 8 in. ; the second the depth from 8 to 16 in. These samples, taken in sj)ecial canisters, were immediately on collection forwarded to the laboratory. On their arrival each canister of soil was at once weighed and its contents thoroughly mixed, sampled, and the moisture determined in duplicate. From the average weight of the canister of water-free soil (obtained from the 7 monthly detennina- tions) and the percentage of moisture, the amounts of water in tons and pounds per acre were calculated. The canisters (2^ in. by 8 in.) used were very stout and open at both ends. In taking the samples they were thrust into the ground until level with the surface and then removed with the aid of a sharp spade, and covered with deep and close-fitting caps. To prevent any possible evaporation en route, 'electric' tape was used to cover the edge of the cap or lid where it fitted over the canister." The season of 1899 was characterized by a plentiful but normal precipitation; that of 1900 was exceedingly dry during the earlier months of the sununer and unusually wet during the middle and later months of the summer. Under these conditions it was found that the soils which had been in fallow the previous year contained dur- ing jNIay, Jmie, and July more moisture than those which had been cropped the l)receding year, but "there was a constant tendency for the soil moisture in both fal- lowed and cropped soil during the latter months of the experiment to approximate." Canadian soils, F. T. Shutt {Ckmada Expl. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 148-154). — Chemical analyses of a surface soil and 2 samples of hardpan (at depths of 2 and 5 ft. ) from British Columbia, 4 samples of soil from Northwest Territories, and 1 from Nova Scotia are reported, with a discussion of their fertilizer requirements and sug- gestions as to their treatment. Soils of the Upper Peninsula, A. C. Lane {Michigan Sta. Bnl.lS6, pp. 4,3-45). — A brief discussion of the characteristics of the soils of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Soils of Mississippi — plant food and productiveness, W. L. Hutchinson ( Mis- sissipjji Hta. Bid. 66, pp. 2.3, Jigs. 5). — Tables based on analyses previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 1022) are given which show the phosphoric acid, potash, nitrogen, and lime per acre to a depth of 4 in. in 76 samples of prairie soils, 8 of Yazoo- Mississippi delta soils, and 46 of sandy and sandy-loam soils. "The results show that the prairie soils, and also most of the soils in the north- eastern prairie region, contain relatively large amounts of the ingredients reported in the tables, which are the important ones. The amount of phosphoric acid in the sandy, sandy-loam, basin, and brown silt-loam soils is relatively small, and it is on these lands that commercial fertilizers are constantly used under all crops. These lands should also have the benefit of stable mamire and cowpeas, with superi)hos- phatcs under crops following the cowpeas. 234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "Soils containing 1,000 lbs., or over, of phosphoric aciil jK-r acr(», in the npper 4 in. of soil, have enongh of this ingredient for large cnjps. ... As the anionnt of this ingredient, in the surface soil, falls materially below 1,000 lbs. per acre, the demand for phosphates is apparent in proportion to the deficiency, provided all other essential conditions for large yields are present. "The supply of potash seems to be ample everywhere in the State and we have no evidence that any of our soils require the use of fertilizers containing potash to increase the yields. The results do not indicate the minimum amount of potash in the soil that is adequate for good crops. "Nitrogenous fertilizers increase the yields of most of the soils in the State, and where nitrogen is added by growing cowpeas, velvet beans, vetch, and melilotus, which also add organic matter to a soil and improve its texture, results of the most satisfactorj^ kind are obtained. "Some of our soil work also indicates that, where the amount of phosphoric acid in a soil is abnormally high, the cotton plant will use several times as much of this ingredient as it needs for normal development. This is probably true of other sub- stances as well. . . . "Lime, in large amounts, undoubtedly influences the texture of a soil; it may also have to do with the solubility of the plant food in a soil, but, with good texture, soils will produce well even though the amount of lime present is small. The brown loam soils do not contain much lime, and yet, in proportion to the amount of plant food present, they are probably the most productive lands we have. The texture of these soils is good." The construction and use of graded and level embankments and terraces to prevent washing of soils is explained. The reclaiming of washed lands, the value and use of stable manure and restorative crops, and the use of commercial fertilizers are also discussed. Bacteriological studies of drinking- water, F. D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1900, jyp. 66-76, fgit. ii). — On account of a serious outbreak of typhoid fever in the city of Wilmington attention was directed to a spring from which many people obtained drinking water, and water from this source was analyzed and tested for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Two organisms were isolated, one a variety of coli bacillus, and another belonging to the hemorrhagic septicfemia or swine-plague group. Details are given concerning the cultural and morphological characters of these 2 organ- isms. Since the organism of the hog-cholera group is closely related to the typhus bacillus, its presence in the water is considered as indicating a faecal contamination. "Water from farm homesteads, F. T. Shutt ( Canada Expt. Farms RpU. 1900, pp. 191-194). — Tabulated analyses are given of 41 samples of well waters examined during the year. FEETILIZERS. Basic superphosphate, its preparation and use as a manure, J. Hughes {Jour. Soc. C'hem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 4, pp. 325-332).— The history of the manu- facture and use of superphosphates is briefly reviewed; tests of the solubility of vari- ous phosphates in weak citric acid (1 part to 1,000 parts of water) are reported; and the preparation of basic superphosphate by mixing slaked lime (15 parts) with ordinary superphosphate (85 parts) is described. The results of tests of the solu- bility of the product in water, weak citric acid, and ammonium citrate (2.5 per cent solution) are given. None of the phosphoric acid was soluble in water, but from 12 to 13 per cent was soluble in the weak citric acid (1:1,000) and about 10 per cent in ammonium citrate, being more soluble in these reagents than basic slag. The basic superphosphate is claimed to be especially suited to acid soils or those deficient in lime. FKRTILIZKRS. 235 Twelve years' experiment with Thomas slag, A. Andouard {V Engrais, 16 {1901), No. 19, pp. 447, 448). — A brief summary of the results obtained by Wagner, Maercker, the author, and others. Statistics of the manufacture and use of Thomas slag- {Dcitt. Landv:. Prei^Ki', ^8 {1901), Xo. SI, pp. 270, 271). A fertilizer experiment with crude phosphate, F. W. Dafkkt {Zt-trhr. Lavdir. Vcrt^vrhw. Orsti'rv., 4 {1901), Xo. 5, pp. 627-629). — Previous experiments by the author (E. S. R., 12, i>. SSQ) showed that Algerian phosphate was quite effective as a souree of phosphoric acid for summer barley and oats. The experiments here rej>orted show that it is also very effective as a fertilizer for clover. Report of the agricultural chemical laboratory of the Ministry of Agri- culture and Imperial Domains in St. Petersburg for 1898, P. S. Kossovicii {!St. Peterslmrg: Department uf Agriculture, 1900, pp. 242; rev. in Selsk. Klioz. i Lyemv., 199 {1900), Oct., pp. 237, 238). — This report contains two articles which may be mentioned here: (1) Availability for plants of the phosphoric acid of the Russian phosphorites, and (2) ability of plants to utilize the phosphoric acid of phosphorites. According to experiments reported, plants may be divided with regard to their ability to avail themselves of the phosphoric acid of the phosphorites into -4 groui)s: (1) Plants with high capacity — mustard, buckwheat, hemp, winter rye; (2) plants with medium capacity — peas, barley, summer rye, beets; (3) plants with a low capacity — potatoes, oats, vetches; and, lastly, (4) plants almost devoid of this capac- ity— millet, flax, and clover. — p. firemax. Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, H. Bachmann {Filhling's Lambr. Ztg., 50 {1901), Xo. 11, pp. 386, 387). — The results of oomi^arative tests of nitrate of soda (8 cwt. per hectare) and sulphate of ammonia (6 cwt. per hectare) on potatoes, fodder beets, and kohl-rabi are briefly reported. In these experiments the sulphate of ammonia was apparently more effective than nitrate of soda. The regulation of the trade in nitrate of soda, M. Ullmann {Die Regelung des Vn-L-rhrs mit Chili.mlpeter. Melle: F. E. Haag, 1901, pp. 25, pis. 4). — This pamphlet includes an account of the action of a commission of the Society for the Protection of the Chemical Industry in Germany regarding the regulation of trade in nitrate of soda, a discussion of the l)asis of guarantees of purity, and a brief review of experi- ments regarding the poisonous property of nitrate containing perchlorate. Experiments at the Bavarian moor culture station on the action of potash fertilizers on upland moors, A. Baumanx ( Vrtljschr. Bayer. Landv: Rath., 6 1901), Xo. 1, pp. 20-35). — Comparative tests of kainit and concentrated and basic potash salts are reported. The consumption of potash salts in 1900, Maizieres {U Engrain, 16 {1901), No. 23, pp. 542-544) ■ — Statistics for various countries. Fertilizing with lime refuse from gas works {Dent. Landu: Presse, 28 {1901), No. 34, p. 297). — The handling and the fertilizing value of this material is Imefiy discussed. Three weeks' exposure to the air is claimed to be sufficient to decompose poisonous sulphur compounds. An analysis of the Leeds gas liquor, A. W. Cooke {Jour. Soc. Ghcm. lud., 20 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 225, 226). — A complete analysis. Fish fertilizers, Maizieres {V Encjrais, 16 {1901), Xo. 17, pp. 398,399).— yi?a\\\y statistics of the industry in the United States. Manuring the soil, J. Fields ( Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 50, p. 11) . — A popular discus- sion of this subject. A report on the demonstration experiments w^ith fertilizers carried out by the Agricultural Society of Vienna in lower Austria during the year 1900 {Ztxclu: Landu-. Versurlnr. Ocytrrr., 4 {H'Ol), .Vo. 5, pp. 596-626, j)l. 1).—A detailed account is given of 72 cooi)erative experiments with oats, 49 with barley, 8S with wheat, 2 with meadow grasses, 2 with potatoes, 1 with tlax, and 1 with clover. 28H EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The organization and results of cooperative fertilizer experiments in Bavaria, H. Dubbers ( Vrtljschr. Bayer. Landw. Rath., 6 {1901), No. 1, pp. 36-43). — The results of cooperative experiments with fertilizers on grains, potatoes, beets, alfalfa, and meadows are ])riefly reported. Organization of fertilizer experiments {Bent. Landw. Presse, 28 {1901), No. 37, pp. 33G, 321) . — The plan of cooperative experiments which have been undertaken in Bavaria for the purpose of making a systematic study of fertilizer requirements is described, and some of the results with barley, oats, potatoes, roots, hay, and alfalfa are reported. Commercial fertilizers and. humus, K. de Vrieze [Deui. La)tdir. Presse, 28 (1901), No. 34, pp. 296, 297). — An argument to prove that the continued use of com- mercial fertilizers does not necessarily result in a decline in the humus content of soils. Fertilizers, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 161-166). — Analyses of 6 samples of marl, 3 samples of gypsum, 2 of wood ashes, and 1 of wool waste are reported, with discussion of their value as fertilizers. Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods {Maine Sta. Bui. 72, pp. 4^-.^).— This bulle- tin contains analyses of 136 brands of fertilizers (manufacturers' samples) licensed before March 9, 1901, with a summary of the chief provisions of the State fertili- zer law. Fertilizer inspection in North Carolina, B. W. Kilgore {Bid. Nortli Carolina Slate Bd. Agr., 22 {1901), No. 4, PP- 3-30, 36). — The names and guaranteed composi- tion of fertilizers registered for 1901, and analyses and valuations of 201 samples of fertilizers examined during the spring of 1901, with the usual explanations regarding freight rates, valuation, etc., and a note on the increased trade in fertilizers in the State during the year. Official report on commercial fertilizers inspected, analyzed, and licensed to be sold in the State of Ohio during 1900 {Ohio State Board of Ac/ricidtyre, 1901, jtp. 85). Commercial fertilizers, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite ( West Virginia Sta. Btd. 72, pp. 32). — This bulletin gives the results of analyses and valuations of 287 sam- ples of fertilizing materials examined during the year 1900. Analyses of licensed commercial fertilizers, 1901, E.. H. Shaw and A. Vivian ( Wisconsin Sta. Bid. 86, pj}. 10). — This bulletin contains the text of the Wisconsin fertilizer law, notes on the sources of fertilizing ingredients in fertilizers and on valuation of fertilizers, and analyses of 5 samples of fertilizers sold in the State during the year. Draft bill to regulate the sale of agricultural fertilizers and feeding stuffs {.lour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 5 {1901), No. 3, pp. 120-122). — The text of an act passed in 1901, providing for the inspection of fertilizers and feeding stuffs sold in Jamaica. Recent contributions to knowledge relating to the fertilizer industry, VON Grueber {Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 35, pp. 378-377). — A general summary. FIELD CROPS. Field experiments, J. Atkinson {lovxi Sta. Bui. 55, pp. 362-384, figs. 7). — These experiments comprised variety and culture tests with corn, oats, barley, spring wheat, spelt, sorghum, rape, kohl-rabi, soy beans, and sugar beets. Nineteen vari- eties of corn selected out of 50 varieties grown in 1898 and 1899 were given a further test in 1900. The best yielding varieties were of selected stock. The varieties giv- ing the best returns, mentioned in the order of their productiveness, were: Reid Yellow Dent, Legal Tender, Snow Flake White, Seckler Perfection, and Champion White Pearl, yielding from 90.9 to 100.3 bu. per acre. Wisconsin Earliest Dent, with a yield of 52.5 bu. per acre, was the least productive. The other varieties, given in FIELD CROPS. 237 the order of their yields, were: (Tolden Beauty, Mammoth Cuban, Western Yellow Dent, Nebraska White Prize, Lenoeher Homestead, Star Learning, Iowa Silver Mine, Western White Dent, Iowa Gold Mine, Pride of the North, and (ioddard King of Earlies, all yielding over 67 liu. per acre. The average results for t\\o years show yields of 71.9 bu. per aere with deep cultivation, and 82.4 bu. when shallow cultiva- tion was given. Several of the most important varieties tested are described, and a number of typical and imperfect ears are figured, and the selection of corn is dis- cussed. A score card for judging ears is presented. Of 35 varieties of oats tested for 2 years in succession 12 gave an average yield of over 50 bu. per acre. New Salt Lake gave the best yield, 58.8 bu. per acre, followed by Silver Mine with 58.7 bu., Nebraska Gold Mine with 58.2, and Green ^Fountain with 57.5 bu. per acre. The earliest variety, Early Champion, ripening .Inly 6, gave an average yield per acre of 55.2 bu. White Russian, the latest variety, ripened July 25, and gave the lowest average yield per acre, 39.3 bu. Early Champion and Early Dawson are recommended as being little ai)t to rust and well suited as nurse crops for clover and grasses. Of 19 varieties of barley grown for three years in succession, Manshury, Com- mon 6-rowed, Success, Champion Beardless, and Black Hulless, with average yields of 74.4, 70.4, 56.9, 53.8, and 44.4 bu. per acre, respectively, were best suited to Iowa conditions. The yields for the season of 1900 of a number of cross-bred wheats grown since 1898 are reported. Of 24 varieties, the best yielding were Minnesota No. 71, Early Java, Minnesota No. 185, White Russian, Preston, Minnesota No. 188, and Minnesota No. 66, giving a yield of 33, 30.5, 27.5, 27.5, 26.8, 26.7, and 25.7 bu. per acre, respec- tively. All varieties yielded over 19 bu. per acre. Early Java, a promising variety obtained from southern Nebraska, ripened July 20. Growing wheat and oats in a mixture of different proportions gave better yields than growing either alone. A nnxture of 4 pecks of oats and 4 of wheat yielded 1,860 lbs. per acre, a better yield than any other proportion of oats and wheat for seed. Spelt yielded 2,200 lbs. of thrashed grain per acre in 1899 and 1,960 lbs. in 1900. Sorghum sown May 21 and cut August 27 yielded 29 tons of green fodder or 12 tons of sorghum hay per acre. The use of 40, 80, or 120 lbs. of seed per acre gave practically the same results as to yield, but the thicker-sown crop grew better and contained more water and less saccharine matter than the crop from thinner sowings. Sorghum, sown after barley had been harvested in July, was about 7 feet high and in full head by September 20. It was cut September 29 and gave 21 tons of green sorghum per acre, which cured into 7 tons of hay. Rape sown May 24 and harvested on September 10 yielded 21 tons per acre in 1898, and in 1899 60 bu. of oats and 18 tons of rape were grown on an acre when 6 pecks of oats and 1 lb. of rape were sown together in the spring. In 1900 rape and oats sown together were successful only on the higher and poorer land. On bottom land the rape completely smothered the oats, even when sown 10 days later. Successful culture tests of kohl-rabi and soy beans are reported. Owing to a wet season the work with sugar beets did not give satisfactory results. Field experiments with farm crops, W. Saunders, J. 1 1. Grisdale, W. T. Macoun, R. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, A. Mackay, and T. A. Shakpe {Canada Expt. Farms Rjds. 1900, pp. 7-4-', 8^-95, Ul-132, 137, 138, 177-184, 2S1-300, 334, 338- 362, 391-400, 437-4,56, ph. ,?).— As in preceding years, variety, culture, and fertilizer tests with cereals, root and forage c-rops were carried on at the experimental farms in Ottawa, the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories (E. S. R., 12,p. 535). The results of the variety tests with the different crops in 1900 have been previously reported ( E. S. R., 13, p. 34). Tiie plan and scope of the experiments this season were practi(;ally the same as described in preceding abstracts, and the results are reported in the usual form. Owing to the prevalence 238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of drought the resuhs were not uniformly satisfactory. The cultural experiments consisted of early and late sowings of turnips, carrots, sugar beets, mangels, potatoes, and fiax; distance experiments with corn, soy beans, horse beans, and potatoes; early and late harvesting of root crops; rotation tests; thick and thin seeding of flax; sowing selected seed of barley; growing mixed-grain crops; sowing wheat, oats, and barley; and planting potatoes at different depths, etc. The fertilizer experiments included tests of barnyard manure and different commercial fertilizers and of clover as a green manure for cereal crops. At Ottawa, turnips and carrots sown May 16 and pulled November 6 gave better returns than when sown May 30 and harvested October 16. Mangels showed only a small advantage from early sowing this season. In previous tests the results of planting potatoes at different dates have indicated that planting after June 24 would not give a fair crop, but in 1900 a good crop was obtained from a planting on July 7. At the station in the Maritime Provinces, turnips, mangels, and carrots were planted on May 28 and June 12, and the yields in every ease were in favor of the earlier planting. A similar test was made at the other stations, but owing to an unfavorable season the results were quite irregular, although in general they favored planting on the earlier date. Experiments in sowing flax at the rate of 40 and 80 lbs. per acre on different dates at 4 of the stations gave varying results, due to some extent to the season. The differences in yield were small in many cases. At the station in the Maritime Provinces the yield of flaxseed was in favor of the heavier and early seeding, while the yield of straw was irregular. The best yields of flax straw at the Manitoba Station were obtained from the heavy seeding made in either of the first three weeks of May, but the yield of seed in this case was not much affected by either the date of seeding or quantity • sown. The results at the Experimental Farm of the Northwest Territories showed the best yield of seed from the light sowing made ^lay 29, and the best yield of straw from the light sowing made May 22. At the British Columbia Station the yields of straw were all in favor of light seeding, while the yields of seed were in favor of the heavy seeding, and the results on the whole favored sowing at an early date. Sugar beets planted June 2 at the Manitoba Station gave better results than beets planted May 19. In the distance experiments corn was grown in rows 21, 28, 35, and 42 in. apart, respectively. The best yields in the Maritime Provinces, Manitoba, and Northwest Territories were obtained from rows 21 in. apart, while at Ottawa the results seemed to be in favor of 35 and 42 in. when cut in the early milk stage. Much the best single yield, however, 30 tons and 536 lbs. per acre, when cut in the early milk stage, was obtained from selected Leaming corn sown in rows 21 in. apart. In British Colum- bia corn was grown in hills and drills at these different distances, in the one case the plants being thinned to 6 in. apart in the row, and in the other to 3 or 4 in a hill. In general, the results in both cases favored planting 21 in. apart. Soy beans and horse beans were grown in rows 21, 28, and 35 in. apart at several of the stations. At the Maritime Provinces farm 21 in. was found best for soy beans and 35 in. for horse beans, while at Ottawa the results with horse beans were the same, but with soy beans were best at 28 in. In Manitoba and the Northwest Territories rows 35 in. apart gave the best yields for both crops, while in British Columbia 28 in. for soy beans and 35 in. for horse lieans were found the best distances. Potatoes planted 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 in. apart in rows 2h ft. distant at Ottawa for 5 successive years have given an average yield in favor of planting 12 in. apart in the row. A test of various cuttings for potato planting, including seed ends and whole pota- toes and cuttings of 1, 2, 3, and 4 eyes, was conducted at the Manitoba farm, the best average results being from the cuttings with 2 eyes, and a good yield from the seed ends. The whole tuber used as a set gave the largest yield, but the product was very irregular. Of 10 varieties of barley grown from selected seed at Ottawa, all gave an increasing FIELD CROPS. 239 yield except Danish Chevalier, a two-rowed variety, which gave a crop of 2 hu. and 24 IVks. per acre less from selected than from nnselected seed. The increase in yield ranged from 40 1V)S. to 8 lin. and 40 lbs. per acre. At the same station in a simi- lar test with spring wheat 6 varieties gave a larger yield from selected seed as com- pared with nnselected seed, while 2 varieties gave the same yield from both kinds of seed. The same test with wheat and l)arley at the ^Manitoba Station resulted in yields sometimes in favor of selected and sometimes in favor of nnselected seeds. At Ottawa a test of growing oats after different crops resulted in the best yields after horse beans. The smallest crops were obtained after millet, flax, and soy beans. Trials were also made of plowing under green clover for oats, corn, and potatoes, and in every case an advantage was apparent in the yield. Spring wheat grown after different crops in ^Manitoba gave much larger yields when preceded by legum'nous crops than by cereals. One series of fertilizer experiments at Ottawa was made with fresh and rotted barn- yard manure, fresh slaked lime, superphosphate and Thomas slag, all applied singly to spring wheat and oats. The results did not differ much, and it is concluded that the land contained all the available plant food the crops could utilize. In a second series of experiments with different fertilizers on wheat, barley, and oats the best average results for 13 years have been with barnyard manure (about equal parts of horse manure and cow manure), and slightly better results have been secured from the use of fresh manure than from well-rotted manure. The itemized cost of growing different crops at the Central farm are reported, with an estimate of the cost of digestible dry matter in each crop. At the Ottawa Station an ex]ieriment was conducted in planting potatoes at differ- ent depths from 1 to 8 in. Level cultivation was adopted and so but little soil wa.s thrown on the potatoes after planting. The best average yields for three years were obtained from planting 1 in. deep. As in previous years, it was found that most of the tubers were formed within 4 in. of the surface of the soil, even where the seed had been planted deeper, and where the sets were planted less than 4 in. deep nearly all the tul)ers were formed between that and the surface of the soil. At the farm in the Maritime Provinces barnyard manure was compared with commercial fertilizers on early potatoes, the results with the different fertilizers showing the largest yields from the plants treated with manure. Some experiments were made at different stations to compare the growth of vari- ous grains as mixtures and as pure grains. At Ottawa the best yields of grain were obtained from a mixture of 1 bu. each of barley, oats, and peas, and a mixture com- posed of I bu. of wheat, 1 bu. of oats, | bu. of peas, and | bu. of barley. The yields of grain of these two mixtures grown on 2-acre plats were practically the same, but the yield of oats alone, which was the largest in the series, was about one-third greater. As in the previous year in the Maritime Provinces a seeding mixture of 2 bu. of oats, 1 bu. of barley, and ^ bu. of peas gave a higher yield of grain than oats grown alone, and sowing this mixture at the rate of 3 bu. per acre gave larger yields than smaller amounts. In British Columbia a mixture of 1 bu. each of peas, oats, and l)arley gave slightly better yields than a similar mixture of peas, oats, and wheat. There was practically no difference in yield of clover from seed inoculated with Nitragin and from untreated seed at the British Columbia farm. The highest average yields in experiments of sowing wheat, oats, and barley 1, 2, and 3 in. deep at the Manitoba Station were obtained froui the medium depth of .sow- ing. A variety test with 56 varieties of tobacco was conducted at the Central Station as to the time of ripening and productiveness. The results of only 6 varieties, all of which had fully matured September 7, are recorded in a table. No conclusions are drawn. The results of a comparative chemical study of Ked Fife, Preston, Stanley, and 8347— No. 3—01 4 240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Percy wheats and moisture determinations of a number of Manitoba wheats made at the station are recorded. On account of the unfavorable season the sugar-beet analyses show unsatisfactory results. Field crops, vegetables, and fruits, L. M. Geismak {Michigan >Sta. Bvl. 186, pp. 8-17, pis. 8). — This bulletin is the first report of the branch station in the Upper Penin- sula. The work here set forth includes mainly experimental cultures made in 1900. Meteorological observations for a part of the season are reported in tables and the results of cultural and variety tests are briefly given. Tests on trial plats were made with oats, barley, spring rye, field peas, potatoes, rape, pumpkins, millet, and corn. Swedish turnips, beets, mangels, carrots, parsnips, salsify, lettuce, radishes, cabbage, onions, sugar beets, celery, and beans were tested in addition to the crops already mentioned. In most cases satisfactory and promising results were obtained, but in some instances abnormal weather conditions which prevailed interfered with the trials. The varieties of strawberries, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, black- berries, grapes, apples, pears, plums, and cherries, which made the best growth, are enumerated. What varieties of cereals have given the best results in East Germany and what has been done to improve them? Gisevius {Jahrb. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 15 {1900), pp. •225-246). — In this paper the varieties of spring and winter oats, spring and winter rye, oats, barley, and potatoes which have given the best results are enumerated. Range grass and forage plant experiments at Highmore, South Dakota, F. Lamson-Scribner ( U. H. Dept. Agr., Division of Agrostology Circ. 33, pp. 5). — This circular is a report of progress in experiments begun in 1899 (E. S. R., 11, p. 1032). It is based upon notes made by L. W. Carter, who had immediate charge of the work, and consists of brief records by plats. The grasses which gave promise the first year and again gave good results last year were: Smooth bunch grass {Foa laevigata), Nevada blue grass (P. nevadensis). King's fescue {Festuca kingii), Oregon brome grass {Bro- mus nnioloidcs). Japanese barnyard millet, common or foxtail millet, amber cane, Egyptian corn and milo maize, and Dwarf Victoria rape produced good yields. The culture of winter barley, A. Schmid {Dent. Landw. Fresse, 28 {1901), No. 7, p. 48). — An article on the culture of winter barley, with a discussion of its value for feeding purposes. Seed corn and some standard varieties for Illinois, A. D. Shamel {Illinois Sta. Bill. 63, pp. 29-56, figs. 13, map 1) . — This bulletin treats of the necessary quali- ties of seed corn, presents a list of the various characteristics of corn by which varie- ties may be systematically studied, and describes a number of varieties adapted to Illinois conditions. In the discussion of seed corn the author considers uniformity, vitality, and pedigree. The varieties described are Reid Yellow Dent, Golden Eagle, Iowa Silver Mine, Riley Favorite, White Superior, Learning, and Boone County White. The description of each variety includes its history and a detailed enumera- tion of the characteristics of the ear, which are also illustrated in the figures. Abstracts from the constitution and by-laws of the Illinois Seed Corn Breeders' Association are appended. Experiments with American varieties of corn, E. Ramm and C. Momsen {Deul. Landw. Fre.\se, 28 {1901), No. 10, p. 72, figs. 3).— The results with Mitchell Extra Early, Early Giant, and Extra Early grown from American seed are reported. The Mitchell Extra Early was the only variety that ripened its grain. Researches on the utilization of furze, A. C. Girard {Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 1, pp. 5-16). — A discussion of the utilization of furze ( Vlex enropea) for bedding for stock and as a fertilizer and a green manure. Chemical analyses of the plant are reported . Oats as grain and fodder, J. j\I. Bartlett {Maine I'iki. Bid. 70, jjp. 9-24). — This FIKLl) CROPS. 241 bullt'tiii (liscusK's the iin{x>rtanc'e and value of oats as jjrain and fodder and reports the results of analyses of oats grown in different parts of the State. Samples collected from 11 diffen-nt ri'gions. representing nearly all the oat growing sections of the State, were analyzed and the results are given in the following table: Composition of the grain of oats grown in different parts of Maine. Variety. Weight per bushel. Water. Ash. Protein. Crude flber. Nitrogen- free extract. Fat. Heat of combus- tion per gram. Pounds. Per cent. 8.39 8.66 8.73 11.15 8.07 11.35 10.20 10.23 10.18 10.92 9.84 9.21 11.69 9.09 11.16 9.46 Per cent. 3.03 3.59 3.01 2. 92 3.41 3.95 3.67 3.19 3.43 3.08 3.42 3.14 2.91 3.91 2.85 2.84 Per cent. 10.63 11.69 13.00 12. .56 12.13 10.75 11.13 10.88 11.38 11.25 9.93 12.75 11.56 12. 57 12. 12 11.50 Per cent. 13.92 13.47 12. 13 11.28 13.24 9.33 9.13 8.31 9.19 8.64 10.29 10.10 10. 62 11. 71 9.18 11.03 Per cent. 59.27 57.88 58. 20 57. 70 58. 26 61.27 60. 23 62.17 60.28 60. 25 61. 13 58. 36 57. 29 56.08 59. 03 60.13 Per cent. 4.76 4.71 4.93 4.39 4.89 3.35 5.64 5.22 5.54 5.86 5.39 6.44 5.93 6.64 5.66 5.04 Calorinn. 4 247 Do 4. 215 Do 4 270 Do 4.161 Do 4. 218 Do 34 34 33i 3U 34i 35 34 i 414 32i 37 41 4 203 Do 4.300 Scottish Chief 4.250 4. 232 4.285 Common 4. 2.58 White Russian Parker 4.376 4. 294 Common Western. . . Siberian Hogan 4.291 The results show that there is not so great a difference in the composition of light and heavy oats as is usually supposed, and the author concludes that the food value is about the same. Previously reported analyses of oat hay cut at different stages of growth, of different parts of the oat plant, of oat and pea and oat and vetch hays, and oats and oat products, and digestion coefficients of these substances obtained in experiments with sheep are tabulated (E. S. R., 11, pp. 964, 965, and 971). Old and new varieties of oats and the composition of the straw and the grain, A. P. Aitkex ( Trans. Highland a)id Agr. Soc. Scoflatid, 5. ser., 13 [1901), pp. 276-295). — This paper discusses the strength, quality and quantity of the straw, the weight, color and quality of the grain, and the tillering power of Waverly, Tartar King, Potato, Pioneer, Abundance, Goldtinder and American Beauty oats. The advantage of changing seed is shown by tabulated results of experiments in this line. The straw and grain of the different varieties were analyzed and the results are shown in tables and discussed at some length. The report on the test of varieties ujion which this article is based has been previously noted. (E. S. R., 13, p. 131.) Variety tests with oats, H. Biedenkopf {Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 49 {1901), No. 4, pp. 65-70). Ramie congress in Paris, A. Schulte {Beihrfte Tropenpflanzer, 5 {1901), No. 2, pp. .53-58). — An article discussing the ramie decorticating machines tested in connec- tion with the congress held at the Paris Exposition of 1900. Correlative variation in rye, C. Debruyker { Ilandelingcn van het derde Vlaamsch Natuur—en Geneeskundig Congress. Antwerp, 1899, pp. 76-88).— Jn a previous jiaper the author has shown that correlation exists between the length of the culm and the head, and the upper internode and the head of the rye plant. The deviation from the average length was greater in the head than in the first internode. This l)aper is the second contribution on the subject, and the purpose of the experimett here described was to determine whether desc-endants of plants showing such corre- lation would also show similar correlation. In one bed (No. 3) seeds were planted from plants of which both the spikes and the ujiper internodes were as near the average as possible. In l)eds 1 and 2 the seeds were taken from plants having the shortest heads, those in No. 1 being from plants with the shortest internodes and tliose in No. 2 from plants with the longest internodes. In beds 4 and 5, seeds from 242 EXPERIMENT STATION KEOORD. the longest ears were sown, those in No. 4 being from plants with the shortest inter- nodes and those in No. 5 from plants with the longest internodes. Seeds from heads midway between the shortest and the average were planted in bed No. 6, while bed No. 7 was planted with seeds from heads intermediate between the longest and the average. The seeds were planted separately and at convenient distances. The results from these plants and those from the mother plants are compared in a table. In 1897 the results showed great variations in the length of the upper internode, but in the progeny of these plants there was no great difference in the lengths of the first internodes and the heads. The characteristics, therefore, which distinguishep. 267). — The book treats of breed- ing cereals, beets, potatoes, grasses, and other forage plants. The physiological phase of plant breeding and the methods of selection and crossing are discussed. A chap- ter on the management of plant breeding is also given. HORTICULTURE. Fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental shrubs at the experimental farms in Canada, W. T. Macoun, W. S. Blair, S. A. Bedford, A. Mackav, T. A. Shari^e ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 97-119, 123-127, 132-143, 314-S33, 368- 389, 409-427, ^.5.<Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 36-46, figs. 7).— In continuation of the report of the previous year (E. S. R., 12, p. 761), the work carried on for the treatment of api>le scab is reviewed and a sununary given of the results obtained the fifth consecaitive year. During the season covered by this report both treated and untreated trees yielded good crops. The Winesap trees showed little difference to be attributed to the spraying. In the case of the Strawberry 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. apples the results were mure evident, as the yield of first-class fruit on the sprayed trees was considerably in excess of that upon the unsprayed ones. Notes are given on the l^acterial pear blight caused by Bacillus amylovorus, and the organism described. A number of inoculation experiments were conducted from which it was found that only the more tender and succulent parts of trees become infested and that second-year wood is not lial)le to become diseased even when injured or punctured. No infection results from the mere contact of the organisms with the surface of plants, and mechanical contact of blighted with healthy portions of trees is not liable to result in infection. As a means for preventing the spread of this disease the author recommends pruning of the blighted terminal shoots, and several weeks after l)looming is suggested as the best time for performing this opera- tion, since at that time all the infection of the year is liable to show itself. The canker in apple and pear trees, due to Sphxrojms malorum, is described at some length. This disease has been quite injurious in some parts of the State. It is frequently mistaken for fire blight, but can be readily distinguished by the shrink- ing and cracking of the bark over the infected areas. All diseased wood should be cut out and burned and the main trunk and body of the trees be protected with a wash of whale-oil soap, slaked lime, water, and wood ashes, or ordinary Bordeaux mixture with enough lime added to bring it to the consistency of whitewash. Pear blight and pear canker, F. D. Chester {Dekurare Sta. Bui. 52, pp. S, figs. 7 ). — This is essentially a reprint from the Annual Report of the Station for 1900. (See above. ) Investig-ations on a parasite of flax, E. Laurent {Bid. Agr. IBrussels'], 16 {1900) , No. 6, pp. 511-554, pi. 1). — A report is given of a study made to ascertain the cause of a blight of flax. The author claims that it is due to the fungus Asterocgstis radicis. This fungus plays an essential role in the development of the disease, although it is frequently followed by a number of other fungi. In addition to flax, it has been found that this fungus is parasitic upon the roots of a number of other plants, especially when the plants are young. Among the known host plants are mentioned spinach, radish, beets, peas, beans, alfalfa, white clover, cress, mustard, spurry, and flax. The fungus, it is found, can enter the roots only at a certain stage in their development, and the author conducted an extensive series of experiments to determine this period. In the case of flax, it is not possible to gain entrance after the thirteenth or fourteenth day from germination. It develops in the parenchyma and root hairs of the young root. It is propagated immediately by zoospores, which are very sensible to drying and to fungicides. For the preservation of the fungus, there are developed within the roots winter spores which are liberated by the decay of the roots. As a means for preventing the disease, rotation of crops is recommended, but it is stated that flax should not be grown on infested soil for at least 7 years after the fungus is known to be present in the soil. Treatment of oats for smut, A. D. Shamel {Illinois Stu. Bui. 64, j^p- 57-72, figs. 6). — The amount and nature of oat smut are described, and suggestions given for prevention by means of the hot w-ater and formalin treatments. Experiments were conducted in which the seed was heated in water at temperatures of 125, 132, 137, and 140° F., and the amount of smut, yield of grain and straw determined. Similar areas were sown with seed taken from the same lot, but not given any treatment, which showed from 2\ to 9»per cent smut in the crop, the yield of grain varying from 27^ to 46 bu. ; while in the different treatments the amount of smut varied from 0 to 5 per cent, and the grain crop from 22| to 50 bu. The same varieties of oats were submerged in a formalin solution, consisting of 1 pt. of formalin to 25 gal. of water. The oats were placed in sacks and immersed for 10 minutes, after which they were immediately sown. The resulting crop contained no snnit, and the yield of grain was 31.2 to 69.3 bu. per acre. Formalin as a preventive of oat smut, W. Stuart {Indiana Sta. Bui. 87, pp. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 255 f<7).— Tlie repults of 3 years' olxservation on the use of formalin as a means for the prevention of oat smut are given. In the investigations c^onsiderable variation was found in the content of formalin as sold by chemical supply firms. The variation consisted not only of differences in quantity, but in the specific gravity of the solution. In the experiments the different strengths of solution -were reduced so as to be com- parable. Comparisons were made between hot water and formalin for the preven- tion of oat snnit, in which the hot water proved entirely efiicient, seed treated 10 minutes at 185° F. being wholly without smut, while those soaked in formalin solu- tions showed a few smutted plants. The etficiency of the formalin was thoroughly established, and the ease with which it may be applied renders it preferable to the hot-water treatment. The effect of sprinkling or soaking the .seed was tested. The seed which was sprinkled was spread on a floor and thoroughly moistened with formalin solution. The effect of this treatment was compared with seed soaked for from i to 4 hours, the sprinkling method being found less efficient. The compara- tive value of formalin purchased in bulk and that which is put on the market in pomid bottles was tested, in which no material difference was found in the two kinds of formalin used. Apparently the cheaper formalin was just as efficient as the more costly article purchased in the makers' bottles. In the course of the investigations the effect of thorough screening of seed for smut prevention was tested, in which a portion of badly smutted seed was thoroughly screened and passed through a famiing mill and then seeded, which gave a decrease of 17 per cent in the amount of smut in the crop. The influence of formalin on the yield of grain showed some remarkable results in the crop of 1899. The gains on the plats in which the seed had been soaked in formalin solutions varied from 26 to 86 per cent over the yield obtained on the check plats. The experiments were repeated in 1900, and while there was an increase noted for the treated seed, it was less than that reported for the previous year. The resistance of the smut spores to formalin and hot water was tested, with results already noted (E. S. E.., 12, p. 768). It is shown that the smut spores are less resistant than grain, and that the solution continues to act upon the spores as long as the seed is wet. The author recommends the use of a 1:60 formalin solution in which seed is soaked from 1 to 2 hours, or J hour soaking in a 1:45 solution. If the seed is sprinkled a 1 : 45 solution is«recommended and the seed should be covered from 2 to 4 hours. As this strength of solution is slightly injurious to the germination of the seed, a greater amount of seed should be sown. The cost of treatment is said to be If cts. per bushel. The practical advantage obtained from treating seed oats with formalin varies from $1.60 to S4.20 i)er acre, as shown by the author's experiments. ■ The prevention of oat smut, E. S. Goff ( Wisconsin Sta. Spec. Bui., Mar., 1901, pj>. 4, fiys. 1). — A popular description is given of oat smut, the amount of injury caused by the fungus, and methods of prevention. The principal means suggested is the use of formaldehyde in which it is recommended that the seed be soaked or sprinkled with 1 lb. of formalin to 45 gal. of water. The cost of the treatment of the seed oats for 25 acres is placed at $1.20, and the increased yield due to the lack of smut would give a net profit of §11.80. The value of formaldehyde for the prevention of potato scab and directions for its use are also mentioned. Formalin and Massel powder as preventives of smut in oats and barley, W. Saunders {Cannda Expt. Farms Rj^ts. 1900, p. 12).— O&ia and barley were treated with a solution of formalin for different lengths of time, and with a fungicide known as Massel powder. In every case the amount of disease in the treated plats was less than in those plats the seed of which had not been given any treatment, but there was little i)reference as to the method of treatment. Experiments to prevent smut in oats and barley, K. Rouektson {Canada Expt. Farnu Iij>ls. 1900, pp.^SS-^So). — A report is given of experiments in which formalin 834T— No. 3—01 :> 256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and Massel powder were tested for the prevention of smuts of these crops. The results obtained are decidedly in favor of the formalin treatment. Test of smut preventives for wheat, S. A. Bedford {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, p. 343). — A brief report is given in which copper sulphate, formalin, and Mas- sel powder were tested for preventing the smut on Red Fife wheat. The treatment in all cases practically prevented the occurrence of smut, while the plats in which the seed had not been treated gave more than 10 per cent smutted heads. Test of smut preventives for oats and barley, S. A. Bedford ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 34S-350). — Formalin and Massel powder as means for the pre- vention of the smut of oats and barley were tested, and in the case of the oats the report shows that the Massel powder did not possess much value as a preventive, while formalin treatments practically prevented all smut. In the experiments with barley the best results were obtained where the seed had been soaked for 5 to 15 minutes in a solution of 4| oz. formalin to 10 gal. of water. Test of copper sulphate as a preventive of smut in wheat, A. Mackay {Can- ada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, p. 394) • — A brief account is given of experiments with copper sulphate as a preventive of smut in spring wheat, in which seed soaked for 15 minutes gave a crop of wheat free from smut. Test of formalin and Massel powder for the prevention of smut in oats and barley, A. Mackay {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, jip. 397-399). — The efficiency of both these fungicides for the prevention of smut of oats and barley is shown. The formalin treatment, in which the seed is soaked for 1 hour, gave the best results. Formalin and Massel powder as preventives for smut, T. A. Siiarpe ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 454, 455). — In the experiments reported none of the treatments seemed to be efficient in preventing the occurrence of smut to any appre- ciable degree. Experiments with Bordeaux mixture as a preventive of potato rot, W. S. Blair {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 334, 335). — A brief report is given of spraying experiments with Bordeaux mixture on 9 varieties of potatoes, which were given 4 applications of the fungicide. The unsprayed plants at the end of the season were badly blighted, while the sprayed ones remained green and were practically free from rot. With a single exception, the yield from the sprayed plats of all vari- eties was in excess of that from the unsprayed. . • Diseases of sugar cane, Z. Kamerling and H. Suringar {Gecombin. Mededi Pro- ef stats. Oost- en West Java. Cost Java, 3. ser., 1900, No. 22; ^Yest Java, 1900, No. 50; reprinted jrovn, Arch. Java Suikerind., 1900, No. 24, pp. 28). — The authors describe unsatisfactory growth and premature death of sugar cane as a result of the root rot, susceptibility of varieties to the disease, effect of fertilizing and culture on the root rot, and a bacterial disease of sugar cane. The first symptom of root disease in the sugar cane is the unsatisfactory growth due to the inadequate water supply, which is interfered with by reason of the decay of the roots. New roots are formed above the diseased ones, but these in turn soon become affected until finally the root system is reduced to a dense mat in aljout 6 cm. of surface soil. During the first severe drought the plants wilt, and soon the dead leaves have the grayish-brown appearance characteristic of this disease. If diseased plants are removed to healthy soil the new roots formed among the decaying ones remain healthy, seeming to show that the disease is caused by unfavorable soil con- ditions. Inoculation experiments with juice from diseased canes failed to give results, but it was observed that canes into which distilled water had been injected made a better growth than those receiving either healthy or diseased juice. The effects of wilting and premature death may be partly overcome by flooding the fields as soon as the presence of the disease is noticed. Cutting off the leaves to prevent evaporation is also practiced. Plants that die prematurely should be cut at once in order to save what juice there is. The juice is easily worked, but is small in DISEASES OF PLANTS. 257 quantity and of poor quality. Tables are given showing that the purity quotient as well as the percentage of available sugar is much lower in diseased than in healthy tissue. Experiments with fertilizers generally gave negative results, though manure was of some benefit from increasing the humus in the soil. Lime also had a beneficial effect in a few cases. It was not possible to control the disease by draining the soil, although this had some influence in retarding its appearance. All experiments indicate that the root rot is due in some manner still unexplained to the physical condition of the soil. Regarding the resistance of varieties the author found that all varieties are liable to the disease, but the kind known as Djamprohriel is the most resistant. In 1898 a disease of sugar cane was described under the name of bacteriosis, by Raciborski. It is characterized by the decay of the tissue in the lower part of the stem, the decay being accompanied by a strong sour odor. It appears most fre- quently where plants suffer from too much water, the immediate cause being cer- tain usually harmless ground bacteria, which multiply in the cells already broken down I)y an excess of water and an insufficient supply of air. The disease is not tmly parasitic, but is due to the unfavorable conditions under which the cane grows. Infection experiments all failed except when conditions were provided similar to those under which the plants become diseased in the field, and in those cases the check plants as well as the infected ones became diseased. — h. m. pietees. Finger and toe of cruciferous plants {Jour. Bd. Agr. \_London'], 7 (1900), No. 3, pp. 350-352). — A brief account is given of the disease generally known as club root of cruciferous plants, and the use of lime at the rate of 3 tons per acre is recom- mended as a preventive treatment. As the fungus causing this disease attacks a great number of plants of the mustard family, special attention should be paid to weeds, such as charlock, wild mustard, and shepherd's purse. Notes on celery blight, C. O. Townsexd {3faryland Sta. Bid. 74, pp. 167-182, figs. 9). — A description is given of the celery blight {Cercosjwra apii) and an account of observations and experiments made in 1898, 1899, and 1900, in which the effect of shading and spraying the plants with ammoniacal copper carbonate solution and Bordeaux mixture is given. As a result of the experiments it is shown that the celery blight may be kept under control l)y the use of either of the fungicides. The tabular report shows the best results were obtained wliere the plants were sprayed once a week with Bordeaux mixture, but the author believes that ammoniacal copper car- bonate would prove as satisfactory should the treatment be begun when the plants are in the seed bed and continue throughout the season until the weather becomes cool enough to prevent the development of the fungus. Shading retarded to some extent the progress of the disease, but did not prevent it completely. Onion smut, A. D. Selby (Ohio Sta. Bid. 122, pp. 71-84, fig>^. 4)- — A brief account is given of the history of the onion smut fungus {Uruci/stii^ cepuhr), its distribution and manner of infection are descril)ed, and general directions given for the prevention of its spread. A preliminary account is given of exi)oriments conducted for tlie pre- vention of this disease. Trials with sulphur and a solution of formaldehyde, and the use of phosphatic fertilizers were made in 1899 without any definite results. In 1890 field trials were made with the use of sulphur, various solutions of formaldehyde, salicylate of soda, salicylic acid, and lime. The results of these different treatments are shown in tabular form, and it appears that the germination of the seed was injured to some extent by a treatment of sulphur, salicylic acid, salicylate of soda, and lime slaked by sprinkling water up(jn it after application; while favorable influ- ence on germination was exerted by the formalin and possibly by soil treatment of lime. The results obtained by the different treatments showed a decided superiority for the plats which had received formalin and lime, and based upon the i)reliniinary experiment given the author recommends the application of formalin at the rate of 258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 1 lb. to 35 to 50 gal. of water, to l)e api^lied with a sprinkler on the scattered seeds, after which they are promptly covered with earth; or the application of stone lime, spreading it before slaking and either covering or harrowing the gromid soon after. Further experiments are to be conducted to establish the commercial value of the methods indicated. The Fusicladiums of fruit trees, E. Adekhold {('entbl. Bakf. u. Par., 2. Aht, 6 {1900), No. IS, pp. 593-595, pi. 1). — In a previous paper ^ the author gave the results of his investigations on Fiisldad'mm dcndrUkum and F. pirinum, and showed that they were associated in their perithecial form witb VeMuria inivquaUs and V. pirhia. In the present jjaper studies on the host plants and scientific relationships are dis- cussed, especial attention being given to F. ceraM. For this species the author describes the perithecial form as. Venturia cerim, n. sp. Its host plants are said to be the various stone fruits in cultivation and doubtless many of the wild species of Prunus. The host plants for F. deyidriticuni are said to be Pyrus malus and its related species. A variety also occurs on Sorbus, and in all probability attacks various species of Crataegus. F. pirinuvi attacks species of Pyrus belonging to the group Pirophora. Infection experiments with F. pirinum showed the spores began germi- nation at about 2° C, and were very active between 10 and 20° C. The entrance of the mycelium to the host plant is believed to be due to the presence of a ferment. The period of incubation was found to be from 12 to 14 days. As a means for com- bating these diseases, the author recommends the collection and burning of all fallen leaves, winter spraying with a strong copper sulphate solution, and 3 ai^plications of Bordeaux mixture during the growing season. The Fusicladiums of fruit trees, R. Adekhold (Landir. Jahrb., 29 {1900), No. 4-5, pp. 541-588, pis. 4)- — The author describes at length a number of species of Fusicladium which occur on the more common fruit trees. The biology of the fungi, their scientific relationships, and numerous inoculation experiments are given, together with suggestions for the prevention of the diseases. The substance of this paper is noted above. Monilia fructigena as a cause of diseases of fruit trees, L. Montemartini {Riv. Patol.Veg., 8 {1900), Nos. 7-12, pp. 210-:?1S).—A description is given of this fungus, which causes the rot of many fruits. Its parasitism and methods of propaga- tion are described. Various' remedial measures are suggested, among them the use of sulphur on the ripening fruit, or spraying with Bordeaux mixture. A bibliography of about 50 titles relating to this suljject concludes the paper. The fungus diseases of orange trees in Brazil, F. Noack {Ztschr. Pflanzen- hrcrnk., 10 {1900), No. 6, pp. 321-335, jd. 1). — The author describes a number of diseases of orange trees caused by parasitic fungi, several of the species of which have been hitherto undescribed. The fungi causing these diseases are Mycosphserella loefgreni, n. sp., Septoria loefyreni, n. sp., Oplnonectria coccicola, CoUetotrichum gloeospo- rioides, Glcjcosporium spegazzitd, and Didymella cifri, n. sp. The technical characters of the new species are given, the nature of their attack upon the host, and, so far as known, suggestions given for the prevention of the disease. Diseases of the pear, L. De Nobele {BuI. Arhor.et Flor., 1900, jip. 45-48, 124- 127, IS8-I4O, 199-201, 208-240). A monograph of the Peronosporaceae, A. N. Beklese {Riv. Putol. Veg., 9 {1900) , Nos. 1-5, pp. 1-126, figs. 21). — This contribution is in continuation of a previous paper (E. S. R., 10, J). 561), treating of the downy mildews, etc. In the present paper the genera Cystopus, Phytophthora, Basidiophora, Plasmopora, and Sclerospora are described. The morphological and l)iological characters of the fungi are described at some length, in addition to the usual systematic diagnosis of the sjjecies. Where the fungi are the cause of diseases of imijortant economic crops the method of attack iLandw. Jahrb., 1896^ p. 875. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 259 and means for prevention are iliscuHsed at. eonsiderable len<,'t]i. The lunuljer of ppeeies recognized by tlie autlior are as foUoAvn: CystoiniH, 18; I'hytoplitliora, 4; Basidiopliora, 1; Plasniopora, 18; Sclercspora, 4. Concerning a grape disease in the Caucasus region, L. Montemartini and R. Fakxeti { All i Inst. Hot. Vnic. Paiia, 2. .src, 7 {^1900), pjt. 7,7; aJti^. in Bnl. Ccntbl.,S5 {1901), No. 12, pp. 204, '205). — The autliors have made a stud}- of the fungus causing a disease of grapes in tl>e Caucasus, tiie general api)earance of wliicli is similar to that of the black rot. It differs, however, from the l)lack-rot fungus, Phi/mJospora [LfT.siacZttf] bldtirUil, and also from that more recently described as fiaignardla reni- formis. The name given the; organism causing the disease is f'liyxahspora woroninii, a description of wiiich is given. Grape rots in Ohio, A. 1). SEUiv {Oliio Stu. Ilid. 12S, pp. 85-94, Jigs. 3). — A brief account is given of the different diseases to whi(;h the grapes are subject, particular attention being paid the black rot and the white or ripe rot. The influence of soil and variety upon the amount of disease is shown, and suggestions given for the prevention of these diseases by the use of fungicides. Experiments in the prevention of grape rot, A. D. Selbv and J. F. Hicks ( Oldo Sta. Bid. 123, pp. 94-102). — A report is given of a series of experiments conducted in an Ohio vineyard in w' hich the vines were given 7 or 8 sprayings of Bordeaux mix- ture, formalin solution, salicylic acid and lime, and salicylate of soda. The applications were begun April 18 and continued at intervals of about 2 weeks until the middle of August. The black rot appeared at about the usual time and destroyed nearly all the crops in the unsprayed rows, and. the rows sprayed with salicylate of soda and the salicylic acid-lime solution were severely injured. The cost of spraying with 4 applications of Bordeaux mixture, followed by 3 of ammoniacal copper carbonate solution, is given at $11.39 per acre. On the misjirayed portion there were prac- tically no marketable crops. The most favorable results were oljtained where 5 applications of Bordeaux mixture were followed by 3 of ammoniacal copper carbon- ate. The effect of omitting some of the applications was tested and it was found that the omission of spraying the young shoots just before blossoming showed as a . result a loss of 90 per cent from black rot. Earlier or later omissions of spraying showed no decided loss. The total beneficial result on the vineyard experimented upon, which contained Concord grapes, was a saving of about 50 per cent of the marketable crop. Upon more favorable soils better results have been obtained. The standard strength of Bordeaux mixture (4 lbs. of copper sulphate, 4 lbs. of lime, and 50 gal. of water) j^roved equally as efficient as greater strengths, and shorter intervals than 2 weeks between sprayings are recommended after June 20. Hexenbesen on cacao trees, J. Ritzema-Bos ( Orgaan Ver. Oudleer. Rijls. Land- hoiucscJiooI, 12 [1900), No. 149, pp. 220-224, figs. 3). — The author examined branches of cacao trees affected with a disease resembling the well-known hexenbesen of the cherry. The growths are thicker than the twigs upon which they are borne. They are upright, twisted, and bear small curled leaves, on one of which were formed spores of a species of Exoascus. The disease is attributed to a new species called provisionally Exoascus throhrorinv. The remedy suggested is persistently cutting out the abnormal growths and l)urning tliem. — ii. M. pieters. The dwarf mistletoe in Michigan, C. F. Wheeler [Michigan Sta. Bid. ISO, j)p. 27, 28, pis. 4)- — A brief account is given of the occurrence of the dwarf mistletoe [Arceuthohiu7u jmsUlurn) . This mistletoe was observed on l)lack spruce in tamarack swamps a short distance from the station. It was noticed in a nund,>er of other places and seems to be widely distributed in the upper peninsula, having been observed in nearly every tamarack swamp to a distance of a hundred miles. In some of the swamps nearly every tree had been killed. The parasite stinuilates the branches of the tree to extra growth, forming witches' brooms of considerable size, and when a number of branches are affected the tree dies as a result of the attack. A fungus 260 • EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ( Wallrothirlld arrrutltohii.) was found parasitic in the fruit of the mistletoe, and it is thought tha;t tlie fungus will to a considerable extent check the spread of the pest. Fungus diseases of forest trees, H. von Schrenk ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 190-210, p)h. .5). — The author describes some of the more important fungus diseases to which forest trees are subject, giving special reference to such as render the wood unfit for luml^er. The general nature of wood-destroying fungi is described and the method by which trees become infected indicated. Among the more destructive fungi the autlior describes Tranietcs plni, Polyporus sdni'einitzn, P. sul- fureus, P. igniarius, P. 'nigricans, P. annosics, P. rimosns, and P. junipt'rlnus. In order to save the timber it is recommended that as soon as dead or severely attacked, diseased timber should be cut. This will prevent depreciation in the value of timber and also the scattering of the spores to other trees, thus spreading the disease. A disease of elm trees, B. G. AliSo {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London'], 33 {1900), No. 3, p)p- 343-345). — A disease affecting elm trees near Tarancon, Spain, is described. The trees at this place are largely cultivated for timl)er, but have recently been trou- bled with a disease which while not apparent on the living trees, shows itself very plainly in the timber. The trees appear healthy and there is no external sign of deterioration, nor of any fungi or insects. They seem to be in a normal condition, the foliage being abundant and fruit fully up to the normal. They continue in this condition mitil full grown, when cracks appear in the trunk, generally on the surface at first but increasing in depth with the age of the tree until in old specimens the cracks pierce to the heart of the tree. It often happens that no injury is present when a tree is cut, but the wood after being worked falls to pieces. The author has made a careful study of the subject, but has been imable to determine definitely the cause of this peculiar behavior of the trees. As no parasites are present it is believed to be a disturbance of the physiological functions of the tree. Concerning- some fungi occurring on tropical culture plants, A. Zimmermann ■{Ccntbl. Baki. u. Par., 2. AU., 7 {1901), Nos. 3,2ip. 101-106; 4, pp. 139-147, Jigs. 24).— Critical notes are given and new species described of a number of fungi which have been observed on economic plants in various parts of Java. The host plants in most cases were tea, coffee, cacao, betel, and Melia azedarach. Two ne-w smuts on Eriocaulon septangulare, G. P. Clinton {Rhodora, 3 {1901), No. 28, pp. 79-82, Jigs. 2). — Descrijitions are given of 2 new species of smuts, namely, T(ih/}>osp)orin))i erioaadl and Ustilago eriocauU. A new disease of Caragana arborescens, A. von Jaczewski {Ztschr. Pflanzen- krank., 10 {1900), No. 6, p/>. 340-343). — A description is given of a fungus disease of Caragana, which is due to attacks of an undescriljed species, to which the name Pleospora caraganx is given. This was previously noted from a Russian publication (E. S.R., 12, p. 859). Chlorosis, a physiological study, ('. CnEVALiEii {Bdg. Jfort.et Agr., 12 {1900), No. 9, pp. 132, 133). Description of the infection house and system of experiments of the Dahlem experimental field, C. von Tubeuf {Arb. K. Gesundheitsamte, Biol. Abt., 2 {1901), No. 1, pp. 101-103, figs. 4). ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, J. Fletcher ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 195-248, figs. 18). — Hessian fly was unusually destructtve during the season. In some stems of infested wheat, this insect was found associated with the wheat stem maggot. The Hessian fiy was active and laid eggs considerably later in the fall than is usually the case, thus necessitating a delay in the fall wheat sowing for a week or more. The wheat stem sawfly {Cephus pygmseus) is reported as injurious in the Northwest Territory. For combating this insect the author recommends burning or ENTOMOLOGY. 201 plowing uncU'r tlie .s(iil)l)K', buriiiiijj; iinused straw in the spring, and .snnimer fallow- ing every other year. Red-backed cutworm {Carneadcs ochroijasler) was injurious to turnijis and other garden plants. Grasshoppers caused considerable damage to field crops but were successfully combated by burning and plowing stubble fields and by the use of hopper-dozers and poisoned bait. The species chiefly concerned were Melanoplus packardii, M. atlanis, and Camnula jjellucida. Brief notes are given on the occv-rrence and injuries of wdiite grubs, the pea weevil, the destructive pea ai)his, and pea moths {Scmasia nigricana) . In combating the last-named insect the author recommends 3 sprayings with Paris green, 1 when the blossoms begin to fall, the second a week later, and a third after another 10 days. Descriptive and economic notes are presented on the variegated cutworm {Peri- droma saucia) , and spotted cutworm {Noctua c-nigrum). The author describes these species in detail and gives a summary of reports of correspondents concerning their appearance and injuries. Notes are also given on parasites and predaceous enemies of these species, and a general discussion is given of the approved remedies for fighting cutworms.' The cabbage jjlusia is rejjorted as having attacked chrysanthemums, smilax, and other plants, as well as cabbages. Experiments with the San Jose scale showed that while whale-oil soap at the strength of 2 lbs. to 1 gal. of warm water killed many of the scales, it was not as effective as the crude petroleum. The latter insecticide gave good results when used with a mechanical mixture of water, containing 30 per cent of the petroleum. This mixture caused uo damage to apple trees, but should be used with care on plum and peach trees. A few San Jos6 scale escaped on every tree which was treated, and the author believes that a combination of whale-oil soap and crude petroleuhi may be more effective. The palmer worm caused considerable damage to apple trees on the northern shore of Lake Ontario. Greenhouse leaf tier {Phlydxnia fcrrugalis) caused some loss by its attack upon roses, violets, and chrys- anthenmms. As a remedial treatment the author recommends hand picking of leaves on which caterpillars are found. Cucxecia parallela is reported as an enemy of rose bushes in greenhouses. It attacks the leaves and draws them together by means of silk threads. In fighting this insect the author recommends hand picking of the caterpillars and spraying or fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. Brief notes are given on a number of insects injurious to forage crops, fruits, and vegetables. A report on apiary experiments is made by John Fixter. The natural stores of 4 colonies were extracted on September 17, and in all 8 lbs. of sugar were fed to these bees. At the beginning of the feeding the average weight of hives and colonies was 335 lbs., and at the close 525 lbs. Experiments were made in wintering bees and in noting the effect upon the strength of "the colony of various times of moving from the winter quarters. On March 10, 18 colonies were moved, 6 being placed in a sheltered apiary, 6 in a house apiary, and 6 in an exposed apiary. The balance of the colonies were taken from their winter quarters on April 8. On April 18 an examination of the colonies showed that in every instance those that were set out first had more brood and eggs and appeared to be more active than those which were set out later. A list of plants, trees, and shrubs on which bees were seen working is given. The results of experiments with comb foundations and sections showed that the smaller the sheet of foundation which was used, the more holes or gaps there were around the comb in the sections. The author recommends, there- fore, that full sheets of foundation be used. Report of the entomolog'ist, E. D. S.\NDEitsoN {Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 14^- 238, figs. l'J,2>ls. 5). — An article on the strawberry root-louse and the destructive pea louse (pp. 143-186) has already been noted {Y.. S. R., 12, p. 970). Notes are given on a number of apple insects, including Aplils sorbi, A. padi, Sleganoptijcha pgricolana, Caaecia rosaceana, etc. Similar notes were published in Division of Entomology Bulletin 20 (E. S. R., 12, p. 861). 262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A few experiments with crude iietruleuni as a remedy for San Jose scale on pear trees indicated that a 25 per cent jnechanical mixture was as effective as nndihited petroleum. Biological and economic notes are given on Mesograpta polita, Myzus porosux, a number of insects injurious to clover, horse hots, striped cucumber beetles, boll- worm, harlequin cabbage bug, and corn root-louse. A paper on hydrocyanic-acid gas as an insecticide for low-growing plants has been previously noted (E. S. E., 12, p. 861). The diffusion of hydrocyanic-acid vapor in an inclosed space is discussed by C. L. ' Penny. Preliminary experiments in taking samples of air from fumigating rooms were made by the use of 5-gallon Seltzer bottles, from which the air was exhausted and into which the gas could be admitted by a movement of the stopcock. Analysis of the air and gas mixture thus obtained indicated that immediately after the genera- tion of the hydrocyanic-acid gas there is an excess of gas around the generator. Within 2 minutes' time this excess disappears, leaving only one-third of the normal quantity of gas near the generator, while 21 times the normal quantity is found at the opi^osite end of the fumigating box. This excess rapidly diminishes and the gas increases in density around the generator so that a tendency toward equilibrium is noted, although more than 20 minutes is required for the establishment of a perfect equilibrium. These experiments were conducted in a box A\ith a capacity of 60 cu. ft., wdth dimensions 8 by 3 by 24 ft. Similar experiments were made in boxes of dif- ferent sizes and shapes, and it is concluded that in spontaneous diffusion within a closed space the quantity of hydrocyanic-acid gas at a given point may be as low as 23 per cent of the normal quantity and as high as 27.2 per cent. Inequality does not persist for a great length of time, but is sufficient to render it certain that the amount of cyanid of potassium used per cubic foot is no guarantee of a sufficient amount of gas in all parts of the space to be fumigated, or of too little to injure the i:)lants. Experiments in a room 20 by 19 by 10 ft. indicated that when a generator is placed near one wall, the gas rises vertically from the generator and, following the ceiling, descends on the opposite side of the room and completes the circuit by returning along the floor. Of the total amount of hydrocyanic-acid gas, about 5 per cent remains in the generators, 7 per cent is lost by leakage or surface condensation on the walla of the room, while 88 per cent is diffused and becomes effective for insecticide purposes. The results of these experiments were made use of in further experiments in fumi- gating boxes. It was found that when gas was allowed to diffuse spontaneously from 1 generator, the diffusion was very unequal for a considera])le length of time, and that it was i)ossi):)le for an animal like the guinea pig to live at least 37 minutes in the fumigation l)ox. It is recommended that the generator be placed below the part of the fumigating box which contains the plants and that communication be made by means of numerous slits, so as to insure the rapid and equal diffusion of the gas. Insect attacks in 1900, R. S. MacDougall {Tram. Hkjhland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. ser., 13 {1901), pp. 296-305, figs. 7). — Phyllopertha horticola is described in detail in its various stages. The adult beetle injures forest and orchard trees by feeding upon the leaves. The eggs are deposited in the soils of gardens and grass lawns, and the grass and fruit are injured chiefly by attacks ujjon the roots. It is recommended that adult beetles be shaken from trees early in the morning into some catching apparatus, and that infested soil be treated with from 3 to 4 tons of gas lime per aci'e. Onion fiy {Phorbia ceparum) is reported as having caused considerable injury during the year. Brief notes are given on the life history of the species. Infested plants may be recognized by the leaves changing to a yellow color. For combating ENTOMOLOGY. 263 this pi'st tlic use of kainit and nitrate eets. Its natural food plants are said to be species of Chenopodium and Atriplex. Spraying with Paris green proved very effective in the destruction of the jtest. Mites injurious to field crops, A. Bekf.ese {Rir. Ptttnl. Vi'(j., S {1900), No. 7-12, pp. 227-291, fujx. 61). — This paper contains descriptions, biological and economic notes on a large number of genera, including Pediculoides, Bryol)ia, Tetranychus, Tarsonenius, etc. A bibliography is given of literature relating to the subject. The destructive green-pea louse, F. 11. Chittenden {U. S. Dept. Agr., Divinon of Entomolorjy Circ. 43, 2. ser.,pp. 8, figs. 3). — A brief description is given of the insect in its different stages, together with an account of the extent of injury to peas and otherplant,« upon which itdepredates. Mentionismadeof a number of natural enemies of this in.sect, including the lady beetles, lace-wing flies, red mites, syrphus flies, and a parasitic fungus Empasa (ipJiidis. Among the artificial remedies which are recom- mended for conti'oUing this insect, mention should be made of the use of kerosene- soap emulsion, the brush and cultivator method, the brush and pan method, and rotation of cro})S. Experiments with, lime mixtures for the eradication of scale insects, ^\^ T. Macoun ( Canada Expt. Faniis Rpts. 1900, pp. 119-123) . — Experiments in whitewash- ing trees to retard the swelling of buds in the spring showed that this treatment was effective in destroying the oyster-shell bark-louse. The formula used was lime 60 lbs., water 24 gal., skim milk 6 gal. This produced a thick mixture which was difficult to spray. The trees were sprayed 6 times, and since this was considered too expensive for treatment against scale insects, experiments were tried to determine how many applications were necessary for this purpose. In these experiments 2 lbs. of lime were used to the gallon of water, and the trees were sprayed on November 17, 20, 27, and December 7. The mixture did not adhere as well as when skim milk was used, and began to peel off after a period of 10 days. The results indicated, however, that 2 sprayings were quite sufficient to give satisfactory results in destroying the oyster-shell bark-louse. Further experiments were made to determine the minimum strength of lime neces- sary to obtain satisfactory results. These experiments, while not leading to definite conclusions in all respects, indicated that the best time to spray for this purjjose is in autumn rather than winter uv spring. An apple tree was sprayed twice with a solution containing 2 lbs. of lime, 1 gal. of water, 1 quart skim milk, 5 oz. of salt. The .second spraying was done when the leaf buds were opening. No injury resulted to the tree. Experiments with lime mixtures on peach trees infested with the San Jose scale, and on plum trees infested with the New York scale, indicated that these scales were not destroyed by this method. Experiments in Italy in destroying- the scale lice of cultivated plants, G. Del GrERCio {Nuuvc Rdaz. R. SUiz. Eiit. Agr., 1. xer., 1900, No. 3, pp. 417-42").— The experiments reported in this article were carried out with the assistance of Prof. I']. Banjni. These experiments showed that a single treatment with a soap emulsion oi oil of tar containing 1 per cent of tar was (juite etficient against young scale lice just hatched, but did not completely rid the plants of infestation. A 2 or 8 per cent solution of the same mixture was very effective and jjlants thus treated seemed to make a vigorous growth. The San Jose scale, J. Ritzema-Bos {Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, 6 {1900), No. 5-6, pp. 152-159).— The author discusses the dangers from importing San Jose scale on nursery stock and fruit, and concludes that there is little likelihood that San Jos^ scale which are imported on fruit will escape into orchards. 266 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. San Jose scale, Y. S.iostedt {Scrnfibt Triidgdrdsfor. Tkhlr., 1900, Nos. 10, pp. 153-156; 11-12, pp. 180-182, figs. 6). — A general account of the habits, life history, and remedies for this insect. Pure kerosene for San Jose scale {Agr. Gaz. New South Wcdes, 12 {1901), No. 2, J). 236). — Apple trees were painted with pure kerosene during a dormant condition. The scales were all killed by the application and the trees were not injured. Classification of Aspidiotus, G. Leoxardi {Riv. Patol. Veg., 8 {1900), No. 7-12, pp. 298-369, figs. 22). The scale insect and mite enemies of citrus trees, C. L. Maklatt ( U. S. Dept. Ayr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 247-290, pis. 6, figs. 25). — The author presents a general account of the life history and habits of scale insects, wdth especial reference to those which are injurious to citrus trees. A discussion is also given of the various methods which have been found most successful in treating these insects, including various sprays and fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. Special descriptive, biological, and economic notes are given on Mytila.'ipis gloveri, M. citricola, Aspidiotus ficus, A. .aurantii, A. liedens, Parlatoria ])ergandei, Chionaspis citri, Lecanium olecc, L. hesperidum, L. hemisphxricum, Ceroplasfes floridensis, C. cirripediformis, Icerya jmrchasi, Dactylopius citri, AJf'i/rndes citri, Phytoptus oleivorus, and Tetranychus sexmacidatus. Phylloxera, J. A. Ortiz {Bol. Ofic. Agr. Ganndera, 1 {1901), Mar., pp. 63-67).— A general description of the insect and a historical account of its introduction into Argentina. Smyrna fig culture in the United States, L. O. Howard ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- hook 1900, pp. 79-106, 2)ls. 7, figs. 7). — This article contains a historical account of the introduction of the fig insect into California, with brief notes on the possibility of fig culture in the United States. The various stages of Blastophaga grossorum are described and illustrated. Insects injurious to pine trees, K. Hagstro.m {Landtmannen, 11 {1900), No. 51, pp. 821, 822). — The life history and injurious habits of Hylesinus piniperda are described in considerable detail. As a remedy against this insect it is suggested that a few pine trees be felled in January and allowed to remain upon the ground until the larvse are ready to cliange into the pupal condition. The bark may then be stripped from such logs and burned along with the larvte. Mites injurious to animals, R. S. MacDougall ( Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. .sec, 13 {1901), pp. 244-276, figs. 8) .—A general scheme of classification for mites is presented and a discussion is given of injurious ticks and approved remedies for combating the common species which are injurious to animals. Among the mites which are discussed in the report, mention may be made of Demodex folliculorum, Trombidium holosericeum, Leptus autumnalis, species of Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, and Symbiotes, which cause mange on domestic animals, sheep tick, dog tick, and chicken mite. A general discussion is given to the subject of dips for use in the treatment of sheep scab. Protection of animals against the attacks of flies, G. del Guercio {Nuove Relaz. R. Staz. Eat. Agr., 1. ser., 1900, No. 3, pp. 421-424)-— The author had consid- erable success in dri\ing away forest flies {Hippohosca equina) by the use of a solution of olive oil and kerosene. Similar experiments were tried in protecting cattle against the attacks of Tahanns autumnall% T. hovinus, and T. morio. An animal treated with this solution was observed for a period of 2 hours in a locality where the Tabanidpe were numerous, and during this time only 3 skin punctures were made and those Avere in locations which had not been reached by the insecticide. Another animal which was left without an application of the insecticide was seriously bitten by the flies. The mixture recommended l)y the author contains 100 parts of olive oil and 5 parts of kerosene. Parasites of insect pests, C. Harper {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Australia, 3 {1901), N^o. 2, pp. 114-122). — This article contains notes on a dipterous parasite of grasshop- FOODS NUTRITION. 267 pers and observations on parasites of the fruit fly and black scale. Notes are also ]iresented by A. Despeissis on injurious rabbits, the fertilization of the Smyrna fig, and on the codling moth and Immblebee. Dust spray, J. J. Kiseu ( IVanx. Illlnow Ilort. Sac, n. .syt., ;?4 {1900), pp.21S-22S). — The author discusses the effectiveness and convenience of application of insecticides and fungicides in adry form. Chemistry of insecticides and fungicides, F. T. Sul'tt {Canndd Ex jd. Farms UptH. lUOO, pp. 185-1S7). — The author made analyses of whale-oil soap and Arborine. The efficient action of whale-oil soap is supposed to require that the soap be made of potash rather than soda, since the former mixture is soft soap and the latter hard soap. Analyses of a number of the samples were made for determining the water and potash content. As compared with what is considered the standard for such soaps, these samples were somewhat deficient in potash. As whale-oil soap is frequently con- sidered a stimulant to the growth of trees, the author made an estimate of the amount of potash in an ordinary application of this insecticide. When 2 lbs. of soap are used per gallon and about 2 gal. of the solution sprayed upon a mature tree, it is estimated that 14 lbs. of potash are sprayed upon each acre of gi-ound. It is not believed that the potash is absorbed through the leaves, but that after being washed off upon the ground it gains entrance to trees by root absorption. The samples of Arborine analyzed indicated that the substance is essentially a mixture of ocher, sulphur, and asafetida. It is stated that it probably acts as a deterrent against the attacks of certain insects, i^ut that the price asked for the com- pound is too great in comparison with the cost of the constituents. Bibliography of the more improtant contributions to American economic entomology, VII, X. Baxks ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Dirislon of Enotntologi/, pp. 113). — A list is given containing 1,383 titles of entomological articles which appeared during the yeara 1897-1899,. inclusive. A considerable portion of the titles listed are newspaper articles. FOODS— NUTRITION. A new process of bread making, G. Lebbin {Hyg. Runxhchaii , 10 {1900), No. 9, pp. 4^9-41.5) . — Experiments are reported on a process of bread making in which the grain is soaked, and on the composition of the bread, and its digestibility as deter- mined in 2 trials. Leguminous bread, R. Fanto {Ztschr. Angew. Chem.., 1900, pp. 979, 9S0; aliK. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 19 {1900), No. 11, p. 1031). — A flour suitable for bread making, according to the author, is obtained by mixing bean meal and wheat gluten. Bread made in different ways from such flour mixtures is described. Malted bread, Goodfellow {Sanitary Home, 3 {1901), No. 5, pp. 116-118).— K synopsis of a lecture printed in the "Epicure." The food value of meats, Helen T. Sheldon {Agr. Studnit,? {1901), No. S, pp. 154, 155). — X brief summary. When is meat spoiled? 0. ^Iai {Ztschr. Untermch. Nahr u. Gemimntl., 4 {1^01), No. 1, pp. 18-21) . — lOxperiniental data are reported. According to the author decom- position of meat may be divided into 4 stages. The first is not characterized by the l)resence of chemica.1 decomposition products, although after 3 or 4 days the ratio of anunonia to total nitrogen is increased. In the second stage amin bases of tlie aliphatic series, especially trymethylamin can be detected as well as amido acids. The third stage is one of marked decomposition. It is characterized by the odor, etc. In this stage, the amido acids disappear and fatty acids are observed and also, at times, indol and skatol. The amins l)ecome so abundant that they may be easily isolated. Finally ptomaines, for instance, putrescin, are ol)served. In the fourth stp.ge, all these bodies slowly disappear, being replaced by simpler decomposition 268 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. products, until finally only ammonia is noted. Naturally the first two stages are those which are of most interest to students of nutrition. If the ammonia content of any sample of meat or meat product exceeds the normal, such goods can not longer be recommended, and if more than a trace of trymethylamin occurs, the meat is spoiled from a chemical standpoint. In case of sausages, the skins are character- ized by the early occurrence of hydrogen sulphid, indol, and skatol, as well as rela- tively large amounts of amins and fatty acids. Therefore especial attention should be paid to the skins of the sausage and the material immediately adjoining, a.s this portion shows the first indications of decay. Contribution to the subject of the elementary composition and the heat of combustion of the muscular tissue of different animals, A. Kohler {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 31 {1901), No. 5-6, pp. 479-519).— -The elementary composition of the heat of combustion of a number of kinds and cuts of meat are reported in detail and the analytical methods followed are described. The average values for several sorts of meat follow: Average composition of a immher of kindx and cvt^s- of meat. Carbon. Hydro- gen. Nitrogen. Sulphur. Oxygen. Heat of com- bustion per gram. Beef . Per cent. 52.54 52.71 52.53 52.83 52.36 52.64 Per cent. 7.14 7.17 7.19 7.10 6.99 7.10 Per cent. 16. 67 . 16.60 16.64 16.90 16.88 15.55 Per rent. 0.52 .59 .69 Per cent. 33.12 22.95 22.96 Calories. 5,677.6 Pork .' 5, 675. 8 5, 638. 7 5, 616. 6 .5 .64 23.28 24.08 5,617.3 5,599.0 The author concludes from his observations and the work of other investigators that it is not possible to extract all the fat from animal food even if the extraction is long continued. Contribution to the examination and judging of egg pastes, A. Beythien and E. Wr.vmpei.meyeh {Ztsclir. UntcrmcJi. Xahr. ii. GerinssiiilL, 4 (1901), No. 4, pp- 145-156) . — Method and results are given of the analyses of a number of samples of egg noodles and similar goods. The value of potatoes as food, C. F. Langwortuy ( U. 8. Dept. Ayr-. Yearbook 1900, pp. 337-348, Jign. 3). — The botanical structure, chemical composition, and nutri- tive value of potatoes are discussed, together with the effects of cooking, flavor, and other related topics. Food value of the sweet potato {Queensland Agr. Jour . ,7 {1901), No. 4, p- 300). — A brief note quoting composition. The sweet potato, G. McCarthy {Bui. North Carolina State Bd. Agr., 22 {1901), No. 4, pp- 33-35). — A descriptive article giving also methods of preparation for the table. Rice cookbook, Mrs. S. A. Knapp {HouHton, Tex.: >S. F. B. Morse, 1901, pp. 1-48, figs. 15, dgtits. ,J). — The food value of rice is discussed at some length, and a large number of recipes given for cooking rice. The dietetic value of sugar, H. W. Gardner {Birtaingham: Hall & English, 1901, pp. 15; British Med. Jour., 1901, No. 2104, pp- 1010-1013). — A general article summarizing the modern views on the subject, read before the Shropshire and Mid- Wales Branch of the British Medical Association. The crude fi.ber content of shelled cocoa, F. Filsinger {Ztschr. Oeffentl. Chem., 6 {1900), pp. 223-227, 471; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 4 {1901), No. 9, pp. 400, 401). — Results of analytical studies are reported and discussed. Analyses of Paraguay tea, K. Dieterich {Ber. Pharm. GeselL, 11 {1901), p. 253; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 48, p. 184). — The caffein content of a sample of the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 269 crop of 1898 was 0.85 per cent. A sample of the crop of 1900 contained 1.22 per cent and a cultivated article of that year 1.28 per cent. The composition and judging' of raisin wine, A. Schnugaus {Arch. Pharm., 239 [1901), Xo. -J, pp. 91-95). — A descriptive article with analyses. The dietary on troop ships {British Med. Jour., 1901, No. 2097, jy. 5S5).— Abrief note on the diet on British hired trooj) ships. The new workhouse dietary order {British Med. Jour., 1901, No. 2098, jyp. 679- 6S1) — Extracts from the tables of dietaries recently ordered by the Government for the British workhouses. The new workhouse dietaries {British Med. Jour., 1901, No. 2098, p. 659). — A brief discussion. Some of the singular foods of the Filipinos, G. D. Rice (**?«'. Amcr., 84 {1901), No. -'), p. 35, Jig. 1). — Notes on the use of grasshoppers, moths, and l)ats as food. Are the teachings of science regarding food economy practical ? A. P. Bkvant {Dietct. and Hyg. Gaz., 17 {1901), No. 4, pp. 198-200).— The possibility of t]\e practical application of scientific studies of nutrition is pointed out. The use and abuse of food preservatives, W. D. Bigelow ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- hook 1900, pp. 551-560). — The history of food preservatives is brietly reviewed and the important characteristics of a number of the more common ones are descriljed. The author also discussed the restrictions which should attend the use of preser- vatives. Report of the State Food Commissioner of Illinois, A. H. Jones {Illinois State Food Com. Rpt. 1899-1900, pp. 122). — A compilation of the laws of Illinois covering the inspection and sale of food products and the first year's work of the food com- missioner in carrying out tlie provisions of those enactments. Report of the Dairy and Food Commissioner of the State of Michigan, 1900 {Michigan State Dairy and Food Com. Rpt. 1900, pp. 245). — This volume includes the usual reports of inspection of foods, dairies, cheese factories and creameries, together with results of analyses for the detection of adulterants and related topics. Fourteenth annual report of the Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner, 1899, J. E. Blackburn {Ohio State Dairy and Food Com. Rpt. 1899, pp. 317). — Reports are given of the analyses made under the State pure-food laws of foods, condiments, and drugs. Court decisions are also included, as well as the usual statistical matter. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Fodders and feeding stuffs, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 166-177). — The author reports the composition of rape at different stages of growth, and of a number of different varieties of Lathyrus, of vetch, mangels, carrots, turnips, sugar beets, cotton-seed meal, bran, cocoanut meal, corn meal, low-grade flour feed, and condimental stock feed. The composition of the different sorts of Lathyrus and vetch follows: Composition of rarieties of iMthyrus and vetch. Water. Protein. Fat. Nitrogen- free extraet. Fiber. Ash. Wild pea from North Bay {Lathyrus mart- Per ct. 81.01 87.06 83.66 74.91 Per ct. 4.22 3.03 4.49 5.49 Per ct. 0.24 .11 .05 .12 Per cl. 7.63 4.74 5.05 10.20 Per cl. 5.36 3.66 5.60 7.20 Perct. l..^'i Grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) 1.40 Wagner's Wood Pea (Lathyrus sylvestris var. Wagneri) 1.15 Purple-tufted vetch ( Vicia cracca) 2.08 Wheat and molasses in the feeding of farm animals, Tj. Martin {Jour. Sac. Agr. Brabant-Hainaut, 1900, pp. 699, 700) .—A discussion of the sul)ject. ^70 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Feeding stufiF inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sta. Bui. 71, pp. 25-40) .—In accordance with the State law, the protein and fat were determined in a large number of samples (collected in December, 1900) of cotton-seed meal,, gluten meal, gluten feed, oil meal, cereal food by-products, and mixed feeds. Fattening steers of different types on clover, with and without grain, R. S. Shaw {Montana Sta. Bui. 27, pp. 3-10). — To learn whether local farm products can be profitably used in finishing range steers for market, to what extent it is profit- able to use grain with clover in a fattening ration, and to compare the relative values of typical beef animals as meat producers with those of the dairy type, a test was made with 16 steers showing Shorthorn, Hereford, Angus, Jersey, and Holstein blood. The steers were so divided that lot 2 contained 6 animals of good beef type, showing only Shorthorn and Hereford blood; lot 3 contained 5 animals of the dairy type, showing a mixture of Jersey, Holstein, Angus, and native blood, while lot 1 contained the 5 animals remaining after the others were selected. Lot 1 was fed clover only, while lots 2 and 3 were fed clover and barley. The steers weighed not far from 1,200 lbs. each at the beginning of the test, which covered 71 days. The average daily gain in the three lots was 1.73, 2.55, and 2.1 lbs. per head respectively; the cost of food per pound of gain being 6.12, 4.84, and. 5.56 cents. The steers in lot 1 consumed on an average 35.3 lbs. of clover per head per day; those in lot 2, 25.5 lbs. clover and 7.9 lbs. barley; and those in lot 3, 21.6 lbs. clover and 8.6 lbs. barley. The net profits on feeding the three lots were $20.78, $33.71, and $23.44, respectively. The steers were provided with temporary sheds and in the author's opinion this form of shelter is satisfactory. Some of the other conclusions follow: "In our Montana valleys, where clover or alfalfa can be grown, these crops can be profitably used in the production of beef in a finished form. And the quality of these foods is such, owing to favorable conditions for the curing and storing of the hays, that only a comparatively small amount of grain is needed along with them to secure the best results. "Barley can be profitably used in conjunction with clover and alfalfa under our State conditions. Only small quantities of grain are necessary to give maximum results. The quantity need not exceed three-quarters of a pound of grain per day for each hundred pounds of live weight. Any excess above this amount will not give a proportionately greater gain and will materially increase the cost of production. . . . " In selecting steers to feed it is essential that only those of the beef type be used.*' Steer experiments, J. H. Grisdale {Canada E.ipt. Farms lipts. 1900, pp. 73-79). — The gains made hy 3 lots of 9 steers each were studied. Lots 1 and 2 were dehorned; lot 1 was tied and lot 2 was loose. The steers in lot 3 were not dehorned, but were tied. All the steers weighed about 960 lbs. each at the beginning of the test. They were feed roots, silage, straw, and grain. In 184 days the average daily gain per steer in the 3 lots was 1.36, 1.30, and 1.49 lbs. respectively, the cost per poimd of gain being 5.9, 6.5, and 6.2 cts. respectively. The comparative gains made by yearlings, two-year-olds, and three-year-olds were tested with 2 lots of 9 animals each. Both lots were fed roots, silage, straw, and grain, the test covering some 6 months. The yearlings averaged a daily gain of 1.11 lbs., at a cost of 5 cts. per lb. Corresponding values for the two-year-olds were 1.49 lbs. and 6.2 cts., and for the three-year-olds, 1.53 lbs. and 6.8 cts. A limited ration and a full fattening ration were compared with 2 lots of 5 steer calves each. The limited ration consisted principally of skim milk, oats, shorts, silage, and hay; the full ration, of skim milk, oats and corn, oil meal, bran, silage, and hay. In the 28 weeks of the test the average daily gain per steer on the former ration was 1.31 lbs., at a cost of 2.35 cts. per lb., and on the latter, 1.44 lbs., at a cost of 2.32 cts. per pound. Steer feeding— dehorning, E. Robertson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay ( Canada E>pt. Farms Jlj>ts. 1900, pp. 303-308, 363-365, and 428-430).— Ai the Experi- mental Farm for the Maritime Provinces the advantages of dehorning steers were ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 271 tested with 12 steers. The steers were fed loose and tied in stalls. The principal deductions follow: " Dehorning /educed the weight of a 1,200 pound steer about 50 pounds. It required about two weeks' feeding to regain the weight lost. . . . Dehorning is of no advantage when steers are tied up in stalls, except for the com- fort it gives to those caring for them. The feeding of dehorned steers in a loose box is an advantage (1) in increased gain in flesh; (2) less cost for labor in attending them; (3) manure better made, requiring about 50 per cent more straw to keep them clean, which may be an advantage or a disadvantage, according to the situation and opinion of the feeder. ' ' The comparative merits of a medium and a heavy ration were tested with 2 lots of steers. According to the author, "there did not appear to be any gain m flesh from extra feeding," while the heavier ration was the more expensive. The effects of dehorning cattle were tested at the Brandon Experimental Farm with 3 lots of 5 steers each. In 133 days the dehorned steers tied in stalls gained 950 lbs. ; those not tied gained 964 lbs. In the same time 5 steers which had not been dehorned gained 968 lbs. ' ' The experiment, as a test of dehorning, was a very suc- cessful one, and would lead us to the conclusion that dehorning has very little effect on the animal either one way or the other." At the Indian Head Experimental Farm a dehorning experiment was made with 3 lots of 5 animals each, all weighing about 1,200 lbs. at the beginning of the trial. They were fed a mixed ration for 16 weeks. The average gains follow: Steers, dehorned, tied in stalls, 281 lbs. ; dehorned, not tied, 235 lbs. ; not dehorned, tied in stalls, 234 lbs. Fattening: lambs on clover, with, and without grain, E. S. Shaw {Montana Sta. Bui. 27, pp. 11-32). — The value of grain supplementing clover in feeding lambs for market was studied with 60 lambs divided into 3 equal lots. After a preliminary period lot 1 was fed on clover and damaged wheat, lot 2 on clover only, and lot 3 on clover and oats. Lots 1 and 3 were also given some roots. The lambs weighed about 77 lbs. at the beginning of the test, which lasted 90 days. The average daily gain of the three lots was 0.32, 0.27, and 0.35 lb. per head, respectively, the average cost per pound of gain being 3.22, 3.54, and 4.39 cents. The lambs in lot 1 consumed 6.38 lbs. of clover and 2.8 lbs. of wheat per pound of gain; those in lot 2 consumed 11.8 lbs. of clover, while in lot 3 the amounts eaten were 6.10 lbs. clover and 2.65 lbs. oats. The net profit per head for the 3 lots was 96, 82, and 62 cents, respectively. The results obtained in feeding 20 Shropshire lambs were compared with those obtained under similar conditions in a previous test (E. S. R., 12, p. 72) with 16 Mermo grade lambs, the former being of the mutton type and the latter of the wool type. The Shropshires in 10 months gained 10.58 lbs., consuming 6.10 lbs. of clover and 2.64 lbs. of grain per pound of gain, while the Merinos in the same time gained 8.97 lbs., consuming 6.43 lbs. of clover and 2.64 lbs. of grain. The cost of food per pound of gain in the two lots was 4.39 and 4.62 cts., respectively. Some of the author's conclusions follow: "The less expensive grains can be profitably used along with clover in mutton pro- duction. They will increase the gains and improve the quality. Grains at a high price . . . render the cost of feeding too high unless used in yery small amounts." Sheep-feeding experiments at Mains of Airleywight, A. P. Aitken ( Trans. Hujldaiid and A(jr. Soc. Scotland, 5. so:, 13 {1901), pp. 176-205). — The author reports work undertaken by W. Hutcheson to supplement previous experiments (E. S. R., 12, p. 173) regarding the comparative value of common feeding stuffs for sheep. The test was begun with 7 lots of 20 sheep each. All the lots except number 7 were fed a basal ration of turnips and hay. In addition lots 2 to 6 were given, respectively, undecorticated cotton-seed cake, undecorticated cotton-seed cake and crushed maize, crushed maize, dried distillery grains, and linseed cake. Lot 7 was fed turnips and 8347— No. 3—01 6 272 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. linseed cake but no hay. In 105 days of the test the average gain in lot 1 was 22.1 lbs., in the other lots the gains ranged from 34.8 lbs. with lot 4 to 39.0 lbs. with lot 5. The general deductions were summarized as follows: "It pays to give sheep some by-fodder along with turnips and hay, but with good feeding turnips the profit is not great. "The giving of a by-fodder shortens the time of fattening and increases the weight of the mutton (in this instance by 5 lbs. or so), but this additional weight is probably got at the sacrifice of flavor. "Sheep fatten sooner upon turnips and linseed-cake than they do when hay is given in addition, and it does not seem that the addition of hay is attended with profit. In this instance it caused a loss of 82 cts. per head at least. "A mixture of undecorticated cotton-cake and maize is better than the cake alone, and it is probable that a mixture of feeding-stuffs or a change of feeding-stuff as fat- tening proceeds is preferable to strict adherence to any one kind of by-fodder. "Dried distillery grains has produced the best quality of mutton, but the advantage it possesses over other kinds of by-fodder is not so apparent in this as on former occasions. This is probably due to the inferior quality of the grains used." Sheep, J. H. Grlsdale and R. Robertson ( Canada Expi. Far7ns Upts. 1900, pp. 81, 82, 310). — Statements are made concerning the flocks at the Central Experimental Farm and the Nappan Experimental Farm; and the care and management of breed- ing ewes is discussed. Experiments in pork production, L. Foster and L. A. Merrill ( Utali Sta. Bui. 70, x>p. 343-414, figs. 7). — Tests covering several years are reported on summer feed- ing and winter feeding. In the former the value of mixed pasturage, alfalfa pastur- age, and the effects of exercise were the principal questions studied. The tests on winter feeding were made with special reference to the value of roots and alfalfa hay. The comparative value of spayed vs. unspayed sows and of sows vs. barrows was studied, and on the basis of the investigations as a whole a number of general ques- tions are discussed, including the effects of feeding balanced rations, wet, dry, and soaked grain, the comparative value of different grains, grain vs. grain and skim milk, and whole milk and grain. Summer feeding (pp. 348-384). — The feeding experiments conducted in the summer extended from 1897 to 1899, and were made with a total of 31 lots. Some of the lots were pastured (generally on mixed grasses and clover); some were fed in pens and others in yards. The rations fed consisted of skim milk or whey, grain and alfalfa, alone or in combination. The lots fed in pens and yards had less exercise than those fed in pasture, and this point is discussed in connection with the tests. Special tests M'ere also made of the comparative value of mixed pasturage (grasses and clover) and alfalfa pasturage, and of feeding grain after pasturage. Winter feeding (pp. 385-408). — The winter-feeding tests began in 1894 and continued until 1899, some 34 lots being included. Some of the earlier ones were conducted by A. A. Mills. In part of the tests a number of the pigs were fed in pens; others in yards. Wet and dry rations were studied as well as the comparative value of sugar beets and alfalfa, supplemented by grain. Generally speaking, the rations consisted of skim milk, whey, and mixed grasses in different proportions, alone or with alfalfa or beets. The principal deductions drawn from the summer and winter feeding tests follow: "In pork production economic use may be made of pasture in connection with a full-grain ration. This is shown not only by the average results of all the experi- ments conducted, but also by every point of comparison in each separate test. The average shows the gains of the pasture sets to be 33 per cent the higher and to have been made on 10 per cent less grain. "The average results of four seasons' experiments show quite conclusively that mixed pasture is not beneficial to pigs having a full supply of grain and skim milk. ATS^IMAL PRODUCTION. 273 "The average of the 7 trials, made in l)oth pens and yards, gives results favorable to grass feeding in connection with grain rations. The pen sets having green stuff made 33 per cent greater gains than those without, and required 40 pounds less grain for each 100 pounds of gain. "Pasture with grain rations, averaging all the experiments, gave slightly better results than green stuff cut and fed in connection with grain in pens and yards. "Where lands are cheaj) and labor comparatively dear, it seems advisable to follow the pasture uTcthod. " Pigs running on pasture with partial grain rations produced gains at the least cost per hundred pounds, the quantities of food required standing in the following rela- tion: Full grain ration 100, three-fourths 94, one-half 82, and one-fourth 66. But the total gains of those receiving full-grain rations were so much greater that even with the smaller rate of profit the total net gain per pig very much exceeded that of the partial ration. " In the quantity of grain required for 100 lbs. of gain the sets having a one-fourth grain ration excelled in every test requiring the lowest amount and giving the high- est percentage of profit. "In rate of gain the sets receiving a full grain ration were the best in all cases, making the largest total gain and giving decidedly the highest total profit. "Alfalfa without other food, whether pastured by pigs or cut and fed to them in pens, furnished only enough nutriment for bare maintenance. When additional food was given the rates of gain were nearly proportional to the extra quantities they received. "Alfalfa supplies a good supplementary food in connection with bran and grain, but it is too coarse and bulky to be fed alone to the pig, whose digestive tract is especially adapted to concentrates. Alfalfa hay and sugar beets each give profitable returns in connection with a limited grain ration in winter feeding. " In 2 out of 3 experiments better results were obtained by feeding bran and corn meal or ground wheat dry than wet. The average of the 3 tests gives a result slightly favorable to. the dry food in rate of gain, but favorable to the wet in the amount of food required for 100 lbs. gain." Miscellaneous tests (pp. 408-412) . — The value of rape for fall feeding was tested with 6 pigs weighing about 50 lbs. each. They were fed in a movable pen for 49 days and given daily 1 lb. of bran and chopped wheat, 1:1, per head, in addition to the rape. The average daily gain per head was 0.204 lb. In one of the winter feeding tests part of the animals were barrows; the remainder sows. According to the authors the comparison "does not show a marked difference in gains, no more than might easily result from the variation of the pigs selected. Representing the average daily gains of the sows by 100, the barrows stand 95. The above results show but little difference in the feeding qualities of barrows and unspayed sows." Gains made by spayed and unspayed sows were compared with 2 lots of 3 animals each. The spayed sows weighed 142 and the unspayed 178 lbs. at the beginning of the trial, which covered 116 days. They were fed barley, l)ran, potatoes, milk, and whey. The average daily gain per head of the spayed sows was 0.82 lb. and of the unspayed, 0.86 lb. "In the several tests reported the feeding qualities of unspayed sows were found to be fully equal to or slightly better than those of barrows. "In a single test with spayed and unspayed sows, the results were slightly favor- able to the open sows." Feeding' pigs on grain alone, grain and sugar beets, and grain and alfalfa, R. 8. 8haw {Montdua Sid. Bid. 21, pp. 2S-:iJ) . — A test was made witli .'! lots of 7 jngs each. During the first period (40 days) of the test lot 1 was given damaged wheat and oats 2:1, and during the second period (26 days) barley and oats 2:1. Lot 2 was 274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. fed smaller amounts of the same grain mixture and sugar beets in addition, while lot 3 was fed the same grain mixture with alfalfa hay. The pigs weighed on an average 112 lbs. each at the beginning of the trial. The average daily gain per head of the three lots while on the wheat ration was 1.04, 1.06, and 1.00 lbs., respectively, while on the barley ration the corresponding gain was 1.46, 1.50, and 1.49 lbs. Consider- ing the test as a whole, the pigs in lot 1 required 5.32 lbs. of grain per pound of gain, while those in lots 2 and 3 required 4.26 and 4.86 lbs., respectively. On lot 1 there was a net profit of $1.80 per head; on lot 2, of $2.28; and on lot 3, of $1.87. Some of the author's conclusions follow: "A straight grain ration, though it produces a rapid gain, is the most expensive method of feeding. Damaged grain can not be utilized to better advantage than when converted into pork. Grains seldom reach a market price in Montana at which they can not be marketed to equal advantage in the form of pork. " Sugar beets are a valuable adjunct to use along with grain foods for fattening hogs. While the small percentage of [nutritive material] contained in them is of value, the beneficial effects produced on digestion and the assimilation of other foods is very marked. The figures indicate that by their use a saving of grain is effected, and the quality of the meat improved. "Alfalfa as a food adjunct for fattening hogs is valuable. While it should not be forced into a ration, cut and mixed with meal in such large quantity as to render it bulky, small quantities can be used to good advantage in this way, or supplied whole in racks. It lessens the cost of production, aids in keeping the animals in a good thrifty condition, and improves the quality of the meat produced. We have not found its use equal to sugar beets or mangels." Molasses and maize germ molasses; feeding experiments with pigs, M. Gerlach {Jahresber. Landw. Vers. Stat., Jersitz.-bei-Posen, 1898-99; abs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem.,30 {1901),No.2,p. 104). — The pigs fed maize germ and molasses made bet- ter gains than those fed meal. Pigs, J. H. Grisdale {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts.1900, pp. 79-81). — Statements are made concerning the cost of gain by pigs pastured on clover, fed steamed clover, mangels and skim milk in addition to grain, and also by 3 lots fed grain alone. One of these was fed three times a day; another was fed with a self-feeder. The cost of a pound of gain ranged from 4.2 cts. on clover pasturage and grain to 2.24 cts. on skim milk and grain. Swine, R. Robertson ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 308-310) . — In addition to statistics regarding pigs kept at the Experimental Farm for the Maritime Provinces 2 tests are briefly reported. A lot of 16 pigs was pastured on good clover for 90 days and fed shorts, corn meal, and skim milk in addition. Eight similar pigs were fed in pens the same grain ration. All the pigs were then fed corn meal and skim milk for 90 days. The pigs fed part of the time on pasture made much larger gains than those fed in pens. Buckwheat, shorts, corn meal, and crushed oats (2:1) and pea meal and crushed oats (2:1) were compared with 4 lots of 4 pigs each, skim milk being fed in addition to the grain. The average daily gain of the 4 lots was 95.14, 94.45, 94.45, and 95.32 lbs., respectively. Swine, S. A. Bradford and A. Mackay {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 366-367, 430). — Notes on the pigs at the Brandon and Indian Head Experimental Farms. Pumpkins, J. H. Grisdale {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 93, 94)- — A feed- ing experiment with pigs is reported. "One lot fed on raw pumpkins did fairly well, making a gain of 745 lbs. in 107 days, at a cost of $3.08 per 100 lbs. gain. They ate 2,090 lbs. pumpkins and 1,981 lbs. meal half corn, half oats, peas and barley equal parts. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 275 "Another lot of 6 pigs, fed on cooked pumpkins, did exceedingly well, making 706 lbs. increase in 99 days, at a cost of $2.96 per 100 lbs. gain. They ate 7,500 lbs. pumpkins and 1,602 lbs. meal." The Jerusalem artichoke {Hdinnthus iuberoms), J. H. Grisdale {Canada Expt. Farms Epts. 1900, pp. 94, 95). — Six cross-bred pigs were allowed the run of a field of artichokes 10 sq. rods in extent, from October 3 to October 24. They were fed 1\ lbs. of mixed grain per day each in addition to the artichokes, which they gathered. These were eaten greedily. The average daily gain was 1.57 lbs. at a cost of 1.8 cts. per lb. Rape {Brassicn napm), J. H. Grisdale {Canada E.vpt. Farms Rpis. 1900, jrp. 91- 93). — A test of the value of rape for pigs is briefly reported. .Six pigs pastured on a plat of 30 sq. rods of rape for 114 days and fed grain in addition made an average daily gain of 1.12 lbs. per pig. The profit per pig was $4.73. The market classes of horses, E. Davenport {Illinois Sta. Bui. 62, pp. 18-28, fig. 1). — Road, carriage and coach, cab, bus, and draft horses and trotters are described, and their uses pointed out. The fact is noted that aside from these stand- ard classes, horses are required for special purposes. The discussion is summarized as follows: "Market classes anct types are fixed not by the breeds but by the uses to which horses are put. As these uses are definite, the type and the class are fixed. "As these uses are exceedingly varied, there are often wide gaps between the mar- ket classes. A horse that drops between the classes is a cheap horse, no matter how good an animal, either because there is little use for him or because the supply is unlimited. The best horse to breed is one that most fully meets a definite, constant, and strong demand, and has therefore a high average selling price. "The cavalry horse and the fire horse are good examples of valuable horses that the breeder can not undertake to produce because the demand is too limited. The demand for them will always be satisfied from the general supi^ly. Phenomenally high prices are as much due to the fancy of the individual purchaser as to the char- acter of the animal. In any event they are seldom realized and are to be sought by the dealer and not by the breeder, as they represent but one out of hundreds or even thousands — too few to breed for. "The farmer should keep himself acquainted with standard classes in steady demand at uniformly good prices, breed these, and pay no regard to high speed, phenomenal sales, or fancy values. ' ' Horses, J. H. Grisdale {Canada Expt. Farms Rpis. 1900, pp. 67-69). — Statements are made concerning the horses at the Ottawa Experimental Farm, and the gains or losses in weight are recorded for several horses on oats and barley, corn and oats, ground and unground, and on corn alone. Horses, A. Mack ay {Canada Expt. Farms Epts. 1900, p. 431). — A note on the horses at the Indian Head Experimental Farm. French stud farm " Le Hara du Pin" {Orgaan Ver. Oudleer. Rijks Landbouw- school, 13 {1901), No. 1,54, p. 86).— A descriiDtive article. Concerning the metabolism of horses, N. Zuntz {Landw. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 1-2, pp. 117-128). — A controversial article. Experimental contributions to the theory of heredity, J. C. Ewart ( Trans. Highland and Agr. Sac. Scotland, 5. scr., 13 {1901), j)p. 81-134, figs. 20).— The author reports and discusses his investigations in crossing zebras and horses with especial reference to reversion and telegony (E. S. R., 11, p. 1077). Poultry raising, H. C. Gardiner {Montana Sta. Bui. 26, pp. 28, pis. 4, dgms. 2). — The station poultry equipment is described and general statements made concerning breeds, incubation, buildings, brooders, and similar topics, while a test on the value of the flashing point of several samples of oil used for heating incubators is reported. 276 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. To compare the relative merits of a lime and salt solution and a solution of water glass for preserving eggs, some 30 doz. eggs were preserved bj' the 2 methods for about 6 months. According to the author, "when examined the water glass was found to be the best pickle, although the lime and salt served its purpose very well; still the whites of the eggs preserved in this mixture were much more watery than the whites of those preserved in the water glass. These were difficult to distinguish from fresh eggs since the white was quite firm and the yolk stood up upon it just as though fresh. Another advantage in the water glass is that it does not seem to affect the shell of the egg as the lime mixture does, eggs from the lime and salt mixture being much more liable to crack either in cooking or handling." The comparative value of a rather varied ration (meat, vegetables, and grain), a meat ration (meat, meal, and grain), a vegetable ration (vegetables, meal, and grain), and a ration of grain alone, was tested with 4 lots each containing 15 hens and 1 cock. In 3 months the total number of eggs laid by the 4 lots was 431, 407, 366, and 342, respectively. The fertility of the eggs from different pens was tested with an incubator. Of the eggs laid by the 4 lots, 232, 229, 223, and 239, respectively, were fertile. Definite conclusions are not drawn, but the author believes that "the per- centage of fertility and strength of germ depends to considerable extent upon the conditions and feed of breeding birds." Analyses are reported of the eggs from the different pens, but no marked differ- ences in composition were observed. Other deductions follow: "Variety rations give best results in feeding for eggs. Poultry feeding is very profitable under present market conditions in Montana. Special care should be given to number of hens placed with cock in securing best results from breeding birds. Feeding breeding birds should be carefully studied, with special care not to overfeed." Poultry experiments, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood [West Virginia Sta. Bui. 71, pp. 385-402, figs. i?). — The poultry houses recently built at the station are described and several feeding tests reported. The influence of warm houses upon the produc- tion of eggs was tested with 2 lots, each containing 12 Rhode Island Red pullets and I cock. The lots were fed on a mixed grain ration for 150 days beginning Nov. 24, under similar conditions except that lot 1 was kept in a poultry house in which spe- cial precautions were taken to insure warmth. The total number of eggs produced per fowl in warm houses was 52.39; in cold houses, 41.36. Meat meal was compared with ground fresh meat and bone with 2 lots each con- taining 17 Plymouth Rock hens and 1 cock. Lot 1 was fed the meat meal and lot 2 the green bone. In this and the other tests reported they were also fed mixed grains. At the beginning of the test all the fowls weighed on an average 4.72 lbs. each; at the close, the 2 lots averaged 5.75 and 5.91 lbs. per fowl, respectively. In 120 days of the test, the hens in the 2 lots laid on an average 38. 24 and 32.60 eggs, respectively. The former weighed on an average 12.75 lbs. per hundred eggs; the latter, 11.94 lbs. In raising broilers, the object is to force them as rapidly as possible. The com- parative value for this purpose of rations with wide and narrow nutritive ratios, was tested with 2 lots of 25 chicks each, the breeds represented being White Wyandottes and White Leghorns. Lot 1 was fed the nitrogenous ration and lot 2, the carbona- ceous ration, the former being made up of grain, whole and ground, with green bone, and the latter of vegetable foods only, namely, whole and ground grain, including corn, wheat, and oats. The average weight of the chicks in the 2 lots at the begin- ning of the test was 0.92 and 0.98 lb., respectively. The total gain in 120 days of the test was 3.08 and 1.92 lbs. per chick, the cost of a pound of gain being 6.1 and 6.2 cents, respectively. "Neither ration had the proper composition for economical gains, one being too wide and the other too narrow. The influence of the food upon the health and development of the fowls was, however, very marked. The nitro- genous chickens were vigorous and hearty at all times, while the carbonaceous ones ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 277 were sickly, poorly feathered, and had very little appetite for their food. A certain amount of animal protein seems to be necessary for poultry, and perljaps the poor developuient of the carbonaceous lot was caused as much by this factor as by the composition of the ration. Of the two breeds, the White Leghorns seemed to be much better able to thrive on the carbonaceous ration than the White Wyandottes, for they were much better feathered, and more vigorous than the White Wyandottes in the same pen." The imjiortance of a liberal supply of green food for laying hens was tested with 2 lots of AVhite Leghorns about 5 years old. Each lot contained 20 hens and 2 cocks. The test covered 12 periods of 30 days each. Both lots were fed a mixed ration, largely grain, and the poultry runs furnished some grass. In addition, an abundance of cab- bage, rape, and apples was fed to the lots alternately, to do away with the effects of individual peculiarities. During the test the fowls receiving green food consumed a total of 58 lbs. each of ground bone and beef scrap; those receiving no green food, Gl lbs. per fowl. The average weight of the fowls receiving green food was 3.89 lbs.; of those receiving no green food, 3.86 lbs. The total number of eggs produced per fowl on green food was 114.52; on a ration containing no green food, 90.39 per fowl. The eggs on the former ration weighed 11.89 lbs. per hundred; on the latter, 11.88 lbs. The influence of an unrestricted range upon the hatching of eggs was also tested. Half of the station flock of Whito Leghorn fowls was allowed to remain undisturbed in the house and yard to which they were accustomed. The remainder of the flock was allowed to run at large. Both lots were fed the same ration. The eggs were tested in incubators; 80.5 per cent of those from poultry having free range and 24.4 per cent from those confined were unfertile. Of the fertile eggs, 83 per cent hatched in the former and 67. 5 per cent in the latter case. Poultry experiments, J. H. Stewart and H. Atwood ( West Virginia Sta. Bui. 73, pp. 35-47) . — Three tests on the loss of eggs during incubation are reported. The authors summarize the results as follows: "Fertile eggs, when incubated in a normal manner, decrease in weight. The eggs which hatched lost 4.17 per cent of their weight during the first 5 days of incubation. During the 7 succeeding days they lost 6.35 per cent of the weight of the eggs at the end of the fifth day, and during the next 7 days lost 6.98 per cent of their weight at the end of the twelfth day. One hmidred fertile eggs of average size will lose 234.9 gm., or 8.28 oz., during the first 5 days of incubation; 341.8 gm., or 12.05 oz., during the next 7 days; and 352.8 gm., or 12.44 oz., during the next 7 days. "The unfertile eggs lost 3.6 j^er cent of their original weight during the first 5 days of incubation. During the 7 succeeding days they lost 5.6 per cent of what they weighed at the end of the fifth day, and during the next 7 days lost 5.6 per cent of their weight on the twelfth day. One hundred unfertile eggs will lose 217.2 gm., or 7.66 oz., during the first 5 days; 323.3 gm., or 11.40 oz., during the next 7 days; 306.9 gm., or 10.82 oz., during the next 7 days." Report of the poultry manager, A. G. Gilbert {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. .iol-277, ph. 2, jigs. 10) . — The usual data are given regarding the poultry kept at the Ottawa Station, the growth of chickens, numlier of eggs laid, and similar topics. General directions are also given for the management of chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, and the characteristics of a number of breeds of chickens are discussed. A comparison of the number of eggs hatched by hens and in incubators led to the following conclusions: "Early spring eggs from hens which have laid steadily all winter and have been gently stiumlated to do so, are not likely to produce a satisfactory percentage of strong germs. Eggs from the same hens after they have run outside give nmch better results. The condition of the laying stock at the end of the winter seems to be the source of the troul)le." The relative merits of a number of methods of preserving eggs were tested, includ- ing immersion in saturated limewater, in a solution containing 2 i>er cent sodium 278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. silicate, in a solution containing 5 per cent gum arabic and 1 per cent formalin, in one containing 5 per cent gum arabic and 5 per cent salicylic acid, and in one con- taining 5 per cent dextrin and 5 per cent salicylic acid. Eggs were also dipped for a moment in sulphuric acid, then washed and stored in a large bottle; others were dipped momentarily' in sulphuric acid, washed and dipped in alkaline ammonium oxalate, then stored in a large bottle. Some of the eggs stored in limewater were first rubbed with vaseline. "These experiments corroborate many of the results obtained last year, and give further proof of the excellence of the eggs preserved in saturated limewater. We think that, on the whole, 2 per cent sodium silicate gives better results than the 10 per cent solution experimented with last year, but we are also of the opinion that limewater is superior to both as an egg preservative. Moreover, it is cheaper and pleasanter to handle." The eggs preserved in a solution containing 1 per cent formalin developed a marked flavor on poaching; a sample of those in the solution containing 5 per cent gum arabic and 6 per cent salicylic acid, "though not unsightly, had a most nauseating odor and was quite unfit for food." The eggs preserved in dextrin solution and those dipi^ed in sulphuric acid were all bad. Poultry, 1899-1900, K. Eobeetson, S. A. Bedford, and A. Mackay {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 311 and 368). — A brief report regarding the poultry kept at the Maritime Provinces, Brandon, and Indian Head Experimental Farms. Squab raising, G. H. Pollard {Reliable Poultry Jour., 8 {1901), No. 4, pp. 396- 399, figs. 6). — Squab raising for market is discussed with special reference to feeding and care, preparation for market, cost of raising and related topics. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. The development of a dairy herd, A. T. Neale {Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 8-13) . — Brief notes are given on the establishment of a dairy herd at the station, and an experiment in which the utilization of weevil-eaten cowpeas for calves was tested and a trial of different rations for milch cows are reported. Feeding weevil-eaten cowpeas to 12 heifers as a substitute for wheat bran at the same price per ton resulted in a saving of $7.20 per month. A table shows the daily yield of butter from each of 3 cows at intervals from March 7 to July 30, during which time 9 rations, including different kinds of pasture, were compared. The results are briefly discussed. Dairy studies, C. L. Penny {Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 98-96). — A comparison in tabular form is made of the records of 13 cows belonging to a private herd during 2 lactation periods. The annual amount of fluctuation in yield of fat ranged from 102 to 259 per cent and averaged 137 per cent. "Thus it seems from this experience that the average annual yield of butter fat may be expected to change about three-tenths of itself from one period of lactation to the next, and any conclusion drawn from a single year's test must be received with the reservation that it will probably increase or diminish in the following year in that proportion and possibly in a greater propor- tion." The production of the herd averaged 7,087 lbs. of milk and 354 lbs. of butter during the first lactation period, and 6,874 lbs. of milk and 322 lbs. of butter during the second. In discussing briefly compensation in yield the author says: " When one entire lactation period is compared with another, in the great majority of cases even partial compensation between weight of milk and percentage of fat does not exist. What- ever cause may tend to increase the average flow of milk through a lactation period, in the great majority of cases increases also the percentage of fat." Earlier work along this line was published in the report of the station for 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 485). DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 279 Dairy herd records, J. H. Grisdale and R. Robertson {Canada Expt. Fanm Rjits. 1900, pp. 69-71, 302, 303). — Records for one year of 20 cows at the Central Experimental Farm and of 32 cows at the Experimental Farm for the Maritime Provinces are summarized in tabular form. Dairy Bulletin ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Bid. 114, pp. 40) . — This is made up of introtluctory remarks by H. H. Dean on the feeding and care of dairy cows and on- the payment for milk at factories, and short popular articles as follows: Hints on the care of milk for creameries and cheese factories, by R. W. Stratton; Cheese- making, by G. H. Barr; Milk testing, by J. A. McFeeters; The alkaline solution — its preparation and use, by R. Harcourt; Separators and the separation of milk, by M. Sprague; Butter making, by J. Stonehouse; Hand cream separators, by T. A. Wiancko; and Butter making on the farm, by Laura Rose. Jerseys: Some notes on their origin, improvement, merits, and local his- tory, A. GoRRiE {Queensland Agr. Jour., 8 {1901), No. 5, pp. 348-351, figs. 4). — A popular article relating more especially to the history of the Jersey cattle in Queens- land, Australia. The red Danish milch cattle, Bohsen {Milch Ztg., 30 {1901), No. 22, pp. 338- 342, figs. 7). Alfalfa for dairymen, G. F. Weston {Hoard's Dairijman, 32 {1901), No. 19, pp. 410, 411) . — A popular article on the history of alfalfa, method of culture and value as a food for dairy cattle. This paper was prepared at Biltmore Farm, North Caro- lina, and considers especially the conditions in that section. Alcohol in spent distillery wash used as a food for cows, G. Heinzelmann {Ztschr. Spiritusind., 24 {1901), pp. 107,108; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 5, p. 491) . — The author states that milk and butter from cows fed on spent wash from a distillery had an objectionable potato-like or alcoholic odor. The trouble was found to be due to the presence of from 0.2 to 2.8 per cent of alcohol left in the wash by reason of defective distillation. Milking, J. Petersen {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 18 {1901), No. 8, pp. 472-477).— A prize- winning essay on How to milk, composed at the Dalum Agricultural College, Odeuse, Denmark. Translation by A. Muller. Time of milking, J. H. Grisdale {Canada Expt. Farms Epts. 1900, pp. 71-73). — Tabulated data are given for an experiment in which the effect of milking cows at equal and unequal intervals was studied. The test included 4 cows and covered 3 periods of 10 days each with short transition periods. During the first and third periods the cows were milked at 6 a. m. and 4.30 p. m., and during the second period at 6 a. m. and 6 p. m. The results showed that where the intervals between milkings were unequal the richer milk was produced after the shorter interval, and that where the intervals between milkings were equal there was no appreciable dif- ference in either the quantity or the quality of the milk, morning and evening. Progress of dairying in Kansas, D. H. Otis {Creuviery Jour., 11 {1901), No. 142, pp. 6, 7) . — A description of the growth and present status of the dairy industry in Kansas. Some statistical matter is incorporated. Denmark's dairy progress, M. Mortensen {Creamery Jour., 11 {1901), No. 140, pp. 20, 21, figs. 5.)— Short biographies of T. R. Segelcke, V. Storch, and N. J. Fjord, and their great work in establishing the dairy industry of Denmark. Solids in cow's milk. The diurnal variations in the amounts of fat and solids-not-fat, H. Ingle {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. ser., 13 {1901), pp. 218-236).— The results are presented of 700 or 800 analyses of the milk of 18 cows, extending over a period of 21 days, each cow's milk being collected and analyzed separately morning and evening. The cows were milked at their usual time, 6 a. m. and 3 p. m., showing very unequal intervals between the milkings. In some cases the amount of fat was below 2 per cent, while in others ranging above 6 per cent, one case of 7 per cent being noted. Samples from certain animals contained less than 2 280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. or 3 per cent, and within a few days they contained 5 or 6 per cent. Tlie milk from cows near the end of the lactation period showed the least variation from day to day, and was, as a rule, of higher quality than that from cows yielding a large amount. The difference between the morning's and evening's milk was mostly in the percent- age of fat, the remainder of the solids showing little variation. A cow yielding large quantities of milk gave a product lower in solids-not-fat than those near the end of lactation. The average composition of the morning's milk was fat 3.2 per cent, solids-not-fat 9.2 per cent; evening's milk, fat 4.5 per cent, solids-not-fat, 8.9 per cent. Variation in milk tests, F. W. Bouska {Hoard's Dairyman, S2 {1901), No. 24, pp. 512, 513). — A discussion of the causes of the changes in the milk tests with the same animal from day to day. Variations in milk tests, T. L. Haeckee {Hoard's Dairyman, 32 {1901), No. 22, pp. 470, 471). — An address before the Lincoln, Nebr., convention, outlining results at the Minnesota Experiment Station. The physical state in which fat exists in cream, H. D. and S. 0. Richmond {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 302, pp. 117-123). — It was found that there was a distinct change in the density of cream at about the melting point of fat, while no such change was observed with separated milk. This led the authors to study the question whether fat in milk was always liquid, as it was expected that owing to the different heat capacities of solid and liquid fat, there would be a change in the rate of heating at the melting point of the fat. The plan adopted in studying this question was to heat 20 cc. of cream in a tube with a stirrer bearing a thermometer reading to 0.1° C, the readings being made every 15 seconds. The estimations were made with cream that had been kept in the refrigerator 18 hours, and with cream that had l)een heated to 50° C. and rapidly cooled down to 15°. The results are given in tables and also platted. With well cooled cream it appears that there was a change in the spe- cific heat capacity, and a slight though distint;t absorption of heat at about 34°. With heated cream rapidly cooled, a very slight change occurred at this point. The only possible change that could produce these results is the melting of the fat. The authors conclude that in well cooled cream the fat is solid, while with rapidly cooled cream it is mostly liquid, though there is a distinct indication that it had become slightly sohdified in a quarter of an hour. The melting is practically instantaneous. Detection and. estimation of preservatives in milk, M. W. Blyth {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 303, pp. 148-151). — The author proposes a method for detecting pre- servatives in milk which permits the examination of a large number of samples in a short time. Ten cc. of th^ suspected milk and of a control sample known to be free from preservatives are measured into test tubes. To each there is added a strong, slightly alkaline solution of litmus. If the tubes are not of the same color, a half normal solution of sodium hydrate is added drop by drop to the suspected sample until it is of the same color as the check. The tubes are then plugged with cotton, and both heated in the water bath for 10 min. at 80° C. They are afterwards inoculated with J cc. of a solution of ^ cc. of sour milk in 100 cc. of water, shaken, and kept 24 hours at a temperature between 15 and 22° C. Tubes containing pre- servatives will remain blue or pink, while those without will become white in the same way as the check. The length of time it takes for the blue or pink color to become white depends upon the quantity of the preservative present. Having found the samples which contain preservatives, the nature of them must be determined by the ordinary methods. This method is also recommended for the determination of the amount of formic aldehyde in the sample. A series of samples is made up with known amounts of this preservative, and the quantity in the sample under investigation is estimated by comparison. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 281 Pasteurization and milk preservation, with a chapter on the city milk supply, J. H. MoNKAi) (Wiiinctkd, III.: I'xii. hi/ the (iiillior [/!>()]], ^' nl. citl., pji. J:}7, fni". IM. Report of the committee on milk and cream regulations to the Board of Agriculture of Great Britain {Fublic Jleullh, 13 {1001), No. 8, pp. 580-587). — The committee Avas appointed to inquire and report as to what regulationsiiiight be made for determining the deficiency in the normal constituents of milk and cream or the addition of extraneous matter which should be taken as an indication of adultera- tion. The effect of feeding, weather, period of lactation, intervals of milking, etc., are discussed. Among other considerations it is reported to be the sense of the c-om- mittee that when the total milk solids are less than 12 per cent and the butter fat less than 3.25 per cent, the milk shall be deemed to be deficient and either mixed with separated milk, or water, or some portion of its normal fat removed. The acid proof micro-organisms of dairy products, E. ScHtJTZ {Landw. Juhrb., 30 {1901), No. 1-2, pp. 223-257 , figs. .^).— The author has made a study of tubercle and similar bacilli in milk and butter and presents a table for identifying the several species discussed. The literature of the subject is reviewed and a bibliography ai:)pended. Milk for creameries, J. A. Ruddick {Ontario Dept. Agr., Dainj Dirmon Bui. 3, n. ser., 1901, ])p. 7). — Directions for the creamery owners, the butter maker and the patrons on the handling of milk for creameries. American butter in Hawaii, J. D. Avery, jr. {Creamery Jour., 11 {1901), No. 140, pjy. 1,2). — A discussion of the production and trade in butter and eggs in the Territory of Hawaii. The composition of Dutch butter, J. Clark {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 302, jip. 113-117). — The author made a large number of analyses of butter from the North of the Netherlands, employing the Leffmann-Beam method. From the results, he finds the average volatile acid content to be 5.17 per cent. In 7 samples this fell below 4.5 i^er cent. In several of the latter cases the author was able to prove the genu- ineness of the butter. The low volatile acid content was not due to adulteration of the butter, but to natural causes which seemed to appear mainly from about the middle of September to the middle of November. This is said to be due to the exposure of the cattle and indifferent feeding. Low Reichert-Meissl value of Dutch butter L. T. Reicher {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 14 {1901) No. 6, pp. 125-129). — The author made extended investigations in the Amsterdam public laboratory of butter from the same cows from 1894 to 1901. The maximum and minimum results for each year are given in tables. The num- bers are frequently very low, those in the autumn being invariably less than those obtained during the rest of the year. The influence of the food and weather upon the Reichert-Meissl number of Holland butter, A. J. Swavinc {Ztsclir. Uidersuch. Nalir. u. GeimssmlL, 4 {1901), No. 13, pp. 577-585). — The experiment was carried out at the Experiment Station at Goes, Netherlands, with 8 cows. The age of the animal, time of calving, food, man- ner of feeding, etc., were noted. The refractometer, Reichert-Meissl, Hehner, Hiibl, and Crismer numbers were determined, together with the specific gravity of the butters. It was found that late pasturing, because of the nature of the food, lowered the Reichert-Meissl nunil)er and in(!reased the Crismer numljer of the butter fat. The early stabling of the cows raised the Reichert-Meissl number, while the Crismer number did not exceed the limit of 57°. The alteration in the feeding caused directly a change in the comi)Osition of the fat, resulting in the lowering of the Reichert- Meissl number and the increasing of the refractometer, the Crismer number, etc. It would a])pear that late i)asturing causes no particular lowering of the Reichert-Meissl number provided forage crops were fed in i-onjunction. 282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Faults in creamery butter, G. L. McKay {Creamery Jour., 11 {1901), No. 140, p. 18). — A discussion ol the use of salt and the production of the proper percentage of water. The Cole butter-making- process, F. T. Shutt ( Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1900, pp. 188-191). — "This method or process consists simply of blowing air, previously wanned by water to a temperature between 70° and 80° F., through well ripened cream contained in a cylindrical glass vessel 21 in. high and 13 in. in diameter." The promoter of this method claimed that 20 to 30 \)Qy cent more butter could be obtained than by any other method. Two trials were made. In the first the loss of fat in the buttermilk was 5.07 percent of the total fat supplied in the cream. In the second trial the Cole process was compared with the ordinary method on the same lot of cream. Twenty-seven lbs. of cream was used in each case, the yield of butter being, respectively, 8.125 and 8.656 lbs. and the loss of fat in the buttermilk, respec- tively, 4.61 and 0.54 per cent of the total fat supplied in the cream, showing that less butter could be obtained by the Cole process and that the loss of fat in the buttermilk was greater. The author gives data and quotes authorities to show that there is no formation of fat from albuminoids during the ripening of cream. The payment for milk in cooperative creameries on the basis of quality, M. Henseval {Bui. Agr. {Brusseh'], 17 {1901), No. 3, pp. 324-332). — A discussion of paying for milk on the basis of quality, together with the results of the comparison of different milks and mixtures of the same. Export butter trade, G. S. Thomson {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 4 {1901), No. 10, pp. 801-805). — A report of the exportation of butter from Australia to Eng- land during the past season with special reference to the grading of the product. Butter and egg storag'e in Belgium {Station, Farm, and Dairy, 4 {1901), No. 4^, pp. 940, 941) . A simple apparatus for simultaneously estimating the fat and the water in butter, H. Poda {Ztsrhr. Vntermch. Nahr. u. Gemissmil., 4 {1901), No. 11, jyp. 492-496, Jigs. 5). — In the descril^ed method the sample of butter is treated with con- centrated sulphuric acid in a specially constructed apparatus and is heated in boiling water for some time. The tube is afterwards whirled and the amount of resulting fat and nonfat read off on a scale marked upon the cylinder. A comparison of results shows the method to vary not more than 0.2 percent from the usual method. The apparatus is claimed to be applicable to the work of cream- eries, and 6 examinations may be completed within half an hour. Milk for cheese factories, J. A. Ruddick {Ontario Dept. Agr., Dairy Division Bui. 2, n. ser., 1901, pp. 7). — Directions for the factory owners, the cheese maker, and patrons on the handling of milk for cheese factories. Cheese making, M. A. O'Callaghan {Agr. Gaz., Neiv South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 6, pp. 702-707) . — Methods employed in England in making Cheddar cheese, Coulomniiers or soft new milk cheese, Gervais cream cheese, Cambridgeshire cream cheese, Port du Salut, and Cream cheese. Cause and prevention of acidy cheese, J. A. Ruddick {Amer. Cheesemaker, 16 {1901), No. 185, p. 4)- — Cheese more or less faded in colorand showing a rough surface is called "acidy" or " acid cut." As a rule such cheese is made from overripe milk in which too much acid is developed before the curd has been sufficiently firmed. If the whey is all removed while the curd is still in a soft condition it is difficult to expel the surplus. The remedy for sour cheese is to get rid of the whey quickly so that the curd will be firm before the acid develops. This may be accomplished by cutting the curd finer and running off a portion of the whey as soon as the heating is finished or even before. However, the whey should not be wholly removed until the curd has acquired the desired firmness and elasticity. It should be remembered that such handling of the curd causes a considerable loss in yield. This may be avoided by having milk in a less acid condition. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 288 Manufacture of soft cheese, E. B. von Heyne {Hoard's Dairyman, 33 {1901), No. IS, p. 3S4). — Methods employed in the manufacture of Fromage de Brie, Camem- bert, and Neufchatel cheese in Minnesota. Condition of the cheese industry in New Zealand, J. A. Ruddick {Arner. Chemnnahr, 16 {1901), Xo. 184, PP- 1,~)- Dairy products at the Paris Exposition of 1900, H. E. Alvoro ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 599-6;24, pis. 5). — A detailed account of the exhibits of differ- ent countries and the awards of the jury. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. The stock-poisoning' plants of Montana, preliminary report, V. K. Chesnut and E. V. Wilcox ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany Bui. 26, pp. 150, pis. 37). — This bulletin contains a report on an investigation of the poisonous plants of the State during 1900, together with observations previously made along the same line. The subjects considered in the report include the following: Summer and winter ranges for sheep; effect of alkali on stock; herding and other details of the management of sheep; water supply on the ranges; altitude of the ranges; climatic conditions of the season of 1900; influence of heavy rain storms, snow storms, driving and trailing sheep, hunger, state of vegetation, and stage of the growth of plants, upon the poisoning of sheep; acclimatization of stock to the range; variation and localization of the poisonous substances in plants; variations in the feeding habits of stock, with reference to poison- ous plants; extent of stock poisoning; experiments on rabbits; displacing poisonous plants by forage plants; herding stock away from dangerous areas; eradication of poisonous plants by digging; popular methods of treating poisoned animals; per- manganate of potash as a chemical antidote and directions for using it; method of drenching; bloat; nonpoisonous plants which are mechanically dangerous, and a special discussion of the more important poisonous plants, species of less importance, plants which are suspected of being poisonous, and doubtful plants which have been suspected. The most important poisonous plants of Montana are considered to be Zygadenus venenosus. Delphinium glaucum, D. bicolor, Cicuta occidentalis, Aragallus spicatus, A. lagopus, A. splendens, Lupinus leucophyllus, L. sericeus, and L. cyaneus. Besides these more important species, evidence is given on the poisonous nature of 12 plants of less economic importance, and brief notes are given on the economic value or harmlessness of 14 species which have been suspected by stockmen of being poisonous. Besides these species brief notes are given on 23 other plants which have been suspected of being poisonous, but concerning which evidence is not suffi- cient to warrant a positive declaration. Many experiments were made in the treatment of poisoned animals and especially promising results were obtained from the use of permanganate of potash as an oxi- dizing agent to be administered as soon as possible after the symptoms of poisoning are manifested. From experiments with this substance on sheep and cattle it was found that the majority of animals recover from the effects of poisoning rather rap- idly after administration of solutions of potassium permanganate directly into the stomach. The methods for administering the permanganate included drenching the animals and injecting through the body walls directly into the stomach. No strik- ing advantage was noted in favor of one or the other method, but the direct injec- tion into the stomach is perhaps to be preferred where the stockman has had some experience in administering medicines in this manner. Experiments on sheep and cattle were supplemented by numerous experiments on rabbits during which these animals were fed on specimens of suspected plants or extracts made from these plants. Some poisonous plants of the northern stock ranges, V. K. Chesnut ( T. .V. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, jjp. 305-3U, pis. 3, figs. .#).— This article contains notes on 284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. some of the more important poisonous plants, with especial reference to the condi- tions which exist in Montana. The discussion is partly based on Bulletin 26 of the Division of Botany of this Department (see p. 283). Tetanus treated by the antitetanus serum, Dabert {Jour. Med. Yet. etZootech., 5. ser., 5 {1901), Jan., pp. 22, 23). — Brief notes on the symptoms of disease and the successful use of antitetanus serum in one case of tetanus in the horse. Contagious diseases of animals, H. Mitchell {New Jersey Stgie Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1899-1900, pp. 119-122). — This article contains a brief account of an outbreak of anthrax, together with a tabulated statement showing the extent of other contagious liseases. Report of the board of agriculture as cattle commissioners, C. J. Bell {Vermont State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 117-135). — A copy is given of the regulations of the board with regard to inspection and quarantine of cattle and other animals. Brief notes are given on tuberculin tests as carried out under the direction of the board and upon glanders in horses. The nodular disease of sheep caused by the presence of (Esophagostoma colwnbianum in the walls of the intestines, is reported as having prevailed to some extent. Actinomycosis in animals, R. Hartl {Berlin. Thierdrztl. Wchn.'ichr., 1901, No. 1, pp. 1-6, figs. 2). — This article contains a detailed description of the clinical symp- toms and post-mortem findings of cases of actinomycosis in horses, cats, and dogs. In horses the disease assumes a form which resembles farcy, and has been mistaken for the latter. Ulcers with a persistent discharge are formed in the skin. In one case the whole abdominal wall was changed into a hard, fibrous mass containing numerous small ulcers. The author made numerous cultures of the organism obtained from these cases, the greater proportion of such cultures being made in agar-agar and sugar bouillon. Considerable variation was noted in different forms of the micro-organisms thus obtained, and it is suggested that the relationship of the different forms of the disease may ultimately be more clearly defined than at the present. Bovine tuberculosis in Wisconsin, H. L. Russell and E. G. Hastings (W?s- consin Sta. Bui. 84, pp. 16, figs. 4) ■ — About 1,200 animals in suspected herds and 1,000 in unsuspected herds in Wisconsin were tested with tuberculin. The percentage of reacting animals varied from 2.2 to 95 per cent in different herds. The average per- centage of tuberculous animals in the State is considered rather small. A statistical account is given of the percentage of tuberculous animals in other States, and brief notes are presented on the geographical distribution of tuberculosis in Wisconsin, the spread of the disease from herd to herd, its introduction through tuberculous animals, the advisability of State quarantine, mode of dissemination within a herd, and methods of treating reacting animals and controlling the disease. Report of tuberculosis commission {New Jersey State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 18.99-1900, pp. 111-116). — Brief recommendations regarding sanitary measures to be adopted in preventing the spread of tuberculosis among cattle and the transmission of the disease from cattle to man. The suppression of bovine tuberculosis, A. Peters {Rhode Jsland State Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 200-215). — A discussion of the views which are held at present with regard to the infectiousness of the flesh and milk of tuberculous animals and the control of the disease by means of government regulations. Blackleg, D. Hutciieox {Agr. Jour. Capje GoodHope, 18 {1901), No. 2, pp. 67-73).— The symptoms and post-mortem conditions of this disease are described. Brief notes are given on hygienic measures to be adopted for preventing outbreaks of the disease, and directions are given for using blackleg vaccine. The significance of the fungiform papillae in the diagnosis of foot-and- mouth disease, H. Leutsch {Ztschr. Fleisch. u. Milchhyg., 11 {1901), No. 5, pp. 142, 14s, fig- 1)- — From an anatomical study of the tongue in cases of this disease, it waa vp:terinary science and practice. 285 found that the epithelium becomes elevated, so that the funjjiform papilhe appear to be sunken in small depressions. This character is considered of diagnostic value for foot-and-mouth disease. Study of a case of pneumonia of calf, F. D. Chestek {Delaware Sta. Hpf. 1900, pp. 46-52, fi(ji<. 2). — A rt'iMjrt is made on a case of pneumonia in a calf, with a detailed statement of post-mortem findings and cultural and pathogenic properties of the organism which was isolated from diseased tissue. This organism was found upon inoculation to l)e pathogenic to guinea pigs and rabbits. A guinea pig and a calf were inoculated Ijy inhalation of a fine mist containing the organism. DifiEerential diagnosis of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, F. Haiitmann {Ber- lin Thieriirzll. Wchnschr., 1901, Xo. 5, pp. 65-67) .—The author describes from cases which occurred in his practice the detailed pathological changes which are consid- ered to be characteristic in diagnosing this disease. Pneumonia and inoculation against this disease, Reinlander {Ztschr. Veter- indrk., 13 {1901), Xo. 2, pp. 53-62) .—T\\^ author describes the symptoms of this dis- ease and the circumstances of a severe outbreak which occurred in army horses. A number of experiments were tried in protective inoculation, without very promising results. The author concludes that the inoculation method thus far employed will probably not yield favorable results until the organism of the disease has been iso- lated and studied. Stoppage of the milk duct in the teat audits treatment, M. Strebel {Schwdz. Arch. Thierh., 43 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 12-18). — This condition maybe congenital or may be due to mechanical injuries. When the duct is closed by thin membranes, it may be safely opened by the use of the probe. The author discusses the conditions which determine the most practical treatment to be adopted in different cases. Experimental transmission of Texas fever, Ligxieres {Rec. Med. Vet.., Paris, 8. ser., 7 {1900), Xo. 23, pp. 118-180). — The author conducted extensive experiments with Texas fever in Argentina. It was found impossible to inoculate experimentally the horse, ass, sheep, pig, dog, cat, rat, mouse, and domestic fowl. A number of forms of the disease were noted in cattle inoculated experimentally, and the peculiar features of cluneal symptoms and pathological lesions in these forms are described in detail. In this connection the author made numerous counts of blood corpuscles and recorded the variations in number of red blood corpuscles and in the body temperature dur- ing the progress of the disease. The tick which is instrumental in transmitting Texas fever in Argentina is called Rhipicephalus annulaius microplus. The author describes minutely the external form and anatomy of this tick in its different stages. Experi- nlents were made in producing Texas fever experimentally by infestation with ticks taken from diseased animals. In one case the disease was thus produced by ticks from an animal which was apparently healthy. The author discusses the various objections which have been raised against the theory concerning the agency of ticks in spreading Texas fever. Experiments conducted for the purpose of determining whether Texas fever could be transmitted through the agency of certain flies gave negative results in all cases. The author describes the geographical distribution of the disease in Argentina, and discusses in a brief section the importance of the disease to the cattle industry. Since Texas fever is most commonly confounded with anthrax, a parallel table is given showing the characteristic symptoms of the 2 diseases. Experiments in the use of quinin in treating Texas fever showed that this substance is without true curative value for this disease. The author reviews the literature concerning the methods of destroying the cattle ticks and methods of producing immunity in susceptible animals. A number of experiments in blood inoculation for the purposes of produc-ing immunity gave good results. The author concludes that the disease is transmitted only by the agency of ticks, and that preventive vaccination may be successfully carried out, although 286 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. little hope is to be entertained of curing actual cases by serum inoculations. A bib- liography of the subject is added. Horse sickness of South. Africa, E. Nocard {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, S. ser., 8 {1901), No 2, pp. 37-51, fig. 1). — The author discusses the serious outbreaks of this disease among horses at the beginning of the South African war. Charts are given showing details of the clinical history of a number of cases. The organism of the disease has not been isolateil, but it is believed by the author to be a protozoan parasite, which is probably transmitted by means of some insect, possibly the mosquito. MaUgnaut oedema in the horse, E. Zschokke {Schweiz. Arch. Thierh., 43 {1901), No. 1, pp. 20-24). — In one case the disease developed in consequence of stepping on a nail. The wound was treated with lysol, but 9 days afterward the disease appeared. The symptoms and the course of the disease are described in this and several other cases. Sheep pox, E. Perroncito {Gior. R. Soc. Accad. Vet. Itcd., 60 {1901), No. 3, pp. 64, 65). — Brief notes on the history and unusual severity of an outbreak of this dis- ease during the past year. The author discusses the methods which have thus far been adopted for preventing the spread of the disease. Dourine, J. De Does {Veeartsenijk. Bladen r. Nederl.-Indie, 13 {1900), No. 2, pp. 104-164.) — This disease prevailed to an unusual extent during the past season in Soemedang. The author discusses in detail the history of a large number of cases. The pathogenic organism was not isolated. Hog-cholera remedy, C. L. Penny {Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 96-98). — An analy- sis was made of a proprietary preparation sold as a " preventive and cure for hog cholera," and the results are compared with a formula recommended by the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. It is thought that the compounder meant to follow the formula of the Department and the author questions whether a remedy prepared in this way should be sold under a proprietary name. In this connection an examination was made of 41 samples of antimony sulphid sold by retail druggists in Delaware and other States. The results showed that 33 samples were entirely free from antimony in any form. Rabies: Its cause, frequency, and treatment, D. E. Salmon {U. S. Dept.Agr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 211-246). — A discussion of the cause, nature, distribution, and means of treating this disease, with historical notes on the success which has been obtained along this line in other countries. Diseases of poultry, A. G. Gilbert {Canada Expt. Farms Rj)ts. 1900, p. 259). — In cases of outbreaks of infectious diseases the author recommends thorough disinfec- tion of the premises. For the destruction of lice a fluid preparation containing 4 oz. of corrosive subUmate and 4 oz. of common salt was found efficient. These sub- stances should be dissolved in from 2 to 4 qts. of water, and all parts of poultry houses should be thoroughly sprayed. This treatment may be followed by white- washing. Asthenia or going-light of fowls, F. D. Chester {Delaware Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 52-60, fig. 1). — From cases of this disease the author isolated 2 organisms, one of which was the coli bacillus and the other similar to Bacillus vulgaris. Detailed state- ments are given concerning the morphological and cultural characters of the organ- ism, and a table is presented comparing the organism with Bacterium asthenioe, as described by Dawson. When fed to young chickens in ordinary food, this organism produced a rapidly fatal disease. Asthenia occurs more frequently in young chickens than in older ones. Apparently the organism is not pathogenic for old fowls, except to a limited extent. It is considered merely a virulent form of the coli bacillus. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 287 Entero-hepatitis or blackhead of fowls, F. D. ("iikstkk and A. Kobix {Ddauxire > and B. hovis. Slron(j!ih(S contortiis and Ct/xtlccrcns teiiuicoUls are reported as having been found in a specimen of mule deer which died at the National Zoological Park. On disinfection, W. L. Macke.vzie ( Vet Jour.,5;^ {1901), Xo. 308, pp. 100-108). — The author discusses the practical value for disinfecting purposes of light, fresh air, sulphurus acid, corrosive sublimate, chlorid of lime, lysol, carbolic acid, and formal- dehyde. Stable disinfection, F. P. (tokiiam {Rhode Lilaiid Stati' lid. Agr. Rpf. 1900, pj). 315-32;^). — The author gives a brief account of tuberculosis, glanders, and other dis- eases, with notes on disinfection of stal)les after outbreaks of these diseases by means of formalin, carbolic acid, carl>ol-sulpharic acid, creolin, and chlorid of lime. The laws of the Grand Duchy of Hessen relating- to indemnities for animals affected -with anthrax, blackleg, and hog cholera, Lorexz {ZtKckr. ThUrmed., 5 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 12-63). — This article contains copies of regulations relating to the subject, an elaborate discussion by the author on the sanitary meas- ures to be adopted in outbreaks of these diseases, and on the methods of preventive inoculation which promise to yield the best results. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. The carrying capacities of irrigation canals, S. Fortier ( Utah Sta. Bid. 71, pp. 5.5, Jigs. 42). — This is a report of (54 experiments made during the summer of 1897 on irrigation channels varying in size from small ditches carrying a few miner's inches to large canals carrying as high as 225 second-feet, and including nearly everj' form of ditch common to western America. "The object sought was to ascertain as accurately as po.ssible the existing con- ditions of ditches and canals that had been in operation for a number of years. In order to obtain the volume which flowed in any particular ditch and compare it with some well-known empirical formula, such as Kutter's or Chezy's, it w'as necessary to ascertain the slope of the surface of the water, the sectional area of the water, the mean velocity, and the ratio betweeji the water area and the wetted perimeter." Other objects which the author had in view was to ascertain the form which chan- nels assume when acted upon by water and the atmosphere and to determine the values of the coefhcient of roughness (n) under different conditions. The discharge was measured either by a current meter or by a Cippoletti trapezoidal weir, special precautions being taken to secure the conditions necessary for accurate measurements. The current meter measurements recorded are in every case the mean of from 3 to 6 readings. The average cross sections were obtained "by plat- ting in different colors on a large scale the three or more cross sections taken in the Held. A new perimeter was then adopted which represented the average of all those jilatted. Its length was found by a j>air of dividers and the area of the average sec- tion by a planimeter. "The slope of a canal represented by the fall of a given portion, usually from 50 to 300 ft., divided ]jy the distance, was determined by a new Buff and Berger IH in. level and a leveling rod reading to thdiisaiidths of a foot. 8847— No. 3—01 7 288 EXPERIMENT STATIOT^ RECORD. "The method followed in determining the slope was to drive small finishing wire nails into the tops of submerged oak stakes at each end of the section to he tested. It was not always possible to have the top of the nail coincide exactly with the sur- face of the water, but this difference introduced no error in the results, provided the heads of both nails occupied th6 same relative ]i(isition to the surface of the water. In the case of pulsations or slight waves caused by winds, the tops of both nails were even with the highest or lowest water surfaces." From the data reported the author draws the following conclusions: "(1) Sections of canals inearth, although carefully built of a trapezoidal form, with the l)otti)m width horizontal, soon change to segments resembling those of an ■ elliijse. "(2) In all large or medium sized canals in earth, berms are necessary in order to prevent a portion of the excavated material from rolling into the canal. " (3) The carrying capacity o1" new irrigation canals and ditches during the first season of their operation are less than in suljsequent seasons, providing the same conditions are maintained. "(4) The coetficient of friction in canals well lined with sediment in good order and long in use is less than has been usually supjiosed. " (5) The frictional resistance of coarse materials, such as gravel, pebbles, or cobble rock, depends to a large extent on whether such material is well packed or loose. "(6) That a rough channel exerts a greater influence in retarding the flow of a small ditch than the same degree of roughness exerts on the large canal or river. "(7) In the past, canal builders have to a great extent ovei'looked the injurious effects of the growth of aquatic plants. " (8) The effect of water jalants in checking the flow and lessening the capacity of irrigation canals may be much grtater than a rough uneven channel. "(9) In parts of the arid West where such vegetation grows abundantly the canals should be Imilt in such a way as to prevent its growth, or, if tins is impracticable, to facilitate its removal." "On account of the dissimilarity l)etween the physical conditions of the channel from which the present values of (n) have been derived and the ditches and canals of irrigated America, the writer has attempted to assign values for (n) which would be more in accordance with the conditions which now exist in the Rocky Mountain States. Future experiments in which the details are more accurately con(iu(;ted may, however, modify the values of (n) as here given." The proposed values for the coefficient of friction (n) for different kinds of irrigation ditches and canals are as follows : "n=.0175 for canals in earth in excellent condition, well coated with sediment, reg- ular in cross section and free from vegetation, loose pebbles, and cobble rock. "n=.020 for canals in earth in good condition, lined with ^^•ell-packed gravel ])artly covered with sediment and free from vegetation. "n=.0225 for canals in earth in fair condition, the wetted surface being lined with sediment with an occasional patch of low-water jdants, or composed of loose gravel without vegetation. "n=.0250 for canals in earth in average condition having few sharp bends and lieing fairly uniform in cross section; the water slopes and bottom being lined with sediment and low water plants, or composed of loose gravel and fragments of rock less than 2 inches in diameter and free from vegetation. " n=.0275 for canals in earth below the average in grade, alignment and cro.ss section; having indentations on the sides, the edges in places partially filled with earth and gravel, and the lining composed of coarse gravel anil cobble rock unpacked. This value would also apply to a smooth, regular surface if the channel were partially filled with aquatic plants. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERINO. 289 " n=.0300 for canals in earth in ratlier bad condition having the bed partially cov- ered with debriij; or having comparatively smooth sides and bottom with bunches of grass and weeds projecting into tlie water antl more or less aquatic plants growing in the channel. "n = . 0350 for small ditches having a small uneven bed and for canals in earth m fairly good condition but partially filled with aquatic plants. " n=.040 for canals inearth whose channels are about half full of a(juatic vegetation. "n = .0."iOfor canals in earth Avhose channels are al)out two-thirds full of aijuatic vegetation." Practical irrigation, C. T. Johxston and J. D. Staxxard ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- book 190(1, pp. 491-.il;2,tig><- 9). — This article explains methods of laying out and con- structing small ditches with varying grades and cross sections, the laying out of field laterals, methods of applying water to crops, when to irrigate, and cost of building and maintaining a ditch. A study of the practice of irrigation on the plain of Urgel, Spain, P. PniLiPPAR i^Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 5, pp. 220-237, Jig. i).— This article describes quite fully the system of water management and methods of irrigation practiced in this region, and discusses the results obtained. The Chapman subirrigation plant {('((fij'ornia Cuff., 16 {1901), Xo. 20, p. 305, tig. i).— A brief description. Tenth Biennial Report of the State Engineer to the Governor of Colorado, 1899 and 1900 {Cufonido Sfafe Eng. Rpt. 1S99 and 1900, pji. 396, pfs. ii).— This is an account of operations during the 2 years ended November 30, 1900, and includes a list of the irrigation officers with recommendations regarding the improvement of the irrigation system of the State; reports on the internal improvements made; an abstract of supreme court decisions relating to irrigation; reports of superintendents of irrigation and water commissioners; ditch and reservoir filings; seepage measure- ments and ditch ratings; and gagings of streams with comparative tables of discharge. .Agricultural machinery at the Paris Exposition of 1900, U. Coupan {Buf. Soc. Agr. France, n. ser., 32 {1900), Dec. 15, pp. 469-479, figs. 5; 33 {1901), Jan. 1, pp. 43-49, figs. 4; Jan. 15, pp. 97-106, figs. 11; Feb. 1, pp. 165-176, figs. 5; Feb. 15, pp. 280-286, figs. 4; Mar. 1, pp. 362-370, figs. 5). — Brief notes are given on plows, cultivators, scarifiers, pulverizers, rollers, harrows, mechanical diggers, fertilizer dis- tributers, seed drills and planters, hoes, pumps, hydraulic rams and other water lifts, agricultural artillery, harvesting machines of all kinds, threshing machines, and presses, mills, and other machines for preparing crops for handling and use. Results of tests of alcohol motors in Germany, E. Leplae {Les resultats des ess'iis di' iiiofcnrs a afconf ck Affemagiie. Brrchf : L. Jh'afckmans, 1901, pp. 17). The selection of materials for macadam roads, L. W. Page ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearfjook' 1000, pp. 349-356). — This article discu.'^ses the importance of the phy.sical properties of rock in road building and of a record of traffic for proposed roads and methods of measuring traffic, the ada])tation of material to different kinds of traffic, and methook 1900, j}p. 167-182). — In this article the price of wheat in its relation to the world's sui)ply of breadstuff s, the world's wlieat crop, and especially the world's rye produc- tion are discussed. Our foreign trade in agricultural products, 1891-1900, F. H. Hitchcock (r. S. Depl. Agr., Section of Foreign. Markttfi Bui. 23, pp. 61). — A detailed statistical review of the foreign trade of the United States'for the 10 fiscal years 1891-1900. In 1900 the value of the leading agricultural exports amounted to $844,616,530, the prin- cipal articles being Vjreadstuffs, cotton, meat products, live animals, tobacco, oil cake and oil-cake meal, vegetable oils, fruits and nuts, dairy products, and seeds. The value of the leading agricultural imports amounted to $420,139,288, the principal articles being sugar, hides and skins, coffee, silk, vegetable fibers, wool, fruits and nuts, tobacco, tea, wines, vegetable oils, and cocoa. Our trade with Scandinavia, 1890-1900, F. H. Hitchcock ( U. S. Bept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bui. 22, pp. 124). — This is a. statistical review of the trade of the United States with Denmark, Sweden, and Norway during the fiscal years 1890-1900. The exports to these three countries increased in valuation from $9,000,000 in 1890 to $29,000,000 in 1900. The imports were valued at $4,000,000 in 1890 and $5,000,000 in 1900. Agricultural imports and exports, 1896-1900, F. H. Hitchcock ( V. S. Dept. Agr , Section of Foreign Market.'< Circ. 2S,j)p. 16). — Statistical tables showing the char- acter, quantity, and value of the agricultural imports and exports of the United States during each of the five fiscal years, 1896-1900. Agricultural returns for Great Britain, 1900 {London: Wyman d- Sons, 1901, pp. XLIX + 259) . — This report shows the acreage and produce of crops, prices of corn, and number of live stock with agricultural statistics for the United Kingdom, British possessions and foreign countries. The course of prices of farm implements and machinery for a series of years, G. K. Hol:(Ies {U. S. Dept. Agr., Dirision of Statixtic)< Bui. 18, pp. 31). — The prices of farm implements and machinery for 1860, 1880, 1890, 1895, and 1900 on about July 1 for each of these years were obtained from manufacturers and the fig- ures are here i)resented in ta])les. The magnitude of the industry of manufacturing agricultural implements and some of the economic results of machinery producetl in the cultivation and harvesting of corn and wheat and the making of hay are pointed out. The change in price of different implements and machines is briefly discussed. Agriculture in the Twelfth Census, LeG. Powers {Amer. Mo. Rev. of Beiieirs, ?3 {1901), No. 184, pp. 321-323). — A statistical summary dealing mainly with the num- ber of farms in the United States in 1900 and their value. Notes on the agriculture of Reunion, F. Stuhlmann {BeiJiefte Tropcnpflanzer, 2 { 1001) , No. 1, pp. 29, figs. 3). Visit to Great Britain and France, W. Sauxders {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1000, )>p. 44-66, pi. i) . — Notes on a trip made by the author, with a paper read before the British As.«ociation on the results of experimental work in agriculture in Canada under government organization. Free delivery of rural mails, C. H. Greathouse ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 513-528, pis. 4, maps 2). — The author reviews the growth of the rural free deliv- ery of mails in the United States, discusses tlie advantages and disadvantages of the 292 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, system, quotes the opinions of a number of farmers as to rural free delivery, and gives directions as to the method of procedure in starting new routes. Agricultural education in France, C. B. Smith ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1900, pp. 115-lSO). — A paper on this? su])ject in which are popularly discussed the French national department of agriculture, national schools of agriculture, practical agricul- tural schools-, farm schools, agriculture as taught in the public schools, departmental and special professors of agriculture and their functions, and agricultural experiment stations and laboratories of France. "France has, in all, 12 institutions for teaching agriculture of the first and second degrees, 43 for teaching the third degrees, 34 for pure practice of apprenticeship, 3,362 fields of demonstration, 77 establishments for analysis and agricultural research, and 214 departmental and special professors of agriculture, who give instruction yearly to 300,000 adult farmers and conduct agricultural classes in the normal schools for men and in the rural primary schools." NOTES Alabama College and Statkin. — E. M. Wilcox, Ph. T>., formerly of the Okla- homa College and Station, has been appointed professor of biology and horticulture in the college and l)iologist of the station, vice F. 8. Earle, who, as previously noted, has gone to the New York Botanic Gardens. G. F. Freeman has been api)ointed secretary of the station. H. Harold Hume and H. A. Houghton have severed their connection with the institution. Alabama TrsKECiEE Station. — Tlie station is preparing a set of nature-study leaf- lets, to be placed in the hands of school-teachers. These teachers will l)e urged to conduct a child'.^ garden in connection with their schools, and to teach something of nature study in a practical way. Farmers' leaflets, written in plain and simple lan- guage and dealing with the various phases of farm work, are being issued. The insti- tute keeps in touch with its c(instituents by means of farmers' conferences held monthly in different localities, delegates from these conferences being sent to the monthly meetings which are held at the institute. Arizona Station. — John J. Thoriiber, A. M., has assumed the duties of Initanist 'of the station, filling the vacancy caused l)y the resignation of David (jriffiths, now of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Mr. Thornber will ])e chiefly occupied with the study of grazing conditions in the southwest, especially with refer- ence to the administration and reclamation of worn-out ranges. He has been occu- pied for the past four years with the study of similar problems in Nebraska. California University and Station. — A. M. dal Piaz, assistant in viticulture has resigned, and E. H. Twight, a graduate of the Viticultural College of MontiJcilier, France, has been appointed in his place. A. K. Ward, D. V. M., formerly of Cor- nell University and Station, has been appointed veterinarian of the station. A dairy school has been estalilished in connection with the college of agriculture. J. H. Barber, foreman of the Paso Kobles Station, has been transferred to the station at Jackson, while Foreman J. AV. Neal of the latter goes to the Paso Robles Station. Colorado Station.— An insectary is being built for the entomological section of the station. The governing board has decided to reconvey to the State 160 acres of land, formerly used as a portion of the Rockyford Substation. This reduc-es the substation to an area of 40 acres, most of which will be leased. Connecticut Storrs College and Station. — President G. W. Flint an. Avery, who resigned at the close of the academic year to return to the University of Nebraska. Charles X. Little, Ph. T>. (Yale), has been appointed professor of civil engineering in the university and irrigation engineer at the station. A new pig- gery, to be used in experimental work, has been erected at the college farm, at a cost (,f $.325. Illinois College and Station. — J. H. Skinner, formerly of Purdue University, has been appointed instructor in- animal husbandry in the college and assistant in animal husbandry at the station. A. V. Stubenrauch, formerly assistant at the Cali- fornia Station, has been appointed assistant in horticulture at the station and instructor in horticulture in the college. A. C. Beal, a graduate of the University of Illinois, has been appointed assistant in horticulture in the college. C. F. Hottes, formerly assistant in l)otany in the university and for the past three years a student at the University of Bonn, Germany, has been appointed assistant in botany at the station and instructor in botany in ihe college. Heinrich Hasselbring, foniierly assistant in horticulture at the. New York State Station, has been appointed assistant in vegetable pathology at the station. H. E. Ward, formerly instructor in soil physics in the university, has been made instructor in bacteriology in the college and chief assistant in soil bacteriology in the station. Wm. H. Knox, formerly of the South Dakota College and Station, has been appointed instructor in soil physics in the college and chief assistant in soil physics at the station. Coates P. Bull, a graduate of the Minnesota Agricultural College, has been appointed instructor in farm crops in the college and assistant in farm crops at the station. His special investigation work will be in plant breeding. R. S. Woodrow has been appointed field assistant in sugar-beet investigations. J. H. Pettit, formerly of Cornell Univer- sity, has been appointed a.ssistant in chemistry at the station. E.* M. East, a gradu- ate of the university, has also been appointed assistant in chemistry at the station. A. J. Glover, formerly employed by the State Dairy and Food Commission of ^linne- sota, has been appointed chief assistant in dairy husbandry. PcRDUE University and Station. — The horticultural department of the station has been strengthened by the promotion of William Stuart, who has served for some years as assistant botanist, to the position of associate station horticulturist. Profes- sor Troop, as horticultui'ist, will give his attention more particularly to the fruits proper, while Mr. Stuart will develop the gardening side of the horticultuial work. A limited amount of vegetable gardening will be conducted under glass, in addition to field gardening, and the station will also promote the general gardening interests of Indiana. F. S. Johnston, assistant agriculturist in the New Hampshire College and Station, has been appointed associate professor of agriculture in the univei'sity and assistant agriculturist of the station. Herman Dorner, B. S., has been appointe t assistant botanist. H. E.Van Norman, who for some years has served as farm sujier- intendent and assistant in dairying at the university, has been jiromoted to the posi- tion of instructor in dairying in the university and dairyman of the station. K. C. Obrecht, B. S. Agr., a graduate of the Iowa Agricultural College, 1901, has been appointed assistant in animal industry in the university and farm superintendent of the .station. A. N. Hume, a graduate of the school of agriculture of the university, 1899-1900, has been appointed half-time assistant in the agricultural department of the station. On September 1 the station adopted the scheme of placing weather sig- nals on the rural mail delivery wagons going out from Lafayette. These signals are enlarged reproductions of the weather flags, about 20 by 13J inches, made of tin and NOTES. 295 painted. They aro affixed to each side of the wagon by meanw of an iron frame, aeconiniodating two flags on each side. Five wagons carry these flags, and a set is also exposed on the front of the experiment-station building. A key to the flags has been sent each person along the several rural routes. Iowa College aSd Station. — E. C. Myers, B. S. Agr., has l)een appointed instructor in agricultural chemistry in the college, and C. E. Gray, B. S. Agr., has been appointed assistant chemist of the station. Josei)h E. Guthrie succeeds Wm. T. Shaw as assist- ant entomologist of the station. F. W. Faurot, assistant botantist, J. C. Brown, a.«sistant chemist, and W. D. Hunter, assistant entomologist, have severed their con- nection with the station. The latter has Ijccome assistant in the Division of Entom- ology of tliis Department. Kansas College and Station. — The board of regents has divided the farm depart- ment into the agricultural department and the department of dairy husbandry. H. M. Cottrell remains in charge of the agricultural department, and D. H. Otis, who has been assistant in dairying for some years, is placed in charge of the department of dairy husbandry. He becomes at the same time professor of dairying in the col- lege. Dr. N. S. Mayo, recently of the Storrs Agricultural College, has been elected professor of veterinary science in the college and veterinarian of the station, a posi- tion formerly held by him. F. C. Weber, B. S., a recent graduate of the Ohio State University, has been elected assistant chemist, vice R. W. Clothier, resigned. J. M. Westgate, assistant botanist, resigned his position August 1 to take a course of study. Maine University. — A. W. Harris has resigned the presidency of the university to accept the ijosition of director of the Jacob Tome Institute, at Port Deposit, Md. Maryland College and Station. — J. B. S. Norton, M. S., has been appointed ' I itanist and pathologist in the college and station, which makes him ex-officio State athologist. Professor Norton is a graduate of the Kansas Agricultural College and lias^ipent several years at the Missouri Botanical Gardens. F. H. Blodgett, B. S., of Rutgers College, New Jersey, has been appointed his assistant. Mlssotri Station. — J. C. Whitten, horticulturist, has been granted leave of absence for 16 months to study horticultural methods in Europe. W. L. Howaid, B. S., a graduate of the University of Missouri, 1901, has been appointed assistant in horti- culture, to succeed N. O. Booth, who has resigned to accept the position of assistant horticulturist at the New York State Station. F. B. Mumford, professor of agricul- ture, has returned from a 16 months' study of live-stock husbandry in Europe and resumed his duties. Plans for the dairy building, and for a live stock judging pavil- ion and veterinary laljoratories have been appi'oved, and work on these buildings will be begun at once. Missouri State Fruit Station. — C. B. McAfee, of Springfield, has been appointed a member of the board of trustees at the station in i)lace of M. T. Davis, resigned. The experiment-station Ijuilding, to be used for offices and laboratories, has l)een completed. Nebraska Station. — Henry B. Slade, A. B., has been appointed assistant station <-hemist in place of R. W. Thatcher, who, as previously noted, has gone to the Wash- ington Station. New Hampshire College and Station. — AV. D. Gibl)s, professor of agronomy in the Ohio State University, has been elected professor of agriculture and director of tiie station, and will enter upon his new duties January 1, 1902. He succeeds C. W. iUirkett, who, as noted ))elow, has gone to North Carolina. Marion Imes, assistant' in veterinary science and dairying, has resigned to ai-cept a position in the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. H. P. Richardson, assistant in agricuUure and farm superintendent, has resigned to accejjt the position of poultryman in the North Carolina Station. Temiiorary arrangements have been made for carrying on the work of the agricultural (h-partiiient, and the college year has begun witli an increased nundjer of students in the chosphoric acid in Thomas slag, O. Foerster 318 Estimation of phosphates in potable waters, A. G. Woodman and L. L. Cay van. 319 On the determination of dry matter in soil samples, H. Puchner 319 Calcium carbonate in soils, and new apparatus for its determination, M. Passon . 319 The determination of lime in soil samples, E. Hotter 320 Complete analysis of feeding materials, C. A. Browne, jr., and C. P. Beistle 320 Hvdrochloric-acid-phloroglucin method in determination of pentosans, E. krober 320 The determination of pentosans, G. S. Fraps 321 The nature of pentosoids and their determination, G. S. Fraps 321 Determination of organic nitrogen by different methods, A. Van Engelen 321 Research work in plant ash determinations, A. E. Shuttleworth 321 Household tests for detection of oleomargarine and renovated butter, G. E. Patrick 321 Volumetric estimation of boric acid, H. Liihrig 322 Determination of the hardness of water, >I. Pleissner 322 Determination of the addition of water to wine, A. Gautier et al 322 I II CONTENTS. BOTAXY. Page. Effect of small quantities of toxic substances upon higher plants, H. Coupin.. 322 On the absorption of metallic poisons liy plants, H. Devaux 322 Native and introduced forage plants, J. H. Shepard et al 323 Autumnal translocation of material in hop plant, C. Fruwirth and W. Zielstorff . 323 Nitrogenous products of seed and seedhngs of white lupines, N. J. Wassilieff . . 323 The reserve carbohydrates of the bulb of the hyacinth, J. Parkin 324 Experimental investigations on the origin of species, H. de Vries 324 Course of hyphal filaments of Tilletia in )>ody of wheat plant, H. L. BoUey.. 324 Individual prepotency in plants of the same breeding, W. W. Tracy 324 The botanic garden as an aid to agriculture, W. Trelease 324 The value of willows in retaining the banks of streams, W. W. Rowlee 325 ZOOLOGY. Notes on the food of birds, T. D. A. Cockerell ' 325 The birds of Colorado, W. W. Cooke 325 The food of the toad, H. Garman 325 Zoological yearbook for 1900., P. Mayer 325 METEOROLOGY — CLIMATOLOGY. Forests and snow, L. G. Carpenter 325 Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and C. L. Rice 326 Report of department of meteorology, C. H. Pettee 326 Summaries of temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, E. F. Ladd 326 Report of rainfall and temperatures for the year 1900 326 Meteorological chart of the Great Lakes, A. J. Henry and N. B. Conger 327 Meteorological reports for East Africa, 1900 327 Meteorological observations at Manila 327 Climatology of the Philippine Islands 327 Rainfall and the temperature of the soil, A. Tolsky 327 Chief meteorological factors of fertility according to observations on the "Alexeevskiye" estate of P. I. Levitzki, Government Tula, A. Levitzki 327 Origin of atmospheric hydrogen, A. Gautier 327 Combustible gases of the atmosphere — atmospheric hydrogen, A. Gautier 327 Atmospheric dust observed at Tunis March 10, 1901, E. Bertainchaud 328 Electro-sonorous method of combating hail, G. M. Slanoi'^witch 328 The Tolmar experiments with explosives to control the weather, A. Hertzog.. 328 WATER — SOILS. Artesian wells in North and South Dakota, W. Upham 328 The geology of the artesian basin of South Dakota, D. S. McCaslin 328 Drainage water and salt morasses of the Odessa sewage fields, T. Seliwanoff . . 328 Researches on moorland waters. II, Origin of the combined chlorin, W. Ackroyd '. 328 The systematic investigation of soils, B. W. Kilgore 328 Soil temperatures as affected by color and moisture of soil, J. B. Reynolds 328 Relations of soil solutions to phosphates used as fertilizers, T. Schloesing 329 Sources of the constituents of Minnesota soils, C. W. Hall 329 Solubility of gypsum in aqueous solutions of sodium chlorid, F. K. Cameron and F. D. Gardner 329 Report of Valuiki Agricultural Experiment Station, 1895-96, V. S. Bogdan 329 Formation of sodium carbonate by plants, F. K. Cameron and F. D. Gardner. 330 Study of agricultural value of soils of Madagascar, A. Miintz and E. Rousseaux. 330 The soils of the colony of the Cavaignac, Algeria, J. Dugast 330 FERTILIZERS. Influence of systems of fertilizing upon amount and quality of the humus of the soil, W. Frear and E. H. Hess 330 Experiments on the relative fertilizing value of ammonia salts, P. Wagner... 331 Fertilizing action of phosphoric acid of bone meal, O. Kellner and 0. B5ttcher. 331 The most pi ofitable amount of fertilizer to apply, M. Fischer 331 The uses and abuses of fertilizer formulas, S. M. Tracy 332 CONTENTS. Ill Page. The manurial value of ashes, mucks, seaweed, and bone, C. D. Woods 832 Seaweed as a fertihzer, F. W. Moore 3:52 Composition of the sewage of the town of Odessa, T. Sehwanoff et al :332 Official inspection of commercial fertilizers, 1900, C. A. Goessmann et al 332 Report on general work in the chemical laboratory, C. A. Goessmann 332 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. B. Hardin 332 The world's production of phosphates, Maizieres 332 FIELD CROPS. Report of the agriculturist, AV. P. Brooks and H. M. Thomson 332 The Woburn Pot-culture Station, J. A. Voelcker 335 Report of the agriculturist, R. 8. Shaw 336 Grain and forage crops, J. H. Shepperd and A. M. Ten Eyck 336 Report of the experimentalist, C. A. Zavitz 338 Farm superintendence, G. E. Day 340 Field experiments with fertilizers on corn, oats, and wheat in 1899 and 1900.. 340 Experiments with Alinit in the cultivation of oats and barley, A. Damseaux.. 340 Sludge as a fertilizer for grass, A. E. Shuttle worth 340 A meadow for hay and pasture, G. Heuze 340 Experiments with beans, A. M. Ten Eyck 340 Experiments in corn culture, J. S. Newman 341 The culture of maize, C. Giner 341 Studies upon flax in 1900, H. L. Bolley 341 The removal of the hop vines immediately after the hops had been harvested. 341 Culture tests with horse beans on different soils, etc., J. Seissl and E. Gross.. 341 Results with variety tests of lupines, Edler 341 Soil inoculation experiments with lupines, C. Schreiber 342 Autumn catch crops, P. P. Deherain 342 Tillage experiments with potatoes, J. L. Stone 342 The work with potatoes during the summer of 1899, H. L. Bolley 342 Field experiments with fertilizers on potatoes, 1894 to 1900 342 Report on variety tests with potatoes, F. W. Rane 342 Serradella in Campinas, G. d' Utra 342 Experimental work with sugar beets during 1900, R. H. Forbes 342 Sugar beets, W. P. Headden 343 Experiments with sugar beets, J. D. Towar 343 Sugar-beet experiments for 1900, E. F. Ladd , 344 Sugar-beet investigations in Ohio in 1900, A. D. Selby and J. "\V. Ames 344 Sugar-beet experiment, A. E. Shuttleworth 344 Sugar-beet experiments in Ontario in 1900, A. E. Shuttleworth 344 Nitrogenous fertilizers in the culture of sugar beets 344 The sugar industry in the island of Guadeloupe 344 Brief notes on the culture of tobacco 344 Notes on the culture of tobacco and its preparation, M. M. Garcia 344 The drying of tobacco. I, Total weight and loss of weight, E. C. J. Mohr . . 344 Work with wheat in 1900, H. L. Bollev 345 ' Wheat studies, E. F. Ladd 346 Improving wheat 346 Some important questions in plant breeding, W. Edler 346 Silo temperatures taken by electricity, H. H. Lamson 346 HORTICULTURE. Vegetables in South Dakota, N. E. Hansen and W: S. Thornber 346 Fertilizers for garden and field vegetables, Dubliers , 347 Seven years of experiments with bush beans, B. D. Halsted 347 The cantaloupe, H. H. Griflin 347 Tomato report, F. W. Rane 348 The development of a tomato hybrid, W. M. IMunson 348 Report of the professor of horticulture, H. L. Hutt 348 Report of the South Haven Substation, S. H. Fulton . . ._. 349 Winter irrigation of deciduous orchards, A. J. McClatchie 350 Report on horticulture, S. M. Emery 351 Manuring of fruit tiees, A. Petts 352 Cold storage for fruit and other productions, F. R. Latchford 352 IV CONTENTS. Page. Storage of apples, H. H. Lamson 352 Apples in Iowa 352 Apple districts of West Virginia, L. C. Corbett 352 Apple cnlture and lists of apples suitable for Ontario and Quebec, W.T. Macoun. 353 Experiments in fruit growing at the Central Experimental Farm, W.T. Macoun . 353 Report of the fruit experiment stations in Ontario, L. Woolverton et al 353 Notes from the plum orchard, E. A. Popenoe and A. Dickens 353 Figs in jiots, J. Hudson 353 Report on the export of tender fruits, L. Woolverton 353 Coffee culture in Queensland, H. Newport 354 Cacao shade ^ 354 Oswego strawberries, L. H. Bailey 354 Practical guide to viticulture, J . Pech 355 Grapes, C. W. Mathews 355 Influence of early and late i^runing on productiveness of vineyards, C. Mayer. 355 The economical manuring of vines, H. Lagatu 355 Grafting walnuts and hickories 355 Notes on perfumerv plants and the development of this industry in New Cale- donia, E. Heckei 356 Plants for perfumery and essence, J. Chapelle 356 The propagation, culture, and use of poinsettia, N. Schneider 356 The groups of dahlias 356 Report on cactus dahlias, 1900 356 Lilies of Japan 356 Narcissi in New Zealand, J. G. W. Ellis 356 Own root roses, A. Herrington 356 Violets, J. Bradley 356 The Aspleniums (spleen worts), C. T. Druery 356 The heating and ventilating of hothouses, A. D. Mackenzie 356 Horticultural progi'ess during the nineteenth century, J. Clayton 356 The century book of gardening, E. T. Cook 357 SEEDS — WEEDS. Effect of chemical solutions on germination of seeds, G. E. Stone, R. E. Smith. 357 Effect of age and length of sprouts upon vitalitv of seeds, J. H. Shepperd and E. G. Schollander ! 357 Studies upon weeds in 1900, H. L. Bolley 358 Weed notes, W. Lochhead 358 Rom uJea rosea, R. Helms 358 Russian thistle in ^Massachusetts, G. E. Stone and R. E. Smith 358 The weedy plants of Iowa, L. H. Pammel 359 Use of chemical substances for destruction of weeds, C. Dusserre 359 A new method of cleaning roads and walks 359 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Twentv vears' progress in plant pathology, B. T. Gallowav 359 Flax wilt, H.L. Bolley..... ." 359 Experiments on the bacterial diseases of jictatoes, H. Jensen 360 Experiments with fungicides upon potatoes in 1900, C. D. Woods 360 How to fight potato enemies, C. D. Woods 360 Experiments with potato scab, H. Garman 360 Notes on the sugar-cane disease of the West Indies, W. T. Thiselton-Dyer 361 Concerning the mosaic disease of tobacco, Iwanoski 361 Investigations on the stin-king smut of wheat, H. L. Bolley 361 Cantaloupe wilt, H. H. Griffin 362 Bacillus carotovorus, the cause of the white rot of carrots, L. R. Jones 362 Cucumber diseases, H. Garman 363 Aster diseases, nematode worms, and cucumber mildew, G. E. Stone, R. E. Smith . 363 Notes on plant diseases, W. Lochhead 363 Spraying in bloom, S. A. Beach and L. H. Bailey 364 An experience with pear blight, D. R. Pease . . .'. 365 Concern ing apricot diseases, R. Farneti 365 Chlorosis of fruit trees in calcareous soils, H. Dauthenay 365 The deterioration of passion vines and fruit, W. J. Allen 365 Some experiments in combating grape mildew, B. Chauzit 365 Concerning the conidial form of the black rot fungus, G. Delacroix 366 CONTENTS. V ENTOMOLOGY. Page. Report on injurious insects and common farm pests, 1900, E. A. Ormerod ijiii) Report on injurious insects ami plant diseases in 1900, W. ^I. 8ch('iyen ;;H7 Notes on insects, \V. Lochhead ." ;;(;7 Report of the entomologists, C. H. and H. T. Fernab i :',()7 Insects injurious to grain, G. d' Utra :;(i7 The i)rincipal insect enemies of growing wheat, C. L. ]\Iarlatt ods The mites of sugar cane in Java, L. Zehntner ;;tiS Enemies of cucaimbers and related plants, H. Garman .SijS Further experiments against the peach-tree borer, M. V. Slingerland 8t)9 San Jose scale investigations, I, Y. H. Lowe and P. J. Parrott ;;09 San Jose scale investigations, II, Y. H. Lowe 370 Observations on Coccidte, R. Newstead ;-;70 Classilication of Parlat( )ria, ( x. Leonardi ,370 Injurious scale insects and mealy bugs of the British Isles, R. Newstead 370 AVoolly aphis and mistletoe, F. Peneveyre 370 The damage caused by Porthesia chrysorrhrea, L. J. Lambillion 370 The Rutherglen l)ug, X>/»ius rinitor 371 Some insects injurious to small fruits, Mary E. Murtfeldt 371 Disease of the black currant caused by Phytoptus ribis, J. H. Wilson 371 Three unusual strawberrv pests and a greenhouse pest, ]M. Y. Slingerlaml 371 The phylloxera of the vine, F. T. Bioletti .". 372 Coml)ating phylloxera in Roumania, G. N. Nicoleano 372 Catching the moths of Tortrix amblf/nella, J. Dufour et al 372 On methods of combating Tortrix amhiguella in spring and summer, J. Laborde. 372 Larkspur and geraniums for grasshoppers, C. Ledwidge 372 Spray calendar 372 The general treatment of insect pests, H. Maxwell-Lefroy 373 The resistance of the larval mosquito to cold, M. J. Wright 373 Preliminary note on hil^ernation of mosquitoes, H. E. Annett and J. E. Dutton. 373 The life history of the warble flies, E. E. Austen 373 Report of the lecturer on ai)icnlture, H. R. Rowson 373 The heat of beehives and the results of varying it, Sjdviac 373 The Freiburg investigations of eggs of bees, F. Dickel and A. Weismann 373 Notes on foul brood of bees, E. Ruff }• 374 FOODS XITRITIOX. Composition of jellies and jams, W. D. Bigelow et al 374 The presence of tin in canned foods, J. K. Caldwell and A. E. Parkes. 374 Maple sirup from defoliated trees, F. W. Morse. .: 374 The fineness of division and solution of food when chewed, J. L'. Gaudenz . . . 374 Effect of severe anacillus, C. Fraenkel : - 392 Pathogenesis and therapy of milk fever, C. Hemprich _ . 392 Lysol in milk fever, F. C. Mason 393 Preventive inoculation against foot-and-mouth disease, Loeffler and Uhlenhuth . 393 The control of swine plague by inoculation with Hochst sferum, Gaertner 393 The bacteriology of hog cholera, G. McCarthy 393 Serotherapy and sero vaccination in hog cholera, Coremans 393 Hog-cholera serum from cows, T. Kitt 393 Bacterium coll as cause of infectious disease of horses, Piorkowski and Jess 393 On the question whether Ijacteria can penetrate through the wall of the healthy alimentary tract, A. Schott 394 -VGRICULTtTRAL ENGINEERING. A text-book of the physics of agriculture, F. H. King 394 Cold-storage experiments, J. B. Reynolds 394 Quantity of water used in irrigation and seepage loes from canals, S. Fortier. . 395 STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. Statistics of land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations, 1900 396 Proceedings of the fourteenth annual convention of the Association of Ameri- can Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, A. C. True et al 396 Proceedings of the twenty-first annual meeting of the Society for the Promo- tion of Agricultural Science 396 Fifth report of committee on methods of teaching agriculture 396 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United Stutes. Arizona Station: Page. Bui. 3(5, :\rar. 30, 1901 342 Bnl. 37, May 25, 1901 350 California Station: Bnl. 131, May, KOI 372 Colorado Station: Bnl. 55, 1901 325 Bnl. 5(5, :\rav, 1900 325 Bnl. 62, Apr. , 1901 347, 362 Bnl. 63, Apr. , 1901 343 Kansas Station: Bnl. 101 , Jan. , 1901 353 Kentucky Station: Bnl. 9] , Mar. 8,1901 .325, 360, 363, 368 Bui. 92, Apr. 1 , 1901 355 Maine Station: Bui. 73, Apr., 1901 360 Bui. 74, Mav, 1901 332 Sixteenth A'n. Rpt, 1900 395 Massachusetts Station : Met. Buls. 148-150, Apr.-June, 1901 326 Thirteenth An. Kpt., 1900. . 332, 357, 358, 363, 367, 377, 380, 381, 385, 395 Michigan Station: Bnl. 187, Jan. , 1901 349 Bnl. 188, Feb., 1901 343 Montana Station : Bui. 28 (Seventh An. Rpt., 1900), Jnlv, 1900 336, 351, 396 Bnl. 29, Nov. , 1900 395 Xew Hampshire Station: Bui. 78, Oct. ,1900 390 Bui. 79 (Twelfth An. Rpt., 1900) , Nov. , 1900 326, 332, 342, 346, 348, 352, 374, 379, 385, 396 New Mexico Station: Bui. 37, Mar., 1901 325 New York State Station : Bui. 193, Dec. ,1900 369 Bui. 194, Dec, 1900 370 Stations in the United States — Continued. New York State Station — Cont'd. Page. Bnl. 195, Dec, 1900 396 Bui. 196, Dec. ,1900 364 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 188, Mar., 1901 372 Bnl. 189, Apr. ,1901 354 Bnl. 190, May, 1901 ' 371 Bui. 191, June, 1901 342 Bui. 192, June, 1901 369 North Carolina Station : Bnl. 178, Mar., 1901 321 North Dakota Station: Eleventh An. Rpt. , 1900 326, 336,340,341,342,344,345, 346, 357, 358,359,361,396 Ohio Station: Bnl. 124, Mar. , 1901 340 Bui. 125, Mar. , 1901 342 Bui. 126, Mar. , 1901 344 South Carolina Station: Bui. 60, Apr. ,1901 382 Bui. 61 , June, 1901 341 Bnl. 62, May, 1901 383 South Dakota Station: Bnl. 68, Nov., 1900 346 Bui. 69, Jan., 1901 323 West Virginia Station : Bui. 75, Apr. , 1901 352 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 131 321 Farmers' Bui. 132 368 Office of Experiment Stations : Bul.97 396 Bnl. 98 375 Bul.99 396 Circ 45 396 Weather Bureau: Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes, 1901 , No. 1 ... . 327 VII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XIII. Ko. 4. The School of Practical Agriculture and Horticulture at Briarcliff Manor, N. Y., was regarded as something of an experiment at the time of its establishment, over a year ago, and its progress has been followed closely by persons interested in the various forms of agricul- tural education. As stated in its prospectus, "The school was estab- lished by the Committee for the Promotion of Agriculture of New York (now merged into the Board of Trustees) to open an independent means of livelihood for young men and women, especially of our cities; to demonstrate that higher value ma^^ be obtained from land under intelligent management, and to develop a taste for rural life." It is situated in one of the most picturesque sections of Westchester Couut^^ within 3 miles of the Hudson River, and in immediate prox- imity to the Briarcliff Farms of over 6,000 acres belonging to Mr. Walter W. Law, a member of the Board of Trustees. On these farms are maintained a herd of 1,045 Jersey cattle, 487 being registered stock. The milk and butter produced are sold in New York Cit3\ There are on the farms over 1,500 pigs, 4,000 chickens, and 400 sheep. There are also extensive greenhouses, in which roses, carnations, and other flowers are produced on a large scale. The students of the school thus have exceptional opportunities for observing the opera- tions of stock husbandry, dairying, and horticulture as conducted on a large commercial scale. The school has under its direct control a farm of 65 acres, part of which has been laid out in orchards and gar- dens, the remainder being devoted to farm crops. A school building and dormitory, with accommodations for about 40 instructors and students, has been erected on this farm. The other buildings are a farmhouse, greenhouse, barn, and poultry houses. The faculty consists of a director, horticulturist, agriculturist, and instructors in nature stud}' and cold storage. Both men and women are admitted as students. "Applicants must have a good knowledge of P^nglish, give satisfactory references, be over 16 years of age, and in good health.'' The course of study extends over two years of forty weeks each, and includes instruction in agriculture, horticulture, cold storage, and 301 302 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. in botany, chemistry, geology, ph3^sics, agricultural zoology, ento- mology, meteorolog}', land surveying and leveling", and bookkeeping, all with special reference to agriculture and horticulture. Instruction, largely in the form of lectures, is given during the forenoon of each school day, and in the afternoon students, both men and women, engage in the operations on the farm under the supervision of their instructors. A foreman, gardener, and small force of laborers are employed, so that the farm operations go on continuously, the students doing such work as they can in the three or four hours a day that they devote to their practical exercises. The school is conducted, as its title indicates, as a practical school, and no attempt is made to furnish a general educa- tion, only such branches of science being taught as are necessary to an intelligent understanding of the practical instruction in agriculture and horticulture. The school is maintained by tuition fees of §100 a year per pupil and a charge for board in the dormitorv of §280 a year, together with funds secured by the trustees from private sources. The present year about thirtj'-five students are in attendance, almost all of whom come from cities. Their ages range from 16 to 35 years, and most of them have previously had a high-school education or its equivalent, while some have enjoyed college privileges. Among them are some persons of considerable means who are studjing agriculture with special reference to investments in land or the management of large estates. The school has been remarkably successful in attracting students, and has already reached the present limit of its accommo- dations. Plans ai-e therefore being made for securing equipment on a larger scale. The applications for admission show that if the tuition fee and board were not so high, man}' more students could easily be obtained. It thus seems clear that the school is meeting a real demand for practical instruction in agriculture on an entirely different basis from that given in the agricultural colleges, and that there are a con- siderable number of young people in our cities who, for one reason or another, would prefer to engage in pursuits of country life, provided they had the training requisite for success in them. This school will not in any way take the place of the agricultural college or of second- ary schools of agriculture maintained at public expense and intended for the instruction of boys and girls on farms. Its success is, however, one of many indications that the time is at hand for the broadening of our system of agricultural education to include secondary and special schools of agriculture and horticulture, to meet the varied needs of our youth in both city and country for training which will tit them to meet with success in practical agriculture and horticulture. At the Briarcliff' school, as elsewhere, when attempts have been made to give practical instruction in agriculture and horticulture, dif- EDITORIAL. 303 ticulty has been experienced in securing teachers having the requisite combination of scientific knowledge and practical skill and experience. The same difficulty presents itself when farm managers are sought among the graduates of our agricultural colleges. This presents one of the problems of higher education in agriculture as yet unsolved. Experience seems to show that the requisite practical skill and art of management required for the successful conduct of actual farm opera- tions can not as a rule be acquired by students during the period of their life spent in school and college. They must obtain this after- Avards by actual contact with the practical problems of the farm. The case is analagous to that of students in medicine or pedagogy. Just as the graduates of medical schools ought to have hospital practice before setting out as regular practitioners, and the graduates of normal schools ought to have actual school work under skilled supervision before taking charge of schools for themselves, so the graduates of agricultural colleges ought in some way to have opportunities for engaging in farm practice before the}' are accredited as qualified to be instructors in agriculture or farm managers. Already there is a con- siderable demand for well-equipped farm managers, and in the near future there are likely to be more openings for well-trained men as instructors in secondar}- and practical schools of agriculture. There is, therefore, encouragement for graduates of our agricultural colleges to give special attention to fitting themselves to meet such demands. Plans are being made to hold a graduate school of agriculture at the Ohio State University in July, 1902. The first session of this school will be held under the auspices of that university, whose board of trustees has assumed financial responsibility for this new enterprise. The Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at its recent session in Washington approved the proposition to hold such a school, and voted to assume responsibility for it after the first session, thus making it a cooperative enterprise for the col- leges and experiment stations represented in the association. Secretary Wilson has taken great interest in the project, and acting on his advice, the Director of this Office has consented to act as dean of the school at its first session, and other officers of the Department will be on its faculty. It is planned to hold a four weeks' session, during which advanced instruction and laboratory practice will be given in three general lines, agronomy, zootechny, and dairying. This instruc- tion will be along both scientific and practical lines, and will he of a character to meet the requirements of advanced students. The coop- eration of the leaders in agricultural education and researcli in this country is already assured, and there is good promise of an uinisually strong faculty. A prospectus will be issued about January 15, 11»02. Correspondence regarding the school should be addressed to Prof. T. F. Hunt, Columbus, Ohio. 304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An act for the establishment of an Insular Bureau of Agriculture was passed bj' the United States Philippine Commission early in October, and was made a part of the general plan of the provisional government established in the islands by the commission. The Secre- tar}' of Agriculture was invited, through the Secretary of War. to nominate a suitable person to take charge of the new bureau and its organization. Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner, for nearly eight years agros- tologist of this Department, was nominated to this position, and has been formally appointed by the Philippine Commission. His title will be chief of the Insular Bureau of Agriculture, and his headquarters will be at Manila, where he will go sometime during the winter. The present deploralile condition of agriculture in the Philippines marks the establishment of this bureau as one of the most important acts of the Philippine Commission. As stated in the annual report of the Secretary of War for the present year — The methods of cultivation are primitive and ineffective; the ordinary vegetables, notwithstanding the fertility of the land, are small and poor, and the stock is evi- dently run out and should be renewed. Many grains which are unknown to the people can undoubtedly be raised. They live chiefly on rice, and raise less than they consume. In general, the bureau will, in the terms of the act establishing it, "seek to promote the development of the agricultural resources of the archipelago." Among other things, it will take charge of and conduct the model farms and experiment stations which were established in a number of provinces under the Spanish regime. The act provides that its organization shall be framed as nearly as may be after our National Department of Agriculture, Avith such variations as may be required by the differences in conditions and by the provisions of the act estab- lishing Government laboratories for the Philippine Islands. Professor Scribner has had wide experience in the tield of agricul- tural botany and vegetable pathology, and is familiar with the various agricultural institutions of the country, both State and national. These qualilications will stand him in good stead in working out the lines of the new bureau, selecting its corps of workers, and effecting its organ- ization. Considering the agricultural importance of the islands and the great opportunities for development along so many different lines, the field for research and economic work is exceedingly attractive, and the Bureau of Agriculture should in time develop into one of the strongest and most useful branches of the insular government. THE ASH COXSTITUEXTS OF PLANTS; THEIR ESTIMATION AND THEIR IMPORTANCE TO AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AND AGRICULTURE/ B. TOLLENS, Ph. D., Director of the Agricultural- Chemical Laboratory, University of Gottingen. Part II. — Importance of Ash Analysis y:o Plant Physiology AND Agricultural Chemistry. summary of the various ash analyses. During the course of the century just closed many thousand ash analyses of various products have been made, the reports of which are widely scattered. The compilation of these by E. von Wolff in his book on ash anal3'ses"^ was a noteworthy service and has made them easily accessible. These analyses show that as between different kinds of plants the ash content, both crude and pure ash, varies quite widely, as does also that of the same kind of plants at different stages and when grown in different localities. The following table shows in a general way the range of ash in the dry substance of the principal categories: Approximate range in ash content. Per cent. Cereal grains, kernels 2 - 3. 5 Cereal grains, straw 4. 5- 6. 5 Grasses 3 - 9 or more. Clovers 5-9 Tree leaves 3. 5-10 Wood 0.2-0.8 Bark 5 - 7 Roots and bulbs 3 - 8 or more. In the case of some plants, as for example, Elodea canadensis and Equisetum, these figures are greatly exceeded. ' Continued from p. 220. ^Aschen-Analysen von landwirthschaftlichen Producten, Fabrik-Abfiillen and wildwachsenden Pflanzen. Berlin, 1871, \A. 1; 1870-1880, pt. 2. 305 306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. VARIATION OF THE FICU'RES. As illustrating the variation in the composition as well as in the total amounts of the ash, on the basis of Wolff's compilation, the fol- lowing- table is presented: Variation in reported ash analyses. Pure aah. In 100 parts of ash. Potassium oxid. Calcium oxid. Phosphoric acid. Silica. Chlorin. Meadow hav Per cent. 2.2-11.4 7. .'5-15.0 4. 5- 9. 2 1.6- 2.5 1.0-1.7 4.5- 7.0 2. 2- 5. 8 5. 2-12. 9 Per cent. Per cent. 7. 6-56. 6 6. 0-40. 1 Per cent. 2.0-21.3 6.2-16.0 4.0-15.0 39. 2-53. 7 37.6-53.7 2. 2- 8. 9 8. 4-27. 1 2. 6-12. 1 Per cent. 10.4-63.2 13. 9-49. 6 0.0-20.0 0.0- 5.9 0. 0- 5. 5 49. 6-72. 5 0. 0- 8. 1 1.9- 9.4 Per cent. 0. 2-21. 4 English rye grass Red clover in bloom 27. 1-52. 0 8.8-52.0 23.2-41.1 24. 3-38. 1 9.5-27.4 44.0-73.6 6.4-42.8 3. 5-15. 2 21.9-53.4 0. 9- 8. 2 0. 6- 3. 8 2.7- 8.9 0.4- 7.2 16. 1-46. 7 1.3-12.4 1.2-11.8 0. 0- 3. 5 0. 0- 4. 8 Winter- wheat straw 0.0- 7.4 0.7-12 6 2. 8-10. 5 Although a part of this variation may be traced to errors in the determination of the ash, the variations aside from this are unusually large, and the averages calculated from these figures can be of little value. In the case of winter- wheat straw, for example, the individual analyses run all the way from one-half the average figure to double that value, as shown by the following: Variation in composition of asJi of winter-wheat straw. Average. Variation. Total ash Per cent. 5.37 13.65 5.76 4.81 67.50 1.68 Per cent. 4.5 7.0 In 100 parts of ash: Potassium oxid 9 5-27 4 Calcium oxid 2. 7 8. 9 Phosphoric acid 2. 2- 8. 9 Silica 49 6-72 5 Chlorin 0.0- 7.4 The average is only a ver}^ general indication which can only approximate the truth when based on a very large number of determi- nations on samples of different origin and harvests, in which case the variations offset each other in a large measure. CAUSES OF VARIATIONS IN THE AMOUNT AND COMPOSITION OF ASH. Among the factors, aside from individuality, which influence the variation in composition of vegetable materials may be noted the influence of (1) the stage of growth, (2) the soil, (3) the fertilizers, (4) the available moisture, and (5) the thickness of the stand. INFLUENCE OF THE STAGE OF GROWTH. It is evident that the percentage of ash in the plant is not uniform during its growth, since the assimilation of the ash elements from the soil and the increase of organic matter in the plant do not always take THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OB^ PLANTS. 307 place at the .same rate. AVhen the ash elements are taken up at a more rapid rate than that at which the oroanic matter is formed from the carbonic acid of the air and the nitrog-enous matter of the .soil, the older plants will })e relatively richer in ash than where the reverse is true. When reserve matter is stored up, as when starch is stored in seed or cellulose is formed in wood, then the org-anic matter predom- inates and only a small percentage of ash is present. The same applies to the separate constituents. Man}' investigations of the above points have been made, as for example, those of Arendt with oats, of Pierre with wheat, and of Zoiler, KissmiiUer, Dulk, Ramann, Tucker, and others with the leaves of trees. Arendt,^ who analyzed oats at four periods of growth, found that the content of silicic acid in the dry matter increased, up to the third period, from 17.46 to 28.62 per cent. The sulphuric acid was at its maximum in the fourth period, and the phosphoric acid in the third period, the percentage of phosphoric acid in the ash increasing from 8.93 to 11.21 in that period. The largest amounts of both potash and lime were taken up in the first period, the content of 46.94 per cent of potash and 12.24 of lime in this period decreasing in later periods to 34.48 per cent of potash and 11.59 of lime. Pierre ^ obtained similar results with winter wheat. From May 1 to July 25, for example, the ash content of the dried plants fell from 7.98 to 3.38 per cent; the percentage of potash in the ash fell from 20.46 to 11.72, of Hme from 16.28 to 11.87, and of pho.sphoric acid from 9.12 to 8.08, while the percentage of silicic acid in the ash rose from 32.84 to 54.26. In beech leaves, according to Dulk,'* the ash in the dry matter increased during the period from May 26 to November 7 from 4.68 to 6.39 per cent. The percentage of potash and phosphoric acid in the ash decreased as the season progressed, while that of lime and silicic acid increased. In a similar way Tucker* obtained the following results in a stud}' of the leaves of the plane tree: Analyses of the (ish of the leaves of the plane tree. Pure ash. In 100 parts of pure ash. Date. Potassium oxid. Calcium oxid. Phosphoric acid. Silica. June 13 ]'rr cent. 6.10 12.25 Per cent. 22. 40 4.36 Per cent. 28.61 45.01 Per cent. 15.00 2.73 Per cent. 7.40 November 5 18.40 ^ Landw. Vers. Stat., 1 (1859), p. 65. '^Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 68 (1869), p. 1526; Jahresber. Agr. Chem., 1868-69, p. 264. See Wolff's Aschen-Analysen, pt. 2, p. 6. •''Landw. Vers. Stat., 18 (1875), p. 192. * Jour. Landw., 48 (1900), p. 50. 308 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In other words, with the advance of the vegetative process there was a great decrease in the potash and phosphoric acid and an increase in lime and silicic acid as well as in the total ash. According to the researches of Grandeau and Fliche ^ -i species of trees contained the following percentages of ash at different aates: Ash content of young and old leaves. Old leaves. Species Black locust Birch Bird cherry . Chestnut The wood of old trees is usuall}^ poorer in ash than that of 3"oung trees. For example, the wood of a beech tree^ 20 years old contained 0.46 per cent of ash, that of one 40 years old, 0.45 per cent; one 50 years old, 0.36 per cent, and one 220 years old, 0.37 per cent. An oak 15 3"ears old contained 0.53 per cent of ash, one 25 years old, 0.41 per cent; one 50 years old, 0.22 per cent, and one 345 years old, 0.22 per cent. Bretschneider and Matzdorf found the sugar beet to contain on July 20, in an unripe state, 7.31 per cent of ash in the dry matter. With the growth of the beet and the increase of sugar the ash decreased, and by October 16 had fallen to 3.83 per cent. The older the plant, or its parts, the greater are found to be the variations in the ash constituents, which is an indication that the stor- age of materials derived from the soil does not take place in the organs of plants at a uniform rate throughout the period of growth. Accordingly the percentage content of such materials as forage plants, for example, may vary considerably" with the time of year. These variations mav be brought about, on the one hand, by differences in the extent and activit}" of the roots in taking up plant nutrients, or, on the other hand, b}^ the migration of these materials from the leaves, stems, etc., to other parts of the plant, where they are held in reserve, increasing the valuable constituents of the latter and decreasing those in the leaves, stems, etc. As pointed out by Fittbogen,* toward the end of the vegetative period a part of the nutritive material in the roots is conveyed to the portion of the plant above the ground. IXFLfENXE OF THE SOIL UPON THE ASH OF PLANTS. It is evident that in soils of different composition quite different amounts of ingredients are at the disposal of plants, and it may be 1 Aim. Chim. et Phys., 5. ser., 8 (1876), pp. 499, 500. 2 Weber, in Wolff's Aschen-Analysen, pt. 2, p. 69; Forstl. BUltter, 1876, p. 257. *Landw. Vers. Stat., 6 (1864), p.' 481. THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS. 309 presumed that under sxwh condition.s the}^ will take up dillorent amounts, and accordingly will show^ varying- percentages of these mate- rials in their ash. Plants grown in lime soils contain more lime than those grown in sandy soils originating from sandstone. For example, Wunder^ reports that turnips grown in a clay soil rich in lime con- tained d.'IS per cent of lime in the ash, while those grown in a sandy soil poor in lime contained only 5.47 per cent. Grapevine wood from a soil poor in lime and composed of gneiss, schist, and (juartz con- tained, according to Hruschauer," 32.16 per cent of lime and 34.13 per cent of potash in the ash, w^hile that from a lime soil contained 37.16 per cent of lime and 24.93 per cent of potash in the ash. Enmierling and Wagner^ report that hay made from peat}' meadows poor in fertilizing ingredients contained 26.30 per cent of potash, 6.50 per cent of lime, and 5.11 per cent of phosphoric acid in the ash, while ha}' from a good marsh soil contained 37.30 per cent of potash, 9.83 per cent of lime, and 7.28 per cent of phosphoric acid in the a.sh. On the other hand, the ash of the hay from the poor soil contained 41.82 per cent of silicic acid, while that from the other contained onl}^ 21.37 per cent.* From an examination of oats grown on different soils Atterberg^ found a quite variable content of potash, phosphoric acid, lime, etc., in 1,000 parts of the stalk, seed, and leaves. INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS. The composition of the ash varies especialh' when the soil is ferti- lized with varying amounts of the diti'erent ash ingredients in availal)le form. Of the very many evidences of this, only a few cases can be cited. The ash of the sugar beet grown with different fertilizers con- tained, according to Hanamann," the following: Potiish, lime, and pliosphoric acid hi as]i of sugar beets. Without fertilizers Willi ].i>tasli With phrisphoric aeid In other investigations: Wiihont fertilizers With potash , With phosphoric acid . Potash. Lime. Per cent. Pel' cc;:l. ■19. 22 17. 84 52. 97 12. 34 48. 07 12. 71 48.69 10.18 52. 2-1 8.63 49.77 8.88 Phosiihoric acid. Per cent. 5.7S 3.41 10.33 12. .32 13.88 16.34 1 Landw. Vers. Stat., 4 (1862), p. 264. Myolff's Aschen-Analyge, pt. 1, p. 114; E. Wolff, Chemische Fom-huni.'i'ii aiif deni Gebiete der Agricnlturcheniie u. Ptlanzenphysiologie, 1847, p. 322. 'Centlil. Agr. Chem., 8 (1875), p. 838. *It should be noted that the grasH growing on thet^e two soil.s was not of the .same kind. Mour. Landw., 49 (1901), p. 97. ^Landw. Jahrb., 7 (1878), p. 795; 8 (1879), p. 823; Jour. Landw., i876, p. 41. 1040i>— Xo. 4 2 310 EXPEKIMENT STATION RI^CORD. According to Wundor.^ turnips grown in sand with one application of potash, and in a loam soil, contained the following percentages of potash: PoUtsli In inrnips girjini in (lijfere)d soils. Sand with potash fertilizer. First year. Potash in dry substance. . Potash in 100 parts of asli . Per cent. 8.15 58.29 Second year. Per cent. 5.92 52.16 Third year. Per cent. 4.73 43.36 Loam soil. First year. Per cent. 3.95 43.12 Second year. Per cent. 4.90 44.83 Hellriegel'^ found in barley plants grown in water cultures with increasing amounts of potash from 0.35 to 3.96 per cent of potash in the dry matter. E. Wolffs found that in oats grown in water cultures of different composition the ash contained from 18 to 51 per cent of potash, 1 to 38 per cent of lime, and 0 to 27 per cent of soda. Nessler * found in the ash of the grapevine the following: .4s// constituents in grapevines. Potash. Lime. Phosphoric acid. Vines not fertilized Vines fertilized with potash. Per cent. 16.76 23. 75 Per cent. 25.66 23. 99 Per cent. 9.02 7.34 Nessler" states that in general the content of potash as well as of chlorin in the plant is found to be increased by the addition of these elements to the fertilizer. Pfeifl'er *' studied the effect on the chlorin content of potatoes of applying fertilizers eontaining no chlorids as compared with those containing chlorin. with the following results: Chlorin in potatoes {air-dri/ substance). Without chlorin fertihzers: Percent. No potash sahs 0.215 Potassium sulphate 211 With chlorin fertilizers: Potassitim chlorid 279 Potassium sulphate and magnesium chlorid 373 Kainit 362 Rock salt 458 Another illustration of the effect of fertilizers on the individual elements of the ash is afforded by the following analyses by Councler ' of the ash of maple leaves {Ace?' negundo). One series was in water 1 Land. Vers. Stat., 4 (1862) , p. 266. ^ n^j^^^ ^ ( ^ggg^^ p 23g_ Hbid.,11 (1869),p.l41. *Ibid.,16 (1873),p.l86. ^ Ibid., 40 (1892), p. 411. 6 Ibid., 49 (1898) , p. 371. 'Ibid., 29 (1883), p. 241. THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS. 311 cultiiros and iU'cordiiigly supplied Avitli all tlie cloinonts of plant growth, and the other in the .soil. The following .shows the composi- tion of the erude ash: At Jour. Landw., 46 (1898), p. 386. ''Jour. Landw., 49 ( 1901) , p. 97. ^See K. Bieler, Die RothaniHted V(m-8Uc1u'. IVrliu, 1S96, p. 50. 312 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Although the above examples show a marked influence of the fer- tilizing materials, in or applied to the soil, on the content of these materials in the ash, it should be mentioned that this effect is not always as marked and may disappear entirel}^ or in some cases be quite the reverse of that noted. This may be due to the fact that when an element, as potash, is present in the soil or fertilizer in insuf- ticient amount, the plants develop poorly and give only a ver}" poor yield; while when fertilized with potash a much larger yield is obtained. When the plants grown without potash fertilizer are incin- erated, an absolutely smaller amount but a relatively much larger amount of potash may be found in the ash, while the larger jneld obtained with potash manuring may show an absolutely larger amount of potash without the percentage of potash being increased. It must b& borne in mind that there are alwa3\s several factors which influence the absolute amounts of plant food taken up by the plant, as well as the percentage composition of the ash. For example, the presence of nitrogen in the fertilizer or the soil has a great influence, since it pro- motes a vigorous growth, and the increased yield, consisting largely of organic matter, results in a suppression of certain ash elements of the plant (and a preponderance of others). This is shown, for exam- ple, in the above-mentioned experiments of von Seelhorst, in which the average percentages of phosphoric acid and potash in the air-dry matter of the oat plant were as follows: Potash and jihosphoric acid in oat plants differently fertilized [von SeeUiorst). Fertilizer applied. Potash Phosphoric foiasn. j^pj^_ Potash Potash and nitrogen Nitrogen Without fertilizer Phosphoric acid Phosphoric acid and nitrogen . Per cent. 2.997 2.292 1.536 2.122 2. 17.5 1.348 Per cent. 0.597 .403 .413 .588 .735 .472 INFLUENCE OF THE THICKNESS OF THE STAND. It is well known that the growth and development of plants vary greatly with close and thin planting. It is true of plants in general that they develop better when each plant stands by itself than when they are set close together, and it is evident that this is due to the greater area of soil at the disposal of the plant, as well as the increased amount of light and air. When plants have more soil space in which to grow, they naturally have more plant food at their disposal and more moisture, and this condition must influence the amount and the com- position of the plant ash. As illustrating the above points, the experi- ments of von Seelhorst and Panaoto vie ^ with spring wheat and oats ^Jour. Landw,, 47 (1899), p. 379. THE ASH CONSTITUENTS OF PLANTS. 313 may ))c noted. Pots containing equal aniount.s of soil, fertilizer, and moisture were planted with 1, 5, and 8 kernels, respectively, Avith the following results: Yields of wheat and oats at different thicknesses. Number of kernels in pot. 1 kernel. 5 kernels. 8 kernels. Grams. 43 66.4 Grams. 72.6 80.8 Grants. Oats The 3aeld from the 1 kernel alone was relatively much greater than that from 5 or 8 kernels, and the same was true of the total ash. The percentages of total ash in the grain, and of potash, phosphoric acid, and lime in the ash were as follows: Ash of wheat and oats grown at different thicknesses. Spring wheat. Oats. 1 plant. 5 plants. 8 plants. 1 plant. 5 plants. 8 plants. Total ash Per cent. 2.334 34.75 33.38 7.46 Per cent. 2.177 29.85 32.01 5.33 Per cent. 2.034 44.59 31.27 5.11 Per cent. 3.393 17.89 22.99 7.05 Per cent. 3.240 12.56 20.74 7.03 Per rent. 3. 382 In the total ash: Potash •11 . 0.=) IS. .iy 5. 06 It is thus seen that there are great differences in plants grown singlv as compared with 5 or 8 grown together in similar pots. Atterberg^ made a similar experiment with oats, and found that by thicker sowing and larger yield the percentages of potash and phos- phoric acid fluctuated, while that of nitrogen was less than with thin- ner seeding. The nitrogen content of the straw was as follows: Thin seeding O.W per cent, average seeding 0.88 per cent, and thick seeding 0.68 percent. Beseler and Maercker^ found that increasing the thick- ness of the seeding had a similar influence in lessening the nitrogen content of oat grains. It is well know^n that the sugar content of sugar beets is much influenced by thick and thin planting, and this is also true of the ash constituents. INFLUENCE OF AVAILABLE MOISTURE ON THE ASH. In addition to the effect of soil, fertilizer, and thickness of seeding on the composition of the ash of plants, there are other factors at work. Mour. Landw., 49 (1901), p. 97. HVntbl. Agr. Chem., 13 (18»4), p. 453; Ztschr. Lan). — This hook has heen jirepared in accordance with the action of the Second International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Paris in 1896, instructing the author to collect the various official methods of analysis of fertilizers in one pub- lication in the French language. It contains the official methods adopted in France, Belgiiim, Holland, and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg; Germany and Switzerland; Austria-Hungary; the United States, and Italy. The report of the committee appointed by the Third International Congress at Vienna in 1898 on international methods, which was adopted by the Fourth Congress at Paris in 1900, is also given, with a short account of the Kjeldahl method by Kjtddahl himself. A contribution to the improvement of the rapid determination of -wrater- soluble phosphoric acid in superphosphates, L. vox Szell [Laudw.Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 4-5, pp. 325-346; a^. in Chan. Zfg., 25 {1901), No. 52, p. 199).— T\\\s is an account of an investigation on 7 different kinds of superphosphate of the influence on the accuracy of the determination of soluble phosphoric acid of (1) lack of uni- formity in the sample, (2) different methods of extraction, (3) imperfect filtration, and (4) errors in the jirecipitation and subsequent operations of the determination. The results show that large errors may be introduced into the determination by lack of attention to any of the points named. Asa result of his work, the author proposes the following method: Grind 20 gm. of the samj)le, which has l)een passed through a 3 mm. sieve, with water in a porcelain or glass mortar until it forms a thick broth. Gradually add more water and decant the solution into a liter shaking flask. After extracting in this way 4 or 5 times wash the insoluble residue into the flask. Fill the flask nearly to the mark and shake for \ to 5 hour in a shaking api)aratus, com- plete the volume to the mark, and filter through double fiJter papers. If a shaking apparatus is not available allow the solution to stand 1 to 2 hours, witli frequent shaking. To 50 cc. of the clear filtrate add, with vigorous stirring, just enough citrate solution (300 gm. citric acid, 1 liter of 24 per cent ammonia, and 3 liters of water) to dissolve the precipitate formed on the first addition of the citrate, then add an addi- tional quantity of the solution equal to one-tenth the amount so used to clear up the solution. Precipitate the phosphoric acid by adding, with constant stirring, the required amount of magnesia mixture, prepared by dissolving 55 gm. of magnesium chlorid and 70 gm. of ammonium chlorid in 650 cc. of water, making the volume to 1 liter with 0.96 sp. gr. ammonia, allowing to stand 24 hours, and filtering. Twenty- five cubic centimeters of magnesia mixture is usually sufficient for the precipitation. After standing 6 to 12 hours, or after i to J hour's mechanical stirring and 2 hours' standing, collect the precipitate on a filter, wash with 2^ per cent ammonia until free from chlorids, dry the precipitate at 100 to 120° C, char over a low flame, then ignite strongly for i hour, and weigh. On the adaptability of the molybdic method to the determination of citric- acid soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, O. Foerster {CJiem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 39, p. 421). — To reduce the precipitation of silicic acid as much as possible the 318 CHEMISTRY. 319 author recommends that in the precipitation with molybdic solution the beakers be allowed to stand 10 to 15 minutes in a water bath which is not liigher than S0° C. at the beginning and is allowed to cool after the beakers are placed in it. Estimation of phosphates in potable waters, A. G. Woodman and L. L. Cayvan {Juiu: Aiiirr. Chan. Sur., ..'.] [lUOl), X<,. .?, },p. !H!-107, fign. f).— The ordinary colori- metric methods are criticisey the use of standard solutions oi sodium phosphate. On the determination of dry matter in soil samples, H. Pichner (LdixJir. Vers. Stiii., 55 {1901), Xo. 4-5, jij>. 300-324) ■ — Determinations of moisture in a large number of different kinds of soils, using various kinds of appai'atus and methods, are reported. From the results obtained the conclusion is drawn that it is impossible to accurately determine moisture in soils by means of the ordinary methods of drying at 105° C. The precautions which the author suggests in order to secure accuracy are (1) cooling the dried sample only in a closed desiccator before weighing; (2) the use of a well-ventilated drying oven, so that the heated gases are rapidly removed; (3) the introduction of the sample ir^o the drying bath only after the temperature has been raised to 105°, and (4) maintaining the temperature uniformly at 105°. The apparatus which the author considers most nearly satisfying these conditions are those of Soxhlet^ and Ulsch.^ It is suggested that electrical heating might be applied to this purpose with advantage. Calcium carbonate in soils, and a ne^w^ apparatus for the determination of the same by practical agriculturists, M. Passox {Dciit. Landir. Presse, 28 {1901), No. 4~, PP- 367, 368, fif). 1). — The importance and function of active lime compounds (carbonates) in soils are discussed, and a modification of Gerlach's simplified Rcheib- ler apparatus for the rapid determination of carbonates in soils is described. This apparatus consists of two parts, a generator and a measuring tube. The generator consists of a wide-necked glass flask, closed with a rul)l)er stopper, through which passes the small neck of a pear-shaped flask, which reaches down into the larger flask and carries the hydrochloric acid used in driving off the carbonic acid from the soil. This smaller flask has a hole in its side through which the acid is introduced. The measuring tube is U-shaped, about 2 cm. in diameter, and 20 cm. high. The right arm is funnel-shaped at the top and has a side tube w'ith stopcock near the bottom. The left arm carries a scale covering a volume of 4.65 cm., graduated to read to tenths of a per cent of calcium carbonate. This tube is connected wdth the genei'ator by means of a rubber tube. In operation, the tube is filled with w^ater to the zero mark of the scale. The small jiear-shaped flask of the generator is filled about three- fourths full with dilute hydrochloric acid through the hole in its side. About 20 gm. of the soil to be tested is placed in the larger flask of the generator. The parts of the apparatus are then connected, and the generation of the carbon dioxid from the soil is begun by tilting the digestion flask so that the acid runs out of the hole in the side of the small flask upon the soil. The gas passes over into the measuring tube, dis- placing the water in the left arm and causing it to rise in the right. By means of the stopcock the level of the water is maintained at the same height in ])oth arms of the tube. When no further gas is evolved by vigorous shaking of the generator, the 'Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 1891, p. 363. H.hem. Ztg., 19 (1895), No. 51, p. 1183. 320 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. percentage of ca,lcium carbonate is read from the scale. If 0.4 or more of calcium carbonate i?' thus found in the soil, application of lime is considered unnecessary. The determination of lime in soil samples, E. Hotter {Ztschr. Landw. Ver- suchw. Oesterr. , 4 {1901 ) , No. 5, jjp. 632-636; ahs. in Chem. Ztg. , 25 ( 1901 ) , No. 5S, Repert. , p. 208). — The method proposed by the author for the determination of available lime (in form of carbonate) in soils is as follows: Digest 20 gm. of the dry soil, which has been ground to pass a 15 mm. sieve, with 50 cc. of 20 per cent acetic acid for one- half hour in a boiling water bath, make the volume to 1 liter, shake thoroughly, and allow to stand for 12 hours for the solution to become clear. To 200 cc. of this solu- tion add ammonium oxalate in excess to precipitate lime. Collect the precipitate on a filter, wash with cold water, and heat gently at first and then strongly ignite, cool, and weigh the CaO obtained. The ignited precipitate is generally colored gray or brown by manganese oxid, but the amount of this substance is usually negligible. It may be removed, however, by dissolving in dilute nitric acid, filtering, and rejire- cipitating the lime. Twenty comparfsons of this method with the gravimetric method based upon the determination of carbon dioxid are reported. The results by the new method are as a rule higher than those given by the gravimetric method. The complete analysis of feeding materials, C. A. Browne, jr., and C. P. Beistle {Jour. Arner. Cheui. Soc, 23 (1901), No. 4, pp. 229-236).— A sample of distil- lery waste or mash analyzed by the usual method at the Pennsylvania Station showed a nitrogen-free extract content of 42.93 per cent. Of this about 25 per cent Avas pentosans, leaving some 15 per cent of material unaccounted for. In analyzing the latter substance by the Sherman method (E. S. R., 8, p. 951) the sum of all the ingredients in the feeding stuff was found to be 96.01, leaving a residuum of about 4 per cent. In order to determine the composition of this residuum a second series of samples was carried through as in the first case, except that the pentosans in the residues were estimated after each stage of the process. From these results it appears that several per cent of a material of a pentose nature found its way into the alcoholic or aqueous extracts, which because of its copper-reducing ' power would affect the sugar and dextrin determinations. As no copper-reducing bodies were removed by the alcohol, it seems that these pentoses were removed by the water. The copper-reducing power of the aqueous extract the writers believe to be due to bodies of a pentose nature, and if such be the case a serious error exists in the usual process of determining dextrin. Further tests of the results found are presented, and attention is called to the uncertainties in the analytical methods of feeding stuff analysis, as well as to the more- or less arbitrary nature of the factors for calculating protein and pentosans. The hydrochloric-acid-phloroglucin method in the determination of pento- sans, E. Kkober {.lour. Lundir., 4^ (1901), No. 4, pp. ■157-384)- — The author made an extended study for the purpose of testing the method, and in order to determine factors for estimating furfurol and other substances from the phloroglucid obtained. He found that the results are not influenced by allowing the precipitate to stand from 14 to 20 hours. A porcelain Gooch crucible is better adapted to collecting the pre- cipitate, and the wash water should be put through in small portions, attention being paid to the physical condition of the residue, otherwise the filtrate may show no reaction for chlorin while the residue will contain it. Should the precipitate con- tain chlorin, too high results will be obtained. No practical difference was found in the results when pure phloroglucin and that containing diresorcin was used. Twice as much phloroglucin as is expected of the furfurol should be used. Before adding the phlor(jglucin to the furfurol solution it should be dissolved in warm dilated hydrochloric acid (specific gravity 1.06). Drying the precipitate 4 hours at a tem- perature of from 98.5 to 100° C. is recommended. Attention is called to the fact that phloroglucid is very hydroscopic, and the author obtained lietter and more uni- form results by cooling the Gooch crucible in a Aveighing bottle in the desiccator. CHEMISTRY. 321 In studying the composition the author came to the conclusion that 1 molocule of furfurol and 1 molocule of phloroglucin unite, 2 molecules of water being elimi- nated. By using pure furfunjl, arabinose, and xylose with the phloroglucin, factors were determined from which a taVjle was worked out for estimating furfurol, arabinose, araban, xylose, xylan, pentose, and pentosan from the phloroglucid obtained in analysis. The table covers amounts from 0.03 and 0.3 grams; higher and lower amounts may be estimated from a formula. The determination of pentosans, G. S. Fraps {Amer. Chem. Jour., 25 (1901), Xo. 6, pp. oOl-oOS). — It is generally assumed that when pentosans are distilled with hydrochloric acid of 1.06 sp. gr. furfurol is the only product obtained in the distil- late, precipitable by phloroglucol. The author in his work found that if the proper precautions were not taken insoluble fatty acids and an amorphous black precipitate (formed upon the distillate simply standing) were usually present, as well as a sub- stance or substances, termed furaloid, which is precipitated by phloroglucol and destroyed, partially or wholly, by second distillation. These furaloid.-yielding bodies seem to be widely distributed in nature, as all materials tested contained them in percentage varying from 6.9 to 22.6. They are hydrolized by boiling with 1.25 per cent sulphuric acid, at the same time being almost, if not entirely, destroyed. In the sample of timothy-hay excrement examined they were more highly digested than total pentosans. As the possibility of the formation of these furaloids from true pentosans (anhydrids of pentose sugars) by distillation with hydrochloric acid was found, from results obtained on xylose, to be highly improbable, it is evident that their presence in crude furfurol affects the determination of pentoses. The author questions the expediency of determining pentosans and furaloid-yielding substances separately until more is known about pentosans. — c. b. williams. Tke nature of pentosoids and their determination, G. S. Fraps {North Caro- lina Sta. Bui. 178, pp. 59-74)- — The author summarizes existing knowledge relating to pentosoids, and reports his investigation on their properties and their determina- tion, which is described above from another source. Determination of organic nitrogen by the methods of Kjeldahl and Will and Varrentrap, A. Vax Exgelex {Eer. Interna f. Falsi/., 14 (1901), pp. 14-lS; ahs. in .Jour. Chem. Sac. [Lomkm], SO {1901), Xo. 463, II, p. 343).— The Kjeldahl method and its various modifications are briefly reviewed and experiments with pear leaves and cotton-seed meal are reported, which show that the highest percentages of nitro- gen were obtained by closely following Kjeldahl's original directions, namely, digest- ing for 2 to 3 hours with sulphuric acid and adding potassium permanganate. For occasional determinations of nitrogen the Will and Varrentrap combustion method is considered more convenient. The author uses an iron combustion tube. Research work in plant ash determinations conducted in connection with the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, A. E. Shtttlewortu {Onta- rio Afjr. Col. and Expt. Farm Ilpt. 1900, pp. 22-25). — Two series of ash determinations comparing the official method with the author's method (E. S. R., 11, p. 304) made Ijy C. C. Moore of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department, G. S. Fraps of the North Carolina College of Agriculture and ^Mechanic Arts, and AY. P. Gamble of the Ontario Agricultural College, are reported in tabular form and discussed. The author believes that volatilization and fusion in the preparation of ash are two important sources of error, and that by his method the use of calcium acetate over- comes the difficulty of fusion and the use of a closed platinum apparatus prevents volatilization. Household tests for the detection of oleomargarine and renovated butter, le.v semibaccata) , mealy or gray saltbush {Atriplex halimoide.s), slender saltbush {Atriplex lepi oca r pa), wild mustard {Brassica arrensis), spurry or sand weed {Spergula arvensis), Intter vetch {LatJiyrus sativa), serradella {Ornithojms sativus), yellow lupine {Lujiinus luieus), Egyptian clover or Alexanh'iii< and R. clamitans. Zoological yearbook for 1900, P. Mayer [Zoologischer Jahreshcrkht fur 1900. Berlin: R. Friedldnder & Son, 1901, pp. 4^8). — This report contains detailed lists of biological references to the literature on all the groups of animals. A brief summary i.s given of the more important contributions on all subjects. METEOROLOGY -CLIMATOLOGY. Forests and snow, i^. ( >. Cari'Extek ( Colnrado Sta. Bui. 55, pp. 12, pis. 18,fiy.^. 7). — This bulletin attempts to bring out souie of the relations of forests to water supply whicli have become evident in the study of one of the typical irrigation streams of Colorado, viz., the Cache la Poudre River. It contains a number of reproductions of photographs taken during June, 1899, showing the snow cover under different forest conditions at the headwaters of this stream at elevations of 9,000 ft. and over. The rainfall conditions of the State and their effect on stream flow, the effect of forest growth in conserving moisture and preventing irregular flow, and the effect of the 10409— No. 4 3 326 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. sun and wind in melting snow are briefly explained, observations on these subjects being summarized as follows: "(1) The mountain streams in the early irrigation season are largely supplied by melting snow. "(2) There is a marked diurnal fluctuation, greater with high water than with .low, due to the daily variations in the rate of melting. "(3) The stream at high water may be one-half greater than at low water on the same day. "(4) Cloudy weather in the mountains, protecting the snow from the radiation of the sun, causes the fluctuation to disappear and the flow to decrease. "(5) This decrease is so great that the cloudiness associated with continued rain usually more than counterbalances the gain from the rain. "(6) The loss of snow by evaporation is consideral)le, especially when exposed to winds. "(7) Snow remains in the timber and in protected spots much longer than where exposed. "(8) This is due not so much t(^ drifting as to shelter from the radiation afforded by the forest cover. "(9) Hence, the greater amount of forest cover the less violent the daily fluctua- tion, the more uniform the flow throughout the day and throughout the season, and the later the stream maintains its flow. "(10) The loss of the forest cover means more violent fluctuation during the day, greater difficulty in regulating the headgates and keeping a uniform flow in ditches, and hence an additional difticulty in the economic distribution of water. Also the water runs off sooner, hence the stream drops earlier in the summer, and on account of the lessening of the springs, the smaller is the winter flow. "(11) The preservation of the forest is an absolute necessity for the interest of irrigated agriculture." Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostraxder andC. L. Rice {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Bids. 14s, 149, 150, jip. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pressure, tem- perature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during April, ^Nlay, and June. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Report of department of meteorology and meteorological summary, C. H. Pettee {Xeir Hampshire Sta. BuL 79, pp. 33, 34, 38). — A brief report is given of the operations of this department of the station during the year, accompanied by a monthly and an annual summary of observations on temperature, precipitation, snow- fall, cloudiness, and direction of wind during the flscal year ended June 30, 1900, with averages for each month from July 1, 1895, to June 30, 1900, inclusive. The annual summary of these observations is as follows: Temperature (degrees F.) — 1899-1900, 45.5; 189.5-1900, 45.7; precipitation (in.)— 1899-1900, 43.59; 1895-1900, 45.5; snow- fall (in.)— 1899-1900, 50.5; 1895-1900, 62.1; number of days on which there was 0.01 in. precipitation— 1899-1900, 77; 1895-1900, 98; prevailing direction of wind— 1899- 1900, northwest; clear di^ys — 1899-1900, 181. The principal meteorological charac- teristics of the year were lack of moisture during the growing season and an abnor- mally light snowfall. The precipitation was normal, but one-third of it was concen- trated in 30 consecutive days, covering most of February and a part of March. Summaries of temperature, rainfall, and sunshine, E. F. L.\dd {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1900, }>p. 14-19). — Table.s give the maxima, minima, and mean monthly temperatures at Fargo, N. Dak., for the year 1900; a monthly record of sunshine during 1899 and 1900; total annual rainfall for the period 1892-1900; calculated and recorded daily temperatures during April-September, 1900; and mean hourly tem- ])eratares April-September, 1899. Report of rainfall and temperatures for the year 1900 {Ontario Agr. Col. and METEOROLOGY CLIMATOLOGY. 327 Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, p. 7). — Tables give monthly and annual summaries of ol)ser- vations on temperature, rainfall, and snowfall for 1900, and maximum and mininiuiu temperatures for 1899 and 1900. Metecrolog'ical chart of the Great Lakes, A. J. Henry and N. B. Conger ( r. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bnredti, Meieomlixjieol Chart of the Great Lakes, 1901, No. 1, pp. 28, Jig.'f. 2, charta 4)- — This is a summary of data relating to summer storms; ice during winter of 1900 and 1901; opening of general navigation, season of 1901; fog from April 16 to May 15, 1901; wrecks and casualties from April 16 to May 31, 1901; precipitation and water levels on the Great Lakes; Weather Bureau othce at Sault Ste. Marie; fog distrilnition on the Great Lakes. Meteorological reports for East Africa, 1900 (Shamha [Zanzibar], 1901, No. 23, jjp. 3, 4)- — Tallies give (1) monthly and annual summaries of rainfall at 11 places during 1899; (2) maximum and minimum temperatures at 6 places during 1900; (3) summaries for January, February, and ^Nlarch, 1901, of oliservations at Zanzil)ar and Vunga on atmospheric pressure, humidity, temperature, rainfall, and wind move- ment; and (4) monthly and annual sunnnaries of rainfall at Zanzibar during 19 years, 1874-1901. Meteorological observations at Manila {Bui. 3/e».s. Ohs. yianila, 35 {1899), Apr., May, and June, j)p. 57-110, charts 3). Climatology of the Philippine Islands ( Climatologla de Filipinas. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1900, pp. 265, pis. 64, figs. 2). — An excerpt from a large treatise on the Philippine Archipelago published in the English and Spanish languages. Rainfall and the temperature of the soil, A. Tolsky {Zhur. Opjuitn. Agron., 1 {1900), pt. 3, pp. 266, 267). — In a study of tlie relations between the amounts of rain- fall and the temperatures of the soil at the Institute of Forestry at St. Petersburg in the years 1893-1897, the author found, in accordance with other observers, that the influence of rains on the distribution of heat in the soil is indirect, the precipitation increasing the humidity of the soil and thus improving its heat conductivity. Hence it frequently happens that the mean and maximum temperatures of the soil increase, especially when the latter is covered with grass. — p. fireman. The chief meteorological factors of fertility according to observations on the "Alexeevskiye" estate of P. I. Levitzki, Government Tula, A. Levitzki {Zhur. Opuitn. Agron., 1 {1900), pt. 2, pp. 147-171).— On the basis of 14 years' obser- vations the author finds that the size of the crops of winter rye, potatoes, and oats, depends with great certainty and regularity upon the rainfall in certain months. — p. FIREMAN. Origin of atmospheric hydrogen, A. Gautier {Bui. Sac. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 25 {1901), No. 5, pp. 231-235).— Inxestigations are reported which lead to the conclu- sion that the hydrogen of the air is of volcanic origin, being produced by the action of igneous rocks on aqueous vapor. Combustible gases of the atmosphere — atmospheric hydrogen, A. Gautier {A7in. Chim. et Phys., 7. ser., 22 {1901), Jan., p]>. 5-110).— X detailed account of the author's investigations on this subject dealing with methods used; comparative studies of the air of towns, of the country, of the sea, and of the upper atmosphere; nature of the combustible gases of the air of towns, woods, etc. ; origin of these gases, especially the hydrogen (see above). The author concludes from the long series of investigations of air freed from suspended matter, here reported, that there exists normally in pure air about 20 parts of free hydrogen to 100,000 parts of air, as well as a certain amount of hydrocarbons due to exhalations from the soil, from plants, fermentations, manufactories, etc. They, however, appear to diminish as the air becomes purer. They are found in comparatively large quantities in the air of towns, to a less extent in that of the country, in very small amounts in the air of rocky 328 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. plateaus and the peaks of high mountains, and are entirely absent from the pure air derived from the high regions of the atmosphere. The character and proportions of the combustible gases found in the air are indi- cated by the following analysis of the air at Paris, which may l^e taken as repre- sentative of the air of large cities in general: One hundred liters of the air of Paris at 0° and 760 mm. pressure contain free hydrogen, 19.4 cc. ; methane, 12.1 cc. ; benzin (C® H") or similar hydrocarbons, 1.7 cc. ; carbon monoxid, with traces of hydrocar- bons (jf the Cn H2n-2 and Cn H2n groujis, 0.2 cc. Atmospheric dust observed at Tunis March. 10, 1901, E. Bektaixchald {Coinpt. Heiid. Acad. Sri. Parw, 1S2 (1901), Xo. IS, pp. 11.5.J-1 loo). —The dust was essentially siliceous. Electro-sonorous method of combating- hail, G. ^I. Slaxoiewitch {Coinpt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 133 [1901) , No. 7, pp. 373, 374). — -The author proposes to send up in a kite or captive balloon an electric vibrator to agitate the air in the storm cen- ter and thus more effectually accomplish the result of dissipating the storm than could be done by explosives, especially if the storm center is at a considerable eleva- tion, as is frequently the case with the more violent kinds. The Tolmar experiments with explosives to control the weather, A. Hert- ZOG {Fi'Ming^s Landtr. Zfg., 50 {1901), Xo. 1.5, pp. 54'2-o4o). — This is a brief account of attempts to dissipate storms by means of cannonading, pointing out the desira- bility of a more thorough investigation of the principles upon which the method rests and of its effectiveness in practice. WATER— SOILS. Artesian wells in North and South Dakota, AV. Upham {Bui. Minnesota Acad. Xat. Sci., 3 (1901), X(j. 3, pp. .370-379). — Data relating to location, depth, source, and pressure of water, etc. , are given for a number of wells deriving water from the Dakota sandstone, with some discussion of the character of the waters. The geology of the artesian basin of South Dakota, D. S. McCaslin {B>d. Minnesota Acad. Xid. Sci., 3 (1901), Xo. 3, pp. 36V-388). Drainage water and salt morasses of the Odessa sewage fields, T. Seliwaxoff {Landw. Vers. Stat., 55 (1901), Xo. 6, pp. 475-478). — A short account of observations on the soil of fields used for sewage disposal by irrigation which had become impreg- nated with chlorin to an injurious extent. This condition was corrected by improved drainage. Researches on moorland waters. II, On the origin of the combined chlorin, W. Ackroyd (Jour. C'heni. Soc. [London], 79 (1901), Xo. 463, pp. 673, 674) ■ — Weekly determinations of chlorin in the water of a reservoir at Widdop in Yorkshire, November 12 to December 31, 1900, and January 7 to February 18, 1901, and in the rainfall during the same period are reported. The conclusion was reached that the combined chlorin in the reservoir water was w'holly derived from the rain. For i)revious paper on acidity of moorland waters see E. S. R., 11, p. 312. The systematic investigation of soils, B. AV. Kilgore {BuJ. XortJt Carolina State Bd. Ayr., ^J (1901), Xo. 5, pp. 38-46). — This is the annual address of the presiding officer of the North Carolina section of American Chemical Society and gives a general discussion of this subject. Some experiments in soil temperatures as aflFected by color and the moist- ure content of the soil, J. B. Revxolds [Ontario Agr. Col. and E.vpt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 7, 8, pi. 1). — An account is given of observations on 6 kinds of soil: (1) Pure black humus or vegetable matter; (2) a iKjtting soil containing about 65 i)er cent of rotted sod, 20 per cent barnyard manure, and 15 per cent sand; (3) clay loam; (4) heavy clay; (5) coarse sand, and (6) fine sand, almost white. "Two sets of these samples were used, one set being kept dry and the other wet. The experiments were I WATER SOILS. 329 conducted outside, where tlie soils were exposed to the full intiuence of the suu and wind. Temperatures were observed every hour from 8 a. m. to 8 p. m." From the data obtained, i-urves are platted which show the rise and fall of temperature. The humus, as a rule, reached a higher temperature than any other soil, the dark potting soil standing next, followed by the open clay, heavy clay, and fine white sand. The differences in the temperature are ascribed to variations in the color, the darker samples being warmer than the lighter. It was also observed that the humus remained steadily warmer than the other soils, thus proving an exception to the rule that a soil which warms rapidly is likely to part witli the heat readily. On the relations of the soil solutions to the phosphates used as fertilizers, T. Schloesinct (Ann. Set. Agron., 1901, I, Xo. 3, pp. 406-424). — This article records observations on the solubility of tricalcium phosphate in solutions of carbon dioxid of different strengths saturated with calcium bicarbonate and free from this substance, and in water free from carbon dioxid. The methods of preparing the tricalcium phosphate and the solution of carbon dioxid and calcium bicarbonate are described, as well as those used in determining the solubility of the phosphate in the various solutions. The results reported show that the phosphate dissolved in the carbon dioxid solutions in proportion to their strength, l)ut that it was not sensibly soluble in such solutions when saturated with calcium carbonate. The bearing of these facts on the behavior in the soil of soluble phosphates applied as fertilizers and on the formation of phosphate deposits is discussed. Sources of the constituents of Minnesota soils, C. W. Hall [Bui. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sei., 3 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 3SS-406). — This article discusses the formation of soils and the various agents which have taken part in it, and the chemical compo- sition of Minnesota soils and of the rocks from which they have been derived based upon analyses compiled from various sources. "The rocks of Minnesota are classified under 5 groups: (1) Acid crystallines, (2) basic crystallines, (3) sandstones and quartzites, (4) calcareous shales, and (5) the carbonates. Among these, granitic rocks and basic eruptive, which occupy large areas beneath the drift in the northern and western portions of the State, furnish many important food elements, particularly alkalis and alkaline earths. "The sandstones and quartzites among the most barren soil producers have mingled with other substances their beneficent uses. The calcareous and siliceous shales spring from widely divergent geologic periods and bring to the making of soils somewhat different physical and chemical factors. Their influence is wholesome and strengthening. Finally the carbonates come before the eye in this chemical review. They yield, for soil making, carbonic acid, lime, magnesia, and small quan- tities of other compounds. When the condition of a soil is reached, but a small percentage of these rocks is left, l;)ut this is a substantial i^art and enters into the constitution of the best soils of the State. They appear in full force in the south- eastern corner of the State where stands a portion of that old glacial island, a tract over which the ice did not flow during the period when all the rest of the State was buried dee}) beneath the glacier." Solubility of gypsum in aqueous solutions of sodium chlorid, F. K. C.\merox and F. D. (tardner [Froe. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sei., 1900, pp. ISO, 161). — A brief note on some studies on this subject made in the Division of Soils of this Department. Report of the Valuiki Agricultural Experiment Station (Government of Samara), 1895-96, V. S. Bogdax {St. Petirshiny : Department of .[(jrieultare, 1900, pp. 1£6; aba. in Set sk. Klivz. i Lijesoe., 199 {1900), Oet., pp. 23o-l<^37) .—Among the articles of interest in this report is one discussing the reclamation of alkali soils by proper management of the rainfall and the culture of plants which take up large amounts of alkali in their growth, and another on the influence of the character of the soil on the composition of the wheat grain. Experiments showed that with the increase of the salt content of alkali soils the nitrogen and ash contents of the wheat 330 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. grains increased, but the absolute weight of the grain diminished. According to the author this explains the good quality of the wheat, especially with regard to high protein content, from the east and southeast of Russia, where the soils are rich in soluble salts, including nitrates. — p. fireman. Formation of sodium carbonate or black alkali by plants, F. K. Cameeon and F. D. Gardxer {Pror. Soc. Prom. Acjr. Sci., 1900, pp. 162, 163). — A brief note on chemical examinations of the water extract of the stems, leaves, etc., and the ash of two plants capable of withstanding relatively large amounts of alkali in the soil — creosote bush ( CoviUea tridentata) , and greasewood (Sarrohatus rermiculatus) . It was found in case of the first that while the plant contained chlorin, it was not present in the form of sodium chlorid, but probably in organic combination. The amount of sodium present was decidedly in excess of that required to neutralize the chlorin found. [It was found that the greasewood] "contained considerable amounts of chlorids and sulphates, and that practically all of these acids were present in the plant in the form of the sodium salts as such, the plant being in this respect in marked contrast to the CoriUea tridentata previously examined. A striking feature was the much greater percentage of ash obtained from the leaves and blossoms than from the stems, and the markedly larger percentage of alkali salts in the ash of the former. Another interesting point is that the leachings of the air-dried leaves and blossoms were shown to contain about three times as much sodium as would be necessary to balance the hydrochloric and sulphuric acids in the plant. It is, therefore, probably present very largely in organic combination and upon the decay of the plant tissues would be expected to yield large amounts of sodium carbonate." A study of the agricultural value of tlie soils of Madag-ascar, A. MtJNTz and E. Rousseaux {A}tn. Sci. Ayron., IMl, I, Nug. 1, pp. 1-OS, 152-160, map 1; 2, pp. 161-253, 296-S20; 3, pp. 321-398). The soils of the colony of the Cavaignac, Algeria, J. DuciAST {Ann. Sci. Agron., 1901, I, No. 3, pp. 425-452, pis. 3). — Partial mechanical and chemical analy- ses of 18 samples are reported. The soils are stated to be in general well supplied with nitrogen (0.063 to 0.168 per cent) and phosphoric acid (0.073 to 0.221 percent), and to be rich in potash (0.5 to 1.228 per cent), but difiicult to cultivate, being com- pact and impermeable. They contain a large amount of tenacious clay (32.45 to 54.77 per cent), fine calcareous sand (4.2 to 16.9 per cent) and fine siliceous sand (15.42 to 40.08 per cent), which causes them to become sticky when wet and hard when dry. The lime varies in the analyses reported from 2.826 to 13.272 per cent. FERTILIZERS. Influence of systems of fertilizing upon the amount and quality of the humus of the soil, W. Frear and E. H. Hess {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 1900, pp. 60-69). — The importance and functions of humus in the soil are briefly discussed and an account is given of chemical examinations of soils from plats at the Pennsyl- vania Station which have been used since 1881 for fertilizer experiments as follows: (1) Cropping without manure, (2) manured with stable manure and lime, (3) treated with lime alone, (4) treated with crushed limestone, (5) receiving complete mineral fertilizer containing nitrate of soda, and (6) receiving complete mineral fertilizer containing stilphate of ammonia. The chemical examinations made involved deter- mination (1) of loss on ignition, (2) organic carbon, and (3) active humus; besides hygroscopic moisture, nitrogen, and hydrogen. The results reported show that con- tinuous cultivation on the limestone clay soils used in these experiments has not greatly diminished the amount of humus. The greatest increase in humus was found in case of the manuring with yard manure and lime, although the amount of humus was but slightly smaller in case of complete mineral fertilizer, a larger amount of FERTILIZERS. 331 nitrogen being found in the case of complete mineral fertilizer containing sulphate of auuuonia than in case of that containing nitrate of soda. An examination with lit- mus paper showed that the limed soil was strongly alkaline, that receiving mineral fertilizer containing nitrate of soda slightly acid, and that receiving mineral fertilizer containing suli>liate of ammonia strongly acid. The unmanured soil contained tliree- fourths of its organic matter in active form, i. e., soluble in 4 per cent ammonia water at'cording to the Official-Cirandeau method. Tlie largest amount of active hunuis was found in the plat receiving mineral fertilizer containing sulphate of ammonia. The plat receiving manure and lime contained both absolutely and rela- tively less active humus than the unmanured plat. The supply of nitrogen wa.s greatest in the plat receiving manure and lime. The use of lime alone apparently "rapidly diminishes humus of all kinds and results in a marked loss of nitrogen." Experiments on the relative fertilizing value of ammonia salts, P. Wacjxek {Mitt. Di'i't. Landir. GeselL, 16 {1901), Xos. 10, pp. .5.5, .56; 11, pp. .57-60).— Plat experiments are reported in which as a result of 36 tests with rye, oats, and barley 100 kg. of nitrate of soda produced 421 kg. of grain and 617 kg. of straw, while a cor- i^sponding amount of ammonium sulphate produced 280 kg. of grain and 402 kg. of straw. If the effect of the nitrate be taken as 100 that of the sulphate would be 67 in case of tlie grain and 65 in case of straw. In 9 tests with fodder beets, sugar beets, and potatoes 100 kg. of nitrate produced 34.3 of roots while the sulphate pro- duced 16.6, the relative effect being 100 : 48. The difference in effect was much more marked in case of root crops than in case of grains. The yield was decidedly increased by divided applications in case of the root crops, but was not materially affected in case of the grains. The seasons of 1899 and 1900, during which the experiments were made, were not favorable to rapid nitrification and so to the quick action of ammonium sulphate. The soils used in the experiments were variable in physical character but no differences due to this fact were apparent. As regards the influence of the ])roportion of lime in the l^oil the results are inconclusive. Investigations on the fertilizing action of the phosphoric acid of bone meal, O. Kellner and O. Bottcher {Dmt. Landw. Presse, 38 {1901), Nos. 23, pp. 194, 195, figs. 6; 24, p. 204) • — This is a continuation of experiments previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 323). Mustard was grown in pots containing 3.5 kg. of fine sandy loam containing in dry matter 22.4 per cent of humus and 14.3 per cent of lime. Superphosphate, Thomas slag, and steamed bone meal were used as in previous experiments, except that to one series of pots 15 gm. and to another series 30 gm. each of calcium carbonate were applied. The relative effect of the different methods of fertilizing was avS follows: Relative effect of different phosphates, with and u'ithout lime, on mustard. Without With 15 I With 30 lime. gm. lime. gm. lime. Superphosphate . Thomas slag Bone meal 100 100 100 77.7 75.5 81.7 81.5 72.6 1 50.0 These figures show a decided decrease in yield when lime was applied. It is claimed that this effect of liming is not confined to the phosphoric acid of the fer- tilizers applied, but extends to that of the soil. These conclusions are in direct con- tradiction to those of Dafert and Reitmair (E. S. R., 12, p. 839), which, it is claimed, are based on unreliable data. The most profitable amount of fertilizer to apply, M. Fiscueu {Fiihliiufs Landv. Zt;/., .50 {1901), JSo.s. 7, jij). 264-270; 8, pp. 29n-.10i). — Plat experiments with rye and oats to which different fertilizers were apjilied in various ways and amounts are reported. The experiments were mainly a comparison of sulphate of ammonia 332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and nitrate of soda applied in different ways (all in one application or fractionally). In general it was found that winter grain was less benefited by the fertilizers than summer, the former producing a better crop without fertilizers than the latter. Both for winter and summer fertilizing it is best to use a combination of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda. The results obtained in the use of fertilizers on one grain are not considered applicable to another. The uses and abuses of fertilizer formulas, 8. ]M. Tracy {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci, 1900, pp. 164-1H8). — The unreliability of the fertilizer formujas commonly recommended and of the need of care in ]ire])aring formulas for fertilizers for special purposes are pointed out. The manurial value of ashes, mucks, seaweed, and bone, C D. AVoods [Maine Sta. Bui. 74, pp. Go-St"^). — A popular discussion of the fertilizing value of these materials, accompanied by compilations of analyses of wood ashes, mucks, and seaweeds. Seaweed as a fertilizer, F. W. Moore (New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 79, p. 9). — Analyses of 1 sample each of kelp and mixed seaweeluble matter. The sewage of this town Avas appar- ently more concentrated than that of other large cities of the world. Report on official inspection of commercial fertilizers and agricultural chemicals during the season of 1900, C. A. Goessmann et al. {ifassadmsetts Sta. apt. 1900, pp. 55-63). — This report includes a comparison of the quality of the fertili- zers examined during 1899 and 1900; the trade values of the fertilizing ingredients in fertilizing materials during the same years, with an explanation of the use of these data in calculating the approximate value of a fertilizer; a table showing the average composition of fertilizers examined during 1900; and a list of brands of fertilizers licensed by manufacturers and dealers under the provisions of the State law during the year. P^xcept in case of fertilizers containing only 2 essential constituents the goods examined during 1900 were decidedly superior to those inspected during the previous year. Report on general work in the chemical laboratory, C. A. Goessmaxx {Mas- sachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 64-70). — This includes a list of miscellaneous materials sent to the station and examined during the year; notes on wood ashes, comparing the quality of samples examined during 1899 and 1900; a brief discussion of the agricultural value of sewage sludge, with analyses of 8 samples of the material; and notes on phosphatic slag as a source of phosphoric acid for manurial purposes, accompanied by analyses of 9 sam}>les of slag examined at the station. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, ]\I. B. Hardix {SoiitJi Carolina Sta. Bui. GO, pp. ^4)- — This bulletin contains the analyses of 186 samples of fei'tilizers ••ollected during the season of 1900-1901, with a discussion of the composition and valuation of fertilizers and the laws and regulations governing the sale of commercial fertili- zers in South Carolina. The world's production of phosphates, Maizieres {L'Engrais, 16 {1901), No. 28, pp. 662-664). FIELD CROPS. Report of the agriculturist, "W. P. Brooks and H. M. Thomson {MassacMisetts Sl'i. Rpt. 1900, pp. 91-123). — The experiments here reported include fertilizer, soil, and variety tests with different field and garden crops, and are in continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 226). FIELD CROPS. 333 Experiments to determine the relative value of fertilizers supplying nitrogen were begun in 1890 and the erops grown, given in their order, were oats, rye, soy beans, oats, soy beans, oats, soy beans, oats, oats, elover, and potatoes. The relative effi- ciency of the different materials was found to be as follows: Nitrate of soda 100, liarn- yard manure 90, snli)hate of annnonia 89, dried blood 86, and the plats without nitro- gen 68. Owing to the hunuis and mineral su])stances furnished by T)arnyard manure in addition to nitrogen, the autlior considers its ethciency really higher than the availability of nitrogen alone would show. The results further showed that the effi- ciency of sulphate of ammonia is largely increased when the soil is well supplied with lime. Plowing under the stubble and roots of soy l)eans and clover was found to be very advantageous to subsequent crops. The plats on Avhieh this test was made had received no nitrogen in the fertilizer for 16 seasons, still after this long period pota- toes on clover sod gave a crop equal to 95.8 per cent of the yield on plats which had yearly been given a fair amount of fertilizer containing nitrogen. This season the nitrogen plats yielded 219.3 bu. of potatoes per acre, or an increase of 10.3 bu. as compared with the no-nitrogen plats. Comparative tests with muriate and high-grade sulphate of potash have been in progress since 1892. Both salts were applied yearly at the rate of 400 lbs. per acre, but this season only 250 lbs. Avere used. Considering the results for the entire period, clover, cabbage, and soy beans generally gave the best returns on the sulphate plats, while corn, grasses, oats, barley, vetches, and sugar l^eets gave equally good yields on the muriate plats. The sulphate i>lats produced the best quality of potatoes and sugar beets. Considering all the crops except the clover, the efficiency of the muri- ate was 98.1 jier cent of that of the sulphate, and taking into consideration only those crops which showed a preference for the sulphate, its efficiency was 88.6 per cent of that of the sulphate. The conclusion of the authors favors the use of the sulphate at jtresent prices. The results with early and late garden crops were also in favor of the use of sulphate of potash, especially in the case of early crops. The series of experiments with nitrate of soda, dried blood, and sulphate of ammo- nia in progress since 1891, showed that up to 1898 nitrate of soda was with one exception the most efficient source of nitrogen. During the j^eriod of these tests only commercial fertilizers were applied. From 1890 to 1893 inclusive, dissolved boneblack, ground South Carolina rock, ground Florida rock, Mona guano, and phosphatic slag were compared on the basis of their money value, i.e., the cost of quantities applied being the same in all cases. The soil had been liberally supplied with nitrogen and potash since the beginning of the experiment, but no phosphate has been applied since 1893. The results for the entire period indicate that the liberal use of natural phosphates produces profit- able crops and that in a long series of years their substitution, at least in part, for the higher priced dissolved phosphates may prove econouiical. None of these nat- ural phosphates seemed suitable for cruciferous crops. There was practically no dif- ference in the economic results from South Carolina rock, INIona guano, and phos- phatic slag. The quantitj- of Florida phosphate used contained more phosphoric- acid than any of the others but it becomes soluble very slowly. For ordinary farm and garden crops the use of the natural phosphates in connection -with, a moderate quantity of one of the dissolved phosphates is recommended. A comparison of phosphates on the basis of an equal application of phosphoric acid, in progress for three years, showed that phosphatic slag furnished phosphoric acid in a very avail- able form, yielding about as much as dissolved l)onel)lack; that the phosphoric acid of Florida soft phosj)hate was renilere- 553-604, figs. 17). — This artit v deals with the inception and general arrangement of the Pot-cnltnre Station at Wobnrn, and further discusses in detail the work of the station during 1898 and 1899. The experiments discussed are grouped under two heads, namely, the Hills experiments, consisting of a study of different chemical substances in their relation to plant growtli when applied to the soil, and miscellaneous pot-culture experiments bearing on different agricultural questions. The Hills experiments. — These are named for E. H. Hills, who bequeathed a con- siderable sum to the Koyal Agricultural Society of England for the purpose of carry- ing out investigations on the value of "tertiary ash," under which term he included compounds of fluorin, manganese, iodin, bromin, titanium, and lithia. The first year the experiments were made with calcium fluorid, calcium oxid, manganese oxid, sodium iodid, sodium bromid, sodium chlorid, titanium oxid, ferric oxid, lithium chlorid, and calcium chlorid applied at the rate of 5 cwt. per acre. The selected crops — wheat, barley, mustard, jieas, and red clover — were grown in pots. The experiments with wheat showed that sodium iodid applied at the rate of 5 cwt. per acre kills the plant. Sodium bromid seemed to do no harm at first, but later on weakened the plant and reduced the yield. It also seemed to check the growth of the roots and to cause the root stocks to send out fresh roots. Lithium chlorid also had a retarding influence in the beginning, but subsequently the plants grew and matured fairly well. The sodium chlorid pot gave practically the same results as the unmanured pot. Sodium iodid and lithium chlorid retarded germination and lowered the proportion of germinating seed. The pots to which sodium iodid had been applied gave off a decided iodin odor, and the soil in them was rendered impervious to water. The effects on barley were much the same as on wheat. Sodium iodid, applied at the rate of 2 cwt. per acre, seemed to have no injurious effects on either wheat or barley. Sodium iodid and lithium chlorid prevented the gi'owth of mustard, lithium chlorid being the more effectual. Sodium bromid at first showed no injurious effects on the mustard plant, but in the end affected it quite seriously. The sodium chlorid and sodium bromid injured peas eventually, although they at first seemed harmless. Sodium iodid and lithium chlorid prevented the pea seed from germinating properly, but when applied at the rate of 2 cwt. per acre, these substances effected a small improvement. The experiments with red clover were the same as with the other crops, with the excep- tion that sodium iodid and lithium chlorid were applied at the rate of 2 cwt. per acre. Results of the experiments with clover for this and the following season were not conclusive, and the statements made regarding the outcome of the test were that lithium chlorid prevented the proper growth of the red clover, while .sodium iodid and sodium l)romid did not this season liave the injurious effects noted with the cereal crops. The second year the plan of the experiments was somewhat changed, tlie investigation being limited to tests with sodium iodid and sodium l)romid applied in different quantities and at different times. It is concluded from the experiments made during the 2 years that sodium iodid and sodium bromid, even at the rate of h cwt. per acre, are injurious to wheat, whether applied at the time of sowing or later on, and that they apparently check ror)t development. Soaking the seed in a 1 per cent solution of either .salt exerci.sed a good influence on the wheat plant and increased the yield. The tests with barley gave much the same results, with the exception that the effect of sodium bromid was not so marked, and the re.sults with clover were practically the same as those with barley. The results of a test with mangel-wurzels added to the experiments this year show that .«odium iodid at the rate of 1 cwt. per acre, applied either at the time of sowing or as a top-dressing, was 336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. decidedly injurious and that sodium l^romid used at the rate of either 1 or 2 cwt. per acre was also injurious, l>ut when applied as a top-dressing did not injure the crop any more than the same amount of sodium chlorid applied in the same way. 3[t.^celIaiu'ous pot-ndture crperiments. — This work consisted of experiments with wheat and barley on thick and thin sowing, and the use of large and small seed, a study of hard and soft wheat, an investigation on wheat smut, and several fertilizer tests. The results of thick and thin seeding are presented in the following table; Results of pot experbnents on thick vs. tlibi sowing of wheat. Number of seeds sown per p>ot. Rate per acre. Weight of grain. Weight of straw. Yield per plant. Grain. Straw. 5 . Pecks. 2.7 6.5 8.3 12.0 Grams. 5.6 5.9 4.9 4.8 Grams. 11.3 11.4 10.6 11.2 Grams. 1.11 .59 .34 .24 Grams. 2.27 10 1.14 15 .73 20 - .57 On May 4 the average number of shoots per plant was 6.1 for the thin seeding, and 3.5 for thii-k seeding; and on June 6 there were 7 and 2.6 shoots per plant, respectively. With barley thick seeding did quite as well as thin seeding. The experiments with small and large seed showed practically no difference in the results, and this was the case with wheat as well as barley. The test of hard and soft wheat indicated that soft wheat does not necessarily pro- duce starchy grain, or hard wheat glutinous grain, and that there are other deter- mining factors with a more powerful influence in this direction than the seed sown. The dry grain from hard wheat was found to contain 2.57 per cent of nitrogen and the grain from soft wheat 1.94 per cent. The results further indicate that heavy soils produce a more glutinous wheat than light sandy soil. In these tests soft wheat was sown on heavy soil but the produce was entirely hard wheat. The investigation on wheat smut consisted of a comparative test of the ordinary smut remedies. Nitrate of soda containing 2.15 per cent of i)otassium i^erchlorate, applied at the rate of 1 cwt. per acre, had no injurious effect on barley as compared with nitrate of soda free from perchlorates. The use of "Martellin," a silicate of potassium fertilizer, had no beneficial effect on red clover. Report of the agriculturist, R. S. Shaw {Montana Sta. Bui. 28, pp. 10-13). — Yields of wheat, oats, and liarley grown under the Campbell system and under general methods of culture are given. The author concludes that "the Campbell system will not compete with methods of irrigation, though it may hold an impor- tant place in crop producing in arid regions where water is not available." Yields of wheat, oats, barley, clover, peas, and sugar beets grown in rotation experiments are also given. Results of feeding experiments with steers, sheep, and pigs reported in Bulletin 27 of the station (E. S. R., 13, pp. 270, 271, 273) are briefly summarized. Grain and forage crops, J. H. Shepperd and A. M. Ten Eyck {North Dakota Sta. apt. 1900, p>p. 59-97). — The work here reported, covering the seasons of 1899 and 1900, is largelj' in continuation of experiments described in a previous liulletin (E. S. R., 11, p. 331). The results obtained are shown in tables and briefly discussed. Wheat. — Sixty-three varieties of wheat were grown in 1899 and 51 in 1900. In 1899, 15 varieties yielded over 24 bu. per acre. The leading sorts were: Pererodka U. S. No. 2954, and Kubanka U. S. No. 2953, yielding 34.9 and 30.1 bu. per acre, respectively. Bolton Blue Stem, Experiment Station Fife, Red Fife and Glyndon (774) yielded on the average for 6 successive years, 24.2, 23.5, 22.8 and 22.8 bu. per acre, respectively. Many of the wheats tested were originated by the station or FIELD CROPS. 337 imported varieties from Russia. A few of the new varieties are ilesc'ril>e years or more, were grown during the 2 seasons. In 1899 only 3 varieties were injured by rust, namely. Black Beauty, Tobolsk, and Swedish Select. Archangel also rusted but to a less degree. In 1900, weather conditions interfered with the successful growth of the crop. Tartarian, American White Banner, Race Horse, Black Beauty, Archangel, White Russian and Lincoln produced the largest average yields for 6 years tests. Barley. — In both seasons 25 varieties of barley were grown in the field trials. Suc- cess, Culver, French Chevalier, Minnesota No. 105, Manshury, Sisolsk, 2-rowed Man- sliury and Odessa, in the order mentioned, gave the largest average results for the two seasons, the yields i-anging from 31 to 37i bn. per acre. The best returns from varieties grown for 3 successive years were obtained from French Chevalier, Culver, Manshury, Odessa, Sal/er Silver King, and Bernard, in the order given. The aver- age yields varied from 34.4 to 39.4 bu. per acre. In 1900 the late-maturing varieties gave enough heavier yield to affect the average for 3 years to such an extent that they ranked highest. Split. — Of 4 varieties of spelt grown in 1899 the 2 best yielding varieties, Common and Yaroslaf Spelt, were given a further trial the following year. The Common yielded 32.69 bu. per acre, while the Yaroslaf, a Russian variety, yielded 28.56 bu. per acre. In 1899 the yield had V)een 69.1 and 74.1 bu. per acre, respectively. A comparison of the average yield for 3 years of the best producing varieties of barley and oats, with the highest yielding spelt, shows an advantage of 45 lbs. over oats and 73 lbs. over barley in favor of the splet. Milli'A. — A number of varieties of millet have been grown by the station for several vears. The highest average yield of seed per acre for the 2 seasons, 43.9 bu., was produced by the German millet. When grown from North Dakota seed this millet gave \h tons less fodder per acre, but about a ton more grain than when grown from southern seed. The millet also produced more grain per acre than either oats or barley. Fla.v. — Four varieties, Riga Fibre, Common, Russian, and Odessa were on trial in 1900. The Russian yielded the most .seed, 16 bu. per acre, and the Riga FiV)re pro- duced the heaviest yield of straw, 1,683 lbs. per acre. These 2 varieties also matured earlier than the other sorts. The Riga Fibre flax produces more straw and less seed than seed flax varieties. A 3 years' trial of growing flax and wheat together is reported and the results are compared with the yields obtained \\hen the crops were grown separately. The financial results were only very slightly in favor of the unmixed grain. Wheat grown with flax was poorer in quality than wheat grown alone, while flax grown alone was poorer in quality than when mixed with wheat. The results of other tests indicate that flax should ])e sown about the time the wheat is coming up instead of sowing the mixed seed. Sowing 4 pecks of wheat and 2 pecks of flax per acre gave the largest yield. Different amounts of seeriefly noted. The results of 10 jears' experiments show that Joanette Black oats gave the largest average yield of all varieties tested. Sixty-seven varieties were grown this season, and among them Probsteier, White Siberian, Mennonite, Daubeney, Waterloo, and New Electric, in the order given, produced the largest yields. Vanhouten, Scottish Chief, and Black Irish were the least productive varieties in the test, giving less than one-half the yield of the best yielding sorts. The grain per measured bushel of Whiteside, Early Dawson, Mortgage Lifter, White Dutch, White Superior Scotch, and Washing- ton weighed over 40 lbs., but it was observed that varieties producing heavy grain are usually only moderate yielders, and that the grain is generally thick in tlie hull. The earliest varieties, Alaska, Daubeney, and Black Mesdag ripened about the 25th of July. Seed of 6 different varieties grown in Missouri, but originally from the Ontario Agricultural College, was compared with seed grown at the college, and the results of this single test showed that the Missouri seed produced the largest yields and the Ontario seed the heaviest grain. The experiments with barley show that the 6-rowed varieties have given much better results than the 2-rowed varieties. INIanshury barley has been compared with the widely cultivated Common 6-rowed barley for 12 years, and the results show an average yield of 66.8 bu. of grain and 1.9 tons of straw per acre for the Manshury and 57.9 bu. of grain and 1.6 tons of straw for the Common 6-rowed. The average weight per bushel of Common 6-rowed was 52.7 lbs., or 1.6 lbs. greater than the weight of the Manshury. Of the 19 varieties tested this season, California Brewing, Four-Rowed Canadian, and Six-Rowed Baxter Improved gave the best yields. The heaviest grain weighed 54.6 lbs. per bushel and was produced by the Oder- brucker variety. The average results for several years show that the best 2-rowed barley yielded about 14 bu. per acre less than the best 6-rowed variety. The 2-rowed varieties giving the best average yields for a period of several successive years were New Zealand, Chevalier, Gold Foil Hansford, French Chevalier, Empress, Two-Rowed Canadian, and Kinna Kulla. Of the varieties tested in 1900 Two-Rowed Canadian, Duckbill, A'ermont Champion, and Jaramn Selected Beardless produced the highest yields. Of 12 varieties of hulless barley grown this year Guy Mayle and Black Hulless were the best grain producers. Purple and Black Hulless yielded the heaviest grain, the weight per measured bushel being 64 and 62| lbs., respectively. Hulless barley usually weighs about 60 lbs. per bu. Twenty-eight varieties of spring wheat were tested this season, and among them Red Fern, Bart Tremenia, Pringle Champion, and Wild Goose, in the order men- tioned, gave best returns. Harrison Bearded, Bart Tremenia, Wild Goose, Konis- FIELD CROPS. 339 burg, and Blue Democrat produced the heaviest grain per measured bushel. The "Wild Goose is the best macaroni wheat grown in Ontario and is largely exported to Italy and France. Other varieties of this class grown at the college, namely, ]\Iedeah, Bart Tremenia, Sorentina, and Algiers have each given better results than any of the finer varieties of s]iring wheat. Most varieties of spring wheat gave better results than Salzer spelt. < )f the 33 best varieties of winter wheat grown for 5 years, Daw- son Golden Chaff, Egyptian AmV)er, Imperial Amber, Pearly Genesee Giant, and Kelialile, in the order mentioned, gave the best results, the yields ranging from .50.9 to 56.7 bu. per acre. , The lowest average yields for 6 years were produced by Treadwell, Turkey Red, and Velvet Chaff. All the varieties tested yielded over 40 bu. per acre. Large plump seed produced a better yield and a heavier grain than small plump, shrunken, and broken seed. The last week of August proved the bet- ter time for sowing winter Avheat. The results of drilling and broadcasting the .same quantity of seed were practically equal. Peas, as a green manure for winter wheat, gave better results than buckwheat, but an application of 20ton.sof barnyard manure on a bare summer fallow gave better yields than eithei'. Winter wheat after clover gave better returns than when grown after grass. The largest yields of grain and straw and the heaviest weight per measured bushel were obtained by allowing the grain to rii>en fully. The 4 varieties of spring rye under test yielded from 34.5 to 38.7 bu. per acre in the following order: Dakota Mammoth rye, Prolific spring rye, Common rye, and Colorado Giant rye. Very good results were obtained from winter rye, the two varieties grown, Mammoth and Common, yielding 71.4 and 70 bu. per acre, respec- tively. The largest average yields per acre of peas grown for 6 years were obtained from White Wonder, New Zealand Field, Early Britain, EgyjTtiau ]\Iummy, New Zealand Brown, and Tall White Marrowfat. In 7 years' tests the Grass peas produced an average of 2.3 tons of straw and a little over 23 bu. of grain per acre. In a compar- ative test this season Grass peas gave a better yield than Oddfellow peas. The chick- pea {Cicer arietinum) has given good results at the college. The best variety of cow- peas grown was the Italian, which produced 12.3 tons per acre. Twenty-two varieties of flint corn were tested in 1900, and of these King Philip, Angel of Midnight, Pride of Canada, Salzer South Dakota, Salzer North Dakota, Longfellow, and Genesee Valley, in the order given, produced the largest yields. Of 128 varieties of fodder corn, including dent, flint, and sweet varieties. Mammoth Cuban and Mastodon dent gave excellent satisfaction. Corn planted 2 in. deep gave the greatest total yields per acre. Planting in hills gave better results than planting in drills. The average results of the experiments with potatoes for several years indicate that Empire State, Pearl of Savoy, American Wonder, Dempsey Seedling, and Rural New Yorker No. 2 are the best general varieties. Daisy, Rose New Invincible, Paris Rose, Irish Cups, Bovee, Six Weeks, White Elephant, and Ohio Junior yielded over 220 bu. per acre this season. Sprinkling cut seed potatoes with gypsum or land pla.ster increased the yield 16.4 bu. per acre. Cut potatoes planted on the same day they were cut yielded about 18 Ini. more per acre than those planted 4, 5, and 6 days after cutting. The results of the distance experiments were in favor of planting 26i in. apart, with the sets 1 ft. apart in the row. Planting 1 set in each hill gave a better yield than planting 2 or 4 sets per hill. Hairy vetch produced an average for 4 years of 8.8 tons of green forage per acre. Alfalfa gave three cuttings and yielded 4.6 tons of hay per acre in the present year. The best mixtures of grass and clover for hay were tall oat grass and alfalfa; tall oat grass, orchard grass, mammoth red clover and alfalfa, and alfalfa and timothy. A mixture consisting of 4 lbs. of orchard grass, 4 lbs. meadow fescue, 3 lljs. tall oat grass, 2 lbs. timothy, 2 lbs. meadow foxtail, 5 lbs. alfalfa, 2 lbs. alsike clover, and 1 340 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. lb. of trefoil is recommended for permanent pastures. Among a number of grain mixtures grown for the production of grain and straw, 3Ianshury bai'ley and Daub- enej' oats, Chevalier barley and Siberian oats, and Kinna Kulla barlej^ and Poland White oats produced the largest yields of grain. In general, the results of experi- ments in sowing oats, barley, spring wheat, and peas on different dates favor the earlier sowing.'^ and tests with selected seed of these same crops show the superiority of large i^lumi) grains. Drilling oats, barley, and peas was found preferable to broad- casting. Farm superintendence, G. E. Day {Ontario A(jr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 53-60, figs. .5). — Brief notes are given on the different field crops grown at the college in 1900 with reference mainly to the amount of land devoted to each crop, the preparation and cultivation of the soil, the result of seeding and the yields obtained. Notes are also given on the live stock, and a financial statement of the farm department for the year is included. Field experiments -with fertilizers on corn, oats, and wheat in 1899 and 1900 (e the most important element. Without phosphoric acid in the fertilizer application nitrogen and potash were not effective. Next to phosphoric acid, nitrogen was most needed, and it seemed most effective on the soil showing the greatest deficiency in it by chemical analysis. The results, however, indicate that where clover enters into the rotation the quantity of nitrogen which can be economically applied is far )>elow the needs of the soil, as shown by its chemical composition. On the soil at Strongsville, which has accumulated a considerable reserve of nitrogen during a long rest in pasture, 3 per cent of nitrogen in the fertilizer application was not too much, and it is concluded that a still larger quantity might be profitably used on the ])adly worn soil at Wooster. Potash, although the least important of the 3 necessary elements of plant food, in these tests produced an additional increase in the yields after both nitrogen and phosphoric acid had been applied. The potash content of the 2 soils coming under this observation was practically identit-al, still, potash in the fertilizer appli- cation was much more effective at Wooster than at Strongsville. Recent experiments with Alinit in the cultivation of oats and barley, A. D.\MSEAUX {Jour. Soc. Boy. Agr. V Est, Bely., 1900, pp. Ill, lU). Sludg-e as a fertilizer for grass, A. E. Shuttleworth ( Ontario Agr. Col.and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 30, 31) . — Dry shulge applied as a top-dressing at the rate of 1,000 lbs. per acre increased the yield of green timothy a little over 4 per cent. Analyses are given of sludge and l>arnyard manure. A meadow for hay and pasture, (i. Heize {Joar. Agr. I'rat., 1901, I, Xo. 9, ]>. 286). — A note on the management of a meadow to be used as a pasture after the first cutting (jf hay. Experiments with beans, A. M. Ten Eyik {Xnrtli Dakota Sta. Rjjt. 1900, pp. 9S- 101). — These experiments consisted of distance and variety tests. Drilling beans in rows 2 ft. apart gave the larger yield and an earlier crop than drilling in rows 3 ft. apart. In the variety test the Brown or Swedish bean stood first in yield, Dewey Navy second, and California Wonder third. The Dewey Navy is an early variety and sells well. The Great Northern and Aristook are a little earlier, but are not FIELD CROPS. 341 considerep. 749-751). — A discussion on the use of white lupines in this connection. Tillage experiments with potatoes, J. L. Stone {New York Cornell Sta. Bid. 191, ])p. 167-18S, fig. 1). — This bulletin summarizes the rei:iorts from farmers who cooperated with the station in cultural experiments with potatoes in 1899 and 1900. The cultural methods recommended by the station were early or twice plowing, thorough fitting, deep planting, prolonged, frequent, level tillage, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green. Eighty-five per cent of the reports received from the farmers who gave these methods a trial indicate profitable returns. The results of similar experiments conducted at the station from 1895 to 1899, inclusive, published in former bulletins and previously noted, are reported and briefly discussed. The work with potatoes during the summer of 1899, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta. Upt. 1900, pp. 39-43). — From 4 varieties of potatoes — Sunlit Star, Dakota Seedling, Trumbull, and Early Ohio — the largest and best, nearly round and typical long shaped tubers were selected from the bin and planted. The results obtained confirmed the previous conclusions (E. S. R., 9, p. 942) that for form and quality of tuber the selection must be made in the field from the vine. It was found better, however, to select from the bin the shape desired than to make no selection at all. A comparison of the stem and seed ends of the tubers for seed was only slightly in favor of the seed end. Several experiments to determine the possil)ility of root fusion are reported, but the results in all cases were negative. Field experiments with fertilizers on potatoes, 1894 to 1900 ( Ohio Sta. Bui. 125, pp. 121-132, dgms. 2). — The experiments here considered have been partially reported in a former bulletin (E. S. R., 12, p. 127). They were made at the central station at AVooster and at the substations at Strongsville and Neapolis. The rotation in connection with this experiment was potatoes, wheat, and clover. Superphos- phate, muriate of jjotash, nitrate of soda, and dried blood were applied at different rates, alone, and in different combinations. It is concluded that, after making allow- ance for irregularities in yields, phosphoric acid is the constituent most needed for potatoes and cereals by the soils at Wooster and Strongsville, while on the thin, sandy soil at Neapolis potash is relatively more effective than phosi^horic acid. All tests showed a much greater increase from the use of the combined fertilizer than from any single constituent alone. It is considered that in a general way the results indicate that acid phosj^hate in moderate quantities can be profitably used in potato growing and that it is also advantageously combined with small quantities of potash and nitrogen fertilizers. In a short rotation like the one used in these experiments, and on soils which produce good crops of clover, the economy of using nitrogen fer- tilizers on potatoes is questioned. The results also show that it is the soil rather than the crop which determines the fertilizer required. Report on variety tests w^ith potatoes, F. \X. Rane {New Hampshire Sta. Bid. 79, pp. 10-15). — The results of varieties of potatoes tested in 1900 are tabulated and each variety is briefly described. Serradella in Campinas, G. d'Utra {Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 1. ser., 1900, No. 7, pp. 474-47S) . — A brief description of the culture tests with serradella and a rej)ort on analyses of the plant at different periods of growth. Experimental work with sugar beets during 1900, R. H. Forbes {Arizona Sta. Bui. 36, pp. 187-205, maps 2). — This bulletin is a report on cooperative culture experiments with sugar beets under the direction of the station. Each test is dis- FIELD CEOPS. 343 cussed separately and the results set forth graphically. In the Upper Gila district where this work was carried on, beet seed may be planted from a))out Fel)ruary 1 to October b5. Autumn plantings endure the winter if the beets have attained a certain size before the cold weather comes. In one instance a plat seeded September 6, on whicli the leaves were about 10 in. long, was not seriously injured bj' cold weather uj) to January, while a planting made September 15 on the same ground was partly destroyed by frost. On all plats the weight of the beets increased until al)out the first week in August. The influence of water on tonnage was shown where one-half of a plat received an extra irrigation on August 7, the average weight of the beets being increased 1.1 oz., but the quality of the beets was lowered. Tlie average sugar content of the beets June 5 and 6, was 10.6 per cent; June 20, 11.82 per cent; July 2-6, 12.29 per cent; July 19-21, 12.27 per cent; August 3-13, 13.16 percent, and August 27-31, 12.58 per cent. A shortage of water seemed to decrease the percentage of sugar. "These facts indicate that drought causes the beets to curtail sugar pro- duction in favor of maintenance of structural growth." Early planting is recom- mended to enable the beets to be comparatively mature before the hottest weather sets in. The purity of the juice was quite variable, increasing from May 23 to June 20, when the beets were growing rapidly, and decreasing after that period when the growth was lower. May 23, the average purity was 71.9, and June 20, 83.1, while the latter part of August it had fallen back to 81.25. The results obtained on a plat grown at the station showed a yield of 4,901 lbs. of total sugar j^er acre. These beets had been planted December 26 and attained fair size before the arrival of hot weather. Sugar beets, "W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bui. 63, pp. 31). — This bulletin is a review of the work with sugar beets carried on at the station up to the present time and reported in the station bulletins. These bulletins have been previously noted. Experiments -with sugar beets, J. D. Towar {Michigan Sta. Bui. 188, pp. 97-107, fig. 1). — The experiments reported in this bulletin, including tests of various kinds of soils for sugar beets, an experiment on the time of planting beets, and distance, fertilizer, and variety tests, were conducted in 1900 on soils ranging from sand to loam. The results show that clay loam soils produce the largest tonnage and the highest percentage of sugar. The tests on muck soils indicated the possibility of a high percentage of sugar, but most pure muck soils produce beets so low in sugar content that they can not be profitably worked. This season seed planted between May 10 and 24 gave the most profitable yield, but the author considers any time between the last week in April and the last of May as suitable for planting in that latitude. Planting in rows 21 in. apart increased the yield 5 per cent as compared with i)lanting in rows 18 or 24 in. distant. The results of experiments made to deter- mine whether sugar beets exhaust the soil show that beets after potatoes or beans gave a 1)etter yield than beets grown after beets. Fourteen varieties were tested dur- ing the season, giving an average yield of 14.08 tons per acre with 13.63 per cent of sugar in the juice and a purity of 81.30. Austrian Special Kleinwauzlebener No. 5 produced the greatest value of crop per acre. Germination and vitality tests of the seeds of the.se different varieties were made and the results recorded. Austrian Spe- cial B. G. V. produced 166 sprouts from 48 seed balls, while Simon Le Grande C No. 27 grew only 126 sprouts from 72 balls, but low germination did not seem to affect the yield, for the ])est yielding varieties were by no means those which gave the highest percentage of germination. Fertilizer tests with various applications were begun in 1899 and the fertilizers api)lied in both seasons were practically the same in quantity and quality. Stable manure applied early in the winter gave the largest yield of beets and the lowest per- centage of sugar, but it proved to be the most remunerative fertilizer. When applied the day before plowing the field, the percentage of sugar in the beets was so low that the use of home-mixed fertilizers was more profitable. In no case did the use of 344 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. incomplete fertilizer applications prove remunerative. Transplanting beets was found to he detrimental in every way. Meteorological conditions of the season are shown in a table. Sugar-beet experiments for 1900, E. F. Ladd {Xorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. ;i'0-;2S). — This is a report on cooperative culture experiments with sugar beets made throughout the State. The results of analyzing the samj^les are given in tables. An unfavorable season prevented maturity of the beets, and the results were not satisfactory. Sugar-beet investigations in Ohio in 1900, A. D. Selby and J. W. Ames {Ohio Sta. Bui. 1;^6, pp. 13.3-174, fig^- 8). — ^This bulletin is a report on the cooperative culture tests with sugar beets throughout the State in 1900. The results of germi- nation tests of the beet seeds used in these experiments and the meteorological data for the year and for previous seasons are reported. Seed was sent to 203 farmers in 60 different counties of the State, and of these 109 returned samples for analyses. A total of 303 samples was analyzed by the station, and the results are set forth in tables. The results for the entire State show an average of 10.9 per cent of sugar in the beets and a purity of 77.1. Dividing the State into different sections, the results for the northern section show an average of 11.3 per cent of sugar in the beets, with a purity of 77.8; for the middle section, 10.7 per cent of sugar and 77.4 purity; and for the southern section, 8.1 per cent of sugar and 67.5 purity. The bulletin further discu.sses the industry within the State, gives a concise description of the factory pro- cesses, and notes the advantages of certain cultural practices. The most important diseases of the sugar beet are discussed and remedial measures suggested. Sugar-beet experiment, A. E. Shuttleworth {Ontario Agr. Col. and Ilijjt. Farm lipt. 1900, pp. ^5-.'9). — This article describes the experimental culture of sugar beets by farmers in 3 different localities in Ontario and reports the results obtained from these tests and reviews briefly previous experiments in this same line. In each of the 3 localities samples were taken on different dates, and it was found that there was very little increase in the size of the beets between September 25 and November 6, but the purity gradually improved. The weight of the beets in all the samples varied from 15.7 to 20.8 oz., the sugar in the juice from 13.7 to 15.3 per cent, and the purity from 81.9 to 86.8. Sugar-beet experiments in Ontario in 1900, A. E. Shuttleworth (Ontario Agr. Col. Bui. US, pp. 4-j, fig^- 9, map 1). — This bulletin contains the report of coop- erative culture tests with sugar beets conducted at 3 different centers: Aylmer, Wel- land, and Newmarket. The results of the analyses of different samples are recorded in tables. Directions for the cultivation of sugar beets in Ontario are given and a dis- cussion of the cost and profit of sugar-beet culture is taken from other sources. Most of the samples analyzed showed the required sugar content for factory purposes and a correspondingly high coefficient of purity. Nitrogenous fertilizers in the culture of sugar beets {Sucr. Indig. et Colon- iale, 57 {1901), Xo. 6, pp. 167-171). — A brief account is given of experiments in the department of Aisne which showed that mixtures of nitrate of sodr,, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood gave better results as regards yield and quality of beets than nitrate of soda alone. The sugar industry in the island of Guadeloupe {Sucr. Indig. et Coloniale., 57 {1901), Xo. 9, pp. 272,273). — A de.scription of the sugar-cane crop and the cam- paign of 1900. Brief notes on the culture of tobacco {Tabac, 21 {1901), Xo. 369, pp. 2, 3). Notes on the culture of tobacco and its preparation, M. M. Garcia {Bol. Agr. Min. e. Ind. [Mexico'], 10 {1900), Xo. 2, pip. 3-60). — An article treating at some length the culture of tobacco in Mexico. The drying of tobacco. I, Total weight and loss of weight, E. C. J. Mohr {Meded. 's Lands Flantentuin, 1900, Xo. 41, p^p. 49). — The author studied in detail FIELD CROPS. 845 the procesis of drying tobacco, and determined some of the conditions that influence the quahty of the dried leaf. Three stages in the drying process are distinguished: The first stage from tiie time the tobacco is hung until the cells of the leaf blade are dead; the second until the leaf blade is dry, covering about two days; and the third stage is characterized by the death and drying of the midrib. At its close the leaves are taken down and i-arried to tlie fermenting barn. Be.'"ore the death e given to wet leaves, the bruising of leaves, and the sweating. Wet leaves or wet places on the leaves tend to discolor the tol)acco and to make it dry unevenly. Bruising affords a point of entrance for mold<. During sweating an increase in temperature lowers the vitality of the cells, thus hastening death and the completion of the first stage in drying. The influence of light, air, moisture, and heat are briefly discussed. In urging the necessity for ventilation the author points out that in the process of drying the air of the barn must be changed at least 500 times in order to carry off all the mois- ture from the leaves. — h. m. pieters. Work with wheat in 1900, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 28-3-2). — The work of wheat selection which has been in progress for several vears was continued this season. Large and small grains from each of a number of selected heads were sown and the resulting plants compared. In the majority of cases, the greatest length of straw was in favor of the large seed. The total weight of straw and grain jjroduced by 102 stools from large grains was 1,417 gm. and by the same numljer of stools grown from small grains, 1.328 gm. In a second test 800 of the largest, plumpest, and finest colored grains and the same number of the smallest possible grains which were plump, hard, and of similar fine quality were selected from a graded sample of Scotch Fife wheat and grown for comparison. The results showed a gain of over 10 per cent in the total weight of straw and grain in favor of the large seed. The large grains also produced heavier heads. In a third experiment, heads of wheat were harvested at different stages of maturity and cured in a dry room, the grain being left in the straw mitil it was sown. After a germina- tion test, which showed perfect germination for all the samjjles, the seeds of the different lots were sown for comparison. The most rai)id growth was made by the young plants from the most immature seed and the sprouts were longer than those from the mature grain, but these were 3 to 4 times as strong in diameter. Owing to 346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. unforeseen advantages of some of the plats, no conclusions could be drawn from the results. Wheat studies, E. F. Ladd {Xorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 13, 7^).— Wheats were studied to determine the j^ercentage of nitrogen in individual heads and the heads from individual stools. It was found that individual heads ranged from 13.56 to 18.25 per cent in proteid content, and the average for the stools from 14.74 to 17.09 per cent. Improving wlieat {Bol. Soc. Agr. Mexicana, 25 {1901), No. 11, pp. 216-218). — A consideration of the methods of improving wheat. Some important questions in plant breeding, W. Edler ( VrtljscJir. Bayer. Lamlic. Rath., 5 {1900), No. 4, Sup., pp. 619-6S0). — An article on the improvement of potatoes, beets, rye, and oats. Silo temperatures taken by electricity, H. H. Lamson {New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 29-33, fig. 1). — The temperature of silage was determined at different depths of the silo on a series of dates from September 9 to February 17, by means of the electrical apparatus designed by the Bureau of Soils of this Department. The method of using the apparatus is described and the different temperatures recorded by it are given in a table. HORTICULTURE. Vegetables in South Dakota, X. E. Hansen and W. S. Thornber {South Dakota Sta. Bid. 68, p)p. 105-158, ph. 12). — Some results are given of variety and cultural tests of vegetables at the station for the 2 years 1899 and 1900. Of the different crcps grown there were 49 varieties of tomatoes, 29 eggplant, 16 peppers, 10 caulifiower, 3 kohl-rabi, kale, 22 sweet corn, 47 cucumbers, 30 beets, Swiss chard, 10 okra, many summer, fall, and winter squashes and pumpkins, 62 bush beans, 28 pole beans, 11 pole and 6 dwarf Lima beans, besides several varieties each of English broad beans, artichokes, chives, dandelions, endives, garden herbs, etc. Illustrations are given of many varieties of the vegetables grown. All of the more tender plants and those requiring a long season for maturing w'ere either started in the greenhouse or under a cold frame. With tomatoes, plants started in a cold frame compared favorably in yield and earliness with those started in the greenhouse. When grown in a cold frame the seed were planted in bottomless tin cans or like holders, which made transplanting to the field easy. This method is practical only for small areas. Among the heaviest yielding tomatoes for the first half of August in 1899, were Earliest of All, Salzer Earliest of All, Vaughan Earliest of All, and Early Leader. For the whole season Early Leader, The Early Bird, Bright and Early, and Early Ruby were the heaviest yielders. Some experiments are under way at the station in crossing tomatoes to secure a smooth variety which will ripen its main crop in July and August. Red Cherry has been used as a mother, and crossed with Early Ruby, Bond Early Min- nesota, and Ponderosa. Of the varieties of sweet corn tested Early La Crosse, Mexican, Lackey Early, and Telephone are preferred. Of cucumbers Siberian, West India Gherkin, Jersey Extra Early Prolific, and N. K. & Co. were found especially desirable for pickling purposes, while for table use Burpee White Wonder, Green Prolific, Fordhook Improved, White Spine, and Salzer Perfection are recommended. With regard to squashes the most productive of the large fall varieties were Orange Marrow and Boston IMarrow, and of the winter sorts Hubbard and Marblehead. Of the small varieties Cocoanut, Hen- derson Delicata, Perfect Gem, Canada Crookneck, and Der Wing were the most pro- ductive in the order mentioned. " It is sometimes recommended to plant Lima beans with the eye down; some of Burpee's and Henderson's were tested this way, but no difference was observable from those planted in the ordinary way." HORTICULTURE. 347 Fertilizers for garden and field vegetables, Diijbers {Deut. Landw. Presse, 28 (1901), Xii. <>■'), J >. .i'O-'i, ji(/s. 4). — Tliep. 25-29). — The decay of the Baldwin apple was found to be due chiefly to brown rot and the com- mon mold fungus [Femcillium glaucinn) . While these fungi are widely distributed, it is believed that apples barreled in the orchard will be less likely to be infected than if they are previously stored uncovered in dusty barns or moldy cellars. Heat and moisture are especially favorable to the growth of rot-producing fungi. Hence the value of storing apples in a dry, cool place. In order to test the value of cold storage for apples, 12 bushel boxes of No. 1 Bald- wins were put in cold storage, in Boston, where the temperature averaged about 34° F., and a check kept in the station cellar. The station cellar averaged about 40° until April, then ran up to 45° during the first half of the month and to nearly 50° during the latter half. Part of the stored fruit was wrapped with manila tissue paper in each case. One box was withdrawn from cold storage each month until June, after which date 2 were withdrawn each month until the 12 had been exhausted. The amount of sound and rotten fruit in the Ijoxes for each of the months December 18 to August 4 is shown in tabular form. While in general there was an increase in the number of rotten apples as the season advanced, this increase was not at all uniform, and no explanation of this phenomenon is offered. In all but two instances the wrapped apples kept better than the unwrapped. Apples in Iowa {Rpt. Iowa Hort. Soc, 35 {1900), pp. 55-72, maps 12). — From 150 answers to a circular letter of inquiry the secretary of the society has compiled a list of apples that may be grown with assurance all over the State of Iowa. These are Oldenburg, Yellow Transparent, Longfield, Tetofsky, Red Astrachan, Plumb Cider, Walbridge, Wealthy, Wolf River, and one crab — Whitney No. 20. Of these varieties 6 are summer apples, 3 fall apples, and only 1 — the Walbridge— a long keeping winter apple. The areas where these and some other varieties thrive best are mapped out for the State. Apple districts of "West Virginia, L. C. Corbett ( ^yest Virt/ltiia Sia. Bui. 75, pp. 83-178, figs. 13, map 1) . — Preliminary notes are given on the apple orchards and apple crops of West Virginia and on top-grafting old trees. Following the severe freeze of March 29, 1898, an inquiry was made of special correspondents in each county of the State as to the condition of orchards, the purpose being to learn in what districts commercial fruit growing can be engaged in with a fair assurance that the crop will not be injured by any ordinary late spring frost. A map based on these replies is given which shows graphically the various localities where full and where only partial crops were reported. Another map shows graphically the areas in West Virginia reported as suited to apple culture, areas suggested as valuable for this pur- pose, and the areas where commercial orchards are now growing. The relative values of 114 varieties of apples and 5 varieties of crab apples, as shown by nearly 2,000 answers to a circular letter of inquiry, for each county of the State, are brought together in a comparative table. Further separate tables are also given for each county of the State showing the varieties of table apples held in highest esteem in the county; the market varieties having the best form, color, and keeping qualities; varieties which keep in pits or cellars in fit condition for the April market; varieties which bear most regularly; varieties most exempt from or most HORTICULTUEE. 353 affected l)y scab, etc. Under each county some notes are also appended on the adaptabihty of the county for fruit growing. Apple culture and district lists of apples suitable for Ontario and Quebec, with descriptions of varieties, W. T. M.\couN [Canada (Jent. Expt. Farm Bui. 37, pp. 74. J'kjs. 12, )nap J). — A popuhir exposition of apple culture and orchard manage- ment in Canada, based largely on experimental work which has been carried on since 1887 at the Central Experimental Farm. The provinces of Ontario and Quebec are divided into 13 districts, according to climatic and orchard conditions, and lists given of varieties of apples best suited to each of these districts. The whole problem of apple growing in Canada is discussed, thoroughly reviewed, and descriptions given of all the varieties best suited to the different localities. A fruit map showing the approximate boundaries of the different apple districts accompanies the bulletin. Experiments in fruit growing at the Central Experimental Farm, W. T. M.vcoux [Ontario Fruit Grmverx'' Axmc. Rpt. 1900, pp. 15-2-2). — An outline of the work being done at the station, with brief notes on some of the results obtained with varieties. Fall planting has not given satisfactory results in Ottawa with apples and should not be practiced. Where trees are planted in the fall they seem to dry out and sire easily injured by frost. They are also liable to be heaved. The varieties of apples best suited for growing in such districts as Ottawa are, for summer, Yellow Transparent and Duchess; for autumn. Wealthy; very early winter, Mcintosh Red and Fameuse, where it can be grown with natural protection. For late winter Scott Winter, Geno, Pewaukee, and Salome are recommended. Other varieties that are perfectly hardy are Lawver, Golden Russet, and Ben Davis. Report of the fruit experiment stations in Ontario, L. Woolverton et al. {Ontario Fruit F.rpt. Sta.^!. Rpt. lOOfi, pp. 79, figs. 49). — This rejjort is similar in char- acter to those of previous years (E. S. R., 12, p. 1044). Additional illustrations and descriptions for the purpose of identification are given of 4 varieties of apples, 19 currants, and 1 each of peaches, blackberries, and grapes grown in Ontario. A cata- logue showing the characteristics of varieties of orciiard and small fruits is included for the use of planters. Notes from the plum orchard, E. A. Popexoe and A. Dickens [Kansas Sta. Bui. 101, pp. 1 17-143, pis. 26, fi(js. 2, cliarts 2). — These are largely notes on the different varieties of European, Japanese, and native plums grown at the station, with illustra- tions of tlie more prominent varieties, nursery notes on the growth of certain varie- ties, and a chart showing the period of blooming and ripening of 34 varieties of plums. The experience and observations of the station warrant the recommendation of clean culture for plums and of keeping the ground shallow-cultivated or disked. Where the orchards are so located as to be exposed to winds or danger from wash- ing they should be seeded to rye or oats, preferably oats, in August. It is claimed that the proper and persistent use of Bordeaux mixture will practically control the fungus diseases of the plum. Figs in pots, J. Hudson [Jour. Roy. Hort. t%c. [London], 25 [1901), No. 3, pp. 231- 234) ■ — This i.s a popular discussion of the early and late forcing and potting of figs, specific directions being given for the care of the trees, top-dressing, watering, etc. The varieties recommended for pot culture are as follows : For early forcing, St. John or Pingo-de-Mel, followed by Brown Turkey and White Marseilles ; for the main crop the last two may be grown, and also Bourjassotte, Grise, and Violette Sepor; for late forcing Negro Largo is considered one of the very best, and can be relied upon until the end of October. Following this is Nebian or Grosse Verte, which is best during September and October. The latest fig of all is D'Agen, which will last up to Christ- mas day. Other good varieties are White Ischia, desirable as an autunui fig, Ange- lique, and Black Douro. Report on the export of tender fruits, \j. Woolverton ( Ontario Fruit Growers' Assoc. Rpt. 1900, pp. 43-52). — This is a detailed financial and critical report on the 354 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. results of a number of experimental shipments of fresh fruits to England. The experi- ence of the season indicates that with proper methods of cold storage on shipboard pears, summer apples, and even peaches may be shipped to England in perfect con- dition. The market for grapes will, in a large measure, need to be created, since at present there seems to l)e no marked demand for these fruits. CofFee culture in Queensland, H. Newport {Queensland Agr. Jour., S {1901), No. 6, pp. 4,37-440, pi. 1) . — This article, the ninth of a series of articles on this sub- ject, discusses the treatment of young plants in the field. Cacao shade {Trinidad Bot. Dept. Bui. Misc. Inform., 1901, No. 27, i>P- 330-333).— An analysis of the flowers of the leguminous coffee shade tree known as Bois Immortel {Erythrina umbrosa) showed the high nitrogen content of 6 per cent, and therefore considerable manurial value. Some data are given which go to show that 250 cacao trees give a yield of about 500 lbs. of cured cacao per acre, containing 2\ per cent of nitrogen, and will therefore remove 12| lbs. of nitrogen from the soil annually. Fifty Immortel trees, on the other hand, furnish 500 lbs. of dry flowers, which, at the low estimate of a nitrogen content of 4 per cent, return to the soil 20 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, or 1h lbs. more than the crop of cacao removed. The flowers, however, lose their nitrogen rapidly. The analysis showed that while fresh flowers contain 6.32 per cent of nitrogen, those 2 days old contain but 5.16 per cent and those 5 days old but 4.14 per cent. The flowers bloom only in the dry season, and therefore, unless showers come opportunely to wash the nitrogen into the ground, much will be lost. The Immortel is a West India tree, reaching sometimes 60 ft. in height. Oswego strawberries. An account of experiment with fertilizers, and records of strawberry growing, in the Oswego district, L. H. Bailey {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 189, pp. 119-140, figs. 4)- — Fertilizer experiments have been carried on in Oswego for a period of 3 years in cooperation with the strawberry growers, and the results obtained are here reported and commented upon. The methods of strawberry culture followed by Oswego growers are briefly outlined and a short history given of the development of the industry in Oswego, together with some statistics of shipments to the larger markets in different years. The fertilizers used have been the sulphate and muriate of potash, dissolved rock, ashes, and nitrate of soda. These have been used singly and combined, and in smaller and larger amounts. "The fertilizers were applied to young plantations in spring after the first tillage and before the plants bloomed, a year in advance of the recorded crop. The materials were scattered alongside the row, within a few inches of the plants, and were cultivated in." The soils upon which the tests were conducted have varied from gravelly loam through meadow land to black muck. Some contradictory data were secured on the different farms and plats, but on the whole there was considerable uniformity of results. The fertilized plats yielded on an average 5,197 qts. per acre, or about 2,000 qts. above the average. The potash and phosphatic fertilizers were much more effective than nitrogenous fertilizers, especially on lands well supplied with humus, like muck soils. The fruits -^frown with these fertilizers were better colored, better flavored, and firmer. The nitrogenous fertilizers, including heavy applications of barnyard manure, gave too much growth of vine, and the fruit was softer and of inferior quality. It is suggested that in these experiments the good tillage given probably supplied sufficient nitrogen in most instances. "As to methods of planting, it may be said that the old method has been discarded — planting in rows 3 to 85 ft. apart and the plants from 12 to 15 in. apart in rov/s, keep- ing off the runners until late in July and then allowing the runners to grow and root at will, making a matted row. In this old system many plants are almost on top of others, the roots barely in the ground, and they suffer in a season of drought. The rows are so wide that to pick fruit in the center it is almost necessary to crush fruits HORTICULTURE. 355 on the outside of tho row. This system gives few large first-elass fruits. The up-to- date grower starts with the assunintion that the largest and highest colored fruits are found on jilants along the outside of the rows, and therefore he plans to have as many outside rows as possible. This he accomplishes by having his rows closer together and nuich narrower. The rows are made from 30 to 36 in. apai-t and the i)lanta from 18 to 24 or even 30 in. apart in the rows, much depending on the capability of the variety as a plant maker. If the plants used for a new bed are strong and start into growth vigorously the first runners are used, as it has been found that under most conditions the plants about 12 months old yield the greatest number of fine fruits. These first runners are usually 'bedded in,' i. e., planted by hand, training them along the wide way of the rows, using from 4 to 8 of the first runners and cutting off those growing later. This method of planting allows cultivation both ways until the runners start, retaining moisture and saving labor in hoeing." The cost of growing strawberries in Oswego is estimated at S77 per acre. The ])ulk of the crop is shipped to New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. In 1898 about 52,263 crates were shipped and in 1900 40,284 crates. The total crop in the Oswego district in 1900 wa^ nearly 2,000,000 qts. Practical guide to viticulture, J. Pech (Guide prati/jue dn viticuUeur. Montpel- lier: Cmdit d- Sons, 1901). — This is a viticultural calendar dealing with the different kinds of work which occur each month of the year in the vineyard and cellar. It is essentially a practical manual for this work. Grapes, C. W. Mathews {Kentackii Sta. Bui. 92, pp. 71-97, ficju. 7). — Detailed popu- lar directions for the planting, pruning, training, cultivation, and fertilizing of grapes, with notes on the insects and diseases affecting them. Eighty-seven varieties of grapes are being grown in the station vineyard. These are briefly described and their suitableness for Kentucky planting is pointed out. Of the black varieties, Moore Early, "Worden, and Concord are considered best; of red varieties, Delaware, Wyoming, Brighton, and Catawba; and of white varieties, ]\Iartha and Niagara. A supplementary list of very promising recent introductions is as follows: Black — Aminia, Herbert, Campbell, Carman, Standard, Ozark; Red — Alice, Brilliant, Jeffer- son, Lindley, Mrs. ^lunson; White — Gold Coin, Eclipse, Geneva, Colerain, Duchess, Noah. On the influence of early and late pruning on the productiveness of vine- yards, C. Mayer [Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, IS {1901), Xo. 6, pp. 367, 368).— The brief data here given show that vines pruned in the spring were somewhat more productive than when fall pruned, while the leaves were still on. The economical manuring of vines, H. Lagati" {Prog. Agr. et Vii. {Ed. L'Est), 22 {1901), Xos. 1, pp. 10-16; 2, jyp. 41-47; 3, pp. 72-78; 4, pp. 115-118; 5, pp. 134- 138; 6, pp. 170-175; 7, pp. 206-212; 9, pp. 265-269; 10, pp. 298-304; 11, pp. 328- 335; 13, pp. 388-395; 14, pp. 435-441; 15, pp. 472-477; 17, pp. 525-530; IS, pp. 546- 650; 19, pp. 573-579). — A comprehensive article on the nature of all the more usual fertilizers, and the manner of compounding and using them in vineyards on differ- ent soils, especially those of different lime content, and in years of different rainfall. Grafting walnuts and hickories {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 331, pp. 307, 308, Jig. 1). — The work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture in grafting walnuts and hickories is briefly described. The success in grafting these nuts has been greatly insured by the use of an incubator box. The scions are securely tied to the stocks with a waxed cord, and are either wrapped in bundles with moss around them or packed in layers in a box with clean sphagnum and kept at a temperature ranging from 75 to 80° F. At the end of about three weeks callusing has progressed suffi- ciently so that the grafts may be removed. After their removal the stocks with shortened tap roots are potted, w'here possible, in 6-in. pots to encourage the produc- tion of roots. When a few leaves have been formed, the potted plants are gradually 356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. hardened off and eventually put in a frame, where they pass their first year. Thus far about 75 per cent of the scions have united with the stocks. Notes on perfumery plants and on the development of this industry in New Caledonia, E. Heckel [Bev. Cult. Colonkdes, 8 {1901), Xo. 76, pp. 257-265).— The adaptability of New Caledonia to the perfumery industry is pointed out and a list given of the perfumery plants grown in New Caledonia. Plants for perfumery and essence, J. Chapelle {Rev. Gm. Agron. [ioucam], 10 {1961), Nos. 3, pp. 107-118; 4, pp. 163-168).— A discussion is given of the per- fumery and essence industry of Southern France. The culture of the various plants used in the industry are noted and statistics given on the importance of the industry. The regions about Nice, Grosse, and Cannes constitute the center of the industry. There is grown and treated annually about 2,500,000 kg. of orange blossoms, 3,000,000 kg. of roses, 200,000 kg. of jasmine, 150,000 kg. each of violets, acacia {Acacia far- nesiana), and tuberoses; besides several thousand kilograms of geranium, mint, balm-mint, jonquils, mignonette, verbena, lavender, thyme, rosemary, etc. The propagation, culture, and use of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima), N. Schneider {Rer. Hort., 73 {1901), Xo. 9, pj). -^^'i--^,^ J) .—Details are given for the outdoor and greenhouse culture of this ornamental shrub, with directions for its floral arrangement. The groups of dahlias {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), Xo. 329, p. .?76»).— Herein are considered a number of cactus varieties, decorative cactus varieties, pompon varieties, single varieties, show varieties, and fancy varieties, all briefly described as regards coloring. Report on cactus dahlias, 1900 {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [Loudon], 25 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 390-401, fig. 1) . — An account is here given of the growth and care of 146 stocks of cactus and decorative cactus dahlias. Lilies of Japan ( Yokohama: Yokohama Xurscry Co., 1899, pp. 39, pis. 38). — Large colored plates are given shijwing the flowers, stalks, and leaves of 38 Japanese lilies. Narcissi in New Zealand, J. G. W. Ellis {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [Londori], 25 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 337-340). — New Zealand seems especially well adapted to the cul- ture of Narcissi. Some notes on the methods of cultivation are given, together with lists of some of the more important varieties grown there. Own root roses, A. Herrixgton {Garden, 59 {1901), Xo. 1534, pp. 253, 254). — The author has secured good results with tea roses on their own roots in New Jersey, where roses on brier roots were stmited in growth by the heat of summer and prac- tically failed of autumnal bloom. These roses on their own roots flowered freely from Jvme to November on a light hot soil that was paralyzing to the same roses on brier roots. A protection of oak leaves suffices for the plants in winter, and when cut back to within 2 in. of the ground each spring, they make a strong, vigorous growth and give a continuous bloom. Violets, J. Bradley {Florists' Exchange, 13 {1901), Xo. 14, pp. 388, 389).— Cvl- tural notes for outdoors and in frames with suggestions regarding the control of insects and diseases affecting violets. The Aspleniums (spleenworts), C. T. Druery {Garden, 59 {1901), Xo. 1537, pp. 318, 319). — Cultural notes are given and descriptions of the maiden-hair {Asple- nium trichomanes), black maiden-hair (^1. adinatum nigrum), sea (-1. marinum), and scaly {A. ceterach) spleenworts. The habitat of the varieties, finder and raiser of the same, etc., are also noted. The heating and ventilating of hothouses, A. D. Mackenzie {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London'], 25 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 323-327, figs. 4). — Some of the more elementary principles in the hot-water heating of forcing houses are discussed. Horticultural progress during the nineteenth century, J. Clayton (Joar. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 25 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 328-336) .—The author popularly summa SEEDS WEEDS. 357 rizes the century's advaiu-e in the improvement of garden vegetables, fruit, flowers, and ghiss house?. The increase in gardening Uterature and societies is also noted. Tlie century book of gardening; a comprehensive work for every lover of tlie garden, E.T.Cook {Xew York: Charles Scribncr's >So)ts, I'JOO, ]q>. XIII-^610). SEEDS— WEEDS. Influence of chemical solutions upon the germination of seeds, G. E. Stoxe and R. E. Smith {Masnachnxettx ,St((. Rj,t. WOO, jip. 74-83). — The authors have been studying for some time the effect of various chemical and physical agencies upon the germination of seed, the object l)eing to determine to what degree seeds could be accelerated in their germination, and also to what extent their germinating capacity could be increased. In the present report the effect of treating seeds with solutions which are known to exist in many seeds, such as diastase, pepsin, trypsin, asparagin, and leucin, was tested. Strengths of these different ferments or enzyms, varying from 0.1 to 2 per cent, were tested upon a number of seeds. The seeds were first soaked for about 12 hours in the solutions, after which they were rinsed and placed in genninating chambers. With the seeds treated with as[)aragin solutions, the average increased germinations were obtained as follows: Alfalfa, 10.6 per cent; rape, 20.8 per cent; Canada field peas showed no improvement, both normal and treated seed germinating 100 per cent; buckwheat, 10.6 per cent gain; serradella, 19.8 per cent gain. In the experiments with leucin solutions the following average gains were noted: For treated buckwheat seed, 9.2 per cent; alfalfa, 7 per cent. Experiments with pepsin solutions gave 13.3 per cent increase for treated crimson clover seed, and 15.6 per cent for cucumber seed. In the experiments made with diastase solutions, black barley seed treated gave an increased germination of 7 per cent, and upland rice 11.5 per cent. In a number of the experiments the authors experienced considerable trouble from the presence of various molds. This was par- ticularly true in experiments in which the seeds were treated with diastase solutions. The results o])tained are briefly conmiented upon, and the conclusion reached that the study of the effects of amids and ferments and other accelerating factors upon seeds offers a promising field for further investigation. The effect of age and length of sprouts upon the vitality of seeds, J. H. Shepperd and E. G. Schollaxdek [North Dakota Sta. Epf. 1900, pp. 101-113). — Tabu- lated results of these experiments here presented show that of 1-year-old wheat the vitality varied from 73 to 100 per cent, being in the majority of cases over 90 per cent. Of a sample of 2-year-old goose wheat 97 per cent germinated. Two samples of wheat taken from sheaves saved from the crop of 1895 gave 98 and 100 per cent of sprouted kernels. Of a sample of 8-year-old wheat only 3 per cent germinated. Buckwheat 7 years old showed a germination of 84 per cent. Tests were made with sprouted w^heat from the crop of 1900 and in every case the sprouted seed was weak- ened, but the authors conclude from the results that seeding 5 per cent heavier with the wheat tested would have given a normal stand. An experiment to determine what length of sprouts w^heat may have and regerminate was made with sprouted kernels of ^Minnesota No. 163 wheat. The grains were sprouted and allowed to grow for different lengths of time, making the first sprouts 7 days older than the last. After si)routing the kernels were taken from the germinator and thoroughly dried. The radicles and plumule were measured and the grains again placed in the germinator. The results indicate that sprouted wheat will regerminate and form healthy sprouts until the stem or plumule is | in. long and that an average of 80 per cent will reger- minate if the length of the stem or plumule does not exceed J in. Stock and bin- burned wheat gave an average germination of 62.4 per cent, or too low for seeding purposes. Corn 6 years old wliich had remained upon the cob until tested required 104(»t>— No. 4 5 358 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. 7 days to complete its germination, when 77 per cent had sprouted. From results with oats it is concluded that old oats carried over one season in good condition are comparatively safe for seed. Eight-year-old oats taken from the sheaf at the time of testing gave a germination of 87 per cent. Other germination tests with 1 -year-old barley, spelt, and flax are reported. Studies upon weeds in 1900, H. L. Bollev {North Dakota Sta. Bpt. 1900, pp. 48-56). — In 1899 favorable results were reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 248) on the use of commercial copper sulphate at the rate of 1 lb. to 4 gal. of water, when sprayed upon weeds. The season when this investigation was conducted was one in which the plants were making rapid growth, and mustard, tall ragweed, and others were quickly destroyed. In 1900 au'effort was made to repeat on an extensive scale the investigations of the previous year. In general the results obtained were discourag- ing, although it was shown that further investigation would be needed before definite statements could be made regarding the destruction of weeds by herbicides. During the dry windy weather all the plants became very resistant, and only when thor- oughly wet while quite young did the treatment prove beneficial in destroying the weeds. The recommendations of the author are that if both grain and weeds are rapidly growing they can be successfully destroyed by the use of sodium arsenite or copper sulphate, the latter being most reliable. In selecting nozzles for this use, those should be employed which throw fine drops of the herbicide rather than misty sprays. The author recommends sj^raying just after a rain, and unless the plants are in a succulent rapidly-growing condition no treatment is advised. Further observations are reported on the life of weed seeds in the soils of the vicinity of the station, the investigation being continued from the rej^ort of the pre- vious year (E. S. R., 12, p. 248). The experiments on the depth of planting show that shepherd's purse does not send up plants from a depth of more than 1 in., French weed from more than 2 in.; mustard and pigeon grass send up most of their plants where the seed has been covered to a depth of 1 in., and tall ragweed did best from a depth of 2 in., although some late plants appeared when the seed was covered 4 in. deep. When covered to a depth of 4 in. all the weed seeds experimented with, except wild oats and tall ragweed, were killed. Work is being continued on the extension of the herbarium, and a preliminary list of the seed plants of the State has Ijeen issued as Bulletin 46 (E. S. R., 13, p. 21). Observations upon the growth of red clover seed are briefly reported, from which the author believes that the presence of bumblebees or other large insects to carry the pollen is not essential, but that the plant is practically fertilized by pollen car- ried by the wind. Weed notes, W. Lochhead {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 17, 18, fig. 1). — Brief descriptions are given of a tumbleweed {Amarantus alhus) and pigeon weed {Lithospermum arvense), and suggestions given for the possible eradica- tion of these pests. Romulea rosea, R. Helms {Agr. Gaz. Keiv Souili Wales, 12 {1901), No. 2, pp>. 232- 836, pi. 1). — A description is given of this liliaceous plant, which threatens to become an exceedingl}' troublesome weed in New South Wales and other parts of Australia. The plant is a very aggressive one, spreading rapidly by the multiplication of its bulbs as well as the abundant development of seed. It soon forms solid masses, crowding out other species. It appears to be entirely shunned by domestic animals, whether from toughness of foliage or unpalatability is not stated. Various means of suppression are suggested, which contemplate the cutting of the plants to prevent seed formation, rooting them up and burning, or cultivation of hoed crops. Russian thistle in Massachusetts, G. E. Stoxe and R. E. Smith {Massachusetts Sta. apt. 1900, p. 73). — The authors briefly report the occurrence of the Russian thistle in the State. This weed was first reported August 22, 1897, since which time the plants have shown a slight tendency to spread. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 359 The weedy plants of Iowa, L. H. Pammkl [Proc. Sar. Prom. Aijr. Sri, 1900, pp. 173-177). — Notes are given on the geographic ilistril)ution of a nunil)er of weeds throughout the State, and attention called to the very slow distribution of some spe- cies as ('onipan>(l with the rajjid s]ire-ad of others. The use of chemical substances for the destruction of weeds among grow- ing cereals, C. Dusserre {Chroit. A//r. Qinlon VhikJ, 14 (1901), Xo. 9, jip- 253-256, fig. 1). — The author comments upon the use of solutions of copper sulphate, iron sul- phate, and sodium nitrate for the destruction of wild mustard, charlock, and wild radishes, and claims that experiments show that the quantity of liquid employed should be greater than that generally recommended. Where 2 to 5 per cent solu- tions of copper sulphate, or 10 to 20 per cent sodium nitrate, are employed, the amount of licjuid, the author claims, should be from 800 to 1,000 liters per hectare, a quantity more tlian double that usually recommended. For the application of the herbicide the author i-erommends power sprayers, and one which has proved very efficient is figured and described. A new raethod of cleaning roads and walks {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 29 {1901), No. 753, p. 358). — A brief note is given on a machine for the destruction of weeds in drives and walks in which the direct heat of burniiig fuel is l)rought to bear on the surface of the walk, charring and killing all weeds, grasses, and fallen seeds. The machine consists mainly of an inclosed fire box for holding coke in a state of com- bustion and a drum containing a fan for creating a draft. The machine may be drawn about the grounds, allowing it to stand still for a few seconds. It is said to be very efficient, and to do away with the expensive work of hoeing drives, paths, etc., or th3 use of arsenical poisons, hot water, salt, etc. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Twenty years' progress in plant pathology, B. T. Galloway {Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr.Sci., 1900, pp. 90-102). — While the subject of plant pathology has had its stu- dents for a century, the real development of the subject has taken place in the last 20 years. The author reviews the work of some of the pioneers on the subject, and devotes special attention to the organization and development of the study of plant pathology in this country. The progress is said to have been made in two distinct epochs; the first was concerned with the development of fungicides and means for their application for the prevention of diseases, while the second is represented by more careful research work into the life histories of the fungi and study of the normal and pathological conditions of the plants. Flax wilt, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 4o-48). — A prehminary report is given of observations made upon a disease of flax, which for want of a better name the author has designated as "flax wilt." Little attention seems to have been paid to this disease in this country, although it appears to have been observed in Europe. It has been repeatedly observed that after flax has grown for a number of years upon the same land, the crop becomes very much lessened in yield. This has been attributed to impoverishment of land, but soil analyses show that this can not be the fact. The investigations of the author indicate that the disease is due to a parasitic fungus which lives in the soil and in the old decaying flax stubble. It may be transmitted to a new field by the transfer of dirt from an infected one, or by infusions made from diseased jjlants. Investigations made in a number of fields seem to indicate that the disease may be communicated through seed flax. The fungus appears to attack the roots of the i)lants most strongly at a depth of soil correspond- ing to the l)ottom of the furrow. An examination shows that the parasite fills the vessels and tissues of the roots with its filaments, cutting off the water supply and bringing about a typical wilt. A number of experiments have been inaugurated, 360 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. and investigations are still in progress, the results of which are promised in a future bulletin. Experiments on the bacterial diseases of potatoes, H. Jensen (C'enthl. Bakt. w. Par., 2. Abu, 6 {1900), No. 20, pp. 641-64S). — Preliminary notes are given by the author upon investigations of potato diseases which have been considered as of probable bacterial origin. The first disease described is that sometimes known as brown spot. In the tubers reddish brown spots are noticed. They are of different sizes, irregularly distributed, and are bounded by cells of cork tissue. The protoplasm of the cells is massed together, and the intercellular spaces filled with a brownish substance. Thus far examinations have failed to show any connection between the spots and external conditions, and neither bacteria nor fungi have l)een recog- nized as the cause of the disease. All inoculation experiments have proved failures. The second disease described is the bacteriosis of the potato stem. In investi- gating the so-called "black shank" of potato plants, the author found the diseased portions filled with various organisms, but his preliminary investigations seemed to indicate that a nucrococcus was the primary cause of the trouble. Inoculation experiments showed that the disease could be readily produced and was easily transmitted. The organism was found to secrete ammonia, and through the presence of this substance it gains entrance to the host; otherwise the micrococcus appears to be a saprophyte. Notes are given on the predisposition of potatoes tlants, attacks the stem of the plant, causing an abnoiTnal enlargement, while the leaves are stunted or in some cases reduced to mere rudiments, and the plant generally dies. The species appears to be undescribed, and this is the only reported occurrence, so far as the authors know, in the State. During the past year the presence of the cucumber mildew {Plasmopara cuhensis) is reported as occurring on greenhouse cucumbers in 2 distinct and remote loc^alities. This appears to be the first time it has been observed in Massachusetts since 1889 (E. S. R., 3, p. 160). Notes on plant diseases, W. Lociiiieao {Ontario Agr. Col. and ExpA. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 15, 10, 18-^' I, Jigs. ,3). — A brief description is given of the celery blight {Cercospora apii). For its prevention the author rect)nunends spraying the plants at intervals of 2 weeks with ammoniacal cojiper carbonate solution. The occurrence 364 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of asparagus rust {Puccinia asparagi) is noted. So far as the author's observations go, this disease was first reported in Ontario in 1899. During the season covered by the report it had spread and caused considerable injury. The different phases in the life cycle of the fungus are briefly described, and as possible methods of combating the rust the author suggests the burning of all diseased plants in the fall, besides spraying the beds with Bordeaux mixture several times after the market season is over. A brief account is given of a disease of balsam trees due to Tnmmatostroma abietina. An account of this disease has been previously noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 63). Spraying in bloom, S. A. Beach and L. H. Bailey {New York Stafe Sta. Bui. 196, pp. 3'j:i-460, ph. S, figs. 6). — The practice of spraying fruit trees in bloom, as )3egun a few years ago, has led to considerable controversy as to the effect of such treatment upon the yield of fruit, as well as the injury to bees. As a result of the agitation a law was passed by the legislature of the State of New York prohibiting the applica- tion of poisons to fruit trees while in blossom. The effect of such treatments upon the production of fruit has been investigated at both the New York State Station and the New York Cornell Station. During the year 1900 extensive field experi- ments were conducted by the Cornell Station on spraying fruit trees in bloom, which showed no decisive results. The season was one of heavy crop and little disease, and good or fair crops followed all treatments. There was no apparent injury to blossoms on trees sprayed when in full bloom. The effect of spray mixtures on pollen and blossoms was studied by the State station both in the laboratory and in the orchard. In the laboratory, pollen grains were put into cultures which contained insecticides or fungicides, and the germina- tion and growth compared with others placed in culture media without any fungi- cide or insecticide. "From these investigations it appears that if before pollination occurs the stigmatic surface of the pistil should be covered either with Bordeaux mixture alone or with arsenical poison alone, of the strength commonly used in spraying orchards, there would be no germination of any pollen which might after- wards reach the stigmatic surface, and so fertilization would be prevented and no fruit would be formed. Even the presence of lime alone, of the strength commonly used in spray mixtures, prevented the germination of pollen. Bordeaux mixture was diluted in aqueous sugar solution to 500 parts, 200 parts, 100 parts, 50 parts, 2 parts, and 1 part in 10,000 of culture media into which various kinds of pollen were introduced. Even when diluted to 50 parts in 10,000 it prevented germination to large extent, and where germination did occur the growth which followed was decidedly slow and the pollen tubes were dwarfed. AVhen diluted to 100 parts, 200 parts, or 500 parts either no germination or practically none was found." The effect of spray mixtures on the apple blossoms was examined, trees being sprayed in bloom and observations made at different times until the fruit had become as large as cherries. In the tests where the trees were sprayed repeatedly, so as to hit as many as possible of the new blossoms which opened from day to day, but few blossoms survived the treatment and l)ut little fruit was set, showing that spray mix- tures prevent the setting of fruit when applied to blossoms soon after they 02)en. If the tree should have a scant amount of blossoms, serious loss might follow from such treatments. In some cases the spray mixture had a decided corrosive effect on the tissues of the stamens and pistils. In other cases pistils which showed the presence of spray mixture on the stigmatic surfaces awaited fertilization for several days, but eventually withered and died. It appeared that in these cases the spray mix- ture inhibited the process of fertilization. Blossoms which had been opened several days before being sprayed seemed to have reached a stage where the treatment did not check fertilization, and the fruit was set as abundantly as upon those trees which were not sprayed. The effect of spraying in bloom upon the yield was investigated with a number of varieties of apples. In the case of Hubbardston the loss per tree from spraying in bloom was 0.9 bu. of marketable fruit; with Olden- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 365 l)nr!. 1, _%.s. 6'). — A popular summaiy of the above bulletin. An experience with, pear bligM, D. R. Pease (Rural Xew Yorker, 60 (1901), No. 2671, i>p. ^.'V>, -.^46). — The author recounts his experience in attempting to com- bat the bacterial blight of pears and quinces. Various methods were unsuccessfully tried, but beginning with 1898 sulphur and a wash of lime and sulphur were thoroughly applied to the l^ark of the trees while in the dormant condition, or sprayed upon the trees when the life began to make its first appearance. The author believes that this application, made just before the blossoms appeared, prevented the appear- ance of blight in his jiear orchard during the season of 1900. A considerable differ- ence in susceptil)ility to disease was noted for different varieties of pears and quinces. Among the pears the most seriously injured were the Louise Bonne and Bartlett. Seckel was very little affected. The Orange quince trees were nearly all destroyed, while Rca was 1)ut slightly damaged. Concerning' apricot diseases, R. Farxeti (Atti List. Bot. Univ. Pavia, 2. ser., 7 (1900), pp. 9; ahs. in Bot. CentbL, 85 (1901), No. 12, pp. 405, 406). — Descriptions are given of 3 new species of fungi which have been observed on the ripe or ripening fruit of the apricot. The first, to which the name Stigmina briosiana is given, pro- duces small spots 1 to 2 mm. in diameter upon the fruit. The flesh of the spot dries and the fruit becomes bitter. The other fungi observed on the plant, which are con- cerned to some extent in causing a rot, are Phi//losticta arinenicula and Phoma iny.rse. Chlorosis of fruit trees in calcareous soils, H. Dauthexay (i?ec. Ilort., 73(1901), No. 2, pp. 50, 51). — The occurrence of chlorosis on fruit trees in calcareous soils is said to be quite conunon wherever for any reason the nutritive elements of the soil become unassimilable to the tree. The use of sulphate of iron for preventing this disease gives partial relief and, according to the author, it acts upon the lime, chang- ing its form. This treatment alone is not sufficient, but should be supplemented by the use of proper fertilizers. The deterioration of passion vines and fruit, W. J. Allen (Agr. Gaz. New South WdlcK, 12 (1901), No. 2, pp. 248-250, pU. 2).— Thii^irmi, which is cultivated to a considerable extent in Australia, is subject to a disease which during the past season has occasioned considerable loss. The disease is cliaracterized l)y a thickening and hardening of the rind, and only a small portion of the fruit develops properly, most fruits being undersized, contorted, and with little or no pulp. The disease seems to make its appearance soon after the fruit has set, and the vines appear stunted, their leaves being greatly reduced in size. Various causes are attributed as possible agents for the production of this disease, among them improper fertilizers, insufficient moisture, irrational planting, and fungus disease. Examinations of stalks and leaves of diseased plants have shown the presence of an undetermined fungus, but Avhether it is the primary cause of the disease or not remains to be ascertained. Some experiments in combating grape mildew, B. Chaizit (Rev. Vit., 15 (1901), No. 382, })]). 41'', 420). — During the preceding season experiments were con- ducted at the departmental experimental fields of Nimes for the prevention of the downy mildew of the grape. Different lots were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture of different strengths. Burgundy mixture, solutions containing cadmium, zinc, etc., as well as applications of different forms of powders. The results obtained by experi- 366 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ments showed that in combating this disease some form of copper, preferably the Bordeaux mixture, gave the best results. Concerning the conidial form of the black rot fungus, G. Delacroix {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 {1901), No. 13, pp. 863, 864).—^ brief account is given of the conidial form of the black rot fungus which has been found in a few localities in France. This conidial form has been observed frec^uently in the United States, being most abundant during very rainy seasons. ENTOMOLOGY. Report of injurious insects and common farm pests during the year 1900, ■with methods of prevention and remedy, Eleanor A. Ormerod {London: Simp- kin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1901, pp. Ill, figs. ^7).— This report is the tw-enty-fourth of a series made by the author, and it is indicated that the publication of these reports will not be continued. Laverna atra, known as the pith moth (pp. 1-8), caused injuries to apple trees by tunneling into the stems just beneath the apple blossoms. The only effective preventive measure so far known consists in cutting or breaking off the infested shoots and burning them. The hal)its and life history of the insect are described in detail so far as known. It is not known where the eggs are deposited. Detailed notes are given on the life history and habits of 2 ash-bark beetles {Hylesinus fra.i-ini and H. crenatus) (pp. 9-21). In combating the first species it is recommended that felled timber and dead or dying branches should be removed. The best time for doing this is in the month of June. In cases of standing ash trees which are pierced by the insects for the purpose of securing winter shelter, it is recommended that the bark be peeled off over the places where the beetles are hibernating. The second species may be treated in the same manner, with the exception that the removal of newly felled ash trunks will be of little avail, since this species infests standing trees. Notes are given on the appearance, life history, and habits of Brnchns rufimanus, B. pisorum, B. tristis, B. hrachialis, and B. rufipes (pp. 21-31). Descriptive notes are given for the purpose of distinguishing the different species. For treating infested seed the author recommends the usual remedies, and also the treatment of bean seed with blue vitriol. Tylenchus devastatri.r (pp. 32-37) is reported as causing consider- able injury to field beans by infesting the stems. The plants become irregularly branched and distorted. In preventing injury from these worms it is recommended that care should be exercised not to plant a susceptible crop immediately following a crop which has been badly infested. Plowing is effective if the surface be turned completely under. It is also recommended that the stubble of infested crops should be burned and that application of sulphate of potash alone or with a mixture of sul- phate of ammonia be given to the soil. Experiments with gas lime showed that this was without effect in controlling the eel worm. Hylemyia coarctata (pp. 38-43) is reported as causing considerable injury to wheat. Notes are given on the life history of the insect so far as known, and on its method of attack. PhytojAus 7-ibis (pp. 43^8) has continued its injurious attacks during the season. A large number of remedies have been tried, most of which are unsuccessful. The need of further experiments with hydrocyanic-acid gas is urged. It is suggested that where black currants are grown together in large areas a satisfactory way of check- ing the spread of the pest consists in breaking off and destroying the galls. Pulvi- naria ribesiie (pp. 48-52) is sometimes injurious to currants. The scale is described and notes given on its life history. In preventing the attacks of this insect, it is sug- gested that the currants should not be grown in an overcrowded condition. Appli- cation of soft soap and kerosene oil are reported ineffective. Economic and biolog- ENTOMOLOGY. 367 ical notes are given on Plusia gamma (pp. o3-58). The species is I'eported as injurious to mustard and potatoes. Arsenical poisons are recommended in destroying this insect. The pear-leaf bhster mite (pp. 59-62) is descrilied and brief notes given on its hfe history, hal)its, and means of prevention. Diphsis pyrivora (pp. 63-69) is spreading and becoming more injurious. In combating this species the infested pears which have fallen should be collected and destroyed. The trees may be shaken for the purpose of removing other infested fruit which does not fall. It is also recom- mended that cloths be spread under the trees and kept smeared with tar or other substance, which will prevent the escape of larvje which fall or emerge from infested fruit. Notes are given on the habits, life history, and remedies for Scolytus pruni (pp, 69-72), Penthina rariegana (pp. 73-78), Archerontia atropos (pp. 82-84), Lampronia, rubiella (pp. 85-88), and (Estrus oris (pp. 89-94). A planarian worm [BijMlium keirense) is reported as having been found in a num- ber of greenhouses. The species is somewhat beneficial from its habit of feeding upon earthworms, and thus checking a too great prcA'alence of the latter in green- houses. Short biological and economic notes are also given on Psijlla mali, currant sawfly, }fame>!tra broitsicx; and Retimia buoliana. Report on injurious insects and plant diseases in 1900, W. 'M. Schoyex [Beretning am Skadeinsekter og Plantesygdomme i 1900. Christiania, 1901, pp. 34, figs. 21) . — In this report the author gives economic and biological notes on a number of injurious insects and fungus diseases affecting cereals, grasses, potatoes, cabbage, turnips, peas, beans, fruit trees, small fruits, shade trees, evergreen trees, and orna- mental plants. Among the injurious insects which are discussed mention may be made of Charmis graminis, wireworms, cabbage-root maggot, Silpha opaca, destruc- tive pea aphis, apple maggot, codling moth, Cheimatobia bnunata, PhyUobins argenta- tus, Hyponomeuta varabilis, Eriocampa adumbrata, pear-leaf blister mite, currant sawfiy, Cossus ligniperda, Lasiocampa pini, and earwigs. Notes are also given on the cereal rusts, Gloeosporium lindemuthianum, apple scab, gooseberry rust, and .Ecidiuin strobllhmm. Notes on insects, W. Lochhead {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpi. 1900, pp. 13-15, figs. 2). — The buffalo carpet beetle is reported as having occurred in unusual numbers during the season. Ih combating this insect it is recommended that the beetles be prevented from entering houses by the use of window screens during the month of May, when the beetles are flying most actively. Infested car- pets may be treated with gasoline along the borders, and the same treatment should be applied to the floors under; the borders of the carpet. The codling moth occurred in about the usual numbers. Legislation has been adopted permitting municipalities to enforce the application of })ands to apple trees from the first week in June. It is urged, however, that this method is successful only when the bands are carefully examined at frequent intervals. Many complaints are reported concerning the ravages of the Hessian fly. It is recommended that narrow strips of wheat be sown 4 or 5 weeks earlier than the main crop in order to entice the insects to lay their eggs. This wheat may then be plowed under so as to destroy the eggs. Report of the entomolog'ists, C. H. and H. T. Fernald {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 84-88). — The San Jose scale is reported as having been received from 37 towns in the State, and it is lielieved that there are other unreported localities of infestation. Brief notes are given on periodical cicada, birch Bucculatrix, Mar- guerite fly, greenhouse Aleurodes, fall cankervvorm, and pea louse. Insects injurious to g^'aiiij ^^- k'Utra {Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 2. ser., 1901, No. 1, pp. 1-21 ) . — Descriptive, economic, and biological notes on C'alandra oryzoc, C. grana- ria, Cathartus gemeUalus, Tribolium J'errugineum, Ephestia kuehniella, Tinea granellay and Silvanus surinaneiisis. 368 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The principal insect enemies of growing wheat, C. L. Marlatt ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 132, pp. 40, figs. ;?5).— The chief insect enemies of wheat, in the order of their importance, are considered to be chinch bug, Hessian fly, wheat midge, and grain-plant louse. The wheat-straw worms, wheat-bulb worms, army worms, cutworms, and sawflies are of secondary importance, while a large variety of insects are occasionally found upon wheat. In this bulletin especial attention is devoted to the 4 insects mentioned as being of chief importance, and also to Isosoma tritici, I. grande, Meromyza americana, Leucania unipunctn, Laphygma frugiperda, Cephus piigm^us, C. occidentalis, and Pachynematus extensicornis. The mites of sugar cane in Java, L. Zehntner (Meded. Proefstat. Suikerriet West Java, No. .51, pp. 17, pis. 8; reprint from Arch. Java Siiikermd., 1901, No. 5). — A detailed description is given of Tetranychus e.csiccator in all its stages, together with an account of its injuries and natural enemies. Besides several species of ladybirds which prey upon the mite, the author gives an account of Diplosis acarivora, which is described as a new species and as parasitic upon the mite. When the mite occurs in large numbers, it is recommended that infested plants be sprayed with petroleum emulsion. Enemies of cucumbers and related plants, H. Garman {Kentucky Sia. Bui. 91, l)p. 3-48, figs, i^).— Considerable work was done on the life history of the striped cucumber beetle. The beetle was found to hibernate in the adult condition, and individuals were found in the spring as early as April 12. During the latter half of July adults began to appear from the earliest eggs which were laid by the spring brood. Some of these beetles may possibly lay eggs for a second brood which matures in the fall, but it is not believed that there are over 3 or 4 broods during a season. According to the author's observations, the life history of the species occupies from 26 to 33 days. Notes are given on the food plants of the beetle. It is stated that the beetles begin to lay their eggs by the middle of June, and that the young larvae begin to hatch about the second half of June. The average duration of larval life was found to be about 19 days. As remedial treatment for this insect the author recommends burning all leaves and rubbish, dusting plants with insect powder, spraying with Bor- deaux mixture, and the use of various forms of covers. Plaster and lime were found to be ineffective. A detailed description of the species is given in all its stages, together with notes on the literature of the beetle. Brief notes are given on the life history and habits of the spotted cucumber beetle. The northern squash beetle (Epilachna horecdis) is" reported as causing local and periodical depredations on the cucumbers and related plants. Egg laying begins in the second half of June, and the larvfe hatch within about 10 days. For combating this species the author recommends hand picking and spraying with Paris green to which lime has been added. As remedies for the melon aphis {Aphis gossypii), tobacco decoction, kerosene emulsion, fumigation with bisulphid of carbon, hydrocyanic-acid gas, and tobacco extracts are recommended. The author devised 2 forms of fumigators especially for the purpose of fumigating with tobacco extracts. One fumigator consists of a can with a tin cylinder 8 in. long and 4 in. in diameter soldered to one side. The cylin- der is furnished with an opening covered with a screw cap on the upper side, into which nicotine preparations may be poured. The can is without bottom and is placed over the plant to be treated. Heat is then applied by a burner to the under side of the cylinder. The second form of fumigator consists of a wooden box, tightly calked, inverted over the plant to be treated, and a tin pail connected with the box by a tin tube 1 in. in diameter. The nicotine is placed in the pail and the heat applied to the bottom of the pail by means of a burner. Notes are given on the food plants, life history, and enemies of the melon louse. Brief biological and economic notes are presented on Anasa tristis, A. armigera, Leptoglossus ojipositus, L. phyllopus, squash borer, pickle worm, melon worm, ENTOMOLOGY. 369 Cyrtoneura avsia, Tltrips iabnci, and Armadillidium vulgare. In greenhouses attacked by the cucumber thrijis the author recommends fumigation with tobacco extract and syringing plants with the same insecticide. In the field infested plants may be sprayed with tobacco extract, kerosene emulsion, or fumigated in the manner recom- mended for melon aphis. Exjieriments with Armadillidium, or greenhouse pillbug, showed that this pest possesses great resisting power to ordinary insecticides, and that tobacco decoctions and kerosene emulsions are not effective against it. In infested soil the author recommends the use of bisulphid of carbon. Purther experiments against the peach-tree borer, M. V. Slingerland {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 192, pp. 191-196, figs. 5). — Good results were obtained by J. M. Stedman in the use of wire-cage protectors for keeping the borer away from peach trees. As these results were different from those obtained by the author in previous experiments, the value of such protectors was again tested by further experiments. The author concludes from his experiments that the wire cage successfully used by Stedman offers "no protection against the peach-tree borer." The gas-tar treatment, which in experiments conducted by Stedman killed nearly all the trees upon which it was used, is recommended by the author as a harmless and effective remedy. "Wooden wrappers, advised by Stedman and recommended for use on a large scale, are considered by the author to be no more effective than cheaper tarred paper wrappers. San Jose scale investigations. I, The development of the female, V. H. Lowe and P. J. Parrott {Xew York State Sta. Bui. 193, pp. 351-368, ph. 6).— Experi- ments with larvae for the purpose of determining the duration of the period of activity were conducted in a temperature of from 70 to 76° F. None of the larvae settled down before 12^ hours, and the average length of the period of activity was 27.7 hours. As a rule, the young larvae remained inactive for from ^ hour to 4 hours. Observations on the rate of travel of young larvae at a temperature of 74° F. showed that they may move lOj ft. in a period of 6 hours. On fruit the greater number of larvte seek the blossom end or stem end, preferring the part of the apple which is in the shade. The young remain in large numbers around the adult females. The average mortality among the larva? of the San Jose scale was 39.8 per cent. The duration of the period of growth was found to be, on an average, 49.5 days, and during this time 4 stages of growth were noted in the formation of the scale. In the first stage the body of the insect becomes covered with a secretion of white fila- ments, in the second stage a denser layer of waxy threads is noted among the loose threads of the first stage, while the third -stage is characterized by the dull black color of the scale. The fourth stage is that of the mature insect. The first molt occurred on an average 20.7 days after birth and the second molt 29| days. The effect of temperature on the development of larvae was carefully studied by the author. At a temperature of 35° F. the larvae settled down almost immediately and attempted to secrete sjales. Some of them succeeded in this, but all the larvae died before reaching the hibernating stage. At a temperature of 45° F. the larvae were unable to reach the hibernating stage, but after resisting this temperature for t> weeks continued to develop to that stage if transferred to a room with higher tem- perature. At a temperature of 58° F. the larvae reached the normal hibernating stage and in one instance developed completely. Observations were made on the means of local distriljution of the San Jose scale, and it was found that active larvae on leaves which were picked from the tree and allowed to be carried away by the wind were dislodged only with considerable dif- ficulty, and it is believed that larvie may be transported to some distance by this means. Larvae were found clinging to grasshoppers, aphis lions, flies, and Euphoria inda, and may therefore be transi)orted from tree to tree on such insects. In studying the different stages of the San Jose scale the author made use of two devices for confining the scale to limited areas. Bands of cotton wool tied about 370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. small nursery trees or on the limbs of large trees at intervals of 1 to 2 in. served to •confine the scales within these boundaries. Another means of accomplishing this was found in the use of metal rings, or curtain rings, set in the bark and covered with microscopic cover glasses held in ])lace with paraffin. San Jose scale investig-ations, II, V. H. Lowe {New York State Sta. Bui. 194, pp. 869-384). — The experiments reported in this bulletin were undertaken for the purpose of determining the effects of winter applications of kerosene on nursery trees and bearing trees, the percentage of oil necessary to kill scales in winter, and the •effect of summer applications on healthy trees. Two series of exijerimehts were made on nursery trees, the first lot of trees being sprayed once on November 22 and the second lot twice on November 22 and March 27. The trees were apple, pear, peach, plum, and cjuince, 144 in all. The peach and plum trees were found to be quite sensitive, peaches being killed with a 20 per cent mixture, and plums seriously injured with a 40 per cent mixture. Pears and a^^ples were not injured with 1 appli- cation of the 40 per cent mixture, and the apples were not affected by 2 applications of this strength, although pears were slightly affected. Similar experiments were made on bearing trees, with the result that no injury was noted on pears, except where pure kerosene was used. Plums were not injured by 1 application of the 40 per cent mixture, but were badly affected by the pure kerosene. In experiments to determine the percentage of oil necessary to kill the San Jose scale it was found that the scales were not destroyed by the 20 per cent mixture of kerosene, but were killed in all cases wdiere the 40 per cent mixture was used. In testing the effect of summer applications of kerosene, 2 grades of oil were used, 100° and 150°. The 100° oil injured the foliage of apple and pear trees in all cases, even when used in the 15 per cent mixture, when applied during May and June. The 150° oil, on the other hand, did not injure the trees except when used pure. It is concluded that kerosene may I)e used in winter on apple and pear trees in a 40 per cent mixture or at a sufficient strength to kill the scales without injuring the trees, but its use is impracticable on peach trees and is somewhat injurious to plums. Brief notes are given on the method of fumigation by hydrocyanic-acid gas, and spraying with crude petroleum, and whale-oil soap. Controlling San Jose scale, F. H. Hall, V. H. Lowe, and P. J. Parrott [New York State Sta. Bids. 193 and 194, popular ed., pp. 11, pis. 2). — This is a popular sum- mary of Bulletins 193 and 194 of the station (see above) . Observations on Coccidae, R. Newstead {Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 12 {1901), No. 136, pp. 81-86, figs. 5). — The author gives descriptive and biological notes on the species of Aspidiotus, Lichtensia, Diaspis, Fiorinia, Antonina, and Dactylopius. Classifi-cation of Parlatoria, G. Leonardi {Rir. Patol. Veg., 8 {1.900), No. 7-12, pp. 203-209). — Brief notes on the anatomy of this genus of scale insects, together with an analytical talile for the determination of species. The injurious scale insects and mealy bugs of the British Isles, R. Newstead {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. {London:], 28 {1900), No. 3, pp. 219-262, fig.^. 22).— The author gives a general account of the life history, habits, and methods of combating a large number of scale insects injurious to fruit, shade trees, and other jslants. A chapter is devoted to remedies and methods of prevention, in which, besides a general dis- cussion of the subject, special recommendations are given concerning the value and methods of making kerosene emulsion, fir-tree oil, soft-soap solution, lime wash, caustic-soda wash, clay and sulphur, etc. Woolly aphis and mistletoe, F. Pexeveyre ( Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 14 {1901), No. 5, pp. 147-1 'yO). — The remedies which are recommended against the woolly aphis include the following formulas: Soap, 1 kg.; petroleum, 900 gm.; amyl alcohol, 500 gm.; water, 3 liters. Soap, 150 gm. ; water, 1 liter; iwtroleum, 1,800 gm. ; pure petroleum. The damage caused by Porthesia chrysorrhcea, L. J. Lambilliox {Btd. Agr. ENTOMOLOGY. 37 1 [Brussehl, 17 {1901), Xn. 1, ]>]>. 4-'-4o). — Tlie author gives an account of the fruit trees and shade trees which are most seriously attacked by this insect, together with notes on its distril)ution. The damage caused by the species is said to be 10 times as great as that of the gypsy mnth. The Rutherglen bug, Nysius vinitor {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 2, p. 247). — This insect appeared in great nundiers in a cherry orchard and caused an unusual amount of damage. In combating the pest experiments were tried with a fumigating tent and hydrocyanic-acid gas. This method proved very effective and it is believed that the insects would be destroyed by using a diluted formula. Some insects injurious to small fruits, Mary E. Murtfeldt {Missouri Slate Hort. Soc. Rpt. 1900, jip. 313-324) ■ — Brief notes on insects which are injurious to strawberries, raspberries, and other small fruits. Disease of the black currant caused, by the gall mite, Phytoptus ribis, J. H. AViLSOX {Juur. Uo)j. Hort. S. 34. 104-111)-— This discussion is controversial in 10409— No. 4 6 374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, nature and concerns the general problem of the influence of fertilization and heredity upon the development of the different members of bee colonies. Notes on foul brood of bees, E. Ruffy {Rev. Inrernat. ApicvJt., 23 {1901), No. 3, pp. 60-61). — A Ijrief discussion of practical methods for preventing the spread of this disease. FOODS— NUTRITION. The composition of jellies and jams, L. M. Tolman, L. S. Munsox, and W. D. BiGELow {Jour. Amcr. Cliern. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 5, pp. 347-353). — As preliminary to the examination of a large number of commercial fruit preserves, a number of sam- ples of fruits and of jellies and jams made from them were analyzed. The fruits examined include the apple, crab apple, pear, i^each, plum, grape, orange, pineapple, huckleberry, and blackberry. Determinations were made of the solids, ash, proteids, and sugars. Total solids were determined by drying from 5 to 10 gm. in a large flat- bottomed platinum dish at 100° for from 10 to 12 hours. The solids were charred, the mass collected on a filter, exhausted with water, incinerated, and weighed. Acid was determined with decinormal potassium hydroxid, using phenolphthalein as an indicator, the results being reported in terms of sulphuric acid. Nitrogen was deter- mined by the Gunning method. Reducing sugars were estimated by the Allihn method and cane sugar calculated by the Clerget fornuila, the polarization being made with a Schmidt and Haensch instrument. The results of these examinations are tabulated. It is stated that the fruits selected, especially the apples and grapes, "were not in all cases of typical composition." Cane sugar was found in all the fruits examined except blackberry. In the orange, peach, and pineapple it was in excess of the reducing sugar. The polarization of the Damson plum indicated an excess of dextrose over levulose. The extent of inversion in comparing jams and jellies varied with the amount of free organic acid and length of time the product was heated. There were, however, some marked exceptions to this rule. The jams and marmalades, except the crab apple products, showed a higher inversion than the corresponding jellies, because of the fact that they were heated for a longer time. The presence of tin in canned foods, J. K. Caldwell and A. E. Parkes {Brit- ish Food Jour., 3 {1901), No. 29, pp. 146, 147). — The authors report the presence of tin in all samples of canned fruit and vegetables which they examined. In estima- ting the tin, 100 gm. of the can's contents was evaporated to dryness and the residue gently charred. The residue was ground and twice extracted with warm dilute hydrochloric acid. It was then treated with sulphureted hydrogen, the tin being recovered as stannic oxid. The amount of tin in the canned vegetables — tomatoes and beans — was 0.168 grain per pound. In the fruits — pears, jieaches, apricots, and pineapples — it ranged from 0.112 to 0.885 grain per pound. The length of time the articles had been canned was not known. In 2 of the samjtles very slight traces of lead were found. Maple sirup from defoliated trees, F. W. Morse {Neiv Hampshire Sta. BuL 79, p. 10) . — As shown by analyses, the sirup from the last run of sap from maple trees which had been stripped of their leaves the previous summer by the forest tent cater- pillar did not differ materially in composition from other "last run" maple sirup. In appearance it was dark colored and clear. Concerning the fineness of division and solution of food when chewed, J. U. Gaudexz (.4/t//. Hyg., 39 {1901), No. 3, pp. 230-257, dgm. i).— Exiieriments which the author reports covered a number of common foods, including apples', liread, radishes, sandwiches, eggs, cheese, meat, macaroni, potatoes, etc. Conclusions are drawiT regarding the quantity ordinarily taken at a bite and the size of particles after chewing food for a longer or shorter time. Results showing the size of the chewed FOODS NUTRITION. 375 particle? and the amount of the different foods dissolved by the saliva are reported in detail. The author believes that a bite of normal size is sufficiently chewed in half a minute, so that there is a desire to swallow it. In general, vegetable foods were better divided by chewing than animal foods. According to these investiga- tions, the saliva in a very short time (half a minute) dissolved the common starchy food such as macaroni and potatoes. As was to be expected, animal foods, such as egg white and meat, were not dissolved by saliva. The results are discussed at some length. The effect of severe and prolonged muscular work on food consumption, digestion, and metabolism, W. (). Atwater and H. C. Sherman { U. ,S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experimoit Stations Bid. 98, pp. 1-56, fig. 1). — A 6-day bicycle race afforded the authors an opportunity to study the food consumption by 3 of the principal con- testants, as well as the digestibility of the food and the metabolism of nitrogen, the investigation being made with the view to determine the effects on these factors of severe and prolonged muscular work. The average amounts of food consumed per man per day follow: Average daihj food consumption ofhicycle racers performing severe muscular uvrk. Protein. Carbo- hydrates. Fuel value. Nutritive ratio. • Miller, during 6-day race Pilkington, during 3 days of the 6-day race Albert, during 6-day race ! Albert, during preliminary period Grams. 169 •211 179 169 Grams. 181 178 198 153 Grams. 585 509 859 375 Calories. 4,770 4,610 6,095 3,650 5.9 4.3 7.3 4.2 The following conclusions were drawn regarding the food consumed, digestibility of the food, and the metabolism of nitrogen: "(1) Trained athletes undergoing unusually severe exertion demand a largely increased supply of easily digested food of such kinds as 'agree' with the subject, and that the availability of such food is not greatly affected by the loss of sleep and almost continuous muscular exertion; (2) under such circumstances the metab- olism of nitrogen as well as that of energy is increased, body protein being drawn upon unless the food is very abundant; and (3) trained athletes appear to be able to lose relatively large amounts of body nitrogen without any apparent ill effects. "It is conceivable that equally severe and prolonged exertion might jierhaps be undergone without increased metabolism of nitrogen, provided the supply of fuel material was very abundant. This question, however, can be settled only by experi- ments in which the diet is under control." The mechanical work and efladency of bicyclers, R. C. Carpenter ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Expjeriment Stations Bid. 98, pp. 57-67 , figs. 2) . — From the data recorded in the investigations noted above, and a number of special determinations, the author discusses the amotuit of work performed by 2 of the bicycle racers, its mechanical equivalent, and the apparent efficiency of the racers. As pointed out, the external resistance may be summarized under 2 general heads — that of the air and that of the bicycle. "The total work done by Miller is computed to have been over 15,000,000 foot- pounds, or 7,500 foot -tons, on the first day, and 5,500,000 foot-pounds, or 2,750 foot- tons, on the last day of the race. . . . The average heat equivalent of the work done in the 6 days amounted to 3,102 c-alories. At the same time the food consumed furnished 4,957 calories, making an apparent efficiency of over 60 per cent. ... If we assume that the e(iuivalent exjjosure of the bicycle rider was 4 sq. ft., . . . the 376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. total work done each day ranged from nearly 20,000,000 to nearly 7,000,000 foot- pounds, and the corresponding heat equivalent from 6,381 to 2,256 calories, averaging 3,994 calories. "The amount of work done by Albert was slightly less than that by Miller, rang- ing from 12,000,000 to 4,000,000 foot-pounds per day, with a corresponding range in heat equivalent from 3,938 to 1,334 calories. The average heat equivalent of the work done per day during the 6 days is 2,760 calories, and the average energy in the food as found by actual determination of the heat of combustion is 6,307 calories, making an apparent efficiency of nearly 45 per cent. . . . " If the equivalent exposure of the rider is assumed as equal to 4 sq. ft., the total amount of work done each day varied from nearly 16,000,000 to a little over 5,000,000 foot-pounds, with a corresponding range in heat equivalent from 5,088 to 1,686 calories, with an average for the 6 days of 3,547 calories." It is pointed out that in each case there is some uncertainty regarding the energy of the food consumed, since a greater or less amount of body fat was also consumed, the energy of which should be taken into account in estimating the total income. This would diminish somewhat the apparent efficiency. "Under the conditions of the race the amount of energy exerted can be considered about the limit of human strength and endurance. This is reasonably many times greater than would be exerted by the ordinary laborer working under the routine of his usual occupation. ' ' On tlie influence of food consumed upon metabolism, G. Koraen {Skand. Arch. Physiol., 11 {1900), No. 3-4, pp. 176-197). — The respiratory quotient and the hourly excretion of nitrogen were studied under different dietary conditions, the author being the subject. A number of his conclusions follow: When some 66 gm. of fat is consumed the total metabolism is not increased. When some 165 gm. of cane sugar is consumed it is increased somewhat, and markedly increased when 52 gm. of protein is consumed. A marked increase is also observed when a mixed diet which is rather difficult of digestion is consumed. When fasting, the hourly excretion of nitrogen is 0.414 gm.; that of carbon, 6.05 gm., with a possible error of zfc 0.19 gm. These values are equivalent to 72.1 calories, with a possible error of ±2.3 calories. Respiration experiments ■with a corpulent subject when work w^as per- formed and the moisture content of the air varied, A. Broden and H. Wolpert {Arch. Hyg., 39 {1901), No. 3, pp. £98-311). — In these experiments the respiratory quotient w^as determined. The large amount of water in the respiratory products explains the great thirst experienced by corpulent persons. The experiments are discussed in considerable detail, especially with reference to the performance of work by corixdent and thin jiersons in the tropics. Contribution to the subject of gastric juice and the composition of its enzyms, M. Nexcki and N. Sieber {Ztschr. Pln/.iicjl. Chem.,3£ {1901), No. 3-4, pp. 291-319). — Experiments are reported and discussed. Concerning the theory of digestion of protein, W. W. Sawjalow {Arch. Physiol. IPfluger], 85 {1901), No. 4-6, pp. 171-325).— X. chemical study of the digesti- bility of proteids with an extended discussion. Contribution to the physiology of digestion. Ill, A substance increasing the flow of digestive juice, C. Radzikowski {Ardi. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 84 (1901), No. 11-12, ]>p. 513-526). — Studies on the effect of alcohol on peptic digestion. Contribution to the physiology of digestion. IV, Two pepsin-forming bodies, F. R. Mark-Schnorf {Arch. Physiol. [Pfugerl, 85 {1901), No. 1-3, pp. 143- 148). — Experiments with a dog are reported which led to the conclusion that white, so-called pure dextrin neither causes a secretion of digestive juice nor formation of pepsin. Inulin and glycogen, even when chemically pure, cause the formation of pepsin without causing a secretion of digestive juice. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 377 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The composition, digestibility, and feeding value of barnyard millet (Pani- cum crus-galli) J. B. Lind.sey (MasmcJinKt'ttx StScakafia {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 34 {1901), Xo. 4, pp. 321-337). — Proximate and ash analyses are reported, as well as artificial digesti(jn experiments. Parsons Six-Dollar Feed, J. B. Lindsey {Massachusetts Sta. lipl. 1900, pp. 53, 54). — An analysis is reported .of this feeding stuff, which is said to consist i)rincipally of the hulls of different grains and other low-grade material from grain mills and elevators. 378 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Beet pulp, A. E. Shuttleworth (Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 29, 30) . — The author quotes the composition of the beet pulp and discusses its feed- ing value. Composition of sunflower seeds, F. W. Morse {New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 79, pp. T, S). — The specific gravitj' of sunflower seeds, relative amounts of meats and hulls, as well as the composition of both black and striped whole seeds, meats, and hulls are reported. Composition of some poultry foods, F. W. Morse {New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 8, 9). — Analyses of meat and bone meal, beef scraps, ground dried fish, broken crackers, middlings, and several commercial poultry feeds are reported. The composition of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) , J. B. Lindsey {JSkmsachusetts Sfa. Bpt. WOO, pp. .52, 53) . — The composition of purslane is reported and the uses of the plant briefly discussed. Grape prunings as a feeding stuff for farm animals, F. Guerrieri {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 34 {1901), No. 4, PP- 338-346).- — The author reports proximate and ash analyses of grape prunings, hay, and straw. Breadnut {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 8 {1901), No. 3, p. 42). — It is stated that the fruit or "nut" of the breadnut (Brosimnw rti/cff.siratory quotient in connection with these investigations. The author sums up the results as follows: When full-grown lean geese are fed much more than they require of a ration rich in carbohydrates, the respiratory quotient becomes much greater than normal. The high value is caused by an increase in the amount of carbon dioxid excreted and not by a decrease in the amount of oxygen consumed. A respiratory quotient exceeding the unit value, namely, that corresponding to the combus- tion of body substance, shows that the transformation of carbohydrates into fat in the animal body is accompanied by a cleavage of carbon dioxid. Even when the process of digestion is most active the geese overfed with rye did not excrete any inflammable gases so far as could be determined. The milk-white color of blood serum which has often been observed in overfed geese is due to an emulsion of fat in which the drops are very minute. This condition disappears if the animal fasts for a few days, and does not occur if the animal is fed fat-free food rich in carbohydrates. It is probable, therefore, that the fat in the serum is derived from fat in the food consumed and not from newly formed body fat. Further experiments on the resorption of artificially colored fat, E. PFLiioER {Arch. Physiol. [Pfiilger'], 85 {1901), No. 1-3, pp. i-6^). —Additional experiments are reported and the recent work on the subject of the resorption of colored fat is critically reviewed. Remarks on Dr. L. Holfbauer's article concerning the resorption of artifi- cially colored fat, S. Exner {Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 84 (1901), No. 11-12, pp. 628-635, fig. 1). — A controversial article. The resorption of fat and soap in the large and the small intestine, H. J. Hamburger {Proc. Sec. Sci. Koninkl. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, 1900, II, pp. 287-298). — Experiments with a dog are reported. A note on the question of the digestibility of cellulose in the intestines, E. MuLLER {Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 83 (1901 ) , No. 10-12, j>p. 619-627). -—Experiments were made with the enzym of the hepato pancreas of a carp and also with a goat ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 379 having 2 lii^tulas. According to the author the te^it.s showed that with the goat sugar is not formed as an inti'nuediate prochiet wht>n cellulose is rendered soluble in the intestine. Corn vs. peas for fattening' steers, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm apt. i:ioO, ji. 4ii)- — The (•onij)arative value of peas and corn as part of a ration waa studied. Six steei-s feci corn, barley, and oats (1:1:1) for 36 days and then corn and oats (3:1) for 151 days, gained 341.5 lbs., consuming 4.73 lbs. of grain per pound of gain. Five steers fed peas, barley, and oats (1:1:1) for 36 days and then peas and oats (3:1) for 151 days, gained 348.6 lbs., consuming 4. 64 lbs. of grain per pound of gain. The meal mixture containing peas gave slightly larger gains than that containing corn; but when the relative cost per ton of corn and peas was taken into account the corn mixtui-e gave decidedly cheajier gains. In this one test the pea mixture was not worth (juite 50 cts. per ton more than the corn mixture, whereas the actual cost of the pea mixture was between S2 and $3 per ton more than the corn mixture. Heavy, medium, and light rations for fattening- steers, G. E. Day [Ontario Agr. Col. a)id E.vj)t. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 45, 46). — Using 3 lots of 4 steers each, the comparative value of heavy, medium, and light grain rations was tested, in continua- tion of previous work (E. S. R., 12, p. 372), the feeding test proper covering 187 days. The average amount of grain consumed per 100 lbs. live weight l)y the steers receiv- ing a heavy ration was 0.85 lb. per day; of those receiving a medium ration, 0.66 lb.; and of those receiving a light ration, 0.51 lb. The average daily gain per steer in the 3 lots was 1.80, 1.87, and 1.87 lbs., respectively, the cost of food per pound of gain being 7.67, 6.97, and 6.36 cts. From this and earlier tests a iiumber of conclusions are drawn : "In the average of 4 trials, a comparatively heavy meal ration gave slightly larger but more expensive gains than those obtained with lighter rations. "In the average of 4 trials, the most economical gains were obtained by commenc- ing with about one-third of a pound of meal per day per 100 lbs. live weight of the animals, and gradually increasing, the rate of increase being such that on the average of the whole feeding period the steers received 2" 1'^. of meal per day per 100 lbs. of their live weight. A finished steer is fed at a loss; therefore, in economical feeding, an effort must be made not to have the animals finished for any considerable time before they can be disposed of. "The method of feeding recommended is suitable for somewhat long feeding periods. Shorter feeding periods would call for a more rapid increase in the meal ration." Experiments in breeding fat lambs {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 7 {1901), No. 4, pp. 4S2, 483). — A test of the comparative merits of crosses of "Lleyn" ewes with Shropshire, Oxford, Suffolk, and Border Leicester rams showed that from the stand- point of early maturity of the lambs the best results were obtained with the Suffolk and Border Leicester cros.ses. Digestion of oat and pea bran by sheep, A. E. Shuttleworth {Ontario Agr. Col. and F.rpt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. S2-S4) . — Two sorts of oat dust and pea bran were analyzed and their digestibility determined with 3 sheep. The average coefficients of digestibility of the 2 materials follow: Cof'Jfirii'nt.i of digestibiUtii of oat dud and pea bran — E-vperimenta witli silwtp. Oat rtiist; average off) determinations . Pea bran; average of 5 determinations. Organic matter. Per cent. 60.86 70.78 I'rotoin. Per cent. 68.15 67.53 Fat. Per cent. 79.01 78.10 Nitrogen- free ex- tract. Per cent. 69.51 76.77 Crude fiber. Per cent. 33.48 380 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Digestion experiments with sheep, J. B. Lixdsey {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1900, J) J). 50-51). — The digestibility of a number of feeding stuffs was tested with sheep. These include hay (largely June grasses), meadow fescue, Kentucky tall oat grass, distillery grains (5 sorts), oat feed, rye feed, Cleveland flax meal, and Parsons's Six-Dollar feed. A number of the coefficients of digestibility follow: DigestlhUity of a number of feeding stuffs by sheep. Kind of feed stuff. Hay, largely June grass in bloom {Poa pratensis) - - - Meadow fescue, full bloom (Festuca elatior pratensis) Kentucky blue grass, full bloom (Poa p7-atensis) Tall oat grass, late bloom [Arrtienathe- rum elntius) Oat feed (large amount hulls) Kve feed Chop feed Cleveland flax meal Parsons's Six-Dollar feed Dry matter. Protein. Per cod. 59 61 Per cent. 61 Fat. Per cent. 47 54 4-2 56 92 90 82 76 81 Xitrogen- free ex- tract. Per cent. 62 59 53 58 33 88 84 94 64 Fiber. Ash. Per cent. Per cent. .57 48 Experiments with pure-bred swine, G. E. D.\y ( Ontario Agr. (^>l. and E.rpt. Farm Rpt. 1900, 2)p. 47, 48, figs. ,?). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 12, p. 374), the relative gains made by different breeds of pigs was tested. Three animals in each lot were fed corn and 3 barley. The test covered some 4 months. The greatest gain, 0.93 lb. per pig per day, was made by the Yorkshire, and the least, 6.42 lbs., by the Tam worths. The Berkshires required the least meal per pound of gain, namely, 4.09 lbs., being followed by the other breeds in the order mentioned: Yorkshire, Duroc Jersey, Chester White, Tamworth, and Poland China, the latter requiring 4.74 lbs. The pigs were sold for export, their suitability for this purpose being judged by an expert. The Yorkshires were reported as the most suitable for the purpose. Corn vs. barley for feeding hogs, G. E. D.vy ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 4S, 49). — The comparative merits of corn and barley in the above test are discussed at some length. Each of these grains was fed with wheat middlings, at first in the proportion of 3:1, and later 1:1 and 1:3. Owing to the fact that 3 each of the Chester Whites and Tam worths were not in good condition, the results obtained with these breeds are not included. In 140 days the average daily gain by 12 pigs on corn and middlings was 0.817 lb., the meal consumed per pound of gain being 0.432 lb. The average daily gain per pig of 12 pigs fed on barley and middlings for the same period was 0.841 lb., and the meal consumed j^er pound of gain was 0.43 lb. "In this experiment, therefore, the mixture of barley and middlings gave slightly better results in producing gain in weight than the mixture of corn and middlings. The difference, however, is very small, and the two foods might almost be pronounced equal in feeding value so far as this experiment goes." Experiments with grade swine, G. E. Day (Ontario Agr. (^'ol.and E.rpt. Farm Rpt. 1900,2^.50). — The comparative value of barley alone and in combination was tested with 5 lots of 5 pigs each, the special object being to determine the effect of barlej' upon the firmness of bacon. The test covered 120 days. On barley alone the average daily gain per pig was 0. 789 lb. , and the meal consumed per pound of gain, 4.58 lbs. On barley and corn (1:1), the corresponding amounts were 0.762 and 4. 78 lbs. ; and on barley and oats (1:1), 0.645 and 5.26 lbs. On Ijarley and cooked man- gel-wurzels (1:1) the daily gain per pig was 0.850, the meal and roots consumed i)er pound of gain being 3.97 and 3.61 lbs., resjjectively. On barley and raw mangel-wur- zels the average daily gain was 0.807 and the meal and roots consumed per pound of gain 4.23 and 3.74 lbs., respectively. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 381 "Barley alone gave larger gains than when comV)iiie(l with either oats or corn. " Barley and roots gave larger gains than Ixirley alone. "Cooked roots gave much better results than raw roots, but it is very probable that the individuality of the animals had more to do with causing this difference than the co< iking of the roots. "In the case of cooked roots, 1 lb. of grain proved equivalent to 5.9 lbs. of roots. This is not nearly so high a value as many people place upon roots for feeding hogs; but it corresponds very closely with the results of extensive Danish experiments. "A short experiment conducted under my direction by Mr. A. H. Crerar as a basis for his third year thesis, indicated that a pound of mixed grain is equivalent to 5.78 lbs. of raw roots. This is almost identical with the relation l)etween cooked roots and barley stated above, and indicates that the comparison of cooked and raw roots is scarcely reliable. " Furtlier experiments with roots are in progress, and it is too soon to draw conclusions." Wet vs. dry meal, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. and Expt. Farm lipt. 1900, pp. 50,51). — A comparison was made of the relative merits of wet and dry meal as a feed for pigs with 2 lots of 4 animals each. In 7 weeks lot 1 fed wet wheat and barley meal made an average daily gain per pig of 0.957 lb. and consumed 4.89 lbs. of meal per pounetter. Our experiments indicate that this im})ression is well founded and that the usual practice is correct, although they can not be considered to prove it, because, of course,^ it may be that a period of comparative rest for the digestive organs during the night is better than the condition of more continuous work for these organs which would follow the use of solid food at night. "We have not obtained a sufficient difference in egg-production to be considered significant, but it is believed that the experiment, so far as it goes, indicates that it is better that the mash should ])e fed in the morning." Report of the manager of the poultry department, W. R. Graham {Ontario Agr. Col. and E.ipt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 126-135, fig. 1). — The rations fed and eggs produced by the station poultry during the year are discussed, as well as the jiropor- tion of eggs hatched by incubators and by hens. Brief statements are also made concerning raising broilers and ducks, and 3 feeding experiments are rejwrted in detail. In the first test rations consisting of ground barley, corn, oats, and buckwheat meal, alone and in combination, were compared on 8 lots of 12 chickens each, the grain in some cases being finely ground and in others coarsely ground. In 3 weeks the greatest gain, 12 lbs., was made by lot -4 on a ration of finely ground oats, corn meal, and pea meal (2:1 : 1), the cost of food per pound of gain being 5.15 cts. The smallest gain, 5 lbs., was made by lots 5 and 8, the rations consisting, respectively, of finely ground corn and ordinary ground oats. In these cases the cost of food per pound of gain was 8.2 and 8.3 cts., respectively. In the second test the comparative merits of pure-bred and scrub stock were studied with 8 lots, each consisting of 6 pure-bred chickens and 6 scrubs. For 2 weeks they were fed a ration made up of barley, oats, corn, and buckwheat, alone and in combination, and coarsely and finely ground. In every case milk was fed, and in one case, lot 8, potatoes were fed in addition. For the remainder of the test they were fed, by means of a cramming machine, a ration of finely ground oats and ground buckwheat (2:1), mixed with twice their weight of skim milk. In each instance the greater gains were made by the pure-bred stock, the differences in their favor rang- ing from 5 to 8.8 lbs. Furthermore, the gain was more cheaply made by the pure- DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 383 bred stock. Cousiderintr tlie lotsJ as a whole, the greatest gaui, 4S lbs., was made by lot 3, fed coarsely ground corn, ground buckwheat, and finely ground oats (2:2: 1), and the smallest gain, 28 lbs., by lot 2, on a ration consisting of tinely ground oats, coarsely ground corn meal, and ground wheat (2 : 2 :1). As regards financial returns the gains were made most cheajjly by lot 1 on a ration of ground barley, tinely ground oats, and coarsely ground corn (2:2:1), the cost being 3.88 cts. per pound. Gains were made least cheaply by lot 2, the cost being 5.8 cts. per pound. The comparative merits of cranuning and natural feeding was tested with 2 lots of about 25 chickens each. Both lots were fed grain and milk. In 10 days the chick- ens fed from a trough consumed 40 lbs. of grain and an equal amount of milk. They gained 5 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain being 10.2 cts. In the same time the chickens fed by the cramming machine consumed 50 lbs. of grain and 100 lbs. of milk and made a total gain of 7.5 lbs., the cost per pound of gain being 9.33 cts. On an average it was found that the machine-fed chickens were each about a half pound heavier than the others and sold for about 0.75 ct. per pound more. E(j(j preservation. — During the year a number of methods of preserving eggs were tested. AVhen preserved in a solution of water glass made in the proportion of 1 part sodium silicate to 5 of water, the eggs were of fairly good flavor and all well pre- served. In a solution made in the proportion of 1 part of water glass to 8 of water, the eggs kept nearly as well as in the stronger solution. This is i-egarded as a good preservative when it is desired to keep summer eggs for winter use. AVhen a solution consisting of 1 part of water glass to 10 of water was used the eggs did not keep as well. A second test was made with a solution of 1 part water glass to 8 of water, " but in place of allowing the eggs to remain in the liquid, they were removed after having been in it for a week, except the last lot which was put into the solu- tion. This lot was allowed to remain the remainder of the season. " (a) The eggs, after being in the solution for a week, were removed and placed in an ordinary egg case in the cellar. They were all good when tested, but had evap- orated considerably and were lacking in flavor. " {h) These were the second lot of eggs to be placed in the licjuid. They were handled similarly to those in a, and were of about equal quality. " {c) These eggs were allowed to remain in the liquid. They were well preserved, all being good." As a whole these eggs did not keep quite as well as those which remained in the 1:8 solution, but were superior to those kept in the weaker solution. Eggs were also preserved in a solution of limewater and salt and in dry lime and dry salt. The first of these methods gave fairly satisfactory results; the last 2 were unsatisfactory. Capons and caponizing, 0. M. Watson {SoutJi Caroliivi Sta. Bui. 62, j:>p. 10, pis. 2). — The superior market value of capons is pointed out, and the method of caponizing described. According to the author, "capons are very useful in taking care of broods of young chickens. They take them without any trouble, and care for them just as well and we think lietter than a hen." DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Repjrt of the professor of dairying, H. H. Deax {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. luoo, pp. .i7-44).~\n accuunt is given of the different lines of investiga- tion conducteil during the year. :\Iilk was pasteurized at temperatures ranging from 140 to 200° F. and compared for butter-making purposes with milk heated at 90 to 100° F. before separation. Some of the results are as follows: "The cream from the milk separated at the higher temperatures contained a higher percentage of fat, was less in bulk, churned in less time, and produced slightly more 384 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. butter. . . . The creaming quality of the milk l)y the gravity process decreased with an increased temperature before setting. . . . The keeping quality of the butter, and also of the skim milk, was much improved by heating the whole milk to the higher temperature before separating. '. . . The moisture content of the pasteurized butter was 10.77 per cent, 1 per cent less than that of butter made from unpasteurized milk." The effect of various methods of handling butter upon the moisture content was studied, some of the results being inconclusive. Butter salted at the rate of \, J, f , and 1 oz. of salt per pound of butter contained, respectively, 11.29, 10.47, 9.80, and 9.47 per cent of moisture, while misalted butter contained 12.38 per cent. Butter worked with 20 revolutions of the worker contained 12.34 per cent of moisture, while that worked with 30 revolutions contained 9.43 per cent. The overrun or excess of butter over fat in milk averaged 12.6 per cent during August with milk testing 3.4 to 3.8 per cent of fat, and 13.1 per cent during Septem- ber with milk testing 3.6 to 3.9 per cent of fat. Results of experiments in washing curd are summarized as follows: "Washing curds after milling tends to improve the flavor of cheese, especially of cheese made from curds bad in flavor. Cheese made from washed curds had a tendency to be open. There was little difference in the general quality of the cheese made from washed and unwashed curds when the milk was in good condition. Washing curda tends to reduce the yield of cheese. The average loss in our experiments was 1.12 lbs. of cured cheese per 1,000 lbs. of milk. There was not much difference in the results from washing with water at temperatures ranging from 90 to 110°. The average loss of cheese was somewhat less from washing with water at 90°, but the quality of the cheese was better with water at 110°." Experiments in curing cheese at different temperatures gave results similar to those obtained in earlier work along this line (E. S. R., 12, p. 385). Cheese cured at 60 to 65° lost about 0.5 per cent less in weight than cheese cured at 70° and was of better quality. There was apparently no advantage in placing cheese in a Avarm room for one week and then removing to a cool room to finish the curing process. Methods of caring for milk used in cheese making were investigated. Aeration was of no advantage. Where no means of cooling were employed, milk kept better over night in small than in large cans. A comparison was made of adding culture to milk at night and in the morning. When the milk was cooled to 46°, adding cul- ture in the evening decidedly improved the quality of the cheese. Milk cooled to 48° over night and to which no culture was added produced cheese of very poor quality. Several different cultures were tested. Rations containing, respectively, apples, apple jiomace, rape, and turnip tops, with and without the addition of a material known as "Virginia cattle food " and sold for ' ' purifying ' ' milk, were fed to different lots of cows and butter and cheese were made from their milk. The results indicated that "the addition of 'Virginia cattle food ' to the ration of rape and turnip tops improved to some extent the flavor of both cheese and liutter, but in the case of apples and apjjle pomace no improvement was discernible." Data are given regarding the composition of colostrum milk from 3 cows. The content of fat and total solids varied greatly. "Colostrum milk does not become normal, in many cases, so soon as is usually supposed. It is probable that instead of the eighth or ninth milking being fit for table use, in the case of some cows it is the twenty-first milking before it is normal." Two tests were made of a substitute for cream as a food for calves. The results indicated that bran and oats fed dry were better and cheaper substitutes for cream than the one tested. A tal)ulated record is given of 23 cows for the year, with a sununary of the i)rinci- pal data. The average yield of milk was 7,179 lbs. and the average fat content 3.87 per cent. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 385 Effect of feed on tlie composition of milk, butter fat, and on the consist- ency or body of butter, J. B. Lixdsey et al. {Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 14- 33). — Thii^ is a suininarized account of experiments relative to the effect of food on the quaUty of milk and butter, conducted at the station durin»' Hampshire Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 23, 24)- — A ta1)ulated summary of the herd record from November 1, 1899, to October 31, 1900. "The herd has been equivalent to 349 milch cows and (54 dry cows for one month, and has produced 171, 883 lbs. of milk and 10,219 lbs. of butter. There has been an average of 29 cows in milk for each month, i)roducing an average of 495 lbs. of milk 386 EXPERIMENT STAIION RECORD. and 28.6 lbs. of butter per cow, or an average yearly yield of 5,940 lb.s. of milk and 343.2 lbs. of Imtter." The milk supply of Copenhagen, F. C. Harrison [Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 74-77, fig. 1). — An account is given of the operations of the com- pany supplying milk to Copenhagen. The filtering apparatus in use is illustrated. A biological study of pasteurized and unpasteurized milk, E. W. Hammond {Ontario Agr. Col. ami Expt. Farm Rpt. 1900, pp. 77-6"i).— Results of a study of the bacterial content of unpasteurized milk and milk pasteurized at different tempera- tures are summarized in tables. Different species of germs were isolated and inocu- lated into sterile milk and into guinea pigs or rabbits, the results of the inoculation being noted in each case. The author's coTiclusions are as follows: "When the milk was run through the pasteurizing machine at low temperature, the effectiveness of germ destruction varied greatly. When the tem^jerature was raised to 160° F., the effect was excellent. The number of germs was reduced, and those of a disease-producing variety were all killed. . . . Previous tests prove that continuous pasteurization has been made at too low temperatures to insure the getting rid of the germs which cause bad effects. Heating milk to a temperature of 160° F. insures the death of Bacillus tuberculosis in 15 minutes, reduces the number of other bacteria, and does not give a permanent cooked taste." A study of the causes of the variation in the composition of butter, J. J. L. Van Ryn {Landu-. Vers. Stat., 5.5 [1901), Xo. ^-.5, pji. 347-378). — Owing to the con- troversy over the purity of certain Netherland butters during the past year, the author sought to determine those factors influencing the variations in their compo- sition. In a long series of trials the breed, age, and time of calving of the cows were noted, and the soil, food, and method of, feeding. Tables of analysis are shown, giving the refraction, specific gravity, volatile, sr)luble, and insoluble fatty acids and saponification and iodin numbers. As the variations in the butter are more pronounced in the autumn the analyses were made during the last 4 months of the year. The greatest variation occurred in the volatile fatty acids; the numbers averaged by months as follows: September, 24.8; October, 23.7; November, 25.2; and December, 26.6. Out of 428 samples, 2.3 jier cent of the volatile-acid figures ranged between 17 and 21, and 6.5 per cent between 21 and 21.9. The iodin number did not vary with the volatile fatty acid number, and there api^eared to be no constant relation between the two numbers. With an increase in the volatile-acid number there was a fall in the refractometer figure. The influence of the various factors noted upon the composition of the butter is discussed, the work of other authorities is quoted, and the influence of stall feeding is especially pointed out. In conclusion, the author states that the comijosition of the butter is determined by outside influences, and that care should be exercisea in pronouncing a given sample adulterated. The manipulation of sour and thickened whole milk and the partial removal of the milk foam, Hamilton [Molk. Ztg., 1.5 [1901), No. 21, pp. 361, 362, fig. 1). — The author describes a method for neutralizing sour coagulated milk, thereby permitting the manufacture of a good article of butter. The solution for this jjurpose is made up of slaked lime and soda, full directions being given for its preparation. About 11 ]}er cent of soda is added to water and enough of the lime so that a clear solution may be obtained. The amount of the solution used depends upon the acidity of the milk and the alkalinity of the soda solution. To facilitate the opera- tion where the milk is much thickened, it is forced through a strainer and sweet milk is added. The method of adding the solution to the milk is figured and described. The milk is thoroughly stirred daring the addition, litmus paper being used as an indicator. The addition of this solution to milk that is to be sold as such is not advised, it being clearly an adulteration. With butter it is different, as the soda solution and DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 387 the acid form salts that are easily eliiiiinatcil from tlie product in Imtter making, passing into tlie l)uttermilk and leaving no undesirable taste in the butter. Further- more, they do not form jiroducts any mure harmful than tlie ordinary salt employed. In neutralizing sueh milk certain undesirable Havers are eliminated. Neutralized milk may be pasteurized, therel)}' destroying many bacteria that have an undesirable influence, and the cream inoculated with pure cultures. The neutralized milk is easily and thoroughly creamed after heating to 45° C. When the milk contains free acid, much foam is formed m separating. This is obviated by the neutralizing. The curds from neutralized milk may be made into cheese and ripened in the ordinarv manner. Influence of the addition of boric acid, borax, and sodium sulphite upon the coagulation of milk, L. Lange {Arrli. Ifi/ontaueous coagulation, no action of the rennet w'as possi- ble. It would appear that the boric acid in small amounts had a deterrent effect upon the bacteria concerned in the natural coagulation of milk, while up to 2 per cent it had no unfavorable effect upon the unorganized ferment of the rennet. With borax the results were not so striking. There was with the increased addi- tion of this substance a slight retardation of the rennet coagulation. The addition of from i to 1 per cent of sodium sulphite exercised no essential influence upon the coagulation of rennet; nor was the natural coagulation apparently affected by it. The action of certain proteolytic enzyms in the ripening of cheese, 0. Jen- sen {Ann. Agr. Suisse, 2 {1901) , No. 3, pp. 95-100). — In the conthiuation of his work 388 EXPEKIMENT STATIOIST RECOKD. on the ripening of cheese (E. S. R., 12, p. 682) the author made a study of the influ- ence of the enzyms galactase, pepsin, and trypsin in Emmenthaler cheese. Ten hters of milk was used in the manufacture of each cheese, and with the samples indicated it was heated to 90° C. and rapidly cooled to 35° C. The cheeses were examined after 4 months, the results being reported in tables showing the soluble nitrogen, the nitrogen of decomposition of allAiminoid l)odies in percentages of total nitrogen, the acidity, milk sugar, taste, and the result of a bacte- riological examination. in the experiment with galactase 200 cc. of the enzym obtained by the method of Babcock and Russell was added to the milk for each cheese, together with the rennet and a small amount ( if calcium chlorid. The results are shown in the following table: Influence of galactase in ripening cheese. In total nitrogen. Acidity. Soluble nitrogen. Nitrogen of decom- position. Bacteriological examina- tion. Per cent. Per cent. 1 A. Control made from heated milk with 4.95 0.83 0.3 Only Bacillus mcscntericus, artificial rennet. 200,000 per gm. B. Made from heated milk with artificial 7.25 1.48- 1.3 Bad. lad. acidi, B. cc, and rennet and galactase. some colonies of B. mSsen- tericus. C. Control made from milk not heated 17.52 3.59 1.2 Bad. lad. acidi and B. cc. and with natural rennet. D. Made from heated milk with natural 4.07 2.44 1.3 Do. rennet and the addition of galactase. A second series of experiments was carried out with pepsin, using 25 gm. of a com- mercial preparation per 100 liters of milk. The examination of the cheeses was made after 4 months, as in the previous case. The results are shown in the following table: Influence of pepsin in ripening cheese. In total aitrogen. Acidity. Soluble nitrogen. Nitrogen of decom- position. Bacteriological examina- tion. Per cent. Per cent. E. Control made from heated milk and natural rennet. 13.18 3.55 1.2 Bad. lad. acidi. F. Made from heated milk with natural rennet and the addition of pepsin. 12. 71 1.93 0.8 Do. G. Control made from heated milk with artificial rennet and the addition of lactic ferments. 4. 90 2.40 1.5 Bad. lad. acidi and B. oc. H Made from heated milk with artificial rennet and the addition of lactic ferments and of pepsin. 8.57 1.66 1.2 Do. A later series of experiments was carried out using 25 gm. of a commercial prepara- tion of trypsin per 100 liters of milk. The action upon cheese made from milk not heated was very pronounced. The results are shown in the following table: Influence of trypsin in ripening cheese. In total nitrogen. Soluble nitrogen. Nitrogen of decom- position. Acidity. Bacteriological examina- tion. Control Per cent. 18.62 44.69 Per cent. 8.60 13. 94 1.3 1.8 Bad. lad. acidi, B. oc, and B.£. Do With the addition of trypsin VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 389 In anotlier experinu'iit in wliich 1 gni. of trypsin was usfd in 100 liters (jf milk the cheese made did not exliil)it any difference from the cnntrol. It ajtpears that so email an amomit of trypsin in tlie eheese is without infinencein the ripening, while 25gm. i)er 100 liters, as in the jjrevious experiment, is too much, causing a bitter taste. It was found that with cheese heated only slightly the addition of pepsin hastened the ripening, as pointed out by Bal)cock and Russell. The following table shows the results after -4 months with skim-milk clieese heated to only 3S° C: Influence of pcjixni In ripeiihuj du'e-fe. In t(jtal nitrogen. Soluble nitrogen. Nitrogen of de- composi- tion. Per cent. 37.29 48.57 Per cent. 2. -11 2.85 A number of speculations are made, btit the results are not of sufficient number or uniformity to draw definite conclusions. The most marked indication is that of the much more intense action of trypsin over that of galactase and pepsin. Assistance offered to cheese factories and creameries in Ontario, F. C. Hakkisox [Ontario A(jr. CoL and Ejpt. Form Jijit. 1900, jiji. 7"-7J). — Brief notes are given on a number of troubles in cheese factories and creameries due to bacterial infection, and assistance in investigating any such troubles in the Province is offered by the bacteriological dei)artment. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Tlie lymph after intravenous injection of tetanus toxin and tetanus anti- toxin, F. Raxsox {Ztxrhr. Physiol. Chem., 29 {1900), Xo. 4-3, pp. 349-372).— The chief ol^ject of the author's investigation was to determine the agency of lymph in distributing tetanus toxin and tetanus antitoxin throitghotit the organism. As experimental animals dogs were chosen, since the thoracic dtict could be readily exposed in these animals and the lymph allowed to flow out into receptacles through a canula. Before being operated upon the dogs were treated with mor- phin and antesthetized. They were kept in this condition during the experimental period. The lymph was received in glass vessels from the thoracic duct, and the length of time after inoculation was noted. The blood which was studied was taken from the femoral artery. For determining the strength of toxin and antitoxin as found in the lymph or blood, inoculation tests were made with mice. The results of the author's experiments may be summarized as follows: After the tetanus toxin is injected into the blood circulation, a considerable portion of it rapidly passes into the lympli. If the 1)lood and lymph systems are left intact, the toxin is found equally distributed in the blood and lymph 26 hours after injection. If the thoracic duct is opened shortly before the intravenous injection, the toxin content of the blood remains considerably greater than that of the lymph for 6 hours after injec- tion. After injection of tetanus antitoxin (horse serum) into the blood, this sub- stance rapidly finds its way into the lymph. If the thoracic duct is opened, the blood contains more antitoxin than tiie lymph for a period of at least 6 hours. If the thoracic duct is intact, the antitoxin does not become equally distributed in the blood and lymph after a period of (>S hours, the blood containing during this time consideral)ly more antitoxin than the lymph. Xo noteworthy changes take place in 10409— No. -i 7 390 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the toxin or antitoxin while remaining in the blood or in the lymph. The tetanus toxin in the blood circulation behaves like normal inorganic constituents of the blood in so far as it rapidly diffuses itself throughout the organism. The tetanus antitoxin, on the other hand, behaves more nearly like the proteid materials of the blood. Demonstration of the tetanus bacillus in decomposing' bodies of animals killed by tetanus inoculation, W. Rohardt {Hyg. Rund^icliuu, 10 {1900), No. S, pp. 376-381). — The author inoculated guinea pigs and mice with soil containing tetanus spores. After the death of the experimental animals the bodies were placed in dry glass vessels and maintained at a temperature of 5° C. The results of micro- scopic investigation of these bodies at varying periods after death are stated in a tab- ular form. In a majority of cases tetanus bacilli were demonstrable either at the point of inoculation or in other tissues of the body. The pin-shaped bacilli were found for a period of 5 weeks after the death of the animals. Annual report of the Board of Cattle Commissioners, A. Peters, L. F. Her- RiCK, and C. A. Dexxex [M. llS-liO). — For the government regulation of this disease the author recommends periodical milk inspection, compulsory reporting of tul)erculosis of the udder, and destruction and indemnity for such cows, pasteurization of dairy products, control of the manufacture and ared from the horse. Bacterium coli as the cause of an infectious disease of horses in w^est Prussia, Piorkowski and Jess {Berlin. Thierarztl. Wclnischr., 1901, No. 4, }>p- 4-5- 394 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. 48). — Several serious outbreaks of this disease occurred and were investigated by the authors. The first symptoms were fever, followed by colicky attacks. Some of the horses died within 2 hours. A post-mortem examination disclosed perforating ulcers of the intestines and inflammation of the coecum. One attack of the disease did not confer immunity to further attacks. The period of incubation was appar- ently from 8 to 14 days. From affected organs of horses the authors isolated B. coli in great quantities and found that it possessed an especially high virulence. An attempt to inoculate a horse by means of feeding this culture was without results. Intravenous injection, however, of the organism caused the death of the experi- mental animal. In case of further outbreaks of this disease the authors recommend an immediate and complete change of diet. On the question -whether bacteria can penetrate through the ■wall of the healthy alimentary tract, A. Schott {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 29 {1900), X().'<. 6, pp. 239-256; 7, pp. 291-297). — This article contains an extended discussion of the literature of the subject in connection with a bibliography. The evidence thus far brought together does not support the belief that i)athogenic or nonpathogenic bacteria can penetrate through the wall of the normal intestines. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. A text-book of the physics of agriculture, F. H. King {Madison, Wis.: Author, 1901, 2. ed., pp. XVI-\-604, Jigs. 276). — In this book, as Professor King states, "the aim has been to present to the student who expects to be a farmer some of the fun- damental principles he must understand to become successful." The author states that it is his purpose to present these principles from the physical rather than the chemical or biological standpoint, and from that of the general student and farmer rather than from that of more technical scientific agriculture. Nevertheless the book will be found to be a notable contribution to the literature of scientific agri- culture in a field which has not heretofore received the attention its importance demands. The introduction deals briefiy with certain general physical principles, laws, and factors, a knowledge of which is necessary to an miderstanding of their subsequent practical api^lication. Other chapters deal with the nature, origin, and waste of soils; chemical and mineral nature of soils; soluble salts in soils; physical nature of soils; soil moisture; physics of plant breathing and root action; movements of soil moisture; conservation of soil moisture; relation of air to soils; soil tempera- ture; objects, methods, and implements of tillage (especially the plow) ; ground water, farm wells, and drainage; principles of rural architecture, including strength of materials (posts, barn frames, etc.), warmth, light, and ventilation, principles of construction, construction of silos; farm mechanics, including principles of draft, con- strui'tion and maintenance of country roads, farm motors (animal power, steam and gasoline engines, and windmills) ; farm machinery (general principles, belting, farm pumps, hydraulic rams) ; principles of weather forecasting, including discussions of the atmosphere and its movements, and weather changes. Cold-storage experiments, J. B. Reynolds {Ontario Ayr. Col. and Expt. Farm apt. 1900, pp. 3-7, figs. 3). — Observations are reported on the amount of ice con- sumed by absorption through the walls of a refrigerator constructed on the plan recommended by the Dominion government. The refrigerator used had a door at the top opening into an ice-1 )Ox and another in front opening into the cooling cham- ber. Three galvanized-iron tubes extended from the ice-box to a trough at the bot- tom of the cooling chamber. These served to carry off the water from the ice-box and were filled with a mixture of ice and salt in place of the ice in the box when it was desired to reduce the temperature of the refrigerator to a lower degree than could be obtained with the ice alone. A record was kept of the temperature inside STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 395 and outside of the refrigerator during 20 days. From these data the factor for radia- tion was calculated to be 4.25, "that is, 4.25 units of heat were absorbed through 1 sq. ft. of wall, floor, or ceiling in 24 hours for each degree of difference in tempera- ture between the outside and inside air." Observations were also made with what is termed the Hanrahan system, the essential feature of which is that the ice house is in connection with the refrigerator, so that there is a complete circuit of air. " The air of the refrigerator, having been warmed by the products stored therein, ascends a flue between the two parts of the building and at the top of the flue jiasses over into the ice house, where it is cooled and gradually falls to the floor. The ice rests on large slats at the floor and the air is drawn 1)elow the ice between these slats toward the refrigerator, and thus the circuit is completed." Observa- tions during 22 days on a cold-storage system of this character, the ice house being 12 X 12 X 20 and the refrigerator 12 X 10 X 7, showed that the average temperature outside of the refrigerator was 68.5°; inside, 43.3°; of the dead-air space, 56.4°. It is thus clear that in order that this system may be effective and economical of ice, it is essential that the insulation should be as perfect as possil)le. The quantity of water used in irrig-ation and the seepag-e loss from canals, S. FoRTiER ( Montana Sta. Bui. 29, 2>P- 44, i>?-'*- JO). — This is an account of investiga- tions made during 1900 in cooperation with this Office under supervision of Elwood Mead, expert in charge of irrigation investigations. Records are given of observa- tions on the amount of water actually used in different cases in the Gallatin and Bitter Root valleys and in Yellowstone County, and on the duty of water in Middle Creek Canal. A study of the losses due to seepage and evaporation on 5 canals and their relation to the duty of water is also reported. " In addition to these investi- gations it was thought desirable to institute a second series of experiments for the purpose of determining the proper amount of water to apply to growing crops and the i^roper time tf) irrigate. It is intended that thi3 series will extend through a period of at least 5 years, during which time the staple crops of Montana can be experimented on with the object of finding out how much water is necessary to produce the most valuable yields and the right time to apply it." The results with oats in 1900 are reported, but on account of the unusually dry season no conclusions are drawn. A loss from evaporation and seepage of as much as 34.7 per cent of the total supply of water in a canal is reported and the conditions affecting seepage are discussed. STATISTICS^MISCELLANEOUS. Sixteenth Annual Report of Maine Station, 1900 {Maine Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 228). — This is made up of reprints of Bulletins 59-69 of the station on the following subjects: Feeding-stuff inspection (E. S. R., 12, p. 377), fertilizer inspection (E. S. R., 12, p. 324), notes on insects and plants (E. S. R., 12, pp. 312, 367), the Maine Experi- ment Station (E. S. R., 12, p. 599), feeding-stuff inspection (E. S. R., 12, p. 587), poultry experiments in 1899 (E. S. R., 12, pp. 585, 586), coffee substitutes (E. S. R., 12, p. 586), nut oils (E. S. R., 12, p. 516), testing grass seed (E. S. R., 12, p. 565), potato pomace (E. 8. R., 12, p. 587), fertilizer inspection (E. S. R., 12, p. 737) , digestion experiments with sheep (E. S. R., 12, p. 873), experiments with insecticides upon potatoes (E. S. R., 12, p. 863), and finances— meteorology— index (E. S. R., 13, p. 290). Thirteenth Annual Report of Massachusetts Station, 1900 {Massachusetts Stf 1 )ulletins pu1 )lished in 1900 is appended. Eleventh Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1900 {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 119). — A brief report on station work by the director, departmental reports, parts of which are abstracted elsewhere, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. Included in the report of the chemist and not noted elsewhere in this i.«sue are analyses of 3 samples of connnercial fertilizers, 14 samples of clays and cements, and 2 samples of lime rock. Statistics of the land-grant colleges and agricultural experiment stations in the United States for the year ended June 30, 1900 (T. S. Th-pt. Agr., Offici' of Experiment Stations Bui. 97, p}>. 37). — A summary of this has already appeared (E. S. R., 13, p. 101). Proceedings of the fourteenth annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, A. C. TiirE, W. H. Beal, and H. H. Goodell {U. S. Dept. A(jr., Office of Experiment Stations Brd. 99, pp. 192, pis. 3). — This is a detailed account of the jmiceedings of the New Haven convention (E. S. R., 12, p. 404). Proceedings of the tw^enty -first annual meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science (I'ro<\ lants, and in the domain of thermochemistry. The calorimeter bomb, ■which is coming into considerable use in the study of the fuel value or heats of com- bustion of foods and feeding stuffs, is a product of his labors in the latter direction. Dr. Charles P. Strong, assistant surgeon in the Army, has been appointed director of the Government biological laboratory recently established in Manila. His work will be mainly along lines relating to animal pathology. Prof. A. E. Shuttleworth, formerly chemist of the Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm at Guelph, Canada, has resigned from that institution to accept the position of superintendent and chemist for a Sugar Beet Company, in Ontario, Canada. His assistant, R. Harcourt, has been appointed to till the vacancy. Clarence T. Johnston, assistant in irrigation investigations in this Department, will spend the winter in Egypt studying irrigation works and practice in that country. Mr. Johnston will go directly to Cairo, where he will meet the English irrigation oflBcers and make plans for his tour, possibly joining one of the field parties. He will go up the Nile about 500 miles above Cairo, and will inspect the canal systems, levees, dams, etc., including the famous Assuan Dam across the Nile, which is approaching completion. Special attention will be given to pumping machinery, tools used in irrigation work, the maintenance of canals and levees, and similar engi- neering features. Mr. Johnston will arrive about the time that the Corvee or forced labor enters upon its work of repairing the canals and putting the levees in shape for the season. He will return, probably, some time in February via northern Italy, southern France, and Spain, taking in the irrigated sections of those countries. Regierungsrath Freiherr Dr. von Tubeuf has been appointed director of the bio- logical section of the royal board of health at Berlin, in place of Dr. B. Frank, deceased. Prof. Dr. W. Palladin, formerly of the University of Warsaw, has become extraor- dinary professor of vegetable anatomy and physiology at the University of St. Petersburg. Dr. E. Eidam, director of the Agricultural-Botanical Experiment and Seed Control Station at Breslau, has retired and has been succeeded by Dr. W. Remer as director, with J. Schleussner as assistant. B. Minari, agricultural chemist of the soil survey of the Imperial Department of Agriculture and Commerce at Tokyo, Japan, has recently visited this country and gone over the soil work which is being carried on by this Department and a number of the experiment stations. Mr. Minari states that the soil survey of Japan, which was started several years ago, is being actively prosecuted and will eventually cover the whole country. Miscellaneous. — An office of agricultural information (office de reivmgnements agri- colea) has recently been established under the ministry of agriculture of France. It takes the place of the former bureau of agricultural statistics and food products. The object of the office is to collect statistical information in regard to agriculture and agricultural products in France and foreign countries, the market conditions, general agricultural conditions, imports, public sales, agricultural labor, and similar lines; to make practical studies on such subjects as the methods of packing and preserving, transportation, etc., of agricultural products; the conditions of buying and selling, business customs, etc., in France and foreign countries; to prepare monographs on agricultural topics; to collect technical and commercial information of interest to ■400 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iwofessors of agriculture; and to publish in abstract and otherwise the results of scientific investigations in agriculture in France and foreign countries, and the pro- ceedings of agricultural societies, agricultural syndicates, and similar bodies. The force of the new office has been organized and the work planned, and methods of gathering and publishing data are outlined in a circular addressed to the prefects of departments and to the special and departmental professors of agriculture in France. The new library and class-room buildings of the Ontario Agricultural College, the gift of W. E. H. Massey, are approaching completion. Mr. Massey has done much to stimulate interest in agricultural investigation, and especially on the animal hus- bandry side, having given liberal prizes for judging contests at the college in the past. It is with regret that we note his death at this time, on the eve of the comple- tion of the building which his liberality made possible. A new magazine, entitled Country Life in America, has recently appeared, under the editorship of Prof. L. H. Bailey. The purpose of this publication is to represent the present growing interest in country life, from both the ideal and practical stand- points. It will pay especial attention to horticultural matters, but items of current interest and progress along agricultural lines will be noted. According to a note in Science the first number of a journal devoted to biological chemistry, entitled Beitrdge zur chemischen Physiologie und Pathologie : Zeitsckrift fur die gesammte Biochemie, and edited by Dr. Franz Hofmeister, professor of physiological chemistry at Strasburg, has recently appeared. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: K. W. ALLEN, Pii. D., Assistant Director. !•: I) I TOK I A L DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schilte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract Committee of the Association of OflBcial Agricultural Chemists. CONTENTS OF Vol. XIII, No. 5. Editorial notes: Page. Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert, deceased 401 Agricultural education in England under the county councils 402 Convention of Association of OfRcial Agricultural Chemists, 1901, D. W. May. . 406 Recent work in agricultural science 416 Notes , 495 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. Convention of Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations in Germany.. 416 Proceedings of committee on foods and feeding [of above association] 417 A rapid method of determining carbonic acid in air, J. Haldane 417 On the determination of humus in cultivated soils, K. Bieler and K. Aso 417 Determination of phosphoric acid 'a soils by means of centrifuge, E. Gully... 418 Claim of ]iriority regarding determination of phosphates, C. Lepierre 418 Determination of calcium and magnesium in natural waters, L. W. ^AMnkler. . . 418 Determination of ammonia, nit/icacid, etc., in natural waters, L. W. Winkler. 418 Determination of dissolved oxygen in waters, S. Rideal and C. G. Stewart 418 Method for rapid estimation of sugar in beets, R. S. Hiltner and R. W. Thatcher. 418 Determination of purity of beet juice by Krause's method, F. Ehrlich 419 Methods of analysis, Graftiau 419 The estimation of glycogen in flesh, G. Breustedt 419 Composition of the ether extract from a numl)erof fodders, N. Tulaikov 419 -Outline of work on foods and feeiling stuffs for 1901, W. H. Krug 420 The analysis of potable water, milk, foods, etc. , H. Lajoux et al 420 Succinct directions for the analysis of wines, beer, cider, etc., P. Goupil 420 Detection of arsenic in beers, etc., W. Thompson and J. P. Shenton 420 The pentosan content of various fruits and vegeta])les, C. Wittmann 420 Distinction of true extract of vanilla from li(iuid preparations, W. H. Hess — 420 ('ouinarin and vanillin, their separation, etc., W. H. Hess and A. B. Prescott. 420 Contribution to the analysis of tanning materials, J. Paessler 421 Determination of tanning matter in tanning materials, T. Koerner 421 Notes on determination of soluble matter in tanning extracts, A. B. Searle — 421 I II CONTENTS. Page. Selected methods of chemical analysis, A. Classen 421 The influence of agricultural chemistry on soil culture, E. Haselhoff 421 On the velocity of chemical reactions, W. Duane 421 Inorganic ferments; the preparation of colloidal metals, etc., G. Bredig 421 The paralysis of platinum catalysis by poisons, G. Bredig and K. Ikeda 421 Simple method for obtaining sulphuretted hydrogen, etc., F. M. Perkin 421 An automatic filtering apparatus, J. Winklhofer 421 Microchemical technique, T. H. Behrens 421 Ji(JTAXY. Manual of the flora of the Northern States and Canada, N. L. Britton 421 American grasses, II, F. Lamson-Scribner '. 422 Plant life of Alabama, C. Mohr 422 The genus Salix in Iowa, C. R. Ball 422 A monograph of the genus Melilotus, O. E. Schulz 422 A contribution to the knowledge of the Chytridiacea?, R. Liidi 422 Anatomical characteristics of agarics, J. Godf rin 422 Inventory of foreign seeds and plants, J. G. Smith 422 Plant physiology, W. F. Ganong 423 Influence of various organic substances on respiration of plants, W. Palladia . 423 Studies concerning variegation, H. Timpe 423 Chlorophyll assimilation through cork, Mathilde Goldflus 424 Are lower algje able to assimilate nitrogen? W. Kri'iger and W. Schneidewind . 424 Modifications of structure produced in vegetable cells, etc., L. Matruchot and 433 M. Molliard 424 Effect of temperature and enzyms on formation of transitory starch, J. Griiss. 424 Concerning the occurrence of cane sugar in plants, J. Anderssen 424 Effect of germination on the pentosans in seeds, A. Schone and B. Tollens . . . 424 Canadian experiments with Nitragin, F. T. Shutt and A. T. Charron 425 Root tubercles of alfalfa, N. Passerini 425 Methods of plant histology, C. J. Chamberlain 425 METEOROLOGY. Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXIX, Nos. 4-6 425 Department of meteorology, Idaho Station, J. E. Bonebright 426 Weather and crop records,' 1898-1900, J. H. Shepperd and A. I\I. Ten Eyck.. 426 Meteorological observations. Northwest Territories 426 Summary of meteorological observations, Mexico, 1900 426 Meteorological summary, Canton of Yaud, 1900, H. Dufour and D. Valet 426 Report of imperial station of meteorology and terrestrial magnetism, Vienna. . 426 Magnetical, meteorological, and seismological observations, Bombay 426 The distribution of rainfall over the land, A. J. Herbertson 426 The moon and wet days, A. B. MacDowall 426 Investigations relating" to "weather shooting," J. M. Pernter and W. Trabert. 427 WATEK — SOILS. Value of evaporometric indications to agricultural practice, N. Malushitski ... 427 New evaporometer for the study of evaporation from grass, M. Rikachev 428 Solution studies of salts occurring in alkali soils, F. K. Cameron et al 428 Soil and soil moisture investigations, J. D. Tinsley and J.J. Vernon 430 Soil moisture studies, J. H. Shepperd and A.M. Ten Eyck 431 Soil survey in Salt Lake Valley, Utah, F. D. Gardner and J. Stewart 432 Some Idaho soils, H. T. Beans 432 Soil analyses, F. T. Shutt 433 The soils of the northern marshes of the Vendee, M. Artus 433 Soils, Graftiau 433 Condition of the aluminum in cultivated soils, T. Schloesing 433 Soil tempei-ature at Hawkesbury Agricultural College, C. T. Musson 433 Humus and soil nitrogen, E. F." Ladd 433 Decomposition of nitrogen compounds in soils, W. Kriiger, W. Schneidewind. 434 ()n the action of organisms in soils and manure, L. Hiltner 434 On nitrification and denitrification, A. Beddies 434 Treatise on the origin and formation of soils, L. Milch 434 CONTENTS. Ill Page. The vertical movement of the surface soil, II. Darwin 484 What is a steppe? G. I. Tanfilyev 4.'U Some apparatus for soil investigation, T. L. Lyon and Y. Nikaido 485 Electrife method for determination of salt content of soils, K. Gedroiz 435 FERTILIZERS. Losses in farm manures and value of nitrogen of such manures, E. B. Voorhees. 435 p]xperiments on tlic application of manure, L. Malpeaux and ^. Dorez 436 Green manuring, A . L. Yakovlyev 43(5 Contribution to the knowledge of green manuring on heavy soils, F. Hanasch. 437 Clover and phosphorites, P. Budrine 437 Relative value of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, P. Wagner 437 Experiments with sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, Bonsmann 437 Experiments with chemical fertilizers on garden soils, E. Francais 437 The use of commercial fertilizers in winter, Gerlach 437 On the fertilizing value of flue ashes, J. Kiinig 437 Fertilizing value of stable manure, etc., N. Passerini 437 I'tilization of residues from wine making as fertilizers, F. (rarrigou 437 Production of soluble potash salts from potassium feldspar. J. G. A. Rhoilin. . 438 Formation of oceanic salt deposits, particularly of the Stassfurt beds. II, The soluble anhydrite, J. H. van't Hoff et al 438 Commercial fertilizers, H. A. Huston and W. J. Jones 438 Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. McDonnell et al. . . 438 Complete fertilizer analyses, spring season, 1901, B. AV. Kilgore et al 438 Analysis of commercial fertilizers _^. 438 Report ot chemist, INI. B. Hardin 438 Commercial fertilizers, 1901, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite 438 Laws relating to inspection, analysis, sale of fertilizers, etc., in Florida 439 Legislation relating to adulteration of fertilizers and foods 439 FIELD CROPS. Experimental work at the agricultural college at Tefc chen-Liebwerd, E. Gross. 439 Field crops at experimental farms in Bombay Presidency, J. W. Mollison 440 Agricultural experiments. Northwest Territories 440 Crop experiments, W. T. Lawrence 440 Rotation experiment at Kimblesworth, Chester-le-Street 440 Rotation experiment at Rose Bank, Dalston 440 Suggestions for the manuring of various crops 441 The importance of selection of varieties in plant culture, Edler 441 The utilization of the agave jjlant in Mexico 441 The production of barley for brewing purposes, von Riimker 441 Influence of fertilizers and water content of soil on form and composition of barley plant, von Seelhorst and N. Georgs 441 Culture and improvement of field beets, A. Kirsche 442 Cotton production of European and Asiatic Russia 442 Forage plants for Kansas, A. S. Hitchcock and J. M. Westgate 442 Forage crops 443 Pastures and meadows of Iowa, L. H. Pammel, J. B. Weems. and F. L. Scribner . 443 Brome grass and timothy compared, E. F. Ladd and Adele Shepperd 443 Seed mixtures for hay and pasture, D. A. Gilchrist 443 Very intensive forage culture, San Bernardo 443 Fertilizer requirements of meadows, Clausen 443 Fertilizer experiments on clover and rye grass 444 Experiments upon hops, 1900, A. D. Hall 444 Report on tests with sport varieties of oats in 1899, K. Kittlauss 444 Potato growing experiments, J. S. Gordon 444 r^xperiment on potatoes 444 Potato growing experiments at Abbey Holme, Cumberland 445 Potato experiments in 1900 at Kloster-IIadmersleben, K. Kittlauss 445 Variety tests conducted at the German potato experiment station in 1900 445 New varieties of potatoes, A. Dubois 445 Producing a new jjotato by grafting, J. R. Lawrence 445 Fertilizer experiments, Kuhnert 445 Culture of ramie and other fiber jjlants in China, M. Schanz 445 IV CONTENTS. Page. Progress in the beet-sugar industry in the United States in 1900 445 Twelve years of sugar-beet tests in the United States 446 Sugar beets, 1891-1900, J. T. Willard and R. W. Clothier ^ 446 The sugar beet in North Carolina, W. A. Withers 446 Regeneration of the seed beet, F. Bubak 446 The sugar industrj^ of Lousiana, R. Dykers 446 Culture of sugar cane 446 Sugar production in Mexico - - 446 Seedling canes 446 Experiments on the manuring of swedes 446 Sweet potato, F. S. Shiver. 446 Climatic studies with wheat, oats^ and corn, E. F. Ladd 448 The wheat crop of 1900 grown under different methods of farming 449 Variety tests of wheat, G. C. Watson and E. H. Hess 449 Comparative values of Ontario wheatsfor bread-making purposes, R. Harcourt. 450 Varieties of winter wheats, C. A. Zavitz 450 A new wheat industry for the semiarid west, M. A. Carleton 451 Investigation of the wheat of southern Russia, P. Melikov 451 Sulphate of ammonia as a top-dressing for winter wheat, Kirchner 451 Winter cereals and fertilizers applied as a top-dressing, Grand 451 Breeding of wheats rich in gluten, E. Schribaux 451 HORTICULTURE. Book of gardening; a handbook of horticulture, W. I). Drury et al 451 The century book of gardening, E. T. Cook et al 451 The art and craft of garden making, T. H. Mawson 452 Cabbage, cauliflower, etc., from seed to harvest, C. L. Allen 452 Vegetable tests for 1900, L. R. Taft and M. L. Dean 452 The influence of night shelter on vegetable production, A. Petit. . 452 Report of the experiment station at Charles City, C. G. Patten 453 A study on fruit bloom, W. Greene - 453 Peach culture, S. B. Voorhees 453 Plums and plum culture, F. A. Waugh 453 Fruit culture in the government of Kazan, Russia, V. V. Pashkevich 453 The breeding of native northwestern fruits, N. E. Hansen 454 The washing of cider fruits, A. Truelle 454 The outcome of crossing fruits and shrubs in the Northwest, J. L. Budd 454 The cultivation of oranges, Alino 454 Notes on strawberries, L. R. Taft and M. L. Dean 456 Modern cranberry culture; essential principles of the business 456 The grape in Oregon. I, Western Oregon, E. R. Lake et al 456 Grapes and wine, P. Jamain, G. Bellair, and C. Moreau 456 The vine; notes on its intensive culture, E. L. Guardiola 457 Viticulture, its processes and materials, P. Andrieu 457 On the rational pruning of vines, F. Kovessi 457 Anatomical researches on the ripening of vine shoots, F. Kovessi 457 The quality of the wood of" vines, L. Ravaz and A. Bonnet 458 An old rubber plantation, A. H. Berkhout 458 Caoutchouc from the Kongo, L. Gentil 458 Sander's orchid guide 458 Report of committee on school gardens and children's herbariums, H. L. Clapp. 458 The educational status of horticulture, F. W. Card 458 FORESTRY. A forest working plan for Township 40, R. S. Hosmer and E. S. Bruce 458 The influence of forests on water 459 Extermination of oaks at Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, J. Jensen 459 The plane trees, W. J. Bean 460 Studies concerning the genus Platanus, F. Jaennicke 460 The conversion of home-grown timber into various products, D. F. Mackenzie. 460 Improvement felling as a financial success, F. E. Olmsted 460 Colorado forest fires in 1900, H. Michelsen 460 Destruction of timber l>y the Galveston storm, W. L. Bray 460 A "snowbreak" for the protection of timber plantations, G. L. Clothier 461 CONTENTS. V Page. The forestry agitation in New Hampshire, E. M. Griffith 461 The forest laws of New York, T. Cleveland, jr 461 Dictionary of German and English forest terms, K. Philipp 461 SEEDS — WEEDS. Attem]it to estimate the vitality of seeds by electrical method, A. 1). Waller. . 461 Vitality of seeds, II. H. Dixon" 462 Effect of hvdrocyanic-acid gas nj)on grains and other seeds, C. O. Townsend. . 462 Report of the seed control station at Gratz, 1900, E. Holter 463 Kei)ort of the chief insi)ector of noxions weeds, T. N. Willing 463 l)estrnction of c-harlock by spraying 463 On the destruction of cuscuta in alfalfa, M. Bailie 463 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report on fungus diseases studied during 1900, E. Marchal 464 Investigations of i)otanical section, Pomological Institute, Proskau, li. Adcrhold 465 Report of botanist, P. II. Rolfs 465 Investigations on distril)ution of parasitic fungi by wind, C. von Tubeuf 465 Reply to \. Fischer relating to plant diseases due to bacteria, E. F. Smith ... 465 Cultural characters of Pi^eudumonas Jtyachdhi, etc., E. F. Smith 465 Bean diseases and their remedies, B. D. Halsted 466 On TrirlinnjihaTia sacrliari, A. Howard 466 Fungus diseases of sugar cane, A. Howard 467 Powdery mildew of the apple, L. H. Pammel 467 On a bacterial disease of the turnip, M. C. Potter 467 Studies of some shade tree and tind^er destroying fungi, G. F. Atkinson 468 The dry-rot fungus, Mt-rnlinx Idrriintaiis, PI Henry 468 A Fusoma disease, C. von Tubeuf 468 Infection experiments with .EciiVmin nfrohiliniiii), C. von Tubeuf 469 Infection experiments with the rust of white pine, C. von Tubeuf 469 Tahfrcul'ma maxima, a parasite of leaf rust of white pine, C. von Tubeuf 469 Infection experiments with (ryrmiosporangmmjuniperinum, C. von Tubeuf 469 Investigations on abnormal outgrowths of IlUiiscus vitif alius, E. Dale 469 ENTOMOLOGY. Report of injurious insects in Finland for the year 1899, E. Renter 470 Injurious insects, F. Sherman, jr 470 The variegated cutworm [Pcridroum saucia), R. W. Doane and D. A. Brodie.. 470 Two new wheat pests, W. W. Froggatt 470 The grain aphis, W. G. Johnson 471 The Ilessian fly in Minnesota, E. B. Forbes 471 Insects that attack grains and meals, A. M. Lea 471 Observations on insects injurious to sugar beets in Italy, G. del ( Juercio 471 Some insects injuring market garden crops, H. T. Fernald 471 Insects injurious to fruit, A. H. Snyder 472 Insect enemies of the stone fruits, L. Bruner and W. D. Hunter 472 San Jose scale, with suggestions for treatment, etc., M. L. Donaldson et al 472 The cottony cushion scale ( Icenja jrurcliafti ) , H. A. Gossard 472 Rejxjrt of the gypsy moth connnission, A. Pratt et al 472 Pineajiple mealy bug (Dactylopiiix hromelitv), H. Tryon 473 Animal enemies of coffee in Java, II, J. C. Koningsbergerand A. Zinmu'niiann. 473 Cockcliufer grubs destroying straw berry plants, W. W. Froggatt 473 The red\voo(i(ii//(tj)iiis si^/iioiu', n. sp. ), (i. A. Coleman 473 Miiiiiii>li(iterous borers in inuiied Ijranches, W. Baer 474 Monograph of the Sesiidte of America iKirth of Mexico, W. Heutenmiilk-r 474 Siiicriiithits quevrufi, L. von Aigner-.Mhali ^ 474 Syrphus flies and colors of flowers, F. i'lati-au * 474 Trai)ping insects on fruit trees 474 Hiuts on si)raying 474 VI CONTENTS. Page. Catalogue of collections of pests and insecticides 474 How to get rid of fleas, J. A. Moffatt 474 Fleas, W. W. Froggatt 474 An experiment in the importation of beneficial insects, F. M. Webster 475 Animal parasites, IV-VII, E. P. Niles 475 Annual report for 1900 of the zoologist, C. Warburton 475 Influence of the honeybee on the fruit crop, L. D. Stilson 475 Method of artificial swarming in frame hives, R. Pincot 475 The relation of honey to beeswax, L. Moupy 475 Twenty-first annual meeting of Ontario Bee-Keepers' Association 475 FOODS — NUTRITION. The functions and uses of food, C. F. Langworthy 476 Science in the daily meal, A. Broadbent 476 The chemist cook,"E. J. David 476 Piedmont peasant bread, E. Bertarelli - 476 Sandy bread, B. Fischer and C. Grunhagen 476 Patent oat breakfast foods, G. W. Chlopin 476 Eggs in cold storage, M. Cooper 477 The danger attending the increased consumption of sugar, G. von Bunge 477 Food and the principles of dietetics, R. Hutchinson 477 Food supply during the siege of Mafeking, R. S. S. Baden-Powell 477 The theory and practice of military hygiene, E. L. Munson 477 Food products: A manual for traders and others, C. J. Higginson 477 Light and dark meat for invalid diet, J. R. Offer and E. Rosenquist 478 Effect of light and dark meat in cases of chronic kidney disease, A. Pabi-t 478 On the behavior of olive oil in preserving fish, O. Klein 478 Concerning the extractives in muscles, W. Gulewitsch and S. Amiradzibi 478 Lectures on the physics of organic metabolism, E. Du Bois-Reymond 478 Investigations on food in relation to muscular work, H. N. Heineman 478 Investigations on source of muscular energy, J. Frentzel and F. Reach 478 Concerning protein cleavage and gain during muscular work, W. Caspari 478 Muscular work and overfeeding with protein, K. Bornstein 478 Concerning the value of different nutrients as sources of energy, N. Zuntz 478 Ureine, W. O. Moor " 478 Concerning Moor's ureine and its physiological properties, A. Kuljabko 478 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Analyses of fodders from forage crops cut at different stages, R. W. Thatcher. 479 The composition of cotton-seed meal, W. A. Withers and G. S. Fraps 479 Concerning blood molasses, a new feeding stuff, F. Strohmer 480 Analyses of feed stuffs sold in Maryland 480 Analyses of feeding stuffs, H. J. Wheeler and A. W. Bosworth 480 Feeding stuffs, A. Halencke and N. Kling 480 Digestion experiments with Kansas feeds, J. T. Willard and R. W. Clothier. . 480 Studies on the nutritive value of asparagin, F. Rosenfeld 481 Concerning experiments on artificial feeding, F. Steinitz -^81 Feeding of farm animals, M. E. Jaffa and L. Anderson 481 Feeding wheat, H. M. Cottrell 482 Shelled corn vs. corn chop for calves, D. H. Otis 482 Sheep feeding experiment, W. T. Lawrence 482 Effect of manure on feeding value of swedes and of hay, T. H. Middleton 482 Improvement of pasture as tested by effects on sheep, W. Somerville 483 California Angoras 483 Home pork making, A. W. Fulton 484 American breeds of fowls. I, The Plymouth Rock, T. F. McGrew 484 Farm poultry, G. C. Watson 484 Practical poultry keeper, L. Wright 484 New egg farm, H. H. Stoddard 484 Incubators and chicken-rearing appliances; how to make and use them 484 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Hand feeding of cows for milk and butter production, G. S. Thomson 484 Rations for milch cows, H. J. Wheeler and J. A. Tillinghast 484 Domestic pasteurizing methods, and the care of milk in the home, J. Nelson. 484 CONTENTS. VII Page- A study of the pastenrization of milk, H. AVeigmann 485 Influence of pasteurizatit)n on milk and butter making, R. Steiner 485 Why ci'eam tests vary 485 The merhanieal introduction of water in butter, E. Sergeant 485 The manufacture of hard cheese from i)asteurized inilk, II. Tiemann 485 Experiments in curing cheese, G. L. McKay 486 Ripening of cheese and role of micro-organisms in process, F. C. Harrison 486 Danisli trade in dairy produce in 1900 487 Siberian butter trade 487 VETKRIXAKY SCIEXCK AND PRACTICE. Report of the veterinarian, W. H. Dalrymple 487 Annual reports of the proceedings under tlie diseases of animals acts, etc., 1899. 489 Report of the cattle commissioners, A. Peters - - 489 Report on animal diseases, W. H. Kelly 489 Report of veterinarian, G. E. Nesom 489 Eleventh annual report of the veterinary service in Hungary, F. Ilutyra 490 The infectious diseases of domestic animals, N. V. Elmanov 490 The suppression of tuberculosis, R. Koch , 490 Report of the tuberculin committee, J. McFadyean et al 490 Is the Bacillus tuberculosis of cattle different from that of man ? J, Law 491 Tuberculosis in calves, Raljus 491 Contribution to tuberculosis in the horse, F. Hendrickx 491 The use of raw meat in the treatment of tuberculosis, C. Richet 491 Arrangements for inoculation against tick fever 491 Tristeza, J. Lignieres 492 Tristeza or Texas fever in the Argentine Republic, J. Lignieres 492 Parturient paralysis and the Schmidt treatment, J. J. Repp 492 Parturient paresis, S. S. Buckley 492 Milkfever, E. AV. Hoare 492 Effects of iodid of potash as an injection in mammary gland, P. Couremans . . 493 Infectious pneumonia of calves, Sauer 493 Thrush in cattle, Hajnal 493 Foot-and-mouth disease and sanitation, E. Thierry 493 Suspicion of infection with foot-and-mouth disease, Renter 493 Analyses of hog-cholera remedies, R. W. Thatcher 493 Diagnosis of rabies in doga by examination of the nerve ganglia, G. Hebrant . 493 Agglutination of Staphylococcus aureus by serum of vaccinated and infected animals, J. Nicolas and C. Lesieur 493 The histogenesis of malignant tumors, Schiitz 493 On disinfection, AV. L. Mackenzie 493 STATISTICS — MISCELLANEOUS. Sources of agricultural imports of the United States, 1896-1900, F. H. Hitch- cock 494 Distribution of agricultural exports of the United States, 1896-1900, F. H. Hitchcock 494 Apprenticeships in agriculture 494 Nature teaching, F. Watts 494 Industrial progress in North Carolina 494 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Slaiions in. the United States. California Station: Page. Bui. 132, June, 1901 481 Florida Station: Bui. 56, May, 1901 472 Idaho Station: Bui. 28, Apr. , 1901 432 Bui. 29, June, 1901 (Biennial Rpt., 1899 and 1900) 426, 494 Iowa Station: Bui. 56, Mar., 1901 443 Bui. 57, Apr., 1901 486 Bui. 58, Apr., 1901 492 Kani^as Station: Bui. 102, Mar., 1901 442 Bui. 103, June, 1901 446,480 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 64 (second series), 1901 . . 487 Maryland Station: Bui. 75, June, 1901 462 Bui. 76, June, 1901 492 Michigan Station: Bui. 189, Mar., 1901 456 Bui. 190, Apr., 1901 452 Nebraska Station: Fourteenth An. Rpt., 1900 . . . 418, 435, 446, 479, 493, 494 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 150, June 4, 1901 435 Bui. 151, June 1, 1901 466 Bui. 152, June 7, 1901 484 New Mexico Station: Bui. 38, May, 1901 430 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 193, June, 1901 468 North Carolina Station: Bui. 179, Apr., 1901 479 Bui. 180, May, 1901 446 North Dakota Station: Bui. 47, Mar., 1901 433,443,448 Bui. 48, June, 1901 426,431,449 Oregon Station: Bui. 66, June, 1901 456 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 55, May, 1901 449 Rhode Island Station : Bui. 77, Mar., 1901 480,484 Bui. 78, Apr. ,1901 480 South Carolina Station: Bui. 63, June, 1901 446 Bui. 64, June, 1901 438 VIII Stations in the United States — Continued. South Carolina Station — Cont'd. v-age. Bui. 65, July, 1901 472 An. Rpt., 1900 4.38,465,489,494 Texas Station: Bui. 59, Mar., 1901 443 Twelfth An. Rept. , 1900 494 Utah Station: Bui. 72, Oct., 1900 432 Virginia Station: Bui. Ill, Apr., 1900 475 Bui. 112, May, 1900 475 Bui. 113, June, 1900 475 Bui. 114, July, 1900 475 Washington Station: Bui. 47, 1901 470 West Virginia Station: Bui. 76, May 2, 1901 438 U. S. Departnieut of Agricidtm'e. Report 69 445 Division of Agrostology : Bui. 17 (revised) 422 Bureau of Animal Industrv: Bui. 29 '. 484 Division of Botany: Contributions from U. S. Na- tional Herbarium, vol. 6, July 31, 1901 422 Division of Chemistrv: Circ. 7 ~ 420 Office of Experiment Stations: Circ. 46 476 Section of Foreign Markets: Bui. 24 494 Bui. 25 494 Division of Forestrv: Bui. 30 ■ 458 Section of Seed and Plant Intro- duction : Inventory 8 422 Division of Soils: Bui. 18 428 Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology: Bui. 28 465 Circ. 18 451 Weather Bureau: Monthly Weather Review, vol. 29,Nos. 4-6,Apr.-June,1901 . 425 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XIII. No. 5. Less than a year and a half ago the death was noted of Sir John Bennett Lawes, of Rothamsted fame. We are now called upon to record the death of his lifelong coadjutor and friend, Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert, which occurred December 23, 1901. Thus these two men, so closely associated in their scientihc work in life, were not widely separated in death. Their remarkable scientific partnership, extending over more than fifty -five years, has hardly a parallel, and their harmonious labors at Rothamsted in the cause of agricultural science have made a profound and lasting impress on the agriculture of the world. The beginning of their labors well-nigh marks the beginning of the experiment station as an institution devoted to inves- tigation in agricultural science, and within their active lives the science of agricultural chemistrj' has developed and the experiment station has come to be regarded in all civilized countries as a practically indis- pensable institution. Joseph Henry Gilbert was born at Hull in 1817, and was therefore in his eighty-fifth year at the time of his death. After attending the Universit}^ of Glasgow and University College, London, Avhere he devoted special attention to chemistry, he spent some time in Liebig's lalwrator}^ at Giessen, where he ol)tained his doctorate. Upon return- ing to England, two or three 3^ears were spent in teaching and in studying the chemistry of calico printing, dyeing, etc. Dr. Gilbert became associated with John B. Lawes at Rothamsted in 18-13, at first superintending the la])oratory investigations and later entering more generally into the field and feeding experiments and other investiga- tions. He continued to occupy the position of director of the Rotham- sted laboratory to the time of the death of Sir John Lawes, whom he succeeded as director of the Rothamsted Station. While the opportunity for conducting the Rothamsted investigations was due to the munificence of Sir John Lawes, a large measure of credit for their scientific character and exactness is due to Dr. Gilbert, who gave to them his undivided attention through a long, active life. Indeed, Sir John, in his generosity of spirit, seemed always anxious 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. that full credit should be given his colleague, and often paid tribute to his scientitic insight and sj^steniatic methods. His high scientific attainments were recognized by man}- learned societies in his election to honorarj^ membership and to high office. He was appointed Sib- thorpian professor of rural econoniA' in the University of Oxford in 1884:, and reappointed for a second period of three years in 1887. He was the recipient of man}' and varied honors, alone and in conjunction with Sir John, and shared in the honor of the jubilee celebration at Rothamsted in 1893, being elevated to knighthood in that year. Sir Henr}^ Gilbert visited this country on three occasions. In 1882 and 1881 he traveled extensivelj^ in the United States and Canada to study the conditions of agriculture; and his last visit, in 1893, will be remembered with nuich pleasure b}' all who met him. The series of lectures delivered by him on that occasion, under the provisions of the Lawes Agricultural Trust, was a most interesting and valuable sum- mary of the agricultural investigations at Rothamsted in certain lines during a period of fifty years. Upon the preparation of these lectures and their subsequent publication as a bulletin of this Office, Sir Henry bestowed a great amount of time and pains, and it was evident that he regarded them as possibly the final summing up of his and Sir John's lifelong labors in some of their most important lines. Of late, although in quite feeble health, Sir Henry took a deep interest in the lectures of Dr. Bernard Dyer, delivered in this coun- try in 1900, and in the final preparation of these for the press. Indeed, Dr. Dyer, in his introduction to these lectures, states that "aver}' large share of the credit should go to Sir Henry Gilbert, who has spent infinite pains in aiding and advising me in this work." His natural interest in having the results of the soil work at Rothamsted brought together and adequately presented was quickened by the desire to carry out the oft-expressed wish of Sir John Lawes that this might be done. It is gratifying to know that the proof sheets of these lec- tures reached him over a month before his death, and were a source of satisfaction to him. The services of these lifelong collaborators at Rothamsted can hardly be separated or individualized. The qualifications of the one strength- ened and supplemented those of the other. The application of the results of their combined labors and the influence of Rothamsted on agricultural investigation in general are world-wide. In the history of agricultural science, as in the current literature, each will be best known by the association of his name with that of the other, and for a long time to come the work of " Lawes and Gilbert" will constitute a basis for practice as well as a starting point for further investigation. The system of agricultural education in England which is carried on under the county councils has never been clearly understood in this EDITORIAL. 403 country. This is due to tlie fact that so little has been published which explains the work as a whole, and to the diverse character of the arrangements made in the diflferent counties. It is perhaps incorrect to speak of the undertaking as a system, since there appears to ])e an entire lack of system, considering the country as a whole, and no advisory or supervisory relations exist between the county councils and the Boards of x\griculture or Education or other central agencj'. The funds with which the work is carried on are derived under a local taxation act of 1890 and are for technical education, which in most counties is construed to include agriculture. The county coun- cils, in whose hands the administration of the funds is placed, are to a large extent the executive ofMcers of the counties. Each county has been left to work out its own plan for technical instruction under this act. As the matter was largely an experiment, there was quite natur- ally a variety of opinion as to the best means of carrying out the pur- pose of the act, especially in providing instruction in agriculture. This accounts for the variety of arrangements which have been made in different counties, the grade of instruction provided, and its efficiency. A review of this educational work carried on by the county councils is presented in the Annual Report of the Board of Agriculture on The Distribution of Grants for Agricultural Education and Research, 1900-1901. This summary is based upon the reports of the commit- tees on technical education in the various counties of England and Wales, and shows the provisions which have been made for elementary and higher instruction in agriculture. It will be of considerable interest to those who are following the various forms of agricultural education in other countries, and will prove helpful in giving a clearer idea of the aims and methods of this rather unique system. It is shown that the amount of money available for technical educa- tion in England and Wales under the act of 1890, excluding that which went to urban and metropolitan authorities, was about £500,000, and of this sum it is estimated that approximate!}^ £77,000 was used for agricultural instruction. While the proportion devoted to agricul- ture is not large, it represents in the aggregate nearly $375,000, which IS a relativel}^ large sum considering either the area covered (one- fourth larger than New York State) or the rural population. The facilities provided by different county councils vary greatlj^ in extent and character, but in general it may be said that they include instruction of the various grades, from the college course to the agri- cultural or farm school, and the most elementary courses of lectures or demonstrations, furnished by migratory schools or lecturers; together with the maintenance of demonstration plats to illustrate the culture or handling of various crops. The facilities for higher agri- cultural education are furnished by a number of universities and agricultural schools or institutes, which receive grants from the vari- 404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ous counties and in return provide a certain number of scholarships for students from those counties. The University College of Wales, at Aberystwyth, for example, receives grants from six different coun- ties. The Midland Dairy Institute is a center for a number of coun- ties, and the Southeastern Agricultural College at Wye is supported jointly by the counties of Surrey and Kent. In a number of counties agricultural or farm schools have been fitted up especiall}^ for this instruction, and in this undertaking adjoining counties have sometimes united. These secondary schools are of dif- ferent grades, some of them covering the whole range of agriculture, others being devoted to dairying, while still others are farm schools, giving much attention to instruction in the practical operations of farming. Five or six counties have provided dairj^ schools, and at least four have local count}' farm schools of different descriptions. The itinerant or migratory schools are a prominent feature of the elementar}' work in most of the counties. In conducting these each county has selected a certain number of centers, sometimes onlj- two or three, sometimes as many as thirtj^ or more, where the courses are given. These cover a variety of subjects, and evidently differ consid- erably in character. They usuall}' comprise from live to ten exer- cises, but in some cases twenty or more. In most of the counties they include a traveling dairy school, and courses of lectures in agriculture and horticulture. Courses in poultr}', bee keeping, farrier}^ cider making, and veterinary science are also common. These lectures often take the form of practical demonstrations, as in the case of dairying, pruning, and farrier3\ It is mentioned, for instance, that in Somer- setshire the farrier}' van visited fifteen centers, remaining for periods of from two weeks to two months, and giving instruction to seventy-six pupils in all. A further extension of this instruction in "manual processes" includes plowing, sheep shearing, hedging, thatching, and even basket making, in some counties taking the form of competitions. The forms of this popular instruction adopted in different counties present almost an endless variety. For example, an excursion to Hol- land was organized b}' the technical education committee for Essex farmers, for the purpose of studving agricultural education and the organization and practice of the agricultural industry in that countr\'. In the County of Kent boys' gardens are maintained at twenty centers, the small plats l)eing cultivated ])}' boys admitted as pupils, under the supervision of a local instructor appointed by the committee^, and prizes awarded by the count}' superintendent to the most meritorious. Similar prizes for gardens are awarded at other places. A county coun- cil garden is maintained on the Isle of Wight, where agricultural instruction is given daily. In Derbyshire ' ' champion " and ' ' ordinary " garden certificates are awarded on the basis of practical work. EDITORIAL. 405 The at^ricultiinil experiments carried on under the county councils are of a simple character, and for the most part are made for purposes of demonstration. Where this is the case a considerable lunnher of centers are selected, sometimes as many as 30 or -iO in the count}'. In other instances j^rants are made to agricultural colleges or schools for the purpose of conducting more technical experiments The data given as to the attendance indicate that the migratory schools and practical demonstrations have attracted a considerable number of pupils, and that the scholarships provided in the agricul- tural schools and college courses have been quite largely taken, partic- ularly those in the secondary schools. To the funds used for agricultural education b}- the county councils should be added the grants for agricultural education distributed l)y the Board of Agriculture. These amounted in England and Wales in 1899-1900 to £7,850, and the beneliciaries included ten institutions of the college or institute grade providing the higher forms of agricul- tural instruction. These were for the most part institutions which are being utilized b}' the count}' councils for the adxanced courses. Dur- ing the 3'ear there were upwards of seven hundred students receiving instruction at these agricultural colleges and dairy institutes. Of this number one-half were taking regular courses in general agriculture or special branches, while the remainder were attendiyg the shorter courses, usually in dair^nng or poultry keeping. After reviewing the various agencies for agricultural instruction in England, Major Craigie, the author of the report, concludes that although there may be some question as to the symmetr}' and uniform- ity of these varied facilities provided by central and local effort, the provision made for agricultural instruction is relatively as extensive as in other countries, considering the proportion of the population directh' engaged in agriculture. The most material advance to l)e hoped for, he believes, is "that greater use maj'^ be made of the vari- ous existing types of educational facilities b}' the classes for whose immediate instruction they have been provided.''' It will be a matter of surprise to man}' to know tliat ov(n' $400,000 of public money is expended annually for agricuUurul Instruction in England and Wales. It may, perhaps, be questioned whether the plan of management by the county councils, which are bodies of men with a multitude of other duties of varied character similar to those of the county commissioners or supervisors in some of our States, has resulted in building u[) as strong institutions of various grades and as symmetrical a system of instruction as would be possible under a cen- tral agency. Under the circumstances it was probably the part of wisdom to give prominence to the elementary side of the instruction at the outset. CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS, 1901. D. W. May, Office of Experiment Stations. The eighteenth annual convention of the Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists met in the lecture hall of the Columbian University, Washington, D. C, November 14, 15, and 16, 1901. The meetings were presided over b}^ the president, L. L. Van Slyke. In his address the president reviewed the causes which led to the creation of the association and the lines along which it has advanced. The expansion of the work has been very large, not only in amount but in character. Personal initiative has been the prime factor in advancement. From the consideration of methods of analj'sis the work has grown more into lines of original investigation. Something must be done toward identif ving the individual compounds, he declared, before effective methods can be provided for their estimation. He believed that the association should encourage research in all lines, with the stud}^ of methods as a secondary consideration. He called attention to the need of a much broader preparation for work by agri- cultural chemists. An anal3^st, simply, is not fitted for research work. We are being drawn more into the untried fields of life chemistry, and must take up the solution of questions that partake more of the char- acter of advanced science. The time of the association, he believed, should be taken up more with the discussion of lines of investigation and less with methods of analysis. The special investigations of differ- ent stations should be subjects for consideration before the association. More concise reports by the referees on methods of analysis were con- sidered advisable, and he counseled care in selecting referees for this work. Reference was made to the death of Dr. John A. M3^ers. a former president of the association, and the suggestion made that an evening session be held to consider his life work and to adopt suitable resolutions. In accordance with this suggestion the association met at the Cosmos Club the evening of the first day, and adopted resolutions in recogni- tion of Dr. Mvers's services and the esteem in which he was held in the Association. 406 CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 407 FERTILIZERS. Nitrogen. — Tii the absence of the referee, W. R. Perkins, the i-eport was read by E. B. Ferris. The work during- the past year was a continuation of trials of the neutral permanganate (Street) and alka- line permanganate (Jones) methods for determining available organic nitrogen. In su])mitting the results obtained and the conmicnts of the ditferent anal^-sts, the referee suggested that the time of digest- ing, in determining total nitrogen, receive the attention of the asso- ciation, as samples with a high nitrogen content do not give uniform resul.ts after digesting* three hours. While the results by the neutral permanganate method did not agree perfectly, the method was regarded as of value in distinguishing between the different grades of nitrogenous material as determined by vegetative tests. The referee submitted several minor modifications, and recommended that the method with these modifications be adopted provisionally, and that the alkaline permanganate method be further tested. These recommenda- tions were adopted by the association. Potash. — In the absence of the referee, C. L. Hare, the report was read by B. B. Ross. The accuracy of the Lindo-Gladding method in case of mixtures of acid phosphate and potash salts was investigated, and also the use of ammonium chlorid as a possible aid in securing complete solution of the potash, and a method devised by the referee, employing milk of lime for precipitating potash from neutral solution. A mixture of potassium chlorid and acid phosphate in the proportion of 5 to 95, the theoretical amount of potash present being 3.35 per cent, gave the following average results: Lindo-Gladding method, 3.12 per cent; the Lindo-Gladding method with ammonium chlorid. 3.19 per cent, and the milk of lime method, 3.15 per cent. While the addition of ammoniimi chlorid gave higher results, these do not war- rant the conclusion that this addition is an advantage. The large amount of ammonia salts left after expelling the sidphuric acid may cause loss from sputtering. Special attention was called to the results obtained by the milk of lime method, the details of manipulation of which were given, and the results in comparison with the Lindo-Glad- ding method with a large nimiber of fertilizers containing organic materials were shown. From the results of his investigations the ref- eree suggested that the cause of the low results obtained by the official method be further investigated, and that the milk of lime method be submitted for trial during the coming year. These suggestions were adopted. Phosphoric add. — In the absence of the referee, H. K. Miller, the report was read by K. G. Runyan. The work on phosphoric acid con- sisted in testing the determination of total phosphoric acid l)v the offi- cial gravimetric method in comparison with the volumetric, and the 408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. determination of iron and alumina by the acetate and the mol3ijdate methods. From the results of the past two years and the referee's experience with the modification of the volumetric method as proposed by Runyan, he considered it not only rapid but capable of giving highh' satisfactory results. But few results were reported on iron and alumina, and those obtained were quite variable. With basic slag they were not at all concordant, the manganese present interfering with the determination. With ground phosphate and a mixture containing iron and alumina the acetate method as modified by Carpenter gave quite satisfactor}' results, but as the data on iron and alumina were meager, no conclusions were drawn or recommendations made. The desira- bility of the association taking some action on a method appplicable to Thomas slag was urged. The referee considered some form of the citric-acid method advisable, and the Wagner method as worthy of the most favorable consideration. The use of the term "available phos- phoric acid '' was deemed unwise. As phosphoric acid is in different combinations in many materials, it was not \thought probable that a single method would apply in all cases. H. A. Huston discussed the determination of iron and alumina. He stated that results by present methods are worse than those obtained ten years ago. He suggested taking up the study of new methods, believing that the correct estimation of these elements is possible, but that it is necessary for the association to proceed along new lines. No reconmiendations were adopted, but from the discussion it seemed to be the sense of the association that the referee take up the study of methods for basic slag. Digestion with citric acid was considered a proper basis upon which to proceed. SOILS. The report on soils by the referee, M. E. Jafi'a, was read by the sec- retary. The work of the past year related largel}" to methods of determining available plant food, the citric-acid method and that of fifth-normal hydrochloric acid for available potash and phosphoric acid being studied. The results for potash were too meager to allow of a definite recommendation. The tentative conclusion was reached that any soil showing 0.02 per cent of KoO by either of the above methods is not in pressing need of potash fertilizers. More work along this line is urgentlj' desired, and attention was called to the fact that the citric-acid method should not be discarded without further investigation. Similar^, no definite conclusions were reached with phosphoric acid. The work along the line of humus and humus nitrogen was for the pur- pose of determining the relation, if anj^, which exists between the nitro- gen extracted by ammonia and that contained in the NaOH and KOH leachings. The comparison of humus nitrogen extracted b}' NH3 and NaOH solutions was not ver}" satisfactoiy. There was an agreement between some of the results for the nitrogen by NaOH, but those by CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 409 the NH3 solution were not concordant. The amounts of nitrogen dis- solved by KOH and NaOH were identical, ])ut in the case of 3 samples in which the percentat»'e of humus was high the amounts of nitrogen dissolved bv KOH and NaOH were comparatively low. The referee recommended more extended investigation along this line by a com- mittee, with the referee on soils as chairman. The Rothamsted method of sampling soils was described, and several objections pointed out. The method is deemed less applicable to the larger part of the arable lands of Calif ornia than the use of a post-hole auger, as adopted ]\v Hilgard. The latter method requires less work and less time for taking the sample, the exact point of change from surface to subsoil can be ascertained, and much less bulk has to be handled. In view of the necessity of a rational S3\stem of sampling soils, and of a method for determining the available plant food, the referee suggested that a committee be appointed for the consideration of these subjects. W. A. Withers presented a paper on the rate of nitrification of vari- ous nitrogenous materials. W. Frear requested the consideration of the su])ject of determining the proportion of soluble hunuis in alkali soils, and made a statement of some of the results obtained at the Pennsylvania Station. F. K. Cameron })rought to the attention of the association a paper by A. Seidell on the Chemical examination of alkali soils, published as a bulletin of the Division of Soils (see p. 428). He moved that the article as printed, or modified as might be deemed necessary, be referred to the committee on recommendations, with the view that it l)e accepted as the official method for the chemical examination of alkali soils. C. G. Hopkins stated that in the work on soils in Illinois there has been trouble in the separation of alkalis. After precipitating the barium hydroxid and the calcium and barium by means of ammonium car})onate, the final filtrate was found to be by no means free from barium. To overcome this error the ofificial method was modified hj precipitating the last traces of ])ariuui with ammonimn sulphate. A sufficient quantity of this latter is added so that in the ignition of the residue the alkalis are converted to sulphate and rendered less liable to volatilization. The association adopted provisionally the method followed at the Illinois Station for soil sampling, and authorized the appointment of a committee to stud}^ methods of soil sampling. The determination of potash in soils was referred to the referee for the ensuing year, and also methods for determining soluble constituents in alkali soils. It was recommended that the referee take up the subject of the mechan- ical analysis of soils and report at the next meeting, and also consider the determination of available plant food in soils. 13639— No. 5 2 410 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ASH. The report on ash was read by the referee, G. S. Fraps. The work during the past year was continued on lines previously followed, viz, the methods of preparing the ash. The point to which special atten- tion was given was whether sulphur or potash is driven off when the substance is incinerated with calcium acetate in an open dish. Two methods were tested for determining sulphur, one using calcium ace- tate and the other being a modified nitric-acid method. From results submitted the conclusion was reached that the calcium acetate method does not give correct values for sulphur, although the results agree to a certain extent, the loss being due to the escape of organic sulphur compounds rather than to the volatilization of sulphates. The nitric- acid method, with certain modifications proposed by the referee, gave fairly satisfactory results. With potash the conclusion was reached that the calcium acetate method does not give correct results when an open dish is- used, and probably not in a closed dish. The following recommendations were made: (1) That the title of this section be changed from "Methods for the analysis of ashes" to "Methods for the determination of inorganic plant constituents;" (2) that the modified nitric-acid method for determining sulphur in plants be adopted as a provisional one; (3) that the determination of chlorin be omitted until a method can be devised which will give more accurate results; and (4) that the determination of potash b}" ignition of the substances with sul- phuric acid, as in the determination of potash in fertilizers, be adopted as an alternate method. These recommendations were adopted, and the referee was instructed to consider further the acetate method for the determination of sulphur in plants. FOODS AND FEEDING STUFFS. The report on foods and feeding stuffs was read by the referee, W. H. Krug. But little work was done along this line during the j'ear. The results reported relate to the determination of moisture,, starch, pento- san, and galactan. The recommendations of the referee dealt mainl}' with minor changes, leading to more exact methods. It was recom,- mended that the method used for drying sugars be adopted as optional for the drying of feeding stuffs. With the phloroglucin method it was recommended that instead of using 3 gm. of material a quantity of the material be chosen so that the weight of the phloroglucin obtained shall not exceed 0.3 gm. A number of other minor modifications of this method were suggested. A paper on the determination of pentosan-free crude fiber was pre- sented by G. S. Fraps. The result of a test of Konig's method, with modifications, for determining pentosan-free crude filler was reported. The method is found to be much shorter than the official one, the sub- CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 411 stance beiiiy' diocstod, tiltorcd, jukI washed in 8 hours. It has the fol- lowing advantages: It 3'ields a fiber praetically free from pentosans, the manipulations ai-o less complicated, and the time is shortened. It reijuires furthei* study, however, in its application to cottqp-sced meal. The author suggi>sted that it be further studied by the i-efcrce. The use of air in moisture determination, except in substances con- taining dr3'ing oils, was referred 1)V the association to the referee for further study. In the diastase method for starch, 20 cc. was adopted instead of 40 cc. in digesting with malt extract. In neutralizing, sodium hydrate in a ccx)led solution was adopted in lieu of sodium carbonate while hot. Instead of being digested over night with malt extract, '2 or 3 hours was adopted. The reconnnendation for the phloroglucin method was adopted, and several other minor modifications were made. It was recommended tliat the referee take up the study of the Konig method for the determination of crude fiber. LIQUOR AND FOOD ADULTERATION. The report on liquor and food adulteration was submitted by the referee, W. D, Bigelow. At the last meeting of the association this subject w^as divided under 15 heads, with an associate referee for each subject. Thirteen reports were coml)ined in a report which had been submitted to 1(>6 chemists. With some minor changes, it was sug- gested that these reports be printed as a separate bulletin and the methods suggested be made provisional for the present. This recom- mendation was adopted by the association, and the title of this subject was changed to referee on food adulteration. W. B. Alwood made a report to the association on the work carried out at the Virginia Station on the fermentation of cider. In promoting this line of work he suggested cooperation between the horticulturist and the chemist. The study relates mainly to the micro-organisms and their action. The principal object to be kept in view in this inves- tigation is the determination of methods for controlling the fermenta- tions in order to obtain definite and uniform products. DAIRY PRODUCTS. The report on dairy products was made by the referee, J. A. Le Clerc. The work during the past year has been along two lines: (1) Determination of albumin in milk, and (2) detection of renovated but- ter. The methods of determining the casein in milk arc now very satisfactory, but the determination of albumin by ditt'erent chemists has not given concordant results. In previous work along this line various substances were used for precipitating the albumin. This year the albumin was obtained solely l)y means of heat, it being l)elieved that there is no distinctly albumin precipitant. The results of the 412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. various analysts are reported, and attention called to the importance of the association making a more systematic study of the nitrogen compounds in milk. No definite conclusions were drawn, but it was recommended that the work on the determination of albumin in milk be continued. In the detection of renovated butter six methods were followed. It was the intention when the reports were all in to send out other samples, using only those methods which gave the best results. From the work as far as reported it has been found possible to determine whether the sample is or is not genuine butter. If it is not genuine butter, the ordinary chemical methods for the examination of the fat will show whether the sample is oleomargarine or renovated butter. No recommendations were made, and it was suggested that the work along this line be continued during the coming year. G. E. Patrick read a paper on the determination of oleomargarine and renovated butter, embodying the results obtained in the Depait- ment chemical lalwratory. SUGAR. The report on sugar was made by the referee, E. E. Ewell. He considered it more important to devise new methods for sugars than to test and try to eliminate the deficiencies of old ones. He stated that there were several important lines of work which ought to be taken up, and called attention to the great need of an official method for sugar beets. No recommendations were made except in reference to the division of the work. These were that (1) there be a referee for optical methods, (2) a referee for the determination of reducing sugars, and (3) a referee for the study of the analytical methods of the sugar industry. These recommendations were adopted. TANNIN. The report on tannin was read by the referee, W. K. Alsop. Four samples of tanning materials were sent out for testing by the official method and by the chromed hide powder method. A summaiy of the results of the cooperative work was given, and also the opinion of the various analysts. The referee concludes from these that (1) the results obtained by the use of wet chromed hide powder are more accurate than those with unchromed hide, (2) more concordant results can also be obtained in the use of the weaker solutions, (3) the method of dr^^ng has not much influence on the tannin result when the deter- minations are made in the same manner, and (4) the determination of soluble solids is a weak point and some method should be adopted which chemists will follow. The greatest objection to the method of using wet chromed hide was stated to have been the length of time required, which is 3 days; but by a series of experiments the referee CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTS. 413 found that there was no necessity for ehronihio- hide longHM- than 1 day. He uryed, therefore, that the chroming- of hide powder 24 hours with 8 gin. of clironie ahun per loo gni. of hide powder be made the oflScial method, and also ad\'ocated a provisional method for dry chromed hide, to be carefully experimented with during" the coming year. In making- up the solution of tanning materials it was recom- mended that an amount be taken sufficient to furnish 0.35-0.45 gm. of tannin per 100 cc. instead of 0.8 gm. of solids, as at present. In evap- orations 50 cc. was considered too small, and 100 cc. was therefore advocated for obtaining all residues. A number of modihcations were recommended in the official method. A report of the meeting- of the International Association of Leather Trades Chemists, which met at Liege, Belgium, on August 28, was made b}- W. H. Krug. The changes in the methods used b}' that Association were (1) the adoption of Freiberg- hide powder, the maxi- mum cellulose content to be 20 per cent and the manufacturer to mark each delivery with the percentage it contains; (2) the adoption of the Official Agricultural Chemists' method for used tanyard liquors. The chromed hide powder method was not very favorably considered bj^ the International Association. In conclusion the speaker read a letter from H. li. Proctor on the correction for the absorption of the filter paper in the determination of the soluble solids, and suggested that it be made the subject of an investigation by the referee for the ensuing year. Minor changes were made in the wording of the methods to cover the recommendations of the referee. The wet chromed hide powder method was adopted in lieu of the one now followed, and the drj'- chromed hide powder method was adopted as an optional one. The determination of the acidity of tan liquors was recommended for study during the ensuing year. INSECTICIDES AND FUNGICIDES. The report on the majority of these materials was made b}^ the ref- eree, L. A. Voorhees. The past year was the first year in which anj'^ anah'tical work of a cooperative nature has been undertaken on these materials. The results obtained b}^ 22 anah'sts were reported in detail. As the}^ were somewhat meager, the referee did not make an}'^ specific reconmiendations, but called the attention of the association to the following considerations: (1) That the detection and determination of formaldehyde does not properly l)elong to the referee on agricultural insecticides and fungicides; (2) that the content of cyanogen in cj'anid of potash is of interest, but for fumigating the determination of impuri- ties and the character of gases which they supply will be of more value; (3) that the purity of lyes for the home making of insecticide soap is of importance, but as to the soaps themselves there is much in their 414 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. analysis that is of no importance to the entomologist. It was suggested that much of the matter of minor importance in the work of the ref- eree as reported ])e eliminated in order to lighten the labor of his suc- cessor. With this moditication it was recommended that the methods reported be continued. The report on arsenical insecticides was made b}^ the associate referee, J. K. Haywood. The work of determining arsenic in Paris green was reviewed, and reasons given for choosing the methods tested. These were the sodium acetate method, as the best at the present status of the analysis of Paris green for finding the arsenic content, and the water-extraction method for showing to some extent the stabil- ity of Paris green, as giving an idea of its action in orchard prac- tice. But few results were reported. The associate recommended that the above methods be adopted provisionally, and further tested during the coming \"ear. L. L. Van Slyke stated that in analyzing Paris green it should be borne in mind that arsenic in soluble form is injurious to foliage, when present ])eyond certain amounts. The method adopted should apply to the question of determining the danger from the application of arsenic to foliage. In the speaker's laboratory a 10 per cent mixture in water is made of the Paris green, and if, after 24 hours, the amount of arsenic in solution is insufficient to damage foliage, the product is considered all right. J. K. Haywood stated that the soluble arsenic present does not go into solution under 24 hours. The result more closely approximating its action in practice is its stability as deter- mined by its contact with water. The sodium-acetate method for the determination of the arsenic con- tent of Paris green, and the water-extraction method for showing the stability of Paris green, were adopted as provisional methods, and the association directed further investigation along these lines. No formal recommendations were made in regard to cyanid and formalin, but the referee was instructed to test the cyanid process for estimating the latter. MISCELLANEOUS. The report of the abstract committee was made by E. W. Allen. The work during the past 3^ear was outlined, which consisted of the publication of abstracts of methods of analj^sis, prepared by the mem- bers of the committee, in this journal. As this abstracting can be followed up by the force in the Office of Experiment Stations, the work was turned over to that Office and the committee discharged. In view of the fact that the object of the committee on volumetric standards had been accomplished in the establishment of the Bureau of Standards, that committee was discharged. The report of the com- mittee on food standards, defining the meaning of terms, was made by W. Frear. CONVENTION OF OFFICIAL AGRICULTURAL CHTMISTS. 415 The report on fertilizer legislation was presented by H. W. Wiley, and attention was called to the need of a national law covering this industry. The constitution was amended so as to place the appointment of the referees and associates at each annual meeting- in the hands of the executive conunittee instead of the president. The clause relating to membership was changed to read: "All persons eligible to membership shall become members r.r- ({fficio,'- etc. Section 7 was amended so as to apply to all analysis in official inspection. A resolution was adopted providing for three committees on recom- mendations instead of one. These were (1) to receive recommenda- tions on the subjects of phosphoric acid, potash, nitrogen in fertilizers, soils,, ash, and insecticides; (2) on dairy products, foods and feeding stuffs, sugar, and tannin; and (3) on food adulteration. No new method or modification of an existing method is to be sub- mitted by a referee for general test by the association until it has been tested by him with favorable results. A resolution was adopted welcoming the action of the State dairy and food commissioners in appointing a committee to present its views upon food standards to the association. The executive committee was asked to consider the subject of the division of the work on nitrogen. The president elect was authorized to appoint the new committee on recommendations of referees for the succeeding year during the sit- tings of the convention, and a recommendation was adopted looking to an earlier report upon the recommendations of the referees. OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION. The following were elected as officers for the coming year: Presi- dent, H. J. Wheeler, Kingston, R. I.; vice-president, R. J. Davidson, Blacksburg, Va. ; secretary, H. W. Wiley, Washington, D. C. ; addi- tional members of executive committee, C. G. Hopkins, Urbana, 111., and F. D. Fuller, Geneva, N. Y. The referees and associate referees selected for the year have not yet been announced by the executive committee. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. Proceedings of the fifteenth convention of the Association of Agricul- tural Experiment Stations in the German Empire [Lundiv. ]'erx. >S((il., 56 {1901), No. 1, pp. 1-79). — The fifteenth annual meeting of this Association was held in Bonn, September 14 and 15, 1900, Prof. F. Nobbe presiding. Among the subjects considered in relation to fertilizers were the determination of phosphoric acid in Thomas slag, the perchlorates in saltpeter, the })otash content of potash salts, and the purity of magnesium pyrophosphate obtained in the analysis of slag. The subject of food analysis was confined mainly to the examination of molasses feeds, attention being given more especially to the determination of fat, molasses, and water content. In seed testing there were considered methods of testing and effect of mechanical injury upon the germinating quality. Among the general subjects discussed were the changes in atomic weights, and the condition and needs of the agricultural experiment stations. The methods of analysis of Thomas slag were.considered at some length, especially the limits of variability allowable in the citrate-soluble method. The latitude adopted for citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag was 0.5 per cent. A report was suljmitted upon the purity of magnesium pyrophosphate obtained from phosphatic slag l)y the direct and l^y the molybdate methods. A table show- ing comparative results of the 2 methods was given. It was found that by the molyb- date method too high results were obtained when the yellow precipitate was allowed to stand a certain time before filtering. This period in which the error occurred fell between 1 and 5 hours. It was recommended that the Wagner method be further studied, as to the influence of the time elapsing between the removal of the molyb- date precipitate from the water bath and its filtration; also, the influence on the result of adding a greater or less excess of magnesia. The methods of analyzing molasses feeds were discussed at some length, Neubau- er's methods of determinmg molasses in such feeding stuffs was adopted jjrovisionally. The subject of the composition of sugar-beet molasses was presented by Kellner. This considered the sugar and the nitrogen content of the usual refinery molasses with and without the presence of cane sugar, and the residual molasses from the strontium process. The results of the various analysts were given. The nitrogen content of the dry matter of ordinary mola.sses averaged 2.16 per cent; of the residual molasses from the strontium process 0.69 per cent. Schulze discussed the water content of molasses feeds and recommended it as a subject for further study. A report on molasses feeds was made Ijy Emmerling, and the nitrogen content, fat, dry matter, sugar, molasses, and water content discussed. The quality and the 416 CHEMISTRY. 417 composition of the various feeds appearino; from time to time and their microscopic examination was later considered. No changes of any importance were made in the methods of i4eed testing. Some consideration was given to an improved method of potash determination, a paper on the subject being submitted by Scluilze. The Neubauer method (E. S. R., 12, p. 714) was assigned for further testing. The question of international atomic weights was discussed by Fresenius. The subject of the condition and needs of the agricultural experiment stations was treated by Konig. Amung the questions submitted for the consideration of the association were the overburdening of the stations by control work, so as to seriously hamper their experimental studies; the deficiency and the training of alile assistants; the desirability of closer cooperation with the Association of German Scientists and Physicians; the improvement of the reports of the stations, and certain deficiencies in experimental work and in the applications of the results. Proceedings of the committee on foods and feeding, of the Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations in the German Empire {Landw.Ver. Stat., 56 {1901), No. 1, jxp. 81-94). — This committee, tpmposed of Messrs. Emmerling, Kellner, Loges, Schulze, and Weigmann, met in Berlin, February 11, 1901. The subjects considered were the preparation of food samples for analysis, the drawing of samples, the microscopic examination of rape cake, molasses feeds, the addition of phosphoric or sulphuric anhydrid in nitrogen determination, the tax on ether used by the stations, and the microscopic examination of foods. The passing of all food materials for analysis through a millimeter sieve was made obligatory. A few minor changes were made in methods of drawing samples. With molasses feeds there were discussed the water content, the relative value of the proteid and non-proteid nitrogen, and the quantitative estimation of total and of invert sugar. A paper on the optical and gravimetric estimation of sugar in molas- ses feeds was presented by Schulze. The report on the addition of phosphoric or sulphuric anhydrid in nitrogen estimations was made by Kellner. Upon motion of the referee the method was referred to the committee for further study in compari- son with the Gunning method. A rapid method of determining carbonic acid in air, J. Haldane {Jour. Hyg. [Canibrklge'], 1 {1901), No. 1, pp. 109-114, fig. 1). — This method involves the use of a specially constructed apparatus, which is figured and described. A sample of the air is drawn into a gas l)urette, driven backward and forward through a potash solu- tion, and again measured after the absorption of the carbonic acid. The difference between the 2 readings gives directly the number of volumes of car])onic acid per 10,000 in the sample of air. Trials show that the method is reliable to about 0.5 volume per 10,000, a degree of accuracy sufficient for most practical purposes. The advantages of the method are that the apparatus can be easily carried about, an accurate result can be obtained in about 5 minutes, and no calculations are involved. On the determination of humus in cultivated soils, K. Bieler and K. Aso {Bill. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 4 {1901), No. .^, 2>jt>. ^,?7-;?.^0).— This article reports comparative tests of the accuracy of the determination of humus by means of (1) elementary analysis, (2) Knop's method, (3) Snyder's extraction method (E. S. R., 5, p. 932; 6, p. 691), and (4) Aschman and Faber's volumetric method (E. S. R., 11, p. 110). The results obtained indicate that the figures given by elementary analysis are too high. The amount of hunuis yielded by the extraction method was only 71 per cent of that indicated by elementary analysis. The percentages of humus found in the air-dry soil by the different methods w'ere as follows: P^lementary analysis 13.84 per cent, Knop's method 8.85 per cent, extraction method 9.79 per cent, volu- metric method 6.95 per cent. The methods are to be further tested on different kinds of soils. 418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The determination of phosphoric acid in soils as ammonium phospho- molybdate by means of the centrifuge, E. Gullv {('hem. Ztg., 25 [1901], No. 39, pp. 419-421; abs. in Chem. Centbl. 1901, I, No. 35, p. lS42).—T\\\s article reports tests by A. Baumann of the applicability of the Gotz method described by Wedding^ to the determination of phosphoric acid in soils. The essential features of the method are the precipitation of the phosphoric acid as ammonium phosphomolybdate in a graduated centrifuge cylinder; the separation of the precipitate by 4 minutes centri- fugating at the rate of 1,100 to 1,200 revolutions per minute; and the reading of the volume occupied by the precipitate and calculating the results. A satisfactory agree- ment of the results by this method and by the gravimetric method in case of 63 samples of soil is reported. A claim of priority regarding the determination of phosphates in pota- ble waters, C. Lepierre {Bul.Soc. Chem. Paris,3.ser.,25 {1901), No. 16-17, p. 800). — The author states that the method recently described by Woodman and Cayvan (E. S. R., 13, p. 319) is exactly the same as that described by him in a communica- tion to the second International Congress of Applied Chemistry in 1896 (E. S. R., 10, p. 16). Determination of calcium and magnesium in natural vraters, L. W. Winkler {Ztschr. Analyl. Chem., 40 {1901), pp. 82-92; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. {^Londori], 80 {1901), No. 463, II, p. 347). The determination of ammonia, nitric, and nitrous acids in natural waters, L. W. Winkler {Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 55, pp. 586, 587).— Tha methods used by the author are given in detail, being a revision of methods previously described.^ Determination of dissolved oxygen in waters in presence of nitrites and of organic matter, S. Rideal and C. G. Stewart {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 303, pp. 141-148; abs. in Chem. Centbl. 1901, II, No. 3, p. 232). — A series of tests are reported which, in the authors' opinion, show that by their modified Winkler process — oxidizing with permanganate in acid solution, out of contact with air, in ordinary stoppered bottles of known capacity, adding soda and potassium iodid solution and determining the liberated iodin with thiosulphate and starch — it is possible to ascer- tain with accuracy the amount of free oxygen rapidly in highly colored and polluted field waters. An improved method for the rapid estimation of sugar in beets, R. S. Hilt- ner and R. W. Thatcher {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 49-69). — Attention is called to the need in plant breeding, and also in factory operations, of a rapid method for estimating the sugar in beets. Present methods give satisfactory results, but are liable to certain errors which increase with more rapid manipulation. The authors propose a modified method which they have found to give very accurate results. The factors used are those required by the Schmidt and Haensch polariscope, al- though other instruments may be used by changing the factors accordingly. While all beets do not contain the same percentage of water, it does not vary within very wide limits. In a long series of determinations made at the Nebraska Station during several years, the water content in nearly all cases varied between 80 and 84.5 per cent. From these results the authors state that it is possible to assume an average factor which would not vary from the true amount of water above 2 per cent, except in very rare cases. This maximum of error will not change the dilution of the sugar solution enough to create any appreciable difference in the polariscope reading. The method of determining the water content of the beets is given, and from an average assumed factor the authors construct a table showing, at a glance, the desired volume of water to be added in analysis. In carrying out this method iStahl und Eisen, 7 (1887), p. 118. ='Chem. Ztg., 23 (1899), p. 454. CHEMISTRY. 419 the cold aqueous diffusion is einploj'ed. The sample is reduced to very fine pulp, placed in a tared capsule, weighed, and the amount of water as ascertained from the table is added. As the solution must l)e clarified as well as made uji to a definite volume, there is previously added to the water 3 per cent of a solution of lead sub- acetate of 54.3° Brix, or specific gravity, 1.257. If acetic acid is used it may also be added to the water. The capsule containing the pulp properly diluted is covered with a disk of wood or glass inclosed in a sheet of rubber to make it fit closely, and vigorously shaken. The mixture is then poured on a dry filter and the operation carried out as usual. This method was employed with 60 samples. The water factor assumed in pre- paring the table was 82 per cent. Only 5 samples showed a variation from results obtained by the hot aqueous diffusion above what might be expected in the analyses of duplicate samples by the same method. These 5 samples, which were too low by 0.2 per cent or more, were all of very low grade beets, in which there was an unusual amount of water. For rapid work an automatic self-registering balance should be used. The cap- sules should be of the same weight, aluminum being a very desirable metal to be employed in their construction. The burette should be constructed so that it will fill automatically. As the indirect method of analysis is now generally used in factories this proposed method was tried in that way, using the factor 85 for making the calculation. As compared with two other methods the proposed method was found to be applicable in indirect analysis. The advantages of the proposed method are that no specially constructed apparatus is necessary and it is susceptiVjle of great speed of maniijulation. An improved method for the rapid estimation of sugar in beets, R. S. Hilt- NER and R. W. Thatcher {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 5, pp. 299-318). — This is noted above from another sourt'e. Determination of purity of beet juice by Krause's method, F. Ehrlich {Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerind., 1901, pp. 3-16; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 3, p. 268). — The author made a number of experiments to determine the influ- ence of various factors, as temperature, time of digestion, fineness of pulp, etc., on the purity of beet juice, as given b)^ Krause's method. It was found that the tem- perature of digestion has an important influence on the quotient of purity. With increase of temperature, the density of the juice oVjtained increases, the polarization remains constant, while the quotient of purity diminishes. The fineness of the pulp has no effect on the result. As the time of digestion of the pulp increases, the amount of dry substance increases, the quotient consequently diminishing. The quotients o))tained by Krause's method are in general 5 to 7 units lower than those of the old method. Some modification of Krause's method to facilitate working and obviate the de-aerati(jn is desiraljle. Methods of analysis, Graptiau {Bid. Agr. [Brimels], 17 {1901), No. 2, pp. 178- 182). — In comparisons of the Kjeldahl and Gunning methods it was found that diges- tion was complete by the former 30 minutes after the disappearance of the reddish coloration; by the latter the total time required for digestion was reduced to 35 min- utes. From a test of various forms of distilling ai)j)aratus it is concluded that such apparatus should be provided with a rectifier, a straight tube of sufficient size and length being very satisfactory for this jjurpc^se. Soda was found to be easily carried over in distilling, sulphuric acid less so, and phosphoric acid least of all. The estimation of glycogen in fl^esh, G. Breustedt {Arch. Phann., 237 {1899), p. 637; ahs. in Ztschr. AMdyt. (Jhan., 40 {1901), No. 3, pp. 175-177). The composition of the ether extract from a number of fodders, N. TuLAiKov {Izr. Moskow Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Agron. Moscow], 6 {1900), No. 4, pp. 429-439). — This article is a contribution to the study of the ether extract of 420 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. clover, alfalfa, rye straw, and oat straw. The analytical results are shown in the following table: Fat from a number of feeding stuffs. Melting point. Iodine num- ber. Neu- tral fats. Free fatty acids. Nonsaponifiable portion- Nitro- gen. Pento- sans. Ash. Leci- thin. Feeding stuff. Solu- ble in ether. Insol- uble in ether. Total. Clover . . ... 65°-66° 63° 47.07 71.50 Perct. 25.66 1.36 19.33 2.33 Per ct. 29.71 34.09 23. 49 9.76 Pirct. 35. 21 27. 18 21.09 28. 57 Perct. 3.61 26.67 11.28 43.80 Per ct. 38. 82 53.85 32. 37 72.37 Per ct. 0.78 .75 .37 .00 Per ct. 0.50 .04 Per ct. 0.65 1.31 .60 .76 Per ct. Alfalfa 63^ 6.86 In the author's opinion it is obvious that the crude fat of fodders consisted of a mixture of different compounds in which neutral fat is not the principal constituent, being exceeded by free fatty acids, including considerable quantities of the unsatu- rated acids. The quantitative analyses of the nonsaponifiable matter showed it to be a complicated mixture containing many other bodies belonging to the terpenes and phytostearine. — p. fireman. Outline of work on foods and feeding stuffs for 1901, W. H. Krug {U. S. Dept. Agr., Diris'um of Chemistry Circ. 7, pp. 3). — Tliis gives the amended methods adopted at the seventeenth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricul- tural Chemists (E. S. R., 12, p. 507). Outlined directions are given for the determi- nation of moisture, starch, pentosan, and galactan. The analysis of potable water, milk, foods, and other materials, H. La.joux ET AL. {L^e((H pot(iI)le, Ir hiit de femme et le hiit de vacJie, matieres 00, pp. 17,?, figs. G). Succinct directions for the analysis of wines, beer, cider, and vineg-ar, P. GouPiL {Tableaux synoptiques pour l' analyse des vins, de la hiere, dn cldre et du, vinaigre. Paris: J. B. Baillibre d: Sons, 1900, pp. 80, figs. 10). — Treats of the reagents, apparatus, and methods employed in determining the con.stituents, adulterations, and diseases of the liquors named. The detection of arsenic in beers, brewing materials, and food, W. Thomp- son and J. P. 811EXTOX {.Tour. Sor. CI, em. Lid., 20 {1001), No. S, pp. 204-208). The pentosan content of various fruits and vegetables, C. Wittmann {ZtscJir. Landw. Versuchsw. Oesterr., 4 {1901) , No. 3, p>p- 131-139). — Tables of analyses are presented, giving the percentage of pentosans in a large niimber of seeds, fruits, vegetables, and ))cer extract. The distinction of true extract of vanilla from liquid preparations of vanillin, W. H. Hess {Michigan Slate Dairy and Food Com. Rpt. 1900, pp. 19.5, 196). — While synthetic vanillin is identical with that extracted from the vanilla bean, there are other characteristics of the latter, including delicacy of aroma, which it is impos- sible to produce artificially. The author states that among the constituents of the vanilla bean the resin, ranging from 4 to 11 per cent, serves as a valuable means of distinguishing the artificial from the natural product. In order to obtain all the extractive matter from the bean an alkaline carbonate is sometimes added to the alcohol, thereby producing an inferior natural product deficient in flavor. A simple method is given for determining the use of alkali in extraction and al8(j for the sep- aration and determination of the resin. Coumarin and vanillin; their separation, estimation, and identification in commercial flavoring extracts, W. H. Hess and A. B. Prescott {Michigan State Dairy and Food Com. Rpt. 1900, pp. 197-199) . — Tonka beans, by reason of the posses- sion of the odoriferous principle coumarin, are often used to adulterate vanilla extract. BOTANY. 421 Tho (U'tennination of coiimarin in tlio presence of vanillin lian, therefore, Ix-come a problem for the analytical chemist. A method of separation and identification is subniitti'd by the authors. This method depends upon the aldehyde and phenol character of vanillin. The alcohol is evaporated from the extract to be examined, normal lead acetate added, and the •precipitate extracted with ether. The ether solntion is treated with dilute ammonia when the vanillin is extracte'»/. Assoc. Bt'hjc Cliiin., 15 [r.ioi), No. S, pp. 115-1±^. Determination of tanning- matter in tanning materials, T. Koekneh {Leollim- Manufacturer, 11 {1900), pp. 241-i^48; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chern. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 3, pp. 286,287). — Methods of analysis as presented and discnssed in a paper read by O. Carr before the meeting of the Association of Official Agricultural Chennsts, held at Washington, D. C, November, 1900. Notes on the absorptive influence of the materials used in the determina- tion of total soluble matter in tanning- extracts, A. B. Searle {Leather Trades lu-r., S4,pp.S2-ll(i; ahs. in Juvr. Sue. ('lion. Ind., 20 [1901), No. 3, pp. 264,265).— Tests of various filter papers. Selected methods of chemical analysis, A. Classen {Aasgeiriildle Methoilm der analytischen Chemie. Brunswick: Friedrich Vieweg & Son, 1901, vol. 1, pp. XN-\-940, figs. 78). — Qualitative and quantitative analytical methods of determining common and rare elements and the alkalis. The influence of agricultural chemistry on soil culture, E. Haselhoff {Der Einjiuss der Agriknlfiircheniir aiif die Bodetd:vUur, 1900, jip. 10). — A historical review. On the velocity of chemical reactions, W. Duane {Amer. Jour. Sci., 4- ser., 11 {1901), No. 65, pp. 349-356). Inorganic ferments; the preparation of colloidal metals by the electrical method and the investigation of their catalytic properties, G. Bredig {Anor- ganisclie Fermente. Darstellung kolloidaler Metalle auf elektrischem Wege und Untefsuchung ihrer katalt/tischen Eigrnschnffen. Jjcipsic: EngeJmann, 1901, pp. 99). On inorganic ferments. II, The paralysis of platinum catalysis by poi- sons, G. Bkedk; and K. Ikeua {Ztschr. Plnjsihd. Chem., 37 {1901), pp. 1-68). A simple method for obtaining a saturated aqueous solution of sulphu- retted hydrogen, or a constant supply of the gas, F. M. Perkix {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 5, p. 438, fig. 1). An automatic filtering apparatus, J. Winklhofer {Chem. Zfg., 25 {1901), No. 59, p. 628, fig. 1). Microchemical technique, T. H. Behrens {Mikrocheniisclic Tecftnik. Humhutg: Leopold Voss,1900,pp TT/J+6\s'). BOTANY. Iffanual of the flora of the Northern States and Canada, N. L. Bkitton {New York: Jfenrg IIoH & Co., 1901, pp. X-\ 1080). — This manual gives descriptions of the ferns, fern allies, and seed-bearing plants which are known to occur within the area extending from Newfoundland to Manito])a, and southward to the southern bound- aries of Virginia, Tennessee, and Kansas. Considerably more than 4,000 species are enumerated, many of which are deserilied for the first time. In conformity with many recent scientific publications, the metric system of measurements has been adopted throughout. This work is based upon the text of Britton &. Brown's illustrated Flora ( K. S. R., 8, p. 291), the illustrations of which have been omitted and the descriptions 422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. abridged so as to bring the subject-matter within the compass of a single vohime. The systems of arrangement and nomenclature of the previous publication have been retained. References are given to the figures in the Illustrated Flora, and the only synonymy quoted is that made necessary by changes resulting from further studies of the nomenclature of many species. By the use of thin paper, narrow margins, and small clear type, the publishers have produced a compact volume that will be preferred by many to the 3 bulky volumes of the original publication. American grasses, II, F. Lamson-Scribner {U. S. Dej)t. Agr., Dwision nf Agros- tology Bui. 17, rev. ed., pp. 349, jigs. 32.5). — This is a revised edition of a bulletin pre- viously mentioned (E. S. R., 11, p. 219). In the present publication the synonymy has been revised and extended, and many of the descriptions have been entirely rewritten and considerably extended so as to include brief economic notes which were omitted from the jirevious edition. Plant life of Alabama, C. Mohr {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botany, Contribu- tions from the U. S. National Herbarium, vol. 6, pp. 921, pis. 13). — This publication gives a description of the plant life of Alabama as observed by the author during a 40-year residence in the State. A short sketch is given of the physiographical features of the State and on the general aspect of the flora of Alabama, its relation to that of adjoining States, and to the continental and extra-continental floras. A general discussion is given of the geographical distribution of plants, the floral divi- sions of the State introduced by the author being considered as only tentative. The general and secondary factors influencing plant distribution are mentioned and vari- ous plant formations and associations are described. Following this is given a com- plete enumeration of the plants, nearly 4,500 species and varieties being given. The distribution of the species in the State is indicated, and descriptive and economic notes given of many. The g-enus Salix in Iowa, C. R. Ball {Contrib. Dept. Bot. Iowa State Col. Agr. and Mech. Arts, 1900, No. 18, pp. 141-154, pl^- 3). — An enumeration is given of the willows known to occur in Iowa and the distribution of the different species through- out the State is indicated. A monograpli of the genus Melilotus, O. E. Schulz {Bot. .Tahrb. [Engler}, 29 {1901), No. 5, 2Jp. 660-735, pis. 3). — A historical sketch is given of the genus and statements made concerning the economic value of some of the species. The morphol- ogy of the different parts of the plant is described and the geographic distribution of the species indicated. In all, 2.3 species are recognized. A contribution to the knowledge of the Chjrtridiaceae, R. Ltim {Inaug. Diss., Bern, 1900, pp. 44-^2, figs. 5). — The first part of this dissertation is given up to a description of Synchytrium drabpc, n. sp., in which its morphology and affinities are discussed. In the second part the ])iological relationship of a number of species of Synchytrium is discussed, particular attention being given to S. taraxaci. The results of many inoculation experiments with this fungus are reported and discussed, from which the author has decided that ^S'. taraxaci is not only morphologically distinct, but also biologically. In this group the species seem to be more sharply differentiated and specialized as to host plants than is usually the case with related fungi. The results of studies on the resting spores and other means of propaga- tion are given in conclusion, the principal studies being made with Cladochytrium meyiyanthis. Anatomical characteristics of agarics, J. Godfrin {Bnl. Soc. Sci. Nancy, 3. ser., 1 {1900), No. 6, pp. lSS-211, figs. 17). — Describes the anatomical structure of a number of species of Panteolus. Inventory of foreign seeds and plants, J. G. Smith ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Seed and Plant Introduction, Inventory No. 8, pp. 106). — This inventory includes the seeds and plants imported for distribution in cooperation with the various experiment stations in the country, describing numbers 3401 to 4350, inclusive. Most of these BOTANY. 423 seeds and plants were collected by the special explorers of the Section, iirincipally by D. G. Fairchild and W. T. Swingle. Plant physiology, W. F. Ganong {New York: Henry Holt & Co., IDOl, jij). VI -f- 147, fig^. So). — This book is designed principally for practical use, and with few excep- tions all the experiments and reconnnendations described have been repeatedly tested by the. author and his students. Detailed directions are given for the construction of a greenhouse and physiological laboratory, both of which are essential to the prose- cutiDn of a course of study such as is outlined. The apparatus, appliances, and jilants for study are described and the more common methods of manipulation are clearly stated. The outline of a course in experimental jilant physiology is given which includes a study of the structure and properties of protoplasm, the nutrition of plants, growth, reproduction, irritability, locomotion, and protection. In connection with the different chapters, bibliographies are given of important works which should be consulted by the student in the prosecution of the course. Influence of various organic substances on the respiration of plants, W. Palladin (Rev. Gen. Bat., IS {1901), Nos. 145, pp. 18-32; 146, pp. 93-96; 147, pp. 127-136). — In a previous publication (E. S. K., 6, p. 194) the author has shown that etiolated leaves of beans, which are rich in proteids, respire very feebly while those lacking such material, if grown in a saccharose solution, have their respiration con- siderably increased. In the present paper the author gives an account of experi- ments in which a number of different carbohydrates have been tested to ascertain their influence upon the respiration of plants. Experiments were made by cutting off the growing tips of etiolated plants and dividing them into 2 lots. One lot was placed in shallow vessels containing a solution of saccharose, and the quantity of carbon dioxid given off by this plant in a certain time was taken as the unit of com- parison. The other lot of leaves was placed under identical conditions, except that a different carbohydrate was used, and the quantity of carbon dioxid liberated by this second plant was compared with that of the first. The carbon dioxid was determined by the use of Pettenkofer tubes, and in a similar manner the nondigesti- ble proteids were determined by the Stiitzer method, and the total nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method. As a result of the experiments the author found that the energy of respiration depends upon the substances given the plants. Of those investigated the greatest amount of carbon dioxid i)er 100 gms. of fresh plant substance was secured with fructose followed by glucose, saccharose, maltose, raffinose, glycerin, and mannite. The proportion of carbon dioxid liberated per 100 gms. of fresh weight of the plants, during 1 hour, is shown in tabular form. The author also determined that in the absence of carbohydrates the nondigestible proteids not only were not diminished during the growing of the i^lants, but were increased to an appreciable degree. However, the increase was nmch greater when solutions containing some form of sugar were at the disposal of the plant. In one case where the etiolated bean plants were placed in water culture, the nondigestible proteids in 4 days increased 13 per cent, while in the second culture containing saccharose, in the same time, the quantity of proteids was increased 39.5 per cent. Studies concerning variegation, H. Timpe {Inaug. Diss., GoUingen, 1900, pp. 124; ahs. in Bol. Centbl, 85 {1901), No. 3, pp. 75-77).— K report is given of some of the phenomena attending variegation as ascertained in the study of a large number of plants. As a rule, the variegated portions of leaves are thinner than the green parts, the palisade parenchyma and intercellular spaces being considerably reduced. The quantity of tannin in leaves is usually greater in the inner tissues of the varie- gated areas than in the green parts, although tannin is sometimes entirely wanting in the variegated portion of the leaf. Starch is normally deposited only in the green parts of leaves, while reducing sugars are most abundant in the colorless portions. From the sugar solutions in the variegated portions of the leaves a considerable quantity of starch is formed, which is colored a reddish violet with iodin. Variegated monocotyledonous plants do not transform the sugar in their cells into starch. 424 EXPEKIMENT STATION KEOORD. Chlorophyll assimilation through cork, Mathilde Goldflus {Rev. Gen. Bot, 13 {1901), No. 146, pp. 49-92, ph. 2,fig.^. S). — A detailed report is made upon experiments in which the author sought to ascertain the effect of a cork layer on the photosynthesis of plants. The stems of a large number of plants were examined, in which there was a well-developed layer of chlorophyll parenchyma underlying the bark. Sec- tions of these were placed in a special apparatus, the amount of carbonic acid in the atmosjihere determined before respiration began, and again at periods of 12 hours. About 20 species of woody plants were examined. Chlorophyll is distributed more or less through the branches of most trees and frequently occurs in their trunks, but is there limited to the region where the cork layer is more or less ruptured and furrowed. The author found that there was considerable assimilation in the sec- tions of stems examined, and as the chlorophyll does not disappear from these regions during the winter its functions are probably continuous throughout the year, as there seems to be nothing to indicate a winter resting stage. Are the lower chlorophyll-bearing algae able to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen? "W. KkIjger and W. Schxeidewind {Landv. Jalirh., 29 {1900), No. 4-5, pp. 771-804, pis. 3). — The authors report extensive experiments with several species of Stichococcus, Chlorella, and Chlorothecium, in which their ability to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen, when grown in pure cultures and sterilized media, was tested. As a result of the experiments, the authors claim that without the presence of com- bined nitrogen, either in organic or inorganic form, there was but slight develoi)ment of the different sijecies of algse; while if the substratum, upon which they were grown, contained combined nitrogen they made abundant growth. There appears to be nothing to indicate that these algfe are able to fix the atmospheric nitrogen. Green algpe, according to their investigations, are unable to assimilate the free nitrogen, and when experiments are conducted that appear to show an increase in the nitrogen con- tent, it is explained by the fact that the algae offer conditions very favorable for the development of soil and other bacteria which are able to assimilate atmospheric nitrogen. Concerning the modifications of structure produced in vegetable cells by freezing, plasmolysis, and ■wilting, L. Mateuchot and M. Molliard {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Parts, 132 {1901), No. 8, pp. 495-498).— A. study of the effect of freezing, plasmolysis, and wilting upon the leaves of Narcissus, and some other plants shows that the conditions produced by each of these phenomena are identical. The effect of temperature and oxydizing enzyms on the formation of transi- tory starch, J. Gruss ( WcJiDSchr. Brau., 1899, No. 40; ahs. in Bot. Ceritbl, 85 {1901), No. 1, i)p. 8-11; also in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London'], 1901, No. 2, p. 181). — In experiments with germinating barley, the author found that the formation of transi- tory starch began at a temperature of 0° C. and increased in the rapidity of forma- tion until the optimum was reached at about 30° C. At 40° C. it was checked, and ceased altogether at .50°. Intimately associated with the formation of transitory starch was found an enzym to which the name spermase is given. Sucrose is said to be the first car])ohydrate used during the germination of barley, and starch is not utilized until the embryo attains a stage in its development when it is able to furnish the enzyms necessary to render the starch available. The rootlets of the young plant are said to be inclosed for a time in a kind of gum which is believed to be some form of galactan, and it contains a liquefying enzym. Concerning the occurrence of cane sugar in plants, J. Anderssen {Ztsckr. Physiol. Chem., 29 {1900), No. 4-5, pp. 423-428). — The author identified cane sugar in the rhizome of Aspidmm felix mas and A. spinulosum, and other ferns. The effect of germination on the pentosans in seeds, A. Schone and B. ToLLENS {Jour. Lanchc, 48 {1901), No. 4, pp. 349-354). — An account is given of experiments with barley, wheat, and peas, in which the effect of germination upon the pentosans in the seed was investigated. Instead of being a loss m pentosans. METEOROLOGY. 425 there was fouiid in every case a wli^'lit increase when the gerniination was carried to al)()ut tlie (le!j;ri'e used in nudtiiig . 5')-(!;>, )>h. .-'). — A report is given of a series of experiments with Nitragin, the results of which have already been noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 845; and 11, p. 816). Boot tubercles of alfalfa, N. Passerini {Bui. Soc. Hot. JtaL, 1900, pp. 16, 17; abs. ill Jour. lioi/. .Micros. Soc. [London'], 1901, No. 3, p. S97). — According to the autlujr the roots of alfalfa are abundantly provided with root tubercles during the first year of cultivation. Very few occur during the second year, and none at all on plants 3 or more years old. It is inferred that the plant makes use of atmospheric nitrogen only during its first year's growth, or until the roots have attained sufficient lengtli to o))tain the necessary nitrogenous food materials from the deeper soil. Methods of plant histology, C. J. Chamberlain {Chicago: imir. of Chicago P/v.sN, 1901, pp. VIII + 159, A'f/.s. 7-^).— This book is the outgrowth of a course of instruction in histological technology given by the author at the University of Chicago. The methods described were originally published in the Journal of Applied Microscopy (E. S. R., 11, p. 29), and havesince been revised and enlarged. The technique is well covered, special attention being given the paratiin method, which the author believes is best a(lai>ted to the study of plant histology, in the first part of the work the principles of fixing, staining, etc., are described in sufficient iletail to enable any worker to adopt the author's suggestions. In the second part the principles are applied to sjiecial subjects, the arrangement and choice of material being such as to furnish preparations for a thorough stuily of plant structures from Alga? to Sperma- tophytes. Special formulas for the different reagents and a list of class preparations are given in separate chapters. METEOROLOGY. Monthly Weather Review [U. S. Depl. Agr., Weather Bureau, ^tonlhlij Weather Review, ^'9 {1901), Nos. 4, pp. 14S-199, figs. 3, charts 9; 5, pp. 201-241, pis. 4, charts 9; 6, pp. 243-289, pis. 4, fig. 1, charts 9). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteorological tables and charts (for the months of April, May, and June, 1901), recent papers bearing on meteorology, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes:' No. 4, special contributions on The theory of the formation of precipitation on mountain slo])es (illus.), by F. Pockels; On the ionisation of atmospheric air, by C. T. R. Wilson; The climatology of Antigua, W. I., by W. H. Alexander; and The seasonable variations in the climate of Antigua, W. I., by H. H. Kimball; together with notes 1/y the editor on Mr. Alexander Ashley, Mr. Charles Davis, Lorin Blod- get, Hawaiian weather for February, 1901, Weather Bureau officials as instructors, earth(iuakes in Montana, dust storms m Burma and elsewhere, the permanence of climate, fog in New York Harbor, sleet, rainfall and grazing, the first number of the Monthly Weather Review, bombardment of hailstorms, sar. 1 dunes and the wind, the glacier as an index of climate, an old record at Pensacola, Fla., the kite work of the German Antarctic (^xjK'dition, and average temperature of upper strata. No. 5, special contributions on Some causes of the variability of earthshine, by H. H. Kimball; and Twenty years' study of snow crystals, by W. A. Bentley; and notes by the editor on the effect of the moon on vegetation, i)ublications of the United States Weatlier Bureau, wind and temperature, reduction to standard gravity at Mexican stations, snowfall and its equivalent in water, hail insurance. Weather Bureau men as instructors, annual meeting of the German association of investigators and jihysicians, and Mr. (iustavus .\. Hyde. 13689— No. 5 '6 426 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. No. 6, special fontrilmtioiiH on Sun sjiots and the weather, })y H. H. Kinil)all; An instance of Imll lightninj;: at sea, by R. Seybotli; The climate of Harpoot, Turkey in Asia, by E. Huntington; Reforestation and rainfall in tlie Leeward Islands (illus. ), by AV. H. Alexander; Climatology of St. Kitts — comparison of barometers, ])y W. H. Alexander; and Weather Bureau exhibit at the Pan-American P^xposition, Buffalo, N. Y., by D. T. Maring; and notes by the editor on hail and thunderstorms in Oregon, meteorology in French Indo-China, a rain of small fish, sun spots and meteorology, meteorology in the universities, the International Meteorological Con- gress, Paris, September 10-16, 1900, and Knut Angstrom on atmospheric absorption. Department of meteorolog-y, J. E. Bonebright {IdaJto Sta. Bui. 29, pp. 21-33). — A tal)ular record is given of daily observations at Moscow, Idaho, on temperature, pressure, precipitation, and cloudiness i(l, 14 [luOl], No. 17, pp. 421-424)- — Monthly and annual summaries are given of observati(jns in different parts of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland, on temperature and rainfall during 1900 and 25 years (1874-1898); and on hours of sunshine during 1900 and 10 years (1886-1895), and intensity of sunshine during 1890 and 25 years (1876-1900). The results of semiweekly measurements of soil temperatures at 3 depths are also reported. Report of the imperial station of meteorology and terrestrial magnetism at Vienna {Jahrh. K. K. Central-Anst. Met. v. Erduiagiiet., Vienna, n. ser., 35 {1S9S), pp. XXI + 14.5; 36 {1899), pt. 1, pp. 192).— The detailed official report of observa- tions in Austria during the years 189S and 1899. Magnetical, meteorological, and seismological observ&,tions made at the government observatory, Bombay, 1898 and 1899 {Bomhai/: Goreniineut Cen- tral Press, 1901, pp. 196, charts 11). — This report contains an account of the organiza- tion and operations of this institution during the years named, and tabular records of continuous observations with automatic instruments during 1898 and 1899; obser- vations at 5 different hours daily during 1898 and 1899; five-day means 1898 and 1899; principal disturbances recorded by Milne's seismograph from September, 1898, to December, 1899; absolute magnetic observations, 1898 and 1899, with hourly means of declination, horizontal and vertical force, for 1894 to 1899; mean hourly values of temperature and pressure, 1876-1895, with harmonic analyses of the tenn^erature and pressure at Colaba; and temperature, pressure, and rainfall normals, 1873-1896. The distribution of rainfall over the land, A. J Herbertson {Lcmdon: John Murraij, 1901; rer. in Nalnre, 6'/ {1901), So. 1661,)). 423). The moon and wet days, A. B. MacDowall {Nature, 64 [1901], No. 1661, p. watp:r — SOILS. 427 434, Jiason, ))ut tlu're is littleor no loss of soil moisture, and there is an actual gain of iiioistuii' in Ihc surface soil, which is not due to rain or snow. "The Campbell method has yielded small nops of wiieat ami has given no appre- ciable saving of soil moisture. "Poorer yielils were ol)taincrin- cipal chemical characteristics seem to be a low lime and nitrogen content with high percentages of phosphoric acdd and potash and espe('ially of magnesia. "The second class includes the fine-grained soils of basaltic origin, such as are found in the Palouse and Potlatch regions. These soils are characterized by their dark color and fine texture. Mechanical analysis shows them to contain practically no coarse material, about 41 per cent of fine sand, 47 per cent of silt, and usually not over 2 per cent of clay. The distinguishing cliemical features of these soils are high percentages of all the mineral plant foods except lime and unusually large amounts of organic matter and humus. Many of our best wheat soils belong in this class. "The third class, found mostly along the larger rivers, comprises those soils formed almost entirely from river sand and 'wash.' They contain about 90 i)er cent mod- erately fine sand (mostly quartz and mica), the silt and clay having been for the most part w^ashed out. Like most sandy soils, this type is highly insoluble in acids, con- tains very little organic matter, humus, and nitrogen, and has very limited capacity for retaining moisture. "These soils are somewhat analogous physically to the early truck soils of the East, but unlike them chemically in that our river sand seems to contain large amounts of potash and phosphoric acid. "The fourth group consists of those sandy soils of the irrigated region that do not contain an excess of soluble salts. These soils are usually of a light brown color and are made up of about 60 per cent sand and 20 per cent silt, with some gravel and clay. They are of volcanic origin and are usually T-'h in the mineral plant foods, but contain small percentages of nitrogen, and some a ^ rather deficient in lime. "The fifth group c(jmprises the soils of the arid reg.on that contain an excess of salts soluble in water. The term 'alkali soil' is no longer used in a derogatory sense, but means simply a soil in which there is an excessive accumulation of these salts. This excess of alkali salts may or may not be large enough to be harmful to vegetation. In any case, the alkali soils are almost without exception exceedingly rich in mineral plart food, and when the alkali condition is corrected, often form our most productive soils. WATKR SOILS. 438 "In u;eiu'ral, it may be said i>f (nu' IdaJK) soils, tliat they are uiinsnally ricli in all the mineral plant foods exeepl lime. The volcanic origin of the greater part of onr soils makes them especially rich in potash and pliosi)horic acid. Some of the soils of tlie Immid regions contain nnnsnally high percentages of humns and nitrogen. "The extent of 'alkali' in the State has not yet ])een investigated, l)ut thus far in our soil work no soils analyzed have contained harmful auKnuits of either white or black alkali. Tlie soils received froi . Cassia County contain both kinds of alkali, but not as yet in sufficient quantity to be dangerous to crops. " Soil analyses, F. T. SnuTT {Rpt. Dept. Agr. Ndrthwest Territorie.% 1900, pp. 29-31).— Anal\st's, including determinations of available potash, phosphoric acid, and lime, of 4 samples of surface soil from the Calgary p]xperimental Station, Northwest Terri- tories, are reported. Two of the samples were of the same soil, irrigated and unir- rigated, which were examined with a view to ascertaining the effect of irrigation on the plant food ])resent. The results were not conclusive. The soils of the northern marshes of the Vendee, their composition and exhaustion under culture -without fertilizer, M. Aktits {Ann. iSc't. Aijroii., 1901, 'J, No. 3, pp. 2SS-295). — The soils of these sea marshes which have been reclaimed by natural or artificial means are very clayey and difficult to cultivate. The area included in the study here reported was about 50,000 hectares. Chemical analyses of 8 samples of the soil of the region are rei)orted. These show that as a rule the soils are abundantly sujjplied with nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid. The latter, however, was found to be but slightly solul)le in water by the Schloesing method, and the productiveness ajipeared to vary with the proportion of solu))le phos])horic acid present. The effect of continuous culture without manure shows itself espe- cially in the reduction of the amount of soluble phosphoric acid. Soils, GRAFTrAU {Bui. Agr. IBrussels], 17 {1901), No. 2, pp. 170-172).— Analyses of 9 samples of soil and subsoil of the Campine and of 1 sample of chernozem from Bulgaria are reported. Condition of the aluminum in cultivated soils, T. Schloesing {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 13..' {1901), No. 20, jip. 1203-1212; af>s. in Jour. Chern. Soc. [London'], 90 {1901), No. 465, 11, p. 471, and Cliem. Centbl, 1901, II, No. 3, p. 222).— The author found in examination of a number of Madagascar soils that most of them contained either free alumina or aluminum silicates readily attacked by a dilute solution of sodium hydroxid. The alumina and the silica, however, were chiefly in a sandy condition and did not increase the tenacity of the soils. Soil temperature at Hawkesbury Agricultural CoUeg-e, Richmond, New South Wales, C. T. Musson {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 6, pp. 669-fJSO, pis. 2). — Observations extending over a period of one year. May, 1898, to April, 1899, are reported. The observations were made at depths of J" in., 6 in., 1 ft., and 2 ft., in a light-colored sandy loam. The daily temperature variations are charted and discussed with reference to the effect of rainfall and other conditions. Humus and soil nitrog-en, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota S(a. Bui. 47, pp. 685-704). — In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 11, p. 224) studies were made on nitrifying organisms and the nitrates and nitrites in different soils; the percentage of nitrogen in the first and second 6 in. of the same soil at different dates; the per- centage of organic matter and humus in the first and second 6 in. of plats subjected to different systems of (;ropping and culture; and on the changes which take place in manure heaps. The number of colonies of ordinary l)acteria in the first 3 in. of soil was found to range from 10,000 to 52,000, and (jf anaerol)ic bacteria from 400 to 8,000. Nitrifying bacteria were not found in bare summer fallow below 2 ft. Probably they do not occur normally below 18 in. In the first (5 in. of the soil there was found 415 lbs. of nitrates per foot-acre (an aiTc of soil to a depth of 1 ft., or 3,142,800 lbs. of soil); in the second 6 in., 234 lbs.; at a depth of 3 ft., 675 lbs.; at 7 ft., 294 lbs. Since 85 434 EXPERIMKNT STATIuN RECORD. per cent of nitrifying organisms were found in tlie first 6 in. of soil and none were found below 2 ft. it is evident that the nitrates found at a greater depth .had leached down from near the surface. The largest amount of nitrates was found in a plat on which wheat had followed peas, but "on July 14 the field on which corn had been grown the {)receding year contained 39 per cent more nitrates than for the continuous wheat field. On July 30 the difference was even more marked, Ijeing 61 per cent more of nitrates." Large amounts were also found ii bare fallow, l)ut small amounts under jjrairie sod. "The continuous growing of wheat, or other grains, or cultivated crop, rapidly depletes the organic matter from the second 6 in. of soil. The growing of clover and peas in a crop rotation causes a marked increase in the organic matter and humus in the soil in both the first and second 6 in. . . . Plowing under a green crop does not ijroduce as beneficial results as come from plowing grass lands. Plowing under a green crop leaves the organic matter in a mass and not uniformly distributed throughout the soil. After grass in a crop rotation the soil shows a large increase in amount of organic matter, but less than two-thirds as much as is found in adjoining fields of native prairie soil. . . . "Soils on which wheat has been grown continuously since 1883 were found to be in bad condition, chemically and physically. They do not retain water well in the cultivated portion, and failed to mature a crop of wheat in the dry season of 1900. The available plant food and the principal feeding ground of the wheat roots seems to be in the first 8 in. of soil. . .' . "Newly broken soils do not blow. . . . The great mass of fine roots intertwined about the particles of soil in the virgin prairie prevented the soil from blowing." The same result may be attained by adopting a system of rotation which includes grass. "The system of agriculture most nearly ideal for maintaining soil fertility would be one with 2 years in grass followed by cultivated crop, then 2 years in grain crops, making a 5 j'ears' rotation." The decomposition and transformation of nitrogen compounds in soils by- lower organisms, and their influence on the grovrth of plants, \V. Kru(;er and W. StHNEiDEWiND (Ldndir. Jahrh., 30 {1901), No. 4, PP- 6S3-64S, pi. 1; ab.^. in Dent. Ijmdir. Preane, ^8 {1901), No. 73, p. 619).— On the basis of the results of plat and vegetation experiments during 1900 the authors conclude that the effect of coarse manures in interfering with the assimilation of nitrogen of the soil lij' plants is due not only to denitrification l)ut also largely to the transformation of assimilable nitrogen (including that of ammonium sulphate) into insoluble and unassimilable nitrogen compounds (albuminoid substances). For previous investigations of the authors on this subject see E. S. R., 12, p. 728. On the action of organisms in soils and manure, L. Hiltner {Dent. Landw. Presse, 28 {1901), Noti. 24, pp. 203, 204; 25, pp. 212, 213; 27, pp. 231, 232).— k general discussion of this subject. On nitrification and denitrification, A. Beddies {Cliem. Zig., 2-5 {1901), No. 49, pp. 523, 524; nb.9. in Clu'in. CeiithL, 1901, II, No. 3, p. 222. Treatise on the origin and formation of soils, L. Milch {IXo' (irnDdhujcn. der Bodenkunde. Leipsic: Franz Deuticke, 1901, pp. 162; (dn<. in Geo!. CentJiL, 1 {1901), No. 19, p. 581). — This ]*ook discusses the more important mineralogical and geolog- ical facts relating to soil formation. The vertical movement of the surface soil, Ii. Darwin ( Rcr. Sri., 4. aer., 16 {1901), No. 6, pp. 183, 184). — This is a note on a communication to the Royal Society of London on observations, in continnatiou of those of the eider Darwin, on the rate at which stones and other ol)jects left on the surface sink into the soil. What is a steppe ?( T. I. Tanfilvev {Ahs. in Zlnir. O/miln. Aijron., 1 {1900), No. 3, pp. 278, 279). — The author gives the following definition: " A stei)pe is a more or FERTILIZERS. 435 less plain tract, treel^'ss in its natural state, not subject to inundatifins, covered with mure or less i-ontinuous sod anil with a more or less dark soil layer on a suhsoil rich in carbonates and other soluble salts." From deserts which are connected with it by a series of transitions, the steppe differs by containing carbonates as a predomi- natinjr cnnstituent of its soluble salts while they are also rich in soluble chlorids and Sul]>liates. — I'. FIHEM.VN. Some apparatus for soil investigation, T. L. Lyox and Y. Nikaido (Xebraska Sta. IxjtI. WOO, pj). x!0-JS, tifj!<. S). — Apparatus for determininjjj soil moisture and soil temjieratures are described. The first consists of a sampling tube, 200 gm. soil cans of alununum with wooden case, and double-walled constant-level oven of sheet cop- per coiitaining a mixture of 'A parts of glycerin with 1 of water for drying the soil in the cans at 100° C. The apparatus for determining soil temperatures consists of a thermometer inclosed in a hollow steel tube, which may l)e driven into the soil to the desired depth. "The thermometer proper consists of a thin glass bulb 3 in. long and i in. in diameter joined to a capillary stem 30 in. in length. The bulb and the stem are filled with mercury to such a point that the zero point of the thermometer is 15 in. above the bulb. The stem is inclosed in a glass case j in. in diameter at the lower or ungradu- ated portion, and 1 in. in diameter at the upper portion Avhich carries the scale. This leaves a dead-air space surrounding the stem of the thermometer, which tends to prevent changes of temperature in it during the measurement of the soil tempera- ttire. The total length of the ungraduated portion of the stem is 18 in. This per- mits the determination of the temperature of the soil at any desired depth down to that linut." For inserting the thermometer into the soil a solid steel rod closely Htting the hollow steel tube, referred to above, is placed in the latter, the lower end, which is of the same diameter as the bulb of the thermometer, i)rojecting a few inches below the end of the tube, and the whole is driven into the soil to the tlesired depth. The rod is then withdrawn and the thermometer is lowered into its place. "The bulb of the thermometer will then come in contact on all sides with the soil at the depth indicated on the tube. The mercury of the thermometer will reach a constant level, so that a reading can be taken in 10 or 15 minutes." The electric method of Whitney and Means for the determination of the saltcontent of soils, K. CiEDUoiz [Zhur. Opuit)i. Agron., 1 {1900), Xo. l,j^).21-4S). — This is a critical discussion of the electric method proposed by Whitney and Means for the determination of the salt content of soils. — p. fireman. FERTILIZERS. Losses in farm manures and the value of nitrogen of such manures, E. B. VooKMEEs ( Xcir Jcrtift/ Sax. liul. 150, pp. 27) . — This bulletin discusses, from the practi- cal standpoint of increase in crop, the losses which occur in farm manures; the rela- tive usefulne.ss of the nitrogen of fresh and leached manures; and the comparative value of nitrogen in commercial forms and in natural manures. The plan of ex])eri- ment lias been described and the results partially rejjorted in a ])revions pul)licatiou (K. S. K., 12, pp. 321, 322). "Solid manure exposed for an average of 109 days lost 37. t) lbs. of nitrogen from every 100 lbs. contained in it, 51.9 of phosphoric acid from every 100, and 47.1 of potash from every 100. "Solid and liiiuid manure (•ond)ined, exposed for an average of 109 days, lost 51 lbs. of nitrogen from every 100 lbs. contained in it, 51.1 of phosi>ln)ric arid from every 100, and 01.1 lbs. of pijtash from every 100. . . . "On the average for 3 croi)S, 1 of corn and 2 of oats, the increa.sed yield from the application of fresh solid and liquid manure combined was 3.38 times as great 436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. as from the application of the solid manure alone, though the same iiiiionnt of nitro- gen was applied in each case. "The nitrogen in the leached solid manure was on the whole more effective than in the fresh, while in the leached solid and liquid combined, it was much less effect- ive than in the fresh. The loss of the liquid portion very materially reduced the effectiveness of the manure. "The residual effect of the nitrogen in yard manure was very considerable, and was greatest in the solid, fresh. "Nitrogen in the commercial products, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and dried blood, was more effective than in the natural manure i)roducts. Of these 3 forms, the nitrate was the most effective. "In these experiments for every 100 of gain derived from nitrate of soda, there was a gain of 73.3 for sulphate of ammonia, and 65.3 for dried l)lood. "There was no increase in crops obtained from the residues of the nitrate, the ammonia, and the dried blood, though in the case of the ammonia and blood a very consiileral)le portion of the amount applied was not recovered in the first crop. "The percentage increased yields obtained in the crop innnediately following the application of the different products showed that if nitrogen in the form oi nitrate, which was used as the standard, cost 15 cts. per pound, the nitrogen in the manures would be worth relative to it, as follows: Nitrogen in solid manure, fresh, 2.07 cts. per j>ound; nitrogen in solid and liquid manure, fresh, 6.90 cts. .per pound; nitrogen in solid manure, leached, 2.41 cts. per pound; and nitrogen in solid and liquid manure, leached, 4.54 cts. per jMjund. " When the residual effect of nitrogen of the manures is taken into account and no further api)lications of nitrate are made, the values of the nitrogen in the manures relative to the nitrate are: In solid manure, fresh, 6.22 cts. per pound; in solid and liquid manure, fresh, 11.69 cts. per pound; in solid manure, leached, 7.04 cts. per pound; and in solid and licjuid manure, leached, 6.73 cts. per pound." Experiments on the application of manure, L. M.\lpe.\itx and E. Dokez {Ann. Agron., 21 {1901), Nu. S, jrp. 353-356). — This is an account of experiments with fod- der l)eets followed by wheat grown on plats on which manure was (1) plowed under as soon as applied, and (2) spread and allowed to lie on the surface about 2 months during winter l)efore being i)lowed under. The results were decidedly in favor of plowing in immediately after application. Green manuring, A. L. Yakovlvev {Izr. Moscoir Sel.sk: Khoz. luM. \^Ann. Inst. Agron. J/o.sroi'/], 6' ( 1900), pt. 4, ]>p. 503-5S3). — In order to compare the availability to higher i)lants of the nitrogen of green manure with that < >f nitrate of soda, various kinds of animal manures, and other nitrogenous fertilizers, the author raised crops of oats in pots using as sources of nitrogen (1) nitrate of soda, (2) liquid manure, (3) fresh horse feces, (4) fermented horse manure, (5) fresh cow manure (6) blood meal, and (7) green manure. The experiments were made on sandy soil containing 0.076 per cent of nitrogen. Each pot contaiued 6 kg. of soil. All the mineral nutrients were pres- ent in quantities sufficient ior a maximum yield, while nitrogen was deficient. Nitrate of soda was added in auiounts furnishing 0.5 gm. of nitrogen, while the other fertilizers were used in quantities containing 1 gm. of nitrogen. The largest crop was secured from the pot on which green manure was used. The order of effective- ness of the other fertilizers was — nitrate of'soda, blood meal, and liquid manure. The animal manure either did not increase the yield (as was the case with the fer- mented horse manure) or diminished it (as was the case with the cow manure, and especially with the fresh horse feces). Another series of experiments led the author to the conclusion that fresh green manure and dry green manure are equally effective as nitrogen fertilizers. Other conclusions based partly ui)on a survey of the literature of the subject and partly on the experiments of the author, are as follows: (1) When leguminous plants FERTILIZERS. 437 are plowi'd undor no loss of nitrogen in the gaseous state occurs owing to the absence of (kMiitrifviiig bacteria, differing in this respect from the conditions noted when straw is piowi'd under; (2) enriching tlie soil in liunuis by green manures exerts a beneficial effect on the physical properties of light soils, increasing their capacity for moisture and imjjroving the structure in a larger measure than barn manure, since the root residues on rotting are better adapted to that purpose, and (3) a disadvantage of green manuring is its drying effect on the soil. — p. fireman. Contribution to the knowledge of green manuring on heavy soils, F. Han- Astu (/tsrJir. LiDithr. Vcrxnc}).-01),X.77J-77S). — ICxperiments with mustard, horse beans, vetches, and several kinds of peas and clovers are reported. The best results were obtained witli white mustard followed by vetches, the poorest with field ]>eas. Clover and phosphorites, I'. Budrine {Afis. in ZItiif. Ojiuidt. .{(jron., 1 {1900), No. 3, pp. '293-29')). — The author reports the results of exi)eriments with i)hosphatic and other fertilizers carried out on the experiment fields of the Novo- Alexandria Agri- cultural Institute. The results show among other things that the crops of clover may be considerably increased by the aid of phosphorites. — v. fireman. Experiments on the relative value of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, P. Wagner {Mill. Deut. Lamhr. GeselL, 16 {1901), ^Vo.s. 10, pp. .55, 56; 11, pp. 57-60). — The results of these experiments show no difference in effectiveness of thf fertilizers, whether the entire quantity was applied February 25, or only half the quantity ai)plied that date and the rest on April 27. Seventy-three per cent of the nitrogen applied in nitrate of soda and 67 per cent of the sulphate of ammonia was regained in the grain and straw of barley. The total yield obtained with sulphate of ammonia was about 90 per cent of the total yield with nitrate of soda. The report discusses at some length, the relation of the kind of crop, the time of applying ferti- lizers, weather conditions, physical condition of the soil, and the presence of calcium carbonate in the soil to the effit'iency of these fertilizers. Fertilizer experiments vrith sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, Bonsmann {Deut. Landir. /V.s.st', 18 {1901), No. 52, pp. 463, 464)- — A critical discus- sion of the methods which have been used by various investigators in determining the relative value of these fertilizing materials. Experiments with chemical fertilizers on garden soils, E. Francais {Bui. Ayr. [Bnmeh'], 17 {1901), No. 2, pp. 222-234)- — Comparative plat tests of chemical fertilizers and barnyard manure during 3 years on a variety of plants are reported. The results were to a large extent inconclusive, due probably to the originally fertile character of the soil experimented with. However, it seemed that manure was much more effective on legumes than on other common crops. This is attributed to the cond)ined chemical, i)hysica], and biological properties which the manure possesses in greater degree than chemical fertilizers. The use of commercial fertilizers in winter, ( ieklacii ( /V»/. Lawdw. Prrsse, 28 {1901), No. 61, pi>. 5.10, 531). On the fertilizing value of flue ashes, J. KoNia(/A'»y. Jjtiidw. Presse, 28 {1901), No. 69, J). 592). — Analyses are rejjorted which show that such ashes contain from 8.65 to 10.33 i)er cent of potash, 6.1 to 7.8 per cent of lime, and small amounts of phos- phoric acid. The lime and potash are partly in the form of sulphate and jiartly sili- cate. The composition of this product is very variable and depends upon a number f)f conditions, l)ut mainly upon the composition of the coal used in the furnaces. The fertilizing value of stable manure w^hen tobacco w^aste has been used for bedding, N. Passerini {Atli. R. Accud. Econ. .i/>. 327-330). — The tobacco waste referred to consisted mainly of midribs of the leaves. The utilization of residues from wine making and of spoiled wine as fer- tilizers, F. Garrk;ou {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Farts, 133 {1901), No. 4, PP- 252-254; 438 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ohs. ill. Chcm. CenibL, 1901, II, No. 12, p. 7o5).— Figures are given wliicli hIiow the total amount of these materials annually wasted in France, as well as the amounts of fertilizing constituents which they contain, and suggestions regarding the saving and utilization of the various by-products of the wine industry (including the ashes of the prunings and leaves) for fertilizing purposes are made. Froduction of soluble potash salts from potassium feldspar ( orthoclase ) , J. G. A. RiioDiN {Jour. Hoc Chem. Ind., 20 {lOOi), No. 6, pp. 439, 440).— T\w author claims that by heating 100 parts of finely powdered feldspar with 53 parts of slaked lime and 40 parts of common salt to a temperature of 900° C. for an hour from 80 to 90 per cent (jf the potassium of the feldspar is converted into potassium chlorid. rorniation of oceanic salt deposits, particularly of the Stassfurt beds. XXII. Gypsum and anhydrite. II. The soluble anhydrite (CaS04), J. H. van't Hoff, W. Hinrichsen, and F. Weigert {Sitzbcr. Kgl. Prcuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1901, pp. 570-578; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. \_London], SO {1901), No. 466, II, p. 500). — Investigations are reported which indicate that gypsum is transformed into anhydrite at 98° C. Commercial fertilizers, H. A. Huston and W. J. Jones {Purdue Unir. Spec. Bui. , July, 1901, pi>. SO). — "This bulletin contains the new fertilizer law of Indiana, the detailed report and summary of inspections made in 1900 under the old law, the analysis of manufacturers' samples made between July, 1900, and March, 1901, under the old law, and the manufacturers' guarantees made since March, 1901, under the new law." Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. McDonnell et AL. {Maryland Agr. Col. Quart., 1901, No. 13, pp. 1-60). — A report of the results of inspection of fertilizers March to June, 1901. Complete fertilizer analyses, spring season, 1901, B. W. Kilgore et al. {Bui. North ('arolina State Bd. Ayr., 23 {1901), No. 5, pj>. ,?--?6).— This includes expla- nations of terms and of the valuation of fertilizers, freight rates, a discussion of the composition of fertilizers for special crops, recent changes in the State fertilizer law, and tal)ulated analyses and valuations of 581 samples of fertilizers. Analysis of commercial fertilizers {SoutJi Carolina Sta. Bui. 64, pp. 10). — This bulletin is .supplementary to Bulletin 60 of the station (E. S. R., 13, p. 332) and reports the results of analyses and valuations of 149 samples of fertilizing materials examined during the season of 1900-1901. Report of chemist, M. B. Hardin {South Carolina. Sta. i?p/. 1900, pp. 9-1,5). — A brief account of the work of the year in the chemical department of the station, including summaries f)f the general analytical work and of the results of fertilizer inspection, the latter of which have been reported in detail in previous bulletins (E. 8. R., 12, p. 626). During the year ended June 30, 1900, 330 samples of fertil- izers were analyzed. Of these 6 were deficient under the State law, their commercial value, based upon analysis, falling 3 per cent or more below the commercial value based upon guarantee. "Besides these there were 56 samples which fell below guar- antee in one or more*constituents, but whose money value was made up of an excess of other constituents." The average composition of the fertilizers examined is given. Commercial fertilizers, 1901, J. H. Stewart and B. H. Hite ( Me.vi Virginia Sta. Bui. 76, p]). 181-195). — This bulletin summarizes the provisions of the amended fertilizer law of West Virginia which took effect May 2, 1901, and reports analyses and valuations of 144 samples of fertilizers examined during 1900. Under the amended law manufacturers are not required to furnish certified sami)les of their fer- tilizers to the inspector, but to submit an affidavit stating not only the amount or percentage of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, etc., but also the materials from which these constituents are derived and the form in which they exist in the fertil- izers. The analysis fee required by the old law is replaced by a nominal registration fee of $1 per brand, the necessary revenue for carrying the new law into effect being fip:ld crops, 439 derived from the sale of tajrs. It is claimed that this chaiifie to a tonnage tax will be of decided advantajn' to purchasers of commercial fertili/.ers l)y promoting competition and ini'T'easiiiir tiic mimher of brands of fertilizers introduced into the State. Laws relating to inspection, analysis, manufacture, and sale of fertil- izers, cotton-seed meal, etc., in Florida (Mo. Bid. Florida Drpl. A;/r., II iiuoi), No. (Ui, jip. l.i-lS). — (iives text of the law approved ]VIay 22, 1901. Report of the committee charged with the study of the revision of legis- lation relating to the adulteration of fertilizers and foods ( Bid. A(/r.[Jh-ii.isil.'<], 17 (1901), Xo. ^, PI). ^-35-290). — The provisions of the laws in force in p]ngland, Denmark, S]>ain, France, Hungary, Norwa\', Portugal, Sweden, and Switzerland are briefly given. FIELD CROPS. Report on the experimental work at the agricultural college at Tetschen- Liebwerd, E. (tross (Ztsdn: Landir. Vevsuchsw. Oesterr., 3 (1900), No. o, jij). .U4- 488,fiir. Aijr. BdihIxii/ I'i'ikUJchcii, r.iOO, pp. 1-2-2, 23-36). — Thin report records the results of experiments with field crops at the Poona and Surat experimental farms for the years 1898 to 1900, inclusive. The work included cultural tests with forage and fiber crops and with wheat, sugar cane, rice, and tobacco; a series of fertilizer and rotation experiments; improvement of seed by selection; and irrigation tests. Among a number of sorghums grown experimentally a variety known as Sundhia is considered as probably the best variety under cultiva- tion in that region. Mauritius w^ater grass proved an excellent plant for damp and even wet situations, and the successful cultivation of (iuinea grass (PaniciDn jiunen- tor'mm) is reported as fully established. Alfalfa gave good returns when conditions were favorable, but a mixed crop of alfalfa and Guinea grass is recommended as safer than alfalfa alone. Experiments with Egyptian and Brazilian varieties of cot- ton led to the conclusion that the conditions are unsuited to exotic varieties and that improvement must be along the line of developing indigenous sorts. Rhea {Boehmena tenacissimu) , grown for 3 years, did not give encouraging results. Hibiscus cannabinus and Crotalar'm juncea yielded 973 and 520 lbs. of fiber per acre, respectively, while Rhea produced only 56 lbs. Five varieties of Bdjri [Pennhetiun ti/phoideum) are described and their value noted. Twenty-three varieties of wheat (Triticutn xs:livum) were tested, but no conclusions were drawn, and no individual varieties are mentioned. Gram {Cicer arietiiium) was found to be an excellent rotation crop, requiring light irrigation only. Tur {Cqjanus indicus) was grown as an intercultural forage crop with sorghum. The work in seed selection was undertaken with cotton and sorghum, and the progress of the experi- ments is discussed. Rice as an intercultural crop with cotton in rows wid^e apart proved a failure. Sumatra tobacco was one of the earliest t(j mature among 10 varieties tested, and it produced a finer and softer leaf than indigenous sorts. The different varieties of tobacco are briefly described. Agricultural experiments (Rpt. Dipt. Agr. Northwest Temtorks, 1900, pp. 22-28). — The experimental work conducted in the Northwest Territories in 1900 is outlined, and the results at the Calgary Experiment Station in variety tests with wheat, l)arley, oats, rape, and potatoes are briefly reported. Short notes are given on culture experiments with grasses and forage crops. The meteorological record for the last 5 months of the year is shown in a table. Crop experiments, W. T. Lawrence {County Councils Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland, Tech. Education, Rpt. 9 {1900), pp. 162-171). — The experiments were carried out at the Cumberland and Westmoreland County Council Farm in 1900. The work consisted of fertilizer experiments on meadows, potatoes, mangolds, swedes, and oats, and the results oljtained are here briefly summarized. Rotation experiments at Kimblesworth, Chester-le-Street ( ( 'oiinti/ Councils CuuihirJand, Durliaiu, and Nnrlluniiberland, Tcrh. J'Jducitlnu, Rpt. 9 {1900), pp. 37-48, figs. 2). — The experiment was made with a 5-year rotation, namely, potatoes, barley, hay, hay and oats. The work was carried out on 22 fifth-acre plats with suitablf soil. Heavy dressings of barnyard manure were unusually profitable. Commercial fertilizers applied alone gave poor results, but as a supplementary ai>plication to 12 tons of barnyard manure per acre a mixture of IJ cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 5 cwt. each of superphosphate and kainit produced a jirofitable iniTease in the crops. The most important ingredients of the mixture applied with barnyard manure Avere the nitrogenous substances. Superphosphate was the l)est phosphatic fertilizer. Rotation experiment at Rose Bank, Dalston {County Councils Cundierland, Durham, and Northumberland, Tech. Education, Rpt. 9 {1900), pp. 40-65, figs. 4)- — This experiment was conducted on poor moorland soil recently liroken uj) from pas- ture. The succession of crops was swedes, oats, hay, hay and oats. On this soil FIKLD CROPS. 4-il barnyanl inamire jmived iiiucli less effective than commercial fertilizers. Kainit, in the alis('n((> of barnyard manure, greatly benefited the crop?, especially the oat crop. In general, applying all the commercial fertilizers to the root crop proved to be a better i)ra(ti((' tlian using a certain portion for each cro]> in the rotation. Suggestions for the manuring of various crops {Ecading Col., Afjr. Tkpl. Rpt. 1900, ]>j). 44-4^ )■ — Brief notes on the manuring of peas, l)eans, swedes, turnips, rape, mangels, potatoes, cabbage, cereals, rye grass, clover, and meadoAV and pasture lands. Tlie importance of the selection of varieties in plant culture, Edlek [Hes- sische Ldiuhr. XtscJn:, 71 {IMl), Xo. 0, pp. SS,6'9). The utilization of the agave plant in Mexico {Milt. Dent. Lotidir. dixelL, 16 [1901), Sup. to Xo.^. 7, pp. .Jl, 52; .V, pp. 55, 56). The production of barley for brewing purposes, von RIimker {Fiildhig'.'i Landv. Zt No. 11, p. 73). Forage plants for Kansas, A. S. Hitchcock and J. M. Westgate {Kansas Sta. Bui. 102, pp. 179-220, Jig.^. SO, pis. 16). — This bulletin describes briefly a large number of forage plants considered valuable for the State, including those giving promise of success at the experiment station grass garden. Directions are given for the culture of millets, sorghum, timothy, red clover, mammoth clover, and native grasses. The renovation of worn-out native pastures is also l^riefly discussed. The following forage plants are described: Soy bean {Ghjcme hisjyala), white clover {Trifolhun repens), mammoth clover ( T. mef/m/n), red clover (T. pratcnsc), alsike clover, Swedish clover {T. hybridum), buffalo clover {T. reflcvuni), crimson clover (7. incamatum), Egyptian clover {T. ale.randrinum), Bokhara or sweet clover (Md'dotus alba), alfalfa {Medkago saliva), hairy vetch {Vkla rUlosa), spring vetch {Yiria sativa), Dakota vetch {Lotus americanus) , bird's-foot trefoil {L. roniirnlatiis), white lupine {Lnpinus albus), blue lupine (X. hir.vitus), yellow lupine (/>. lateas), flat pea {L(dhyrtis si/lrcs- tris loagneri), Jai)an clover ( Lcf^pedrza striatu) , serradella ( Ornithojms sativiis), sainfoin {Ono}>njchis saliva), chick-pea {(Hcer arivtinum), beggar weed {Dvsmodinin tortuosum), Scotch broom {Cijti.ms .'orts on tests of different grass mixtures for permanent and temporary meadows and pastures, and on trials with sainfoin and alfalfa. Very intensive forage culture, San Bernardo {Jour. Agr. J'raL, 1001, I, No. 7, pp. 212-214, fig. I)-- — A report on the intensive culture of maize, Imrley, and oats for forage in Spain. The crop was grown under irrigation on a field of 3 hectares which had received 50,000 kg. of barnyard manure, 666 kg. Thomas slag, 500 kg. nitrate of soda, and 170 kg. of superphosphate per hectare. The corn grew to an average height of 4.30 meters and yielded 90,000 kg. of forage per hectare during a favoral)le season. The (rorn was sown early in April and cut about August 1. The second crop of corn was then grown and harvested l)y November 1. Following this, barley or oats was sown, which was cut for green forage the following spring, l)efore the preparation of the land for the first corn crop. The average yield for the three years was 75,000 kg. of green forage per hectare for the first crop of corn, 65,000 for tlie second crop, and 27,000 kg. for the crop of barlej' or oats. The experiment was a financial success. Fertilizer requirements of meadows, Clausen {fjnuhr. Wdnihl. Sclilisu-ig- Ilohliiii, .',l(i;nil), Nos. 7, J)p. lO.i-JOU, figx. 2; S, /,p. 118-120, Jig. i).— A report on experiments with rye grass on marshy and ordinary soils. •444 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Fertilizer experiments on clover and rye grass {Counfjf Councils Cumberland, Durham, and Xorthnmherland, IWIt. Education, Rpt. 9 {1!)00), }>p. 30-86). — The results of cooperative fertilizer experiments on elover and rye grass at six different centers are reported. The application found most profitable consisted of 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda and f cwt. of sulphate of ammonia per acre. Two hundredweight nitrate of soda gave almost as good results, the nitrate proving more generally useful than the sulphate of ammonia. Superphosphate was profitable in two cases only. Experiments upon hops, 1900, A. D. Hall [Jour. Southead. Arjr. Col. Wye, lUOl, Xu. 10, pp. 21-S'2). — The experiments here reported include a study of the effect of cutting the hop vine at picking time, a comparison of different systems of training as to the yield and observations on the effect of stripping the plants of their lower leaves and laterals. The data obtained through a series of chemical analyses, the results of which are tabulated, show that a valuable amount of nutritive material is retained l)y the root if the vine and leaves are allowed to rii)en before their removal. The -^iraining experiments this season resulted in the best yields from the ck>sely-planted systems. The previous season, when a much heavier crop was obtained, the results favored the widely-planted systems. Stripping materially reduced the yield, while in 1899 it caused no loss. These results were to some extent effected l)y the character of the seasons. A report on tests -with, sport varieties of oats in 1899, K. Kitti>aiss [Dent. Landn: Presse, 28 (1901), Noa. 18, p. 149; 19, p. 158). Potato grooving- experiments, J. S. Gordox {Jonr. A'o//. llort.Soc. [^London'\, 24- {1900), Xo. o, pp. 2S-1-2!)S). — This is a report on experiments with potatoes with especial reference to .«eed, methods of planting, and the u.se of fertilizei's. The selec- tion of seed potatoes, the origination of new varieties, and the importance of tilth in potato culture are discussed. The results of tests with cuttinsrs or whole tubers and different sized cuttings for seed and of experiments with commercial fertilizers and barnyard manure applied alone and in different cond)inations are presented in tabular form. The average yield of 5 varieties from cuttings and from whole tuVjers was 12 tons 5 cwt., and 13 tons 3 cwt. of salable potatoes per acre, respectively. Cut- tings of 6 different sizes, the diameter varying from 1 to 2^ in., were compared and the results showed that fairly large sets produce heavier yields than small sets, but they are not so profitable. It was further noticed that the yield of small tubers increases with the number of stems a j>otato produces, and that the varieties with the strongest stalks were the most drought-resisting. Barnyard manure was more effec- tive than commercial fertilizers, owing to a large extent to its beneficial in3uence on the mechanical condition of the soil. Superphosphate in connection Avith barnyard manure decreased the yield. Sulphate of ammonia gave better results than nitrate of soda. An application of 15 tons of barnyard manure, 1 cwt. sulphate of ammonia, and 3 cwt. of superphosphate per acre, yielded llj cwt. of salable potatoes less than the same application with the addition of 1 cwt. of muriate of potash, but the per- centage of .salal)le tubers was about the same. INIuriate of jiotash was more effective than kainit. The use of 1 cwt. of jjotash gave l)etter results than double that amount. Experiment on potatoes (Counti/ Councils Cumberland, Durham, and Xorthntn- herlaiid, Terh. Eduratloit, Rpt. 9 (1900), pp. 21-29). — The results of a cooperative exjieriment on potatoes conducted on 5 different farms are reported. An applica- tion of 1^ cwt. sulphate of ammonia. If cwt. of superphosphate and f cwt. of sulphate of potash per acre, in addition to 12 tons of barnyard manure, gave better results than the use of double this quantity of commercial fertilizers. The most profitable dressing of commercial fertilizers alone consists of 2\ cwt. sulphate of ammonia, 3^ cwt. superphosphate, and 3 cwt. sulphate of potash, but the results on other plats indicated that if J cwt. of nitrate of soda and 1 cwt. of fish meal had been substituted for 1 cwt. of the sulphate of ammonia, the returns would have been still more profitable. Copious dressings uf sulphate and muriate of potash were FIELD CROI'S, 445 found profitable, but heavy t. 9 {1900), pp. 9-20). — Cooperative experi- ments were made to determine the effects of commercial fertilizers used alone and with barnyard manure, and further, to test the soils on which the work was carried out. The average results show that where 2^ cwt. of slag, j cwt. of nitrate of soda, f cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, and 2 cwt. of kainit were applied with 12 tons of barnyard manure, the increase in crop just paid for the commercial fertilizers. Con- sidering the results of rotation experiments, it is believed that the effects of commer- cial fertilizers on subsequent crops would give a profit. The nitrogenous fertilizers produced the greatest increase in crop. Sweet potato, F. S. Shiver {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 63, pp. 37). — This bulletin sets forth the results of 3 different lines of observations, namely, the effect of fertiliz- ing with different forms of potash on the starch content of the sweet potato, the effect KIKLD ("KOl'S. 447 of storiiitr upon the coinpositidii, iiml tlif irlutivi' value of several iienerally u.sed iiiethoils 111 storing. The results with different forms of potash as a fertilizer are pre- sented in the following table:. liesults of expernnents with different forms of potash as a fertilizer for street pottitoes. Compost ami kaiiiit Coniiiost and m\iriateof potash. Nothing Compost and sulphate of potash Compost and silicate of potash . Compt)st „_..„, , • , ' Water-free mate- Onginal material. j j Water. Starch. Per cent. 63.81 63.77 62. 07 64.97 65.87 65.26 Per cent. 22.86 22. 21 24.58 21.63 20.70 20.80 Dry sub- stance. Per cent. 36.19 36.23 37.93 35.03 34.13 34.74 Per cent. 63.16 61.31 64.80 61.75 60.66 59.88 Yield of sweet potato per acre. Pounds. 11,403 9, 006 7, 986 9, 576 9,744 8,103 Yield of starch per acre. Pounds. 2,607 2,000 1,963 2,071 2,017 1,685 Compost was used at the rate of 1,000 lbs. per acre while kainit, nuiriate, sulphate, and silit-ate of potash were applied at the rate of 400, 100, 100, and 2o0 lbs. per aere, respectively. The variety used in this test was Horton yam. The study of the effects of storing on the composition of the sweet potato was con- ducted with the same variety. The sweet potatoes fertilized with the different forms of potash mentioned abeve were stored November 28 and analyzed at that time and at different periods later. The ligures for all plats for the different periods are given in the following ta))le: AiKili/xr.f lit ilijf'erciit perin,214.7 lieat units necessary to mature the crops. The heat units repre- sent the mean temperature of the growing period muhiiiiied l)y the mind)er of days of tlie growing period. In 1900 Fife, Bhie Stem, and Preston wheat required an average of 10;> days, 908.4 hours of recorded sunshine, and 6,560.1 heat units to mature. For the two years tlie average number of lieat units was (),.'}87.4, as com- pared with 8,500 for all i)arts of Europe as given by Cooke. The jx-riod of growth averaged approximately 100 days, as compared with 115 to 184 for Europe. The author considers this difference to be due to other conditions of soil and cUmate, such as soil temperature, radiation, evaporation, rainfall, moisture-holding capacity of the soil, quantity of available plant foot, etc. Soil temperatures taken during the two seasons at dejiths of 1 and 6 inches are shown in tables. In 1899, oats required 89 days and 5,525.9 heat units, and in 1900, 92 days and 5,847.3 heat units, to complete maturity. Corn required 113 days and 7,423.3 heat units in 1899 and 114 days and 7,812.1 iieat units in 1900 to ripen. The wheat crop of 1900 grown under different methods of farming {Xorth Dakota SUi. Bui. 48, pp. 735-74'-', fii/s- ^).— The results for 1900 of a series of rotation and cultivation experiments with wheat, in progress for several years, are reported. Three plats on which wheat had been grown continuously for 5 years received different cultural treatment. The first was plowed 3 to 4 in. deep and given ordinary cultivation; the second was plowed 6 to 7 in. deep, but otherwise treated as the first; the third was given better cultivation and was spring plowed 6 to 7 in. deep in 1900. The yields for the three plats were 4.7, 7.1, and 13.2 bu. j^er acre, respectively. Plat 4 in this experiment had been treated like the foregoing plats until 1899, when a crop of corn was grown. The grain on this plat stooled well, stood 34 in. high, and yielded 25.4 bu. per acre. Plat 5, which produced potatoes in 1899 and which had annually grown a cultivated crop since 1890, yielded 24.3 bu. per acre. Plat 0 had been treated as plat 5, but was summer fallowed in 1899. This plat yielded the longest straw and the most grain, the yield per acre being 29 bu. Plat 7, which has grown corn, wheat, flax, and corn, in the order given, during the 4 preceding years, i)roduced 23.8 bu. of wheat in 1900. The yield on plat 8, which had grown wheat annually since 1883, was but 4 bu. per acre. In previous experi- ments harrowing after fall plowing, rolling and harrowing after spring sowing, and harrowing again when the wheat was 6 in. high, increased the yield 4J bu. per acre as compared with cultivation necessary to put in the crop. It is concluded from these tests that good cultivation must be accompanied by a proper rotation of crops for the profitable production of wheat. A test of growing flax on soils treated like those above mentioned gave results similar to those of the test with wheat and led to the sami' cfjiiclnsions. Variety tests of wheat, G. C W.\tson and E. H Hess [Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 65, pp. S) — This Imlletin is a report on a test of 23 varieties of wheat largely grown throughout the State. The work of testmg varieties of wheat has been in progress at the station since 1890 (E. S. R., 11, p 731) Attacks of the Hessian fiy reduced the stand to 55 per cent of perfection, and the average yield was only 13.40 bu. per acre. The average yield of the 11 bearded varieties was 14.42 bu. and of the 12 smooth varieties 12.47 bu. per acre. The yields of grain from the different varieties varied greatly. The })ear(led varieties were injured less by the Hessian fiy and gave a larger yield-of grain and straw and a heavier weight of grain j^er measured bushel than the beardless or smooth varieties. The differences in yield of the smooth varieties are considered due to the .lifferences in the damage done by the insect. Late-sown wheat was injured less l)y the insect pest than early-.sown wheat and consequently gave l)etter yields. In 1899 Reliable, a bearded variety, was sown on September 2 and 23, but the results in this case, owing to an early winter, were decidedly in favor of the earlier sowing. It is conc;luded from these results that the seaaon governs the 450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. time of sowing, and that lience no definite date can be given. Of the varieties under test for 3 years, KeHaljle has jtroduceil the most grain. In 1900 this same variety was again the leader in j^roduetiveness, followed by Dawson Golden Chaff, the yields being 22.29 and 17.64 bu. per acre respectively. The comparative values of Ontario wheats for bread-making purposes, R. Harcourt ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expl. Farm Bui. 115, pp. 6) . — For the purpose of making this comparison 37 ten-bushel lots of wheat were gathered from different sources. All lots were grown in Ontario in 1900, with the exception of a l(jt of Turkey Red imported from Kansas. These lots were ground and the tiour saved from the last part of the run to assure the accuracy of all samples. The results of the work are set forth in the following table: Average results of a comparison of (he qualitij of fiour from different varieties of ivheat. Varieties. WINTER WHEATS. Turkey Red Michigan Amber Genesee Giant Dawson Golden Chaff. Early Red Clawson Manchester Scott Walker Reliable Jones Winter Fife Diamond Grit Num- oer of sam- ples. SPRING WHEATS. Fife Herison Bearded White Russian Thickset Colorado W^eight per measured Protein bushel. (Nx6.25). Flour. Pounds. 62.8 62.1 61.6 59,9 60.0 61.0 63.5 62.0 61.0 64.0 61.0 63.0 60.6 62.5 61.2 Crude wet gluten. Per cent. 10.77 9.90. 9.73 9.18 8.81 10. 42 10.18 10.07 9.38 9.43 11.92 9.44 9.65 9.71 9.33 Per cent. 40.12 33.73 33.81 29. 28 27. 04 31.13 36.63 32.14 31.69 29 85 43.35 28.58 34.15 30.04 31.68 Crude ! Water neiuui i nmiitT- dry absorp- bread per ^'™^ gluten. tion. 100 lbs. o' "r^aa. Per cent. 12. &5 11.61 11. 21 10. 54 9.86 11.00 12.49 11.58 11.09 10. 62 13.98 10.13 11.82 10.00 10.85 Per cent. 62.6 60. 1 59.8 .57.3 57.0 58.0 60.0 59.0 60.0 59.0 60.0 57.0 58.3 bl.b 57.0 Yield of i r),,,,iitv Pounds. Vol. 6 147.9 147.4 141.6 143.2 144.5 148. 2 1-15.7 146. 1 145.1 154 2 140. 5 145.0 140.6 140.0 Per cent. 9.5.0 88.6 84.6 81.7 75.0 85.0 90.0 80.0 85.0 75.0 100.0 80.0 83.0 77.5 75.0 In connection with this report the value of heavy and light wheats, the importance of gluten, the effect of baking, and the yield and quality of bread fnjm flour are discussed, and notes on environment, season, soil, fertilizer, locality, and change of seed, so far as these factors influence the bread-making value of wheat, are given. Varieties of winter wheats, C. A. Z.witz {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Bui. 115, pp. 7, 8). — This report presents the results of tests with 40 varieties of win- ter wheat, the most promising of 94 kinds tested for 5 years or more on about 800 different farms. These include 20 bearded and 20 beardless varieties, 32 of which are red and 8 white sorts. The average results of these different groups are given in the table below. Average results by classes of 40 varieties of wheat grown in cooperative tests for 5 years. Average height (inches) Per cent of crop lodged Per cent of ru.st Comparative hardness of grain Weight of grain permeasured bushel (pounds) . Bushels per acre Bearded (20 varieties) 46.2 34.4 14.9 80.0 61.2 45.7 Beardle.ss (20 varieties). 47.1 28.2 18.0 76.0 60.7 45.8 Red wheat (32 varieties). 46.5 34.1 15.3 80.0 61. 2 46.1 White wheat (8 varieties). 47.3 19.9 20.8 69.8 59.8 44.5 The detailed results for each individual variety are also tabulated. Dawson Golden Chaff leads the list, with an average yield of 55 bu. per acre, followed by H( RTicn/rrKK. 451 Imperial Aiiilier, Kgyptliin .\iiilK'r, .Micliiuaii AihIht. Ivuly (Jeni'soe (Jiant, (iolden Drop, Ki'liahlc, Karly Red C'lawssoii, and Ruf^siau Aiul)er, in tlie order nieiitioiied. All of tliese varieties yielded over 50 bu. per acre. Helena, the least profitable sort, gave a yii'ld of ISii.M bn. per acre. A ne\v ■wheat industry for the semiarid West, 31. \. C.kri.ktox ( l'. ,S'. Dcpt. A(jr., Ditimiu)! uf ]'c(jrt(ihli' J'liijKivlo. S, Ji(j. /, iintp 1). — Thi*- publication is an advance circular of a bulletin on macaroni wheats, liy the same author. The main facts (concerning the characteristics of iiKicannii wlieais, their adaptation to the region of the(ireat Plains, varieties, and methods of cultivation are briefly presented. Investigation of the wheat of southern Russia, P. Melikov (ZJitir. Opiutn. Affron., 1 {1900), No. S, pp. -.^56—267). — On the basis of analyses of different varieties of wheat of the crops of the years 1885-1899, the author finds that the wheat of southern Russia is rich in nitrogenous substances, the proportion of the latter varying with the weather from 14 to 21.2 per cent, being highest in dry years, while in years of good crops it falls to 14 per cent. — p. 1'ire.m.\x. Sulphate of ammonia as a top-dressing for winter wheat, Kirchxer {Dent. Laudir. Presse, 28 {lUOl), Xo. 21, p. 171). — This article records the results of fertilizer ' e.xperiments with sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda as a top-dressing for winter wheat for the years 1898 to 1900, inclusive. In general the results were favorable to the nitrate of soda, but in 1900 the results were about the same for the two fertilizers. "Winter cereals and fertilizers applied as a top-dressing, (iuaxd {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1901, I, Xv. 11, pp. S3S,3S9). — An article discussing under what conditions top-dressings can be profitably applied in growing winter cereals. Breeding of wheats rich in gluten, E. Schrib.m'x {Jour. Aijr. Prat., 1001, I, Xo. 9, pp. 274-277; Seiiiahie Ayr., 21 {1901 ), Xo. 1033, pp. 68, 69).— A discussion of this subject, in which the author states that the nitrogen content of wheat is very varia- ble, and that it depends much more uj)on the conditions under which the plants develop than upon the variety. He points out that all circumstances tending to shorten the period of growth favor the formation of nitrogenous substances in the grain, and that the differences of structure in the plant and of I'ichness in gluten l)etween grains of the same variety are not hereditary. Grain from hard and highly glutinous seed may be the same in comi^osition as grain grown from soft, starchy seed. A further conclusion is that the industrial value of productive varieties of wheat is not well enough known to originate varieties which satisfy both the produ(;er and the cfjnsumer. HORTICULTURE. Book of gardening; a handbook of horticulture, W. D. Drury et al. {Xeiv York-: Ctiarlea Scrlli)ier Sons; London: L. Iprolt fllll, 1900, pp. 1198, )ih. 15, figs. 720). — This work aims to cover the whole field of horticulture, including landscape gardening and the growing of fruits, vegetables, and all the more usual outdoor and indoor flowers and i)lants. The 27 chapters on the various phases of these subjects have been prej)ared by 13 different authors. Within the chapters on the various groups of plants, like ferns, bedding plants, rock plants, orchids, stove plants, green- house i)lants, cacti, a(juatics, florists' flowers, trees and shrubs, etc., the matter is arranged alphabetically; the various plants are described, and concise directions given for their culture. A chapter is devoted to each of such subjects as forcing, landscape gardt'uing, roses, chry.santhenunns, pests generally, and manures. The book is well indexed and illustrated and will he found valuable as a condensed reference work on horticultural subjects. The century book of gardening, E. T. Cook et ai,. {Loii(l<»i : < 'nunlrg Life, 1901, 452 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pp. X^GIO + XIII, fiff.'^. o7o}. — TluH is a comprehensive po]Hilar work, prepared par- ticularly for the home gardener. It treats of all the cultural operations of the flowiT, fruit, and vegetal tie garden, and of gnnving and handling fruits under glass. Esj)ecial attention has been given to details and illustrations of the laying out and arrangement of larger pleasure grounds, the planting of shrubs, trees, and flowers, the arrangement of rock and water gardens, management of lakes and running water, and p-lanting of hedges and wild gardens. Under the different subjects the various fruits, tiowers, shrubs, vegetables, etc., are arranged alphabetically, thus making reference easy. Chapters on insect enemies and diseases of garden plants, fruits, and vegetables are included. An abundance of good illustrations of all the different suljjects considered is one of the special features of the work. The art and craft of garden making, T. H. M.\wsox {London: (iforge Niimesd- Co., Ltd., 1901, 2. cd., iq>. 252, fi(jx. 178). — Garden designing and all the elements that enter into garden making, like fences, entrance gateways, terrace and flower gardens, lawns, garden walks, summer houses, trellis work, garden furniture, conservatories, greenhouses, vineries, fruit houses, fountains, lakes, streams, ponds, kitchen gardens, orchards, hedges, trees, shrubs, hardy climbing plants, roses, hardy perennials, aquatics, ferns, etc., are considered in 15 different chapters. More than 130 plans and details are given of gardens designed by the author. He believes that while formal treatment of gardens is most likely to give satisfactory results, nothing is gained by slavish adherence to style or tradition. A short history is given in the opening chapter of the several styles of laying out gardens in England, the qualities connnendable in each being pointed out. Cabbage, cauliflower, and allied vegetables from seed to harvest, C". I>. Allex (A>»' York: Ormuje Jndd ComjXDn/, 1901, pp. 125, Jiijs. ,^7) .—Concise and prac- tical directions are here given for the commercial and garden culture of cabbage, cauliflower, collards, Brussels sprouts, kale or borecole, and kohl-rabi. Types and varieties of each are described, and the great value of selected seed and intensive culture pointed out. The two final chapters deal with injurious insects and the fungus diseases of the different plants. Vegetable tests for 1900, L. R. Taft and M. L. De.\n {Mirhiymi Slo. Bui. 190, pp. 123-155). — This bulletin is similar in character to those of preceding years (E. S. R., 11, p. 250). Descriptions and data are given for tests of 23 dwarf and 12 pole varieties of beans, 34 varieties of cabbage, 16 of sweet corn, 24 of cu(;um])ers, 40 of lettuce, 17 of peas, 130 of potatoes, 25 of radishes, 22 of squash, 4 of i>umpkins, and 85 of tomatoes. An outline is given of some fertilizer experiments with i^otatoes, and the amount of the different elements or combinations used on the different plats. The season of 1899 was rather dry for the use of commercial fertilizers, and from a strictly cash basis the increase in yield of potatoes was not sufficient to warrant their use. In 1900 the results were contradictory. The influence of night shelter on vegetable production, A. Petit (Jour. Soc. N(d. Hod. France, 4. tur., 2 (1901), Mnr., jtp. 19H, 197). — Various mats, screens, can- vas, and other contrivances are frequently nseil for protecting plants at night from frost. The author investigated the value of such shelter in vegetal)le production aside from frost protection by selecting a number of plants which are resistant to frost. In these experiments the screens were stretched horizontally on a framework about 12 cm. above the plants at night and a record kept of the growth as compared with similar plants not thus treated. The following table shows the difference in yield of cabbage, gilliflower, and lettuce between sheltered and unsheltered plants r>er unit of surface (1 are): HORTICULTURE. 458 Effict iif iii(jli/ slirlhr nil nyiidh/c /irndiictioii. Cnbbnfje Lettuce ( Blonde ) Lettuee (Grise) .. Gilliflowcr Period plants were sheltered. Mar. 2-June 21 Mar. '21-Jnne 2 Mar. 22-Mav 31 Oct. 30-Mav23. Sheltereti. Kc/. 1,103 613 %9 349 Yield. Unshel- tered. A-^. 900 547 093 Inerease in favor of shelter. Ay. 203 96 276 92 Strawberries sheltered from 0(;to1)er 15 grew more vigorously, developed more rapidly the following spring time, were in the neighb(jrhoo iH'OO), pp. I'lC-I.')'.)'] . — This rejxirt is on apjiles, apple seedlings, plums, and pears. Four seedling apple trees obtained from crossing Pound Sweet and Briar Sweet fruited during the season. The author states that only one tree of the four is at all like the Briar Sweet in form, though all are quite markedly stamped with the size, color, texture of the leaves, and color of the bark of the Briar Sweet. Three of the seedlings have the color and bloom of the Briar Sweet, while the fourth is in its first fruiting very similar in color to the Pound Sweet. It is a pure sweet apple, more tender in flesh than the Pound Sweet, and it has the appearance of becoming a good-sized apple. The apples of the smallest seedling are nearly two sizes larger than the Briar Sweet. All are of good quality and all are fall apples, the largest one being the latest. A number of other apple seedlings of {)r()niise are noted. Some very satisfactory results are being secured in the growing of ])lums and i^ears. A study on fruit bloom, W. (treene (A';j/. Iowa Hart. /Soc, 35 {IDOO), pp. 222- 221, dijms. ,?). — Diagrams are given showing the temperature and date of blooming of apples, j)ears, and cherries in the different sections of Iowa during the two seasons of 1899 and 1900, as reported by observers in the different parts of the State. Peach culture, S. B. Voorhees {Proc. New Jersey State Ilort. Soc, 25 {1900), jrp. 14S-159). — The author summarizes his 15 years experience in peach culture. In an orchard of 25 acres containing about 3,000 t)earing trees, the number of baskets marketed has averaged 5,160; gross receipts for same, Si2,800; average gross jier l)asket, 54 cts. ; average receipts met per basket, over 29i cts. The average cost of baskets, picking, carting, and marketing was 25 cts. Plums and plum culture, F. A. Waugu {New York: Orange Jiidd (_'o., 1901, pp. 371, figs. 115). — This gives a very complete discussion of the botany and horti- culture of plums. It is intended primarily for use east of the Rocky Mountains. California plum culture is not discussed. The booli is divided into 2 main parts. Part I classifies, descriljes, and gives the names of practically all the cultivated native plums, and all the more important European, Japan, and hyl)rid sorts grown in this country. Under Part II the cultm-e and management of plums are considered. This part includes chapters on j)ropagation, varieties for planting, orchard and garden management, pollination, geogra])hy and climatology, diseases of plums, insects affecting them, cooking plums, and the use of plum trees as ornamental plants. The book is well illustrated and is especially opportune in view of the rapidly increasing attention given to plum growing by horticulturists m this country. Fruit culture in Russia. II, Fruit culture in the government of Kazan, V. V. Pashkevich (.Sy. I'eterslntnj: Min. Agr. and Imp. Domains, Dept. Ap. 245- U7). 454 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The breeding of native northwestern fruits, N. E. Hansen [Rj^t. Java Hort. Soc, So {H'OO), /)]>. 4')o-457). — Some 27,000 seedlings of different orchard and sjnall fruits have l)een grown by tlie antlior and some comments are made on the results obtained. The author states that the most promising of the new types of fruits grown is the sand cherry {Prunus besseyi). At the present time this makes a good fruit for culinary use and it is believed that but little remains to make it a choice table fruit. The washing of cider fruits, A. Tkuelle {Me.m. Soc. Nat. Atjr. Fravce, 1S9 {1900), pp. 30S-SS7). — This paper gives the history of this phase of I'ider making, includes the results of the author's experiments along the same line, and discusses at some length the advisability of washing apples and pears intended for cider making. In the author's experiments 15 samples, representing 7 varieties of apples, were washed and the wash water analyzed for total impurities, tannin, pectins, allnimi- noids, acid, and asli. Each sample was made up of 20 kg. of apples and was washed separately. In washing, the apples were not all put in the water at once ])ut were washed quickly one at a time by hand so that all impurities were removed. By this method only a little distilled water was required for washing each sample. The apples had been gathered according to the usual methods of harvesting for cider. The water in which the samples were washed alwaj's assumed a dirty black c(jlor, and often had a disagreeable odor. The analysis showed the total impurities for the different samples to vary from 2.05 to 26.85 gm., averaging 7.24 gm. for each 20 kg. of apples washed. The total sugar content of the wash water from 20 kg. of apj)les varied from 0.121 to 14.905 gm., averaging 4.63 gm.; pectins and albuminoids from 0.3 to 3.68 gm., averaging 1.412 gm.; acid from 0. to 1.153 gm., averaging 0.191 gm.; total ash from 0.19 to 2.032 gm., averaging 0.708 gm. The number of grams of soluble and insoluble ash in 9 of the samples is also worked out. A review of the literature since 1804 on washing cider fruits shows that of the 13 writers W'ho haveinvestigated this subject, all are agreed that the washing . 956, figs. S57). — This comprehensive volume purports to be a complete study of the vine, con- HOKTICULTURE. 457 Hidcrrd frniii the (iiiailnipli' stainlpoint of vineyard cidturi;, the produrtion of wine, distillation, and the production of tal)le ^M-apes in garderiH and jiraiieries. The first part of the work contains chapters on and discusses at length such subjects as varie- ties of grapes, proi)agation, grafting, plantations, cultivation, pruning, unfavoral)le conditions, diseases and insects affecting, trellising, grape houses, espalier culture, forcing, retarding growth, conunercial culture, preservation of grapes, packing and selling, etc. The second part takes up harvesting and wine making, ]iasteurization, diseases of wines, distillation, wine making in Algiers, and a study and classification of the wines of France and her colonies. The vine; notes on its intensive culture, E. L. Guardiol.v (y>a rid; nokts sonihrc mi rulfiro intrnxiro. Valnicia, 1S99, pp. 198, figs. 6£). — This is a popular work on vine growing, describing in detail intensive cultural operations, including methods of protection from insect pests and fungus diseases. Viticulture, its processes and materials. Viticulture at the Exposition in 1900, P. Andkieu {IjH ritlcu/hirr, .sv.s' piroccdh el son. matcrid. La viticidiure a V E.vpomtioti imiverselle de 1900. Montpellier: Coulet & Sons, WOJ,figs. 8S). — Part 1 of this work discusses the vineyard, stocks, French and foreign wines, reconstruction of vineyards on American stocks, culture and protection of vines, diseases and insects affecting. Part 2 takes up the sul)ject of wine making in its various phases, such as fermentation, extraction of the marc, wine handling, analysis of musts and wine, extraction of tartaric aciook gives in tabular form the native country, description, season of flowering, and cultural classification of nearly all the species and hybrids in cultivation at the present time. Report of the committee on school gardens and children's herbariums, 1900, H. L. Clafi' (Tran.^. Ma.'<.'p. 213, 214). — A paper read l)efore the Section of Botany and Horticulture at the New Haven meeting of the American Association of Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. FORESTRY. A forest working plan for Township 40, Totten and Crossfi^eld Purchase, Hamilton County, New York State Forest Preserve, R. S. HosMEKand E. S. Bruce ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Forestry Bui. 30, pp. 64, pis. 11, maps 4)- — This working plan was prepared at the request of the Forest, Fish, and Game Commission of the State of New York, under the provisions of Circular No. 21 of the Division of Forestry of this Department, and is the first instance of cooperation in practical forest management betw'een this Department and a State government. The main purpose of this working plan is to outline a method of management under which the merchantable timber may be cut in such a manner that successive crops may be obtained and the condition of the forest constantly improved. A general description of the township and its chief topographical features are given. The forest consists of a niixture of coniferous and deciduous trees, the principal species, in order of occurrence, being as follows: Spruce, yellow birch, balsam, hemlock, beech, hard maple, and white pine. With these are associated arbor vita', commonly known as FORESTKY. 459 cedar, black spruce, tamarack, re«l or Norway pine, soft maple, and white birch, with, scattered white ash and black cherry. Aspen, commonly known as jwplar, and bird cherry are found on the burned-over land. The underbrush is mainly witch hobble, strijH'd maple or moosewood, and mountain or spotted maple. Spruce predominates, forming as much as 40 per cent of the mixture. The different forest areas are divided into swauip, spruce land, and upper spruce slopes, and the characteristic species of the different forest tyi)es are enumerated. The species ttj be luudjered are spruce, balsam, and pine, and estimates are given of the merchantable volume of these different species. The remaining species of trees should not be lumbered at present, the demand for them not being sufficient to warrant the expense of lumltering these trees at this time. The influence of forests on -water {Chron. Af/r. Canton Vaud, 14 {1901), No. 11, pj). SOO-SOo). — This article contains a sununaryof investigations which have been made on the relationshiji l)etween forests anil rainfall. According to the author it seems probable that forests increa.^e the volume of the total hydrometeors. The actual demonstration of this statement is dithcult, and it rests mainly upon theoreti- cal deductions. Tiie forest cover is said to retain a considerable portion of the total moisture. Spruce and lir retain the largest amounts, while deciduous trees — such as beech, oak, and hornbeam — retain the least. It is stated that an average of 25 i)er cent of the total precipitation during the year is retained by the forest cover. Some of this ultimately reaches the ground, running down the larger branches and trunks, so that the soil of the forest receives about 20 per cent less water than is deposited upon an equal area in the open. The forest cover is said to greatly diminish the evajKiration of water from the soil, about one-fourth less evaporation taking place from forest soil than from a similar soil in the open. Upon plains and elevations up to 500 meters forests tend to increase the volume of soil water, while from 800 to 900 meters and above they diminish it. Forest trees are said to require only a small amount of water as compared with the amount used by agricultural crops occupying an equal area. The mechanical effect of forests is shown in the increased permeability of the soil by the ])enetration of the roots to considerable depths. Upon a mountain side the forest, 1»y its influence in carrying water deep into the soil, has the same effect as would be shown by a reduction of the slope. The total effect of this influence is unknown, but is now being investigated at two of the Swiss forest stations. The pro])ortion of subterranean water is increased and the superficial moisture diminished under a forest cover, and in general more streams have their origin in wooded areas than in cleared ones. Streams having their origin between 400 and 800 meters' elevation are usually more numerous, larger, and more constant by reason of the greater total moisture at that elevation. The effect of forests in preventing erosion is pointed out. Forests likewise tend to repress floods by reducing the superficial soil moisture and by indirectly diminishing the slope, causing water to spread more evenly. As a result, in wooded areas local floods are less frequent and less destructive than in denuded ones. However, floods due to cosmic influences are but little affected by forests. Extermination of oaks at Lake Geneva, "Wisconsin, J. Jexsen {Forester, 7 {1901), No. 3, pp. 63-65). — An account is given of the gradual death and disai)i)ear- ance of oak trees in the vicinity of Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. An examination made of the leaves, branches, and trees failed to reveal the presence of any fungus or other external cause of injury, and it was suggested that doubtless the trouble was due to a lack of moisture. The seasons of 189.3, 1894, and 1895 were noted for their extreme drought, and the winter of 1898-99 for its extreme low temperature and light fall of snow. These factors acting together are supposed to have been the cause of the destruction of many of the trees in (luestion. As a means of preventing furtiier injury the author recommends covering the ground with shrubbery (jr herbaceous 460 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. perennials, or permitting the grass to grow among the trees. This would hold the fallen leaves and snow, and form a blanket which would prevent the frost from going deep into the ground, as well as protect it against excessive evaporation during the winter. The plane trees, W. J. Bean {(ianl. Chron., 3. ser., 29 {1901), No. 754, pp. 363, 364, fg. 1). — Notes are given on some of the plane trees, which are said to include the most useful and important town and street trees. Of the siiecies of Platanus the author describes 3, P. orientalis, P. acerifolia, and P. cuneata as of European and Asiatic origin, and* P. occidenlnlis as of American origin. Studies concerning the genus Platanus, F. Jaennicke {AbhandL K. Leopold. CaroUn. Dent. Akad. Nainrf., 77, No. 2, pp. 111-226, pis. 10; abs. in Bot. Centbl., 85 { 1901) , No. S, pp. 2.57-259) . — The author gives results of 5 years' study on the genus Platanus, and among his conclusions he states that there are 6 species and 11 varieties, as follows: P. orientali.^, with 4 varieties; P. occidcnUdii, with 6 varieties; P. acerifolia, which he believes may prove to be either a variety of occidentali.^ or possibly a hybrid l)etween P. occideutalis and P. orientalii<; P. racemosa; P. mccicana, with 1 variety, and P. trriglilii. The second and last 3 species are of American origin. The conversion of home-grown timber for estate and other purposes, I). F. Mackenzie {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, 5. .ter., 13 {1901), pp. 134-14^', figs. 8). — Suggestions are given for the conversion of timber into various manufac- tured products, by which the value of the forest produtits may be increased. Lists are given of the more common forms and purposes for which different kinds of wood are utilized, together with the average price that the material bringy in the markets. Suggestions are also given for the utilization of the so-called waste products, derived during the manufacture of the timber, into different forms of luml)er, etc. Improvement felling as a financial success, F. E. Olmsted {Fore.'0J), Xo. .)', p/>. (11, 63, Jhj. 1). — The author states that the usual form of \viii(ll)rt'ak planted in prairie regions is almost invariably located too close to the buildings, and, if there is no natural or artificial protection beyond the grove to check the moving snow, in some cases tliese windbreaks are a positive leted ])aper, a preliminary notice of which has already been given (E.S. R., 12, p. 959). The author has investigated the effect of different strengths of hydrocyanic-acid gas upoiuthe germination of dry and moist seeds, as well as the effect upon the edible ])roperties of the same seeds when submitted for a considerable time to this gas. It was found that dry seeds may be fumigated with the usual strength of hydrocyanic gas for the length of time required for the destruction of animal life without in any degree interfering with the germinative power of the seeds. Dry seeds may be subjected to the influence of the gas for several months without entirely destroying the ability of the seeds to germinate. When subjected to the influence of the gas derived from 1 gm. of potassium cyanid per cubic foot the seeds lose their germinating power at the expiration of alxjut 8 months, while the same seeds subjected to the gas from one-third the quantity of potassium cyanid will retain their vitality for at least 12 months. If exposed for from 15 to 60 days to the influence of hydrocyanic acid from J to 1 gm. of potassium cyanid per cubic foot the germination of dried seeds is accelerated, although the degree is not sufficient to be of any practical value. Damp seeds are much more sensitive to the influence of gas than dry ones, and seeds soaked for 24 hours or more will not germinate in gas stronger than 0.003 'gm. of potassium cyanid per cubic foot. The seeds soaked for 24 hours and then left for SEEDS WEEDS. 463 7 days in the atmosphere of hydrocyanic-acud gas will remain inactive while in the gas, and lor from 7 to 12 days after removal, bnt will eventually t;rsici is given. A technical descrii)tion of the fungus is given, and its mnthod of attack upon the fruit is mentioned. It first appears upon the immature fruit, causing large grayish blotches which spread ra})idly and running together envelop more or less of the fruit. Underneath these spots the fruit will be found to be in an advanced stage of decomposition. It is believed that the condi- tions under which the tomatoes were grown were largely responsible for this disease, it having developed in a shady situation. The author believes that growing tomatoes DISEASES OF PLANTS. 465 ill well arratod and well lii;litt'. 175-177).— The winr('venting its attacks. A Fusoma disease, C. von Tubritk (ylr/>. A'. (IcsniidhcitsaDitc, liiol. Aht.,f.' {19(11), _ DISEASES OF PLANTS. . 469 A''/. /, /'/'. I''>7, /'!S, Ji(/x. .J). — A report is given of ;i disease wliicli attackeil and destroyeii many y< unit: ]»ine and spruee seedlings which were growing in pots. The fungns cansing tin- tn>nl>lc was isolated and cnltivated. Inoenlation e.xi)eriinents wt're condncted and it was found that a species of Fusoma, which is as yet nndeter- mined, was the cause of the disease. Infection experiments with .fficidium strobilinum, ('. von TruKiyK [Arh. K. (ii'siiii) . — A report is given of inoculation experiments with the jccidial si)ores taken from cones of a spruce, upon I'ici'd e.m'lxd, I'riuiiin pndn.'<, various species of Campanula, Betula, lOpilohiuni, Tussilago, and Carex, and upon tSalij: purpurea, >S. caprea, and Sorbwn aucupurUi. The infections were successful only upon Prnnus padus, upon tlie leaves of which uredo- and teleutospores were formed^^ showing that the alternate generations of this fungus were spent upon the spruce and this species of Prunus. Infection experiments -with the rust of white pine, C. von Tuhkui'' {Arh. K. (u'simdhriLviiiitc, Biol. Aht., J {1901), No. 1, pp. 173-175). — An account is given of a numher of experiments conducted Ijy the author and others, in which the relation- ship between iVr/f/r'/VA(m;y< .sfroZ/i, the rust of the white pine, and that occurring on various species of Ribes, is shown by inoculation experiments. Concerning Tuberculina maxima, a parasite of the leaf rust of w^hite pine, C. VON Ti-HKi-F {Arl>. K. i(tmti', Biol. Ahf., J {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 1H9~173). — A brief review is given of the literature of the genus Tuberculina, and the systematic position of T. mariiixi, a j»arasite of the rust fungus of white pine, is discussed. Infection experiments with Gymnosporangium juniperinum from the leaves of Juniperus communis, C von Tubeuf {Arb. K. Gentiwllwitxcuutc, Biol. Aht., 2 {1901), No. 1, }>p.l77, 17S). — Infection experiments upon a number of i)lants are rei)orted, in which it was shown that the Rrestelia stage of Gymnosporangium jimi- jH'ri)iu)n occurs on Sorhus avcujxtria and upon Amelanchier rotundifolia; and the same stage of lusia, ca})bage butterfly, white grubs, Hessian fly, tobacco flea-beetle, l)agworm, imported elm-leaf l^eetle, San Jose scale, scurfy scale, oyster-shell bark louse, woolly aphis, codling n*ioth, peach-tree borer, and plum curculio. The variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia), R. 'W. Doaxe and D. A. Brodie {Wa.^hinglo)i Sta. Bid. 47, pp. Pj, figs. .5). — The authors give a ])rief account of an unusually extensive outbreak of this species in the State of Washington in 1900. The insect attacked all sorts of plants, including field crops, garden crops, and fruit trees. Some yomig orchards were completely ruined and hop fields suf- fered severely. A description is given of the insect in its various stages. The authors did not determine whether the species was single or double Ijrooded in the State. It may pass the winter in the larval, pupal, or adult stages, but probably hibernates as a rule in the pupal condition. Two parasites were reared from the cutworm and are identified as Ichneumon mauru^ and Meteorus indigaior. The artifi- cial remedies which are recommended for the control of this insect include clean cultivation, ditching, ]>anding of trees, protecting small plants by paper wrappings, spraying with Bordeaux mixture, spraying with arsenicals, and hand picking. Potato vines which were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture we're well jirotected against the attacks of the insect, while unsprayed vines in the same field were entirely destroyed. Two new wheat pests, W. AV. Fboggatt [Agr.' Gaz. New South Wales, 12 [1901), No. 3, pp. 350-356, pis. 2). — The grain aphis is reported as having injured wheat ENTOMOLOGY. 471 near the base of the stems to such an extent that tlie stems })roke down when the prain was cominj; into head. The jjjrain was attacked when al)()ut (i in. hijih and the work of tlie^rain aphis cansed bending of the stems, which later led to their hreakinf;;. The Knthergk-n hu*; (A7/.s'/».s riiiilor) is similar in habits to the chinch l)ng, bnt has a jjreat variety of food plants, attackiiif; wheat and other field crops, as well as various fruit trees and garden crops. In combating the insect on fruit trees, the author had good succ-ess with the use of a tray 3 by 2^ ft., containing water covered with a film of kerosene into whicli the insects were jarred in the early morning. Experiments with hydrocyanic-aciil gas indicated that this method could be used to advantage in destroying these insects. The grain aphis, W. (i. Joiixst)N (Weekly Mod Miller, £6 {1901), No. 44, ji. IS, fifls. :>) . — Brief notes on the damage causecf by this insect, especially in Texas, togetlier with an account of the parasitic insects and fungus diseases which help to keej) the grain aphis in check. The Hessian fly in Minnesota, E. B. Foebes {Farm Stndeidn' Rer., 6 {lUOl), No. 9, pj>. 1S3, 134)- — It is rei>orted that the Hessian fly occurred in unusual num- bers during the season and that the wheat crop was damaged in some localities to the extent of 50 per cent. The insects seemed to be present in all parts of the State. Brief notes are given on the life history of the insect, and it is recommended that in combating the attacks of the Hessian Hy attention should be given to the burning of stubble, rotation of crops, and plowing. Insects that attack grains and meals, A. M. Lea {Jour. iJcpt. A;/r. We.st. Aus- tralia, 3 {1901), No. 3, pp. 183-188, _fi(j><. 6). — Notes on the habits, life history, and means of combating Sitolroga cerealella, TrUioUam ferrnyhieinn, (itiathocerm roritittus, Silvanus surinamensis, Lasiodcrma serricorne, Teriebrio molitor, CarpopJdlus dimidiatus, and Tyroglyphus ^iro. Observations on insects injurious to sugar beets in Italy, , pp. 171- 175). — Brief iioten are jfiveii on tlie codling moth, apple-tree borers, tent caterpillars, pluiu cnrculid, rose chafer, currant worms, cankervvorms. May ])eetles, etc. Insect enemies of the stone fruits, L. Bkuner and W. I). Hunter {Rpt. Nebraska Hort. Soc, SI {1900), pp. .51-116, figs. 71). — A list is given of all the insects which have been reported as injuring stone fruits in the United States. Economic and bio- logical notes are presented on the more important of these insects, including the peach-tree borer, apple-twig l)orer, bark beetles, plant lice, oyster-shell bark louse, scurfy bark louse, San Jose scale, leaf crumpler, cankerworms, May beetles, rose chafer, grasshoppers, plum currnlio, and plum gouger. San Jose scale, with a few suggestions for its treatment, and rules and regulations adopted by State board of entomology, M. L. Donaldson et al. (Soiilh (_'(iri>lina Sl, pp. 12). — Brief notes are given by way of description of the San Jose scale, and an account of its present distri))ution in South Carolina. The authors present a summary statement of remedies which may be reconmiended for summer arid winter treatment against this insect. The text is given of an act of the South Carolina legislature creating a State board of entomology, defining its powers, and providing for the inspection of fruit trees, vineyards, and vegetable farms in the State. A copy is also given of the rules and regulations adoi>ted by the State l)oard as created by this act. The cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi), H. A. (Iossard (Florida S(a. Bid. o6, ]>p. S09-oo6, jil. 1, fi'/K. 6"). — A historical account is given of this scale in Aus- tralia and other foreign countries, as well as in California and Florida. It is stated that the insect was introduced from California into Florida in 1893, near Clearwater, and that it has subsequently become distributed more widely in the immediate neighborhood of the first point of infestation. The insect was sent from California in the same packet with specimens of Nurius cardinalis, so that this important enemy of the scale is also present in Florida to hold it in check. The town council of Clear- water, and later the board of connnissioners of Hillsboro County, appropriated .money for the extermination of this pest, and the efforts in this direction were partly successful. During the summer of 1899 the scales decreased in number, but they increased again in 1900, reaching a maximum alxjut July 1. At this time all the orange groves in Clearwater seemed to be infeste()/), Xo. 4, j)/i. ,.'97, JUS). — Tliis inst'ct, iilthougli widoly distrihuted in "l)iiu>aj>i)k' plantations of Southern Quccnyland, is seldom especially injurious. In the northern distriets the insect is more extensively attended hy ants and causes more damage. It increases rather slowly and is usually kept somewhat in check by its natural enemies. Fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas is recommended in combating this insect. Animal enemies of coflPee in Java, II, J. C. Koningsbekgek and A. Zimmer- MA>N {Medal. 'S IjdkU I'hnilriiliiin, 1901, No. 44, pp- 125, ph. 6, fiffR. 59). — The autlvjrs present detailed ])iol()gical and economic notes on the worms, mites, insects of various orders, birds, and otiier animals which are recognized as injurious to coffee in Java. In cf»nnection with the dis('Ussion on each pest, the approved artificial remedies for com])ating it are mentioned, together with notes on its insect enemies and fungus disf'ases. Cockchafer grubg destroying strawberry plants, \V. W. Fkoggatt {Ayr. Gaz. New South W(des, 12 {1901), No. 4, pp. 473-476, figs. -5).— Descriptive and biological notes are given on Auoplognathns analis and xi. x>oroms. The larvse of these species feed .upon the roots of strawberries, sometimes completely destroying them, so that the plant falls over or is readily pulled out of the ground. As a treatn>ent for l>adly infested strawberry tielils, it is recommended that top-dressing of kainit or nitrate of soda be applied. As the adult beetles sometimes occur in large numbers in trees, they may be captured by jarring into collectors. The redwood mealy bug (Dactylopius sequoiae, n. sp.), G. A. Cole.man {Proc. Califortiia Acad. Scl., 3. wr., Zoo/., 2 {1901), No. 11, pp. 407-420-, pi. 1).—A detailed description is given of this insect in all its stages. The species is considered as new, and is reported as occuring on Sequoia semjjermrens throughout the Sierra Morena Mountains. An undetermined species of parasitic fly was bred from certain of the specimens. The young larvaj crawl about over the leaves and twigs within a few days after hatching. Various stages of the insect were carefully studied in the laboratory. Monophadnus elongatulus as an enemy of the rose, D. von Schlechtexdal {Allfj. Zhchr. Ent., 6 {1901), No. 10, j)ji. 145-147).— The literature relating to this species is briefly reviewed and especial attention is devoted to a discussion of the proc- ess of egg laying and the entrance f)f the larva into the vegetable tissue. The eggs are deposited in the petiole of partly developed leaves, the puncture being made on the under side of the petiole. Note on the respiration of Aleurodes citri, C. W. Woodworth {Canad. Ent., 33 {1901), No. 6, pp. 173-176). — A study was made of the respiratory organs of this insect for the purpose of determining their relationship to the reaction of the insect toward fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas. The spiracles of this insect are located on the ventral side of the body, and since the l)ody is cemented to the leaf it is necessary that breathing folds should be developed in the epidermis which admit air from the outside to the spiraiiles. The breathing folds are highly specialized grooves in the outer skin of the insect and are armed with minute scattered eleva- tions, together with a pair of c(jmbs at the outer opening. A detailed description is given of tlie structun^ of the trachea; through the interior of the body of this species. Respiratory organs of botflies, G. Enoerlein {Shzber. Math. Naturw. CI K. Akad. ITm. {Vienna'], 108 {1899), No. 5, pp. 235-303, ])h. 3) .—The botflies which have thus far been found in the stomachs of herbivorous animals belong to 16 species, and the host animals are elephant, horse, zebra, ass, and rhinoceros. A general account is given of the anatomical and histological characters of the various parts of the respiratory system of these insects, with especial reference to the peculiar conditions under which they live. One feature of the spiracles by which the botflies are distinguished is the presence of an apparatus for closing the openings and thus 13639— No. 5 6 474 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. preventing the entrance of the digestive tiuids I))' whieli the insects are surrounded. The openings of the spiracles are long and narrow and can l)e (;losed so as to be water tight. A bibliography of the subject is appended to the article. Notes on Cerrococcus, Rose W. Patterson {Proc. California Acad. Sci., S. ncr., ZooL, 2 {1901), No. 9, pp. 385-394, pls- 3). — Of the 3 si)ecies which are recognized as belonging to this genus, 2 are commonly observed in California on oaks and were studied. These are C. ehrhorni and C. quercus. Detailed descriptive and biological notes are given on these species and brief notes are also presented on C. corticis. The rearing of hymenopterous borers in pruned branches, W. Baer {AUg. Zlschr. Ent., 6 {1901), No. 11, pp. 161-163, figs. 4)- — Two species of boring was])S were found in the twigs of Fraxinus exceUior. Detailed notes are given on the structure and course of the burrows. The species concerned were Psen atralus and Cmbro capitosus. Monograph of the Sesiidae of America north of Mexico, W. BEUTENMtJLLER {Mem. Ainer. Mas. Nat. Hist., 1 {1901), No. 6, pyp. iiUl-.iii.^, ]>ls. 8, figs. ^-^).— This monograph contains an elaborate discussion of the characters of the family and genera, with analytical tables for the determination of genera and species and also tables for the determination of the larvpe from their food habits. In connection with the discussion of each species a detailed bibliography is presented, and a general bib- liography of the literature concerning the family of moths and including 542 titles is appended to the article. Smerinthus quercus, L. von Aicwer-Albafi {AUg. Ztschr. Ent., 6 {1901), No. 9, pp. 137, 138). — The larvae of this moth feed from July until Septem})er upon a species of oak, especially Quercus rohiir. The moths appear from March until June. They are readily attracted to electric lights and may be taken in large numbers in such situations. Syrphus flies and colors of flowers, F. Plateau {Mem. Soc. Zool. France, 13 (1900) No. 4, 2>p- 266-285). — The author has previously investigated the relationship of the color of flowers to the visits of insects and a number of other crops, and from these results in connection with the study of the Syrphidje Concludes that insects are influenced in no way by the color of the tiowers which they visit. Trapping insects on fruit trees {Landtnandsblade, 34 {1901), No. 36,j)p. 432-434, figs. 2) . — A description is given of a band for u,se in catching the larvae of the codling moth. The band is made of coarse cloth with narrow strips of pasteboard attached to the cloth at frequent intervals in vertical planes. The band is fastened to the tree so as to bring the strips of pasteboard next to the bark. Good success is reported from the use of these bands. Hints on spraying (Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 5 {1901), No. 4, pp. 145, 146). — This article contains brief notes on spraying apparatus and a few of the common insecticides. Catalogue of collections of pests and insecticides {Com. Agr. Parasil. Secy. Pull. Prom. Mexico, 1901, pp. 6). — -Brief notes on Trypeta ludens, AntJumomus grandis, Termes castane, various species of bark lice, mosquitoes, bean weevil, etc., with brief notes on plant parasites and insecticides. The cucaracha herb is reported as being an effective remedy for destroying lice and fleas on dogs, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and other insects. The fresh jilant costs 1 ct. per kilo and may be used in infusion. Microsechium helleri is useful in destroying plant lice and underground insects. The root of the plant costs $40 a ton. How to get rid of fleas, J. A. Moffat {Canad. Ent., 33 {1901), No. 6, p. 173).— The effect of tarred paper in the construction of houses upon infestation by fleas was perhaps first reported from New South Wales. A similar experiment was tried at the suggestion of the author, and was found to be an effective means for ridding houses of these pests. Fleas, W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 (1901), No. 5, pp. 535-542, ENTOMOLOGY. 475 /)/. /). — A jrencral acconnt is jfiven of the flaHsificatiou and t'coiiomic relations of fleas, witli esi)ecial reference to tlie possibility of transmission of infeetious diseases by means of these insects. Special notes are given on Pulex irrhims, P. Mrraticepn, and 7'. fa>' ( I!K)1), Xo. 6, jiji. JS-!, 1S4). — specimens of I'ln>r}H>niusidfjnnnandhalaii(jeH uin.s, II. })ilifcnix, II. eKri/stiTrtn.^, II. rituli, H. nrinuK, and II. a.nni. Animal parasites, VI, E. P. Niles {Virginia Sta. Bui. Ho, pp. 69-80). — Brief l)iological and economic notes on Goniocotes abdorninalis, Gonoidcs stijlifer, Lipeurus poly trapezius, L. squalidus, Trichodectes subrostratus, T. laius, T. sphserocephuluH, T. asini, _ T. scalaris, and Menopon pallidum. Animal parasites, VII, E. P. Niles ( Virginia Sta. Bui. II4, pp. 81-96). — Brief popular notes on the poultry tick, cattle tick, wood tick, I.vodes ricinus, Argus ameri- canus, sheep-scab mite, and Sarcoptes scabiei. A brief statement is also given on the common insecticide methods which are used in combating these jjests. Annual report for 1900 of the zoologist, C. Warbuktox {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 3. ser., 11 {1901), pt. 4, pp- 74^-750, figs. 4)- — Biological and ecomnnic notes on scaly leg of fowls, tapeworms in dogs, mosquitoes, Hessian fly, Chlorops tieviopus, Oscinisfrit, Ilylemyia coarctata, wheat midge, wheat sawfly, and other insects. Influence of the honeybee on the fruit crop, L. D. Stilsox {Rpt. Nebraska Hort. Soc, 31 {1900), pp. 226-228). — A brief general discussion of the agency of the honeybee in fertilizing the flowers of fruit trees. The method of artificial s^warming in frame hives for preventing natural swarming, maintaining the apiary, and increasing the yield of honey, R. PiNX'OT {V Apiculteur, 44 {1901), No. 6, pp. 247-254)- — In an experience of 6 years with this method the author has had complete success in preventing natural swarm- ing and in securing a larger yield of honey. A young and vigorous queen is selected for the portion of the swarm which is removed artificially, and by having the matter in control the most favorable time for the establishment of a new col(jny may be selected. The relation of honey to beeswax, L. Moupy {Rer. Ldcrnat. Ajdrult., 23 {1901), No. 4, PP- 68-71). — This is a controversial article, in which the main problem is dis- cussed concerning the question of what su])stances contriy)ute to the formation of wax and what cpiantity of honey is necessary to pro48, col. pis. S, thj.'i. o4). — The general to\nc. of food, its composi- tion and digestibility, theories of nutrition, etc., are treated of extensively. A note- worthy feature of this volume is the large amount of analytical and other data regard- ing jiatent and commercial foods and food products, a class of goods in regard to which it is diflficult to secure reliable information. The volume is provided with a fuHindex, and references are uniformly given for the large number of investigations cited. Food supply [during the siege of Mafeking], R. S. S. B.\den-Powell {SoiUh African Dispatches, Vol. I. London: JlarriHon & Sons, 1901, pp. 106, 107, 110). — A detailed account is given of the food supply during the siege of Mafeking. The foods consisted generally of canned meats, horse tiesh (largely used for making sau- sages), l^read from ground oats, sowens (a form of porridge made from oat Ijran), and fresh vegetables (largely grown within the defenses) , with some condiments. The daily ration per man, at first, was made up of 1 lb. meat, 1 lb. bread, 1 lb. vegetables, J oz. coffee, 5 oz. salt, 2 oz. sugar, and h oz. tea. Later in the siege the amounts were reduced to f to 1 lb. meat, 5 oz. bread, 6 oz. vegetables, ^ oz. coffee, \ oz. salt, and 1 qt. sowens. [The first ration has been calculated to furnish 142 gm. protein and 2,.^00 calories; the latter, 149 gm. ])r()tein and 2,700 calories. — Ed.] The theory and practice of military hygiene, E. L. Munson {IXi'ir York: William Wood cC- Co., 1901, pp. XII t 971, pis. 8, figs. 389).— T]w water supply for troops an, 968-970, 1086, 1087; rev. in Sd. Amer., 82 {1900), No. 18, p. 276).— The total nitrogen, nitrogen of extractives, and nitrogen of meat bases, were determined in different kinds of fish, fowl, fresh meat, and preserved meat. The total nitrogen and nitrogen of extract- ives were also determined in raw and fried veal. Light meat is often said to be preferable to dark meat in special diets, but no constant difference in the kind or amount of nitrogenous materials present was observed which would in the author's opinion warrant this belief. The effect of light and dark meat in cases of chronic kidney disease, A. Pabst {Berlin. Klin. Wrhnachr., 87 {1900), pp. 547-550). — Both sorts of meat were found to be equally satisfactory under the conditions studied. On the behavior of olive oil in preserving fish, O. Klein {Ztschr. Angew. Clieiii., 1900, pp. 559, 560; '(6.s. in 7A»chr. Untersndi. XaJtr. v. Getmii.vntl., 4 {1901), No. 14, p. 646). — -A study of the specific gravity, iodin number, etc., of oil used for sar. dine manufacture and taken from old and freshly prepared cans. Concerning the extractives in muscles, W. Gulewitsch and S. Amiradzibi {Phys^ioloyisfe Russe, 3 {1900), No. 26-30, pp. ii^-i/.!?).— Analytical work on a l)ody which the authors call "carnosin" is reported. Liectures on the physics of organic metabolism, E. Dit Bois-Reymond ( T o?'- leKum/t'ii i'lhfrdie Phy.^il: des orgaui^cheri Stoffirfc}iip. 477-508).— A number of experi- ments which are similar in purpose and method to those noted al)ove. Concerning protein cleavage and gain during muscular work, W. Caspari {Ardi. Phy.vol. [Pfliujer], 83 {1901), No. 10-12, pp. 509-539) .—The income and outgo of nitrogen was studied with a dog, with special reference to the question of protein in relation to muscular work. It was found that when the diet was constant and a considerable amount of muscular work was performed there was a continual gain of nitrogen in the body. Muscular work and over-feeding w^ith protein, K. Bornstein {Arrli. Physiol. [Pfli'ujer'], 83 {1901), No. 10-12, pj). 540-556).— The author was himself the subject of experiments similar in purpose to those noted above. The respiratory quotient was studied as well as the income and outgo of nitrogen. According to the author the experiments show that the normal body when overfed with protein and at the same time performing muscular work, is capable of gaining protein without gaining fat. Concerning the value of different nutrients as sources of energy, N. Zuntz {Arch. Phy.vol. [Pfli'iger], 83 {1901), No. 10-12, pp. 557-571).— \ theoretical discus- sion ])ased on the 4 preceding investigations. Ureine, W. O. Moor {PhysiologiMe Russe, 2 {1900), No. 26-30, pp. 128-131).— The author believes he has isolated a new compound from urine, for whicli the name "ureine" is proposed. Concerning Moor's ureine and its physiological properties, .\. Ki;i..iabko ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 479 {Physiologisie Russe, 2 {1900), Nu. 26-30, pp. 131-132). — The body called ureine, according to the author, in a mixture of several subntanceH and not a new chemical compound. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Analyses of fodders from forage crops cut at different stages of gro"wth, K. \V. TuATcniCK (Xehrasht Sta. Rjit. 1900, pp. 73-80).— To learn the effect of the time of cutting upon the composition of forage crops, analyses were made of oats and peas, field corn, millet, sorghum, Kafir corn, and cowpeas. In every case the second sample analyzed was cut three weeks later than the first. The results of the analyses follow: Composition of feeding .stuffs at different xtngex of grovth. Feeding stuffs. Oats and peas: Pea pods beginning to form, oats begin- ning to head Pea pods all filled out, oats in full bloom Field corn: Tas.sels beginning to appear Corn full grown, some ears formed Millet: Heads just appearing Headed out, seeds nearly ripe Sorghum; Heads just appearing Headed out, seeds beginning to form .. Kafir eorn: Heads just appearing Headed out, seeds beginning to form . . Ciiwpeas: Vines 16 in. high, no heads formed Well developed, some pods formed Water. 12.07 11.32 13.03 13. 8.5 10.24 10.47 13.50 11.23 11.37 12.95 11.76 12.60 Albu- ^ mi- noids. ct. Per ct. 19 9.66 27 12. 54 08 6.17 69 5.49 41 5.79 12 4.49 65 5.24 27 4.65 53 6.00 98 4.86 77 11.10 09 12.82 Ether extract, Per ct. Per ct. 2.90 2.40 1.37 1.38 2.54 1..52 2.97 1.90 1.76 2.06 2.70 2.71 Nitro- gen- free ex- tract. 30.24 3.5.99 40.43 45.74 32.03 43.33 34.56 41.69 35.94 37.42 28. 64 30.25 Crude fiber. Per ct. 28. 15 25.41 27.09 24.04 35.86 29.10 30.62 30. 05 32.74 31.38 21.68 21.33 Ash. Per ct. 9.85 8.88 10.00 8.30 10. 92 9.41 9.70 8.86 9.66 9.21 15. 45 14. 02 "The conditions of growth of the crops this season were about equally favorable for each of them and some tentative conclusions may hence be drawn from the results of this season's work. . . . The mixed crop, oats and pea.s, improves in composition as it grows older and should probably be allowed to stand as long as the pea vines will remain fairly erect. The proportion of flesh-forming to fat-forming constituents in the fodder obtained from this crop is very nearly the correct one for' a well-balanced ration for most classes of animals and it would probably be found unnece.s.sary to supplement this fodder with grain or other foods. "Field corn, millet, sorghum, and Kafir corn decrease rapidly in iirotein content while heading out. The percentage of crude fiber also decreases somewhat. Both of these changes are probably due to the rapid accumulation of starch and sugars in the i)lant juices at that time, as shown by the increased proportion of nitrogen-free extract. In order to obtain a fodder having as narrow a ratio of flesh-forming to fat-forming foods as possible the crop should be cut at as early a stage as it can be well cured. For ' roughage ' to be fed in connection with highly nitrogenous foods, it may well V)e allowed to grow until seeds are formed. After that period, howev'er, the stalk.s rapidly become woody and the proportion of waste is greatly increa.sed. "No very significant change in composition of the cowpeas is ai)parent. This year's experience would seem to indicate that the consideration of chemical com- pf)sition is of minor imi)ortance in the selection of the proper stage for harvesting this crop for fodder. As compared with the other fodders analyzed this year, this one is by far the mo.st desirable, on account of its high proportion of nitrogenous material and small percentage of difficultly digestible fiber." The composition of cotton-seed meal, W. A. Withers and (i. S. Fraps {North Curoliud Std. Bill. 179, pp. 77-80). — A number of analy.ses of cotton-seed meal are reported. In atldition to the constituents usually determined, the authors report 480 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. determinations of betain, cholin, gossypein, organic acids, and several members of the carbohydrate group. The principal conclusions follow: The average amount of lietain and cholin in 7 samples of cotton-seed meal is 0.28 per cent. The ratio of betain to cholin in 2 samples is 79:21 and 78:22. (xossypein, if present, is in minute quantity. Of the nitrogen-free extract in 9 samples, 29.2 per cent is composed of pentosans, and 47.4 per cent of ratlinose. The pentosans of cotton-seed meal are not soluble in diastase, and are contained entirely in the nitrogen-free extract, unless an unusually large (luantity of hulls is present. Cotton-seed meal contains no starch. No appre- ciable quantity of sucrose or reducing sugars is present. Small quantities of organic acids are present, the average of 5 samples being 0.48 per cent. Concerning blood molasses, a ne-wr feeding stuff, F. Strohmer [Oesterr. Ungar. ZtseJir. Ziickirhid. k. Lns. Slat. Sjiei/er, 1900, /ip..5-S). — A number of analyses of feeding stuffs and molasses are reported. Digestion experiments witli Kansas feeds, J. T. Willard and R. W. Clothier {Kansas Sta. Bnl. 103, pp. 253-275). — The (ligestil)ility of a number of feeding stuffs was tested with steers, with the results shown in the table below. These included alfalfa hay of different cuttings, Buffalo-grass hay, prairie hay, Katir-corn stover, Katir-corn meal and soy-bean meal. Kafir-corn stover was fed with the last two materials, the digestibility of the concentrated feeds alone being calculated. jyigestdnlitij of a ninnher of feeding -ftujf's by .fteers. Feeding stuff.s. Alfalfa hay: 1st futting-, 10 per cent plants in bloom.*. 2d cutting, super cent plants in bloom .. :kl cutting, plants in full bloom Buffalo-gra.ss hay Prairie hay ' Katir-corn stover Katir-corn meal fed with Kafir-corn stover. . Soy-bean meal fed with Katir-corn stover. . . Total dry matter. Per ct. 59.49 5.S. 29 00.03 5Q.08 51.45 57. 74 61.23 71.79 Pro- tein. Per ct. 78. 52 75. 14 7C. 70 51.39 17.67 49.81 54. 7S 89.79 Fat. Per ct. 60.00 ;^0. 39 51.65 (i2. 41 56. 57 60.00 98.49 Nitro- gen- free ex- tract. Per ct. 75.31 71.99 75. 24 61.71 01. 25 , 06. .53 80. :i2 68. 27 Carbo- hy- drates. Per ct. 62. 05 61.74 62. 66 02.75 01.07 60.68 77.97 56.57 Crude fiber. Per ct. 46. 10 50. 44 50.63 04. 65 01.18 06. 04 Ash. Per ct. 03. 49 56. 91 60.94 6.04 25. 30 43. 40 18. 31 63. 27 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 481 Studies on the nutritive value of asparagin, F. Rosenfeld (Zlf('ut. Zuckerind, 1900, pp. 1055-1079; ahx. In Ztschr. Uidersuch. Nahr. n. (ienumrdl., 4 {1901), No. 13, p. 602). — The npecial object of the iiiveHtigation was to determine whether the inHuence of UHpara^iii on the nitrogen metabolism of flesh-eating animals was elianged when a detinite quantity of crnde fi))er (hay) was added to the ration. In tests with a dog the nntritive value of asparagin and of albumin was compared, \\a.y being mixed with the ration in one case. The conclusion was reached that the favorable effect of asparagin, and that of other amids also, was dependent upon the feeding of materials containing crude fiber at the same time. Concerning' experiments on artificial feeding, F. Steixitz (Inwirj. Dli^fi., /.'/vx- Imt, 1900, pp. 4<>). — A number of artificial food mixtures were studied with dogs. In the rations the protein was furnished l)y casein, edastin, or vitellin; the carbo- hydrates ])y milk sugar or rice starch, and the fats by olive oil, margarine, or ba(!on. A salt mixture a])propriating the asli content of meat was added to the ration when necessary. From the experiments the author believes that it is possible to nourish animals satisfactorily for a long time on artificial food mixtures if properly prei)ared. Among otlier points attention is drawn to the desirability of supplying a nudeo- proteid containing iron. Feeding of farm animals, M. E. Jaffa and L. Anderson {California Sta. lluf. 132, pp. .5/5, //(/.s\ ,5?).— Tables are quoted showing the composition and digestibility of a considerable number of feeding stuffs, especially those of local importance. The analyses not previously reported include marsh (Briston) grass, peas and oats, oat silage, orchard-grass silage, beet-pulp silage, olive ])omace, pie melon, liay from mixed cereals, wild-oat hay, alkali weed, gourd or mock orange vines, Lima-bean straw, plumj) wheat, shrunken wheat, crushed barley, blood meal, dried blood, meat meal, and a commercial poultry feed. A number of the feeding stuffs are discussed at length. Special attention is given to sugar-beet pulp. Silos for stor- ing the pulp are described and information gathered from California feeders on the value of this material for farm animals is sununarized, showing, ai-cording to the authors, "that l)eet i)ulp should Jiot be depended upon as the sole diet I'itiier for producing milk or meat, tlie chief reason being that it does not ade- (|uately nourish the animal. When fed in connection with other and dry feed it not only serves to keej) the digestion in a healthful condition, but adds materially to the store of actual food substance. The amount of pulp which can be feil profit- ably is rejiorted by all who feed for meat to be all the animals will readily consume in addition to the portion of hay or straw and grain, as already mentioned. In the case of the profitable quantity to feed for milk production there seems to be a wide difference of opinion. It may be that 25 or 30 lbs. i)er day of pulp will indnce as large a flow of milk as 80 lbs. per day when the rest of the feed is dry, the notion i)eing that the lesser quantity gives the cow all the succulent food and change of diet which i^he really recpiires for the best production. Where the i)ulp must be hauled a long distance and the cost of transportation is therefore great, it would undoubt- edly be unwise to feed it in larger amounts than would give the necessary succidence to the ration, and 25 lbs. iH])robably sufficient for this purpose. But where the dairy is situated adjacent to the sugar facrtory ... it might pay to feed the pulp in nmcli larger (luantities." The feeding value of fruits is also discussed at some length. It frequently hai>pens that fiwing to an overabundant crop, fruits (fresh or dried) have a low market value. Windfalls are more or less abundant on fruit farms and of little commercial importance. Regarding the feeding value of such materials the authors point out that green fruits have a high water content, while dried fruits constitute a fairly con- centrated feed. In general, fruits suj)])ly little nutritive material excel )t carbohy- drates, and should be coiubini')• — A discussion of the subject with citations of station work. Shelled corn vs. corn chop for calves, D. H. Otis (Agr. ExpU., 1 {1901), No. 8, p. 63). — A brief account of a test at the Kansas Station, which showed that better gains were made on shelled corn than on corn chop. Sheep-feeding experiment, W. T. Lawren'ce ( County Councils Cumberland, Bur- ham, and Xortltuinbeiiund, Tech. Education, Rpt. 9 {1900), pp. 172-175). — In continua- tion of previous w'ork (E. S. R., 11, p. 1077), a test was made at Newton Rigg, Penrith, on the value of yellow turnips and pasture, 3 lots of 20 crossbred sheep each being used. Lot 1 was hurdled on yellow turnips and lot 2 grazed for 10 weeks. Both lots were fed in addition J lb. linseed cake and 4- lb. oats per head daily, as well as hay ad libitum. Lot 3 was hurdled on turnips and given hay ad libitum in addition for 7 weeks. For the next 3 weeks the sheep were given the same grain ration as lots 1 and 2. They were then pastured on grass for 3 weeks longer and the grain ration was continued with turnips ad libitum. The average weekly gain ])er head of lot 1 was 1.53 lbs.; with lot 2 it was 1.26 lbs. While on turnii)s and hay only the aver- age weekly gain per head of lot 3 was 0.55 lb.; when fed linseed cake and oats in addition it was 1.52 lbs., and when pastured on grass and fed grain, hay, and turnips in addition it was 1.07 lbs. The financial returns are discussed. The author believes that pasturing sheep on turnips is more profitable than on grass, and that there is an advantage in feeding grain and hay in addition. Feeding experiments with sheep {.Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 8 [1901), No. 1, pp. 17-20). — A brief account of experiments noted above from another pulilication. The influence of soil and manure on the feeding value of sw^edes, and influence of manures on the composition and feeding value of seeds hay, T. H. MiDDLETON {County Councils Cumberland, Durham, and Northumberland, Tech. Education, Rpt. 9 {1900), pp. 111-127). — TKe influence of manure and the effect of soil on the chemical composition and feeding value of Swedish turnips was tested. The turnips were fed to sheep. The author also studied in a similar way the com- position and feeding value of hay (clover and rye grass) manured in different ways. All the animals in the first test and half of those in the second were fed under cover. The work i!'A'-i^.9,y/r/. /).— Abstracted from another publication (E. S. R., 13, p. 175). California Ang-oras; a fe-w chapters on the practical side of the Ang-ora industry {Sdn .loxr: ('. I'. /Uil/ci/ iV- ,S'<(//,s-, /,s'99, pp. ,i/,Ji(/s. .'/). — The care of Angora 484 p:xperiment station record. poats and similar topic? are discupseil in a popular way. Persian fat-tailed sheep are also Ijrictly HH^ntioned. Home pork making, A. W. Fulton {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1900, p. 124, fig.^. 86). — The author points out the advantage of making pork on the farm, and gives directions for slaughtering, dressing, and curing pork, the preparation of ham and bacon, etc. Tlie book also includes a large number of recipes for cooking pork and pork pro(h;cts. American breeds of fowls. I, Tlie Plymouth. Rock, T. F. McGrew ( U. S. Dept. Ayr., Burenuof Aninud IndvMry Bid. 29, pp. 32, col. pU. 6, figs. 10). — The topics discussed in this bulletin include, among others, the origin of the Plymouth Rock breeds, descriptions of the Barred variety, White Plymouth Rocks, Buff Plymouth Rocks, the Pea-Condied variety, as -well as the Jersey Blue and Rhode Island Red breeds which are allied to the Plymouth Rocks. Information is given regarding mating, breeding, and related topics. Farm poultry: A popular sketch of domestic fowls for the farmer and amateur, G. C. Watson {Nfiv York: Tlie Maondlau Co., 1901, pp. 341, figs. 95). — Poultry raising as a business, the breeds suitable for the production of eggs and meat, fancy ))reeds, poultry buildings, incubators and brooders, poultry feeding, prepara- tion for the market, and related topics are treated of. Practical poultry keeper, L. Wright {London: Cassell & Co., 1901, pp. 311, ]>ls. 8, figs. .37). — A new and revised edition. The volume treats of poultry houses, poultry rearing, and the different breeds of domestic ])oultry. New^ egg farm; or, the management of poultry on a large scale for com- mercial purposes, II. H. Stoddard {Neir York: Orange Judd Co., 1900, pp. 331, figs. 145) . — A general treatise on the subject. Incubators and chicken-rearing appliances; how to make and use them {London: Cassell <.(; Co., 1899, pp. 64, figs. .36). — Directions are given for making incubators of different sizes, and makmg brooders, and for operating incubators. Heat regulators for incul)ators are also described and discussed. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Hand feeding of cow^s for milk and butter production, G. S. Thomson {Jour. Agr. and Ltd., South AiistraH}>. 417-410; Xo. 2S, pp. 48,3-4'S4)- — An experimental study of different sys- tems and makes of api)aratus. Influence of pasteurization upon the properties of milk and. the processes of butter making, R. 8teinkk [Milch. Zhj., 30 [1901), No. ^6, pp. 401-403; No. ~.V, ]>. 4-^-'>) ■ — The author made a study of the effeet of pasteurizing upon the vis- cosity and the specific gravity of milk, and also its effect upon the action of rennet. Milk to l»e tested was divided into two portions, one left at room temperature for 3 hours and the other heated 15 minutes at 70° C. and ra]>idly cooled. It was found that pasteurizing lowered the viscosity of the milk. This result seemed to depend somewhat upon tlie concentration, for when water was added to replace evaporation the effect was lessened. The specific gravity was influenced but little and that not i-onstantly. The coagulation was made with 0.1 cc. of rennet in 100 cc. of milk. In all cases the time of coagulation was increased with the pasteur- ized milk.. The time varied with different milks, apparently depending upon the composition. The completeness of the coagulation was also hindered l)y pasteur- ization. The following table shows the effect of pasteurization ui)on duplicate sam- ples of similar milk: Effect of pasleurizalion ujjon ro(ir/vlation. Treatment. Loss of albumin. Time of coagula- tion. Not ptLsteurizert Per cent. Min. sec. Min.sec. 5 37 to 6 15 14 ''2 to 15 Heated at 60° for 2-5 minutes . Heatefl at 70° for 20 minutes 6.90 55. 74 76.55 78.64 82.54 20 to 22 30 Heated at 80° for 15 minutes 27 30 to 30 Heatefl at 90° for 10 minutes. No coagulation in 1 hour. Heated at 95° for 5 minutes Heated at 100° for 3 minutes A study was also made of the influence of pasteurization upon butter making. In this the fat content of the whole milk, skim milk, and buttermilk was determined and the total fat of the cream and Imtter estimated. The cream from the sejjarator was divided into two portions, one cooled to 10° and the other heated to 75° for 15 minutes and cooled. Both portions were kept in the usual manner for from 20 to 24 hours and (churned. From the results two points were clear: First, that the time of churning was shorter with the pasteurized milk, and second, the fat content of the buttermilk was lessened. Taking the average of 6 trials the buttermilk from the unpasteurized milk contained 1.2297 i)er cent of fat, white that from the pasteurized milk contained only 0.8819 per cent. The quality of the pasteurized Imtter was ■higher than that of the unpasteurized, the former scoring an average f)f !»<).60, while the latter averaged 9-1.91. The average duration of the time of churning with the pasteurized cream was 7o minutes; with the unpasteurized, 92 minutes. Why cream tests vary [f 'reamer ij Jour., 11 [1901), So. 143, jip. n, 7, 30, 31). — Statements from several creamery men as to the causes of the variations of the tests of cream from farm hand separators. The mechanical introduction of water in butter, E. Hekgkani' [J'lih/ic Jlr.ullh, 14 [1901), No. 1, ]>p. lO-l.i). — The author discusses the adulteration of butter in Great Britain by the addition of water. The amount which may l)e added by mechanical means is stated to range l)etween 18 and 3(3 i)er cent. The manufacture of hard cheese from pasteurized milk, 11. Tii;.m.\.\.\ [Milch. 486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Zig., 30 [1901), No. 25, pp. 386,387). — After a diHcussioii (jf tlie suljject p. 14, pi- ],figfi- 3). — Exjieriments were conducted for the purpose of testing the feasil)ility of central curing rooms, and the effect of climatic conditions upon the curing of cheese. Cheese fresh from the press was shipped from the Iowa Station to the Guelph Dairy School and a factory at Stratford, Ontario, to be cured, and both of the latter shipped new cheese to the Iowa Station for curing. Cheese from the same lot in each case was cured where made. The scorings are tabulated. The results are considered as show- ing that " shipping the cheese 750 miles by express during the heat of sununer did not affect the flavor." Central curing rooms which could be better constructed for controlling temperature and moisture are therefore considered desirable in warm and dry climates. Other results of the experiments at the station are summarized as follows: "Cheese cured in musty ice box at temperature of 55° F. compared favorably with cheese cured in well-ventilated room at a moderately low temperature during the month of October. Cheese cured in ice box scored 2| points higher on flavor and 5 a point higher on texture. "Cheese can be exposed the first 5 days to a temperature as high as 90° without injuring its flavor if sufficient acid has been developed to make a firm-bodied cheese and it is cured at 60° afterwaaxls. "Cheese cured at a temperature of 60° F., with a high jjercentage of moisture, scored higher than cheese cured at a temperature above 65°. "Adding artificial moisture through pine shavings in a box worked very satisfac- torily in the curing room and left no bad odors. "Fumigating with formaldehyde gas to destroy the mold-producing bacteria gave good results." The ripening of cheese and the role of micro-org'anisnis in the process, F. C. Harrison {Tmus. Canad. ImL, 7 (1901), I, No. 13, pp. 103-134).— '^he 3i\\t\\or reviews the work done on cheese ripening during the past 25 years and calls atten- tion to the diflficulties in the investigation, 6wing to the many different kinds of cheese, methods of manufacture, and other factors. A bibliography of the work is appended. The work of the author is given, in which he sought to determine the causes of the ripening of cheese. He made a study of the acid content, and especially of the micro-organisms, and carried out an experiment similar to that of Russell and Wein- zirl (E. S. R., 11, p. 487), except that his work was on Canadian Cheddar cheese and the culture media used were somewhat different. It was found that the bacteria developed in the curd and cheese with the greatest rapidity up to the age of 2 or 3 days. This was followed by a period of- rapid decline imtil about the thirteenth VETERINARY SCIKNOK AND I'RACTICK. 4S7 (l;iy. I'luiii lliis ]i('ri(igi')i('x, or a closely allied form. When cultures of these two organisms were introduced into sterilized milk a tirm curd was ])roduced, with little or no gas. The gas-pro(hicing bacteria belonged usually to either the //. coll grouj) or the B. lacticHroijenes group. In the presence of the former the cheese was sometimes mottled. The li(]uefying ))acteria were not numerous in the Canadian cheese examined, and they decreased in numbers as the cheese ripened, being seldom found after 3 weeks. In one instance the presence of a large number of digesting bacteria was ass(Kriated with a bad flavor in the cheese. Two or three forms closely related to i>. fulvns ■ were found in young cheese. This group gave rise to bad flavor or odors in milk. Yeasts were quite commonly found in Canadian cheese and frequently in large numbers. The experiments indicate that they are the only mitTO-organisms that actually increase in cheese. While the name yeasts is applied to this class, most of them were species of Torula, as they formed no spores. Some were beneficial, act- ing somewhat like lactic-acid bacteria, while others were injurious, causing undesira- ble fermentations. One species produced a mottled appearance in the cheese. These yeasts show a remarkable tolerance to acidity, so that it is difficult tc overcome thgir action by the addition of a vigorous lactic-acid starter. Some grew in peptone solu- tions containing 2.25 per cent of lactic acid. The author discusses at some length the causes of the ripening of t-heese, as sIkjwu by his own work and that of others. He gives the following as •?mi)ortant facts which are well supported by the evidence of careful experiments: (1) The enormous nund)er of lactic-acid bacteria in hard cheese, and the very small numbers of liquefy- ing or digesting bacteria; (2) the existence of galactase, a natural enzym inherent in fresh milk; and (3) the ability of rennet to cause the change of nonsoluble nitroge- nous i)roducts to soluble ones." The author's experiments with Canadian cheese indicate that the amount of acid present is sufficient to inhibit the action of galactase in cheese ri[)ening, and that this enzym is therefore of little importance. On the contrary, rennet acts more quickly and with greater jxiwer in acid solutions. It would therefore seem that the role of the lactic-acid bacteria is to create a requisite acidity, so that the pepsin of the rennet can exercise its digestive action on the cheese. "Summarized, the ripening of cheese may be said to be caused by the digestive action of the rennet on the insoluble nitrogenous matter of the cheese, in the jires- entte f)f acid formed Ijy the lactic-acid bacteria. The large amount of acidity also I)revents or inhibits the growth of other (and perhaps undesiral)le) species of liactrria." Danish trade in dairy produce in 1900 {Jour. Bil. At/r. [London^, ,s' (lUOl), No. ,.\ j>j). .^.JS-J.34)- — Report to the foreign othce from the British consul at Copen- hagen. Siberian butter trade (Jour. B<1. Aijr. [Loudon], 6' [1901), No. J, pp. iiSO-^S.i). — Report of H. Cooke, commercial agent of the board in Russia. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Report of the veterinarian, W. 11. Dalkvmple ( Loiii'slaiM S(((.^. Bid. 64, 2. .s-er., pp. 5fi5-GJ4,Jiil>^- J I). — The station undertook to eniiourage the importation of highbred cattle from the Nortii, and for tliis imrpose volunteered to imnnmi/'.e sucii cattle 488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. without t'xpeiiHe to the owiiern. AiiKJiig the cattle sent to the station for this pur- pose the following breeds maybe mentioned: Polled Durham, Hereford, Shorthorn, Red Poll, Jersey, grade Hereford and Shorthorn, and grade Hereford and Holstein. About 50 cattle were artificially immunized by blood inoculation and all i)assed through the 60-day period during which they were under observation without any mishap or without the necessity of medical treatment. The blood used in inocula- tions was from a steer imported from Missouri which had previously passed through an attack of fever. All the animals passed through a primary and secondary attack of fever. It is considered that the best time for inoculation is in the late fall or winter, for the reason that when the animals are turned out to pasture for the first time after immunization the ti(;ks will not be numerous enough to cause a relapse. The author believes that the operation of blood inoculation is so simple that it can be successfully carried out by practical stockmen without the assistance of a trained veterinarian. All of the cattle which were inoculated at the experiment station were later shipped to their respective owners in different parts of the State and were placed on tick-infested pastures. A few of these animals had relapses and some died, but the history of the different cases indicates that the relapses and deaths could largely have Ijeeu prevented by careful attention to the animals when they were first turned out to pasture. Rec'ently inoculated animals should not be turned into pastures where the ticks are exceedingly numerous for the reason that an exces- sive infestation of ticks may overcome the partial immunity w'hich is already pro- duced in the animals. An outbreak of anthrax occurred in 1900 on the experiment station grounds. A cow died rather suddenly from the disease and the carcass was thoroughly burned. The remainder of the cattle on the i>asture were changed to other grazing ground and later were inoculated with the first and second lymph of anthrax vaccine. Al)Out a month after the outl)reak of anthrax the vaccinated cattle were turned on the pas- . ture where the first case occurred, but no further cases of the disease were noticed. One mule and one horse became affected and died. It is believed that the infection which caused this outbreak came from a bull which died in a neighboring farm 3 or 4 weeks before the outbreak on the station grounds occurred. Anthrax was not so i)revalent during 1900 as during the 2 or 3 previous years, and it is believed that this was due to greater sanitary precautions being taken by stock owners throughout the State. Several outbreaks of blackleg occurred and were reported to the station. Inoculation with blackleg vaccine was recommended and the S]>read of the di.sease was (-becked. A serious outbreak of glanders occurred as a result of the importation of diseased animals from Kansas City. Of 223 animals which were inspected, 39 were found to liave glamlers. Of these, 11 died and 28 were killed on account of clinical symptoms of glanders or after reacting to the mallein test. It is stated that there is no law in Louisiana requiring shi])pers to give any guarantee as to the healthfulness of horses and mules whi(;h are shippeil in from other States. It is urged that a law be passed by which the stock owners of the State may he protected against unscru- pulous stock dealers who migiit otherwise ship in glanderous horses and nmles. A nervous disease of cattle, characterized l)y trembling of the head, neck, and other portions of the body, was investigated, and tlie author believes that the disease was due to slight poisoning from eating unwlujlesome weeds. All cases recovered, the treatments recommended including a change of grazing ground, purgation witli Epsom salts, and administration of bromid of potash. A disease is reported among cattle as due to eating rotten sweet potatoes. Tlie chief symptoms were difficulty of respiration and groaning. The sweet potatoes were probably affected with the black-rot fungus. Brief notes are given on the nodular disease of the intestines of sheep. This disease is reported as prevailing throughout the State, and it is stated that experiments are in progress which are designed to discover means for eradicating it from pastures so far as possible. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 489' Annual reports of proceedings under the diseases of animals acts, etc. , 1899 {London: Board of Af/rlciilture, 1900, pp. 10£, jds. 2). — The report of the chief veterinary officer, A. C. Cope (pp. 7-22), contains an account of rabies, foot-and-mouth disease, pi euro-pneumonia, hog cholera, glanders, anthrax, and sheep scab. Tables are given showing the decrease in the number of cases of rabies since the Board of Agriculture undertook the eradication of this disease in 1897. It is believed that rabies has been completely eradicated in Crreat Britain, the last case having been observed in November, 1899. In order to prevent the reintroduction of the disease, orders have been issued restricting the importation of dogs from abroad and subject- ing them to quarantine for a period not to exceed 6 months. During 1899 reports were received of 11 suspected outbreaks of pleuro-pneumonia. The investigation showed that in each case the animals were suffering from tubercu- losis or some disease other than pleuro-i>neumonia. It is reported that hog cholera occurred on premises where it had never been known before. In one instance 33 fresh premises were infected as a result of exposure of some infected but not evi- dently diseased animals in a certain market. Glanders has increased in the number of cases during the year, and its distribution has become wider. It is suspected that certain horsemen are using mallein as a diagnostic agent for glanders and then selling the horses which react on the public market. This might account for the spread of the disease. Brief notes are also added on the extent and distribution of anthrax and sheep scab. Tlie assistant secretary, J. T. Tennant (pp. 23-41), gives a statistical report on trade in foreign animals, animals brought from Ireland, and cattle markets and fairs. A copy is given of the order relating to the importation of dogs into Great Britain, and a brief account is presented of the measures which have been taken by the board for preventing the further distribution of hog cholera. Statistical tables are given show- ing the various orders issued by the Board of Agriculture regarding animal diseases, the international trade in animals, the number of animals of various species in Great Britain, and the number of cases of various diseases among these animals. Report of the cattle commissioners, A. Peters {Massachusetts State Bd. Agr. Bpt. 1900, pjp. 395-48.?) . — The work of the cattle commissioners Avith reference to tubercu- losis included the maintenance of the quarantine and testing herds at the request of owners. A paper is reprinted on obstacles to enforcing regulations requiring the tuberculin test in interstate cattle traffic (E. S. E.., 13, p. 390). During the year 3,249 cattle were quarantined, and of these 1,178 were killed and paid for as being tuberculous. Statistical tables are given showing the number of cattle inspected in various towns of the State. Glanders prevailed to a greater extent than ever before, being reported from 128 cities and towns. In 1900, 699 animals were destroyed as glanderous. Detailed notes are given on some especially interesting cases of glanders with which the cattle commissioners had to deal. Blackleg is reported as having caused the death of a number of young cattle in parts of Worcester County. No cases of Texas fever were discovered during the year. A few cases of rabies were reported, and 11 outbreaks of hog cholera required investigation. Report on animal diseases, W. H. Kelly {Bpt. Xevj York State Dept. Agr., 7 {1899), I, pp. 486-513). — Brief notes are given on the occurrence and extent of acti- nomycosis, verminous bronchitis, blackleg, infectious mammitis, tuberculosis, and rabies. In one dairy 39 out of 92 cows were found to be tuberculous, and the owner was forbidden to sell the milk without previous sterilization. A number of cases of rabies were reported in cattle and horses, and the most of these were traced definitely to bites of mad dogs. Report of veterinarian, G. E. Nesom {South Carolina Sta. Bpt. 1900, pp. 18—21). — Texas fever is reported as occurring in isolated localities throughout the State. The cattle ticks are especially abundant in low country, large swamps, and pine forests. The station proposes to undertake the immunization of cattle which are shipped into racsg— No. 5 — 7 490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the State from north of the quarantme Une. Brief notes are given on the occurrence of glanders and milk fever. It is reported that experiments in the use of arecoline as a remedy for colic and acute indigestion in horses indicate that this substance is fairly effective. Eleventh annual report on the veterinary service in Hung-ary, F. Hutyra {Jahresbericht itber das Veterindrwesen in Ungarn. Budapest : Ayr. Dept. , 1900, pp. 180) . — This volume contains a general account of the personnel and extent of veterinary service. Brief notes are given on the losses caused by animal diseases during the year. A detailed account is presented of the outlfreaks and extent of cattle plague, anthrax, rabies, glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, pneumonia, sheep pox, mange, hog cholera, swine plague, tuberculosis, etc. Statements are made concerning the extent of traffic in domesticated animals during the year and the results of protective inoculation against anthrax, hog cholera, and blackleg. Copies of some of the veterinary regulations are also given. The infectious diseases of domestic animals, N. V. Elmaxov {Besi/edui o zaraznuikh holyeznyakh nasJiikJ) domashnlkJi zirirotnulklt. Mosco^v: K. I. Tikhomirov, 1900, X)p. 67, Jigs. 15; ahs. in Selsk. Khoz. i Lyesov, 199 {1900), Dec, p. 754) ■ — A general account of anthrax, glanders, cattle plague, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, tubercu- losis, rabies, cowpox, and scabies. The suppression of tuberculosis, E. Koch {Nature, 64 {1901), No. 1656, jjp. Sl'2-316). — This is a paper read at the British Congress on Tuberculosis, July 23, 1901. The author presents a general discussion of the probleni concernuig the pos- sibility of transmission of tuberculosis from animals to man and from man to animals. Numerous experiments indicate that human and bovme tuberculosis are two quite distinct diseases. Young cattle, which were shown by the tuberculin test to be free from tuberculosis, were inoculated hypodermically, intravenously, or in the perito- neal cavity, with jaure cultures of tubercle bacilli from cases of human tuberculosis, or with the tubercular sputum of consumptive patients. In addition to these experi- ments, 6 animals were fed with tubercular sputum almost daily for a period of 7 or 8 months, and 4 were made to inhale great quantities of bacilli from the same source by means of a spray from an atomizer. In all, 19 cattle were used in these experi- ments, and none of them developed any symptoms of disease; on the contrary, they gained considerably in weight, and after from 6 to 8 months a post-mortem exami- nation showed no trace of tuberculosis in any organs. When similar experiments were conducted on cattle with pure cultures of tubercle bacilli, or tubercular mate- rial of bovine origin, the result was entirely different, and all inoculated animals showed symptoms of generalized tuberculosis within a few weeks. Some of them died at the end of a month. With regard to the other phase of the problem, the possibility of the transmission of tuberculosis from animals to man, the author believes that while the question is not absolutely decided, the infection of human beings from this source is of rare occurrence. It is stated that the transmission of infection by milk from fresh tuber- culous animals is probably not greater than that by heredity, and it is therefore con- sidered unnecessary to take any measures against possible danger to human beings from such sources. Attention is called to the rej^orts of older experiments hy other writei's, in which it was found that calves, pigs, and goats fed with milk and tuber- cular material from cattle always contracted tuberculosis, Avhile those which received sputum from human patients did not become infected. It is believed by the author that tuberculosis in man is transmitted onlj' from tuberculous human patients, and that the disease in animals is transmitted only from one animal to another. Report of the tuberculin committee, J. McFadyean et al. {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 3. ser., 11 (1900), pf. 4, pip- 708-723). — The experiments recorded in this paper were conducted for the purj^ose of determining the effect of rejieated doses of tuberculin and the length of time after infection before a reaction to tuberculin takes VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 491 place. For thin purpose apparent!}' healthy animals were selected and tested -with tuberculin. If they failed to react they were inoculated with the tubercle bacillus and tested at intervals afterwards-, in order to determine how soon they would react to tul)erculin. One animal which gave a decided reaction when tested on October 9 subsecjuently failed to react, or reacted alternately. For 2 months it received large quantities of tuberculin and entirely ceased to react. The animal was inoculated with tubercle bacilli on February 6 and reacted to tuberculin 8 days after inoculation. The animal was then treated with large doses of tuberculin without reaction. When killed on May 22 no trace of tuberculous lesion was found except a casefied and inert tubercle in a mesenteric gland. In other experiments it was found that in many cases reaction to tuberculin did not occur until from 40 to 50 days after the animals were inoculated with tuberculosis. In several cases which reacted decidedly on the first test, a complete failure to react was noted if the test was repeated within a short time. The authors believe that repeated injections of tuberculin may have some curative effect, or may retard the progress of the disease to some extent, and that this matter is largely influenced liy the individuality of each animal. A few animals could not be inoculated with virulent tubercle bacilli, although they had not been previously treated with tuberculin, and appeared to be entirely resistant to tuber- culosis. The facts elicited with regard to reaction of animals to a second or later test with tuberculin were so variable that no attempt was made to tabulate them. From the numerous experiments the author concluded that with few exceptions tubercu- losis may be recognized in a post-mortem examination of animals which give a decided reaction to tuberculin, and that no such lesions are found in animals which fail to react or react only slightly to the tulierculin test. Is the Bacillus tuberculosis of cattle permanently different from that of man? J. Law {Rpi.Neio York State Deiif. Agr., 7 {1899), I, pp. 3 13-554). —The author gives a general review of the literature of this subject, dealing especially with the possibility of transmission of tuberculosis from man to animals and from animals to man, and also with direct experiments in infecting animals with tubercle bacillus of human origin. A general account is also given of the nature, value, and reliability of tuberculin. Tuberculosis in calves, Rabus {Wchnschr. Thierhellk. u. Viehzucht, 45 {1901), No. 9, pp. 97, 98). — A brief discussion of the literature of this subject, together with notes on a case observed by the author which was apparently of prenatal origin. The percentage of tuberculosis in calves in Bavaria, as shown by statistics based upon several million calves, is from 0.02 to 0.05. Contribution to tuberculosis in the horse, F. Hendrickx {Ann. Med. Vet., 49 {1900), No. 10, pp. 575-55^).— Detailed description is given of the symptoms and pathological lesions of 2 cases in horses. The disease is quite easily distinguished from glanders. The lungs in both, cases were affected, and caseous tubercles were found in the liver and kidneys. The spleen w-as somewhat enlarged and contained pathological structures which were pr(jbably tubercles in the process of formation. Historical and bibliographical study on the use of raw meat in the treat- ment of tuberculosis, C. Richet {Ann. Med. Vet., 49 {1900), No. 8, pp. 410-4^7).— A critical review of the literature of the subject, with, numerous bibliographical references. It is concluded from this study that the evidence for the value of raw meat in the treatment of tuberculosis is very strong, and that raw meat or muscle plasma is not only a nutritious food, but has also the effect of an antitoxic agent. Arrangements for inoculation against tick fever {Agr. Gnz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 4, p. 497 ) .—^^hu-ii tlie cattle tick appears to be making only a slow progress in its distribution from Brisbane as a center, the stock inspector has deferred the general preventive inoculation of cattle. In order to be prepared, however, for the sudden appearance of ticks among cattle outside of the infested area, arrange- ments have been made to secure immune cattle from which blood may be obtained for inoculation. 492 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. Tristeza, J. Ligxieres (yin?i. Inst. Pasteur, 15 {1901), No. 2, pp. 121-128, pi. 1). — Tristeza is the name for a cattle disease in Argentina, which is identical with Texas fever. The author quotes the results of investigations upon this disease, during which the results already oljtained by American students are largely con- firmed. It is stated also that the examination of blood, although the most important element of diagnosis ante-mortem, is not an infallible test. An atyj^ical form of the disease is occasionally observed, in which the destruction of red blood corpuscles is not very pronounced, or takes place slowly, and in which the corjiuscles in general circulation are not attacked by the blood parasite until shortly before death. It is maintained that this form of the disease does not correspond to the benign form already described by the American writers. The author succeeded in making cul- tures of Pyrosoma bigemmum in a round form, and showed bj' experiment that the administration of quinin and arsenical compounds has no effect in i->reventing or curing the disease. Tristeza or Texas fever in the Arg-entine Republic, J. LicixiERES {La "tris- teza^' ou malaria bovine dans la Republique Argentine. Buenos Ai/res: Jacobo Peuser, 1900, pjp. 172, pis. 16). — A i:)reliminary accomit of work on this subject has already been noted (E. S. R., 12, p. 885). The present volume contains a detailed account of the author's observations and experiments on this disease. Parturient paralysis and the Scliniidt treatment, J. J. Repp {lovxt Sta. Bui. 58, pp. 17-30) . — A general account is given of the history, distribution, cause, i^atho- logical anatomy, symptoms, diagnosis, course, and treatment of parturient paralysis. The author considers this name preferable to either parturient paresis or milk fever. In order to determine the effectiveness of the Schmidt treatment, as applied by the practicing veterinarians of Iowa, a circular letter was sent to 150 veterinarians requesting a report on the number of cases treated and the history of those cases. In all, 166 cases were reported to the author by 33 veterinarians, of which 119 cases were reported as successful, while 47 were fatal. The majority of the affected cows were between the ages of 6 and 9 years, and at the birth of the third to the sixth calf. Most of the cows were reported as being fat and at pasture, not receiving any other food. As a rule, the affected animals Avere heavy milkers. The disease developed usually within 24 hours after parturition. The infusion of potassium iodid was repeated in from 8 to 12 hours in 22 cases, and in 2 cases was repeated twice. In 6 cases the disease was complicated with pneumonia and resulted fatally in each case. The author believes that pneumonia may be the result of attempting to give medicines by way of the mouth when the animal is vniable to swallow. The mate- rial might under such circumstances be carried into the lungs and produce an infec- tion of these organs. In 7 of the cases which were treated a more or less serious affection of the udder was produced, probably from the use of instruments which were not properly sterilized. Allowing for cases which were complicated with pneumonia and other trouble, the author considers that 76.5 per cent of cures is to be placed to the credit of the Schmidt treatment. This treatment is recommended as being the most effective one which has yet been devised. Parturient paresis, S. S. Buckley {Man/land Sta. Bid. 76, pp. 199-201). — The author jiresents a brief account of the Schmidt treatment for milk fever, together with formulpe for solutions to be used and directions for applying the treatment. The usual symptoms of milk fever are mentioned, and statistics are given on the percentage of cures effected by the Schmidt method. Of 7 cases treated by the author, 6 recovered. In 2 cases which recovered severe attacks of mastitis subsequently developed. Milkfever, E. W. Koare {Veterinarin, 74,{1901), Xo.879,pp. 138-140).— The author had good success in the treatment of milk fever by administering chloral hydrate in doses of 1 oz. and treacle in doses of 1 lb., followed by ammonium carlionate. In one case the cow received in all 7 oz. of ammonium carbonate and 9 I'os. of treacle. VETEKINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 493 It is stated that since the Schmidt treatment is based on empirical grounds, further invcHtigatinn is needed to ehicidate the nature of milk fever. Effectsofiodid of potash as an injection in the mammary gland, P. Couremaxs {Ann. Med. TV/., 4'' {1900), No. 5, pp. 240-243). — A description is given of the usual method for making intramammary injections of this substance. Experiments were conducted for the purpose fif determining Avhether oxygen compounds of iodin were contained in the commercial iodid of jtotash. It was found that such compounds ■were not present. Infectious pneumonia of calves, Sauer ( Wcltuschr. Thierheilk. u. Viehzucht, 45 {1901), No. 12, jip. 133, 134) ■ — Brief notes on outbreaks of this disease. After thorough disinfection of the j^remises no more cases of the disease developed. Thrush in cattle, Hajnal {Berlin. Thierarztl. Wchnschr., 1901, No. 9, pp. 153- 155) . — The author calls attention to the difficulties of differential diagnosis between infectious foot-and-mouth diseases and other forms of cattle diseases which are included under the term thrush. It is stated that stomatitis aphthosa, oidica, and diphtheritica are readily distinguished from infectious foot-and-mouth disease when a number of cases are to be had for observation and when the history of cases can be obtained; but that diagnosis is uncertain when based upon a brief inspection of an infected animal. Foot-and-mouth disease and sanitation, E. Thierry {Jour. Agricole [Paris], 12 {1901), No. 131, pp. 29-32). — A general discussion of the efficiency of various sanitary methods in preventing the spread of this disease. Suspicion of infection with foot-and-mouth disease in the sense of the inspection regulations, Eeuter {VrtJjschr. Bayer. Landw. Batli.es., 5 {1900), No. 4, SujK, j)p. 641-653). — The author presents a general discussion of the lequirements of the law concerning tliis disease and of the accuracy of ^phraseology. Analyses of hog-cholera remedies, E. W. Thatcher {Nebraska Sta. Bpt. 1900, pp. 70-72) . — xinalyses are reported of 5 i^reparations sold in the State as remedies for hog cholera. Diagnosis of rabies in dogs by microscopic examination of the nerve gan- glia, G. Hebrant {Ann. Med. Vet., 49 {1900), No. 6,p>p. 302-309) .—Ch&ngei^ in the nervous tissue were especially well marked in the gasserian ganglia in cases of rabies. The ganglia of the left side were rather more acutely attacked than those of the right. The agglutination of Staphylococcus aureus by the serum of vaccinated and infected animals, J. Nicolas and C. Lesieur {Compt. Bend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 53 {1901), No. 4, pp. S7-89) . — The authors studied the influence of serum from an immunized goat upon cultures of this organism which were already developed and upon those which were in the process of development. Other experiments were also made in the agglutination of other species of Staphylococcus. The serum of rabbits and guinea pigs was tested with refereijce to the agglutinating power. From their experiments the authors conclude that the serum of goats inmumized by means of repeated hypodermic injections of cultures of Staphylococcus aureus causes an aggluti- nation of this organism, Imt that the serum of animals suffering from an acute infec- tion from the same organism possesses no agglutinating power. The histogenesis of malignant tumors, Schijtz {Ztsckr. Veterindrk., 13 {1901), No. 3, pp. 101-117). — An elaborate discussion of this subject, with a critical review of the literature and a bibliography. On disinfection, W. L. Mackenzie ( Vel. .Jour., n. ser., 3 {1901), No. 15, pp. 141- 150). — The use of formalin for disinfection is discussed in detail, and notes are given on methods of applying disinfectants to surfaces, including disinfection by free gas, by moist brushing or rubbing, jet, or shower, and Ity spray. 494 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. STATISTICS- MISCELLANEOUS. Biennial Report of Idaho Station, 1899 and 1900 {Idaho Sta. Bui. 29, pp. 35). — Reports of the director and heads of departments on the work of the station, and financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1899 and 1900. The report of the chemist contains analyses of 4 samples of baking powder, 1 sample of watermelon sirup, and 6 samples of water. The report of the meteorologist is noted elsewhere. Fourteenth. Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1900 {Nebraska Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 80). — A report of the director on the staff, work, and publications of the station during the year; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900; and several articles abstracted elsewhere. Annual Report of South Carolina Station, 1900 {South Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 3-2). — The different lines of station work are reviewed at some length in departmental reports, parts of which are noted elsewhere. A financial statement is given for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. Twelfth Annual Report of Texas Station, 1900 {Texas Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 287-308, pis. 3). — The report of the director reviews the different lines of station work during the year and summarizes some of the results obtained by the station during 12 years. Resolutions adopted by the Texas Farmers' Congress and by the Texas Live Stock Association relative to experiment station work in the State are given. Reports of the heads of departments are included, one of which states briefly the results of some experiments in marketing peaches. A financial statement is given for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900. A subject list is given of station pub- lications, those still available being indicated. The front elevation and first and second floor plans are given of the agricultural-horticultural 1 niilding erected in 1900. Sources of the agricultural imports of the United States, 1896-1900, F. H. Hitchcock {U. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bui. 24,pp.l20). — Tables are given showing in detail the quantities and values of all the agricultural products imported into the United States from the several countries of supply during each of the five fiscal years 1896-1900. A similarreport for thefiscal years 1894-1898 was published as Bulletin 17 of the Section (E. S. R., 12, j). 98). The average annual value of the agricultural imports during the 5 years was $376,369,368. Of the articles imported sugar constituted over 23 and coffee 18 per cent. Brazil supplied 12.99 per cent of the total imports, the United Kingdom 8.96, Germany 6.88, and Cuba 6.10 per cent. Distribution of the agricultural exports of the United States, 1896-1900, F. H. Hitchcock {U. S. Dept. Agr., Section of Foreign Markets Bui. 25, pp. 182). — Statistical tables show the quantities and values of all the various agricultural prod- ucts exported from the United States to each country of destination during the 5 fiscal years 1896-1900. A similar report for the fiscal years 1894-1898 was published as Bulletin 16 of the Section (E. S. R., 12, p. 98). The average annual value of the agricultural exports during the 5 years was $752,120,133. The United Kingdom received 51.77, Germany 14.20, France 6.08, and the Netherlands 5.22 percent of the total exports. Breadstuffs, cotton, and meat products constituted, respectively, 32.17, 29.38, and 20.02 per cent of the total exports. Apprenticeships in agriculture {Maryland Agr. Co'. Quart., 1901, No. 13, pp. 61, 62) . — A brief statement regarding the api^renticeships offered in the dairy and horticultural divisions of the stations. Nature teaching, F. Watts {London: Dulau& Co.; Bridgetoicn, Barbados: Bowen & Sons, 1901, p2i. XII -\- 109). — This book treats of the general principles of agricul- ture and is intended for the use of schools. A chapter is devoted to each of the fol- lowing subjects: The seed, the root, the stem, the leaf, the soil, plant food and manures, fiowers and fruits, weeds and insects. Industrial progress in North Carolina {Bui. North Carolina State Bd. Agr., 22 {1901), No. 8, pp. 3-23). — Gives lists of cotton, woolen, and silk mills and other industries, and cattle, horse, swine, sheep, goat, and poultry registers. NOTES CoxxECTicuT Storks Station'. — W. A. Stocking, ji-., has })een appointed dairy experimenter, and W. M. Esten, assistant in dairy bacteriology at the station. George S. Palmer, of Norwich, and B. C. Patterson, of Torrington, have been elected members of the governing board in place of T. S. Gold and S. 0. Bowen, and appointed on the executive committee of that board. Hawaii Federal Station. — The first bulletin of this station has just been issued. It describes chicken diseases in Hawaii, which have prevailed to such an extent as to very seriously interfere with chicken raising in the islands. Hawaii Sugar Planters' Station. — Owing to ill health, R. E. Blouin has resigned from the position of director of the station and has returned to the Louisiana Station as assistant director, the position formerly held by him before going to the islands. C. F. Eckart, assistant chemist, has been appointed director and chief chemist of the station; S. S. Peck has been made first assistant chemist, and E. J. Lea appointed second assistant chemist. A new laboratory has been erected and thoroughly equipped for the execution of all kinds of chemical work bearing on the growing and manu- facture of sugar. Maine University and Station. — G. E. Fellows, Ph. D., assistant professor of history in the University of Chicago, has been elected president of the LTniversity of Maine. M. B. Cummings, B. S. (University of Vermont, 1901), has been appointed assistant in horticulture at the station and entered upon his duties January 1. Minnesota College and Station. — Thomas Shaw, professor of animal husbandry and widely known as an agricultural Avriter, has resigned his position, to take effect April 1, to become editor of The St. Paul Farmer. The school of agriculture is taxed to its full capacity this winter, there being over 450 regular students, and 110 fac- torymen in attendance at the dairy school, some of the latter being there for the second or third time. A special course for farmers was begun January 14. Missouri Station. — T. I. Mairs, assistant in agriculture, has been elected assistant in home reading courses at the Pennsylvania State College and entered upon his new duties January 1. R. B. Oliver, of Cape Girardeau, has been selected as a mem- ber of the board of curators during the absence of Walter Williams in Europe. Nebraska Station.— At the November election, Elisha C. Calkins, of Kearney, and Carl J. Ernst, of Lincoln, were elected to membership on the board of regents to succeed H. L. Goold and C. H. Morrill, whose terms expired January 1. New Jersey Stations. — William P. Allen has been appointed assistant chemist. Cornell University. — The Forestry School of Cornell University will hereafter confer the degree of Forest Engineer in place of Bachelor of the Science of Forestry, the former being thought more appropriate and more expressive of the kind of work for which the student has been prepared. Oklahoma College and Station.— T. B. Ferguson, of Watonga, has succeeded Wm. M. Jenkins as Governor and ex-offido member of the board of regents. Oregon Station. — A note in The Oregonian announces experiments at the Oregon Station in preserving silage by a new method. Two silos were filled with corn in 495 496 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the usual way, which was then thoroughly cooked by steam, ami the silos sealed up airtight. One silo has recently been opened. The experiment is thought to have been entirely successful. The silage is described as sweet, and contains only 0.27 per cent of acid. Pexxsylxaxia Station. — Thorne M. Carpenter has been appointed assistant chem- ist of the station. Rhode Island College and Station. — The death is announced of J. A. Tilling- hast, instructor in agriculture at the college and agriculturist to the station. A small glass house is being built, connected with the new house just completed for experi- ments in the rearing of incubator chicks. It will be used solely to supply green food to the young chicks. South Carolina Station. — The experiments in the evaporation of sweet potatoes have been successful, and an exhibit will be made at the Charleston Exposition. Tennessee Station. — A hog barn, 100 by 18 ft., is in process of construction on the university farm. It is designed as a breeding and experimental feeding bar^ as well. It will have the usual yards in the rear for exercise, and is so situated that grazing experiments of various kinds can be carried on in a most convenient manner. It is proposed to maintain two or three of the principal pure breeds best adapted to the South. The work in animal husbandry is being extended as fast as possible. Texas College and Station. — Chas. H. Alvord, assistant professor of agriculture (dairying and live stock), will Avithdraw from college and station work at the close of the present college year. At a meeting of the board of directors December 9, 1901, Acting President R. H. Whitlock was made president p?'o tern, and treasurer of the college, vice L. L. Foster, deceased. The committee from the board of directors have located the new experiment station at Troup, in Smith County. WyOiMing College and Station. — Frank E. Emery, formerly director of the North Carolina Station, has been elected professor of agriculture and horticulture in the college and station, vice Luther Foster, who, as already noted, resigned to become president of the New Mexico College and director of the station. The station is con- tinuing lamb-feeding experiments inaugurated a year ago, and is also carrying on an extensive cooperative sheep-feeding experiment, with 1,900 sheep, at Fort Steele. Society of Official Horticultural Inspectors. — The first general meeting of the Society of Official Horticultural Inspectors for the United States and Canada was held in this city November 11 to 13, 1901, with S. A. Forbes as president and H. T. Fernald as secretary. At the majority of these sessions representatives from fifteen States were present. A circular had been issued by the president in which topics were suggested for discussion, and this served as the programme for the meeting. With regard to the limits of time within which nurseries may be inspected, it was found impossible to decide upon any definite period for all States, and after consid- erable discussion a resolution was adopted leaving the time of inspection to the dis- cretion of the inspector in each State. It was also resolved that the certificate should not extend beyond the time of the beginning of the breeding period of the San Jose scale for the next year. In case a part of a nursery is affected by a dangerous fungus or insect pest not likely to involve other parts of the_ nursery, it was decided that the certificate should be so worded that stock could be sold after objectionable stock had been treated as suggested by the inspector. It was declared to be the sense of the society that certificates should specify the date of the completion of the inspection, should be worded in an impersonal form, and should not mention specifically the name of any insect or fungus pest. Discussion on the acceptance of the certificate of inspection beyond the boundaries of the State showed that it had been the quite general policy of inspectors to accept certificates from State inspectors and from experiment station entomologists from outside States, but no formal expression of opinion on this point was taken. NOTES. 497 ' Considerable time was devoted to a discussion of the nursery pests which should be regarded as dangerous enough to influence or prevent the granting of a certificate. The pests which were mentioned by different inspectors as of chief importance included crown gall, peach yellows, pear blight, San Jose scale, woolly aphis, and sinuate pear borer. A lengthy discussion was given to the question of the best insecticide programme for orchards infested with San Jose scale. The results of experiments with kerosene and crude oil in different States have not been uniform and in some cases have been somewhat contradictory. As a rule, no bad results were reported from the use of kerosene and crude oil on apples and pears, and other hardy trees; on peaches and plums more precaution has to be observed. Whale-oil soap, while effective and safe on all kinds of trees, was objected to on the ground of greater expense. A com- mittee appointed to prepare recommendations regarding the best insecticides to use for the destruction of the San Jose scale in orchards and nurseries, reported as follows: For nurseries, fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, after inspection; for orchards, treatment with dilute solutions of insecticide soaps, oils, or other insecticides to kill the young scales, in late summer and fall; winter treatment with insecticide soaps or oils strong enough to kill the scale and safe for application on all kinds of trees. During a discussion of the question of the proper public policy with respect to the division of the costs of insjiection between the State and the property owners, a variety of conditions existing at present and their advantages and disadvantages were brought out. It was argued, on the one hand, that the work of inspection was directly for the benefit of the nurseryman or property owner, and, on the other hand, that since the general extension of inspection, requiring all nurserymen to be inspected, the financial advantage of a certificate is largely destroyed. Several inspectors stated that they had experienced more or less serious difficulty in collecting the assessments against nurserymen and property owners, and others that the fee led small nursery- men doing a local business to avoid inspection. The society gave formal expression to the view that in States which require inspection of nursery stock, the expense of inspection be borne by the State. A discussion was had on the question of the desirability of national legislation on nursery inspection, and the society indorsed the bill providing for national control of interstate commerce, already recommended by entomologists, nurserymen, and orchardists. It was voted to request this Department to publish a practical article on the principal nursery pests of the country, for distribution among horticultural inspectors and nurserymen. With regard to a practical definition of nursery stock, it was voted that strawberry plants, grape cuttings, and general ornamental stock grown out of doors be included in that term. A committee appointed to consider the propriety of making a permanent organiza- tion of the society, recommended that no such action be taken. The society adjourned to meet next year in connection with the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. Ontario Agkicl'ltural and Experimental Union. — The twenty-third annual meeting of this organization was held at the Ontario Agricultural College at (iuelph, Canada, December 9 and 10. An interesting programme of papers was provided, prominent among which were discussions of the cooperative experiments of the Union. During the season of 1901 cooperative experiments were carried on with 1,885 experimenters on grain crops, 222 on root crops, 146 on forage crops, 180 on field beans and sweet corn, 66 on fertilizer experiments, and 261 on miscellaneous experiments; there were also 309 experimenters testing small fruits and 21 testing different methods of preserving eggs. In all there were over 3,000 Ontario farmers conducting cooperative tests upon their own farms during the year. The mimber has grown steadily from 12 in 1886, the year the cooperative experiments were 13639— No. 5 S 498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. started. Prof. C. A. Zavitz, the director of this work, says: " Both the financial and the educational influences of this work throughout Ontario are great. The l)enefits are not confined to the experimenters themselves, but are shared by thousands of others who examine the gi'owing crops, who attend the annual meetings, who read the annual reports, or who become familiar with the results through the columns of the public press, in the meetings of the farmers' institutes, and in various other ways." Meeting of American Chemical Society. — The winter meeting of this societ)'^, which was its twenty-fifth general meeting, Avas held in Philadelphia December 30 and 31. It was one of the largest winter meetings which the society has had, and was attended by chemists prominent in general, theoretical, industrial, and agricul- tural chemistry. The sessions were presided over by Prof. F. W. Clarke, president of the society, who delivered the presidential address on the subject of the develop- ment of chemistry. In this he called attention to the limited opportunities for systematic research on the larger problems which were open to chemists connected with educational institutions, the Government laboratories, and industrial establish- ments, in all of which chemistry was to a large extent a means for the attainment of a desired end. He strongly emphasized, therefore, the great desirability of public or private endowment of research laboratories, whose main object should be system- atic research in the science of chemistry, and through which cooperation in investi- gation might be arranged. Dr. Hale, the secretary of the society, briefly reviewed the growth of the society since its meeting in Philadelphia 11 years ago. During the past year 344 new mem- bers have been added to the society, making the total membership at present about 2,000, with 13 local sections aside from the one now forming on the Pacific coast. F. W. Clarke presented the report on atomic w^eights, noting the more important work in that line during the year. The international committee on atomic weights had not been able to make a report on the standard of values to be used — whether 0=16 or H=l. A communication from the newU. S. Bureau of Standards proposed cooperation with the society in fixing methods of testing glassware apparatus and in adapting the work of the Bureau to the needs of chemists. A resolution urging Congress to make the use of the decimal system compulsory in all departments of the Government except the Public- Land Surveys, and to jjrovide for its immediate adop- tion in the Mint and the Post-Otfice, was referred to the council of the society. The programme of the meeting contained a list of 37 papers, only 20 of which could be read, aside from the address of the retiring president, on account of lack of time. The papers presented dealt quite largely with analytical and industrial phases of chemistry, although there were several on general and theoretical chemistry. Among those which were not reached on the programme were several on subjects relating to agricultural chemistry. A long list of excursions to various industrial establishments was provided for the afternoons. These were quite generally participated in by the chemists, and, with the purely social features, made the meeting one of unusual interest and profit. Dr. Ira Kemson, president of Johns Hopkins University, was elected president of the society for the coming year, and Dr. Albert C. Hale was reelected secretary. The editor of the journal of the society, Edward Hart, having resigned, "W. A. Noyes was elected to that office, and the edition of the journal was increased to 3,000 copies. The next meeting of the society will be at Pittsburg in June, in connection with the meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Necrology. — Thomas Meehan, long one of the most prominent horticulturists and botanists in this country, died of heart trouble in Philadelphia November 19, 1901, at the age of 75 years. Mr. jNIeehan was a recognized authorit}- on the broader lines of botany, a prolific writer on botanical and horticultural subjects, and one of the most prominent nurserymen of eastern United States. Of English birth, he inherited a love of plants from his father, who was a skillful gardener. At 19 he entered the NOTES. 499 Royal Gardens at Kew, where he remained until 1848, when he came to America. In 1852 his present extensive nursery business in Germantown was founded in partner- ship with the late William Saunders, afterwards superintendent of the experimental gardens and grounds of this Department. Mr. Meehan was editor of Gardeners' Montlihj Magazine for nearly 30 years, and in 1890, in company with his younger sons, estalilished the present Meehan' s Monthly Magazine, devoted to general garden- ing and wild flowers. His published writings include The American Handbook of Ornamental Trees, an octavo volume of 257 pages, published in 1853; The Native Flowers and Fruits of the United States in their Botanical, Horticultural, and Popular Aspects, published in 1879-80, and more than 1,000 shorter scientific articles. In his public life his name was closely allied with the movement for the establish- ment of the smaller parks in Philadelphia, and it is largely to his foresight and efforts that their number and l)eauty are due. Prof. Dr. Robert Hartig, profes.sor of botany of the University of Munich, died on Octoljer 9, 1901. He was born atT Brunswick May 30, 1839, and began service as forester "^to the Duke of Brunswick in 1865. In 1867 he became attached to the Prussian Academy of Forestry at Eberswalde, and in 1877 became professor of bot- any in the University of Munich. The principal works which he has published are Investigations on the Growth and Production of Oak and Beech; Principal Diseases of Forest Trees, which has gone through a number of editions and been translated into English, French, and possibly other languages; The Decomposition of Wood; Report on the Investigations of the Forestry Institute of ^Munich; A Manual of Anatomy and Physiology of Plants; A jMonograph of the Wood of German Conifers; and The Beech considered from an Anatomical, Physiological, Chemical, and Forestry Basis. The death of Henry Settegast, director of the agricultural institute of the Univer- sity of Jena, occurred December 4, 1901. He was born October 12, 1853, at Ragnit in East Prussia. During his life he held important positions in agricultural institu- tions and made valuable contributions to the science of agriculture. Personal Mention. — D. W. May, a graduate of the Missouri Agricultural College and for two years past an assistant in this Office, has been appointed animal husband- man at the Kentucky Station and entered upon his duties January 1. W. J. Spillman, agriculturist of the Washington College and Station, has suc- ceeded F. Lamson-Scribner as agrostologist in this Department. Professor Scribner, as previously announced, has Vjecome chief of the newly estal)lished Bureau of Agriculture in the Philippine Islands and will sail for Manila aliout the middle of February. Marcus L. Floyd, tobacco expert in the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has resigned to accept the position of manager with a company formed to grow wrapper tobacco under shade in the Connecticut Valley. Miscellaneous. — According to a note in Science, taken from the London Times, the National Association of British and Irish Millers has decided to institute an inquiry into the whole question of the relative strengths of English and American wheats, and have secured the cooperation of the Southeastern Agricultural College at Wye. The question has arisen in consequence of complaints of English farmers that the millers give the preference to American wheat, though they have to pay a higher price for it. The millers reply that they can not sell for bread-making pur- poses flour made from English wheats because they lack the strength of the American .«orts. The coming season the Southeastern Agricultural College will grow the same wheats on different soils and with different manures, and milling and baking tests will be made of the grain in each case. New varieties are being obtained from Can- ada and the United States, and an attempt will lie made to improve the yield of the old varieties by selection and crf)ss l)reeding to increase the number of grains in the ear. A note in Xahire gives the results of experiments in hop culture carried on at the Southeastern Agricultural College at Wye. These experiments have in some cases 500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. been going on continuouHl}- on the same plats since 1895. Training experiments are favorable, on the whole, to the system of wide planting and broad alleys. The umbrella system of training has generally given the maximum yield per acre, but is thought to have various disadvantages as compared with the Butcher system. Cutting the vine at i)icking time is found to result in a considerable loss of material to the hop plant and weakening and loss of crop in the succeeding year. Stripping- off the lower leaves and laterals is found to be harmful in seasons of short growth, but without effect when the plant is vigorous. The growth of hops continuously on the same plat for 7 years without any cultivation beyond surface hoeing has aroused considerable interest, and the trial is to be extended to other soils. Fertilizer experi- ments at a number of places were chiefly with mineral fertilizers. The Agricultural Education Committee [English], a committee formed in 1899 and composed of members of Parliament and others interested in the promotion of agri- cultural education, passed the following resolutions at its December meeting, which, according to Xature, have been confirmed by the Agricultural Education Association: " (1) That, if the Board of Agriculture retain their present educational work, it is essential that there shall be complete cooperation between that board and the Board of Education on all educational matters specially affecting the agricultural classes. (2) That for purposes of agricultural education the country should be divided into districts, and such inspectors appointed as may be necessary. (3) That groups of counties, not yet affiliated to any collegiate center, should be formed, each group being affiliated to some center. (4) That, after due inquiry, reports should be issued dealing with the most appropriate forms of agricultural education for each county. (5) That permanent demonstration stations should be organized in each county or group of counties. (6) That official information bearing upon all matters of agricul- tural interest, whether educational or otherwise, should be distributed to the public free of cost. (7) That to carry out the above objects it is essential that larger funds be placed at the disposal of the Board of Agriculture for educational purposes. (8) That the work of the Board of Agriculture might be facilitated by the appointment of a consultative committee on the analogy of those of the Board of Education and of the Department of Agriculture in Ireland. (9) That copies of the above resolutions be sent to the presidents of the Boards of Education and of Agriculture." A general index has been issued to the first 25 volumes of Biedermann' s Centralblatt fur Agrikuhurchemie, prepared by Konrad Wedemeyer. The period covered is from 1872 to 1896. The volume comprises over 300 pages, and contains author and sub- ject indexes. As this journal covers a wide range of literature relating to agricultural science and experimentation and reviews many of the more important investigations in that field, the index will render a very large amount of literature available for reference and be a great convenience in gathering that on any particular subject. The first number has recently appeared of a new periodical, Bionietrika, a journal for the statistical study of biological problems. While published in England, the periodical is cosmopolitan, the editors inviting contributions in German, French, or Italian as well as English. The Yearbook of the Scientific and Leafned Societies of Great Britain, recently issued, contains, in addition to the list of the societies and other mstitutions, their officers, meetmgs, publications, and other information, and a list of the papers read before each society from January, 1900, to June, 1901. With the completion of the first volume (13 numbers) La Grele, published by the Viticultural Station of Villefranche and devoted mainly to the subject of hail pre- vention by cannonading, suspends publication. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assi.slunl Dira-lor. KDITOKIAI. DKI'AKTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — Tlie Editor and H. W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertilizers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. H. Beal. Botany and Diseases of Plants — Wai/per H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Entomolc^y and Veterinary Science — E. V. WiiX'ox, Ph. \). Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooi^eration of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. CONTENTS OF Vol. XIII, No. 6. Editorial notes: Page. William Le Roy Broun, deceased 501 New aspects of agricultural education 502 The Department of Agri'-ulture for Ireland 503 A new experiment station in England 505 Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experi- ment Stations 507 Recent work in agricultural science 520 Notes 60C SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. CHE.MISTKY. A hydrolytic derivative of the globulin edestin, etc., T. B. Osborne 52C The basic character of the protein molecule, etc. , T. B. Osborne 520 A type of reaction Ijy which sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid may be f( >rmed in the animal organism, T. B. Osborne 521 Sulphur in protein bodies, T. B. Osborne 521 The proteid reaction of Adamkiewicz, etc., F. G. Hopkins and S. W. Cole 522 Nitrites in milk, H. W. Bettink 522 The examination of market butter, W. von Klenze 522 Method for e.stimating salt content of l)utter, etc., B. Orzechowski 522 A study of the saponification number of fats, O. Schmatolla 522 P^stimation of fat in fodders, M. Jahn 522 Determination of cocoanut oil in cacao butter and in chocolate, J. Wauters. . . 522 The determination f)f sesame oil in chocolate, G. Possetto 522 Boiled linseed oil, analytical constants, M. Kitt 523 Bromin and iodin al)sor])tion figures of oils, II. T. Vulte and L. Logan 523 Kjeldald method for the determination of sugar, R. Woy 523 InflueiiciM if salts (jii rotary jiower of sugars, J. de Kowalski, P. Tomartschenko. 523 The coefficient 0.85 in the indirect analysis of sugar cane, L. Bonnin 523 Extraction method for determination of polarization of beets, A. Ilerzfeld 523 I II CONTKNTS. Notes on sugar 1 )eets, P. F. Trowl iriiltre 523 Sugar in swedes. I, Analytical methods, S. II. Collins 524 Table for determination of degree Eaume, etc., H. Nove 524 Detection of artificial sweetening agents, saccharin, in foods 524 Estimation of saccharins in foods, H. Defournel 524 A volumetric method for the determination of aldehydes, ^I. Ripper 524 The occurrence and the estimation of lactic acid in wines, R. Kunz 524 The estimation of the volatile acids and the chlorids in wines, A. Kleiber 524 Estimation of methyl alcohol in vinegar, Robine 524 Short method for determination of thein, A. Nestler 524 The synthesis of indigo, J. M. Matthews 525 Relative leather-forming value of tanning materials, J. Youl, R. \V. Griffith.. 525 Results of comparative experiments with Freiberg hide powder, J. Paessler.. 525 Comi)arison of methods for tannin, H. W. Wiley and W. H. Krug 525 Comparative hide-powder tests, W. H. Krug 525 The volumetric determination of zinc, P. H. Walker 526 Classification of acid and alkali indicators, J. Wagner 526 Miscellaneous analyses, C. H. Jones and B. 0. White 526 Exhibitof Bureau of Chemistry at Pan-American Exposition, H.W. Wiley etal.. 526 The brome grasses of W^yoming, A. Xelson 526 Agrostological notes, F. Lamson-Scriljner and E. D. Merrill 526 The comparative anatomy of the foliar organs of Acacia, P. Ledoux 526 Relation between structure of beet ro(jt and its sugar content, L. Geschwind.. 526 On the reserve carbohydrates in Arrhenalherum dulius, V. Harlay 527 Investigations on the respiration of olives, C. Gerber 527 The effect of smoke and gas ujion vegetation, W. A. Buckhout 527 Action of carbon bisulphid on the growth of trees, E. Henry 528 Factors influencing size, number, etc., of leguminous root tubercles, L. Hiltner. 528 Physiological studies on germination of fungus spores, B. M. Duggar 528 The significance of mycorrhiza, E. Stab 1 529 ZOOLOGY. The relation of sparrows to agriculture, S. D. Judd 529 The birds of North and Middle America, R. Ridgway 530 Rabbits and their injuries to young trees, H. Garnian 531 Rabbit control and destruction, A. Bruce 531 Vermin destruction 531 Revision of the skunks of tlie genus Chincha, A. H. Howell 531 Rat plague, A. Edington — 531 Researches on Trypanosoma of rats ( T. leivisi), A. Laveran and F. Mesnil 532 Natural history of Queen Charlotte Islands, etc. , W. H. Osgood 532 Digest of game laws for 1901 , T. S. Palmer and H . W. Olds 532 SOILS. Action of various calcium and magnesium compoinids, D. Meyer 532 The i>lant-food capital of the soils of western Germany, F. Wohltmann 533 Humus substances as a nitrogenous constituent of the soil, A. Doyarenko 534 Nitrifying capacity of normal soils, etc., A. V. Klucharov 535 The humidity of the soil and denitrification, E. Giustiniani 537 Reclamation of salt-marsh lands, T. H. Means 538 Soil types established by Division of Soils in 1899 and 1900, M.Whitney . . 539 FERTILIZERS. The action of kainit and high-percentage potash salts, M. Gerlach 539 Assimilation of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, K. Bieler and K. Aso 539 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann 539 Fertilizer analyses, R. C. Kedzie and L. H. Van Wormer 540 Analyses of connnercial fertilizers, H. J.Wheeler et al 540 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and B. O.White 540 CONTENTS. HI KIKI.n CKOl'S. Page. KejMirt of tlu' agriculturist, K. 1\. Ll(i\ il 540 yystt'His (if croiiping witli and witiidut fertilization, W. ('. Latta, J. ll.SkiniuT. 540 The influence of rolling land on the ^tand-of grain, von Seelhorst 541 Harrowing, rolling, and cultivating cereal (-rops 541 Experiments in th(> culture of leguminous ])lants, L. Malpeaux 541 Further researches on the inoculation of soil with Alinit, L. Malpeaux 542 A new prohlem in soil inoculation, J. Stoklasa 542 Observations on correlation of parts of leguminous plants, C. Fruwirth 542 Seeding down to grass in New South Wales, P. Quirk 543 Seeding down pastures and meadows, V. (irandjean 543 Nitrogen( >us fertilizers for meadows, Kuhnert 543 Exiieriments in the imjirovement of pasture and range grasses, J. T. AViliaid. 543 Agaves in Algeria, Trabut 543 Fall seeding of alfalfa, H. M. Cottrell 543 Alfalfa culture 543 Increasing the food value and dry matter of forage beets, P. Assarson 543 Beet culture in Algeria, G. Cureyras 543 Chemical study of seed lieets, M. Gerbidon 543 The chlorin requirement of the buckwlieat j^lant, A. Mayer 543 Prussic acid in sweet cassava, P. Carmody 543 Studies in clover, G. INIartinet 544 Experiments on cotton at Ghizeh, G. P. Foaden 544 Eragrosth hroumii, A. Morrison 544 Flax culture in Belgium, Kuhnert 544 The Philippine hemp industry 544 Sisal hemp and its cultix ation 544 Manurial exj^eriments upon hops, A. D. Hall 544 The manuring of mangels, J. Leslie. 544 Oat experiments, C L. Newman 545 Report on variety tests with oats in 1900, G. Martinet 545 Cooperative variety tests with oats in Nortli Germany, Clausen 545 The culture of oats, V. Grandjean 545 Harvesting the pea crop 545 Composition of potatoes at various stages of growth, C. H. Jones, 1>. O. White 545 New varieties of potatoes, E. Schribaux 545 Variety tests with jjotatoes at Calvorde, Germany, Vibrans 545 Variety tests of potatoes in Hungary, J. Gyarfas 545 p]xposing seed potatoes to light and air before planting 545 Sainfoin as a meadow plant 545 The soy bean 546 The growth of sugar-beet culture 546 The growth of the sugar beet in England, A. D. Hall 546 Sugar cane and sugar beets, C. Daniel 546 Tobacco cultu re in Ireland 546 Influence of wheat farming upon soil fertility, H. Snyder 546 Winter wheat, A. M. Soule and P. O. N'anatter 546 Experiments in wheat culture, L. Foster and W. H. Fairfield 547 Wheat growing in Pacific coast regions, E. S. Holmes, ]r 548 Wheat culture in Australia 548 Experiments on wheat manures, Simons 548 Wheat pasture, A. B. McReynolds. 548 The silo and silage, J. Withycombe 548 Shrinkage of farm products, C. D. Smith 548 Grain elevators, N. A. Cobb 549 HOKTicn/rrRE. Some results obtained in crossbreeding plants, B. I). Halsted 549 Composition of artichokes, C. H. Jones and B. (). AVhite 549 Composition of different varieties of cucumbers at different stages, Heinze 550 The classification of American muskmelon's, F. W. Rane 550 Melons under glass, F. Prunton 551 The cultivation of onions at Antigua, W. N. Sands 551 Rates of charge for transporting garden truck, E. G. Ward, jr., E. S. Holmes, jr. . 551 Rei)ort of manager, Missouri Fruit Experiment Station, J. T. Stinson 552 r)rchard noti-s, F. Garcia 552 IV CONTENTS. Page. The orchard, 0. M. Morris 553 Fertilizing orchard fruits, Rudorf 553 Variety tests of fruits, O. M. Morris 553 Origin and development of the apple blossom, E. S. Goff 553 Changes in the chemical composition of apples by storing, R. Otto 554 Cold or cool storage, Kemp 554 Chemical composition of different varieties of apples, R. Otto 554 Pollination of apples, F. A. Waugh 554 Growing prize peaches 555 Peach-tree culture, C. M. Harrison 555 Plum culture, Skillman 555 Propagation of plums— preliminary report, F. A. Waugh 555 Further work in plum pollination, F. A. Waugh 556 The myrobalan plums, F. A. Waugh 557 Summer pruning of wall plums, A. Petts 557 Pomelos, H. H. Hume 557 A new Ijanana in the Kongo Free State 558 Coffee culture; influence of different manures, M. Koch 558 The cultivation of cocoa in the West India Islands 558 Trenching and subsoiling for American vines, R. Dubois and W. P. Wilkinson 558 Observations on some new direct producers, Grandclement 559 Artificial pollination of grapes, P. Paeottet 559 Preserving grapes in bottles 559 Top-working pecans, H. H. Hume 559 The evolution of American floriculture 560 Carolina bulbs, W. T. Massey 560 Progress in cultivation of carnations and varieties, F. C. Goble 560 Cyclamen for seed; P. Kopanka 560 Culture of Persian cyclamens 560 California lilies and their habitats, J. P. Davy 560 Existence of Lilium auratum in Japan as a species, A. Unger 560 The origin of Lilium, auratum 560 The peony and its cultivation, W. A. Peterson 560 Growing Primula sinensis for exhibition, J. Hobson 560 Classification of hardy primulas from the cultural point of view, H. Correvon. 560 Culture of Perle des Jardms rose, J. F. Ammann 560 Rose stocks for grafting, H. A. Siebrecht 560 Tree planting on rural school grounds, W. L. Hall 560 FORESTRY. Forest conservation in Kentucky, J. B. Atkinson 561 Tree planting, O. M. Morris 561 Report of the forestry commissioner, J. T. Rothrock 561 Forest fires and lumbering during the year 1899, R. S. Conklin 561 Studies on the coast redwood, G. J. Peirce . : 562 The Pennsylvania hemlock output 562 The black pine, J. Huberty 563 The relation between sap and heart wood oi the oak 563 The teak industry of Siam, H. King 563 The fixation of sand dunes, J. Demorlaine 563 SEEDS — WEEDS. The force exerted by swelling seeds, D. 1 . MacDougal 563 Seed studies, W. von Petery 563 Report of seed testing, G. Valder 563 Investigatiorx into the agricultural seed supply of Pennsylvania, G. C. Butz .. 563 Report of the section of seed control for 1899-1900, A. Voigt 564 Impurities of grass and clover seeds, L. R. Jones 564 Killing weeds with chemicals, L. R. Jones 565 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Phytopathology and its service to agriculture, E. Marchal 565 Notes on plant diseases, E. M. Wilcox 565 Notes on some species of Heiminthosponum, F. K. Ravn 565 The growth of ergot on rye and various grasses, Noffray 566 CONTENTS. V Page. Potato diseases and their remedies, L. R. .Tories 566 Concerniug the fungi occurring in the beet-seed capsules, F. Buliak 567 A disease of mangolds and sugar beets, R. H. Biffin 567 A soft rot of carrot and other vegetables, L. R. Jones 567 A bacteriosis of kohl-rabi, L. Hecke 567 A serious disease in the cherry orchards of Kent, W. Carruthers 567 Plum-tree canker, F. A. Wangh 568 Leaf scorching of trees by the wind, L. R. Jones 568 Spot diseases of mandarins, Trabut 568 Gooseberry mildew - - 568 Leaf cast of pine, C. von Tubeuf 569 A disease of spruce twigs 569 The cacao disease 569 Hexenbesen of cacao trees in Surinam, J. Kitzema Bos 569 The carnation in health and disease, A. F. Wood 570 An injurious fungus of orchids, P. Hennings 570 A new method of combating nematodes, H. Wilfarth 570 On the preventive spraying of green plants, L. Mangin 570 A calcium sulphid or sulphur-copper fungicide, A. Seignouret 570 ENTOMOLOGY. Notes on troublesome insects, E. M. Wilcox 570 Report of the botanist and entomologist, G. W. Herrick 571 Notes on injurious insects, PI Fleutiaux 571 Report on economic entomology for 1900, G. H. Carpenter 571 Diseases of nursery stock, H . Garman v 571 An enemy of alfalfa, R. Gavoty 572 The Hessian fly; its ravages in New York in 1901, I. P. Roberts et al 572 The Hessian fly '.n Ontario, W. Lochhead 572 Biological and economic notes on the boUworm, G. del Guercio 572 The grain lantern fly ( Tettigomefra ohliqua) , G. del Guercio 573 Some insects injurious to stored grain and cereal products, B. F. MacCartney. 573 Species of calandra and other injurious insects, P. Biourge 573 Scale lice on the sugar cane in Java, L. Zehntner 573 Life history of two species of plant lice, etc., T. Pergande 573 San Jose scale, A. H. Benson 574 A new means of combating the olive fly, A. Brian 574 The almond bagwohn 574 Currant aphides 574 Some insects injurious to shade trees, B. F. MacCartney 574 The imported elm-leaf beetle, H. T. Fernald 575 Tent caterpillars 575 Observations on the South African locust fungus, G. Lindau 575 Spraying calendar 575 Insect powders 575 The new law concerning insect pests, W. E. Britton 575 How to keep white ants from a building 575 Directions for collecting and preserving insects and plants, E. M. Wilcox 575 An annotated catalogue of the butterflies of New Hampshire, W. F. Fiske... 576 Bee culture, C. C. Miller 576 Bees, and how to manage them, A. Gale 576 The management of tees, A. Gale 576 Bee keeping in the West Indies, W. K. Morrison 576 A glass observing super, H. R. Stephens 576 Foul brood in Tunis, P. Robinet 576 Action of different colored rays of light on silkworms, C. Flammarion 576 FOODS — NUTRITION. So-called gluten and diabetic foods of commerce, H. C. Sherman, H. M. Burr. 577 Analyses of miscellaneous food materials, C. D. Woods and L. 11. Merrill 577 Analyses of buffalo butter, sheep butter, etc., from Bulgaria, N. Petkow 577 Analysis of banana flour, H. H. Cousins 577 Fruits, nuts, and vegetables, A. Broadbent 577 Composition of fruit juices, Truchon and Martin-Claude 577 Glycerin content of dried fruits containing sugar, A. Schmid 577 Deterioration of artificial foods, C. H. La Wall 577 VI CONTENTS. Page. Preservation of chopped meat and number of spores in it, A. Stroscher 578 Composition and sanitary valuation of certain meat preparations, F. Kestner. 578 Examination of food and condiments, 1899, H. Beckurts and G. Frerichs 578 Reports upon food and drug inspection, microscopical examination of food, etc. 578 Diet during training, H. Lichtenfelt 578 Observations in China and the tropics on the army ration, etc., L. L. Seaman. 578 On the effect of alcohol on metabolism in man, A. Clopatt 578 The influence of alcohol on the metabolism of protein, R. Rosemann 578 Does alcohol yield energy for muscular work? A. Chauveau 578 Influence of substitution of alcohol for sugar in diet, A. Chauveau 578 Metabolism in adult man vi^ith reference to protein required, V. O. Siven 579 Concerning the utilization of protein in the food, H. Lichtenfelt 579 The amount of protein cleavage in fasting, E. Voit 579 Digestion as affected by alum baking powders, E. E. Smith 579 Concerning the digestion of starch in the mouth and stomach of man, Miiller. 580 Strength from eating, B. McFadden 580 The excretion of carbon dioxid during muscular labor, J. E. Johansson 580 The chemical composition of perspiration, W. Camerer 580 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Decomposition of feeding stuffs and foods by micro-organisms, J. Konig et al. 581 The preservation and value of mixed molasses feeds, B. Schulze 581 The agricultural value of beet leaves, Hoppenstedt 581 Beef making with corn, Kafir corn, and alfalfa, F. C. Burtis 581 Cattle food 582 Concerning ' ' kalf room ' ' [calf cream] , F. W. J. Boekhout 582 Breeding for beef in Trinidad, C'. W. Meaden 582 Zebu cattle in Trinidad, C. W. Meaden and J. H. Hart 582 Lamb feeding experiment, L. Foster 582 Cotton-seed meal as pig feed, F. C. Burtis 583 Cowpea hay for swine, F. C. Burtis 584 Pig farming on the paddock system, W. H. Clarke 584 The value of barley and pumpkins as horse feed 584 Improvement of the breeds of horses 584 Points on producing draft horses, W. J. Kennedy 584 Iron content of hens' eggs as affected by food, P. Hoffmann 584 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Feeding trials with cows, J. L. Hills 584 The effect of feed on the quality of butter, J. L. Hills 585 Feeding exijeriments, J. S. Moore 586 Comparative experiment in feeding oil cake to dairy cattle, G. Fascetti 586 Dairy herd records, G. H. True 586 Record of dairy herd, J. S. Moore 586 Records of the station herd for 1898-99 and 1899-1900 586 Lessons from the model dairy tests, E. Van Alstyne 587 The sampling of milk, H. Wibbens 587 The influence of high temperatures upon the casein of milk, H. Conradi 587 Treatment of pasteurized milk, Elvira Smeyers 587 Instructions for milk and cream suppliers, G. S. Thomson 587 Bacterial content of milk, D. H. Bergey 587 Presence of tubercle bacilli in market milk, and its diffusion, C. Tonzig 588 Hydrogen peroxid as a preservative, especially for milk, Jablin-Gonnet 588 Systematic inspection of milk for preservatives, A. E. Leach 588 Inspection of dairy products 588 Methods of making some of the high-score butter recently exhibited 588 Scoring butter, H. E. Alvord 588 Uniformity in Danish butter, M. Mortensen 588 Butter in China 588 The conservation of butter, E. Rigaud 589 Fishy flavor in butter, H. G. Piffard 589 A study of butter fat, A. Partheil 589 The determination of margarin in butter, C. Annato 589 C!ryoscopic distinction l)et\veen butter and margarin, W. Peschges 589 Analyses of cheese and butter, (Queensland Agricultural College, J. C. Briinnich 589 CONTENTS. VII Page. The nrilization ol' skim milk, ('. Be'sana 589 (Composition and fertiii/inji; value, of slime from milk separator, (i. Faseetti... 589 Dairv history of Illinois, A. B. Hostetter 589 Report of dairy expert, M. A. O'C-allaghan .■ 589 Dairy instruction in Alabama 589 VETKKINAKY SCIENCE AND PKACTICE. Report of the i^tate veterinarian of Pennsylvania, L. Pearson 589 The mechanism of agglutination, A. Joos 590 C'oagnlation of the blood and anticoagulation serum, J. Bordet and 0. (iengou 590" Exju'rimental vaccine, A. Cahnette and C. Guerin 590 A study of Bacillol, F. Paszotta 590 Therapeutic i-ontributions in veterinary science, 1898-1900, Fl Bass 590 A nt itoxic treatment of tetanus, J. Storie 590 The primary effect of the tubercle bacillus, F. Wechsberg 590 The distril)ution of the lesions in generalized tuberculosis, J. McFadyean 591 Tul)erculous meningitis in cows and the infection of the fetus, H. Thon 591 Cattle inspection and the tuberculin test, G. B. Jobson 591 Results of seven years' work in testing with tuberculin, F. G. Meyer 591 Bibliography of literature on tuberculosis, January 1 to Novend)er 1, 1900 592 Spore formation of anthrax l)acillus under anaerobic conditions, R. Weil 592 The ])()st-mortem diagnosis of anthrax in cattle, H. C. Reeks 592 The anthrax vaccine of Meloni, A. Barberio 592 Sympt( )matic anthrax or Idackleg, L. L. Lewis 592 Method of making inoculation for prevention of blackleg, E. B. Gravenhorst. 592 Foot-and-mouth disease and its treatment, F]. Nocard 592 Foot-and-mouth disease, J. Pemberthy 592 Conference on the sul)ject of foot-and-mouth disease, E. Perroncito et al 592 Potassium iodid treatment of milk fever, Kas 592 Statistics on the treatment of milk fever with potassium iodid, C. Haas 593 Mammitis, W. L. Williams 593 Abortion in cattle, G. II. Wooldridge 593 Treatment for roundworms in sheep, goats, and cattle, C. W. Stiles 593 Removal of Gastrophilus larvie from young colts, W. Wesser 593 The susceptibility of hogs to fowl cholera, V. Stang and F. Pfersdorff 594 Inoculation against hog cholera, J. Webster 594 Treatment of glanders, W. C. Langdon 594 Exi)erimental diagnosis of glanders by inoculation into guinea pigs, V. (iaitier. 594 A contagious stomatitis of horses in South Africa, Theiler 594 Serum therapy in gangrenous septicaemia, E. Leclainche and C. Morel 594 The rapid diagnosis of rabies, M. P. Ravenel and J. McCarthy 595 The Brunswick disease of chickens and turkeys, Jess 595 Streptothrix infections in lower animals, A. G. R. Foulerton, C. P. Jones 595 TECHNOLOGY. Sorghum sirup manufacture, A. A. Denton 595 The clouding of white wine, R. G. Smith 595 Rei)ort of the viticulturist, M. Blunno 595 The acidity of wines, E. Kayser and Ct. Barba 596 Comj>osition and examination of raisin wines, A. Schneegans 596 The results of the study of pure natural wines of the year 1899, K. Windisch. . 596 Analysis of a native Madeira wine, H. Thorns and C. Mannich 596 Cider, F. Rigaux 596 The clarifying of ciders, V. H. Vincent 596 Rubber prei)aration 596 Approximate value of bagasse as fuel, F. N. G. Gill 596 Employment of the bagasse in the fabrication of paper, N. Levy 597 Manufacture of papi r from sugar-cane refuse, F. C. Theile 597 STATISTICS^.MISCELLANEOCS. Wages of farm lalx.r in the Cniled States, J. II. Blodgett 597 Timely hints for farmers 598 Press tiulletins, ( 'olorado Station 599 Experiment Stati<.n Work, .Will 599 List of the pul>!icMtions of the Division of Agrostology 599 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arizona Station: Page. BuL 38, July 20, 1901 598 Bui. 39, Aug. 20, 1901 586 Arkansas Station: Bui. 66, 1901 545 Colorado Station: Bui. 64, June, 1901 599 Connecticut State Station: Bui. 134, Aug. , 1901 575 Twenty-fourth An. Rpt., 1901, pt. 4 520, 521, 598 Florida Station: Bui. 57, June, 1901 559 Bui. 58, June, 1901 557 Indiana Station: Bui. 88, May, 1901 540 Kansas Station: Bui. 104, Aug. , 1901 543 Kentucky Station: Bui. 93, June 5, 1901 531, 571 Maine Station: Bui. 75, July, 1901 577 Maryland Station: Fourteenth An. Rpt., 1901 ... 598 Massachusetts Station : Bui. 75, July, 1901 539 Bui. 76, July, 1901 575 Michigan Station: Bui. 191, May, 1901 548 Bui. 192, June, 1901 540 Minnesota Station : Bui. 70, May, 1901 546 Mississippi Station: Fourteenth An. Rpt., 1901 . . . 540, 571,586,598 Missouri Fruit Station : First An. Rpt., 1900 552, 598 New Hampshire Station : Tech. Bui. 1, 1901 576 Tech. Bui. 2, March, 1901 .... 550 New Mexico Station: Bui. 39, May, 1901 552 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 194, Aug. , 1901 572 Oklahoma Station: Circ. of Inform. 3 575 Tenth An. Rpt. , 1901 548, 553, 565, 570, 581, 583, 584, 592, 598 VIII Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Oregon Station: Page. Bui. 67, June, 1901 548 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 79, July, 1901 540 Tennessee Station: Bui. Vol. 14, No. 2, July, 1901 . 546 Vermont Station: Bui. 87, May, 1901 540 Thirteenth An. Rpt. , 1 900 ... . 526, 545, 549, 554, 555, 556, 557, 564, 565, 566, 568, 584, 585, 586, 598 Wyoming Station: Bui. 46, Jan., 1901 526 Bui. 47, Apr., 1901 582 Bui. 48, May, 1901 547 U. S. Department of xigricaUure. Farmers' Bui. 133 599 Farmers' Bui. 134 560 Farmers' Bui. 135 595 Division of Agrostology: Circ. 35 526 Circ. 36 599 Bureau of Animal Industry: Circ. 35 593 Division of Biological Survey: Bui. 15 529 Bui. 16 532 North American Fauna No. 20, Aug. 31, 1901 531 North American Fauna No. 21, Sept. 26, 1901 532 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 63 526 Division of Entomology: Bui. 9 (technical series) 573 Bureau of Soils: Circ. 8 538 Doc. 40 539 Division of Statistics: Bui. 20 (miscellaneous series) . 548 Bui. 21 (miscellaneous series). 551 Bui. 22 (miscellaneous series) . 597 Crop Reporter, vol. 3, Nos. 4-6, Aug. -Oct., 1901 599 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. X]IL No. 6. The death of Dv. William LeRoy Broun, of Alabama, removes one who has been a prominent figure in educational matters in the South for nearly a half century. His splendid career as president of the Alabama Poh^technic Institute for nearly twenty years stamps him as a man of rare wisdom in educational affairs, marked executive ability, and a strength of character which commanded the confidence and sup- port of his colleagues and legislators alike. He maintained the indi- viduality and integrity of the institution during a period which was fraught with many disruptive and formative changes in other colleges, guiding it along the lines of a well-conceived plan, and developing one of the foremost institutions of its kind. A Virginian l)y birth and an honor graduate of the University of that State, Dr. Broun's entire mature life was devoted to educational work except during the period of the civil war. As an instructor he occupied successively the chairs of mathematics and of physics in a college in Mississippi, the University of Georgia, Vanderbilt Univer- sitj^, and the Universit}^ of Texas. He founded Bloomfield Academy in Virginia in 1856, which he conducted successfully until the outbreak of the war; and was for three years (1872-1875) j^resident of the Agri- cultural and Mechanical College of Georgia. His connection with the Alabama Polytechnic Institute, formerly the Agricultural and Mechan- ical College, dated from 1882, when he was elected president, but remained only a j^ear. He was recalled in 1884 and continued as the guiding hand of that institution up to the time of his death, retaining the details of administration very largel}' in his own hands. He was the executive officer of the experiment station from 1892 to 1807, and was president of the station council at the time of his death. Although of kite Dr. Broun had not been active in educational movements outside his State, there were man}^ evidences of his con- tinued interest in the progress of education. He was one of the pioneers in technical education, his interest being especially strong in that branch relating to the mechanic arts. He established the first manual trainiiig la})oratory in the South, and the first well-equipped electrical engineering plant. He had a high appreciation of the study 501 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the natural sciences, and encouraged the building up of a first-clasis biological laboratory. His high conception of the aims and purposes of the land-grant colleges was clearly set forth in his presidentia address before the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at the New Orleans meeting in 1S92. This was an earnest plea for that form of technical education which trains and develops the mind as well as the hand, and this, he urged, called for both breadth and liberality in the curriculum. The institution whose development he is so largel}^ responsible for is a worthy exponent of his views on that subject. The rapid development of agricultural education in this country during the past few years has rendered obsolete man\' of the notions regarding its possibilities which have hitherto passed current. LTnfor- tunately this fact is not alwa5^s recognized in discussions on the sub- ject, even in educational bodies. Much stress has been laid, for example, on the great difficulty of getting students to attend the regular college courses in agriculture. Undoubtedly such difficulty has existed in the past, and in a way still exists. But in recent years it has been shown that much may be done to overcome this difficulty by proper provision for adequate courses, by special plans to excite inter- est in thorough training in the science and practice of agriculture, and by the creation of an atmosphere of cordial sympathy with agricultural education in the college community. We have outgrown the notion that a farm and a professor of agri- culture are sufficient means for the promotion of agricultural educa- tion in our colleges, and it were well that this should be universally recognized in practice as well as in theory. Data in considerable amount have accumulated, showing that where a strong faculty of specialists in different branches of agricultural science is organized, and arrangements are made to meet the varying needs of students l)y special agricultural courses or schools, it is not difficult to gathei- in a considerable number of students and to increase materially the number who will elect to take the complete college course in agriculture. It is also pretty well recognized that institutions for agricultural educa- cation have not done their full dut}^ until they have strenuously endeav- ored to widen their base of operations by extension work through farmers' institutes, correspondence courses, etc., with a view to arous- ing their agricultural constituency' to the importance of technical train- ing in their art and the opportunities which such training opens up, and thus laying a broad foundation for successful college courses in agriculture. It is idle for members of governing boards or college presidents to publicly profess interest in agricultural education unless they are actu- ally pursuing modern methods in their own institutions to make their EDITORIAL. 503 agTiciiltiiral courses effective. It will not do to ph^ad lack of funds or lack of interest aniono- the farmers. It is tiie plain duty of the man- agers of ao'ricultural colleges to secure fluids and to arouse intei'est along agricultural lines, and luitil it is clear that they are making earnest and intelligent efforts in this direction they should not expect to escape criticism from the friends of agricultural education. "Where there's a will ther(>'s a way-' is true in agricidtural education as in other lines of human activity. The way has been pointed out in a number of States, and the success which has been achieved in attracting and train- ing students for their life work and in broadening the influence of the institution along agricultural lines should stand as an inspiration to instructors and directing officers alike. The initial report of the new Department of Agricultui'e and Tech- nical Instruction for Ireland outlines the various plans which have been put into operation for the promotion of agriculture and the edu- cation and assistance of the small farmers in that country. The depart- ment was organized under the agriculture and technical instruction (Ireland) act of 1899, and intrusted with a variet}' of duties pertaining to technical education, lands, ffsheries, control of animal diseases, etc., which had formerly been in the hands of separate boards and commis- sions. One of its chief objects is "to bring order and simplicity into branches of administration where correlated action was not properlj^ provided for before." It is provided with an annital endowment of £166,000 (over $800,000), together with funds for maintaining a num- ber of institutions turned over to it. It embraces six branches, i. e., agriculture, technical instruction, fisheries, statistics and intelligence, veterinary, and accounts. The work of the department will be carried out very largely in cooperation with the different counties and boroughs, rather than as an independent government luidertaking, and its financial assistance will be rendered in the form of subsidies to local enterprises of various kinds. In planning for this, two important principles have been laid down, namely, that the department will seek to evoke and fortify the self- reliance, enterprise, and sense of responsibility of local communities, and that in encouraging local initiative and responsibility it will guard against an indiscriminate multiplication of unrelated local schemes. The national as well as the local point of view will be kept in mind, and the attempt made to coordinate various undertakings and render expert aid, w^hich are the most important functions of the central authoi'ity. To this end the department has established direct and per- sonal relations with the local authorities, societies, schools, and other organizations of the people generally with whom its work has to do. Correspondence has not been relied upon for this purpose, but repre- sentatives have biM'u sent out to aid local authoi'ities in perfecting their "schemes" for agricultural education or impi'ovement. 504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The distinctively agricultural features already inaugurated are along the lines of agricultural instruction, the improvement of live stock, and agricultural experiments and investigation. The facilities for regular instruction in agriculture have been provided in the Royal College of Science for Ireland, where a three-^^ears' course has been established; in the Albert Institute (Glasnevin), which will serve as the chief center for training male students in higher technical and practical agriculture, and the Munster Dairy School and Agricultural Institute, which is to be given up entirely to the instruction of girls in dairying and domestic science. Itinerant instruction is for the present to constitute a rather promi- nent feature of the scheme for agricultural instruction. These itinerant instructors will give practical and technical advice and lectures in each county on tillage, dairying, poultry raising, fruit culture, bee keep- ing, and other subjects. The plan is for the county to take the initiative in this matter, and on the acceptance of its scheme foi- the department to bear one-half the expense of carrying it out. Such instructors have already been appointed in a number of counties, and the lack of. properly trained instructors is beginning to be felt. A number of "pioneer" lectures have been given with a view, for the most part, to showing the character of the work that might be done by itinerant instructors, in order to stimulate the counties to action. The plans for the improvement of live stock are similar, in some respects, to those followed in a number of European countries. The best stallions to be found are registered by the department, and "free nomination tickets, " good up to £3, are issued for mares which are judged of sufficient merit, entitling the owners to have them served by the registered males. During the year 1,T00 of these nomination tickets were issued. Mone}^ is loaned to farmers at a low rate of inter- est for the purchase of registered stallions and premium bulls, which are to be insured and paid for in annual installments. The fact that sixty-one fai'mers took advantage of these loans the first year shows the interest which is felt in the improvement of the live stock. Premi- ums of £12 each were offered for approved pure-bred yearlings and 2-3^ear-old bulls of any breed, but only about half of the 737 premi- ums offered were awarded, as there was not sufficient stock exhibited which came up to the standard. This, it is thought, will act as a stimulus to farmers to improve their stock, and thus have quite as great an influence as the premiums which were awarded. Premiums were also offered for approved rams and boars. The benefits of these measures are confined to counties which adopt schemes for the encouragement of stock breeding, and all but two counties have already done so, the county usually bearing half the expense. The sum of .€5,000 was loaned to cooperative creameries for EDITORIAL. 505 the erection of plants for pasteurizing their .skim milk, and a plan to organize and advance capital to agricultural credit associations, from which small farmers may obtain loans for purchasing separators and other expensive dairy utensils, in order to encourage home dairying, is under consideration. A varietj" of cooperative experiments were carried out, mostly ])y cooperative societies and organizations formed for the purpose; and special experiments in to])acco growing were made in twenty-five counties, under the supervision of an expert from France, to deter- mine the possibilities of successful culture of that crop. Flax culture, which has fallen off greatl}^ in Ireland in recent years, will receive special attention from the department. Experts have been brought over from Holland and Belgium, and experiments inaugurated in grow- ing flax and in improving the method of scutching. A dairy herd has been leased for experiments in cheese making, and experiments in calf- feeding with skim milk were made on a private farm. A seed-testing station has been established at the Royal College of Science, where seeds are tested for farmers at merel}" nominal charges. It will be seen that, as regards the promotion of agriculture, the steps which have already been taken and those which are outlined are, for the most part, on a very practical basis, and are directed toward some of the most immediately important problems in Irish agriculture under present conditions. These facts, together with the cordial rela- tions which have evidentl}^ been established and the interest which the first year's operations have aroused, bespeak a career of much useful- ness for the new department. The announcement has been received of the establishment of a new experiment station in England — the Aynsome Agricultural Experi- ment Station and Farm, located at Grange-over-Sands, Lancashire. The station is a private enterprise of J. S. and T. M. Remington, located on their joint estate, and " consists of a fully equipped experi- ment station of the latest continental and American t3^pe.'- The features of its equipment are a chemical laboratory, a laboratory for water analysis, microscopic work, and bacteriology, a greenhouse for pot culture experiments and researches in plant phj^siology, and a farm. The latter includes a model dairy, a special barn for experi- ments with cows, sheep, and steers, and about 12 acres to be used for plat exyjeriments. The remainder of the farm will be conducted on a strictly commercial basis and not as a hobby. Soil investigations will be made a prominent feature of the work, including physical and chemical investigations; but fertilizer experi- ments with different crops and feeding experiments will also receive much attention. 506 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A rather unusual feature of the station is the provision for reeeiv- ing- pupils for instruction in theoretical and practical agriculture, gen- eral and agricultural chemistry, and other branches of agricultural science, making it a farm school as well as a station. As the announce- ment states, this is the first station to throw its doors open to pupils in scientific and practical agriculture; and it must be said that there is an element of doubt as to the wisdom of the combination of effort in this case. Usuall}^ the case is reversed, the institution for instruction having a department for experimentation. Whether the institution at Aynsome shall ultimately become an experiment station in the true sense or largely an agricultural school will depend upon the manage- ment and the conditions which develop. c0x\1-xti()\ of associatiox of amfricax agricultural colll(;es axd experimext statioxs. The Association of American AgTiculturar Colleges and Experiment Stations held its fifteenth annual convention at Washington, D. C, November 12 to 14, 1901. The representation was a quite general one, the various sections of the country, including the far West, send- ing delegates. Several topics of importance at this time, such as providing opportunity for graduate study at Washington, the gradu- ate summer school of agriculture, and cooperation between the stations and this Department, were freely discussed, and the conven- tion again recorded its opposition to changing the name or the scope of the association. A very enjoyable social featui-e of the meetings was a reception given to the membei's of the association by the Honorable Secretary of Agriculture and Miss Wilson oji the second evening of the conven- tion. A committee appointed to pay the respects of the association to the President was cordially received bv him and given assurances of his interest and high appreciation of the work of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations. The Association of State Universities met at Washington simulta- neously with the association of colleges and stations, and a plan for formal cooperation lietween the two associations was consid- ered by both. The project was, however, abandoned. The Society of Official Horticultural Inspectors for the United States and Canada also held its first general meeting in Washington in con- nection with the association, as many of the inspectors are college or station men. An account of their meeting was given in the last number (p. 496). GENERAL SESSIONS. The general sessions of the association were held in the hall of Carroll Institute, and were presided over b}^ President A. W. Harris, of the University of Maine, who delivered the presidential address on the first evening of the convention. This address set forth clearly the more important things for which the land-grant colleges stand, and summarized the results of their work. The land-grant act of 18B2 was considered important not onlj^ in providing for agricultural 507 508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. education, but as the "first sufficient recognition of stud}" and investi- gation as the basis of the best success in the artis and industries. It also proclaimed the duty of the National Government to promote industrial education and in its results demonstrated the effectiveness of governmental cooperation. The most important of the direct results of this act to agriculture was the experiment station. "If the agricultural college did nothing more than to establish, maintain, and officer the experiment station it would be justified many times over." The establishment of the agricultural colleges also resulted in the strengthening and broadening of industrial education along all lines, and has culminated in a great system of technical education. " It is a great result of the land-grant college to have asserted and established the doctrine that education in all its forms, from the lowest to the highest, is a State function in which the State has the fullest rights and for w^hich it must bear responsibility, sharing the privilege and responsibilit}" with private corporations only as it thinks best." The speaker considered State aid and control in higher education as neces- sary, under present conditions, to the best national development, especially as the results of this higher education thus become the property of all the people. The address concluded with an eloquent tribute to the memor}" and worth of the late Justin S. Morrill. The association expressed its appreciation of the address by a vote of thanks, and directed that the Secretary of Agriculture be requested to publish it as a separate. The report of the executive committee, presented by its chairman, H. H. Goodell, called attention to the fact that the bill for the estab- lishment of schools or departments of mining and metallurgy in con- nection with the land-grant colleges passed the Senate, but failed to be called up in the House of Eepresentatives during the last session of Congress. The introduction of a similar bill into the present Congress was recommended. Efforts of the committee to have all land-grant colleges made designated depositories of Government publications were unsuccessful. The plan for holding a summer school of graduate instruction in agriculture during 1902, suggested by the Ohio State University, was approved. The report of the bibliographer, A. C. True, noted the work of a bibliographical character being done by the Department of Agricul- ture, and enumerated, with explanatory notes, 44 general and partial bibliographies in lines relating to agriculture which had appeared during the past year. The report of the treasurer, E. B. Voorhees, showed that the receipts during the j^ear amounted to $1,132.97 and the expenditures to $1,105.40, leaving a balance of $27.57. The report of the committee on revision of the constitution called forth a vigorous discussion. The various proposals to change the CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 509 name of the association, to extend separate representation to the departments of mechanic arts of the colleges, and to limit the number of sections to two, were voted down. Amendments were adopted striking- out the provisions requiring a s^'^nopsis of the proceedings of each section to be presented to the association at the close of every convention, and requiring the chairman of each section to make at the annual convention a report of the progress during the year along lines pertaining to his section. An amendment was adopted providing for the election of officers by ballot upon nomination made upon the floor of the convention. An amendment relative to the program for the annual convention provides for the distribution of programs sixty days before the annual convention of the association, and contains the fol- lowing provisions: "The program for a convention of the association shall designate the time and place of the convention, shall present a well-prepared order of business and of subjects for discussion, and shall provide an arrangement for the meeting of the general sessions and of the sections. The subjects provided for consideration b}' a section at any convention of the association shall concentrate the deliberations of the section upon not more than two main lines of discussion, which lines shall so far as possible be related. Not more than one-third of the working time of any annual convention of the association shall be assigned to miscellaneous business." The provision for amending the constitution was also made more specific. The executive committee was authorized to appoint, subject to the approval of the association, '"an advisor}' committee on program, whose duty it shall be to prepare a program of topics to be discussed in general or sectional meeting at the next annual convention and to secure presentation of appropriate papers and engagement of suitable speakers under the provisions of the constitution and by-laws of the association, said program to be submitted to the executive committee for approval and distribution at least ninety days in advance of the annual meeting." The following were appointed members of this committee: E. A. Bryan, W. H. Jordan, H. W. Tyler, C. E. Thorne, and H. T. Fernald. ' The committee on graduate study at Washington reported that no progress had been made in securing a bureau in Washington for the administration of graduate work since the last convention. The com- mittee was directed to exhaust every eifort to devise a plan whereby graduate study and research in the several departments of the Govern- ment may be efficient!}' organized and directed under Government control, and in the meantime to secure, if practicable, the same oppor- tunities for study and research in other departments of the Govern- ment as are at present afforded graduate students in the Department of Agriculture. A resolution was also adopted l)y the association recording its appreciation of the action of the Government in making 16275— No. 6—02 2 510 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. available the facilities for research and advanced work in the Depart- ment of Agriculture, and expressing a desire that these facilities be still further extended and that a national university devoted exclu- sively to advanced and graduate research be established. A sixth report of progress was submitted b}- the committee on methods of teaching agriculture. Syllabi of courses in agrotechny, rural eng'ineering, and rural economics, completing the outline of the college course in agriculture, were completed by the committee since the New Haven convention and published in the proceedings of that convention and also as Circular No. 45 of this OiBce. In surve3nng the progress of agricultural education in this country during recent years, the committee "found abundant evidence that the attitude of this association and the work of this committee as its representative have already borne good fruit in stimulating and aiding the move- ment for the specialization of agricultural instruction in our colleges, the strengthening of the agricultural faculties, and the bettering of the material equipment for agricultural education." The collation of information regarding courses in agronomy in our agTicultural colleges and the facilities for instruction in this subject was undertaken b}- the committee during the 3"ear, and considerable progress was made. The nature of the work was explained and some of the material already accumulated was exhibited. The committee on cooperative work between the stations and the Department of Agriculture made the following recommendations as supplementar}^ to those embodied in the report submitted at the last convention: "(1) When cooperation is desired by the station, it is deemed advisable that the proposal for such cooperation be made to the Department by the director of the experiment station; where, on the other hand, the Department desires the cooperation of the station, it is deemed advisable that the proposal be made in the first instance to the director rather than to members of the staff. (2) While it is well understood that no financial obligations can be undertaken beyond the end of the fiscal year, yet it should be recognized that any arrange- ment for joint experimentation which requires some years to complete creates a moral obligation upon both parties to carry the work to con- clusion. (3) Where a line of investigation has been in progress in any State under the auspices of either institution, it is, as a rule, unwise for the other party to undertake independently the same line of investigation, at least until after full consultation upon the subject." The committee was continued, with the addition of B. T. Galloway from the Department of Agriculture. The report of the committee on indexing agricultural literature was submitted by the chairman, A. C. True. Attention was called to the fact that the Library of the Department of Agriculture would be able to do this work if an appropriation of not less than $2,500 could CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLE(JES. 511 he secured for the piirp()S(>. A resolution was later adopted b}^ the association urging such an appropriation, A paper on Agricultural college libraries, prepared and presented b}'^ Miss Josephine A. Clark, Librarian of the Department of Agriculture and a member of this committee, completed the report. This paper emphasized the great importance of libraries as aids to work of investigation and instruction, and pointed out th(^ necessity" of systematic arrangement and complete cataloguing of agricultural college libraries. Arrange- ments in progress by the Librar}^ of the Department for assisting agricultural colleges in classifying and cataloguing their libraries were explained. Of six libraries recently visited by the speaker, onl}^ two were considered well organized and administered. The functions of a libraiy and a librarian were discussed. The paper also reviewed the work done in indexing agricultural literature during the past year. The report of the section on horticulture and botany, by L. R. Jones, suumiarized rather fully the more important tendencies and results along these lines during the year. In the discussion of college work, facilities for instruction, courses of study, etc., were considered. The marked strengthening of advanced courses was noted. The demand for specially qualified men in horticulture was stated to exceed the supply. In the discussion of station work, progress in bacterio*- logical and physiological investigations and in the selection and breed- ing of plants was reviewed. The relation of college to station work was discussed at some length. M. V. Slingerland submitted the report of the section on ento- mology- The review of progress in this science during the year as presented touched upon the work of the colleges and stations as regards instruction, investigation, inspection, institute work, and cor- respondence. A plea was made for the continuance of the section, and its previous meetings were reviewed. Failure to publish a full account of the section meetings was thought to have been a drawback to the success of the section. The report of the section on mechanic arts was presented by the chairman, H. W. Tyler. This reviewed at some length the progress of work in mechanic arts during the year. Data were given con- cerning the courses and attendance in the department of mechanic arts in the several colleges. A proposed outline for the work of the section, especially as regards the character of the papers to be pre- sented at the conventions, was presented and discussed. This had been the subject of considerable correspondence during the year, the results of which were given in condensed form. No reports were presented from the sections on agriculture and chemistr}' and on college work. The general plan of the graduate summer school of agriculture as proposed by the Ohio State University at the last convention, and 512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. approved by the executive committee, was explained and discussed by W. O. Thompson and A. C. True. It was stated that sufficient encouragement had been received from the leaders of agricultural education and research to warrant a decision to hold the first session of the school at the Ohio State University" at Columbus, Ohio, during the summer of 1902. It was announced that Secretary Wilson had cordially approved the plan for this school, and that acting under his advice, Dr. A. C. True, Director of this Office, had consented to act as dean of the school. The Ohio State Universit}^ makes itself respon- sible for the general management of the first session of the school, but if it proves a success it is pi-oposed to make it a cooperative enterprise, to be managed by a committee of control appointed by the associa- tion. The execution of the plan after the session of 1902 was referred to the executive committee. The desirabilit}" of a collective college and station exhibit at the St. Louis Exposition in 1903, and plans for its preparation and care were considered at some length b}' the association. A committee, composed of W. H. Jordan, A. C. True, H. J. Waters, W. M. Hays, and C. F. Curtiss, was appointed to confer with the Secretary of Agriculture with a view to securing the assistance of the Department, and to prepare, if considered feasible, an exhibit setting forth the progress of education and research in agriculture in the institutions represented in the association. A similar committee, composed of W. E. Stone, J. K. Patterson, and J. H. Washburn, was appointed to consider the advisabilitv and the preparation of an exhibit setting forth the progress of education and investigation in mechanic arts in the land-grant colleges. The committee on animal and plant breeding submitted a report of progress. A tentative plan for securing cooperation in the study of different features of this work was adopted b}^ the committee. C. F. Curtiss and H. J. Webber were appointed members of the committee in place of A. A. Brigham and H. P. Armsby. The report of the committee on pure-food legislation, recommend- ing the enactment of a national Dure-food law. was submitted by the chairman, W. A. Withers. The report of the committee on uniform fertilizer laws was pre- sented b}' the chairman, H. J. Wheeler, and the .subject briefly dis- cussed. The association was briefly addressed 'b}^ Philippe de Vilmorin, of the seed firm of Vilmorin-Andrieux & Co., of Paris, who paid a high compliment to the activity of the American stations and especially the extensive publication and distribution of the results of their work. Resolutions of respect to President George T. Fairchild and Dr. John A. Myers, who died during the past year, were unanimousl}^ adopted. CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 513 A report of a committee of tlio section of agriculture and chemistry on nomenclature of terms relating to nutrition was read, and on the recommendation of that section was adopted ))v the association. A resolution, introduced by W. A. Henry, was adopted l)y the asso- ciation, urging- upon Congress ''the necessity and wisdom of providing a building for the act-ouunodation of the Department of Agriculture, which in magnitude shall be sufficient to provide for its future as well as its present needs, and which shall properly represent in its archi- tecture the enormous importance of agriculture in this country, and which shall constitute a worthy addition to the Government buildings in this the capital of the Ignited States." A resolution was adopted ui-ging upon the authorities concerned the fostering of the beet-sugar industr}^ as far as consistent with public policy. The dues for the ensuing year were increased to $1.5 for each insti- tution represented in the association. Invitations were presented for the association to meet in Ohio. New York, and Illinois. The following officers were elected for the ensuing year: President, W. M. Liggett of Minnesota; vice-presidents, W. O. Thompson of Ohio, H. J. Waters of Missouri, J. H. Washburn of Rhode Island, J. H. Worst of North Dakota, and J. C. Hardy of Mississippi; secretary and treasurer, E. B. Voorhees of New Jersey; bibliographer, A. C. True of Washington, D. C. ; executive connnittee, H. H. Goodell of Massachusetts, G. W. Atherton of Pennsylvania, Alexis Cope of Ohio, and H. C. White of Georgia. Section on college vy>rl\ — Chairman, J. L. Snyder of Michigan; sec- retary, W. E. Stone of Indiana. Section on agriculture and chemistry. — Chairman, H. ^ . AVaters of Missouri; secretary, C. G. Hopkins of Illinois.. Section on liorticidtiire and hotany. — Chairman, J. Craig of New York; secretary, A. Nelson of Wyoming. Section on entomology. — Chairman, F. M. Webster, of Ohio; secre- tar}', H. E. Summers, of Iowa. Section on mecluinic arti^. — Chairman H. W. Tyler, of Massachusetts; secretary, F. P. Anderson, of Kentuck}-. MEETINGS OF SECTIONS. SECTION OX AGRICULTURE AND CHEMISTRY. A prominent feature of the proceedings of this section was the dis- cussion of the question as to the extent to which the Department of Agriculture and the experiment stations may profitably cooperate and what lines of work are likel}^ to yield the most important results. The discussion wa.; introduced by a paper by B. T. Galloway, of this Department, who outlined the cooperative forage plant work which 514 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. is now in progress. He believed the success of the undertaking depended upon grouping the stations with reference to the problems to be solved in different sections of the country, and devising a work- ing plan for each group, with one of the stations as a central agency, for the distribution of seeds and other assistance. As examples of what might be done in this direction he cited the range improvement work in the Southwest in cooperation with the Arizona Station, and the grass and forage plant investigations in the Northwest, with the Minnesota Station as a central agency. The following lines of work were suggested: (1) The introduction of crops from foreign countries, (2) the growth and dissemination of introduced crops after they have become in a measure established, (3) the dissemination of native crops of local value, (4) breeding crops for certain conditions, and (5) increas- ing production by improved culture methods. K. H. Forbes described the grass and forage crop conditions of Arizona, and dwelt upon the ways and means of solving existing problems. For the improvement of the worn-out range the exclusion of grazing in connection with sowing and harrowing in seeds of native plants, the construction of small embankments for holding storm water, and the introduction of desert forage plants were recommended. Range reclamation conducted b}- the Arizona Station for two years along the lines mentioned, on a reserve of 350 acres, has given promising results. Lippia rejyens^ an Egyptian lawn plant, was reported as having made a veiy good growth during the dry summer. F. Lamson-Scribner, of this Department, described the arrangement and plans of cooperative work wnth the stations, the method of keep- ing records, and the work done by voluntary experimenters. In a paper on Quantitative studies in the transmission of parental characteristics in hybrid offspring, W. J. Spillman presented the results obtained in breeding wheat with a view to originating a non- shattering winter variety for the Palouse country of Washington, the range of variation as observed in the first and second generations of hybrid plants being illustrated by specimen heads. The hybrids pro- duced were the progeny of a variety of club wheat {Triticum compactuvi) and a variety of T. vulgare. In the first generation the hybrid plants of the same breeding showed little variation, but in the second gener- ation the}^ split up into many types, representing on nearly every plat the characters of the two parents and intermediate combinations. These t3'pes were classified into groups and the proportion of the dif- ferent groups on each plat was presented graphically. W. M. Haj'S also presented a paper on wheat breeding, discussing the results obtained at the Minnesota Station. In the experience of the author, the distribution of seeds of new varieties on a commercial basis, rather than bv sending out small packages, has given the best results. Following a paper by B. W. Kilgore on the methods for determining CONVENTION OF AMKRICAN AGKICLTLTURAL COLLEtJES. 515 the fertilizer requirements of soils, there was a quite general discus- sion of the subject, which hi-ought out the difficulties in this work and the many factors which tend to vitiate results in practice as well as in field experiments. From this discussion it appeared that the problem of a suitable means or method for this woi-k is far from solved, despite the large amount of investigation which has l)een directed toward it. W. A. Withers and G. S. Fraps submitted a paper discussing the nitrification of various fertilizers in the soil and the favorable influ- ence of lime upon this. The importance of the presence of nitrifying organisms was pointed out, and a further stud}^ of the question of lim- ing was recommended as a subject worthy of more extended study. The question of the practicability of irrigation in humid regions, and the crops and circumstances under which it is likely to prove profitable, was discussed bv Elwood Mead, E. B. Voorhees, and H. J. Waters. As indicative of the profitableness of irrigation in humid regions, Mr. Mead pointed to the highlv successful results obtained in Louisiana and Texas with its use in growing rice, and to other results obtained in the Middle West during the past season. Efficient pump- ing machinery which may be operated without the attention of skilled labor was mentioned as an important factor in this connection. A great future was predicted for irrigation in the humid sections of the United States. E. B. Voorhees showed from the rainfall record for New Jersey for the past 60 years that in 3 out of every 5 seasons dur- ing that period all crops have been more or less injured by drought, while one or more crops, and usually the money crop, was injured every year. Experiments by the New f Jersey Stations for the past 5 years have shown a gain every year from the application of water, notablj' with asparagus and blackberries. Irrigation plants established in New^ Jersey are paying investments in all cases, and in the majority of instances the equipment paid for itself the first year. H. fJ. Waters stated that he had found the irrigation of the compact clay soils dis- couraging at first, owing to the packing of the surface. This was obviated by mulching. Irrigation at the Missouri Station has been found very profitable with nursery stock. F. H. Newell, of the U. S. Geological Survey, submitted a paper on the work of the agricultural census on irrigation, indicating a great increase in the practice of irri- gation under a variety of conditions. The irrigation work of the Geo- logical Survey was briefly outlined, and a description given of early irrigation in Massachusetts and irrigation by sewage, as now practiced in the vicinity of Boston. SECTION ON HORTICULTURE AND BOTANY. In a paper on College or station work, E. S. Gotf called attention to the condition existing in many institutions in which the workers are called upon to devote their attention to both college and station duties, 516 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and raised the question as to the advisability of such a combination of duties. He believed it desirable when sufficient men are provided to perform the proper functions of both teaching and investigating with- out allowing either to suffer. This paper called forth an earnest dis- cussion of the relations of instruction and research in horticulture in the agricultural colleges, developing the general opinion that while a combination of teaching and investigating was often desirable, it would frequenth' prove more profitable to allow the horticulturist especially qualified for investigation to devote himself largely to that field, provided the conditions of the institution would permit, and by specializing to jaise his work to a high order of excellence. A large amount of elementar}^ teaching was generally held to be detrimental to thorough station work. A paper b}" B. D. Halsted, on Observations concerning the first and second generations of plants, gave the results of the author's observations in crossing sweet corn, cucumbers, beans, tomatoes, egg- plants, and salsify. A pink-colored sweet corn, obtained b}- crossing a white variet}^ and the Egyptian, proved ver}'^ unstable in the second generation, many of the ears reverting to the Egyptian type. Cucum- ber crosses were all exceedingly variable, and with ]:(eans no two varie- ties were obtained which were alike. In crossing tomatoes many of the plants were identical with or very similar to the mother plant, while a few were variable m foliage, habit, shape, and color of fruit. With eggplants some very satisfactorj^ crosses were made. Crossing garden salsify with a wild species of the same genus gave true h3^brids, which in the second generation proved verj^ variable in the color of flowers, and showed a strong tendency toward reversion. The paper led to a quite general discussion of the subject of plant breeding, in which the experience and views of a number of speakers were recounted. A paper by eT. Craig, on Cooperation between the farmer and the experiment station, while favoring this line of work, called attention to some of its difficulties and recommended that it be confined to prac- tical lines and that there be personal supervision of the work on the part of the station. The discussion developed the fact that at a num- ber of stations cooperative work with farmers has been found both practicable and profitable, and that it is being undertaken by horti- culturists to a considerable extent. In a papei on the effect of light and heat on the germination of Kentucky blue grass, E. Brown, of this Department, reported a series of experiments covering a variet\- of conditions. The best results were obtained when the temperature alternated between 20 and 30^ C, and light was found to be apparently without effect upon the germi- nation of this seed. The effect of different degrees of moisture appeared to be of little consequence, provided the seeds were kept sufficiently moist for germination. Attention was called to the bene- ficial effects of alternation of temperature upon a number of varieties CONVENTION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 5l7 of seeds while others require a constant temperature; each particular kind of seeds seems to possess its own optimum temperature for germination. In another paper by the same author on The quality of some commercial samples of grass and clover seed, specimens from the Pan-American Exposition were exhibited illustrating the work of the seed laboratory' of this Department, L. C. Corbett described the Arlington Experimental Farm, con- ducted by this Department, together with its object and purpose. It is planned to plant extensive collections of varieties of fruit to furnish authentic new specimens for comparative j^tudies, and by planting seed-growers' novelties to avoid duplication of varietal names. Tests of cultural methods for fruits and crops and phenological investiga- tions are to be undertaken. The plan received the hearty approval of the horticulturists, and a number of suggestions were made of lines which it was hoped might be taken up. J. S. Newman reported some observations on apple-twig blight, F. D. Gardner exhibited specimens of a number of kinds of fruit from Porto Rico, and H. J. Webber showed specimens of cowpeas which are believed to be resistant to the attacks of nematodes. The latter brought out considerable evidence of the possibility of obtaining fruits and grains which are resistant to various diseases and pests. SECTION ON ENTOMOLOGY. The convention brought together a rather larger number of ento- mologists than usual, due perhaps to the meeting of the Official Hor- ticultural Inspectors in Washington at that time. J. B. Smith gave an account of a j^ear's experience with crude petroleum in New Jersey. This insecticide was used successfully on peach, apple, and pear trees, and all the scales which were touched by it were killed. Crude oil was considered most effective on pear trees, where under favorable conditions the San Jose scale can be entirely exterminated even in a large orchard. The scale is djang in large numbers on pear trees in the southern part of New Jerse}" and seems to be rapidly losing its economic importance. H. T. Fernald discussed a few of the more important insects of Massachusetts, notably the gypsy moth and the brown-tail moth. The g3'psy moth was reported from several new localities and in slightly increased abundance, and a colony was discovered during the 3'ear near Providence, R. I. The brown-tail moth is found quite abun- dantly in nurseries, and may become widelj^ distributed from such sources. In a paper on Notes and suggestions, M. V. Slingerland urged the continuance of the section, called attention to the desirability' of greater uniformity in ])opular names of insects, and gave brief notes on the outbreaks of a number of insects. 518 EXPERTMEKT STATION RECORD. A paper by F. A. Sirrine clcscriljed a folding fumigator, which is perfectly gas tight and hinged in such a manner that it may be folded so as to occupy but little space. Unbleached sheeting of medium weight was used as the cover. A brief account was given by C. B. Simpson of experiments with the codling moth in Utah, Idaho, Arizona, and Washington. In the Rocky Mountain States broods of this moth were reported as over- lapping to such an extent that the determination of their number became a difficult matter. A combination of sprajing with Paris green and banding the trees was found effective in reducing the amount of damage. Other papers presented before this section were as follows: The time of emergence and oviposition of the spring brood of the Hes- sian fly, by H. Garman; The life histor}^ of the sugar-cane borer in Louisiana, by H. A. Morgan; Florida observations and experimental work, by H. A. Gossard; and Apple aphids, by E. D. Sanderson. A committee, consisting of J. B. Smith, W. E. Britton, and S. A. Forbes, was appointed for the purpose of proposing topics for discus- sion by the section at the next annual meeting. SECTION ON COLLEGE WORK. The two main subjects considered by this section were the relation of the agricultural colleges to the proposed national university, and the value of short courses at the agricultural colleges. A paper on the first subject by W. O. Thompson opposed any oificial relation between the association and an}^ private corporation, like the Wash- ington Memorial Institution. He believed that "the relation of the agricultural colleges to a national university should be that of sym- pathetic cooperation and enthusiastic support, as against all other measures whether proposed as substitutes or stepping stones." This paper called forth a lively discussion, in which it appeared that there was a general sentiment in the section in favor of securing some agency under Government control for making the laboratories, museums, libraries, and other educational facilities in Washington available to advanced students. This sentiment was voiced by the convention as a whole in its instructions to the committee on graduate study at Washington, as noted above. The discussion on the value of short courses was led by W. M. Liggett, who described briefly the longer courses in the college of agriculture and the school of agriculture in Minnesota, and then turned his attention to the farmers' course of 8 weeks for persons of mature age, given last winter for the first time, and to the short dairy course of ■1 weeks, both of which he considered valuable adjuncts to the longer courses. CONVENTION OF AMFRICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. 519 Hononihlo J. 11. Brig-ham, Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, spoke of the short courses as a means not only of giving- vahiable instruction to farmers, but also of bringing about more cordial relations between the agricultural colleges and the farmers. In his judgment "the best way to secure the support of farmers is to let them come to the college even for a short time and see that you are trying to do good." W. A. Henry pointed out the conditions which led to the establish- ment of the dairy course and the farmers' course in Wisconsin, both of which he described in detail. The workings and advantages of the short courses in a number of other States were briefly discussed by other speakers. SECTION ON MECHANIC ARTS. The sessions of this section were occupied in discussing the future policy of the section as suggested by H. W. Tyler in his reports to the association for the year. The general policy advocated in Dr. Tyler's paper was that of giving more attention to the discussion of one or two broad engineering subjects in the section meetings, rather than encouraging the presentation of papers on isolated independent tech- nical subjects. This plan was indorsed by the section. A decided sentiment in opposition to abolishing the section was manifested. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. A hydrolytic derivative of the globulin edestin and its relation to "Weyl's albuminate and the histon group, T. B. Osborne {ConnccticiU State Sta. Rpt. 1900, pt. 4, PP- 388-399). — A continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 512) on the proteids. The action of water or very dilute solutions of acids converts the globuUn edestin into a substance insoluble in saline solutions of moderate con- centration. This derivative of edestin is formed by hydrolysis and is the same substance as that designated "albuminate" by Weyl, which is the first product of the hydrolitic changes leading to the formation of so-called acid albumin. This substance the author terms edestan, and it is of the same composition, as determined by analysis, as that of edestin, from which it is formed. Edestan forms salts with hydrochloric acid, possessing an acid reaction; it is insoluble in water, less soluble in potassium hydrate than edestin, and insoluble in all except very strong ammonia solutions. The aqueous solution of edestan chlorid, when concentrated, has an acid reaction, and is precipitated by neutralization, the precipitate being soluble in strong ammonia. It gives a precipitate with nitric acid, which dissolves on warming and reappears on cooling; a precipitate with ovalbumen solutions, with the alkaloidal reagents, and with mercuric chlorid.- These reactions agree closely with those given by Kossel as characteristic of histons. With the true histons, however, edestan has little in common. The basic character of the protein molecule and the reactions of edestin ■with definite quantities of acids and alkalis, T. B. Osborne {Connecticut State Sta. apt. 1900, pt. 4, PP- 399-441)- — From a large number of experiments the author draws the following conclusions: The proteins are basic bodies, and with acids form true salts. For example, the preparations of native proteins usually obtained from slightly acid or neutral solutions are salts of the basic protein substance. The acid of these salts can be separated from the proteins insoluble in water by neutralizing with potassium or sodium hydrate. The acid may then be identified by filtering, evaporating, and analyzing the alkali salt obtained. Preparations of edestin made in the usual way partake of the nature of the salts from which they are crystallized. Those obtained from, sodium chlorid solutions dissolve to a considerable extent in washing, the soluble portion being twice as acid as that undissolved. From the reaction of the insoluble portion edestin must form salts corresponding to a mono- and a bi- chlorid. The crystals of edestin and its different salts are isomorphous, the small amount of combined acid not being able to effect a change in crystalline form. The action of acids upon edestin is treated at some length. Ten times as much sulphuric acid as of hydrochloric acid is required to dissolve a given quantity of edestin, while the latter dissolves more nearly the calculated quantity than acetic acid. Phosphoric acid reacts with edestin as a mono-basic acid, and nitric acid forms a salt which corresponds to the bi-chlorid. Edestin is dissolved in centinormal potas- sium, or sodium hydrate solution, in an amount closely proportioned to 1 molecule 520 CHEMISTRY. 521 of the base to 1 of protein. This sohition after a tiine l)ecomes turbid, depositing some of the dissolved protein. Edestin is sohible in a smaller amount of sodium hydrate than of sodium carbonate. It conforms strictly with the definition of a globulin, l^eing insoluble in water, but readily soluble in neutral solution (if sodium chlorid of sufficient strength. Edestin mono-chlorid is insoluble in water l)ut solu- ble in saline solutions, while i)otassium and sodium edestin are soluble in water and insoluble in dilute solution of neutral salt, though solu])le in more concentrated solu- tions. As edestin and its acid salts are soluble in neutral solution of sodium chlorid, it shows that the solution of gloljulin does not depend upon an alkali, as stated recently by Starke. A type of reaction by which sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid, may be formed in the animal organism, T. B. Osborne {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1900, 2)t. 4, ()p. 441, 44~)- — From the examination of the resulting precipitate pro- duced by carV)onic acid in a dilute sodium I'lilorid solution of edestin, the author deems it probable that sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid may be formed from sodium chlorid in the organism. Sulphur in protein bodies, T. B. Osborne {Connecticut State Sta. lipt. 1900, pt. 4, jjp. 443-471). — The author sought to determine as accurately as possible the total sulphur in a considerable number of different proteids in order to learn if this element forms a definite constituent of these substances, and also whether the fraction of this sulphur converted into sulphid by heating with strong alkalis corresponds to a defi- nite number of the atoms in the formulas calculated. Schulz's method of boiling in a reflex condenser and recovering the sulphur as lead sulphid was followed in obtain- ing the loosely-bound sulphur. These results were compared with those oljtained by treating the proceids under pressure with strong alkalis at various temperatures. The total sulphur was also determined, the method followed being described. The various protein bodies from different sources were analyzed, the results being shown in the following table: Sulphur content of protein bodies. Total sulphur. Loosely- bound sulphur. Edestin Excelsin Legumin Vignin Amandin Glj'cinin Gliadin Hordein Zein Oxyhemoglobin from dog's blood Ovalbumin Ovovitellin Casein of cow's milk Per cent. 0.884 1.088 .385 .426 .429 .710 1.027 .847 .60 .5618 1.616 1.028 Per cent. 0.346 .350 .166 .214 .217 .320 .619 .348 .212 .335 .491 .362 .101 From an examination of the figures, of which the above represents averages, it appears that those proteids which can be obtained in crystals, and therefore quite pure, show a uniform proj)ortion of sulphur, and there can be no doubt but that this element is a definite constituent of their molecules. The substanc-es, vicilin, phaseolin, and conglutin gave no constant i)roportion of sulphur, and average figures are not therefore reported. By using the simplest empirical formulas for a number of proteids the molecular weights are calculated. These are regarded as only ajjproxi- mate, since the methods of analysis precludes great accuracy. Carbon and nitrogen may ])e determined with sufficient precision, but a slight error in sulphur leads to serious differences in tlie formulas. A table is shown giving the composition and formula ot a number of vegetable, animal, and compound proteids. 522 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the proteid reaction of Adamkiewicz, with contributions to the chem- istry of glyoxylic acid, F. (i. Hopkins and S. W. Cole {Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], 68 ( 1901 ) , No. 442, pp. 21-33). — Adamkiewicz in 1874 described the now familiar reac- tion of the production of a violet color when strong sulphuric acid is added to the solution of a proteid in glacial acetic acid. Of late years this reaction has been employed in determining the presence of carbohydrate groups in certain proteid derivatives, though its uncertainty has been several times noted. The authors find from their investigations that the proteid reaction is not a furfurol reaction, but depends upon the presence of small quantities of an impurity in the acetic acid employed, and that this necessary substance is glyoxylic acid. A dilute aqueous solution of glyoxylic acid forms an admiral test for proteids, and may be substituted for the acetic acid of Adamkiewicz' test. Nitrites in milk, H. W. Bettink {Nederl. Tijdschr. Pharrn., 13 {1901), jyp. 67-70; abs. in Chem. Centhl., 1901, I, No. 15, p. 854; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'], 80 [1901), No. 464, LI, p. 422). — The method of Riegler (E. S. R., 9, p. 322) is recommended. To apply this method to milk, 20 cc. is coagulated with 12 drops of strong hydro- chloric acid, filtered, and the filtrate examined in the usual way. The examination of market butter, W. von Klenze ( Ztschr. Landw. Versiichsw. Oesterr., 4 {1901), No. 2, pp. 77-80) . — In a comparison of methods of determining the Reichert-Meissl number of butter fat, the author obtained slightly higher results by the use of glycerol-soda solution o\cr the use of alcoholic-soda solution in the saponification. As favorable results were obtained by the use of copper as with glass saponification flasks, while the loss from breakage was eliminated. A simple, practical method for estimating the salt content of butter and at the same time indicating the admixture of margarine, B. Orzechowski {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Lnfectionskrcmk., 37 {1901), pp. 275-277; abs. in Chem. Centbl., 1901, IL, No. 3, p. '239). — The method is carried out by treating the butter fat with a solu- tion of alcohol and ether, and allowing the salt to crystallize out from the solution. One gram of butter is rendered soluble in 3 cc. of a weak alkaline mixture of alco- hol and ether in the proportion of 3:7. In testing for the presence of oleomargarine the fat is collected in a glass tube, and if clear is said to be unadulterated. A study of the saponification number of fats, O. Schmatolla {Apoth. Ztg., 16 {1901), p. 425; abs. in Chem. Centbl, 1901, IL, No. 3, pp. 239, 240). Estimation of fat in fodders, M. Jahn {Ztschr. OeffentL Chem., 8 {1901), pp. 137-140; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 80 {1901), No. 464, LI, pp. 431,432).— Instead of the usual paper cartridge the author used one made of tin, 70 mm. high and 19 mm. wide, the bottom consisting of brass gauze of 35 meshes to the cm. The gauze is covered inside with a piece of filter paper and a thin layer of cotton wool, upon which the material to be extracted (5 to 10 gm.) is placed and covered with another layer of cotton wool. The ether not being able to escape from the sides must find its way through the mass. With substances containing very little moisture and yielding only a small amount of soluble matter to water or alcohol the previous drying is unnecessary. The determination of cocoanut oil in cacao butter and in chocolate, J. Wauters {Bid. Assoc. Beige. Chim., 15 {1901), No. 3, pp. 131, i^i*).— The author states that cocoanut oil is often used to adulterate cacat) butter and chocolate, and proposes a method for determining its presence in the articles named. This is accomplished by his method of determining the addition of cocoanut oil to oleomargarine and butter, i. e., by the determination of the soluble and insoluble volatile acids. The determination of sesame oil in chocolate, G. Possetto {Gior. Farm. Chim., 51,p>P- 241-245; abs. in Chem. Centbl., 1901, II, No. 3, p. 236). — The determination is made by means of the Baudouin reaction. CHEMISTRY. 523 Boiled linseed oil; analytical constants, M. Kivv {('hein. Rev. Fed x. Ilarz-Ind., 8 {lUOl), Xn. 3, })}). .fO-4J; (ihs. in Jour. Sue. Vhrm. Ind., M {1901), No. 5, p. 484).~ A table IS given in which the alterations in Unseed oil on boiling are represented at 6 different stages, from a thin oil to the consistency of India rubber. The changes are represented by the variations in the acid value, saponification value, iodin number, iodin number of fatty acids, acetyl acid value, and acetyl saponification value. A comparison between the bromin and iodin absorption figures of various oils, H. T. VuLTK and Lily Logan {Jour. Amev. Clion. Soc, £S {1901), No. ,?, pp. 156-159). — A revision of the bromin and iodin figures of various animal and vege- table oils is offered. Of the 15 oils examined, only 6 were found to be at all capable of forming substitution products. Kjeldahl method for the determination of sugar, E. Woy {Ztschr. Oefentl. Chem., 6 {1900) , pp. 514-519; ahs. in Jour. Spc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 4, p. 395). — The author indorses the Kjeldahl method with the J essen-Hansen extension (E. S. R., 11, p. 614) in the estimation of sugar. The different reducing sugars are reduced under similar conditions, thus permitting comparisons by means of the copper values determined. Again, the method employed is so simple as to admit of closely agree- ing results by different analysts. A source of great error, however, lies in the absorptive power of the alkali solution for carbon dioxid. The author suggests the working out of similar tables to those of Kjeldahl, but using sodium carbonate instead of caustic soda. Influence of salts on the rotary power of sugars, J. de Kowalski and P. ToMARTSCHENKO {Arcli. Sci. Pkys. et Nat. Geneve, 11, No. 4, pp. 294-299; ahs. in Chem. Centhl. 1901, I, No. 18, p. 984; Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901) , No. 6, p. 623) .— The authors found that the chlorids, bromids, and iodids of sodium, potassium, and ammonium at different concentrations lowered the rotation of cane sugar. The coefficient 0.85 in the indirect analysis of sugar cane, L. Bonxin {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. ef Distill., IS {1901), No. 7, pp. 465-467). — In a test of 14 varieties of cane the author found that the coefficient for calculation to be exact should range from 0.789 to 0.882 and to average 0.843. Scheibler's extraction method for the determination of the polarization of beets, A. Herzfeld {Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerind. 1901, pp. 334, 335; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [london^, 80 {1901), No. 464, II, p. 426).— N description of the method as carried out in the laboratory of the Verein der deutschen Zucker-Industrie. Notes on sugar beets, P. F. Trowbridge {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 4, J>p- 216-223) . — The experiments reported were made in Michigan and repre- sent the conditions at the various beet-sugar factories in that State. Tests were made of 2 methods of finding the tare on beets, in practice at Michigan factories, the sample in one case being well brushed with bristle brushes, and in the other washed in a revohong washer. The tare by the method of brushing was 10. 14 per cent, while the tare by washing and draining for a few minutes was 10 per cent. Owing to the fact that there has l)een some controversy between the farmers and the factory man- agers, tests were made to determine the proper factor for estimating the sugar in the beet from the amount of sugar in the juice. From the analyses made during 2 seasons, the author found that the average factor should be 0.918, the range being from 0.875 to 0.956. He concludes that the average factor lies between 0.91 and 0.92. Attention is called to the necessity of taking similar portions of several beets for the sample. A comparison was made of the German method of analysis by digesting with hot alcohol, and the French method of digesting with hot w^ater. The percentage of sugar obtained by alcohol digestion averaged 13.41; by water digestion, 13.43; and in no case did the difference exceed the limit of error in ordinary duplicate analysis. 524 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. To determine the richest portion of the beet, samples were sliced transversely into 3 portions; the upper portion contained an average of 10.9 per cent sugar; the middle jiortion, 12.2 per cent, and the lower portion 11.7 per cent. Owing to these variations it is urged that longitudinal sections of fractional portions of several beets should l)e taken in sami)ling. Sugar in swedes. I, Analytical methods, S. H. Collins [Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 6, pp. 536-538, figti. 2). — The food value of any root crop depends upon the amount of dry matter, and the author states that of this the sugar is the most valuable part. As the sugars in swedes have very different rotary power, polarization is not applicable and they must be determined by reduction. For rapid work the author recommends colorimetric methods, and describes one depending upon measuring colorimetrically the unreduced copper of Fehling's solution. In applying this method to turnips it is necessary to remove other reducing substances and to hydrolyse any cane sugar present. . Ten grams of swedes are ground with 100 cc. water and 1 cc. of a concentrated solution of lead acetate. After some hours, 50 cc. of the filtrate is inverted with 0.5 cc. of strong sulphuric acid, digested 20 min- xites, cooled rapidly, and an aliquot added to the Fehling solution. The color of the supernatent liquid is judged by a comparison with standard tints. Table for the determination of the degree Baume with sirups at difiFerent temperatures, H. Nove {Bui. Assoc. CJum. Sucr. et Distill., IS {1901), No. 7, pp. 464, 465) . Detection of artificial sweetening agents, saccharin, in foods {Ztsclir. Ver. Deut. Zuckeri)i. ■'>■'> l-'i'>'>). — The methods for the preparation of artificial indigo and the intluence of this manufacture U])(in the ontjuit of the natural product. The relative leather-forming value of the different tanning materials; their speed of tanning and weight giving, with notes on the quality, J. YorL an. 3S-66}. — A report is given of investigations to ascertain the influence of certain special factors on germination. Most of the experiments' were made with hanging drop-cultures, and comparisons made with spores grown in a standard nutrient solution. The percentage of germination of the spores of about 20 species of fungi is given. The effect of certain stimuli on the germination of spores was investigated, spores of Aspergillus favus, Sferic/matocystis nigra, and Phycomyces being treated with various carbon compounds, metallic salts, and mineral acids. In many instances a decided stimulus was given the germination, while in others the stimulus, if any was pro- duced, was slight. The influence of evaporation, surface tension, and other physical agents on spores was investigated, as well as the inhibiting action of various nutrient solutions. The resting stages and drying of spores was a sul^ject of investigation, in which it was determined that the spores of certain fungi have an apparent resting stage, the germination of some increasing considerably from summer to autumn. Spores of sonie fungi kept dry in the laboratory for 5 years gave no germination, while material 1 and 2 years old germinated reavli'y in nutrient media. The effect of dilution of food materials on germination was examined, and it was found that a ten- ZOOLOGY. 529 fold dilution nf ordinary culture media would still afford jierfect jrerniination. Dilutions l>oio\v 1,()(H) times jjave no fjerniination except with very sensitive fungi. The spores of Aspergillus and Botrytis were germinated and dried in filter paper, and after drying for some time attempts were made to produce further growth. With Botrytis no further growth could be secured from spores after drying for 24 hours, while with Aspergillus spores grew readily after drying for 20 days, and after 65 days a new growth was i)niduced in about lialf of the cultures. The significance of mycorrliiza, K. Stahl {Jahrb. WIsk. Bot. [Prlngaheim'], 34 {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 5S9-6GS, figx. 2; Ann. Agron., 21 {1901), No. 3, pp. 113-135).— The author has made a comparative biological study of the occurrence, distribution, and function of mycorrhiza, reviewing and extending the investigations of Frank, Schlicht, Janse, and others. Schlicht reported the occurrence of mycorrhiza on the roots of 70 out of 105 species of North German plants examined, and Janse states that 69 out of 75 species of plants examined in Java bore mycorrhiza upon their roots. The investigation of the author has greatly extended the knowledge as to the number of plants living in symbiosis with fungi upon their roots. He examined species belonging to nearly every group of the higher plants, as well as vascular cryptogams, and found that symbiosis is of wide occurrence in nearly all groups of the higher plants, except upon those whose roots are submerged or floating, and certain sjiecies of Cruciferte, Cyperacepe, and Polypodiacea?. Upon many plants there seems to be a sort of facultative symbiosis, while in others it is obligate. In the course of his observations, tuberous and bulbous plants were examined, and some of those which contained much reserve material in their bulbs were found to live symbiotically under certain conditions. There appears to be an intimate connection between the substratum in which plants are grown and the presence of fungi upon their roots. In soil poor in mineral matter and rich in humus the conditions are most favorable for the development of the mycorrhiza. If the nature of the soil be so modified that the plant can secure its necessary nutrition directly, the mycorrhiza tends to disappear. The author has adopted the term mycotrophic for plants which bear mycorrhiza, and autotrophic for those capable of directly drawing their substance from the soil. It is claimed that the presence or absence of mycorrhiza may be determined by morphological and physiological characters. The occurrence of a well-developed root system, active transpiration, accomi)anied by the excretion of much water, and the presence in the leaves of an abundance of starch, oxalate of lime, and nitrates, characterize an autotrophic plant. Those bearing mycorrhiza have reduced transpiration, the carbohydrates in their leaves are in soluble form, and the circulation of the plants is less active. Mycorrhizas convey organic compounds almost entirely to their host plants, as is shown by the lower ash content of such plants. As has been already stated, the symbiosis is more or less facultative with many plants, although obli- gate with others, and the difficulty attending the cultivation of mycotrophic plants is in inverse proportion to the degree of dependence on the mycorrhiza. ZOOLOGY. The relation of sparrows to agriculture, S. D. Judd {U. S. Dept. Agr., Dhhion of Biological Siirrei/ Bnl. !.'>, ///>. 9S, jih. 4, Jigx- 19). — In this bulletin the author reports the results of observations on the feeding habits of the various sparrows found in the United States. As a result of this study the conclusion is reached that si)arrows a.se class are of greater value to agriculturists than any other group of birds whose habits have thus far been investigated l)y the Department. They were studied by means of field observations, experiments with captive birds, examination of the stomach contents, and a combination of field vTork with stomach examination. A 530 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. detailed description is given of the methods of examination of l)irds' stomachs in the laboratory and the method of making observations on feeding habits in the field. The stomach contents of 4,27o sparrows killed in various parts of the country dur- ing different months of the year were examined. It was found that mineral matter constituted from jij to 5 of the total stomach contents. From 25 to 35 per cent of the diet for the whole year consisted of animal matter, chiefly insects, the latter con- stituting from 10 to 20 per cent of the year's food. Theinsects eaten included grass- hoppers, beetles, and caterpillars, as well as the representatives of various other groups. The main food of sparrows consists of seeds of grasses and weeds. The noneconomic portion of food eaten by sparrows was found to be chiefly insects, spiders, snails, and wild fruit. Sparrows cause some damage to agriculture by destroy- ing useful insects and cultivated crops, such as grain and fruits. Grain and cultivated fruits, however, form no significant part of the food of sparrows, except in case of the English sparrow. Of 19 species of native sparrows only 2 were found to have eaten grain. The sparrows, including the English sparrow, are useful destroyers of weed seeds. As a rule, the weed seeds are cracked or otherwise injured, so that they can not germinate when vented from the body. The principal weed seeds which are fed upon by sparrows are those of ragweed, pigeon grass, smartweed, purslane, crab grass, lamb's quarters, chickweed, and amaranth. This work is done chiefly in the fall and winter and early spring. During this time the seeds of various weeds constitute about three-fourths of the food of 20 species of native sparrows. It is estimated that the native sparrows may destroy 90 per cent of the seeds of pigeon grass and ragweed within 2 months. The benefits derived from the feeding habits of sparrows are believed to be from 5 to 10 times as great as the injuries produced. Notes are given on the individual habits of different species of sparrows. These observations were carried on especially at a farm near the base of one of the White Mountains; at Marshall Hall, Md. ; and in the District of Columbia. In order to determine the possible agency of sparrows in distributing weed seeds, examinations were made which disclosed the fact that comparativel}' few seeds pass through the alimentary tract without being destroyed. In the spring of 1898 feeding experiments were made with a song sparrow, a junco, and a white-throated sparrow^ in captivity. It was found that these birds were readily induced to eat various beetles and bugs which were provided with volatile irritating fluids for protection. In the winter of 1900, 7 English sparrows in cap- tivity were fed upon the seeds of different weeds, for the purpose of determining how thoroughly these seeds were destroyed. The seeds of climbing false buckwheat, rag- weed, lamb's quarters, and amaranth were entirely destroyed. Two sparrows were fed with 100 seeds of crab grass and gravel was furnished to aid grinding power of the birds' gizzards. All of the seeds were destroyed. In another expenment 500 crab grass seeds were fed to the same sparrows without the addition of gravel. The result of this exijeriment was the same as that of the preceding one. Of 1,600 seeds of crab grass which had passed through the alimentary tract of the sparrows, not a single one was found to germinate. A large portion of the bulletin is occupied wnth a special discussion of the feeding habits of the different sparrows which were studied. In the stomachs of 82 English sparrows, insects constituted 2 ])er cent and seeds 98 per cent of the food. The grain which had l)een consumed by the birds formed 74 per cent of the eiitire food for the year. An examination of the contents of the stomachs of 50 nestlings showed that one-third of their food was also grain. The Ejiglish sparrow was found to feed less on useful insects than any other bird which appears to have been studied, but the injury to grain from attacks of the English sparrow is (considered as more than counterbalancing all the benefits which accrue from its presence in the country. The birds of North and. Middle America, R. Ridgway {Smithsn. Inst., U. S. Nal. Mia. Bnl. 50, 1901, pt. 1, pp. XVII + 715, plf<. W).—k description is given of all species, subspecies, and forms of birds found on tlic continent of North America ZOOLOGY. 631 from the Arctic districts to the eastern end of the Isthmus of Panama, as well as those which are found in the West Indies, other islands of the Caribbean Sea (except Trinidad and Tobago), and the Galapagos Archipelago. Introduced and naturalized species are included, as well as accidental and casual visitors. The system of classification is that of the most recent authorities. Analytical titles for the identification of groups and species are given, and extensive synonymy is pre- sented in connection with tlie descrijition of each species, together with complete bibliograi>liical references. Rabbits and their injuries to young- trees, H. G.vrman (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 93, pp. 111-118, ph. 5). — Notes are given on the prevalence of the common species of rabbits in the State. In some nurseries it is reported that 25 per cent of the apple trees were destroyed by the rabbits. Where the rabbits are hunted extensively their numbers are kept so reduced that their injury is less noticeable. For prevent- ing the injury by the rabbits to nursery stock and orchards, inclosure of the area with a slat fence is recommended. The slats may be bought for from $4 to $7 per thousand, and may be held in place by wires stretched between the fence posts. Several forms of traps and snares for catching rabbits are described. The use of poisoned l)ait and smearing trees with blood and other offensive materials are not recommended by the author. Wrapping the trunks of trees with cornstalks, straw, paper, and other material is considered very effective. Notes are given on the habits of Lepus syivaticus, L. pulustrls, and L. aqwtlicus. Rabbit control and destruction, A. Bruce {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 (1901), No. 7, pp. 751-769, figs. 6) . — The methods of rabbit destruction discussed by the author include rajjbit-proof fencing, poisoning, trapping, fumigation, and destruc- tion of rabbit tnirrows. The use of woven-wire fences in preventing the attacks of raljbits is considered an effective and cheap method. The poisons which have proven most successful are phosphorus, arsenic, and strychnin. Phophorus may be applied with oats, wheat, or other grain. Arsenic may be used in a dry condi- tion, mixed with grain, chaff, carrots, apples, and other substances; or may be used in solution in which these same substances are soaked. Strychnin may be added to jam or placed in carrots, apples, or twigs of trees. A most effective means of apply- ing strichnin and arsenic in the poisoning of rabbits consists in the use of these poi- sons in tanks of water where rabbits go to drink. Various chemical devices are described l)y which the rabbits are enticed to visit the tanks in which the poisoned water is contained. The most effective substance for dealing with ra])bits in bur- rows is Insulphid of carbon. Vermin destruction {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South Australia, 4 [1901), No. 12, pp. 970-978). — Detailed directions and formulas are given for the preparation and distri- bution of phosphorized oats, wheat, and other substan(;es, chaff and arsenic, grain and arsenic, apples or quinces and strychnin, carrots and strychnin, carrots and arsenic, apples and arsenic, and jam and strychnin. These methods are especially adapted for the destruction of ral)bits. It is recounnended that the poison be dis- tributed along freshly broken furrows where it is claimed the rabbits are much more apt to eat the poison. Revision of the skunks of the genus Chincha, A. II. Howell (11. S. De.pt. Agr., Dirl.sioii, of Biological Surrey, North American Fauna No. 20, pp. i>2, pis. 8). — This iMilletin discusses the history, distribution, habits, external characters, and nomenclature of the skunks of this genus, including a description of the specimens of which a study was made. The genus Chincha is subdivided into 2 subgenera, Chincha and Leucomitra. The characters of the genus, subgenera, species, and subspecies are given in detail, together with a list of the species and subspecies of the type, localities, and a key for their identification. Rat plag-ue, A. EDixcrroN {Crnthl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. AhL, 29 [1901), No. 2.',, pp. 889-894, Jigx. 4). — The author investigated an outbreak of disease among rats in Kap- stadt, where the bujjonic plague was jirevalent to some extent among human l)eings. 532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. It was suspected that tlie plague had affected rats in this vicinity. An examination of rats which had died of the disease disclosed the presence of a large number of T)ac- teria in the blood, liver, and spleen. These organisms, however, differed decidedly from those of the bubonic plague, and inoculation experiments showed that the dis- ease which was destroying rats was not the same as the Ijubonic jilague. These experiments showed that the disease could be transmitted to guinea pigs Vjut not to rabbits. Morphological and experimental researches on Trypanosoma of rats (T. lewisi) , A. Laverax and F. Mesxil {Ami. Inst. Pasteur, 1.5 [1901), Xo. 9, pp. 673-714, ph. 2, jigs. 17). — The literature on the subject is reviewed in connection with bibliographical references. The authors discuss the frequence of natural infec- tion by Trypanosoma and the technique of morphological study of this organism in fresh and preserved conditions. A detailed description is given of the minute struc- ture of the organism, including differences in the structure of various individuals and the methods of multiplication. In studying the phenomena of agglutination of Trypanosoma it was found that normal rat serum exercised no agglutinating action. The serum acquired such power after successive inoculations with blood from infected rats. One of the most striking features in connection with the agglomeration of Trypanosoma is the fact that the organisms remain mobile after agglomeration has taken place. The conclusion was drawn from this fact that the paralyzing and agglutinating properties of blood are due to distinct substances. A detailed descrip- tion is given of the progress of infection of rats and guinea pigs by Trypanosoma, and the symptoms which characterize the various stages of infection. In studying the problem of immunity to infection by Trypanosoma it was found that the destruc- tion of these organisms begins in the case of rats in the l)ody cavity. The white blood corpuscles of immunized rats surround andjlevour- the Ti'ypanosoma. Natural history of the Q,ueen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia; natu- ral history of the Cook Inlet region, Alaska, W. H. Osgood ( U. /V. Dept. Agr., Division of B'tologirul Survey, XortJi Amerirun Fainut Xo. 21, pp. 87, pis. 7, fig. 1). — This report contains an account of the physiography, flora, fauna, and life zones of Queen Charlotte Islands and the Cook Inlet region. A bibliography is given of the litera- ture of these countries, and notes are presented on the birds and mammals which were found during the course of investigations. Digest of game laws for 1901, T. S. Pal.mer and H. W. Olds ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Biological Survey Bui. 16, pp. 152, p)ls. 8). — ^In this bulletin a discussion is given of definitions of game; restrictions as to time of killing game, methods of hunt- ing, purposes for which game may be killed; and shipment of game within a single State or from one State to another. In addition to this general discussion, abstracts are given of federal laws, State laws, Canadian export laws, and provincial laws of Canada regarding the killing and transportation of game. At the end of the report tables are given showing the close seasons for game in the United States and Canada, and especially for game in Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, and North Carolina. WATER— SOILS. Investigations on the action of various calcium and magnesium com- pounds, D. Meyer {Lcvndiv. Jahrh., 30 {1901), Xo. 4, pp. 619-631, ph. 2; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), Xo. 74, EeperL, p. 266). — In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 12, p. 1020), the author made a series of experiments in pots of 6,000 gm. capacity containing mixtures of sand and peat (2.} per cent) and of sand and loess loam (10 per cent). The plants grown were oats, potatoes, horse beans, vetch, and a mixture of equal parts of perennial rye grass {Lolium perenne) and alfalfa. Lime was applied in form of gypsum, carbonate, and phosphate, and magnesia as i-arbon- ate, in various combinations with each other and with potash (sulphate and phos- WATER SOILS. 533 ])Imt(') ami iiitrni^'cn salts (nitrate of soda and sulphate nf aininonia). In case :rass and alfalfa mixture applieations of gypsum furnishin<;- more than 1 gm. of lime (CaO) per pot caused a decided reduction of yield. With larger applications the reduction in yield was im)portional to the amount of the ajiplication. Potatoes were not thus affected by applications of gypsum. In case of this crop the effect of gypsum and of calcium carbonate was the same. Tiie injurious effect of the gypsum was overcome by applying calcium or magnesium carbonate in connection with it. The effect of the gypsum was also reduced to a minimum by admixture of the loam soil with the sand, thus indicating that in general practice where gypsum is used in small amounts on ordinary soils the injurious effect would not be observed. Only when applied in small amounts did the magnesium carl)onate increase the yield of the grass-alfalfa mixture. With larger applications of this material there was a reduction in yield. Horse beans and vetches were not thus affected by the larger applications of magnesia. The magnesium carbonate was apparently cai)able of almost completely replacing lime. The highest yields, however, were obtained when the carbonates of lime and magnesia were used together. It was also observed that even when lime had been applied in excess the magnesia was still capable of pro- ducing a considerable increase in yield. This is of great i)ractical importance as indicating that dolomitie marl is of at least equal value with calcareous marl. The plant food capital of the soils of western Germany, with especial ref- erence to their geological nature, taxable value, and fertilizer requirements, F. WoHLTMANN {Das Ndlirt^toff- Kapital west-deutscJier Boden, mit hcmnderer BeriXck- sichtigung Hirer geologischen Natur, Hirer Katasterbonitdt und Hires DungebediXrfnisses. Bonn: Carl Georgi, 1901, pp. 63, figs. 3. Ber. Inst. Bodenlehre «. Pflunzeribau Landw. Ahtd. Bonn-Poppelsdorf, 1901, No. 1). — This is a memorial prepared on the occasion of the dedication of the new institute for soil study and plant culture of the agricul- tural academy of Bonn-Poppelsdorf during the summer of 1901, and summarizes jtrevious work on soils at this institution, giving in addition a brief description of the l)uilding and equipment of the new institute and a list of publications of the author from 1894 to April 1, 1901. A general discussion is given of the geological and niineralogical character of soils, their mechanical composition and physical prop- erties, their chemical composition and plant food capital, their absorptive power with reference to salts and gases, the kind and amount of bacteria present, and the relation of soils to climatic conditions. The methods used in the soil analyses reported are described in detail ' and the results of mechanical and chemical exam- inations of 66 samples of typical soils taken to a depth of 1 meter arie reported and discussed. In most cases analyses were made of each soil at 4 different dejiths, 0 to 25 cm., 25 to 50 cm., 50 to 75 cm., and 75 to 100 cm. The results show wide variation in the comi)Osition of the same soil at different depths, this variation frequently being greater than that observed between different soils, as is shown in the following table: Variations in the composition of soils of Western Germanij. Variations in different soils. l^cv cent. Nitrogen 0.055- 0.498. Calciiim oxid Trace-22. 06'' Maf,nicsium o.xid 0. 019- 0. 659 I'll. .si-horic acid .018- .2.% Potiish dissolved by trcalinent with cold acid . 02(>- . 212 Potash dissolved by treatment with hot acid i .056- .•'>04 Variations in the. same soil at different depths. Per cent. 0. 007- 0. 498 Trace-35. GOO 0.011- 8.610 .060- .305 .019- .188 . 0.56- 1. 133 'The methods here described are a revision of those given in Jour. Landw., 44 (1896), No. :,, i)p. 211-2:54 (K. S. K., 8, p. 573). 534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The author claims that chemical soil analysis is of the highest value and may be safely used as a guide in determining whether a soil is so poor that it is entirely dependent upon the application of plant food for the production of crops, or only requires the return of the i)lant food removed by crops, or is so fertile that it may be cropped for a series of years without requiring any .addition of fertilizing material. The following classific'ation of soils, based on chemical composition, is given: Classification of soils based on chemical composition. Constituents in air-dry fine earth (particles less than 2 mm. n diameter). Nitrogen, a Calcium and magnesium oxids. a Phosphoric acid. a Potash. Soluble in cold hydrochloric acid. Soluble in hot hydrochloric acid. Very rich (may be cultivated without return of fertihty Per cevt. Over 0. 3 0. 2 -0. 3 .1 -0.2 . 06-0. 1 . 03-0. 06 . 02-0. 03 Less than 0.02 Per cent. Over 3. 0 1.5 -3.0 ..5 -1.5 .25-0.5 .1 -0.25 . 05-0. 10 Less than 0. 05 Per cent. Over 0. 25 0. 15-0. 25 . 10-0. 15 .07-0.1 . 04-0. 07 .02-0.04 Less than 0. 02 Per cent. Over 0. 2 0. 15-0. 2 . 10-0. 15 .06-0.1 .03-0.06 .02-0.03 Less than 0.02 Per cent. Over 0. 5 Rich (requires partial return of phos- phoric acid re- moved by crop- ping) 0.4 -0.6 Good ( requires return of phosphoric acid .2-0.4 Medium (requires re- turn of phosphoric acid and potash re- . 12-0. 2 Poor (requires gen- eral increase in fer- tility) . 08-0. 12 Very poor (very much in need of increase in fertility or peri- ,05-0.08 Of little value for cultivation (best suited for meadows and pastures) 0.05 a Soluble in cold hydrochloric acid. As regards humus content the author classifies soils as follows: With 0 to 2 per cent of humus in the air-dry fine earth, soil is considered slightly deficient or poor in humus; 2 to 3 per cent, of medium humus content; 3to 5, of good humus content; 5to 8, well supplied with humus (humous); 8 to 10, very well supplied with humus (very humous) ; 10 to 15, rich in humus; 15 to 20, very rich in humus, approaching moor soil, and over 20 per cent, moorlike or peaty. Humus substances as a nitrogenous constituent of the soil, A. Doyarenko {Izv. Moscow SeM. Klioz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Ayron. Moscou'], 6 {1900), No. 4, pp. 440- 483). — The object was to ascertain the way in which humic acids absorb nitrogen, and in what form tlie latter is retained after absorption. As a preliminary study the chemical nature of the nitrogenous constituents of the humic acids of the soil was investigated. For the latter purpose the humic acids of 7 different soils was extracted with a 10 per cent solution of sodium carbonate. In order to remove the slimy impurities which always accompany the extract the latter was filtered through a porous clay filter. In the pure humic acid the total nitrogen was determined by the Kjeldahl method, the amido-acid nitrogen by Bohmer's method, the amid nitrogen by Schultze's method, and lastly the ammoniacal nitrogen. The analyses gave the following results: Amido-acid nitrogen, 22.01 to 70.27 per cent of the total nitrogen; amid nitrogen, 5.47 to 12.13 per cent of the total nitrogen. For the study of the ajjsorption of nitrogen by humic acid, 2 series of experiments WATER — SOILS. 535 were imuU'with l)()(h artificial and soil huiiiic acid. Tlic Iniiiiic acid wan used cither ill jelly-like condition or (juite dry. The absorption of nitrojreii from anunoniuni carbonate and aninioninin .snlphate wa.s attempted. The experiments were con- ducted as follows: Three to 5 gm. of dry hnniic acid (or an equivalent amount of the gelatinous preparation) was mixed in a flask with 100 cc. of a 10 per cent solution of annnonia salt and allowed to stand for a certain number of days with frequent shaking. One series of flasks of each kind of mixture was examined after 24 hours, another at the end of 7 days, and another after a month. In these examinations the unchanged annnonia salt was first removed and then determinations were made of the total and the amid nitrogen. The author sums up the results of his experi- ments as follows: (1) Absorption proceeds most energetically when the humic acid is soluble in the ammonia salt used, somewhat less energetically when freshly pre- cipitated humic acid is used in comiection with an ammonia salt in which it is not soluble, and least when dry humic acid reacts with an anmionia salt in which it is not soluble. (2) The energy of absorption is expressed solely by the rapidity of the reaction, the amount of absorbed nitrogen being the same in all cases. In the first case the absorption attains its limit in a short time, while in other cases the same limit is reached after a longer period of time. (3) In cases where the humic acid is not soluble in the ammonia salt the concentration of the solution of the latter is of importance, the rapidity of absorption varying with the concentration. (4) The absorbed nitrogen gives rise to the formation of amids almost exclusively. The absorption was approximately 1 to I5 per cent when soil humic acid was used. — p. FIREMAN. The nitrifying capacity of normal soils and the loss of nitrates through drainage, A. V. Klucharov {Jzv. Moscow Selsk. Khoz. Inst. [Arm. Inst. Agron. Moscou'}, 6 {1900), No. 2, pp. 132-166).— In order to overcome the effect on nitrifi- cation of the stirring and aeration of soils, which, in the opinion of the author, has led to too high results in many of the investigations reported on this subject, a study of soils in their natural state was attempted as follows: Thin-walled steel cylinders open at both ends, 11 cm. in diameter and 20 cm. in height, sharpened at the lower end, were carefully pressed into the soil to the top and then withdrawn with the inclosed soil. A zinc funnel was slipped on the lower end of the cylinders and luted to the latter. The percolating water was collected in a separatory funnel. The cylinders with the inclosed soil were lowered into thin-walled iron cylinders, 50 cm. high, sunk in the ground. The steel cylinders were made to fit tightly within the iron ones and precautions were taken to prevent the rain water from getting in between the soil and the walls of the cylinders and between the steel and iron cylinders. In the experiments reported there were determined (1) the amount of nitrates in a control cylinder of the soil at the beginning, (2) that percolating through the soil during a definite period of the experiment, and (3) the amount in the soil at the end. Observations showed that the temperature, humidity, and porosity of the soil in the cylinders were the same as in the normal soil. Investigations were made in 1895 with 6 soils: No. 1. — Soil from the experiment field of the Moscow Agricultural Institute, a very rich clay soil which had been frecjuently manured with large (juantities of barnyard manure, upper layer strongly colored by humus substances. No. 4. — Soil from a turf meadow on the Zhabinka River, brown in color, passing not infrecjuently into red yellow. No. 6. — Soil from the farm of the institute, of the same type as No. 1, but less liberally manured. No. 7. — Soil from a field in the viciniy of the institute, a clayey, light yellow, poor soil which had been little manured and badl}' cultivated. No. 5. — Soil of thepodzol type from the forest of the institute, light gray in color, excei)t a thin layer on the surface, which was somewhat darker in color. No. 9. — A sandy, slightly coherent soil. 536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The cliemical comjid^iitif)!! and alyfiorptivc power of these soils were as follows: (JJunniatl ramjxmljoii oicer of .sf ji Is. Number of soil. Nitrogen. Humus. ^tioT|.r^"-«n capacity, ^^"'"on. 1 0.186 .141 .143 .121 .119 1.476 3.86 3.05 3.09 2.61 2.21 29. 35 4.5.8 45.6 38.6 a51.3 38.7 98. 9 5.47 (■) 5.36 4.98 4.92 9 4.06 4 48.16 rt The accuracy of this determination is doubtful. The experiments were begun on 3Iay 15 and concluded on October 17. The whole time of the experiments was divided into 2 periods, (1) from May 15 to August 16, and (2) from August 17 to October 17. On August 16 the soils were removed from cylinders and analyzed, being replaced by new samples. The latter were removed October 17 and analyzed. The drainage water was removed after each rain wnich resulted in percolation. The following table gives the results of the experiments in 1895: Formation and loss of nitrates in bare soils in 1895. Number of soil. Amount of I water per- '• colated from Mav 15 to Octo- ber 17. 1 4 5 6 7 9 Mean Cc. 594.0 64.5.0 622.0 672.0 702.0 753.0 N0O5 in a liter of drainage water. NoO-. formed inl kilogram of soil- 664.6 Mg. 232.4 86.3 42.6 78.0 103.1 69.2 From Mav 15 to Aug. 16. Mg. 51.21 30.39 16.31 .5.02 3.5.77 19. 93 101.5 26.45 From Aug. 17 to Oct. 17. Mg. 11.05 4.17 7.03 23. 67 24. 99 10.45 13.56 Mg. 62. 26 34.56 23. 34 28. 69 60.76 30. 38 39.99 Ratio of the water percolated to that of the rain- fall. 1:4.4 1:4.1 1:4.2 1:3.9 1:3.7 1:3.4 1:4.1 The above data show that with reference to the energy of nitrification the soils arrange themselves in the order indicated by the chemical and mechanical analysis as indicated above. Soil No. 1, rich in nutritive substances and mellow, gives the largest amount of nitrates, while soil No.- 5, the poor podzol, difficultly pervious to water and air, gives the least umount. Soils Nos. 6 and 7 appear to be exceptions. In the opinion of the author, an error was made in the experiments with soils Nos. 6 and 7. Nitrification was more energetic in the first period than in the second, obviously on account of higher general temperature. On an average approximately one-fourth of the rainfall percolated through a layer of soil 20 cm. in thickness. In 1896 similar experiments were made with 3 of the above-described soils, Nos. 1, 4, and 7. With the last soil 2 experiments were made. One was carried out in the usual way, while in the other the soil was taken from the cylinder in layers, pul- verized, mixed, and returned to the cylinder, introducing the layers in the same order as in the normal soil. The object of the last experiment was to study the influence of stirring the soil upon the energy of nitrification. The results show that ( 1 ) the energy of nitrification in 1896 was much greater than in 1895, which was undoubtedly due to a higher temperature prevailing in 1896; (2) as m 1895, the better soils formed larger (quantities of nitrates; and (3) soil No. 7, mixed, gave more nitrates than the same soil in normal condition, the increase being 9 8 per cent. On the other hand, the difference in the amount of nitrates washed WATER SOILS. 537 thron|j;li was very great, the iiu-rease for tlic iiiixcd soil licinjf 84.5 per cent, the soil losinjj; more nitrates tluin was formed ihiriiij,' tlie period. As in tlie previous year, the poorer soil lost a smaller percentage of nitrates than the better soils. Calculating the results for the 2 years to kilograms per hectare, the following data are obtained : Nitric nitrogen mixhrd aitt of one hectare of different xoilx. Number of soil. Nitric nitrogen in drain- age water of 1 hectare. 1895. 1896. 1 Kilograms. 45. 58 18.39 8.75 17. .31 23.90 Kilograms. 77 31 4 24 61 6 6 7 ( normal ) 12.63 22 18 7 (mixed) 9 17.21 Mean 21. 85 34 03 In 1896 an experiment was also made to compare the nitrifying capatdty of the soil No. 1 and its accompanying subsoil. The samples were taken as follows: First, the soil layer was cut out by a cylinder, then the opening was enlarged, and a layer of subsoil was removed by means of another cylinder. Both cylinders were fixed in th<; ground in the way described above. The experiment was begun at tlie end of June and finished at the end of October. During that period the nitrate contents in the water percolated through a kilogram of the soil was for the soil 59.95 mg., for the subsoil 9.04 mg. The author also carried out in 1896 a series of experiments in which various plants were cultivated on the soil. The cylinders used in these experiments were of a wider diameter, viz, 20 cm. One cylinder remained without plants, for control. In 3 others were placed germinated seeds of oats, barley, and black vetch. Of the 15 seeds sown originally in each cylinder only 10, the strongest, were allowed to develop. The experiments were begun June 15 and were discontinued September 25 on account of cold weather, although the oats and Ijarley had only reached the milk stage and the vetches, though of normal size, were still green. As was to l)e expected, the control soil allowed the largest quantities of water to percolate (1,402 cc, containing 373.7 mg. of nitric nitrogen per liter). The least amount of water percolated through the soil under oats (467 cc, containing 6.1 mg. of nitric nitrogen per liter), which agrees with the experiments of various inves- tigators (Haberlandt, Hellriegel, Sorauer, etc.), showing oats to be a plant consum- ing large quantities of water per unit of dry matter as compared with other cereals. Oats also consumed the largest amount of nitrates, then follows barley, under which the percolation was 534 cc. of water, containing 6.2 mg. of nitric nitrogen per liter, and lastly, vetches, under which the percolation was 616 cc, containing 103.2 mg. of nitric nitrogen per liter. The results indicate that the amount of nitric nitrogen lost by soils covered with plants is inconsiderable. — p. fike.man. The humidity of the soil and denitrification, E. Giustini.xni {An)i. Agron.,27 {1901), Xo. 6, pp. 262-285, Jig. 1). — .\n account is here given of 3 series of experi- ments to test the influence upon nitrification and denitrification of (1) temperature, in a licjuid medium; (2) proportion of water, in an artificial solid medium; and (3) humidity in the sf)il. In the earlier exiteriments of the first series the medium used for oh.-ervations iin nitrification was made up as follows: .Vmmoniiuii sulphate 94.5 mg., potassium i)hosphate 20 mg., calcium carbonate I gm., water 100 cc; that used 538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. for the denitrification experiments contained sodium nitrate 121.5 mg., potassium phosphate 20 mg., calcium carbonate 1 gm., starch 1 gm., and water 100 cc. In later experiments the medium used in the study of nitrification consisted of ammonium sulphate 3 gm., potassium chlorid 2 gm., potassium phosphate 2 gm., magnesium sulphate 1 gm., ferrous sulphate O.S gm., in 1,000 cc. of water; for the study of deni- trification it was the same as that used in the nitrification tests except that 3.86 gm. of sodium nitrate was substituted for the ammonium sulphate. In the culture tests 25 cc. of water was added to 25 cc. of these solutions, 0.5 gm. magnesium carbonate being also added, and in case of the denitrification medium, 2 gm. of organic matter. The temperatures employed in the experiments were 22 to 25° C, 24 to 32°, 35 to 37°, and 40 to 42°. Qualitative tests for ammonia, nitrates, and nitrites were made at frequent intervals during the experiments and quantitative determinations of these substances were made at the end. The solid medium used was made up as follows: For the study of nitrification dry quartz sand 4 kg., ammonium sulphate 2.5 gm., potassium phosphate 0.2 gm., water 500 cc; for the studj^ of denitrification the medium was the same except that 3.5 gm. of sodium nitrate was substituted for the ammonium suli^hate. These mixtures w'ere brought to dryness on a water l)ath and 100 gm. of magnesium carbonate added. The sand containing nitrate received in addition 200 gm. of organic matter prepared from dry peat soil. The proportions of water used varied from 0 to 16 per cent. Nitrification and denitrification were also studied in 2 soils, one rich in carbona- ceous matter, the other poor in this substance. In one series of experiments the soils were used Avithout addition of any kind; in the second series ammoniacal nitrogen was applied at the rate of 19.6 mg. per 150 gm. of soil; in the third series nitric nitrogen was added at the rate of 18.15 mg. per 150 gm. of soil. The humidity in the different experiments ranged from 0 to 16 per cent. The experiments were continued from 2 months to 70 days, the gain or loss of nitric nitrogen being detei'- mined at their close. Among the conclusions drawn from these investigations are the following: In a liquid medium the denitrifying organisms act most energeticallj^ at a temperature which very perceptibly retards the action of the nitrifying organisms. The rapidity of nitrification of ammonium sulphate in solid media was directly proportional to the quantity of water present. Perceptible denitrification occurred in such media only when the percentage of moisture was small. In similar experiments with soils the results were more decided, especially when the i)roportion of sodium nitrate was increased. Denitrification took place to a marked extent only when the proportion of humidity was less than 6 per cent, an amount insufficient to promote the activity of the nitrifying organisms. The latter became decidedly active when the humidity rose to 10 per cent. In soils containing a small amount of moisture denitrification is proportional to the amount of organic matter present. The results thus show that water is an important factor in controlling the action of the oxidizing and reducing organisms in the soil and in transforming and conserving the nitrogen compounds present. Reclamation of salt marsh lauds, T. H. Me.vxs ( f'. ,S'. Depf. Agr., Bureau of Soiln Circ. S, ]>p. 10). — This is a report of a preliminary investigation of the character of the soils of the tide marshes around Oyster Bay, Long Island, and of the possiltilities of reclaiming them for agricultural purposes. Among means of reclamation the cir- cular V)riefly discusses the exclusion of the sea water and removal of excess of w'ater by ditching, underdrainage, and pumping; the washing out of the salt; and the adop- tion of a sj'stem of cropping and cultivation adapted to the conditions. Mechanical and chemical analyses of several samples of tide marsh soils from the locality named are given, with a discussion of the agricultural value of such soils. It is stated that — "Salt marsh lands have long Ijeen considered the most fertile and valuable of lands. Practically no reclamation has been attempted in America, and that which has been FERTILIZERS. 539 attempted lias in many cases been a failure or has been abandoned. Thore are well- established methods in use in the reclamation of salt marshes, and if these were used the work should be successful. There has never been a known case of failure to effect complete reclamation, in which all proper precautions were taken. After recla- mation the lands are very fertile and should repay the expenditure of reclaiming then^.. It is generally conceded that 1 acre of reclaimed salt marsh land is worth 4 or 5 acres of ujiland, and, according to the well-sul)stantiated figures quoted from Shaler earlier in this article, the cost of reclamation should not exceed one-fifth of the final value of the land." List of soil types established by the Division of Soils in 1899 and 1900, with brief description, M. Whitney ( U. S. Dcpt. .Ujr., Divtsioii of Soils Doc. 40, pp. 11). — This includes all soil names authorized for use on the soil maps of the Division to December 31, 1900. FERTILIZERS. The action of kainit and hig-h-percentag-e potash salts, INI. Gerlacu (F/(/i/(H^'s Laiidw. Zfff., 50 [1901), .Yon. 11, pp. 377-388; 12, pp. 409-416).— The author reviews the work of other investigators and reports experiments of his own, which show that where the material has to be transported long distances kainit is more expensive than the concentrated salt. The kainit, on account of its large content of soda salts, tends more than the concentrated salt to form a crust on the soil, especially in com- pact soils, although this tendency may be beneficial in loose soils. The concentrated salt is preferable to kainit on soils rich in soda. Kainit is not well suited for use in connection with nitrate of soda because of the excess of soda which will thus be added to the soil. It is also not suited to plants which are sensitive to chlorids, such as potatoes, sugar beets, etc. Cereals, grasses, forage plants, and leguminous plants, however, are apparently not affected. It appears from the data reported that the use of soda salts resulted in a saving of potash, i. e., partially replaced it, especially when potash was not present in large amounts. The soda salts also set potash free in the soil, but it is doul)ted whether this was of benefit to the plant, because it is believed that the solvent i:)ower of the roots was greater than that of the weak solution of soda salt present. On the assimilation of nitrogen and phosphoric acid by different crops (3 cereals and 2 Cruciferee) in three vegetation periods, K. Bieler and K. Aso [Bui. Col. Agr. Imp. Unir. Tokyo, 4 {1901), Xo. 4, pp. 241-2o4). — Experiments with wheat, barley, oats, rape, and mustard grown in porcelain pots containing 6.4 kg. of soil in a glass house during the winter of 1899 are reported. Phosphoric acid in the form of double superphosphate, potash in the form of potassium carbonate, and nitrogen in the form of ammonium sulphate were each applied at rates of 0.25 gm. per pot, or 50 kg. per hectare, with calcium carljonate at the rate of 1 gm. per kilogram of soil. Analyses were made of the i)lants with reference to nitrogen and phos- phoric acid at periods of 2^ months and 4 months after planting and at the bloom- ing period. The data thus secured are tabulated and di-scussed in detail. The cereals and the Cruciferai took up nearly the same amounts of nitrogen during their period of growth. The cereals assimilated less phosphoric acid (as well as total ash) than the other plants. The largest amount of phosphoric acid was taken up by rape, followed by mustard. Of the cereals wheat showed the greatest absorptive capacity for phos- phoric acid, oats standing l)etween wheat and barley in this respect. With wheat and oats the assimilation of i)lant food was distributed throughout the different periods of growth, but with barley it was confined mainly to the earlier stages. The greatest assimilation occurred in case of rape after the earlier stages were passed and con- tinued until the plants blonmed. After that period there wasiif) further assimilation. Analyses of comniercial fertilizers, C A. Goessmann {Massachusetts !Sta. Bui. 540 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 75, i)p. 34) ■ — Analyses are reported of 220 samples of fertilizing materials, inclnding wood ashes, lime-kiln ashes, eotton-hnll ashes, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, eotton-seed meal, castor pomace, tankajj. 10-39, pis. 9, fig. 1). — The author reports a series of experiments on the decomposition of bone meal by various soil organisms, labora- tory and greenhouse trials having been made wdth a number of the more common soil bacteria. Plants were grown in pots whicli received fertilizers, after which they were inoculated with pure cultures of a single species of bacteria. All the pots, except one which was given superphosphate and sodium nitrate, were given bone meal in the same amount. This contained 19.8 per cent phosphoric acid, 5.26 per cent nitrogen, and 1.5 per cent fat. The inoculation material was accompanied by glucose or xylose. The effect of the different inoculation inaterials upon the growth of oats is shown in the following table: The effect of soil inoculation on the groirth of oats. Inoculation material. Not inoculated Do B. megatherium. Do Fertilizer added. Bone meal Superphosphate and sodium ni- trate. Bone meal Bone meal and glucose Do i Bone meal and xvlose. B. fluorescent tiquifaciens . B. protcus vulgaris B. hutyricAis B. mycoidcs B. meseiitericus vulgaius . Bone meal and glucose, do .do. .do. .do. Yield. Grain. Straw (jrcniis. 101. 32 213. 98 246. 79 28.5. 88 320. 52 16.5. 26 235. 26 230. 79 263. 66 283. 21 Grams. 213. 81 260. 13 267.85 306. 11 398.04 272. 26 289. 03 285. 99 350.20 353. 77 Total. Grams. 375. 13 474. 11 514.64 .591.99 71 8. .50 437. .52 524. 29 516.78 613.86 636. 98 Observations on leguminous plants to determine the correlation of their parts, C. Fruwirtii {Jour. Laiidii:., 48 {1900), Xo. 4, pp. 305-316). — Data were col- lected on the percentage relation (by weight) of the different parts of the plants to the entire plant and to each other of Viciafaba, Pisum sativum , Phaseolus vulgaris, Lupinus alhus, L. angustifolius. Lens esculenla, Lathyrus sativus, Ervum ervilia, Cicer nrietinum, and Ornithopus .. 117). Nitrogenous fertilizers for meadows, Kihxeki' (Landir. Wclni/il. Sclih'xir'uj- Ifo'sfrlii, r,l [1901), Xo. 1?, i>. IS.l). Experiments in the improvement of pasture and range grasses, J. T. Wil- LARD {Indiisirialist, 27 {1901), Xo. 30, pp. 369-37 £).—Th\s artirle is a discussion of experiments with grasses on cultivated land and on native sod injured by exces- sive pasturing, which were conducted by the Kansas Station in c-oopei'ation with the Division of Agrostology of this Department, in the extreme southern part of Kansas. Agaves in Algeria, Traiu't (/>«/. Agr. Algerie et Tuvime, 7 {1901), Xo. 6, pj> 121- 130, figs. 7). — This article discusses the culture of the agave in .Mgeria, with special reference to .1. luiirittnfa. Fall seeding of alfalfa, H. M. Cottrell {Kamas Sta. Bui. 104, PP- 4, pl»- ^)- — A brief popular bulletin giving directions for seeding alfalfa in the fall. Notes are given on the preparation of the land, time and method of sowing, and the soils adaptel. 1). Prussic acid in sweet cassava, P. Carmody ( Trinidad Bot. Dept. Bid. Misc. Inform., 1901, Xo. 27, pp. .3i.9-.:?.a',?).— The author's results, although somewhat lower, fully confirm those of his predecessor, Francis, as to the presence of hydrocyanic acid in sweet cassava. Francis found that the so-called sweet or harmless cassava, not only yielded prussic acid, but the quantity obtained from it was nearly equal to that from the bitter, so that no line of distinction could be drawn between them. While the author's analytical results were very similar, he found that in sweet cas- sava the prussic acid is largely in the skin and outer cortical layer. The hydrocyanic acid content of sweet cassava ranged from 0.005 to 0.019 per cent, and averaged 0.010. The author draws the general conclusions that in sweet cassava the prussic acid is not uniformly distributed throughout the tuber, while in bitter cassava its distribution is uniform, or nearly so; and that this affords an analytical means of dis- tinguishing between sweet and bitter ca.ssava. Attention is called to the methods of preparing cassava for food, and especially to the fact that with local methods cas- sava is prepared by removing the skin of the sweet kind before cooking, the iimer portion alone being eaten. There appears to be no ground for the connuon belief that the hydrocyanic acid in sweet cassava increases with age, nor that the locally 544 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. grown sweet cassava of Trinidad is a degenerate growth, resulting from many years' assiiciation with the bitter variety. Studies in clover, G. Martinet {Ami.. Agr. Suisse, 2 {1901), No. 1, pp. 6-19).— The author reports upon a number of studies made with c-lover and clover seed at the federal seed control station at Lausanne. Comparati\e tests were made of clovers grown from seed of different origin, in which seed of Swiss growth was compared with that from other countries. In all, about a dozen samples were grown, covering a perio Irish potatoes gave profitable results when sown after oats had been harvested. Thorough preparation of the soil increased the yield of oats from 50 to 100 per cent as compared with poor prepara- tion. Plowing the soil 8 and 10 in. deep gave better results than plowing 6 in. deep or less. Plowing in the fall and replowing in the spring gave larger returns than a single plowing either in fall or spring. Harrowing and disking after plowing and just before sowing, and covering the seed with a double-shovel cultivator, seemed to be the best method of putting in the crop. Report on variety tests with oats in 1900, G. Martinet {Jour. Soc. Agr. Suisse Rumanilc, 4 J {l'>01), No. 1, pj/. 3~4ular discussion on harvesting field jieas by means of pea harvesters. Composition of potatoes at various stages of growth, C. H. Jones and B. O. White ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 374-382). — This report describes experiments with potatoes, conducted in 1898 and 1899, to determine the chemical differences which might exist in marketable and small tubers when dug at different stages of growth. The analyses of the different samples are shown in tables. In 1898, 2 varieties, White Star and Delaware, were grown, and in 1899 the Delaware variety only was used. The results showed that quite marked differences in composition existed between the 2 varieties. The variations lietween samples dug at different dates were not marked. There was a rather gradual gain in protein as the season advanced. The proportion of ash in the marketable tubers remained quite constant throughout the season, but in the small tubers there was a greater tendency to vary. Crude fiber, although present in small amounts, was very variable. The average phosphoric acid content was 0.06 per cent greater in the small than in the large tubers. The yields increased considerably as maturity advanced, showing that the ripening of the tubers affects the yield much more than the composition. In 1899 it was found that in general the percentage of dry matter and nitrogen-free extract decreased, while that of the protein, ash, and crude fiber increased as the tubers approached maturity. These results were in accordance with those of 1898. New varieties of potatoes, E. Schribaux {Jour. Agr. Prat., 1901, I, No. 16, pj}. 496-500). — This article describes a number of varieties of potatoes and classifies them as potatoes for the table and for feeding and industrial purposes. Variety tests with potatoes at Calvorde, conducted by the German Potato Experiment Station, Vihkans {liraunHclureig Lundw. Ztg., 69 {1901), No. 14, pp- 63-65). — A report with tabulated results on tests made in 1900. Variety tests of potatoes in Hungary, J. Gvarfas {Fi'Ming's JMudw. Ztg., 50 { 1901) , Nos. 5, pp. 187-191 ; 7, pp. 247-253 ) . —A report on a cooperative test, making a special comparison of the variety Professor Maercker with a number of others. In a number of cases Professor Maercker gave the best results and the variety ranked well in every instance. Exposing seed potatoes to light and air before planting {Deut. Jandw. I'resse, 28 {1901), No. 22, p. 185). — A brief note showing why the practice is to be recommended and giving directions for exposing tubers to obtain the best results. Sainfoin as a meadow plant {Semaine Agr., 21 {1901), No. 1038, pp. 110). 546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The soy bean [Orgnan Ver. Oudleer, Jiijkft Lrmdhouvm-hnnl, IS {1901), No. 153, pp. 77-7!>). — This ai-ticle is a tjeneral discussion on the soy beau. The growth of sugar-beet culture {Bmunscliwc'ig Ldndiv. Ztfj.,69 {1901), No. 11, pp. 47, 4S). — A brief note on the increase in sngar-beet culture in various countries. The gro-wrth of the sugar beet in England, A. D. Hall {.Tour. Southeast. Agr. Col. Wye, 1901, No. 10, pp. 3-8) . — A discussion of the crop, yield, and cost, ans. was used by the crop, the rest being lost by the deejay of organic matter and the liberation of the nitrogen as gaseous or soluble compounds. On this plat there was a loss for the 8 years of over 21 per cent of the total nitrogen of the soil, or an annual loss of 175 lbs. per acre over the quantity used as plant food. Continuous wheat growing also caused an annual loss of over 2,000 lbs. per acre of humus, due to the fermentation and decomposition of organic matter in the soil. On the plat where wheat was grown in rotation with clover and oats, 5 crops of wheat were produced during 8 years. In this case the loss of nitrogen in excess of the quantity used by the crops was reduced to about 450 lbs. and the loss of humus from the soil was very small. Where oats and T)arley were grown continuously on the same s(jil the loss of nitrogen was nearly as large as in the case of continuous wheat growing. Corn growing from year to year on the same land caused a loss of nitrogen less than one-half the quantity lost in growing wheat continuously. The total loss of nitrogen from the soil for 8 years on the plat where corn was grown in rotation with clover and oats and barnyard manure was applied was less than 100 ll)s. m excess of the quantity utilized by the crops. It is stated that corn introduced into a rotation decreases the loss of nitrogen as com- pared with wheat. It was found that bare summer fallowing gave rise to a heavier loss of nitrogen from the soil than continuous wheat growing. Summer fallowing also favored the decay of humus. "The loss of humus changed the physical properties of the soil, causing it to be less retentive of moisture, lighter in color, and heavier in weight per cubic foot. During times of drought the soil from the continuous wheat cultivated plat contained less water than the soil from the plat which produced wheat in rotation with clover. Humus conserves the moisture of the soil, while the rotation of crops, the use of farm manures, and the growing of clover conserves the humus of the soil." Winter wheat, A. M. Soule and P. O. Vanattek {Tennessee Sta . Bui., Vol. XIV, No. 2, jjp. 35-64, figs. 13). — These experiments are in continuation of work formerly reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 1035). The best yields of grain among 45 varieties tested in 1901 were made by Blue Ridge, Kansas Mortgage Lifter, and Dawsini Golden Chaff, the yields being 40, 36.66, and 36.33 bu. per acre, respectively. In the average yields FIELD (Rors. 547 for this and the preceding year, Fuleawter leads with a yield of 37.08 V)u., followed by Improved Fideaster, Poole, Inijjroved Poole, Niger, Kansas Mortgage Lifter, and Mediterranean, yielding .3H.45, 3(>.01, 35.97, 35.21, 35. 10, and 35.05 bu. per acre, respec- tively. Fulcaster, Poole, Mediterranean, and Plarvest King are considered as among the most satisfactory varieties tested. The best milling wheats so far grown are Fulcaster, Niger, Mediterranean, Improved Fulcaster, and Dietz Amber; while White Golden Cross, Early (Jenesee CTiant, and Fnltz were the poorest. The average yield of 13 bald varieties was 31.70 and of 26 bearded varieties 28.18 bu. per acre. Rice, Egyptian, and JNIediterranean were the only varieties which equaled or surpassed the standard weight per measured bushel. Most of the foreign varieties proved unsatisfactory. The results in seed selection with Mediterranean and Poole wheat show an average yield for the large grains of 29.4 and 27 bu. and for the small grains of 25.6 and 22.6 bu. per acre, respectively. The experiments in seed selection indicated further that the largest and choicest grains are found in the large heads, and it is concluded that they contain the largest supplies of plant food and should for this reason produce the best plants. The results of fertilizer experiments with winter wheat after ])are fallow show that the cost of the increase per bushel was 19 cts. with 250 lbs. of acid phosphate per a(;re in 2 applications, 26 cts. with 10 tons of barnyard manure aijplied in 1900 and 5 tons in 1901, and 32 cts. with an application of 50 bu. of lime in 1900; while accompanied by a crop of cowpeas plowed under, 50 bu. of lime applied in 1900 reduced the cost of increased yield per bushel to 1.6 cts., 250 lbs. of basic slag to 17 cts., and the same amount of Tennessee and South Carolina acid phosphates to 19 and 20 cts. Where bare fallow was followed for 2 years, the cost of the increase with these phosphates was 42, 39, and 34 cts. per bushel, respectively. The phosphates gave good results in all cases, but the applications of muriate of potash alone, of blood and bone, and of 100 bu. of lime alone were unsatisfactory. The complete ready- mixed fertilizers were unprofitable, and the complete home-mixed fertilizers were not as economical as either phosphates, lime, or barnyard manure. On impoverished soil a home-mixed application of 50 lbs. nitrate of soda, 100 lbs. acid phosphate, and 25 lbs. muriate of potash gave the best results. Cowpeas gave the best returns when pastured off on the land, and the next best when made into hay. Plowing under cowpeas on poor soil is considered as always profitable. Wheat on thin and imi^overished land suffered most from attacks of the Hessian fly. From the results obtained in sowing winter wheat on different dates "it is apparent that the date of seeding wheat determines, to a considerable degree, the amount of injury done by the fly, and it is further evident that if wheat is sown on carefully prepared land of good quality where there is an abundant supply of availa- ble food that it will stool out and in a measure make up for the original shoots destroyed by the fly. These shoots, however, will not be so vigorous, nor will they fill so well as those first thrown up." Spelt is considered as of little utility for Tennessee. Experiments in wheat culture, L. Foster and W. H. Fairfield ( Wi/oming Sta. JJnI. 4S, j)j>. 49-(;9). — This bulletin reports in tables the results of culture experi- ments coiulucted at the station, and of variety tests made at Laramie and the sub- stations at Lander, Sheridan, and Wheatland. The culture ex])eriments — a com- parison (jf intertillage and field (ailture, begun in 1897 — have not been comi)leted, but the results so far as obtained are given. A large proportion of the varieties tested gave satisfactory results. Those recommended as among the best are Velvet Chaff, Scotch Fife, Scotch of Scotch, Saskatchewan Fife, Nox, and Pride of America. The com- parison of intertillage during the growing season and of ordinary field culture seems to indicate that under existing conditions intertillage did not sufficiently increase the yield Uj pay for the additional labor. Resulta of previously reported 548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. experiments relating to wheat growing are reproduced as follows: Quantity of seed per acre (E. S. R., 10, p. 947); subsoiling rs. plowing (E. S. R.Jl, p. 1026); wheat after alfalfa (E. S. R., 12, p. 427); and profit of wheat growing (E. 8. R., 7, p. 578). Several methods of treating seed wheat for the prevention of smut are reported from other sources. Wheat growing- and g-eneral agricultural conditions in the Pacific Coast regions of the United States, E. S. Holmes, Jr. ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Dirision of Statistics Bui. 20, misc. ser., pp. 44, ph. 8, maps 4)- — This bulletin embraces discussions of the economical conditions of the wheat growing sections of the Pacific Coast region, a presentation of considerable statistical data with reference to the region and its w^heat industry, and descriptions of the methods of w^heat growing and farming gen- erally. The monthly and annual normal mean temperature and rainfall at certain stations throughout these States are shown in tables. Owing to difference in methods of preparing the soil and harvesting the crop the region is divided into 4 sections, namely, California, Oregon, the Big Bend country of Washington, and the Palouse country in Idaho and Washington, and each of these sections is described separately.. The tabulated statistical data include the total and agricultural population in 1890 and 1900; farm wages from 1866 to 1899; acreage and production of w^inter and spring wheat in Oregon and Washington from 1894 to 1900; acreage, production, value, and average yield of wheat per acre in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho; and quantity and value of wdieat and wheat flour exported from this region from 1868 to 1900 inclusive. Wheat culture in Australia {Mitt. Dexit. Landw. Gesell., 16 {1901), Sup. to No. 14, pp. 85-88). — This article reviews the development of wheat culture in Australia, and describes the practices and methods' in vogue in connection with the industry. Experiments on wheat manures, Simons {Agr. Jow. Cape of Good Hope, 18 {1901) , No. 3, pp. 119-124). — A report on a series of fertilizer experiments on wheat and of analyses of the soil on w^hich the experiments were conducted. Wheat pasture, A. B. McReynolds {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 150, 151).— The value of growing wheat for pasture is briefly noted, and a table compares the analyses of 2 samples of green w'heat made at the station with the analyses of several of the most common grasses obtained from other sources. Wheat pasture as a source of winter forage in Oklahoma is discussed. The silo and silage, J. Withycombe {Oregon Sta. Bid. 67, p>p. 87-110, pis. 4)- — This bulletin discusses primarily the construction of the silo and the method of making silage. A number of analyses of silage made for the purpose of determining its acidity are given in tables. It was found that the liquid constituents of immature clover containing 79. 14 per cent of moisture were lost, to a certain extent, by oozing out at the bottom of the silo. A chemical analysis of this exudate showed a protein con- tent of 1.13 per cent. In one experiment water was added to clover silage approxi- matelj' at the rate of 1 gall, per 100 lbs. of material, to determine its influence on the acidity and the protein content. The loss of dry matter arid the degree of acidity w^ere greatest in the moistened silage. It is considered that acidity and loss of dry matter, wdiich occurs in carbohydrates and allied substances, go hand in hand. The application of water did not wash out protein compounds to any ai^preciable extent. The results further indicated that immaturity of the plants and extreme compactness of the silage favor the development of organic acids. Shrinkage of farm products, C. D. Smith {Michigan Sta. Bui, 191, j^P- 159-172). — This bulletin reports some of the observations made at tlie station and elsewhere on the gains or losses in the weight of stored farm products. The various experiments on this subject made at different experiment stations and the observations in this line by practical men are briefly described. The data and conclusions given in this abstract are taken from the author's summarj' of the bulletin. It was shown that the fluctuation in the weight of wheat under ordinary conditions does not exceed 6 HORTICULTURE. 549 per cent, but that when taken from a very dry climate to a moist region tlie gain may amoutxt to 25 per cent. Oats were much less su1)j('ct to fluc^tuatiom^. The heavies^t loss observed was 3.4 per cent in oats stored from fall until May. In one instance there was a loss of only 7 lbs. in 100 bu. The loss of weight in corn when the entire i)lant is stored in the silo is quite marked. Four tests showed an average loss of S.32 percent. In some instances the loss varied from 14.57 to 20.36 per cent. When tiie entire corn plant was cured in tlie field the variations tluring sulisetpient storiiig depended u|)on the dryness of the air. In one case 4.8 tons of cured fodder whicii had been cut September 1, weighed 7.5 tons on the 8th of the February following; and in another, 25.5 tons of green corn weighed 5.2 tons after curing on November 11 and 8.5 tons by February 8. Corn husked when very damp and cribbed early in October lost 30 per cent in weight by the middle of February, while dry corn cribbed October 21 lost 11 per cent by the last of January. Other cases on record show a shrinkage of less than 3 per cent by January 1. Losses of 9 and 20 per cent during an entire year are recorded for ear corn which was quite dry when put in the cril). At husking time the cob represents fully one-fourth of the total weight of the ear, but when properly stored until sjiring the weight of the cob decreases to less than one-fifth of the weight of the ear. The results of experiments made at Houghton Farm showed a loss of about 7.45 percent in the weight of shelled corn from October to March., while the loss in the cobs was fully 36 per cent. Results on record show that 2 tons of fairly dry and well-stored Hungarian grass seed lost 96 lbs. in weight from November until the following July. Very dry tim- othy hay put in the mow from the field on June 27 lost only 7 per cent in 6 months. In other instances timothy hay lost 13.8, 15.7, and 21.7 per cent during storage. A case is reported where early and late cut timothy lost in the barn Ijetween fall and spring 29 and 21.5 per cent respectively. It is stated that clover, from the time it is mown until it is perfecth' cured loses about 60 per cent in weight. Well-cured clover hay lost in one instance 9 percent and in another only 3.6 per cent by Novem- ber. In still another instance the loss amounted to 11.2 per cent between July and February. A crop of clover sown in March and cut in August had lost 22.6 per cent in weight by spring. Observations on the shrinkage of cord wood have been previ- ously reported (E. S. R., 10, p. 195). Grain elevators, N. A. Cobb {Agr. Gaz. Xew South Wales, 13 ( 1901), No. 2, pp. 255-SOl, Ji(/.f. 29, pi. 1) . — This is a comprehensive discussion of the elevator and bag systems of handling grain. Special attention is given to the American, European, and Australian elevator systems, and different appliances and apparatus are dis- cribed and figured. HORTICULTURE. Som^e results obtained in crossbreeding plants, B. D. Halstead {Proc. New Jersey Stale Iloii. Soc, 20 (1901), pp. 144-150). — Some results obtained in crossbreeding corn, dwarf Lima beans, tomatoes, eggplants, cucumbers, and salsify are noted. With the Lima beans the cross was made bekveen Henderson and Burpee varieties, the idea being to condjine the prolificacy of the former with the large size and good quality of the latter. The Burpee was used as the niother plant in each instance. The crossed plants were remarkably vigorous and productive. Some closely approached the Henderson and others the Burpee. It is believed that by further crossing or inbree?nt types as given l)y the author may be briefly noted as follows: (1) Jenny Lind type. — Small size (I to 2 lbs.), flattened at ends and usually larger in diameter than in depth; mostly shallow ribbed, netted, and green fleshed, except Emerald Gem (tending to be smooth and salmon fleshed) and Christiana (salmon fleshed). Varieties included: Captain, No. 88 J. & S., Jersey Belle, Newport, Earliest Ripe. Jenny l^ind. Shipper's Delight, and True Jenny Lind. (2) Rockyford type. — Melons of this type closely resemble those of the Jenny Lind type, but all the fruits are oval in shape, 1 to 2 lbs., netted, shallow ribbed, green iieshed, except Paul Rose. This type of melons usually averages 10 or more matured HORTICULTURE. * 551 fruits to tlie liill wlion well j^rown, and is well adapted to either local markets or for shipment. "If anything this type is i)referred to that of the Jenny Lind on account of its standing shii>ment better. The oval shai)e withstands ^iressure and handling perhaps better than the more flattened." Varieties inchided: Golden Ciem, Rose Gem, Pineapjile, Ciolden Netted Gem, Bird Cantaloupe, Netted Gem, Oval Netted Gem, Round Netted Gem, Rockyford, i^trawberry, and Paul Rose. (3) Jlnch'nmcktiipe. — Fruits similar in appearance to the Jenny Lind type, but larger, 3 to 6 lbs., flattened at the ends, usually as broad as deep, or broader. The shallow and deep ribbed, netted and smooth, and yellow and green fleshed varieties are about equally divided in this group. The fruits average less per hill than the smaller varieties, but their increased size balances the weight in yield. Varieties included: Ironclad, Early Nutmeg, Chicago Nutmeg, Missouri, Improved Jenny, Six Oaks Cantaloupe, Satisfaction, Shumway Giant, Irondequoit, Ivy Gem, Kinsman Queen, Hackensack, ^larket. Long Island Beauty, Extra Early Hackensack, Arling- ton Nutmeg, Nutmeg, Carmes, Surprise, and Perfection. (4) Montreal type. — ^ledium size, oval, smooth or nearly so, netted, 3 to 6 lbs. Corresi^ond in appearance to Rockyford type. About equally divided between green and salmon fleshed varieties. Varieties included: Green Fleshed Osage, Montreal Nutmeg, New White Japan, Skillman Fine Netted, Ward Nectar, Giant Chicago Market, Miller Cream Nutmeg, Tip-top, Citron, McCotter Pride, Golden Eagle, and Nectar of Angels. (5) Co.viwpolitaii type. — ^lediumsize, 3 to 6 lbs., oval, netted, strongly ribbed. About equally divided between green and salmon color of flesh. Varieties included: Can- non Ball, Cosmopolitan, Netted Beauty, Columltus, Superior, Perfected Delmonico, Banquet, Blenheim Orange, Conqueror of F^urope, and Buckbee No. 555. • (6) Acme-Omge type. — Oblong, medium size, 3 to 6 lbs., mostly shallow ribbed. The Osage, which is a dark melon with salmon flesh, and the Acme, a light skinned, green fleshed variety, are used to designate the varying characters of the fruits of this type. Varieties included: Extra Early Cantaloupe, Champion Market, Casaba, Nette. 343, pp. 503, 506, fiy. 1). — Cultural directions are given for the growing of nmskmelons under glass, with suggestions as to suital)le varieties. The cultivation of onions at Antigua, W. N. Saxds ( WeM Indian Bid., 2 {1901), No. 2, pp. 16.3-16G). — The adapta])ility of this industry to the island is pointed out. The varieties found to give the best returns are the Red and White Bermuda kinds. The i)rincii)al method now adopted of growing the onions is to transplant them in land banked for cane, the young canes being planted in the furrows during the time the onions are growing. Rates of charg-e for transporting garden truck, with notes on the grov/th of the industry, I>. G. Ward, Jr., and E. S. Holmes, .Tr. ( V. S. Ikpl. Ayr., Dirivon of Stati^ttcH Bid. 21, misc. .ser., pp. ags were removed and the clusters examined. A record is given of the fruit set, of the clusters which failed to set fruit, and of the crops set on the tree by the uncovered blossoms. The record includes the data obtained with 18 varieties. It shows that only 3 apples set out of 2,586 blossoms covered. These were of the Baldwin, Esopus, and Fameuse varieties. The practical conclusion is reached that "large blocks of apples of a single variety should never be planted, no matter what the variety may be. Mix 2 or more varieties together in alternating rows." Other considerations are that the varieties which stand next to each othet'^n the apple orchard should blossom at the .same time and that "in planting trees to secure HORTICULTURE. 555 c'ro.S8-pollination, the habits of the bees are to l)e chiefly considered, and not the prevaiUng winds. Not more than 3 rows of any one variety shonld be planted together — better only one or two — with which some other variety or varieties should alternate." Growing prize peach.es {A(/r. Gaz. Xetr , South llVfZc.s-, 1:^ (HfOl), Xo. 4, ]'P- 537- 5-.P9).— The method followed l)v ]\Ir. Charles Wright, of Delaware, in growing peaches is ontlined. Peaches sent by ^Ir. Wright to the Paris Exposition secured second prize in competition with pAiropean house-grown peaches. Mr. AVright selects buds from trees with fruit on them, using the healthiest specimens. The land is prepared as for wheat. The trees are set in the fall 22 ft. apart each way. In the spring they are pruned to a whip about 20 in. high, with 4 or 5 limbs left for a top. Clean cultivation is practiced until August 15, some hoed crop, like tomatoes, potatoes, or corn, being grown between the rows. The orchard is planted on well- Paris lirst were picked green, wrapped in tissue paper, then in heavier paper, and packed in a ()-basket carrier. In the next shipment the peaches were first wrapped in tissue paper, then in cotton, and finally in blotting paper. They were packed and shipped in 6-basket carriers, as before, and arrived in Paris in considerably better condition tlian the first shipment. The first shipment occurred on August 8, and consisted of Bishop Early, Gen. Taylor, Powell ]Mammoth, Lady Ingold, Foster, and Carman varieties. The second shipment occurred September 12, and was made up of Reeve Smock, Garey Hold On, White Heath, Dr. Corsa Heath, Prize, Townsend, Jowell Late, Newington Free, Walker Variegated, Cowper Late, and McCollister. None of the peaches shipped were considered really first- cla.ss varieties. Peach-tree culture, C. M. Harrison {Proe. New Jerstn/ Statr Hori. Sac, 26 (1901), pp. 167-177, pi. 1) . — A popular article on this subject, including notes on the history of peach culture in New Jersey and on renovating old trees. Pliiin culture, Skili.man (Proc. New Jersey State Hort. Soc, 26 {1901), pp. 150-157). — The selection of varieties and the culture of plums are discussed. The author tested the Stringfellow method of root pruning j)lums, and out of 1,000 trees thus root pruned and planted, 800 died and the remainder are making so poor a growth that they will have to be dug up. Barnyard manure has been found a very satisfactory fertilizer for plums in the author's experience. Jai)anese plums should be picked as soon as they begin to color. Propagation of plums — preliminary report, F. A. Watgh {]Vr>iwnt Stn. Rpt. 1900, pp. 333-354, figs. 13). — A brief summary is given of our present knowledge of plum stocks and their combinations with different kinds of scions. In all, 15 kinds of stocks have been used. On these the numerous varieties of 15 distinct groups of plums have been propagated. In the author's experiments 5 varieties of plums, viz, Stodut Peach, and every tree on Peach roots died. Newman did best on Wayland rof)ts and second best on Americana roots. For the whole lot of trees, the general staten^ent is made that every lot on Peach was inferior to the same variety on any other stock whatever. Further work in plum pollination, F. A. Waugh ( Vermont Sta. Bpt. IDOO, pp. 355-36:3, figs. 3). — In continuing this work (E. S. R., 12, p. 238), the results secured in microscopic examinations and germination tests of the pollen of 44 varieties of plums are recorded and discussed. The germination tests of the pollen were made in sugar solutions varying in strength from 3 to 20 per cent. There seemed to be little difference in pollen germination following the variations in strength of the dif- ferent solutions, but on the whole the 5 per cent solutions gave the most uniform results. The quantity of pollen produced and its germinating power were found to vary greatly with the different varieties, as did also the size and plumpness of the pollen grains. Pollen grains which to the eye presented a normal appearance were sometimes lacking in protoplasmic contents. These irregularities appeared to be unusually frequent with varieties of hybrid origin. No cause for the fluctuations of the pollen grains in quantity, size, or viability could be assigned. It was concluded that the germination of plum pollen is not readily influenced by ordinary external conditions. The author summarizes briefly as follows: " From the standpoint of the practical plum planter, there seems to be only one conclusion of consequence to be drawn from tlie study f)f jicjllen and i:)ollen produc- tion; namely, that certain hybrid varieties, notably Wickson and Excelsior, probably also Gonzales and others, cannot be relied on for the pollination of other varieties, even though other conditions of simultaneous blossoming, etc., be fully met." Some drawings and notes are given on certain curious malformations occurring in plum blossoms. HORTICULTURE. 557 A furtlior study was ihikIc of tlu' ajiency of the wind in distrilmting plum pollen. Glassslips, such as are used with niieroseopes, were labeled at one end and tlie remain- der painted with a mixture of va.seline and lampblack. These slijis were then exposed for 2 to 24 hours in various ])arts of the plum orchard at the height of the pollinating season and under the most favorable conditions of wind and weather. The vaseline caught whatever pollen was carried against the slips while it was the purpose of the lampblack in the mixture to make the grains more visible. These slips were afterwards examined for jiollen grains. A few grains were found on some of the slips but the amount of i)oIlen transported even the short distance the trees were apart (10 ft.), and in direct line with the wind, was considered far too small for effective jiollination. The conclusion is again reached that these fruits are pol- linated chiefly, if not_ exclusively, by insects, and that the wind plays an inconse- quential jiart in this work. The myrobalan plums, F. A. Wal-gh ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. IfiOO, })p. 366-370). — This is a short monograph with liistorical notes on these plums. Their present status is given and 9 varieties des(;ril)ed. Summer pruning- of wall plums, A. I'etts {Garden, 59 (1901), Xu. 1538, pp. 332, 333). — Details of methods of pruning wall plums throughout the summer. Pomelos, H. H. Ilr.ME {Florida Sta. Bui. 58, pp. 385-421, ph. 7,fi{/.i. 4). — Notes are given on the botany and history of the pomelo. Shaddock and grajje fruit are given as synonyms of pomelo. The term pomelo is preferred to grape fruit. The term shaddock, while referring to a fruit ])otanically the same as pomelo, is stated by the author to be horticulturally distinct from it, this name being api)lied more especially to the large pyriform or necked varieties of pomelos. It is only within the past 15 years or so that the pomelo has come into commercial importance in Florida. "With regard to its cultuVe, the author states that trees in Florida bear heavily, are no harder to propagate and care for than orange trees, and come into bearing early. The following varieties, which include all those listed l)y nurserymen, are described, and notes given on their origin: Aurantium, Dmican, Excelsior, Hall, Marsh, Pernambuco, Tresca, Triumph, Royal, and Walters. The weight, size, and proportion of pulp, rind, and seeds are given for 10 rijie fruits of each of 6 varieties, together with analyses of the separate parts of the fruit. The following table summarizes the physical analysis: Plii/sic((l a i)(d [/.'uit is strongly condemned. These should be secured only from thrifty, vigorous, and prolific bearing trees. Grafts should be selected from well-matured 1-year-old stock W'hile it is in a dormant condition. They are usually cut 5 to 6 in. long, with a thickness of i to | in. From the middle of February until the middle of March is considered the best time for grafting pecans in northern and western Florida. If the trees are small, grafts may be made on the trunk of the tree; if of medium size, on the main branches a little way from the trunk; and if large, on the main branches still further up from the trunk. Only a few branches should be worked each year, as any sudden shock to the tree, such as the removal of all its branches, is liable to kill it. Whip grafting is suitable for limbs less than an inch in diameter, but for the larger branches cleft grafting, or a modification called cleft-sap grafting, may be employed. By the latter method the cleft for the insertion of the sciqn is made on one side of the center. It is preferred for working very large stocks. The author deems it inadvisable to graft stocks over 2\ in. in diameter, since an exposure of so large a surface of wood is apt to form a starting place for rot and decay. August and September is considered the most suitable time for budding the i)ecan in the Gulf States, and a modification of the annular method of budding known as Veneer shield-budding is thought preferable. The new grafts in top-worked trees 560 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. grow rapidly and sliould, therefore, l)e supported until they become firmly attached. The top-worked trees begin to bear when the tops are about 2 years old. The same methods used in top grafting trees may be employed in nursery work, though tongue grafting is usually employed. In the nursery the ' ' scions are inserted just at the small fibrous roots and the earth heaped up so as to leave only one bud exposed. Buds may be inserted anywhere from 5 to 6 in. to 3 ft. above the crown." The evolution of American floriculture {Amer. Florist, 17 [1901), No. 687, pp. 1-3; Gardening, 9 {1901), No. 214, PP- 346-349).— An account of the historical devel- opment of floriculture in this country. Carolina bulbs, W. T. Massey {Gardening, 9 {1901), No. 212, pp. 314, .3i-5).— The results secured l)y the author in growing various bul))S in ISTorth Carolina are noted. Progress in cultivation of carnations and varieties, F. C-. Goble {Proc. New Jersey State Hort. Soc, 26 {1901), jjp. 185-190). — Improvements in houses for carna- tions and methods of carnation culture are noted, with mention of some of the more prominent varieties of carnations. Cyclamen for seed, P. Kopanka {Florists' Exchange, IS {1901), No. 21, p. 570).— A general article covering the details of "the subject. Culture of Persian cyclamens {Garden, 59 {1901), No. 1540, pp. 375-377).— The various cultural operations from sowing the seed to petting and housing the plants, and the second year's treatment of the same are discussed. California lilies and their habitats, J. P. Davy {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 30 {1901), No. 760, 2)p. 46-48). — This article deals with the habitats and descriptions of Califor- nia native lilies. Existence of Lilium auratum in Japan as a species, A. Unger {Gard. C'liron., 3. ser., 29 {1901), No. 752, p. 327). — The author believes that L. auratum is a native Japan species and not of hybrid origin as supposed by some. . The origin of Lilium auratum {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 336, p. 392; Rev. Hort., 73 {1901), No. 10, p. 246). — Some theories as to the probable origin of L. auratum are advanced. The peony and its cultivation, W. A. Peterson {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 339, pp. 441, 442). — The outdoor culture and forcing of peonies and their place in the border are discussed. Growing Primula sinensis for exhibition, J. Hobsox {Ainer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 336, p. 397, Jig. 1) . — The author outlines his plans for growing Chinese primrose. Classification of hardy primulas from the cultural point of view, II. Cor- KEVON {Eer. Hort., 73 {1901), No. 10, pp. 242-245). Culture of Perle des Jardins rose, J. F. Ammann {Amer. Florist, 16 {1901), No. 680, pp. 1611, 1612).—V&\wv on this subject read before the St. Louis Florists' Club. Hose stocks for grafting, H. A. Siebrecht {Gardenbig, 9 {1901), No. 212, p. 314). — On account of the rapid and strong growth of roses on Manetti stock, this stock is considered the most practical for forcing where the plants are wanted for only one season. For budding or grafting roses outdoors Rosa multiflora japonica is considered far superior to Manetti. Tree planting on rural school grounds, W. L. Hall ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bui. 134, pp. 37, figs. 17). — Popular directions are given for the planting of trees on rural school grounds for the purpose of beautifying them and protecting them from the cold of winter and heat of summer. Before planting the grounds a careful plan should be drawn up showing accurately the location of the different groups of trees to be planted and an account taken of the soils on which they are to be planted. The general plan should be under the supervision of the district authorities who should be aided and supplemented in the work by the teacher and pupils of the school. The bulletin contains many suggestions on the kinds of trees to plant, methods of obtaining and planting trees, and the care of trees. FORESTRY. 561 FORESTRY. Forest conservation in Kentucky, J. B. Atkinson (Forext Leans, 6" {19U1), No. 2, pp. 22, 2S). — The distribution of the principal forest treea in the State is briefly indicated, and estimates made of the area of forests and the yield and value of the product which has been lumbered. The present forest area of the State is ;^aid to be aluHit 13,000,000 acres, jtroducing yearly lumber, fuel, etc., at the present vahiatiun of $7,340,000. A brief account is given of an attempt made in planting walnuts since 1888. This began with the planting of a 4-acre tract in which the ground was prepared and the w-alnuts planted in autumn 4 ft. apart, allowing 16 square feet of growing space. The tract has been divided into different plats in which the effect of natural and artificial thinning is shown. AVhere the trees have been thinned about 70 per cent have been removed, and the largest of the remaining trees are about 6 in. in diameter and 20 to 28 ft. high. On the tract left to natural conditions the trees are smaller in diameter but nearly the same height. This experiment has been continued, a few acres being planted every year or two, until now the reforested area amounts to about 30 acies. Tree planting, O. M. MokRis {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 149).— A brief sum- mary is given of the tree planting which was conducted during the year covered by the report. In February, 1900, yearling seedlings were set out on a piece of rough laud unsuitable for farm crops. The species planted and the number of trees were as follows: White elm, 9,000; soft maple, catalpa, black locust, and box elder, 5,000 each; white ash and honey locust, 3,000 each. Of these plantings on June 1, 1900, the living trees were 85, 96, 95, 97, 80, 27, and 33 jjer cent, respectively, of those planted. The elms were in poor condition when set out, and under normal circum- stances a larger percentage would probably have survived. The black locust made the strongest growth, with catalpa and maple about equal. Box elder is third, elm fourth, honey locust fifth, and ash least of all. Black locust thrived best in mixed plantations, while the others did best in pure plantings. Report of the forestry commissioner, J. T. Rothrock { Pennsylrania Dept. Agr. Iij>l. 1900, j)t. 1, pp. 98-116). — The author reports substantial progress made in fores- try management by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania during the past year. Under the laws establishing the office of commissioner of forestry, there have been purchased and added to the State forest reserves since 1898, 98,402 acres which are now under the ctjntrol and management of the Division of Forestry, as a part of the forestry reservation system. These lands are briefly described, and the subject of forest fires in relation to forestry is discussed at some length. The acts of the legis- latures of Pennsylvania and Indiana relative to forest management are quoted, and the text of proposed laws which have been presented to the legislatures of Michigan, Wisconsin, and ^linnesota are given. Forest fires and lumbering during the year 1899, R. S. Conklin [Peimsijl- vaiiia Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pt. 1, pp. 110, 117, SS0-S84). — ^During the season covered by this report the number and extent of forest fires was considerably greater than those of previous seasons. In all, 214,061 acres were burned over, entailing a loss of $406,581. In seeking the origin of these tires, it was found that most of them were started by the careless burning of brush on land that was cleared or being cleared, the fire escaping and running into the timber. The lumbering operations conducted during the year showed some increase over those reported for the previous year. About 14,000,000 ft. B. M. more pine were cut, about 39,000,000 ft. more of hemlock, and 146,000,000 ft. more of other woods. There were cut-over 126,626 acres, only 28,859 of which are to be used for farming purposes. 562 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Studies on the coast redwood, G. J. Peirce {Proc. California Acad. Sci., 3. ser., Bot., 2 {1901), No. 3, pp. 83-106, pi. l). — Attention is called to the habit of Sequoia sempervirens of reproducing itself vegetatively by means of suckers from the roots or stumps. This power is possessed by comparatively few coniferous plants. The author takes exception to the statement by Gannett (E. S. R., 11, p. 456) that " with the clearing away of the present forests the end of the species as a source of lumber will be at hand," and states that so far as the region south of San Francisco, in the vicinity of the Santa Cruz Mountains, is concerned, the redwood is reproduced in suf- ficient abundance and has attained profitable size, and that it still occurs in profitaljle quantity. The growth of the sprouts from the stumps and underground parts appears to be considerably faster than that of plants from seed. The sprouts or sui'kers are not wholly dependent upon themselves for the food required, and for this reason the young trees attain a considerable height and diameter in a few years. If allowed to grow and reasonably protected against drought, there appears to be no reason why valuable redwood timber should not continue to be produced. The author believes that by the method of vegetative reproduction, even under present climatic condi- tions, it will be possible to secure the continuance of the redwood forests in the regions where they now occur, provided lumbering operations are so conducted that the production of suckers and sprouts is not interfered with by destructive fires. In the second part of this paper the author discusse.s some peculiarities noted for the vegetative shoots of young redwoods. Fasciation appears to be quite common and is probably due to external injuries producing w^ounds which form suckers in so great abundance as to insure the fusion of adjacent parts of the very young branches. An interesting feature described is that of albinism, which is a peculiarity of some sprouts which come from stumjis or old roots. These sprouts are sometimes perfectly white and may attain a height of 30 cm. in the course of the season. This growth is about one-third that of normal shoots and the increase in diameter is reduced in about the same i)roportion. While specimens of albinos that are several years old are reported, it appears that the tissues are less able to withstand the winter than those produced from green shoots, and as a result the white forms are frequently frozen to the ground. Microscopical examinations made of the 2 forms of shoots showed considerable differences, the most marked being in the leaves. In the albino forms there was little differentiation of the cell contents in the leaves, and in most cases there was no indication of the formation of plastids or chromatophores. Accord- ing to the author, the albinos are probably the result of growth at a temperature too low for the production of chlorophyll, and the protoplasm of the cells is so interfered with that its normal functions are not performed. The white redwoods live para- sitically upon the old roots, being dependent entirely upon the elaborated material found in the old stumps. There appears to be no tendency on the part of the leaves to form chlorophyll when the temperature is sufficiently high for its jjroduc- tion, and the author believes that tlie environmental conditions are stronger than the hereditary tendency of the plant to produce chlorophyll. A single experiment, in which a plant was removed from its attachment to the roots and transplanted, is reported, the plant dying, but not until a slight coloration was noticed in some of the leaves. This phase of the subject is to be investigated further. Tlie Pennsylvania hemlock output {Forest Leaves, 8 {1901), No. 2, p. 30). — The forests of Pennsylvania are said to have yielded annually about 1,000,000,000 ft. of lienilock lumber. In addition large amounts of hemlock bark were obtained for use in tanning. Recent changes in tanning methods will, it is believed, bring about a heavy decrease in the demand for hemlock bark and as a result logging operations will be diminished. This will tend to conserve the timber and supi)ly of bark for a much longer period than has seemed possible under the previous con- sumption. SEEDS WEEDS. 563 The black pine, J. Huberty {Bui. Soc. Cent. Ford. Bclg., S {1901), No. 1, pp. 1- 18, pis. 2). — A description is given of the blijck pine, which it is claimed is a variety of PmuH Inricio, indigenous to the Styrian Alps. The tree has been successfully introduced into sylvicultural operations, being especially adapted to calcareous soils. Notes are given of a number of artificial plantations of this pine near Rochefort, in which the annual increment and general condition of the trees are described. It is especially recommended for planting with Scotch pine as a mixture. The relation between sap and heart wood of the oak {Bui. Soc. Cent. Forst. Belg., 8 {1901), No. 1, pp. 30-40). — The anatomical characteristics of heart and sap wood are described and their chief differences pointed out. The heart wood is rec- ognized by the resorption of starch, ligneous cells, presence of tannin in these cells and their walls, and the formation of thyllte in the larger cells. The occurrence of starch and tannin in the wood and their effect upon insect borers are discussed. In the oak there seem to be periods of maximum and minimum storing of starch, and in order to prevent attacks of fungi and insects upon the timber the trees should be cut when the starch content is at its lowest. In the case of spruce, fir, linden, etc. , no starch is present during the winter, and trees should be cut at this time. With many other species starch disappears in late summer or autumn, while with others there seems to be a relation between the time of the formation of growth rings and deposition of starch. The teak industry of Siam, H. King {IT. S. Comnlar Rpts., 1901, No. 1041, pp. 1-6). — Descriptions are given of the teak forests of Siam, that country furnishing about one-fourth of the world's supply of this timber. The annual shipments of teak from the o ports are given. The fixation of sand dunes, J. Demorlaine {Fivuiion des dunes. Parts: Assoc. Francais Avanc. Sd., 1900, pp. 14; noted in Rev. Eaux et Forets, 40 {1901), No. 13, pp. 408, 409). — Gives a review of sand dune fixation and reclamation, and on account of their adaptability and the demand for their timber and other ])roducts, recommends plantings of pedunculate oak and of Pinus marUima. SEEDS— WEEDS. The force exerted by swelling seeds, D. T. MacDougal {Jour. Neiv York Bot. Gard., 2 {1901)', No. 15, pp. 39-42, fig. 1). — The author describes a series of experi- ments with peas in which an attempt was made to measure the force exerted by their swelling. The seeds were inclosed in an iron cylinder to which was attached a form of manometer, which is described. At the expiration of 30 hours the air pressure indicated a pressure of 120 lbs. to the square inch. This was maintained for 2 days, when it began to decrease slowly. At the end of a week it had fallen to 18 lbs. per scpiare inch. Seed studies, W. von Petery {Bol. Agr. y Ganaderia, 1 {1901), No. 16, pp. 1-50, pis. 5) . — A general report is given on the objects, methods, and standards of seed testings with special reference to Argentine conditions; together with the results of investigations conducted at the seed-testing station, organized under the direction of the minister of agriculture. Illustrated descriptions are given of the i)rincipal grass and forage plant seeds and the foreign seeds commonly associated with them. Report of seed testing-, G. Valder {Agr. Gaz. New South. W. 951), 957). — A taliular report is given of the germination tests made at the Hawkesbury Agricultural College of al)out 100 varieties of seed, and the germinations are compared with tlie germination standards which have been adopted. A cooperative investigation into the agricultural seed supply of Pennsyl- vania, (t. C. Bctz {Pcmii^i/lmuia Jk'pl. Agr. Bui. 7G, ])p. 50, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives the results of cooperative investigations conducted by the Pennsylvania Station 564 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. and the department of agriculture of that State. In all 243 samples of seed were collected from 57 dealers in different parts of the State, and subjected to examination for their purity, vitality, and genuineness. They included timothy, Kentucky blue grass, orchard grass, clover (red, crimson, and alsike), onion, cauliflower, and sweet corn. So far as known they were grown in Pennsylvania, New York, Ohio, Mary- land, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and California. The results of the te.sts are tabu- lated, comparisons being made with seed of standard purity, and the relative cost of the pure germinable seed in each sample shown. The clover seeds as a rule were found quite pure. For example, only 3 samples of red clover seed out of 33 examined fell below the standard of puritj'^ and 5 below the standard of germination. The 18 samples of mammoth red clover examined were in general fully up to the required standards in purity and germination. The crimson clover seed was all up to the standard of purity, but some of the seed was old and did not germinate well. Among 39 samples of timothy seed, only 3 fell slightly below the required standard of purity, but several samples were low in germinative ability owing to the seed being old. There was great variation in the germinative power of orchard grass, the range being from 33 to 96 per cent. The greatest extremes in quality were met with in the samples of Kentucky blue grass, and only 4 of the 23 samples examined reached the required standard in germination. The author con- cludes that "there are farm seeds placed on sale that are exceedingly poor and even worthless;" and he advocates the passage of a pure-seed law. The weeds represented in foreign seeds are briefly described, and the laws of sev- eral States relating to seed inspection are quoted. Report of the section of seed control for 1899-1900, A. Voigt {Bot. Mus. u. Lab. Waarenkunde Hamburg, Abt. Samencontrole, 1900, IX, pp. 15). — During the year covered by this report 1,603 samples of seed were examined, 2,169 tests being made. Of the samples received 1,101 were red clover, 103 alsike, 99 white clover, 78 alfalfa, 42 timothy, 39 blue grass, 31 orchard grass, 29 bird's-foot clover, and 21 sheep fescue; the others of the 55 species of seed examined ranging from a single sample to 15 or 20. Among some of the impurities mentioned were old alsike clover seed colored with analin, sand lucern substituted for alfalfa seed, seed of Brassica juncea for mus- tard seed, etc. A specimen of African oil seed proved to be the seed of Gidzotia abyssinica, and one called Brazilian oil fruit proved to be the fruit of a species of Araucaria. The examination of 967 samples of clover and forage plant seed for dodder showed 66 per cent pure and 11 per cent additional containing but a single dodder seed per hundred grams of the sample. A slight decrease in the total num- ber of samples containing dodder seed is reported. The seed harvest of Germany for the year covered by this report is said to have been a poor one, and as a result numerous sophistications and substitutions are mentioned. The purity and germi- nation tests showed a decided falling off from the percentages previously obtained for many varieties. An experiment is reported with hard seed of red, white, and alsike clover, alfalfa, yellow clover, and kidney vetch. Five thousand«eeed of red clover, 1,800 of white, and 1,100 of alsike, and considerably less of the others, were soaked in distilled water, after which they were i^laced to germinate in the laboratory window. The germina- tions at the end of the different months are shown in tabular form. At the end of 6 months 60 per cent of the red clover and alsike and 50 per cent of the white clover had germinated, while all of the others had germinated within this time. The mass weight of a number of samples was determined, and observations on the origin, purity, germination, etc., of the different samples are given. Impurities of grass and clover seeds, L. R. Jones {Vermont Sta. Rpi. 1900, pp. 287-299) . — The station sent out a request for samples of seed to a number of farm- ers throughout the State, and received more than 200 samples of alsike and red clover, timothy, and other grass seeds. The seeds of timothy and red clover were DISEASES OF PLANTS. 5(^5 examined as to purity, and tlie character and extent of impurities in the different sanijiles are shown in tabular form, and a discussion is given of the results shown in the tables. In general, it ai)peared that low i)riced seed always contained a greater amount of imi)urities than were found in good seed, although a high price did not necessarily mean that pure seed was supplied the purchaser. In the case of timothy seed, only 9 out of 85 samples fell below 98 per cent purity; while of the led clover, out of 74 samples examined, only 29 were up to the standard of 98 per cent of purity. Killingweedswith chemicals, L. R. Jones ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp.SS2-2S6). — The value of salt applied l)r()adcast for the destruction of the orange hawkweed, as shown by a previous investigation (E. S. R., 8, p. 987) is stated. Sulphuric acid, diluted to 1 jmrt of acid in 40 of water, has been claimed as more efficient than salt for the destruction of this weed. The author repeated his experiments with salt, making comparisons with a dilute sulphuric acid. The results obtained indicate that sulphuric acid is not to be compared with salt as a remedy for the hawkweed, and the author states his belief that salt is the best chemical yet tried for killing the orange hawkweed. Experiments were conducted with copper sulphate solution for killing charlock, or "kale " as it is known in the State. In addition to the charlock 3 other species of Brassica are known as kale, but these have a smooth, glaucoiis foliage and are but little injured by chemicals. Sprayings were made in oat fields in which 3 and 5 per cent solutions of copper were applied. The first application was given when the plants were quite small. During the following night heav)^ showers fell which (loul)tleifis influenced the results. This application resulted in the injury or destruc- tion of fully f of the plants, about \ seeming to be uninjured. About a week later other plats were sprayed, no rain falling for several days. In this case nearly 70 jier cent of the plants were killed outright and others injured. Practically every plant of charlock was killed by the last spraying and most of those by the earlier one. The oat plants were slightly injured but soon recovered. The use of copper suli)hate at the rate of 1 IV). to 4 gal. of water when sprayed upon young plants is said to be efficient for their destruction, but the author believes that the best way to deal with these weeds, where it is possible, is not by the use of chemicals but by frequent rotation and clean cultivation. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Phytopathology and its service to agriculture, E. Marchal {Jour. Soc. Cent. Ayr. Bf'l;/., ^s" {1901), No. 7, pp. 24^^-247). — A brief resume is given of the present status of f)ur knowledge relating to j)lant diseases and the means of combating them. Notes on plant diseases, E. M. Wilcox [OklaJioma St((. Kjit. 1901, p]>. 116-128, ]/ls. 2). — Descriptions are given of tlie apple-leaf rust, and rusts and smuts of cereals. The author describes the hot-water treatment for the stinking smut of wheat and oats and the loose smut of wheat and barley, and recommends its more extended use. The corn and sorghum smuts are described at some length and references given to literature relating to the smuts and rusts of cereals in general. Notes on some species of Helminthosporium, and the diseases of barley and oats occasioned by them, F. K. Kavx [Zlsrlir. J'flanzcnkrdid-., 11 {1901), No. 1, pjp. 1-26, ph. 2, figs. 8). — Studies are given on the morphologj^ and physiology of Ilelininthot'porium gramineum, H. trrcn, and //. avense. These fungi are parasitic, the first 2 on barley and the last on oats. The author, following Rostrup, refers to these diseases as the striped diseases of barley and oats, the name being derived from long discolored stripes occurring on the leaves, leaf sheaths, stems, etc. Prillieux has given the name Ilelminthosporiosis to these same diseases. Inoculation experiments 566 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. with the different fungi showed that those occurring upon the barley would affect that host only, and not oats, rye, or wheat. The other species {H. avenai), while most abundant upon oats, gave a few infections on barley, but none upon the other cereals. The time of seeding and temperature, during the first few days of germination, were found to have an important bearing upon the amount of disease; plants seeded in the cool months of spring or autumn were much more affected than those seeded when the average temperature was higher, July and August seedlings being almost wholly without disease. Differences in susceptibility of varieties are noted, and it is claimed that soaking the seed in hot water or in a solution of potassium sulphid prior to sowing will greatly reduce the disease. The gro-wth. of ergot on rye and various grasses, Noffray {Mem. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 139 {1900), pp. 501-555). — From experiments conducted by the author it is claimed that in the germination of the ergot the sclerotia must not be more than 1 year old and the climatic conditions must be mild and humid. The occasional almost total disappearance of ergot from crops is explained by the unfavorable atmospheric conditions which prevailed at the time of the germination of the fungus. In addition to the rye, the author enumerates 30 species of grass which are subject to attacks of ergot, among them are the dog-tooth grass, couch grass, meadow fox- tail, various species of brome grasses, timothy, fescue grasses, rye grass, orchard grass, and several species of Poa. For the eradication of ergot the author recom- mends careful screening of all seeds, and care to avoid distributing the infected material from one field to another by means of hay or stock. In case of pastures which have become seriously infected, it is recommended that some cultivated crop should be employed for a few years until the danger from propagation has jJassed. Potato diseases and their remedies, L. R. Jones ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 268-281, fig. 1). — In the season covered by this report the atmospheric conditions were, on the whole, favorable to the potato crop. The yields were somewhat reduced by dry weather, but on this account there was less disease than usual. Experiments were conducted to test the comparative value of several fungicides and insecticides when applied to potatoes. Standard Bordeaux mixture to which Paris green w-as added, Bug Death, Laurel green, and gypsum and Paris green were applied under similar conditions. At the time of the first application and for nearly 2 weeks thereafter but little difference could be distinguished in the condition of the several plats. By the time of the second application marked differences began to show themselves, which increased as the season advanced. In all cases the plants receiving the Bordeaux-Paris-green mixture were more flourishing and the leaves larger and of darker green color. The effect of the different fungicides, as shown by the yield of the various plats, is given in tabular form. The results are especially significant since there was no fungus whatever on any of the potatoes. Bordeaux mixture was again shown to be a valualjle remedy against insect attacks. The amount of gain due to the use of this mixture when applied to experimental plats was almost exactly duplicated upon the main field of the farm, the sprayed plants yielding 223 bu. per acre as compared with 150 bu. from unsprayed rows. The number and dates of applications to secure the best results were investigated, 3 applications being made of the Bordeaux-Paris-green mixture on July 26, August 17, and September 8. The yields of potatoes sprayed at different times showed that the first application was the most important one, and that about one-half the entire gain was attributed to that. The second and third applications were about equal in importance, each of which added about 25 bu. per acre to the entire crop. Experiments are reported on the prevention of potato scab, in which comparative trials were made of corrosive sublimate, formalin, formaldehyde gas, sulphur, sulphur fumes, and insolation. Where the soil was free from the scab germs and scabby seed was used, a scabby crop resulted, but where the soil was clean and the seed properly disinfected a clean crop was secured. Where the soil was badly infected DISEASES OF PLANTS. 507 no method of treatment was entirely effective. Corrosive sublimate and formalin in solution both jiroved oxi-ellent disinfeftants, and either may be depended upon in practice. Sulphur proved decidedly inferior. Exposure to the sunlight of tubers designed for seed greatly reduced the amount of scab. In this case the seed tubers were exposed for 4 weeks previous to planting and a fairly clean crop was given, even when very scabby seed was used. This treatment has the additional advantage of hastening the growth of the tubers and is often practiced for this reason alone. The exposure of seed potatoes to sulphurous gas, which has been strongly recommended by some investigators, was less efficacious than soaking, either in corrosive sublimate or formalin or exposing to formaldehyde gas. The formaldehyde gas, although the experiments are not as conclusive or satisfactory as is desirable, gave i-esults that seem to indicate its superiority over both the formalin and corrosive sublimate solutions. Concerning the fungi occurring in the beet-seed capsules, F. Bubak {Ztschr. handle. Versuclmr. Oesterr., 4 {1901), Nu. 4, pp. 477, 478). — The author reports a series of studies in which cultures were made from the capsules of beet seed, the fungi being cultivated in various sterile media. He found present as parasitic fungi Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Cercospora beticola, Phoma bets', and Entyloma hetipJdlum, n. sp. ; and as saprophytic fungi, numerous species of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Sterigmatocystis, Vertic'illium, Mucor, Rhizopus, Chtetomium, as well as Eurotium repens, TluDiinldium elegans, Stachijhotrys atra, Alternaria tenuis, Hormodendron clado- spor/o/c/c'.s', Tricliotherium roseum, Sordaria fimicola, Stysanus stemonitis, etc. A disease of mangolds and sugar beets, R. H. Biffin {Dept. Ayr. Cambridge Uiiic. Jipt. 1901, pp. 87-89). — The first symptoms of disease consist of the brown and dead outer leaves, while the inner leaves become yellowish green and much wrinkled. The disease usually makes its appearance on the edges of the leafstalk. When examined the roots externally show but little evidence of disease except that the affected ones are somewhat drier and liarder. When cut across, the fibrovas- cular bundles of the diseased root are deeply stained a purplish lilack color, and the leafstalks are marked in a similar manner. Specimens removed from the field to a greenhouse were not destroyed by the disease but made a slow, stunted growth. Further examination showed the vessels of the fibrovascular bundles plugged with a mucilaginous mass containing large numbers of bacteria. Sugar beets have been noticed as affected in the same manner and the bacteria present are believed to be the cause of the disease, which is to be a subject of further investigation. A soft rot of carrot and other vegetables, L. R. Jones ( Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 299-33::^, fiys. 11). — A detailed report is given on the soft rot of carrot and other vegetables caused by Bacillus airuiovorus. The occurrence and character of the dis- ease, morphological and ])hysiological character of the organism, and its various relations ari^ descril)ed at length. This disease has been the su1)ject of a previous paper, which has already been noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 362). Abaeteriosis of kohl-rabi, L. Heckk {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Oesterr., 4 {1901), No. 4, pp. 469-476, pi. 1) . — A preliminary note is given on the occurrence of a Ijac- terial disease of kohl-rabi, which is due apparently to the same organism as that causing the brown rot of cabbage and turnii)S, whicli has already been noted (E. S. R., 9, J). 847). A serious disease in the cherry orchards of Kent, W. Carruthers {Jour. Roy. /fort. Soc. ILondon], 25 {1901), No. 3, pp. 313-316, Jigs. 2; also Gard. Chron. 3. ser.,29 {1901), No. 742, p. 172) . — A brief account is given of a serious disease of cher- ries which simultaneously attacks the leaves and fruit," rendering the fruit unfit for market. The diseased leaves remain attached to the branches, and a further char- acteristic is the shortening of the branches which bear the diseased leaves. The internodes between the leaves do not appear to have been developed. Dwarfing of the branch is said to be not directly due to the fungus, Imt is attributed to a lack of food as a consequence of the early death of the leaf. Tlu^ author reports marked 568 EXPERIIVIENT STATION RECORD. differences in tlie susceptibility of different varieties to attacks of this disease. What is beUeved to be the same trouble has been described in Germany as due to tlie fungus Gnomunia erytlirostoma. The rapid spread of this disease is attributed to the over- crowding of fruit trees and too much moisture. As a remedial treatment it is sug- gested that all diseased leaves should be gathered and burned. If this should be continued for a few years the disease would doubtless cease to be troublesome, as has already jiroved the case in Germany. Plum-tree canker, F. A. Waugh {Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 370-373, fig. 1) .— Attention is called to a canker of plum trees which is distinguished from gummosis as following and often being the result of that disease. If a wound of a peach or plum tree remains unhealed for some time, either as a result of gum flow or other cause, the surrounding tissues become blackened as if corroded, so that the usual processes of healing do not take place. While the surrounding parts continue to grow the cankered portions remain dead, blackened, and sunken below the green adjacent ])orti(_ins. In extreme cases the branch is finally killed. It is to these blackened, unhealed, and unhealing spots that the term canker is specifically applied. Thus far, neither fungi nor bacteria are known to definitely cause the disease. It frequently begins, however, in the attacks of such fungi as brown fruit rot and the fungus causing plum pockets. Some varieties are much more susceptible than others to injury from this cause. As this disease is not known to be directly of fungus origin, spraying can not be expected to serve as a remedy and the only way to rid the tree after the canker appears is by pruning. Preventive treatment of the canker in arrest- ing the sjjread of the brown-rot fungus and the plum-pocket fungus may be given by spraying witli Bordeaux mixture, which should be applied early in the spring before the buds start. Leaf scorch.ing of trees by the •wind, L. R. Jones {Vermont Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 281, 382). — About July 1, 1900, there was noticed a sudden and peculiar blighting of the leaves of many trees and shrubs. Phis was first noticed on elderberry. A further observation revealed similar trouble upon a number of other shrubs and trees. The blighting was begun at the tips and margins of the leaves, although in broad leaves like maple dead spots occurred irregular!}^ between the larger veins. Con- siderable injury was done by this leaf scorching. A line of maple trees appeared as if scorched ]jy lire upon one side, while the other was not harmed. The cause of injury is attributed to a peculiar combination of weather conditions. Hot, clear, dry weather was associated with heavy winds, and excessive loss of water through trans- piration is believed to be the cause of the trouble. Trees that were sheltered from the wind escaped, as did many others which wei-e in soil conditions especially favor- able. With tlie exception of trees recently transplanted, it is believed but little per- manent injury will be done. Spot diseases of mandarins, Trabut {Bal. Agr. Algerie r.t Tunisie, 7 {1901), No. 6, pp. 11..', 1 !■'>). — The author describes the causes of a number of different kinds of spots occurring upon the mandarin. One in which the spots are very numerous and quite small is said to be caused by the orange black scale {Parlaforia zizgjM). A second form of spot is described in which the spots become several millimeters or a centimeter, or more, in diameter, followed by a complete destruction of the skin ot the fruit. This is due to the fungus Septoria glaucescens. This disease is sometimes quite destructive to the fruits. Another form of spot described is due to an acarid. This produces lesions in the skin and makes it possible for the easy attack by the fungus causing the i>reviously described trouble. Gooseberry mildew {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 8 {1901), No. 1, pp. 1-4, pl- 1)- — A brief popular desciption is given of the gooseberry mildew {Microsphseria grossula- riif) . This mildew is said to be less destructive than the American gooseberry mil- dew {Sparothecn mors-uviv) and its occurrence may be prevented by repeated spray- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 569 ings with potassium sulphid solution. All the dead leaves should l)e eolleeted and liurned in the autunni and the ground under and around the bushes dug so as to bury any stray spores which may be lying upon the ground. Leaf cast of pine, C. von Tubeup (Arh. K. ncsHiulheUscuidi', Biol. Aid., -2 [1901), So. 1, ]>]). 1-160, pis. 7, figs. 32). — A review is given of the literature relating to this disease, and the various theories as to its eause are discussed. Leaf cast is a very troulilesome disease in nurseries where seedlings of Pbms siilceslrh are grown, not infrei]uently ?ausing the complete destruction of all the young plants. The princi- pal cause of the injury, according to the author, is to l)e attributed to Lojihodermluin jiiiKisIri; and the systematic relationships, morphology, biology, and pathological effect upon the host plant are described at some length. Numerous infection experi- ments are reported in which the parasitism of the fungus was clearly established. Various methods are described for the prevention of the disease. It appears to 1 )e of unusual occurrence and of little importance upon seedlings grown among grass, weeds, or other plants; and it is recomftiended that mixed sowings should be made in the nursery in which some protective species are introduced. Hedges and walls along the west side of plantations are also protective to a considerable degree. The seed bed for young pines should not be placed near pine forests. As there seems to be evidence that the disease may be communicated through infested seed, special care should be given seed selection, and the young seedlings should be made as resistant as possible by promoting their rapid growth through cultivation and the use of fertil- izers. A report is also given of experiments conducted at a number of different sta- tions and covering several years, in which various fungicides were tested to determine their value as a means for the prevention of the leaf cast. The best results were obtained with fungicides containing some form of copper. Thorough and repeated a{)plications of Bordeaux mixture, with or without sugar, or a copper-soda mixture, protected the young seedlings from serious injui'y. Notes are also given of a disease resembling leaf cast caused by the larvtc of Dijilosis (Ctridomyia) brachyniera, and statistics as to the distribution and injury caused by leaf-cast diseases are presented. A disease of spruce twigs {Bui. Soc. Cent. Forst. Belg., 8 {1901), So. 2, 2»p. 63-74, ]>h. 3, fig. 1). — An account is given of a disease of spruce caused by attacks of Seploria parasitica. The disease usually makes its appearanc'e in May or June, when the young shoots are rapidly growing and are quite tender. The leaves turn brown and fall away, leaving the extremities of the limbs dead and bare. The fungus seems to attat'k plants in the seed bed, as well as trees 20 to 50 years old. The disease ordinarily begins in the tips of the branches, where growth is rapid and the water renuirements the most pronounced, spreading from this jioint downward. The fun- gus seems more prevalent in trees grown at considerable elevation or where there is a diminution of the water supply and where the circulation of air and the light are intense. The development of the parasite seems to be greatly favored l)y dry seasons. In addition to the disease caused by Septoria the spruce trees are quite sustteptible to attacks of Bolrytis doughtsli. The cacao disease {Trinidad Bat. DrpL Bid. Misc. Iiifortii., 1901, Xo. J7, }>. 32S). — .\ brief account is given of the occurrence on the branches of cacao trees of growths known as witches' brooms or hexenbesens. The cause of these growths is said to be lyiKtsciis Uwohromir. The disease so far has l)een observed only in Surinam, and it is reconnnended that wherever observed the deformed growth should l»e cut out and the trees sprayed, as far as possible, with dilute Bordeaux mixture. Hexenbesen of cacao trees in Surinam, J. Ritzema 'Ron {Zlschr . Pjlanzfiikrinik., 11 {1901), No. 1, pp. 26-30, figs. 2). — A technical description is given of hexenbesens or witches' brooms occurring upon cacao trees in Surinam. The author finds they are caused by a new species of Exoascus to which the name J'J. (Iwohroiiiic is given. 570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The carnation in health and disease, A. F. Wood {Florist.^' Exchange, 13 {1901), No. 8, pp. ISS, 1S9, fi(js. 4; Atncr. Florid, 16 (1901), No. 664, m^. 990-993, Jifj>^. 10) .—The author popularly describes the stignionose of carnations, and briefly mentions stem rot, leaf spot, and fairy ring spot as sometimes proving serious diseases of carnations. An injurious fungus of orchids, P. Hennings {Notizhl. K. Bat. Garten u. Mus., Berlin, 3 [1901), No. 25, pp. 97-99). — A brief account is given of a hitherto unde- scribed fungus which has been observed upon the pseudobulbs of Maxillariarufescens. The fungus, to which the name Neclria bidhlcola, n. sp., is given, is technically described. The fungus seems to be indigenous in Venezuela or Trinidad, but has been observed to cause serious injury in other localities. A new method of combating nematodes, 11. Wilfarth {Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerind., 1900, No. 529, pp. 195-204; nbs. in Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2 AhL, 7 {1901), No. 12, p. 445). — On account of the excessive cost and impracticability of catch crops and chemicals for the destruction of nematodes, the author was led to inves- tigate other means for their destruction. He reports having observed in beet fields that here and there individual specimens occurred which had not been attacked by the nematodes, and suggests the possibility of l^reeding a race of sugar beets which will be resistant to nematodes. On the preventive spraying of green plants, L. M.vngin {Rev. Hort., 73 {1901), No. 4, p. 86). — The occurrence of fungus diseases and insect enemies on palms and other plants in hothouses, especially where the atmosphere is humid, is commented upon. Palms in particular are subject to attack of Graphiola phte)iiri.s, which attacks the leaves, and if conditions are favorable for its rapid propagation the plants, unless unusually vigorous, are weakened by it. Another serious trouble in the greenhouse is the fumagine which follows the presence of certain insects. For the prevention of the fungus diseases, the author recommends spraying the plants with a one-half per cent solution of copper sulphate, or a solution of naphtholbeta, 5 gm. to 10 liters of water. For the destruction of insects, tobacco extract may be added to the naphthol solution. A calcium sulphid or a sulphur-copper fungicide, A. Seignouret {Rev. Vit., 14 {1900), p. 437; aU. in Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), No. ^;,^j..290).— Theauthor descriljes a fungicide which has been successfully used for the prevention of grape diseases. It is composed of 25 kilos of lime and 50 kilos of triturated sulphur, which are mixed with 100 to 200 liters of water and boiled for 2 to 3 hours. To this mixture 50 kilos of copper sulphate in solution are added and the volume diluted to 25 or 50 hectoliters, depending on whether a 1 or 2 per cent solution is desired. This mixture gives a complex precipitate of sulphate of lime, sulphate of copper, and sulphur. In practice it has been found that 2 applications of the fungicide — the first made in May and the second about the end of June— will protect the grapevines from mildew. The fungicide adheres very readily to the leaves, and the copper sulphate decomposing slowly retains its efficiency for a considerable time. ENTOMOLOGY. Notes on troublesome insects, E. ^1. Wilcox {Oklahoma Sta. Rpl. 1901, pp. 112- 116, figs. 3). — Ajyhis cucumeris is reported as doing considerable damage to melons dur- ing the season of 1900. For controlling the ravages of this insect it is recommended that the ground be thoroughly cleared of all rubbish at harvesting. Badly infested plants may be sprayed with kerosene emulsion. The harlequin cabbage-bug is reported as producing 5 broods in Oklahoma. The last brood is said to winter over as nearly mature adults. It is urged that leaves and other refuse should be collected into heaps to serve as hiding places for the bugs, and that this rubbish should l)e Inirned late in the winter. For controlling Mijzus cerani it is recommended that infested ENTOMOLOGY. 571 cherry trees be sprayed with kerosene einnlsion or whale-oil soap. The false chinch bug {Ni/.'tiitK (iDguxIritus) is reported as injurin-j; turnips, rape, beets, eabbag(>, jiota- toes, and flax. The destrnction of wild species of thennistani familyis recomniended as a means for checking this insect. Report of the botanist and entomologist, (1. AV. Heruick ( J//.s.s/.s.s/;>y^/ Sla. Ji'pt. 1901, jyp. Jf>-^S). — 01)servations liave been made on insects injurious to pecans, including Catorala viduata, Oiicidcrfs h'xana, and Seda ftcitula. The author made a study of the mosquitoes of the State, and carried out some experiments in condjating the horn fly. It was found that by spraying the cattle with a 20 or 25 per cent mix- ture of kerosene and ■water nearly all the flies were killed. Even a stronger solution than this can be used without bad effect on the cattle. It w'as found that kerosene and water evaporated too quickly in dry weather where it is not convenient to spray the cattle oftener than twice per week. By spraying with undiluted crude petro- leum it was found that one treatment w-as effective for from 2 to 4 days, and all the flies were killed. Even a 50 per cent solution of crude petroleum in water was equally effective. No liarm was caused to the cattle. Notes on injurious insects, E. Fleutiaux {Agr. Prat. Paijs Chaudx, 1 {1901), No. 1, j)p. 110-115). — The seeds of a custard apple {Anona marlcata) were found to be badly infested wdth an insect belonging to the genus Dryocretes. In some cases as many as a dozen specimens of the insect w^ere found in a single seed. The insect was found in all its stages in the same seed, and it is believed that the period of egg laying is interrupted and extends over a considerable period. ^A description is given of the method of egg laying and of the appearance of the various stages of the insect. Notes are given on a number of insects which were found injuring coffee grains. The species most abundant and injurious were Cathartus adrcna, Lophocaieres pudJlus, and Siloamisfrnmentarms. A number of other insects, including Chryf^ohothris cli- 237-260, figs. 6). — A general discussion is given of the occurrence and injurious attacks of the Hessian fly in New York during the season of 1901. Detailed notes are given on the relative abundance and injurious action of the insect in various localities. Cooperative experi- ments were carried out by several farmers of the State for the purpose of determining the most suitable varieties of wheat for growth in their locality. Some differences were noted in the resistant power of different varieties of wheat to attacks of the Hessian fly. It appears from these experiments and from the observations of others that varieties which prove highly resistant in one State or one locality may not be resistant when planted in another locality. It is believed that the Hessian fly causes more injury on dry poor land than on moist well-drained rich soils, and that thick seeding and vigorous growth assist in warding off the attack of the fly. The most resistant varieties, according to the experiments of the authors, are Dawson Golden Chaff, Prosperity, No. 8, Democrat, Red Russian, and White Chaff Mediterranean. Notes are given on the appearance, haliits, and life history of this insect. It is not considered possible to give a date which will be a safe guide for sowing wheat in New- York for any series of years. In general, however, wheat sown after Seiitember 20 is less injured by the Hessian fl)- than that which is sown earlier. Attention is called to the desirability of cooperation among the farmers, and of thorough tilling of the soil, together with the use of trap crops. The Hessian fly in Ontario, W. Lochhead {Ontario Agr. Col. and Ex})t. Farm Bui. 116, pp. 16, figs. 10). — A brief historical account is given of the Hessian fly in Ontario, and the losses caused by its depredations. The insect is described in its various stages, and brief notes are given on its life history. There are 2 broods a year in Ontario, and the eggs are ordinarily laid during the last week of August and the first week of September. Occasionally, however, the eggs are deposite!i/lratiia Dept. Agr. Rjit. WOO, pf. 1, pp. SS-90, fgy. S). — Brief descrip- tive economics and biological notes are given on Angoumois grain moth, granary weevil, saw-toothed grain beetle, l)ean weevil, pea weevil, Mediterranean flour moth, Indian-meal moth, and confused flour beetle. Species of Calandra and other injurious insects, P. Biourge {Rev. Gen. Agron. {Lom-am'], 10 {1901), Xo. 7, pp. 389-294). — Brief notes on the habits, life history, and means of combating Ephesfia kuhnielln, and common species of grain beetle. Scale lice on the sugar cane in Java, L. Zehntner {Meded. Froefstat. Suikerriet West Java, 1901, No. 52, pp. 18, pis. 2) . — The author describes in detail an undeter- mined species of Aspidiotus and one of Planchonia. Notes are given on the life history and habits of these insects. The first species was found parasitized by a member of the family p]ncyrtin;e, while a parasite of the family Aphelinpe was bred from the second species. The life history of two species of plant lice inhabiting' both the w^itch- hazel and birch, T. Per(;ande ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Divi.noii of Entoniology Bid. 9, tech. ser., pp. 44, fgi^- 2S). — The stem mothers of Horniaphis hamamelidis are hatched from winter eggs in early spring and make their appearance about a week before the leaves of the witch-hazel unfold. This generation causes the development of conical galls on the leaves. In each of these galls from 100 to 120 larvae are produced by the stem mother. These larva^ reach maturity within from 16 to 20 days and are all possessed of wings constituting the migratory generation. The migratory period extends from May until July. There is only one generation of migrants in each gall. The migrating forms fly to birch trees, where they dei)osit larva' on the underside of the leaves. The third, fourth, and fifth generations on the leaves of the birch are very similar in appearance and life history. The fifth generation becomes mature about the middle of August and produces larvae which resemble Aleurodes in form. The sixth generation, after passing through 4 molts, acquires wings and migrates back to the witch-hazel. From these fall migrants another generation of males and females is developed and the eggs are dei)Osited, in which form the species passes the «\'inter. The life history of Ilamainelistes spinosrix resembles that of the species just men- tioned except for the fact that the galls on witch-hazel are developed in the flower buda rather than on the leaves, and the species hibernates on birch, requiring, there- fore, more than a year for a complete life c;ycle. The winter eggs are deposited from 16275— No. 6—02- 6 574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the middle of June to the first of Jtily and hateli during May and June of the follow- ing year, remaining dormant, therefore, nearly a whole year. The stem mothers upon hatching attack the young flower buds, and cause a rapid and peculiar develop- ment of these structures, so that the insects are soon inclosed within a hollow gall which later is covered with conspicuous spines. In these galls the second or migra- ting generation is developed. The migrants ajipear in July or about a month after the hatching of the first generation, and continue to issue until late in the fall. They migrate from witch-hazel to birch. The third generation of this species assumes a form which closely resembles species of Ctenochiton. About the middle of April, or at the time when the leaf buds of the birch begin to open, the females of this gen- eration which have hibernated on the birch deposit their larvae on the underside of the leaves in the folds between the transverse veins. The irritation caused by the presence of the insects induces the leaves to curl down, and finally the leaf becc^mes much changed in appearance by the formation of corrugations. The attack of this generation is sometimes a serious drain upon the health of birches. The winged form, or the return migrant, belongs to the fifth generation and migrates back to the witch-hazel during June. San Jose scale, A. H. Benson {Queensland Agi\ Jour., 8 {1901), No. 6, pp. 451- 454, pi- !)■ — The author gives a general account of this insect, with notes on its dis- tribution, habits, and extent of injury in Australia. It is believed that the scale was introduced into Australia from California. A list of food plants upon which the insect has been found is given. The author considers the best winter spray to be lime, sulphur, and salt wash. Other artificial remedies which have been found effective are whale-oil soap, tobacco extract, sulphid of soda, and whale-oil wash and kero- sene sprays. The author prefers the other insecticides to kerosene. In making the sulphid of soda and whale-oil wash, 6 lbs. of sulphur and 3 lbs. of concentrated lye are boiled in 2 gals, of water. At the same time 30 lbs. of whale-oil soap is to be dissolved in 48 gals, of water, and the sulphid of soda is to be added to this mixture. The whole is then boiled and water added to make 120 gals, in all. A new means of combating the olive fly, A. Brian {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed, L'Est), 2-2 {1901), No. 28, pp. 55-57).— According to the experiments of Prof. C. Parona, it is believed that the ordinary methods of comlmting Dacus olex in olive orchards are too expensive. Since it is well known that the insect prevails to an enormous extent in storehouses where olives are collected for extraction of the oil, it is suggested that special attention be given to destroying the insect in such situa- tions. Experiments conducted for this purpose showed that the insects may be readily destroyed. It is recommended that the walls of storehouses be made of smooth lumber and that the larvae and chrysalides be collected by hand and destroyed. The almond bagworm {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 8 {1901), No. 9, p. 141)- — The insect is considered to be Oiketicus abbottii, and is reported for the first time as injurious to orange trees. Currant aphides {Bd. Agr. [London'], Leaflet No. 68, pp. 5). — Considerable in- jury to currants is reported from the attacks of Bhopalosiphum ribls and Myzus ribis. In some localities the currrant bushes were entirely ruined by these insects, the leaves turning brown and the fruit falling off. Notes are given on the habits and life history of the two species. It is recommended that black currants be severely pruned in the fall following an attack of the insects, and that the pruned branches be burned. Spraying with kerosene emulsion and quassia is recommended. It is desirable that the first application be made early in the year. Some insects injurious to shade trees, B. F. MacCartney {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pA. 1, pp. 91-97, figs. 4). — Brief notes on imported elm-leaf beetle, white marked tussock moth, wood leopard moth, and bagworm. ENTOMOLOGY. 575 The imported elm-leaf beetle, H. T. Fernald {Masmrhim'Us >S'^(. Bid. 76, jip. 8, fig. J) . — Notes are presented on the occurrence, distribution, life liiytory, and food plants of this insect. Tlu> most approved remedies are outlined and fortnulas are given for the preparation of suitable insecticides for use against this beetle, such as arsenate of lead, Paris jjreen, kerosene enuilsion, and a mechanical mixture of kero- sene and Avater. It is recommended that trees should be sprayed when the leaves are about half grown, and that the application should l)e repeated during the first week in June. Loose bark on the trunk should l)e scraped off, and the grubs and pupte at the base of the tree may be destroyed by spraying with boiling water or kerosene emulsion. Tent caterpillars {Bd. Agr. ILondoii'], Leaflet No. GO, 2>p- -5). — Descriptive and biological notes are given on CUsiocampa neusiria and the Itrown-tail moth. Both species are injurious to various fruit trees, especially apple, plum, and pear, but the first-named species is most common and most destructive. Besides fruit trees, it feeds on oak, elm, hawthorn, and various other trees and shrubs. The brown- tail moth has a somewhat local distribution, but occurs in great numl)ers wherever it is found. The egg bands of C. neusiria should be collected in winter and burned. The tent of the brown-tail moth may be easily detected in winter and cut off and burned. Spraying with Paris green, London purple, or arsenate of lead is also effect- ive against both these insects. Observations on the South African locust fungus, G. Lindau {Notizbl. K. Bot. Garten u. Mas., Berlin, 3(1901), Xo. 26, ]>p. 119-126, jd. i).— The author describes in detail the growth and morphological characters of this si>ecies of fungus, which is described under the name Miicor lociisticida. Culture experiments with this fungus indicated that it can be successfully grown on any of the usual media, and if it proves to be as effective as already suspected its culture on a commercial scale will be an easy matter. Spraying calendar {Pennsylvania Depi. Agr. Bpt. 1000, pi. 1, pp. 890-900). — Brief directions are given for the preparation and application of insecticides and fungicides in the case of the common insect jjests and fungus diseases of various cultivated crops. Insect powders {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hoj)e, 19 {1901), No. 4, pp. 266-270).— Brief compiled notes are presented on the history, cultivation, preparation for use, and active principles of a species of pyrethrum which is used in the preparation of insect powders. The new law concerning insect pests, W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sta. Bid. 134, pp- 6) . — A law concerning insect pests was passed by the Connecticut legis- lature on June 4, 1901. and approved by the governor on June 10. A copy of the law is given in the bulletin, and a brief statement is made by the author concerning the purpose of the law and the manner in which it is projiosed to carry out its provisions. How to keep white ants from a building ( Queensland Agr. Jour. , 9 { 1901 ) , No. 2, p. 279). — Directions are given for preventing the entrance of white ants into frame buildings in countries where these insects are a serious menace to such structures. The stumps on which the fi-amework rests should be solid wood, without cracks or rotten places. All such stumps should be treated with hot coal tar so that this sul)- stance may penetrate as deeply as possible. Veranda steps should be connected A\ith the ground by pillars treated in the same manner, and no lumber or rubbish should be allowed to accumulate under the building. Directions for collecting and preserving insects and plants, E. M. Wilcox {Oklahoma Sta. Circ. of Inform. 3, pp. l'),figs. 10). — In this bulletin a re(juest is made for observations and specimens from voluntary observers throughout the Territory. Directions are given for collecting, preserving, mounting, and shipping specimens of insects and plants to the station. 57(i EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An annotated catalogue of the butterflies of New Hampshire, AV. F. Fiske {New IlampsMrc Hia. Tech. Bui. 1, pp. 80, figs. 55). — This bulletin contains a brief general account of the distribution of butterflies in New Hampshire and notes on the habits and life history of 92 species which are reported as occurring in the State. Bee culture, C. C. Miller {Pennsyleania Dept. Agr. Bui. 77, pp. 103, figs. 13). — This bulletin was prepared for the purpose of giving practical information on the various subjects connected with apiculture. Among the subjects which are treated bj' the author mention may be made of the biology of bees, bee products, varieties of bees, beehives and apiary apparatus, feeding of bees, management of queens, drones, and workers, methods of transferring, use of comb foundation, supers, extraction of lioney, regulations of swarming, rearing of queens, introduction of queens, dividing of swarms, rendering of beeswax, robbing of bees, the enemies and diseases of bees, moving bees, honey plants, care of bees in winter, and a brief account of literature relating to apiculture. Bees, and how to manage them, A. Gale {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 6, pp. 698-701). — The author discusses the fluctuations in the honey market and calls attention to the necessity of putting up honey in an attractive form in order to secure a good price for the same. At a recent exhibition of bee products at the Royal Agricultural Show it was noticed that special interest was shown by visitors in those exhibits which were most attractively presented, and thatthe exhibitors secured large and profitable sales, Ijeside giving a demonstration of the possibilities of bee raising. The management of bees, A. Gale {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 7, pp. 840-845). — The author discusses the collection, manufacture, and use of pro- polis by bees. An investigation was made of the possibility of obtaining honey from corn. The author examined many samples of honey whicii were reputed to be made from corn, but these samples did not agree in aroma, flavor, or color, and the idea that bees can obtain lioney from corn is entirely discredited by the author. Bee keeping in the West Indies, "W. K. Morrison {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Pamphlet No. 9, 1901, 2)p. 78, figs. 15). — This pamphlet is in the nature of a manual of apiculture, and treats of the following subjects: Management of bees, breeds of bees, individuals of the colony, hives, queens, swarming, honey and wax production, comb foundation, robber bees, relation of bees to fruit growers, uses of honey, and the natural enemies and diseases of bees. A list is given of the more important literature on the subject of apiculture and of hive manufacturers, breeders of Italian liees, dealers in honey and wax, and manufacturers of comb foundation. A list is also given of the honey plants of the West Indies. A glass observing super, II. R. Stephens {Queensland Agr. Jour., 9 {1001), No. 2, p. 216). — This contrivance obviates the necessity for the use of a smoker in observing the condition of colonies of bees. The observing super has one-half the depth of an ordinary hive, with a two-pane glass slide fitted into the top. It is to be placed gently and quickly in position on the top of the hive and allowed to remain as long as observations are required. A few bees fly against the glass for a short time, but the colony soon becomes quiet. Foul brood in Tunis, P. Robinet {Bui. I>ir. Agr. et Com., 6 {1901), No. 20, pp. 251-257). — The existence of foul brood in Tunis was first made known in 1900. Since, the disease appears to be well established in the country and rapidly spread- ing among the various apiaries. The author gives a general account of the disease, including the symptoms, microscopic appearance of diseased bees, the means of dis- semination of the disease, and the principal methods of treatment which have been found effective in checking it. Action of different colored rays of light on silkworms, C. Flammarion {Bui. Mln. Agr \_France'\, 20 {1901), No. 3, pp. 493-496) .—The author continued the exper- iments which he had already instituted along this line and obtained results which in general confirm the results of previous experiments. The maximum production of FOODS NUTEITION. 577 silk took place under a clear violet-purple glass, and minim am production under a ])ale blue. The influence of different rays of light upon the determination of sex was somewhat marked. Thi> numl)er of females was reduced to 40 per cent under clear blue glass. FOODS— NUTRITION. On the so-called gluten and diabetic foods of commerce, II. C. Sherman and E. M. Burr {Reprinted from New York Med. Jour., 1901, Oct., pp. 8). — A number of commercial gluten foods were examined. Such goods are frequently recommended as food for diabetics, and it is usually claimed by the manufacturers that they contain only a small amount of carbohj'drates. "Of the 11 samples examined, which are believed to fairly represent the so-called glutens generally found on the market, not half are noticeal)ly higher in protein or lower in carb(jhydrates than ordinary whole wheat, or Graham flour, and many are scarcely better than ordinary white flour or bread. Only 3 samples show any really material increase in the jiroportion of gluten, and all of these contain at least three-fourths as much carbohydrate as ordinary leaker's flour. The best sample examined contained twice as much carbohydrate as protein. . . . " [Products con- taining much less carbohydrates in proportion to protein are on sale in England, and] there can be no doubt that equally good products will be offered by American manufacturers whenever they are seriously demanded. The sale under the name ' gluten ' of such breadstuffs as those here described is certainly a most serious imposi- tion upon both physicians and patients." Analyses of miscellaneous food materials, C. D. Woods and L. H. Merrill {Mat III' Stu. Bid. 75, pp. 8fi-llJ). — Analyses are reported of the eggs of turkeys, geese, ducks, and guinea fowls, several samples of desiccated eggs, egg substitutes, prepared pancake flours, pea flour, gluten foods, condensed foods or emergency rations, acorns, Italian chestnuts, malted nuts, and 3 tropical fruits, namely, alligator pear, rosella or Jamaica sorrel, and Surinam cherry. Analysesof buffalo butter, sheep butter, lard, and walnut oil from Bulgaria, N. Petkow {Ztschr. Unter.mch. Nahr. u. Gerammtl., 4 {1901), No. 18, pp. 826-838). — Analyses made at the Government Laboratory in Sofia, are reported. Analysis of banana flour, H. H. Cousins {Jour Jamaica Agr. Soc, 5 {1901), No. 8, ]>. .)?.?). — The analysis of a flour of local manufacture is reported. Fruits, nuts, and vegetables, A. Broadbent {Manchester, England: Author, 1900, pp. 103). — The nutritive value of a considerable number of fruits, nuts, and veg- etables is discussed, as well as the medicinal properties attributed to many of them. Concerning the composition of certain fruit juices which are used in the preparation of confectionery, sirups, etc., Tkuchon and Martin-Claude {Ann. Chim. Anahjl., G {1901), pp. 85-89; Jour. Pharni. et Chim., G. ser., IS {1901), pp. 171-176; abs. in Ztschr. Ihtersuch. Narh. u. Geimssintl, 4 {1901), No. 15, pp. 703, 704). — A chenncal study of the composition of the juice of cherries, strawberries, raspberries, currants, peaches, pears, quinces, and apples. Glycerin content of dried fruits containing sugar, A. Schmid {Jahresber. C'hem. Uiitersucli. Lab. Augsburg, 1901, j}. IG; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. (ienussmtl., 4 {1901), No. 15, p. 702). — After keeping for a time, apparently owing to fermentation, glycerin is found in different dried fruits, such as plums, apricots, and cherries, the amount l)eing dependent upon the age of the fruit. Dried plums, 2 years old, contained 0.18 per cent glycerin. Alcohol was not found, though an abundance of compounds re.sembling aldehydes was present. Deterioration of artificial foods, C. II. La Wall {Amer. Jour. Pharm., 73 {1901) , No. 10, pp. 477-481). — The clianges brought about in food products by fermen- tation, putrefaction, and oxidation are spoken of, as well as deterioration due to the absorption of odors. 578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. Preservation of ch.opped meat and the number of spores of micro-organisms in it, A. Stroschek (.1/v7/. Hyg., 40 {1901), No. 4, PP- 291-319). — The composition of-.a number of commercial preservative salt mixtures is given and the value of such mixtures is discussed as well as the possibility of rendering meat preserved with them harmful on account of the presence of sulphurous acid and salts. Concerning tbe chemical composition and sanitary valuation of certain meat preparations, F. Kestxer {Inaufj. Diss. Pharm. Iiwt., Dorpat, j)})- 88; abs. in Ztschr. Uniersuch. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 {1901), No. 14, pjt. 646, 647). — A study (including analyses) of a number of meat preparations. Annual report of the progress of examination of food and condiments, 1899, H. Beckurts and G. Frerichs (.raJiri'-^herirJit uher die Fortschritte in der Uiitcr- suchung der Nahrungs- und Genussmittel. Gotiingen: Vandenhoeck and^Rvprechl, 1901, pp. 138; noted in Zf.schr. XJntermcli. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 {1901), Nos. 13, p. 624; 18, pp. 863, 864). — A reprint from the Jahresbericlit der Pharmade for 1899. Reports upon food and drug inspection, microscopical examination of food, and arsenic and other poisons in manufactured goods {Reprint from Massachusetts State Bd. Health Rpt. 1900, pp. 86, pis. 16). — This report embraces statistical matter and investigations carried on by A. E. Leach under the State pure- food law. Diet during training, H. Lichtexfelt {Arch. PJn/siol. {Pfliiger'], 86 {1901), N'o. 3-4, pp. 177-184). — The nitrogen elimination of 2 athletes was studied. The con- clusion was drawn that the long-continued severe nuiscular work of athletes requires more protein than ordinary work, the amount ranging from 2 to 3 grams per kilo- gram body weight. Observations in China and the tropics on the army ration and the post exchange or canteen, L. L. Seaman {Neiv York: Wynkoop, Hallenheck, Cranford Co., 1901, pp. 18; reprinted from Med. Rec, 60 {1901), No. 1, pp. 1-4)- — A paper read at the annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, St. Paul, Minn., June 1, 1901. On the effect of alcohol on metabolism in man, A. Clopatt {Skand. Arch. Physiol., 11 {1901), Xo. 5-6, pp. 354-371).— The author was himself the subject of experiments in which alcohol w-as added to a simple mixed diet during pai't of the investigation. The principal conclusions follow: Alcohol acted as a protector of nitrogen-free nutrients and, after the body had become accustomed to it, as a pro- tector of protein also. It has no observable effect upon the resorption ot nutrients in the intestines. The influence of alcohol on the metabolism of protein, K. Rosemann {Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 86 (1901), No. 7-10, j>j>. 307-503).— On the basis of original experi- ments and the results of other investigators, which are cited in detail, the author discusses the effect of alcohol on metabolism. The conclusion is reached that alcohol is a protector of protein, but that the effect is not manifest until the body cells become able, to tolerate the alcohol. When alcohol forms part of a ration, does its potential energy serve for the production of muscular -work? A. Chauveau {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 {1901), No. 2, pp. 65-70). — Experiments were made with a dog for a period of 389 days. The principal feature was the determination of the respiratory quotient during periods of work and rest, with a diet containing sugar and one in which sugar was replaced by alcohol. According to the author the results show that alcohol is not used to any extent, if at all, for the production of muscular work. Influence of the substitution of alcohol for an isodynamic quantity of sugar in the diet; its effect on muscular work, maintenance, and -waste , A. Chauveau {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 {1901), No. 3, pp. 110-114).— The experiments which were made with a dog led to the following conclusions: When FOODS NUTRITION. 579 an isodynamic quantity of alcohol was fed in place of a part of the sugar in the ration of a working sul)ject a .short time before the performance of tlie work, unfavorable results were obtained. Concerning' metabolism in adult man with, special reference to the amount of protein required, \'. O. Siven {Sk-ainl. An-li. PJii/siol., 11 [1901), No. 5-6, jyp. 30S-3S2). — Continuing i)revious work (E. S. R., 11, p. 1067) the author reports a number of experiments, in which he was himself the subject, to determine the possi- bility of bringing the body into nitrogen equililirum with a diet containing a very small amount of protein. The experiments led to the following conclusions: It is possible to bring the body, at least for a short time, into nitrogen equilibrium when the diet contains, per kilogram body weight, from 0.7 to 0.8 gm. nitrogen, of which only some 0.3 gm. is necessarily albuminoid nitrogen. When the amount of nitro- gen consumed is so low the energy requirement of the body is not increased, but is as great as under ordinary conditions with a diet rich in protein. AVhen the pro- tein in the diet is increased, after the body has lost a large amount of nitrogen, there is at once an effort to attain nitrogen equilibrium and it appears that any gain of nitrogenous material is a comparatively slow process. This apparently indicates that living substance must be slowly formed from the protein supplied in the diet. The data are also recorded for the sulphur and phosphorus balance, and results obtained are discussed at some length. Concerning the utilization of protein in the food, H. Lichtenfelt {Arch. Physiol. l:PtJuger'], 86 {1901), No. 3-4, pp- 185-193). — A summary of experiments on the digestibility of animal and vegetable protein led to the conclusion that the assimi- lation of this nutrient must be regarded as a body function and not a property of the I)rotein itseif. The amount of protein cleavage in fasting, E. Voit {Ztschr. Biol., 41 {1901), No. 2, pp. 167-195). — Experiments with fasting subjects are sumnmrized and the conclusion drawn that the cleavage of protein during fasting depends not alone upon the amount of material broken down at a given time, but also upon the relation of protein to fat in the body. Effects on dig-estion of food prepared by the use of alum baking- powders, E. E. Smith {New York Med. Jour., 72 {1900), pp. 719-721). — As a means of judging of the heathfulness of bread made with alum baking powder the author conducted experiments with a healthy man in which bread made with such baking powder was compared with bread leavened with sodium l)icarbonate and hydrochloric acid. The alum baking powder had approximately the following combination: Sodium carbon- ate, 1 part; desiccated soda alum, 1 part; starch, 3 parts. When the stomach contents were examined after eating test meals consisting of the 2 sorts of bread and water no marked differences were observed in total acidity, total, free and combined hydro- chloric acid, or the pepsin test. The slight differences, in the author's opinion, were all within the limits of experimental error. The digestibility of the 2 sorts of bread was tested in the usual way with a healthy man. Meat, milk, and butter were eaten in addition to the bread, the amounts being the same in the two cases. Corrections were not made for the metabolic products in the feces, and the digestibility (which the author terms "availability ") of the bread made with alum baking powder was as follows. Total solids, 95.9; protein, 90.9; fat, 94.63, and carbohydrates, 98.05 per cent. The digestibility of the control bread was: Total solids, 95.9; protein, 89.9; fat, 94.4, and carViohydrates, 98.4 per cent. As pointed out by the author, the agreement is as close as could be expected even in duplicate experiments. The volume, specific gravity, nitrogen, indican, and combined sulphate in the urine was determined in the tests, practically the same results being obtained in both cases. " The composition of the in-ines in the two periods, as regards the constituents indicating the degree of absorption of such aromatic products of putrefaction as are 580 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. formed in the intestines, are so nearly the same that we must conclude that they do not indicate a greater degree of the putrefactive process in one or the other period. In fact, the evidence of the experiment is that the dietaries in periods 1 and 2 are physiologically identical, and, since the dietary in each instance was composed to the extent of two-thirds of the breads described, the evidence of the experiment is that the two breads are physiologically the same. "There are certain criticisms of this experiment well worth considering. The point is raised that the metabolic nitrogen is not subtracted from the total nitrogen of the feces, in other words, that the figures obtained represent not the actual diges- tibility, but rather the availability, of the diet. It would be interesting to subtract the metabolic nitrogen and obtain actual figures of digestibility, but that is not usually attempted in such experiments, since the methods of determining the meta- bolic nitrogen at present known are quite inaccurate. It is, after all, the gain to the body in each period which Ave seek to establish, and that is, of course, indicated by the availability, and not by the digestibility. "The question whether the diet was full and nutritious, including that of whether the subject was in nitrogenous equilibrium, is nf)t to be given the same consideration here as in metabolism experiments in Avhich the question of the balance of income and outgo is all-important. Of course, the diet should contain a fair amount of food, but no effort need be made to establish an equilibrium; on the contrary, to diminish the monotony of a fixed diet, investigators usually administer a little less than suffi- cient to establish an equilibrium. This does not put the subject in an unhealthy or in any way abnormal state. In fact, individuals vary their diet in this way in every- day life, and even some athletes, in training, for a time do precisely this thing to attain perfect health. The body adapts itself to certain variations that we must recognize as physiological, and the fact that to-day we eat less and to-morrow more is not an evidence of ill health. "In conclusion, then, the evidence of these experiments is that food prepared by the use of a so-called alum baking jDowder does not interfere with secretion in the stomach; and, even when it makes up the major part of the diet, it is utilized by the body in the same way and to the same extent as an acceptable control diet. The investigation does not reveal any reason for believing such food at all injurious or unwholesome." Concerning' the dig'estion of starch, in the mouth, and stomach of man, MtJLLEK {Med. Woche, 1901, p. 80; Chein. Centbl., 1901, I, p. 6,37; ahs.ia Zischr. Uaier- sucli. Nahr. u. Genussmil., 4 {1901), No. 13, p. 605). — Experiments by a method which is described led to the following conclusions: When flour porridge and bread were eaten, 50 to 100 per cent of the starch was found in the stomach in soluble form, usually a short time after it was consumed. The effect of chewing on digestibility is marked; that of acidity, slight. Saliva is only slightly inferior to pancreatic juice as regards its power to digest starch. Strength from eating, B. McF,\nDEN {New York: Physical Culture Puhllsldng Co., 1901, pp. 194, fi'J- !)■ — This book, which is written from a A'egetarian standpoint, contains statements of a general character, including some not in accord with the views commonly accepted by phyiologists and physiological chemists. Investigations on the excretion of carbon dioxid during muscular labor, J. E. Johansson {Skund. Arch. Phij^ioL, 11 {1901), No. 5-6, pp. 273-307, figs. 6').— An apparatus of special construction for measuring positive, negative, and "static" work is described, as well as a number of experiments in which the amount of work per- formed and the carbon dioxid excreted were measured, the author himself being the subject. The chemical composition of perspiration, W. Camerek (Z/.sv/r;-. Biol., 4/ {1901) , No. 2,p}). S71-374) ■ — The composition is reported of perspiration induced in u young man bv different sorts of baths. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 581 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Contribution to the subject of the decomposition of feeding- stuffs and foods by micro-organisms which attack fat, J. Konig, A. Htieckekmann, and "VV. Bkemek (ZUrlir. Ibittrsiich. Nain: ii. (Jcnu^.viitl., 4 {1901), Nos.. 16, pp. 7L'l-744, fig. 1; 17, pp. 769-780). — The authors Hummarize tlieir investip. :mS-390; /;.-', p}). 4.31-4oS). — Drying beet forage with si)ecial appa- ratus is recommended as superior to any other method of utilizing this by-product as a feeding stuff. The composition of the dry fodder is given. Beef making with corn, Kafir corn, and alfalfa, F. C. P>urtis ( OMahoma Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 98-101). — In contimiation of i)revious work (E. S. li., 12, j). 070), the 582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. comparative value of corn meal and Kafir corn meal, fed with alfalfa hay and Kafir corn stover, was tested for 151 days with 4 lots containing 5 native grade steers each, averaging 1,026 lbs. in weight. Lots 1 and 2 were fed alfalfa hay, the former receiving Kafir corn meal and the latter, corn meal in addition. Lots 3 and 4 were fed Kafir corn stover, the grain ration of lot 3 being made up of Kafir corn meal and of lot 4, corn meal. The coarse fodder fed to the 4 lots per bushel of grain averaged 6.89, 6.58, 10.15, and 9.90 lbs., respectively. The average daily gain per steer of the 4 lots was 2.72, 2.73, 2.33, and 2.36 lbs., the grain eaten per pound of gain being 7.63, 6.63, 9.95, and 9.50 lbs. The steers were sold for slaughtering, the dressed weight being some 60 per cent of the live weight in every case. The shrinkage per head ranged from 33 lbs. in the case of lot 2 to 51 lbs. in the case of lot 3. The author notes that on an average, in the above test, "a bushel of corn meal produced, when fed to steers, about three-quarters of a pound more beef than did a bushel of Kafir meal. In addition to requiring from a fourth to a third less grain to produce a pound of beef, the alfalfa fed steers made about 16 per cent faster gains than did the Kafir stover fed steers." Four pigs, averaging 125 lbs. in weight followed each lot of steers. In addition to the food gathered, each lot v^as fed 360 lbs. of the same kind of grain as the steers followed. The total gains made by the 4 lots of pigs were 272, 183, 410, and 226 lbs. ; the grain fed per pound of gain, 1.32, 1.97, 0.87, and 1.58 lbs. respectively. " Undoubtedly better gains could have been obtained with these pigs if more grain had been fed, but the pigs would not have picked the manure over so closely, and it is a question if it would pay to feed more grain. "The difference in gains made by the lots can be accounted for largely by the fact that a much larger percentage of the grain passed through the steers getting Kafir stover than those getting alfalfa. Again, a much larger percentage of the Kafir meal passed through the steers than did the corn meal." Cattle food {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 8 {1901), No. 10, pp. 153, 154). — An analysis of gungo bean or saman pods and seeds {PithecoloMum saman) is quoted and its value as cattle feed discussed. Concerning "kalf room" [calf cream], F. W. J. Boekhout {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GemissmtL, 4 {1901), No. 17, pp. 7S1, 782). — The author believes it probable that this calf food is made from peanut oil and sugar. The opinion has been pre- viously advanced that this material was made up of cotton-seed oil, freshly precipi- tated casein, and sugar. Breeding for beef in Trinidad, C. W. Meaden ( We?.l Indian Bid., 2 {1901), No. 2, pp. 169, 170). — A brief discussion of the industry as affected by local conditions. Zebu cattle in Trinidad, C. W. Meaden and J. H. Hart ( West Indian Bid., 2 {1901), No. 2, pp. 166-169) . — A history of the introduction of Zebu cattle from India into Trinidad and neighboring colonies for crossing with native cattle. Lamb feeding experiment, L. Foster ( Wyoming Sta. Bid. 47, pp. 47, pis. 4)- — Lamb feeding in general is discussed, and a test reported of the comparative value of alfalfa and native hay, combined with a grain ration for fattening lambs for mar- ket, the special object being to determine whether lambs can be profitably fattened under local conditions. One hundred grade lambs of rather inferior quality were divided into 2 lots of 50 each. After a preliminary period of 1 week the test began December 28 and continued 95 days. Lot 1 was fed native hay of medium quality and lot 2, first and second crop alfalfa hay. In addition, both lots were fed corn and oil cake, the amount of grain being increased as the experiment progressed. The average daily gain in the 2 lots was 0.253 and 0.324 lb., respectively. The sheep in lot 1 consumed per head daily, on an average, 1.07 lbs. native hay, while those in lot 2 consumed 1.47 lbs. alfalfa hay, both lots receiving in addition 0.76 lb. grain and 0.04 lb. oil cake. The cost of food per pound of gain was 4.48 cts. in the case of lot 1, and 3.89 cts. in the case of lot 2. It was observed that the lambs fed alfalfa ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 583 consumed more water than those fed native hay. A record covering 1 month showed that the former drank 17 per cent more than the latter. The sheep were slaughtered at the end of the trial. The principal conclusions follow: "Taking the experiment as a whole, the results show a small [pecuniary] loss but the actual gains were made at a fair profit on both the alfalfa and the hay. The indications are that under ordinary conditions lambs will give good returns per ton for either native hay or alfalfa fed in connection with a light grain ration. To pro- duce Ihe (]uality of mutton in greatest demand by consumers,, the feeding period need not include more than 90 days. " Fi>r land) feeding it is advisable to grow alfalfa in preference to native hay on all lands under irrigation where it can be successfully produced." Cotton-seed, meal as pig feed, F. C. Burtis {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 102- 107). — Cotton-seed meal is generally regarded as a dangerous feed for pigs. The author had found that a mixture of cotton-seed meal and corn or Kafir corn meal, 1 : 4, gave excellent results, and few pigs died if the meal was not fed for more than 4 weeks. He also observed that when the pigs had a wide range and green feed unfavorable results did not follow its use. Good results followed the feeding of cotton-s^ed fed for short periods separated by periods in which none was fed. These points were tested in 2 trials. In the first, 17 pigs averaging 80 lbs. each were fed for 67 days. From the first to the twenty-seventh day, the forty -first to the fifty- fifth day, and the sixty-second to the sixty-seventh day, inclusive, the grain ration consisted of cotton-seed meal with Kafir corn meal (or Kafir corn meal and corn meal), 1:4. At the other times the grain ration consisted of a mixture of Kafir corn meal and corn meal. During the whole test the pigs had the run of a large paddock where they could procure some green food. In the first period on cotton-seed meal the average daily gain per pig was 1.28 ll)s., the grain required to produce a pound of gain 3.19 lbs., and the cost of food per pound of gain 1.72 cts. In the second cotton- seed meal period the corresponding figures were 1.21 and 4.39 lbs. and 2.37 cts. In the first period without cotton-seed meal the average daily gain per pig was 1.04 lbs., the grain required to produce a pound of gain 5.71 lbs., and the cost of food per pound of gain 2.55 cts. The data are not recorded for the other periods. The author observes that although the periods are not directly comparable it can be plainly seen that "the pigs made nuich better gains while receiving the cotton-seed meal, and recjuired much less grain to produce a pound of pork. None of the pigs diep. 443-445)- — The effect of rations made up of hay and silage and different concentrated feeding stuffs upon the quality of butter was studied in connection with the experiments noted above and in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 12, p. 285). The concentrated feeding stuffs compared were buckwheat nuddlings and a mixtureof wheat bran, corn meal, cotton-seed meal, and linseed meal, alone and with the addition, respectively, of buckwheat middlings, gluten flour, sugar, and palm oil. The average results of analyses of 47 samples of butter are given. Buckwheat mid- dlings made a firmer butter than the ration containing cotton-seed meal and linseed 586 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. meal, the volatile acid content being higher and the iodin ninnl)er lower. The addition of sugar increased the volatile acid content of the ])utter and decreased the iodin number, the melting point remaining practically unchanged. The ration con- taining palm oil decreased the iodin numl)er and increased the melting point nearly 2° C. without changing the volatile acid content. Feeding experiments, J. S. Moore {Mississippi Sfa. Rpt. 1901, j>p. 23-26). — Tests were made to compare cotton-seed meal with wheat bran and Johnson grass hay with cowiJea hay for milch cows. Different amounts of cotton-seed meal and wheat bran were fed to 3 lots of 3 cows each in 2 tests of 4 weeks each. The data are tabulated. The results are considered as showing that 4 lbs. of cotton-seed meal are equal to 6 His. of wheat bran. Results of feeding cowpea hay and Johnson grass hay in rations otherwise alike to 2 lots of 3 cows each for 4 weeks indicated that the 2 kinds of hay have practically the same feeding value. The residts of these and earlier experiments are considered as showing that 1 lb. of cotton-seed meal, 1.71 lbs. of cotton seed, 2 lbs. of corn meal, and 1.5 lbs. of wheat bran ha\'e the same feeding value. ' A comparative experiment in feeding oil cake to dairy cattle, G. Fascetti {Slaz. Sper. A(/r. Ital, S4 {1901), No 9, pp. 849-864). Dairy herd records, G. H. True {Arizona Sfa. Bnl. .?5, pp. 293-309, figs. 3) . — Introductory notes are given on Arizona as a market for dairy products, cooperative creameries, and on the care of milk. Tabulated records are given of 58 herds in Salt River Valley for the j^ear ended October 31, 1900, and of 43 herds for 6 to 11 inonths. Of the 58 herds 16 failed to pay what the author estimates as the cost of keeping ($32 a year per cow). The gross returns from the average cow of the best herd was $54.80, and from the average cow of the poorest herd $13.28. The differ- ences in returns from different herds are attributed mainly to differences in the quality of the cows, as methods of feeding are considered practically uniform. Indi- vidual records are given of 12 pure-bred Jersey and 30 grade cows belonging to 2 herds ranking among the best for the year. Variations in the fat content of the milk of each cow during the year and between consecutive tests are talnilated. The author lielieves that the oiily way of determining the value of a cow involves weigh- ing and testing all of the milk. Record of dairy herd, J. 8. Moore {Mississqypi Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 17-23). — A record is given of 9 pure-bred Jersey cows for the calendar year 1900. The data are tabulated and summarized as follows: "The record of the herd for the year shows that the average cost of the feed was $33.54, ranging from $30.66 to $36.51. The yield of milk ranged from 3,801 lbs. to 7,045, the average being 5,149 lbs. The average amount of butter was 324.6 lbs., and ranged from 267.6 to 436.2 His. The average cost of feed to produce 100 lbs. of milk was 66.4 cts. The cost of producing 1 lb. of butter ranged from 8.37 cts. to 12.29, the average being 10.52 cts." Records of the station herd for 1898-99 and 1899-1900 {Yermont Sta. Ept. 1900, pp. 445-460). — These records are similar in character to those previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 286). The following table summarizes some of the data for 6 years. Average herd record for 6 years. Year. Number of cows. Yield of milk. Fat con- tent of milk. Yield of butter. Cost of food. Cost of chased grain. Cost of food per pound of butter. Proceeds from butter sales. 1895 33 37 29 42 47 45 Pounds. 5,633 5,431 5,730 5,296 5, 462 6,935 Per cent. 4.95 5.12 5.06 5.06 5.02 • 5.15 Pounds. 325 324 338 313 320 357 $50.06 42.00 47.45 46.40 45.17 52.43 $18. 85 14.22 18.69 15.73 15.57 21.20 Cents. 16. 2 13.8 15.3 1.5.6 14.5 15 '' 176. 40 1896 74.51 1897 82 04 1898 80.58 1899 83 18 1900 97 15 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 587 Lessons from the model dairy tests, E. Van Alstyne {Ainer. Agr. {mid. cd.), 68 {1901), No. 31, ji. 518). — An art ic-le from tlie superinteudent of tlie model dairy tests at the Buffalo Exposition regarding several points brought out. The sampling- of milk, II. Wiuhkxs ( O/Y/rtau Ver. Oudleer. Rljks Ldndhouwschool, IS {1901), Xi). l.'>o, ]ij>. 79, 80). — The author found that portions taken with a glass tube plunged into a can of milk could not always be depended upon as fair samples for determining the fat content. The two factors that influence the result are the rapidity with which the sampler is plunged into the milk, and the degree to which the cream has risen. The former can be controlled by putting the sampler in carefully, and the latter may be rendered accurate by thoroughly stirring the milk before sampling. In a series of tests with samples taken from the same can of milk after it had stood for some time and again after stirring, it was found that the jiercentage of fat was greater in the first case. It is therefore recommended to draw the samples only after the milk has been thoroughly mixed in the can. — n. m. pieteks. The influence of high temperatures upon the casein of milk, H. Conradi {Munchen Med. Wchschr., 4S {1901), pp. 175-177; abs. in Chem. Cenihl, 1901, I, No 15, p. 843).- — The author made a study of the effect of sterilization upon the composition of milk, and also the influence of calcium and other salts upon the temperature of coagulation. Milk containing 0.2 to 0.6 per cent of CaCU coagulated at a tempera- ture between 45 to 65° C. After heating over 80° the coagulating point fell from 8 to 12°, while milk heated 75 to 80° coagulated at the same temperature as milk not heated. As found by von Freudenreich, no variation was produi-ed by heating one- half hour at 70°. Heating milk containing calcium chlorid above 80° not only lowered the temperature of coagulating, but increased the time required. The results indicate that heating milk above 80° causes chemical and physical changes in its composition. Treatment of pasteurized milk, Elvika Smeyers {Lait. Beige, 1901, No. 9, pp. 129-139). — In a study of pasteurizing milk from 85 to 90° C, cooling one portion rapidly to from 12 to 16°, and preserving both portions at a temperature of from 14 to 20°, it was found that the milk which was gradually cooled kept better than that which was cooled immediatety after pasteurizing and kept under the same condi- tions of temperature. Instructions for milk and cream suppliers, G. S. Tuomson {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South Australia, 5 {1901), No. 2, pp. 105-114, Jigs. 9). — General instructions, W'ith some rules for the dairy farmer. An investigation on the value of certain sanitary and other precautionary measures, employed in the protection and marketing of milk, upon the bac- terial contents of the milk, I). H. Bekgey {Pennsjilronia Dept. Agr. I'pt. 1900, pt. 1, pp. 133-16S, Jigs. 2). — This investigation was made for the purpose of studying the bacterial content of milk from individual cows and from dairies of different classes, also the estimation of the prevalence of streptococci, and, incidentally, the presence of tubercle bacilli in the milk. The different dairies studied were divided into 3 classes as follows: (1) those in which the utmost care was taken in all details of the management; (2) those in which ordinary precautions were taken in the selection of cows, the nature and variety of food, care and cleanliness of cows, milkers, and utensils, and (3) dairies in which no particular care was observed in the selection and management of the cows, or in the collection, storing, and marketing of the milk. The investigations cover a large number of determinations, which are reported in a series of tables. From the results the following deductions are drawn: "(1) Milk taken directly from the udder in the ordinary way and collected in sterile test tubes was always found to contain bacteria of the group streptococci. The number in the first milk drawn was usually greater than the latter portion. (2) Where the milk pails were sterilized by 588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. steam before and after milking each cow, the number of bacteria was but Uttle higher than when the samples were taken direct from the cows. (3) When the milk pails were not sterilized, the numl)er of bacteria was higher than when the milk was collected directly. The greater the care in milking and the better the hygienic conditions of the cows and surroundings, the lower the bacterial content of the milk. (4) There was an enormous increase in the number of bacteria during shipment. From the large bacterial content of milk collected on depot platforms it is apparent that there is much room for improvement in the methods of collection and shipment. (5) It was found that some Ijacteria gained access to the milk during the processes of filtering, cooling, and bottling. It is therefore recommended that the apparatus employed for this purpose should be as simple as possible, and so constructed that it can be easily disconnected, cleaned, and sterilized. (6) A few leucocytes were found in practically all the milk examined, and this ajipears to be an entirely normal con- dition. (7) The prevalence of pus cells in the milk appeared to be influenced directly by the hygienic condition of the cows. This is also apparently influenced to sonae extent by other factors, probably by the character of the food. (8) Though no positive evidence was obtained of any pathogenic effect of the streptococci in the milk when inoculated into guinea pigs and rabbits, it is probable that when these organisms are i)resent in large numbers, as in some of the samples, they would be injurious to infants or sick persons when such milk is taken in large quantities." The presence of tubercle bacilli in market milk, and its diffusion, C. Tonzig {Arch. Hyg., 41 {1^01), No. 1, pp. 46-67). — A study of the tubercle bacilli content of market milk of Padua, and statistics of various provinces in Italy. Hydrogen peroxid as a preservative, especially for milk, Jablin-Gonnet {Avn. Ch'nn. Aitnhjt., 6 {1901), pp. 1-29-133; ahs. in CItetn. CeiitbL, 1901, I, No. 21, p. 1173). — The author found hydrogen peroxid to be an efficient and harmless preserva- tive for milk. Young dogs and cats thrived upon portions of milk containing 10 to 15 cc. of it. The author himself during 2 months consumed 5 liter of milk daily con- taining 8 per cent of hydrogen peroxid, withcRit experiencing the least derangement. The hydrogen peroxid employed was neutralized with calcium carbonate; 1 cc. pre- served 1 liter of milk 2 days; 2 cc, 4 days; and 0 cc, for 6 days. Systematic inspection of milk for preservatives, A. E. Leach {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 308, pp. 289-291). — Statements regarding the inspection of milk in Massa- chusetts, and methods for the detection of preservatives. In 5,169 samples examined, 3.5 per cent were found to contain foreign substances. The most common were formaldehyde, boric acid, and sodium bicarbonate, the former being on the increase and the two latter on the decrease. Inspection of dairy products {Chicago Dairy Produce, 8 {1901), No 49, p. 6). — Kules adopted by this Department covering the inspection and marking of dairy prod- uce for export. Conditions and methods of making- some of the high score butter recently exhibited {New York Produce Rev. and Amer. Creamery, 1901, Nov. 13, pp. 18-19). — Statements from different makers of prize-winning butter exhibited at State fairs regarding the methods followed. Scoring butter, H. E. Alvord {New York Produce Rev. and Amer. Creamery, 1901, Nov. 6, pp. 12, 13). — A discussion of improvements in the method of scoring. Uniformity in Danish butter, M. Mortensen {Creamery Jour., 12 {1901), No. 146, pp. 8, 9). — The author states that the position held by the Danish butter in the world's market is due largely to the uniformity of the product. Certain processes prevailing in Danish creameries are cited as being responsible for the uniform high quality of the output. Butter in China (f^. S. Cormdar Rpfs., 67 {1901), No. 254, P- 454)-—^^ report from Consul-General Hughes regarding the demands of the Chinese trade in butter, and the form of package best suited for their markets. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 589 The conservation of butter, E. Rigaud {Ind. Lait. Beige, '3 (1901), No. 41, pp. 321-S3S). — A description of various methods of treatment for the purpose of preserv- ing the quality of l)utter. Fishy flavor in butter, H. (t. Piffard {Neiv York Produce Rev. and Amer. Creamerij, 1901, Xor. 13, p. 20) . — A discussion of the cause of fishy flavor in hutter. A study of butter fat, A. Partheil [Arch. Pharm., 239 [1901), pp. 358-363; ahs. in Chem. Centbl., 1901, II, Ko. 7, p. -504). — An investigation of the molecular weight of bucter fat and its application in determining the purity of butter. The determination of margarin in butter, C. Annato (Pharm. Zlg.,46 (1901), No. 093, pp. 31-38; ahs. in Chem. CenthL, 1901, II, No. 14, p. 836).— The author made a test to determine the influence of sesame cake upon the butter fat. He fed 3 cows increasing amounts of sesame cake, from 2 to 5 lbs., and examined the result- ing milk. In the third period sesame oil was found in the milk by the furfurol reaction. From the results obtained, the conclusion is drawn that the presence of sesame oil in butter from cows fed on sesame cake is not necessarily an adulteration. Cryoscopic distinction betvreen butter and margarin, W. Peschges (Arch. Pharm., 239 (1901), pp. 358-363; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'], 80 (WOl), No. 468, II, p. 630). — From his investigations the author found the method of distinguish- ing between butter and margarin by means of cryoscopic determination of the mole- cular weight in benzene to be invalid. Analysis of cheese and butter manufactured at the Queensland Agricul- tural College, J. C. BRtJNXiCH (Queensland Agr. Jour., 9 (1901), No. 4, pp. 424-428). The utilization of skim milk, C. Besana (Ann. P. Staz. Sphr. Caseif. Lodi 1900, pp. 19-57). — A discussion of the various ways in which skim milk is utilized in Italy. The composition and fertilizing value of the slime from the milk separator, G. Fascetti (Ann. P. Staz. Sper. Caseif. Lodi 1900, pp. 69-71). Dairy history of Illinois, A. B. Hostet-Ter (Chicago Dairy Produce, 8 (1901), No. 45, pp. 26, 27). — A review of the growth of the industry in Illinois and factors that have influenced it. Report of dairy expert, M. A. O'Callaghan (Agr. Gaz. Netv South Wales, 12 (1901') , No. 8, pp. 920-923). — A short report on the progress of the dairy industry in New South Wales during 1900. Dairy instruction in Alabama ( Chicago Dairy Produce, 8 (1901), No. 49, p. 22). — Educational work in dairying among the colored people of the institute at Tuskegee. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Report of the state veterinarian, L. Pearson {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pt. 1, jyp. 118-129). — During the year 1900 it is reported that glanders and contagious ophthalmia of cattle prevailed to a greater extent than during the past four or five years. The increased prevalence of glanders was directly due to the importation of a carload of infected mules from East St. Louis, 111. Stringent measures were taken in combating this outbreak, and it is believed that the disease has been exterminated. A general discussion is given on the prevalence of tuberculosis among cattle in the State, and attention is called to the desirability of continuing strict quarantine regu- lations against the disease and the thorough application of the tuberculin test. The expense of making this test is considered very small in comparison with the benefits "which are derived from it. Brief notes are also given on rabies, sheep scab, hog cholera, abortion, and forage poisoning. 16275— No. 6—02 7 590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The mechanism of ag-glutination, A. Joos {Ztschr. Hijg. n. Trifecthnskranl-., 36 {1901), No. 3, pp. 422-439). — This paper is concerned with the discu^^sion of results obtained from experiments in agghitination with and without the addition of common salt. The experiments were made with the tj-phus bacillus. The results of the experiments may be briefly summarized as follows: When an agglutinating serum is brought in contact with a substance which is subject to agglutination, no agglutinat- ing process takes place in the absence of salt. When salt is added, agglutination occurs readily. In the absence of salt the agglutinating serum is entirely sterilized by the action of the bacilli, without producing any change in the vitality of the latter. A close connection exists between the relative quantities of the substances which cooperate to i^roduce agglutination and the substances which are to be agglu- tinated. The i^rocess of agglutination may occur in a solution which is free from salt, provided the bacterial cells contain some of this substance. Coagulation of the blood and anticoagulation serum, J. Bordet and O. Gexgou {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 1.5 {1901), No. 3, jyp- 129-144). — During these experi- ments it was found that the blood plasma of birds is poor in fibrin ferment and serves as a convenient reagent for checking the action of fibrin ferment in the blood sera of several species of mammals. The blood plasma of rabbits can be i)reserved without undergoing coagulation in a tube sealed with i^aratfin, but coagulates rapidly in contact with roughened glass. It was found that when one animal was injected with the blood plasma or serum of a second siiecies, a serum was obtained which had the effect of neutralizing the fibrin ferment of the second species. Experimental vaccine, A. Calmette and C. Guerix {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 15 {1901), No. 3, pp. 161-168). — During the researches reported in this article it was found that an inoculation of rabbits with vaccine was uniformly followed with erup- tion of small pustules containing large quantities of lymph. The rabbit proved to be a useful animal in this study, since it is possible to verify readily by inoculations into rabbits the relative degree of virulence of vaccines obtained from different sources. By injecting vaccines into the peritoneal cavity of rabbits, the micro-organisms contained in such material are destroyed by the leucocytes without influencing the virulence of the virus. A study of Bacillol, F. P.\szott.\ {Monat. PmJd. Thierh., 12 {1901), No. 6-7, pp. 241-275). — A description is given of the general properties of this substance. Numer- ous experiments were conducted in testing its antiseptic power in the treatment of mange, other skin diseases, surgical wounds, and in determining its toxic action. During these experiments it was found that Bacillol is soluble in water and that the solutions are constant. When used on the skin in a concentrated form it is slightly irritant, like lysol. Its antiseptic and deodorizing properties are pronounced. When administered internally, it causes an increased secretion of saliva, the respiration and pulse are increased, but the temperature is lowered. In large doses it causes a motor paralysis. The fatal internal dose of this substance is so large that all danger in its practical application is avoided. A bibliography of the subject is added. Therapeutic contributions in veterinary science during the years 1898, 1899, and 1900, E. B.\ss {Deut. TMeriirzil. Wchnschr., 9 {1901), No. 12, pp. 120- 133). — The author gives a brief digest of the therapeutic literature along veterinary lines and in connection with bibliographical references. Antitoxic treatment of tetanus, J. .Storie ( Vet. Jour., n. ser., 3 {1901), No. 16, pp. 201-20')). — Six cases of tetanus were treated by this method with a complete recovery in 5 cases. The cases were all severe, and the author believes the most of the animals would have succumbed without this treatment. The primary effect of the tubercle bacillus, F. Wechsberg {Beiir. Path. Anat. u.Allg. Path., 29 {1001), No. 2, pp. 203-232, ph. 2). — This paper is concerned with a discussion of the question of what cells take part in the formation of the tubercle. An elaborate critical review is given of the literature of the subject and a report is VETEEIlSrARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE; 591 made on experiments upon rab])its wliich were inociilatcMl intravenoiij^ly. From these experiments it is ooncluded that the tubercle bacilhis l)y its toxic action destroys the epithchal cells and connective tissue. At iirst the newly formed cells are affected only in so far as the connective tissue and vascular tissue fail t(j l)e formed. Ulti- mately these cells are comjiletely destroyed and caselied. The distribution of the lesions in generalized tuberculosis, J. McFadye.\n {Jour. Conip. Path. (Oid Ther., 14 [1901), Xn. 1, j>p. 1-1 J) . — Tliis jiaper contains a report on experiments with reference to the agency of tiie l)l()od circulation in the generali- zation of tuberculosis. Ten cattle were inoculated intravenously with virulent cul- tures of tuberculosis and careful post-mortem examinations were made after varying lengths of time. In all cases the lungs contained numerous tubercles, Avhile tubercles were found in the liver and kidnev^s in only 3 cases and in only 1 case in the spleen. The best evidence of generalization of the disease is believed to l)e the presence of tubercles of nearly equal sizes scattered throughout the entire substance of the lung. The evidence of generalized tuberculosis from an examination of other organs is usually not relialile. In cases of generalized tuberculosis the kidneys, liver, or spleen may be entirel)' free from tubercular lesions which can be recognized by the naked eye. Tlie tubercles which are found in the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lym- phatic glands are, as a rule, due to lymphatic action and not to the agency of the biood circulation. Tubercle bacilli are readily carried in the lymphatic vessels downward from the center of infection. During the post-mortem examinations abundant evidence was noticed of the process of recovery which was taking place in the older tubercles. An infectioai of the lymphatic system was noted in 4 of the 10 cases. Tuberculous mening-itis in cows and the infection of the fetus, H. Thon {Deut. Thiemrztl. WcJmschr., 9 {1901), No. 11, pp. 107, IDS).— The author gives details of the clinical symptoms and post-mortem findings in a cow infected with tuberculo.sis. The symptoms indicated an invasion of the brain by the tubercle bacillus, and the post-mortem examination revealed the presence of pathological changes in the cerebral mem))ranes. Tubercles were also found on the sui'face of the fetal liver. Cattle inspection and the tuberculin test, G. B. .Jobsox {Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 22 {1901), No. 3, pp. 144~148). — The author discusses the influence of cestrum, stabling in warm weather, age, and other circumstances, upon the tempera- ture of cattle, with reference to difficulties of diagnosis from the tuberculin test. The temperature of 10 cattle under 1 year of age averaged about 0.4° higher than that of 10 other cattle over 3 years of age. All cattle were free from tuberculosis. The author believes that the absence of a reaction to a second test of tuberculin is not conclusive in showing that the animal is free from tuberculosis. Several cases are noted in which there was a failure to react in animals which were known to be tu])erculous. A brief discussion is given of the difficulties in arriving at a satisfactory estimate of the value of condemned animals. Results of seven years' work in testing with tuberculin, F. G. Meyer {Maanedsskr. Dijrheger, 12 {1901), No. 11, pp. 409-418). — The author reports in detail on the condition of cattle in Norway with reference to the prevalence of tuberculosis. The results of tuberculin tests are brought together in tabular form, from which it appears that from 1893 to 1900, 11,686 cattle were tested in 402 herds, and 20 per cent were found to be tuberculous. Brief notes are also given on the prevalence of tuberculosis among calves. Tuberculosis of cattle and the Pennsylvania plan for its repression, L. Pe.\rsox and M. P. Ravenel {Penusi/limuu Dept. Agr. BuJ. 75, pp. 262). — This is a reprint from Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Report for 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 686). 592 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. Bibliography of literature on tuberculosis, from January 1 to November 1, 1900 {Rer. Tuberculose, Paris, S {1901), No. 1, pp. 107-162).— T\\i^ extensive bibliography is classified according to the subject-matter of the various articles. Spore formation of anthrax bacillus under anaerobic conditions, R. Weil (Ztscltr. Jl'/g. ((■ LtfectionxkranJ:., SO [1901), No. S, pp. 4ol-4oi>}- — The present article is of a controversial nature and largely concerned with a reply to an article on the subject by Klett (E. S. R., 13, p. 92). The author contends that the formation of spores does not take place under strictly anaerobic conditions upon the ordinary nutrient media, while there are a few special media on which the anthrax bacillus forms spores under the same conditions. The post-mortem diagnosis of anthrax in cattle, H. C. Reeks {Jour. Comp. Path, and Ther., 14 (1900), No. 1, pp. 11-16) . — A discussion is given by way of answer to the questions whether an opinion may be safely rendered in suspected cases of anthrax from the outside appearance, whether a post-mortem examination shall be made, whether reliance shall be placed upon a microscopic examination of the blood, and whether a sample of blood or spleen shall be sent to an expert. While the careful jiractitioner will probably diagnose a large proportion of cases accurately from the mere external appearance of the carcass, it is urged that a microscopic exam- ination of the blood be undertaken, or, if the practitioner is not an expert micro- scopist, that samples be sent to an expert. The practice of making post-mortem examinations is condemned as useless and criminally dangerous. The anthrax vaccine of Meloni, A. Barberio {Gior. R. Sac. Accad. Yet. Ital., 50 [1901), No. 13, pp. 306-313). — A detailed description of this method for preparing the vaccine and for making preventive inoculations. Symptomatic anthrax or blackleg, L. L. Lewis (Oklahoma St a. Rpt. 1901, pp. 88-97, figs. 2). — On account of the prevalence of blackleg in Oklahoma the station undertook the manufacture and distribution of vaccine for controlling the disease. The vaccine sent out by the station was what is known as tlie single vaccine. Since March 1, 1900, it is reported that 58,950 doses have been distributed free to stockmen. A general account is given of the symptoms of blackleg, the methods by which the disease is commonly distributed, and the therapeutic measures which are usually recommended. Directions are given for the use of the hypodermic syringe in vac- cinating animals for preventing the development of this disease. Method of making inoculation for the prevention of blackleg, E. B. Graven- HORST (Ann. Med. Vet., 50 (1901), No. 3, pp. 132, 133). — The author gives brief notes on a convenient method of inoculating animals without the necessity of taking anti- septic precaution and without danger of injury to the animal. Foot-and-mouth disease and its treatment, E. Nocard {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, 8. ser., 8 (1901), No. 7, pp. 222-233).— The author gives a general account of the extent and seriousness of this disease, of the symptoms by w^hich it may be recog- nized, and on the means of its distribution. Brief notes are also presented on meth- ods of curative treatment which have been adopted in combating this disease. Foot-and-mouth disease, J. Pemberthy (Jour. Comp. Path, and Ther., 14 (1901), No. 1, pp. 16-29). — This article contains a general discussion of the nature of the disease, statistics on the extent of its distribution and on the more noted outbreaks of the trouble, the means of infection, susceptibility of cattle and other animals, the incubation period, diagnosis, medical prevention, and official regulation of the disease. Conference on the subject of foot-and-mouth disease, E. Perroncito et al. ( Gior. R. Soc. Accad. Vet. Ital., 50 (1901), No. 15, pp. 347-353).— A discussion of prob- lems relating to the means of distribution of this disease, and sanitary and therapeutic methods which should be adopted in combating it. Potassium iodid treatment of milk fever, Kas (Wchnschr. Thierheilk. u. Vieh- zucht, 45 (1901 ), No. 17, pp. 193, 23-^).— Notes are given on 4 cases of milk fever which VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 593 were treated by this method. The author made use of a concentrated sohition of pota^isinm iodid with ijood 8ucces8. No comphcations arose and tlie milk was in all cases of normal color and taste within 36 hours after the animals were al)le to stand. Statistics on the treatment of milk fever with potassium iodid, C. Haas {Berlin. Thirriir:ll. Wclimchr., 1901, No. IS, pjt. 201-MJS). — Statistics are presented in tabular form on 172 cases of milk fever which were treated by this method. Of this number 123 were considered severe, 18 of medium severity, and 31 mild cases. Of the whole number 129, or 75 per cent, were cured. The disease began in from 3 to 16 hours after calving. In almost all cases 10 gm. of potassium iodid was admin- istered and the dose was sometimes repeated as many as 4 times. Mammitis, W. L. Williams ( Yel. Jour., n. ser., 3 {1901), No. 16, pp. 205-213).— A general account of the nature and symptoms of the noncontagious and contagious forms (if this disease, with notes on the methods of treatment and prevention. Abortion in cattle, G. H. Wooldridge {Agr. Students^ Gaz., n. ser., 10 {1901), No. 3, })p. S3-90).- — A critical discussion of the various causes which may lead to sporadic or infectious abortion. Notes are given on the symptoms and methods of treatment which have been found most effective in combating this disease. • Treatment for roundworms in sheep, goats, and cattle, C. W. Stiles ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Circ. 35, pp. ic changes in the nerve ganglia. It was found that the cajjsular and cellular changes in the inter- vertebral ganglia, when taken in connection with clinical symptoms, afforded a trustworthy means of diagnosing rabies. Tliese changes, however, were not always present in cases of ral)ies, and the absence of such changes therefore is not considered as imjilying that rabies is not present. It was also found that the rabic tubercle of Babes was present suihciently often to aid materially in the diagnosis where only the i-entral nervous system was obtainal^ile, without any of the ganglia. It is believed that where the ganglia can be had they offer a simpler and easier method of diagnosis than is to be found in the study of the brain and spinal cord. The Brunswick disease of chickens and turkeys, Jess {Berlin. ThierdrzU. Wchnsdir., 1901, Nu. 12, pp. 191,192). — A description is given of an outbreak of a diesase which jiersisted for 3 months and spread over considerable territory. The post-mortem examination of fowls dead of the disease exposed a brownish red color of the whole alimentary canal, with occasional diphtheritic patches. The trachea was much reddened and the pericardium was distended to a great size by an accumulation of serum. Bacteriological studies on this disease indicated that the trouble was not due to an oi-ganism of ordinary io\\\ cholera, but that apparently this organism was combined in symbiotic relations with another bacillus which needs to be studied further. Streptothrix infections in the lower animals, A. G. R. Foclerton and C. P. JoxES [Jour. Vomp. Path, and Tlier., 14 {1901), No. 1, pp. 45-59, pi. 1). — The authors discuss the nomenclature, classification, morphology, staining, and cultural charac- teristics, and pathogenic action of these organisms. Detailed description is given of the more common species, including Streptothrix bovis communis, S. nocardii, S. caprss, S. cuniciUi, and ;S'. lacertve. TECHNOLOGY. Sorghum sirup manufacture, A. A. Denton {U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 135t pp. 40, figs. 26).— X revi.^ion of Farmers' Bulletin No. 90 (E. S. R., 11, p. 290), cov- ering the growing of sorghum cane and the manufacture of the sirup. The clouding of white wine, R. G. Smith {Proc. Linn. Soc. Xew South Wales, 25 (1900), pt. 4, p)). 6oO-6.5S). — A variety of white wine is made in South Australia under the name of Chablis which has a great tendency to develop a turbidity or cloudiness soon after being bottled. A deposit collects at the bottom of the bottle and, while the flavor and bouijuet are not affected, the sale of the wine is injured. The author found the trouble to be due to V)acteria. Pasteurizing the wine at 43°C. and al)ove destroyed the organism and overcame the difiiculty. Report of the viticulturist, M. Blunno {Agr. Gaz. Xew South liases, 12 {1901), No. 8, pp. 944-949) . — Among other matters relating to wine making, the author dis- cusses the difticulty in the locality indicated of keeping the temperature down dur- ing the fermentation of the mu.st. Picking the grapes in the early morning or late in the evening is reconmiended as affording some relief. Where plenty of cold water is available, it is sometimes employed l)y passing through coils in the vats until the fermentation is complete. Another method of cooling the must is carried out by pumping it into a small wr)oden vat fitted with an ingenious contrivance for stir- ring. A small disk, revolving at a sjjeed of 500 to 600 revolutions per minute, throws 596 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the must against the surface of the vessel, and after a few seconds it streams out through a hose placed in the bottom. Besides lowering the temperature, this proc- ess frees the juice of a large amount of albuminous substances. This treatment is recommended for white wines, of grapes grown in rich soils, ■especially those which make coarse and sharp wines. The acidity of wines, E. Kayser and G. Barb.v {Rev. Vit., 15 {1901); abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 9, p. 922).— The chief point investigated by the authors was the effect of adding tartaric acid to must and wine deficient in acidity. The results show the absence of any definite ratio between the acid added and that ultimately found. Composition and examination of raisin -wines, A.Schneegans(.1?t/(. Phnrm., 239 {1901), pp. 91-95; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 6, p. 599).— A. table is presented showing the analyses of several raisin wines made from different fruits, as currants and sultana raisins. The wines were clear, of various tints, from light yellow to pink, of pleasant taste but no bouquet. The lack of the latter was said to be due to the previous drying of the fruit, which prevented the formation of the higher alcohols and acids which produce the bouquet by esterification. The results of the study of pure natural wines of the year 1899, K. Wix- DiscH {Ztschr. IntersHch. Nakr. u. Genmsmtl, 4 {1901), No. U, pp. 625-631).— The results of the analyses of a large number of different kinds of wines are reported in tables. Analysis of a native Madeira wine, H. TnoMS and C. Manxich {Ber. Deut. Pharm. GeseU., 11, pp. 91-93; abs. in Chem. Centbl., 1901, I, No. U, p. 802). Cider, F. Rigaux {Vlng. Agr. Gembloux, 11 {1901\, No. 11, jyp. 455-480).— A popular article treating of the manufacture, fermentation, preservation, diseases, and adulteration of cider. Tables of analyses are presented showing the composi- tion of cider and the pomace. The utilization of the latter product is discussed. The clarifying of ciders, V. H. Vincent {Rev. Gm. Chim. Appl., 4 {1901), p. 453; ahs. in Chrtit. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. SO, Repert., p. 284).—ln tests with various substances in clarifying apple and pear ciders the author obtained the best results by the addition of citric acid, the color of the cider being preserved and the working of the oxidases eliminated. The addition of 50 gm. of citric acid and 10 gm. of tannin to each hectoliter of apple juice before the fermentation resulted in the clarification after the second racking. With pear cider it was necessai-y to add only the citric acid. Rubber preparation {Trinidad Bof. Dept. Bui. Misc. Inform., 1901, No. 27, p. 333).— 'An pursuing experiments with the view of ascertaining the most economical method of coagulating rubber fluids, some of these were allowed to stand forgotten in a large receptacle where they had been creamed. When again handled the whole mass was putrid, but the rubber was still on the surface and easily coagulated or 'coalesced' on being handled, and the quality produced is stronger and therefore of a higher quality than rubber prepared in other ways. The specimen was shown to a noted American manufacturer of rubber goods, who readily recognized its quality from among numerous other specimens. There were, however, evident signs of loss of weight in rubber material by the decomposition set up by the fermentation of the proteids. ' ' Approximate value of bagasse as fuel, F. X. G. Gill {Jour. Soc. Arts, 49 {1901), No. 25.30, pp. 517-519; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 7, pp. 695, 696).— The author made a study, from the data at hand, of the actual fuel value of bagasse. This substance is usually regarded as being equivalent in fuel value to from ^ to l of its weight in coal. In making the estimates reported the values of Stohmann and Langbein are used for the heats of combustion of sucrose, invert sugar, and cellulose, while for the albuminous and gummy matters the same heating value is ascribed as for cellulose. Three samples of bagasse are taken for making estimations as follows: (1) single and simple milling, giving 66.2 per cent of juice, (2) STATISTICS. 597 double and simple milling, giving 70 per cent of juice, and (3) double milling and maceration, giving 75 per cent of juice. Then from 100 tons of cane crushed the actual bagasse will contain in (1), 24.8, (2), 21, and (3), 16 tons of juice. If the cal- orific power of coal be taken as 14,000 thermal units per poimd, bagasse is worth from i to i of its weight in ordinary coal. A correction must be made, however, as bagasse is l>urned with an average of 150 per cent excess air as compared with 75 per cent in coal, and this difference causes a loss in the heating value of bagasse of nearly 11 per cent. With this correction, bagasse burned after coming straight from the mill has actually only from J, to J^ of the value of an equal weight of an ordinary (quality of coal. Employment of the bagasse in the fabrication of paper, N. Levy {Bui. Assoc. Chini. Sucr. et Distill., 19 {1901), No. 1-2, jyp. 215-217).— A. description of the manner of prejiaring the bagasse for manufacture of paper, as carried out in Louis- iana and Texas. Manufacture of paper from sugar-cane refuse, F. C. Theile {Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901 1, Xo. ^'7, pp. 289-290). — The method employed for making paper from sugar- cane refuse as followed at a plant in Texas is described. STATISTICS. Wages of farm labor in the United States, J. H. Blodgett ( [". 8. Dept. Agr., Ditision of Statistics Bid. 22, ini.sc. ser., pp. 47). — Statistical investigations at 11 differ- ent times during a period of 33 years (1866-1899) of the wages of farm labor at dif- ferent seasons are reported. The results of the investigations from 1866 to 1892 have already been published (E. S. R., 3, p. 906), the more important data being here reprinted. In the investigation of 1898 and 1899 data were also collected on the proportion and wages of white and colored laborers, the number and wages of over- seers or foremen, the cost of board or rations, and the number of hours of lal^or per working day. • In 1870 farm laborers constituted 48.9 jier cent of jaersons engaged in agriculture; in 1880, 43.6 per cent; and in 1890, 35.8 per cent; these with other statistics indicating a tendency of farm laborers to become farm tenants and farm owners. The following table summarizes some of the statistics obtained since the previous report : Wages per month without and vnth board. Sections. Without board. W^ith board. 1899. 1898. 1895. 1894. 1893. 1899. 1898. 1895. 1894. 1893. Eastern Prates S28.76 23. 91 13.80 23. 75 3-5.15 35.69 827.87 23. 15 13.49 22.44 33.95 829.00 23.80 $27.02 23. 64 829. 07 24.82 14.07 23. 12 33 97 818. 21 15.93 9.70 16.70 25. 10 24. 97 817. 63 15. 33 9.45 15.75 23.94 23. 30 817.73 15. 73 ■ 8.68 817. 15 15.60 9.04 818 45 Middle States 16. .51 Southern .States 12.71 13. 04 9.92 Western States 21.82 1 21.. 50 30.04 29.95 15.21 1 14.96 19.87 19 94 16 29 Mountain States 23 37 Pacific States 33.64 31.68 1 34.15 1 36.95 20.54 22.60 25. 63 1 Average 20.23 19.38 17.69 17.74 19.10 14.07 13.43 12.02 12. 16 13 29 "The following may serve as a suggestive summary of influences that affect farm wages: (1) Intrinsic; fertility of the soil, (2) products of the locality, (3) market value of land, (4) latitude, (5) elevation, (6) percentage of woodland, (7) rainfall, (8) water supply in springs, streams, and wells, (9) relations to market — (a) timeof transportation, (b) cost of transportation, (10) rates of taxation, (11) economy of public administration, (12) thetyi^eof social life, influencing dress, housing for man, beast, and crops, organizations for roads, education, religion, or other associated effort." The influences affecting wages in each State are pointed out. 598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Twenty-fourth. Annual Report of Connecticut State Station, 1900 ( Con- necticut State Std. Bpt. 1900, pt. 4, pji. A'T'). — These pages^ include the organization list of the station, a brief announcement relative to the character of the work done by the station, a report of the board of control reviewing briefly the different lines of station work during the year, and a financial statement for the year ended September 30, 1900. Fourteenth. Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1901 (Maryland iSta. Rj^t. 1901, i^p. XXIV^206). — The report proper consists of a rather detailed account by the director of the history, equipment, lines of work, publications, etc., of the station since its organization. Investigations in progress by the different departments are outlined, as are also a number of cooperative experiments. A subject list is given of station publications. Observations on precipitation and temijerature are tabulated. A financial statement is given for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. Reprints of Bulletins 68-76 of the station on the following subjects are appended: Fertilizer experiments with different sources of phosphoric acid (E. S. R., 12, p. 930), the influence of feed and care on the individuality of cows (E. S. R., 12, p. 1078), the chemical composition of Maryland soils (E. S. R., 13, p. 28), notes on spi'aymg peaches and plums in 1900 (E. S. R., 13, p. 152) , peach growing in Maryland (E. S. R., 13, p. 138), suggestions about combating the San Jose scale (E. S. R., 13, p. 160), notes on celery blight (E. S. R., 13, p. 257), the effect of hydrocyanic-acid gas upon grains and other seeds (E. S. R., 13, p. 462), and parturient paresis— milk fever, calving fever (E. S. R., 13, p. 492). Fourteenth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1901 {3Tisslsslpj>i Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 30). — This contains a review of the different lines of station work by the director, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901 , and some- what detailed reports on station work by the heads of departments. Parts of these reports are noted elsewhere. First Annual Report of Missouri Fruit Station, 1900 [Missouri Fruit Stci'. Rpt. 1900, pp. 20). — An account of the estal)lishment and work of the station during the year (see \). 552), with a financial statement. Tenth Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1901 {Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 13-159). — This includes a rejwrt of the director reviewing the different lines of station work; a summary of the press bulletins issued during the year on miscel- laneous topics; meteorological observations; several articles noted elsewhere, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. Thirteenth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1900 ( Vermont Sta. Rpd. 1900, pp. x!46-504). — This includes the organization libt of the station; a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900; a report of the director reviewing at some length the w'ork of the station during the year; a subject list of station pub- lications available for distribution; abstracts of Bulletins 72-80 of the station, and departmental leports abstracted elsewhere. Timely hints for farmers {Arizona Sta. Bui. 38, pp. 237-296, figs. 5).— This bul- letin is a collection of popular articles issued by the station from October 1, 1900, to July 1, 1901. The following subjects are discussed: The farmer's reading course, stinking smut of wheat and its prevention, the use of chemical preservatives in milk, the open range and the irrigation farmer, the value of a dairy herd record, the use of the Babcock test, plant lice, suggestions concerning date culture, the spring vegetable garden, some trees and })lants for barren places, the use of hand separators on the farm, well waters for irrigation, home-made fertilizers, wild barley, the Australian saltbush in Arizona, and millets. Press bulletins {Colorado Sta. Bui. 6^, pp. 29, charts 5). — Reprints of press 1)ul- letins Nos. 1-11 issued from September, 1899, to April, 1901, on the following sub- jects: The sugar-beet caterpillar, Colorado sunshine, the beet army worm, the can- STATISTICS. 599 taloupe bliglit, the Riispian thistle as forage, a so-called 1)light cure, the seepage measurements of the experiment station, potato failures, sunshine for 1900, conclu- sions relative to the culture of sugar ])eets, and how to fight the codling moth. Experiment Station Work, XVIII ( U. >S. Dept. Agr., Fmmers' Bui. 133, pp. 32, fgs. 14)- — This number contains articles on the following subjects: The value of stable manure, alfalfa as a fertilizer, effect of lime on different crops on acid soils, celery culture, utilizing the greenhouse in summer, the resistance of strawberries to frost, a fumigator for small orchard trees, foundation in comb building, a device for ridding houses of flies, slop foi- pigs, profitable crops for pigs, barley as food for horsess water in butter, and losses in the preparation of silage. Crop Reporter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Stati.'itics Crop Reporter, Vol. 3, Nos. 4-6, pp. 8 each). — These numbers contain statistical data on the condition of crops in the different States and Territories on August 1, September 1, and October 1, 1901; trade statistics; and miscellaneous articles of a statistical nature, among which are the following: The crops of France in 1901, Hungarian and Austrian crop conditions, Bureau of Forestry, railway statistics, principal food crops of Denmark, the exporta- tion of cattle and beef, crops of Great Britain in 1901, Hungarian grain crops, esti- mated wlieat crop of the world in 1901, Argentine crop prospects, potatoes in the British Isles, production of spelt and buckwheat in Eussia since 1883, and oil seeds crop of India. List of the publications of the Division of Agrostology ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Agrostology Circ. 36, pp. 8) . NOTES Alabama College and Station. — William Le Roy Broun, president of the college and chairman of the .station council, died suddenly January 23, 1902, in his seventy- fifth year. A sketch of Dr. Broun's life and services is given elsewhere in this number. Alabama Canebrake Station. — H. Benton, director of the station, has resigned and J. ^I. Richeson has been elected to succeed him. California University and Station. — G. W. Shaw, formerly of the Oregon Agri- cultural College and Station and more recently chemist in the beet-sugar factory at Grand Junction, Colo., has been appointed assistant professor of agricultural chem- istry, in charge of beet-sugar industry. F. T. Bioletti, bacteriologist and viticulturist, has resigned to accept a position as instructor in agriculture and viticulture in the Elsenburg School of Agriculture, Cape Colony, South Africa. A. R. Ward, veteri- narian of the station, has been appointed instructor in bacteriology. Warren T. Clarke has been appointed assistant entomologist to make a special study of the life history of the peach moth; he entered upon the work January 1 among the orchards of the Foothill region of the State. After ten years' experience the station is now ready to make a final report on the behavior of the northern deciduous fruits at the Southern California Substation near Pomona. These embrace apples (not Russian), pears and plums (European), peaches (Persian), apricots, almonds, and nectarines. Kansas College and Station. — A compromise has been effected with the settlers on the Fort Hays Reservation, ceded to the State of Kansas by the Government for a branch normal school and an experiment station. The compromise gives the set- tlers leases of from two to five years' duration in exchange for complete relinquish- ment of claims to the land. This was done in order that work might be commenced there the coming season, and the arrangement renders a considerable tract of land available for experimentation. In the division of the land between the normal school and the agricultural college, the latter obtained about 3,500 acres, including the part most desirable for experimental purposes. The board of regents has made provision for a foreman, who shall carry on the work at Fort Hays under the general super- vision of a designated member of the board. The buildings on the reservation are to be repaired so as to make them available for use. The station council has not yet formally decided upon the experiments to be undertaken, but in general there will be tests on a rather large scale with crops and methods, with special reference to the needs of regions having deficient rainfall. As the new station occupies a field dif- ferent climatically from that of any other station in the country, it is thought that the results obtained there should be applicable to quite a large region. Maine Station. — L. J. Shepard has resigned his j^osition as assistant in agriculture at the station to accept a similar position in the National Farm School at Doyles- town. Pa. Massachusetts Station — S. W. Wiley, assistant chemist in the fertilizer control work, has resigned to accept a position in the factory of the Bowker Fertilizer Com- pany at Elizabethport, N. J. 600 NOTES. 601 Michigan Station. — J. D. Towar, agriculturist of the station, has accepted a posi- tion a.s Government professor of agriculture in South Australia. He will be principal of the Agricultural College at Roseworthy, South Australia, and his duties will be (1) to superintend the agricultural college and experimental farm and teach classes thereat, (2) to advise the Government on all points relating to agriculture, and (3) to lecture to agi'iculturists when required. Professor Towar will assume the duties of this position June 1, 1902. Mixs'ESOT.A. College and Station. — A very attractive class bulletin entitled "Out- line of Greenhouse Laboratory Work," by Samuel B. Green and R. S. Mackintosh, has recently been issued by the division of horticulture. The bulletin is intended especially as a guide for the use of the classes in the greenhouse laboratory work of the school of agriculture. It is fully illustrated, and contains plain directions for 47 exercises, arranged in 21 lessons. The range covered is quite broad, including seed testing, propagation, grafting, spraying, pruning, care of orchard stock, etc. Nebraska Station. — Lawrence Bruner started about February 10 on a trip to Costa Rica, to occupy about three months. He will collect material for his own and other departments in the university and station, and will give some attention to the agriculture of the country. Professor Bruner was accompanied by several young men who have undertaken commissions for a number of other institutions. New Mexico Station. — This station has taken up the matter of giving its bulletins wider circulation among its constituents, and of publishing popular bulletins in the Spanish language. The first bulletin of the Spanish edition will be a translation of Bulletin No. 40, entitled "A Southern New Mexico Flower Garden." Ohio Station. — A bill has passed the Ohio legislature providing for the reorganiza- tion of the board of control of the station. The board is to consist of five members, not more than three of whom shall belong to the same political party, and who shall be appointed by the governor for a term of five years. The duties of the board under this act and of the director of the station are quite clearly defined. The board of con- trol is constituted a body corporate, and to it are assigned the duties of appointing a director, adopting by-laws, rules, and regulations for the government of the station, and fixing the salaries and terms of office of employees, with the power to remove employees at any time for cause sustained by written charges. The director is given control of the affairs of the station in all its departments and made responsible to the board for their efficient management. He is to appoint the chiefs of departments, assistants, and other employees of the station, with the approval of the board, assign them their respective duties, and is given authority to suspend any employee for cause, reporting the matter at once to the board of control for final action. An annual meeting of the board is provided for, with special meetings at the call of the presi- dent or upon the written request of two members. Oklahoma College and Station. — H. G. Beard, of Shawnee, and T. J. Hart- man, B. S., of Deer Creek, have been appointed members of the board of regents, vice C. J. Benson and J. P. Gandy, resigned. Mr. Hartman, who is a graduate of the college, class of 1898, was elected treasurer of the board at a recent meeting. The short courses in agriculture, horticulture, and mechanic arts are now in progress, and all that can be accommodated are in attendance. Work on the new barn, engineering building, and addition to the library Iniilding is progressing, and all will be ready for occupancy by the opening of the fall term. Oregon College and Station. — The resignation of President Thomas M. Gatch as director of the station was accepted by the board at its January meeting, and James Withycombe, the vice-director, was appointed to the position. At a previous meeting the chemist, bacteriologist, and entomologist were relieved of all class work in the college in order that they might devote their entire time to station work, and the Vjotanist and horticulturist was relieved to a great extent of station work on account of the heavy teaching duties. Ground has been broken for the erection of 602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. a new agricultural hall. The plans provide for a stone building 85 by 125 feet and three stories high. It is to provide laboratories and class rooms for the departments of agriculture, chemistry, zoology and entomology, botany and horticulture, and bacteriology. On the first floor will be a large stock judging room and the dairy department, while the attic is to be finished for the agricultural museum. The building, exclusive of fixtures, is to cost about $40,000. Porto Rico Statiox. — The heavy rains and trade winds damaged the experi- mental crops during the months of Deceml)er and January. The native crops are doing well, but most northern vegetables are seriously affected by fungus and insect pests. The "changa," a mole cricket, continues to damage all crops in spite of all remedies. It is much more destructive in sandy soils. Among the 80 or 90 experi- mental crops the following attract considerable attention from visitors: Arrowroot {Marania amndinacea) , ginger, llerenes (an excellent root crop), 3 kinds of true yams, tropical varieties of sweet potatoes, 7 varieties of "yautia" (the Hawaiian "taro"), Spanish peanuts, 4 kinds of cassava, the "teyote," teosinte, narcissi, hya- cinths, freesias, 5 varieties of Bermuda and Japanese lilies, and palms for the florists' trade. Annual Report of Office of Experiment Stations. — A new departure has been followed this year with reference to the various Congressional reports of the Oflace of Experiment Stations. These reports have been combined, and reports of other lines of work added, making an annual report of the Office for the year 1901, which has recently been transmitted to Congress. The volume includes the report of the Office on the work and expenditvires of the experiment stations, the separate reports of the stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, describing the progress of the former and the establishment and inauguration of work at the latter, and reports of the nutrition and the irrigation branches. The report as a whole makes a volume of upward of 400 pages, and is illustrated by 41 plates. It corresponds in a general ' way to the annual reports of the Bureau of Animal Industry and the Bureau of Soils, and has been suggested by the increased scope and diversity of interests of the Office, which now embrace eight quite distinct lines of work, each in charge of a separate oflicer. An edition of 6,000 copies has been requested, and it is planned to print separates of the different parts. BoTANiscHEs Cextralblatt. — The first number of this journal under the new management has appeared. The Association Intermitionale des Botanistes, organized at Geneva, August 8, 1901, which purchased all rights from the former editors, will issue the CentralUatt as formerly— the abstracts in a weekly periodical and original articles in the Beihefte. The new editor in chief is Dr. J. P. Lotzy, formerly of Johns Hopkins University, and later connected with the cinchona investigations at Tjibodas, Java. A board of 75 assistant editors from different countries is provided, who are to make especial efforts to abstract all botanical publications appearing in their countries. In this way it is hoped the reviews of literature will be made more com- plete and appear more promptly. The American editors and their specialties are: Drs. D. H. Campl)ell, Leland Stanford University, morphology; C. J. Chamlierlain, University of Chicago, cytology; D. T. MacDougal, New York Botanic Gorden, physiology; G. T. Moore, U. S. Department of Agriculture, alga?; D. P. Penhallow, McGill University, paleobotany; H. von Schrenk, Shaw School of Botany, fungi and vegetable pathology; and W. Trelease, Missouri Botanic Gardens, systematic phanerogams. In order that delay may be avoided in securing the publication of abstracts of American papers, authors are requested to send marked copies of their publications to the editor in charge of the subject treated, or where separates are not available, to call the appropriate editor's attention to the paper. The place of publication of the Centmlblatt has been changed from Berlin to Leyden, Holland. Personal mention. — Nature, for January 2, 1902, contains an unsigned article ou the life of Sir J. Henry Gilbert. The article mentions the fact that while a school- NOTES. 603 boy he met with n serious accident which practically cost him the loss of an eye, so that while " his )j:reat pluck enabled him to accomi)lish his life's work with little apparent hindrance, the disadvantaire of weak sight was very real." In-si)eaking of his traits the writer says: "He was an indefatigable worker and loved to accumulate an immense mass of results, frequently of a similar kind; and a reader of Rotham- sted papers is sometimes so overwhelmed by numerical statements that, to use. a familiar simile, ' he finds it difficult to see the wood for the trees.' . . . He enjoyed a very vigorous constitution, and continued actively at work up to the last year of liis life. Unfortunately, his disjiosition forbade his cooperation with any younger colfeague, and the institution at Rothamsted is now left without any apparent suc- cessor to its historic labors." Joseph A. Bulkeley, a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College, and recently experimentalist and assistant professor of agriculture at the Wagga Experimental Farm, Jsew South Wales, has been appointed manager of the experimental farm at Grafton, on the north coast of New South Wales. The farm is in embryo, and Mr. Bulkeley will have charge of organizing and inaugurating the work there. The farm comprises something over 2,000 acres, including soil of poor, medium, and good cjuality. The lines of work will deal chiefly with grasses and forage plants, with a view to establishing the dairy industry, and with the management and improvement of live stock. At the recent meeting of the American Society of Bacteriologists Prof. H. W. Conn, of Wesleyan University and the Connecticut Storrs Station, was elected president. A. P. Bryant, for several years assistant in the nutrition investigations of this Office at ^liddletown. Conn., has resigned his position to take u\-> work in food chemistry with the Glucose Sugar Refining Company of Chicago. He will enter upon his new duties early in March. The Paris Academy of Sciences has awarded the Lavoisier medal to Emil Fischer, of Berlin, for his work as a whole and especially that relating to the synthesis of sugars; the Bordin prize to Matruchot and Molliard for their researches on the influ- ence of the external conditions on the protoplasm and nucleus in i^lants; and the Montague prize to Maze for his researches on the mechanism of the fixation of nitro- gen by Leguminosa?. Science notes that Dr. William Somerville, late professor of agriculture at the Uni- versity of Cambridge, has been appointed assistant secretary of the British Board of Agriculture on the retirement of Sir Jacob Wilson. Dr. Somerville is succeeded by T. H. Middleton, formerly professor of agriculture in the Durham College of Science at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Prof. V. Kreusler, editor of Biedermanns Centralhkdt fiir Agrikultvrchemk', retired at the close of the past year, and has been succeeded by Prof. 0. Kellner, director of the ^h'k'kern Experiment Station, who was one the founders of the journal. MiscELLAXEors. — A new feature has been introduced in the Journal of tlie Royal Horticultural Society, which greatly enlarges the usefulness of that publication. It consists of notes on recent research work and short abstracts from current British and foreign periodical literature affecting horticultural and botanical science. The more important articles are reviewed at some length and placed under the heading of "Notes on recent research." In both the notes and the abstracts the material is arranged alphabetically under the name of the plant, insect, disease, etc., as far as the material will lend itself to such arrangement. It is proposed to review 55 of the more prominent horticultural, l)()tanical, and scientific journals of England, Conti- nental Europe, America, and other countries; and 82 members of the society have consented to help in this work. In this first attempt 14 pages of notes on recent research and 50 pages of abstracts are given. Floriculture and ornamental shrubs and plants are given especial attention, as well as the diseases and insect pests of plants. 604 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Articles on irrigation are also abstracted, as well as everything having a bearing on horticulture and botany. The Royal Agricultural Society of England has discontinued the publication of its Journal as a quarterly and will hereafter issue an annual in its place. The Handbook of Connecticut Agriculture, prepared by T. S. Gold, has been pub- lished by the State Board of Agriculture. The pamphlet contains about 100 pages with illustrations. Following a brief statement on the agriculture of the State and its progress are short accounts of the State and Storrs stations, the Connecticut Storrs College, the cattle industry of Connecticut, fruit growing, floriculture, seed growing, tobacco growing, and other industries. Science for January 17, 1902, prints an abstract of an open letter by B. E. Fernow, replying to severe criticism of the methods practiced by the Cornell College of Forestry in the management of its reserve in the Adirondacks. In his communica- tion Professor Fernow makes it plain that approved forestry methods are being practiced; that thus far 100 trees have been planted for every 4 trees cut, and that the criticisms are due to false rumors and an imperfect understanding of the true condition of the case. Sir William MacDonald has offered to the Government of Ontario $125,000, to be used in the erection of a building at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, with a view to giving instruction to school-teachers in the elements of nature study and domestic science. The British Board of Agriculture has appointed a committee to investigate braxy and louping ill of sheep, which are the cause of very great loss to the sheep-farming industry in Scotland. The members of the committee arroteid material in plants, A. Hettlingcr. 620 Poisonous ])roperties of compounds of nickel and cobalt, 11. Coupin 620 Poisonous properties of compounds of silver, mercury, gold, eti'., H. Coupin. . 621 On the toxic value of mercuric chlorid and its double salts, J. F. Clark 621 Digestive secretion of Nepenthes, Clautrian 621 The oxidases in higher plants, N. Passerini 621 Enzyms of fungi , P. Kohnstamm 621 Decomposition of glucosids by mold fungi, A. Prunstein 621 A text-book ( if | )lant physiology, D. T. ]\IacD( )Ugal 622 Southern wild flowers and trees, Alice Lounsberry 622 BACTERIOLOGY. Botanical descriptions of some soil bacteria, O. Gottheil 622 Notes on Vibrio de)iilriticiins, R. (J. Smith 623 Value of plating for determining l)aeteria in drinking water, W. C. C. Pakes. . 623 The soluble ferments or enzyms, E. O. Jordan 623 Agricultural bacteriology, H. W. Conn 623 METEOROLOGY. Monthly Weather Review, A^ol. XXIX, Nos. 7-9 623 Yukon weather, U. G. Myers 624 The Island of Porto Rico, J. L. Cline 624 Guide to the weather, R. Bornstein 625 Results of organized effort to prevent hail in Italy, F. Houdaille 625 Weather control, W. S. Franklin 625 Cannonading against hail storms, C. Abbe 625 Modern "weather shooting," J. M. Pernter 625 The third international hail congress 626 The hail protection congress, J. Dufour 626 Storms and hail, I. R. Plumandon 626 Clouds and their role in the formation of rain, C. Ritter 626 Practical experiments in frost protection, J. W. Freeman 626 A new field for kites in meteorology, A. L. Rotch 626 Use of kites in meteorological work 626 Instructions for voluntary observers 626 The Blue Hill meteorological observatory, F. Waldo 626 Work at station of agricultural climatology of Juvisy, 1900, C. Flammarion.. 627 Meterological observations, J. E. Ostrander, C. L. Rice, andH. L. Bodfish... 627 Meteorology, G. Ginestous 627 Meteorology, P. Boname 627 Weather Bureau exhibit, Pan-American Exposition, D. T. Maring 627 CONTENTS. Ill SOILS. Page. Alkali and alkali soils, W. II. Heileinaii 627 Toli'raiUT of alkali l>y various I'liltun's, H. II. LoiiL^tiridiro (j29 Tlu' relation of lime and nuiLMiesia to plant iirowtli, < ). Loew, and J). W. May. ()30 The iiitlnence of nioistnrc of soil on or, F. Kosohny 651 Tlie influence of darknt'ss (tn the development of flowers, N. Beulaygne 651 TuberouH-rooted begonias as l)edding ])lants, J. W. Withers 651 C'arn'ations; topjiing i)lants in the Held, A. M. Ilerr 651 JJenching carnations, C. W. Ward, J.. E. Marquisee, and J. Hartshorne 652 The intlnence of int-andest'ent lights on carnation culture 652 Carnation hybrids, Anielung 652 Ke« ent chrvsantheniuni literature, C. H. Payne 652 O'mrrdrUi sU'llainting with or immersing in tar oils, E. P. Schoch 656 SEEDS — -WEEDS. On the color and weight of red-clover seed, C. Fruwirth 656 Seed coats of angiosperms and gymnosperms and their develojjment, J. J. Attenia /. 656 Study of corneous endosperm of leguminous seed, M. Goret 656 The germination of seed plants, A. J. J. Vandevelde 656 On the action of formaldehyde on germination, R. Windisch 656 Germination of wheat treated with copper sulphate, E. Demoussy 657 Stimulating the gernunation of teak seed 657 Decif the passion fruit, N. A. Cobb 663 Violet rusts of North America, J. C. Arthur and E. W. D. Holway 663 Chrysanthemum rust, Chifflot 663 When to apply Bordeaux mixture, G. Quinn 664 A lime and soap fungicide, Mancheron 664 Crystallized and powdered copper sulphate, P. Pacottet and A. Lievre 664 ENTOMOLOGY. Some miscellaneous results of the work of the Division of Entomology 664 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 667 Insect record for 1900, C. M. Weed 667 Entomological work and notes for 1900, W. W. Froggatt 667 Report of the entomologist, W. W. Froggatt 668 Insects injurious to staple crops, E. D. Sanderson 668 The Colorado potato beetle, F. V. Theobald 668 The apple sawtly 668 Notes on Coccidfc 668 The currant-bud mite or currant-gall mite {Flti/tupfns ribis), R. Newstead 669 The fall army worm and variegated cutworm, F. H. Chittenden 670 The army woi'in ( Leucania unipunda ) , E. A. Ilolmberg 671 Combating army worms, A. L. Arribalzaga ' 671 Tent catterpillars 671 Killing cankerworms in California, H. G. Keesling 671 Insect enemies of the spruce in the Northeast, A. D. Hoi^kius 671 Locust extermination 672 Winter washing of fruit trees 673 Catalogue of the Tabanidse, C. Kertesz 673 Mosquitoes, L. O. Howard 673 The fight against mosquitoes, W. J. Matheson 673 Dipterous larvte as occasional parasites of man, K. Peiper 673 Egg-laying workers, C. Dadant 673 Armature of the prolegs of the silkworm, E. Verson 673 FOOnS — NUTRITION. Digestibility of butter and butter sul)stitutes, H. Wibbensand H. E. Huizenga. . . 673 Digestibility of raw, pasteurized, and cooked milk, C. F. Doane, T. M. Price.. 674 Principles of modern dietetics, etc., C. von Noorden 675 The value of aroma bacteria for the hygiene of meat, F. Glage 675 Meat ration in the Troi)ics, P. R. Egan 675 Rations during the China relief expedition 675 The effect of sulphur fumes on flour, F. B. Guthrie 675 Composition of flour, R. Hoagland 675 Annual Report of Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner, 1900, J. E. Blackburn. . 675 Decisions of Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture on pui"e-food act of 1895. . 675 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Concentrated feeding stuffs, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street 675 Wisconsin feeding stuff inspection law, W. A. Henry 676 A mechanical ration computer, W. J . Spillman ' 676 Steer feeding, (i. H. True 676 Report of grazing and feeding tests. Beef cattle and lambs, R. S. Shaw 676 Sheep-feeding experiments in Nel)raska (second experiment), E. A. Burnett.. 677 Beet molasses and molasses prejiarations for animal feeding, K. Gerland 678 Sheep-feeding experiments, J. Withvcoinlx' 679 Spelt vs. barley, E. C. Chilcott and" W, T. Thornl)er 679 CONTENTS. VII Page. Pig-feeding oxporinionts, J. With j'comlip (580 Soft pork; an iiive.stigution into its character and canses, F. T. Shutt G80 Kxi»erinu'nts onciicniical coniiiosition of animal fat, V. Henriques, C. Hansen.. 681 Feeding farm lionses, C. W. ]'>urkett 681 Saturated limewater for the preservation of eggs, F. T. fShutt 683 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Investigation in milk production, T. L. Haecker and E. "W. Major 683 Feeding experiments with dairy cows, J. F. Diiggar and R. W. Clark 684 Conti-il)ntion to (juestion of pro'titabilitv of dairv farming, C. Steinbruck 685 The dairy herd, G. H. True '. '. 685 Hygiene of cows during gestation, C. Bruner 685 Composition of tlie milk of cows at different stages of the milking, P. Hardy. . 685 Purification of milk by centrifugal separation, C. H. Eck^.es and S. E. Barnes. 686 Sterilization of milk with hydrogen peroxid, Harriette Chick 686 Further observations upon ropiness in milk and cream, A. R. Ward 686 A bacteriological study of the college creamery milk supply, C. H. Eckles 687 The source of milk supplv for towns and cities, A. W. Bitting 687 New York milk supplv, H. T>. Chapin 688 Pasteurized bottle milk, C. Knoch 688 The milk ' ' thermophore, ' ' L. Verney 688 The action of the milk thermophore, C. Hagemann 688 Calculation of creaming and watering in analysis of milk, Louise and Riquier. 688 The ripening of cream, H. W. Conn and W. M. Esten 688 A case of putrid butter, C. H. Eckles 689 Analyses of buttermilk, B. Boggild 689 An experiment with Tyrogen {Bacillus nobilis), E. von Freudenreich 690 Dairy industrv in Wisconsin, H. L. Russell 690 Swedish dairying, 1800-1900, G. Liljhagen 690 Dairying in France, PI. E. Alvord 690 Trade in dairy produce in the British West Indies, W. K. Morrison 690 Bibliography of milk, first supplement, 1900, H. de Rothschild 690 VETERINARY SCIENCE. Investigations on the theory of bacterial infection, A. Radziewsky 691 The physiology of the leucocytes, A. Lombard 691 Leucocyte formula in certain experimental infections, C. Achard and M.Loeper. 691 Immunizing bodies in the organism, J. Klimoff 691 The significance of salts for the germicide action of serum, Lingelsheim 691 The action of the essence of turpentine on virus, V. Gal tier 692 Italian publications in general pathology and anatomy, 1900, O. Barbacci 692 Serum diagnosis in tuI)erculosis, E. Romberg 692 Elimination of tuberculosis from the dairy herd at St. Helena, C. J. Pound . . 692 Tuberculosis in horses, Rabe 693 Anthrax infection, L. Heim 693 Exi)eriments on the curative acti< m of anthrax serum, A. Sclavo 693 A study of actinomycosis, V. E. Mertens 693 Treatment of milk fever by the method of Schmidt-Kolding, I. A. Filer 693 Treatmentof milk fever by intravenous injection of potassium iodid,W. Wessel. 693 Lungworms in a large herd, N. O. Larsen 694 Treatment of lung- worm disease of cattle, W. Wessel 694 ■ Lungworms in sheep and the successful treatment, Peters 694 Diagnosis of sheep seal), F. W. Garnett 694 Contributions to the study of Phopla.vua e<[ui, Lavaran 694 Contagious pneumonia, Butel 694 Intravenous protective inoculation against ])neumonia, Kriiger 695 Mallein injections in Bavaria, Kitt : 695 ()m))lialitis of colts, ( iott 695 Om])halitis in colts, H. Sohnle 695 Influence of atmospheric conditions on colic in horses, Chauvain 695 Filariasis of suspensory ligaments of the pastern joints in horses, .1. Pader 695 A peculiar skin disease, accoui])anie-anizcd at Weimar in 1888 for the purpose of securing uniformity in methods for control work; and this does not include all of the stations. The ao'ricultural stations and laboratories of Erance, of which there are 7(>, are under the general direction of an inspector-general, an officer of the Ministry of Agriculture. Prof. L. Grandeau has held this position since its creation in 1882. Austria has 10 stations, about one-third of which are of the grade of the control station. These are under the general control of the Ministry of Agriculture, which also issues an official publication {Zelt- schHft fur das landtoirthschaftliche Versuchswesen in Ocsterreich) con- taining reports and papers on various phases of the station work. In Great Britain it is difficult to determine what should be listed as stations, as man}' of the institutions were not established primaril}' for agricultural experimentation, ])ut have been subsidized by the board of agriculture for that purpose, or have taken up a certain amount of work which has an incidental bearing. The list enumerates about 30 agencies, including 12 institutions that may be regarded as stations, 10 institutions which are subsidized by the board of agriculture, and 7 botanic gardens. In India there are 10 experiment farms and plan- tations and 21 botanic and municipal gardens, besides a number of other agencies for the benefit of agriculture. Belgium has a S3"stem of 16 stations, 7 of which are analytical labo- ratories, all under the supervision of the Belgian Ministry of Agricul- ture. Hungary likewise has 16 stations, under the supervision of the central commission of experiment stations, which provides an organ for the publication of their work; and Italy has 15 stations and labo- ratories which receive a portion of their appropriation from the Gov- ernment, many of them also receiving funds from the province or municipality in which they are located and from local agricultural associations and chambers of commerce. A feature of the system in Australia, which includes 34 institutions, is the state farms. There are 16 of these scattered over the country, devoted for the most part to culture and similar experiments, demon- strations of good farming, the improvement of live stock, and similar work, but having no n^al scientific work connected with them. In the Netherlands there arc 7 stations, including a seed-control sta- tion and a laboratory of vegetable pathology, besides a system of experimental fields, 11 in number, conducted under the auspices o£ local agricultural and horticultural societies, but subsidized by the Government. Sweden has 26 stations, controlled and partially supported ))y the state department of agriculture, most of which are chemical and 608 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. seed-control stations. In addition there are 10 agricultural chemical stations, maintained by societies, which are in reality' laboratories for anah'sis and control. Norway has 11 stations, including several con- trol stations, all, with one or two exceptions, under the direct control of the department of agriculture; and Denmark has 10 stations, sev- eral of them being among the most liberally supported of the Euro- pean stations. In Japan there are 15, including 1) branch stations; in Switzerland a S3"stem of 10 stations, all under the control of the department of agriculture, except 1 for brewing; and in Spain 9 stations, 6 of which are oenological and viticultural and 1 for sericulture. These comprise the principal countries in which experiment stations and similar agencies are most active, with the exception of Canada and the United States. The full list, however, includes Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulg^iria, Brazil, Egypt, Java, Portugal, Roumania, and mau}^ minor countries and dependencies. The more we stud}^ the foreign experiment stations the more appai- ent it becomes that the American stations represent a distinct type of institutions, which are the product of their environment. Their exact prototype or counterpart is not found in any other country, either in scope, organization and management, or in relation to the farming community and the promotion of agriculture in general. The}- are an adaptation of the European stations to the conditions and requirements of this countr3\ As such they present many unique features; and familiarit}' with their general character makes a stud}' of the foreign systems the more interesting. The various agencies for agricultural experimentation and research in foreign countries ma}^ be classified in a general wa}' under six heads, i. e., (1) experiment stations proper, (2) special stations for particular crops or agricultural industries, (3) control stations and agricultural laboratories, (4) botanic stations and gardens, (5) experiment farms and demonstration fields, and (6) agencies for local or cooperative experiments. Among those of the first class there are l^ut few which correspond to the American stations in the breadth of their work and in their organization. To a quite large extent the foreign stations have devel- oped in the direction of some particular branch of agriculture, as agronomy, animal production, or dairying, although their field of operation is ))roader than that of the special stations. As a rule they are dominated bj- the infiuence of a single man, who is usually the director, and their energies are .bent toward the development of his theories of plant nutrition, or some phase of animal nutrition, or the like. With a few notable exceptions the individual stations do not embrace strong departments in plant production, the feeding of ani- EDITORIAL. 609 iiiul.v injurious insects ;uul diseases, with experts in these several lines, ludeeci, where we tind tliese diti'ercnt ])ranehes working- side 1)}' side, tliey ai'e usually broken up into as many separate stations, each with its own direetoi'. This is partl}^ a matter of tinances and larg-ely of eustom. The union of a number of dei)artments in a single station seems o})posed to the ruling system in Europe, and it is admitted that, as far as advanced work goes the European plan has much to com- mend it. The special stations are devoted to such subjects as tobacco, Hax, and cotton culture, moor culture, forestr}^, viticulture, wine making, brew- ing and distilling industries, milling, sugar and starch industries, indigo, sericulture, l)utterand cheese making, etc. A number of these special stations are found in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, Spain, and Switzerland. In some cases they are partially supported ])y governmenj; appropriation, while in others they are entirely under the control and maintenance of local organizations. The work of the control stations is generally understood. Man}'' of these undertake no investigations but contine themselves to the exami- nation of fertilizers, seeds, feeding stuffs, etc. The agricultural labo- ratories differ from the control stations in being esta])lished primarily for the convenience of farmers who desire anal3'ses made, and fre- quentW have no regular control duties. Systems of such agricultural laboratories are maintained in Belgium, France, Italy, and Sweden. The botanic stations and gardens, while frequently not established for the direct benefit of agriculture, render considerable incidental aid in the introduction and acclimatization of plants, distribution of seeds, etc., and a considerable numl)er of them have experimental fields con- nected with them, so that they have developed into stations comparable with man}' of the experiment stations. In Great Britain and France the botanic gardens constitute one of the features of the experiment station system. The Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, London, have connected or in cooperation with them a system of 102 Ijotanic gardens and stations distributed through Great Britain and its colonies. In a similar way there are affiliated with the Colonial Gardens at Vincen- nes, France, a system of 15 gardens and stations located in the various French dependencies. In many instances these gardens constitute the only agencies which have been provided in the newer countries, and their work is quite varied and impoi'tant to agricultural development. The experiment farms and demonstration fields are found quite extensively in Australia, New Zealand, India, the Netherlands, and Russia. In a number of countries where the station movement is new these farms and fields riipresent the initial step in agricultural experi- mentation. For instance, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Brazil, Bul- garia, and Paraguay a beginning has been made by the establishment 610 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. of a few experimental farms or fields, which for the most part are for the purpose of conducting- culture and demonstration experiments. Among the agencies for local and cooperative experiments various agricultural societies and organizations are prominent, which through their efforts alone or with the assistance of government funds provide for local trials or cooperative experiments of a quite simple order. Such experiments are carried on quite extensively under the county- council S3"stem of England and under the department of agriculture in Ireland. The most extensive series of cooperative experiments which have been brought to light, and they do not belong to the class mentioned above, are those in feeding dairy cows in Denmark, which were begun by Professor Fjord in 1872 and are still being carried on by the labo- ratory of the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College at Copenha- gen. The same institution also has charge of the butter exhibitions, which in a sense are cooperative. These exhibitions entail an annual expenditure of about $17,000, but they have been instrumental in improving the average quality of the butter and developing a large export trade. The systems of management and sources of revenue of the foreign stations present a great variety of conditions. In the majorit}^ of countries there is a central directing or supervisory agency, by which the government funds are administered. This central control is quite general in Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, British West Indies, France, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland. In these countries the administrative agencies are the state departments or ministries of agriculture. In parts of Australia, notably in New South Wales, and in New Zealand this system also prevails. In Den- mark, the Government directs many of the agencies for the promotion of agriculture through the Royal Danish iVgricultural Societ}'; in Hol- land the stations are under the general management of a committee appointed by the Crown, and in Russia they are in part under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture. In Great Britain there can not be said to be any centralizing authority further than that exerted by the board of agriculture, which distributes grants, and the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. In Germany there is no central authority for the stations of the whole Empire. The Prussian stations are affiliated with the Ministr}^ of Agriculture, Domains, and Forestry, but there can not be said to exist in Germany any central administra- tive authority in the sense that there is in France, Belgium, Hungary, and other countries. Taken as a whole the foreign experiment stations are working in the main independently of one another, there being very little coopera- tion among the stations of any country or with the central department EDITORIAL. 611 of agriculture. This cooperation, which is becoming so extensive in the ITnitod States, nia}' be regarded as one of the characteristic fea- tures of our station system. The information ol)tained regarding the revenue of the foreign sta tions is quite fragmentary. A large number of the stations have no fixed or separate revenue. Many of them are operated in connection with other institutions, while others are maintained jointly by gov- ernment and local appropriations, together with fees for analysis, some agricultural society supplying the deficit. In most of the con- trol stations and laboratories small fees are charged, and in many cases these constitute quite a large proportion of the revenue of the station. In a large number of instances the total income reported amounts to only a few hundred dollars, but in such cases the station or labora- tory is usually connected with some other institution which probably pays the salaries of the employees. A number of the German and Austrian stations have quite liberal funds for maintenance. For example, the station for moor culture at Bremen received about $16,000 in 1900, the experiment station at Vienna over $20,000, and the Halle station over $30,000, while the moor experiment station in Denmark for several years past has expended over $70,000 annually. The latter is conducted by the Danish Heath Society, which carries on two large demonstration fields and about 40 small fields. While a number of the German stations receive as high as $15,000 a year from various sources, an income of over $5,000 a year is rather the exception than the rule for European stations, and there are large numbers whose income amounts to only $2,000 or $3,000. These stations, however, are usually at no expense for buildings or for printing, the publication of their work in periodicals often being a small source of revenue; and as their fields are quite restricted in area the expense for labor is reduced to a minimum. By the exercise of rigid economy, and confining their efforts to a few specific lines of work, many of these stations have accomplished a surprising amount of high-grade work, which has contributed materially to the sum of human knowledge in the field of agricultural science. 18265— No. 7 2 NEW AGRICULTURAL BUILDING AT PURDUE UNIVERSITY. The new building for the School of Agriculture of Purdue Univ^er- sity, as provided for in the legislature of 1901 l\v an appropriation of $60,000, will be a worthy and substantial addition to the equipment of the institution. The structure, which is already under roof, is 65 b}'^ 165 feet in out- side dimensions, and 2 stories in height above a working basement. The materials are Bedford stone and pressed brick of a light terra- cotta shade. In appearance the building is plain, but dignified. It will contain, with one or two exceptions, all of the offices, class rooms and laboratories of the School of Agriculture. The construction of the building is of the most substantial char- acter; the heating and ventilation will be provided for by a system of forced circulation, and a ver)^ notable feature of the edifice is the provision for well-lighted class rooms and laboratories, made by the large amount of window space. Both gas and electric lights will be used. One-half of the basement is devoted to the dairy laboratories, including separator, testing, curing, and home-dair\r rooms; constant- temperature rooms for cheese curing and storage, and refrigerating apparatus. Laboratories for the study of soil physics and horticulture occupy the remainder of this story. On the first floor are class rooms for dairy and live-stock hus- bandry, and laboratories for agricultural physics, economic botany and entomology, together with the offices of the instructors. The second story contains the laboratories, collections, and class rooms for veterinar}^ science, one or two general class rooms, the agricul- tural museum, and a handsome lecture hall with seating capacity for about three hundred persons. The plan and general character of the building are generally com- mended, and it is expected that its completion will contribute very largely to the efficiency and popularity of the school. 612 Experiment Station Record, Vol. 13, No. 7. Plate I. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. The indirect weighing of quantitative precipitates. A rapid and accurate method for determining the weight of a precipitate without separating it from the liquid from which it was precipitated, R. W. Tiiatciiek {Jour. Ainer. Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 9, pp. 644-668). — The author (li8cu,sses at some length the method of determining the weight of a precipitate without separating it from the sohition, and cites a number of examples of the application of the method to solu- tions of chemical salts- and reducing sugars. The method is based on the fact that the weight of any substance is equal to its specific gravity multiplied by its volume, and, conversely, that the volume of any substance is equal to its weight divided by its specific gravity. "Briefly stated, the principle upon which this new method for determining the weight of quantitative precipitates is based is that if the weight of a definite volume of a mixture of two substances whose specific gravities are known be determined, the proportion of each which is present in the mixture may be cal- culated." While the investigation of this method is not complete, the author believes the results indicate that it is applicable in gravimetric analyses, being of easy manipula- tion and shortening the time required for the determination. Simplification of the method of determining phosphoric acid as phospho- molybdic anhydrid according to Meineke-Woy; studies on methods of obtaining a pure precipitate of ammonium phosphomolybdate by means of molybdic solution containing citric acid; the transformation of the molybdic-magnesia method into a strictly molybdic method by the use of the Wagner-Stutzer molybdic solution, A. Sevda {Chem. Ztg., J5 {1901), No. 72, jtp. 759-768).— Th\» article briefly reviews the work of Meineke (E. S. R., 8, p. 100), Woy (E. S. R., 9, pp. 321, 723), Wagner \ Stutzer"'', and others, and reports in detail the results of tests of the accuracy of the molybdic method under a variety of conditions. In summing up the results the author states that the only error in the method of determining phosphoric acid by precipitation as phosphomolyl)dic anhy- drid is the sinuiltant'ous separation of free molybdic acid, and that this error can not be overcome with absolute certainty Ijy a single precipitation, using an excess of the molybS;nhs. in ('hem. Ztjj., :25 {1901), Xo. 5S, Repert., p. 208). — The methods proposed for the analysis of substances containing from 5 to 10 percent of iron associated with small percentages of lime, magnesia, and phosphoric acid are as follows: For the determination of lime, neutralize a portion of the nitric or hydrochloric acid solu- tion freed from silica, corresponding to 2 to 5 gm. of the substance, with ammonia to the verge of precipitation, and add a few drops of acetic acid, about 20 times the amount of ammonium oxalate required to precipitate the lime, and a little more ammonia. The operation is completed in the usual way. For the determination of magnesia use an aliquot of the solution corresponding to the same amount of sub- stance, and for each 50 cc. of the solution add 70 cc. of Petermann's ammonium citrate solution, 10 cc. of saturated sodium phosphate solution, and 20 cc. of ammonia, and proceed as usual. For the determination of phosphoric acid use ammonium molyb- date to which 20 drops of ammonium citrate solution has been added to prevent the separation of molybdic acid. Dissolve the ammonium phosphomolybdate in ammonia and reprecipitate with dilute nitric acid in a warm solution. Dry at 100° C. and weigh. One hundred parts of the precipitate correspond to 3.75 parts of phosphoric acid. Estimation of magnesium by organic bases, W. Herz and K. Drucker {ZAschr. Anorgan. Chem., 26 {1901), j^Ji- S47-S49; aim. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londoni, 80 {1901), No. 46S, II, p. 348). — The method of estimating zinc by precipitation with dimethylamin is applicable to magnesium, giving accurate results. Magnesium salts are also completely precipitated by a solution of free guanidin. This method is especially recommended in the estimation of magnesium in the presence of alkalis and in the analysis of mixed silicates containing magnesium. The determination of potash, O. ScnuMM {Ztschr. Analyt. Chem., 40 {1901), pp. 385-389; ((/. A>fmc. Beige Chim., 15 {1901), No. 1, pp. 23-25; ah.'<. in Bui. Soe. Chim. J'ari.'i, :!. i^er., 25 {1901), No. 13, p. 703). A method for the determination of the availability of organic nitrogen in commercial fertilizers, J. P. Street {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 5, pp. 330-338). — The following method is proposed: To an amount of substance equiva- lent to 0.075 gm. of nitrogen in a 300 cc. Erlenmeyer flask add 100 cc. of neutral 1.6 per cent potassium permanganate and digest the mixture on a steam l)ath for 20 minutes with occasional shaking, filter and wash with 125 to 150 cc. of water, and determine nitrogen in the undissolved residue by the ordinary Kjeldahl process. The results of a large number of tests of widely differing fertilizci-s sliow that this method places them in al)out the same rank as that assigned by vegetation tests and agricultural experience. 616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the compounds formed in the process of determining nitrogen accord- ing to Kjeldahl, V. Andrlik ( VMriik III Sjrzdu. Vfslr. Pfir. IJk I'raze, 1901, p. 290; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 60, Reperi., p. 221). — It is claimed that in the Kjeldahl method not all of the nitrogen is transformed into ammonia, but a portion remains as amin. This was found to be especially true in case of sugar-beet products which contain betain. Determination of nitrogen in nitrates by the Schulze-Tiemann method, V. Stanek {Bijhm. Ztschr. Zuckerind., 25 {1901), No. 7, pp. 356-358; ahs. in Joiir. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1.901) , No. 5, p. 506, fig. 1). — In the Schulze-Tiemann method the nitric oxid is collected in a graduated tube over dilute alkali solution and the tube is then transferred to a tall cylinder filled with recently boiled water and after a time the volume and temperature of the gas are read off. The author has devised an apparatus that avoids the transfer of the measuring tube containing the nitrit- oxid. This apparatus is figured and described. On the determination of nitrates in potable waters with brucin and crys- tallized formic acid, E. Cazeneuve and H. Defournel {Bui. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 25 {1901), No. 12, jjp. 639, 640). — The method proposed is as follows: When the water contains only a trace of nitrate evaporate 1 liter to dryness, take up the residue in 20 cc. of distilled water, and evaporate to dryness again with 0. 05 gm. of brucin in a small shalloAV dish, remove the dish from the water bath, and while still hot add a few drops of concentrated formic acid and a little distilled water. A yellow coloration appears, which, after standing 12 hours, is, on the addition of a small quantity of hydrogen peroxid, changed to a rose color. By this means one part of nitrate in 100,000 parts of water may be detected. Quantitative determina- tions may be made by the colorimetric method. On the occurrence of free iodin in nitrate of soda, F. W. Dafert and A. Halla {Zhrhr. Lundw. Vermclmr. OcMerr., 4 {1901) , No. 6, pp. 732-734).— U is stated that free iodin is found in certain samples of sodium nitrate, resulting from the decomposition of iodates present. A rapid method for the determination of arsenious oxid in Paris green, S. Avery and H. T. Beans (./(>»/•. Anur. Clinn. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 7, pp. 485, 486).— The authors offer the following rapid and accurate method for determining the arsenic in Paris green: The sample is pulverized in an agate mortar and 0.2 to 0.3 gm. placed in a beaker of about 300 cc. capacity. About 25 cc. of water is added, and concentrated hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, with constant stirring until the green suspended is in solution; from (> to 10 drops are usually sutlicient. Sodium carbonate solution is then added until a slight permanent jn-ecipitate is formed and at this point 2 to 3 gms. of sodium potassium tartrate in solution added. The tartrate will inmiediately dissolve the precipitated copper and prevent further precipitation during the su))sequent titration. The whole is diluted to al)out 200 cc, solid sodium bicarbonate and starch solution added, and titrated with iodin in the usual manner. The operation requires about 10 minutes. The end reaction is sharp and is not obscured in the least by the blue color of the solution. On the elimination and quantitative estimation of water in oils, fats, and waxes, C.B.Davis {Jour. Anwr. Clion. Soc, 23 {1901) , No. 7, pp. 487,488).— In order to avoid loss by foaming and sputtering in drying oils, fats, and waxes, the authors propose the following method: A coil of thick filter paper is placed in a wide- mouthed weighing bottle and dried to constant weigiit. As much of the oil, fat, or wax is introduc'cd as will l)e absorbed by the filter paper, the whole weighed, dried to constant weight, and again weighed. Use of amyl alcohol in the analysis of fats, G. Halphen {Avn. Clii)ii. Analyt. 6 {1901), pp. 133-135; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 80 {1901), No. 463, II, p. 359). — The following method is given as being rapid and sufficiently accurate for commercial purposes in estimating nonsaponitiable matter in fats: To 5 or 10 gms. CHEMISTRY. 617 of the fat, dissolved in 10 volumes of carbon I )isulphid, twice as much concentrated sulphuric acid as the fat is added drop by drop, with shaking;, to avoid rise of temper- ature. The whole is rinsed into a sei)arati)ry funnel, the lower layer run (Uit, the upper one sliaken with a little animal charcoal to remove tar and traces of acid, then filtered, distilled, and the residue weij^hed. A new reaction of saccharin, A. Leys {Compt. Rend. AnuL Sci. PariK, 132 {1901), No. 17, pp. lor>G-10r>S; (tb.'<. In Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), No. 6, p. 622).— This colcr reaction with saccharin is given when even very dilute solutions are treated with dilute copper sulphate or ferric chlorid and hydrogen peroxid. Five cc. of the solu- tion containing saccharin, treated with 2 drops of ferric chlorid and 2 cc. of hydrogen peroxid diluted, gixes a violet color in 30 or 35 minutes. This reaction may be used for determining the presence of saccharin in milk and in butter. The milk is treated with potassium bisulphate and absolute alcohol and the clear liquid filtered from the precipitated casein and fat. This licjuid is then shaken with ether, evaporated, dried, taken up with Ijoiling water, cooled, and tasted. If sweet, examine for saccharin as above. Butter is dissolved in equal volumes of chloroform and alcohol, water added, and shaken. The separated chloroform retains the fats; tlie aqueous-alcoholic solution the saccharin. The latter is tested as descrilied. Clarification of lovr-grade molasses for polarization, H. C. Laurence {Beet Sugar Gaz., 3 {1901), No. 5, pp. 109, 110). — In the laboratory of the Los Alamitos Sugar Company experiments were made of using permanganate of potash in clarify- ing sugar solutions. After clarifying with lead subacetate tlie filtrates when dark w'ere treated with a few crystals of permanganate of j^otash and again filtered, result- ing in a brigiit and much clearer filtrate. In order to test the correctness of this addition 50 cc. portions of the same samples were placed in 200 cc. flasks and treated with a slight excess of lead solution. After 10 minutes 50 cc. of a strong perman- ganate solution was added, the whole allowed to stand long enough for the air bub- bles to escape, brought to the mark, filtered, and polarized. The polarizations were made with ease, and agreed with those'obtained with the lead solution alone. The filtrates from the lead alone were dark and hard to read; those from the ijerman- ganate were colorless as water. These results were verified by A. M. Masser, chemist of the Wolverine C'ompany, who also found the method ajjplicable to carmelized sugar. The action of carbonic acid in sugar solutions saturated with lime, J. Weisbekg {Ihd. .Uxor. Clmn. Sun: et DhtilL, IS {1901), No. 7, pp. 457-4'J2) .—The products formed in adding carbonic aciid to precipitate the lime in the carbonation process in sugar making are described and discussed. In passing carbonic acid into a sugar juice containing lime the alkalinity as denoted by phenolphthalein continues to fall, while the polarization of the filtered juice falls and then rises again to the original value. At the lowest j^oint of polarization there is the greatest thickening of the liquid, the slowest rate of filtering, and this is the j)oint at which the decol- oration of the juice begins. Estimation of sugar in vinous products, A. Bernard {Ann. Clilm. Analyt., 6 {1901),pj>.S!i-9:'>; le ])r()ducts, with some reference to its source. Improvement of Kiister's hydrogen sulphid apparatus, CI. Fkerichs {Arcli. Phurm., 2S9 {1901), pp. 118-121; ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Sor. [London'], SO {1901), No. 468, II,p. 811). — Kiister's apparatus (E. S. R., 5, p. 728) has the disadvantage that a good deal of acid enters before the steady evolution of gas begins. The author obviates this difficulty by placing a small vessel with a valve to admit air between the large reservoir of atud and the bottle of sulphid. This small vessel is tilled from the reser- voir and then connected with the sulphid bottle. Areometer for use with the Reichert-Meissl determination, INI. J. Vander- PLANCKEN {liul. Asmc. Behjfi Chim., 15 {1901), No. 4-5, pp. 176, 177). — A description of an instrument to be used in determining the Reichert-Meissl number is given and its advantages are set forth. A modification of the Landsberger apparatus for determining the boiling point, C. N. Ruber {Ber. Dent. Chcm. (icsell., 34 {1901), p. 1060; s. in .Tour. Roy. Micros. >Soc. ^London}, 1901, No. 3, p. 290). — The result of a series of observations on the digestive properties found in the urns of Nepenthes are given. Owing to the comparative scarcity of small insects no great numbers were entrapped. The bodies of those that were captured were found more or less completely digested, and, according to the author's experiments, bacteria had no part in the digestion. The fluid in the urns is ordinarily neutral to reagents, but upon shaking or introduc- ing any foreign sulistance it becomes acid. The digestive ferment present is consid- ered to be zymase, which is regarded as a pepsin rather than a trypsin. The oxidases in higher plants, N. Passerini [Ahs. in Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 6, p. 302). — The author has made a study of the diffusion and localization of oxidases among the higher plants, as shown by the well-known reactions for diastases, such as hydroquinone, pyrogallic acid, and tincture of quaiacum. He found that oxidases are widely distributed among plants, the Solanacete, Labiatpe, Composita?, and Uinbelliferffi containing them in considerable abundance. Diastases are most noticeable in the roots of plants, and rarely in the leaves. When present in the leaves it is most often localized along the veins. The pistils and filaments of the stamens are richest in oxidases of the tiowering organs. They are also localized in the pericarp of the fruits. Seeds in the process of formation contain oxidases, but they disai)i>ear with their ripening. Aquatic plants do not seem to contain oxidases. Enzyms of fungi, P. Kohnstamm {BoL Centbl. Beihefte, 10 {1901), pp. 90-121; aba. in .Tour. Roij. Micros. Soc. \_London], 1901, No. 3, p. 308). — An extensive study has been made with enzyms which attack starch, glucosids, proteids, and cellulose in those fungi which are noted for destroying wood, especially in Agarirus melleus, ATernlins hichrnnuinr, and Poli/jxiriis .^(jiKiniosus. The mode of treatment is described at length and the results summarized. From the 8 fungi enumerated a starch- destroying enzym (amylase) was obtained which apparently is identical with the diastaticenzym of malt. It was found most abundant in Poh/jjorits .^trpuanosiis. Emul- sin, a glucosid ferment, was found in .^f. lafhri/nians and /•*. sqiuimosKs, but not in .1. melleus. A proteolytic enzym was found in small quantity in A. melleus, and more abundantly in the others. In M. lachrymans a cellulose-decomposing enzym was found, and it was established that these various ferments may act sinmltaneously. The ferments were found only in the receptacli' of /*. .^(/udmosus, while the mycelium of M. Idchri/iniins also containeil these sul)stanc('s. Decomposition of glucosids by mold fungi, A. IiurxsTKiN {Bol. Centhl., Beihefte, 10 {1901), p]>. 1-50; ahs. in .Tour. Roi/. Micros. Soc. [London], 1901, No. 3, p. 310). — A series of exi)eriments are reported on the decomposition of different 622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. glucosids by species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, and other fungi. It appears that the glucosids employed have very different values for the nutrition of the fungi. In all cases the glucosid is split up into glucose and a benzol derivative. None of the media containing glucosids gave as good growth as those free from them, and some of them produced substances prejudicial to the grov^^th of the organism. A text-book of plant physiclog-y, I). T. MacDouc4al {Neiv York: Longmans, Green d- Co., 1!)01, pp. XIV^352, figs. 159). — This book, oy the director of the labo- ratories of the New York Botanical (harden, is an important addition to the text- books which have recently appeared for secondary schools and laboratory guides. An attempt is made to place before the student a method whereby a working knowl- edge of the physiological activities of the plant may be acquired. This entails a study of the functions and properties of the organism in connection with the agen- cies and forces which influence plant life. The first part of the book is devoted to the consideration of forms of irritability as exhibited by typical organisms, while the second part is taken up with a study of the various phases of plant activity. The discussion of the principles is acconlpanied with directions for practical demonstra- tions, the purpose of the author being to j^resent practical directions for the demon- stration of the principal physiological phenomena of the plant as well as the details of methods requisite to research work. Numerous references are given to the literature of the subject, but no attempt is made to make the bibliography exhaustive, only the more important recent publica- tions or those which treat of phases of plant life not touched upon in the present work being cited. Southern wild flowers and trees, Alice Lounsberry {New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co., 1901, pp. XV ^570, pis. 177, figs. 50). — This book treats in a popular way of the wild flowers and trees of the Southern States, and is the first work of the kind adapted to that large and interesting region. The text is simply written, and the order of arrangement is that adopted by many of the more recent writers in begin- ning with those flowers which are structurally simi)le and progressing to the more complex. In compiling this work the author has given a selected list of more than 1,000 species of plants, the system of names adopted being for the most part that of the so-called Rochester code. Simple keys have been prepared for the plant families and technical terms, so far as consistent with clearness, have been omitted. For such technit'al terms as are used an illustrated glossary is provided. A special attempt has been made to give something of the history, folk lore, and uses of the southern plants, and their distribution, habits, and surroundings are described in a pleasing style. The illustrations, many of which are colored and all prepared especially for this work, are of a very excellent character, and portray the plants with marked fidelity. BACTERIOLOGY. Botanical descriptions of some soil bacteria, O. Gottheil {Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abl., 7 (1901), Nos. IJ, pp. 4S0-435; 13, pp. 449-465;. U, PP- 4S1-497; 15, pp. 529- 544; 16, pp. 582-591; 17-18, pp. 627-637; 19, pp. 680-691; 20, pp. 717-730, pis. 4).— Attention is called to the difficulty met with in the specific determination of species of soil bacteria, and suggestions are given for a uniform method of description. This embraces not only the morphological characteristics of the organisms, but also their behavior in a large number of media under different conditions. In addition, about a dozen species are described, as follows: Bacillus ruminatus, B. iumescens, B. graveo- lens, B. petasites, B. ellenbachensis, B. mycoides, B. subtilis, B. pumilus, B. simplex, B. cohierens, B. curolarum, B. fiisiformis, and B. asterosporus. All of these species were found, probably as saprophytes, upon the underground parts of plants, many of which are of economic importance. A list of about 50 works, relating to the sys- tematic and diagnostic descriptions of species of bacteria, completes the i)aper. METEOKOLl. Buki. u. Par., 2. Abl., 7 {1901), No. 11, pj). oS6-391). — The conclusion is drawn that j)lating upon ordinary gelatin, whether made with distilled or tap water, is no necessary criterion of the number of bacteria present, and so far as possible gelatin should be made without meat extractives with the water to be examined or with a sample of water of the same mineral constitution. The soluble ferments or enzyms, E. O. Jordan {Pop. Sd. Mo., 59 {1901) , No. 5, pp. 497-503). — The author popularly describes various enzyms, grouping them according to their action upon sugar, proteids, etc. Agricultural bacteriology, H. W. Conn {Philadelphia: P. Blaklston's Sons & Co., 1901, p}>. 41'~, fi.2° on ]\hiy 2, 1901, and 93° was recorded April 25, 1900; the lowest was 65°, December 26, 1S99. The temperatures at San Juan, the only station mentioning continuous self- registers, range generally from 65 to 89° during January, February, March, Novemlier, and December, and from 66 to 93° during the other months of the year. "January, February, and March are the driest months, and during this period the rainfall is less than 3 in. per month. The greatest monthly rainfall occurs in Octo- ber and November, 1)ut the so-called wet season generally commences in April and continues into Decemljer. Droughts, very destructive to vegetation, are noted in some years. The average annual rainfall at San Juan is 54.5 in., while at Hacienda Perla, a station in the northeast part of the island, on El Yunque, it is 133.93 in. The greatest annual rainfall at San Juan, from a record of 25 years, was 82.66 in. in 1878, and the least was 36.64 in. in 1893. The greatest monthly rainfall was 17.66 in. in December, 1893, and the least was 0.24 in. in February, 1896." Guide to the weather, R. Bornstein (Leitfaden der Wetterkunde. Brnnsvnck: Fricdrrirh Viciirg it- Son, 1901, pp. VIII^lSl, pb. 17, fgs.5^). — A popular elementary well-illustrated treatise on meteorology, written, however, almost exclusively from the (ierman standpoint. The general principles involved, the methods and instru- ments used, and the main facts known are explained. The book also includes a somewhat full explanation of the principles ui)on which forecasts are made, the results of recent balloon observations, and an account of various weather services of the world. A reference list of 206 works consulted in the preparation of the book is given. The results obtained in the organized effort to prevent hail in Italy during- the years 1899 and 1900, F. Hoidaiij.e {Ann. Eculc Xitl. Agr. Moiit- peUler, n. ncr., 1 ( 1901), No. 2, pp. 109-119). — This is a report of observations made by the author during the summer of 1900 at the direction of the Minister of Agriculture of France. The various stations visited and the ap})aratus used are descri])ed, and the efHciency of the method and the conditions under which it may be applied with advantage in France are discussed. It is stated that the efficiency of the method, despite certain local failures, appears to be established, the principal practi- cal difficulty encountered being that of securing energetic agitation of the air at a sufficient height to reach all hail clouds. The author recommends the establishment of an experiment station in France, like the one already in operation in Italy, to test matei-iuls and apparatus and to study the meteorological questions involved. Weather control, W. S. Franklin [Science, n. ser., 14 {1901), No. 352, pp. 496, 497). — The artii-le explains the very small force necessary to cause the falling down or collai)sing of unstable states of the atmosphere and how "the trend of the collapse could be controlled, not only by choice of time and place of starting the collapse, but also l)y starting independent collapses at other times and places. ... It is hard to think of a better means of starting a collapse of an unstable atmosphere than the smoke ring cannon of Burgomaster Stiger. ... It seems to be within the range of possiV)ility that Stiger's cannon may be a means for controlling all kinds of storm movements." Cannonading- against hail storms, C. Abbe {Science, n. .scr., 14 {1901), No. 858, p. 738). — A reply to the article by W. S. Franklin noted above. " The popular faith in cannonading that seems to i)revail among the peasantry of southern Europe is a craze that has no scientific basis whatever. . . . Thus far there has not been reported a single case where cannonading has been logically demonstrated to have been effectual. Modern "weather shooting," J. M. Pernter {I)as moderne Wetterschiessen. Sep. 626 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. from Die KuUur puhlished by Oesterr. Landw. Gesell. Stuttgart and Vienna: J. Roth, 1901, i>p. 16) . — The history of this method of preventing hail is reviewed, as well as the arguments for and against it. The author concludes that it is possible that cannonading may have an influence in preventing hail. The tliird international liail congress {Grele, 2 {1901), No. 12, pp. 10-12).— K brief account is given of the hail congress held at Lyons, November 15, 16, and 17, 1901. It is reported that 1,800 delegates were present at the opening session, representing France, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Germany, Austria, Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey, Russia, and Argentina, and including government officials, viticulturists, and scientists. The French Ministry of Agriculture was represented by the Subdirector of Agricul- ture. Resolutions adopted by the congress state that after considering the results obtained during 1901 in Austria, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, Spain, Ruf iia, and France, it is believed that means of protection against hail merit the attention and study of scientific men and are worthy of trial by agriculturists, and that the method of cannonading has given satisfactory results when properly organized and carried out with sufficient care and vigilance and on not too large a scale. The precautions to be observed to insure success are explained in some detail. The hail protection congress, J. Dufour {Citron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 14 {1901), Nos. 22, pp. 559-566; 23, pp. 594-600). — This is a brief account of the congress held at Lyons in November of the past year and the text of a paper on protection against hail in Switzerland, presented to the congress by the author. It is stated that the results reported to this congress were encouraging in certain cases but doubtful in many others. The cases of unsuccessful trials of the cannonading method have been quite numerous, especially in Italy. Some of these have been ascribed to insuffi- ciency of the cannonading, but others have not been satisfactorily explained. Storms and hail, I. R. Plumandon {Les orages et la grele. Paris: Masson & Co., 1901, pp. 190). Clouds and their role in the formation of rain, C. Ritter {Ann. Soc. Meteor. France, 49 {1901), pp. 187-141, 20.3-234). Practical experiments in frost protection, J. W. Freeman {California Cult., 17 {1901), No. 24, p. 374). — An account is given of an experiment with smudges to pro- tect lemon orchards from frost. The bottoms of the smudge baskets used were cov- ered with dry eucalyptus or palm leaves sprinkled with melted resin mixed with kerosene to the consistency of molasses. A few pieces of kindling were also dipped in this mixture and placed in the basket, followed by untreated kindling. The basket was then filled with coal with the small lumps at the bottom. It is stated that with one basket to 2 trees the temperature of the atmosphere was raised at least 4° in from 4 to 6 hours.' A new field for kites in meteorology, A. L. Rotch {Science, n. ser., 14 {1901), No. 350, pp. 412, 413). — This article suggests installing kites on steamships so that observations may be made in calm weather and over the surface of the ocean. A successful trial of this method is ivported. Use of kites in "leteorological work {Jour. Franklin Inst., 153 {1901), No. 4, pp. 313, 314).— ^yM note. Instructions for voluntary observers {U. S. De/il. Agr., Weather Bureau Doc. 250, pp. 27, pi. 1, figs. 9). — This is the second edition of this pamphlet, the object of which is to furnish voluntary observers of the Weather Bureau with ' ' brief instruc- tions for their guidance in taking and recording observations, more especially on temperature and rainfall." The Blue Hill meteorological observatory, F. Waldo {Pop. Sci. Mo., 59 {1901), No. 3, pp. 290-304, figs. 11). — An account of the organization, equipment, and lines of work of this institution, especial attention being given to the subject of the study of the upper atmosphere l)y means of kites, a line of observation in which this observatory was the pioneer and which "has been pushed with such success SOILS. 627 that records of atmospheric pressure, temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity have Iwen secured by means of kites up to a height of 1 5,800 ft. above the sea." Work at the station of agricultural climatology of Juvisy during the year 1900, C. Flam.makion {Bui. Mln. Ayr. IFmncc], .JO {1901}, No. S, pp. 497-511, Jigs. 10). — This is an account of observations on temperature of the air and of the soil at tlifferent depths, tlie relations between sun spots and temperature, atmospheric pressure, thiration of sunshine and solar radiation, rainfall, and underground water in continuation of the work of previous years (E. S. R., 12, p. 918). Summaries cov- ering not only the year 1900, but also long periods prior to that year, are given. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander, C. L. Rice, and H. L. Bodfish {M(tils. 4)- — This is reprinted from Monthly Weather Review, June, 1901. SOILS. Alkali and alkali soils, W. H. Heilejian ( Washington Sta. Bui. 49, pp. 35, figs. 3). — The general results of a preliminary studj^ of the alkali conditions in the Kit- titas and Yakima valleys are reported. This includes investigation of the origin, nature, and distribution of the alkali, of its effects in the soil, and preventive and remedial measures. The Kittitas Valley lies a little south of the central part of the State. It "is inclosed almost entirely by basaltic and drift ridges of variable elevation and with romided general appearance. The ridges along the sides and southern end of the valley are composed largely of basalt rock and debris, while the lower uplifts on the northern side of the valley are composed largely of gravel drift which reach far into the valley southward. Back of these deposits on the north are higher elefations composed of volcanic ash and basalt rock. . . . " The immediate surface soil of this valley varies somewhat as to texture and origin, though taken generally the soil of the cultivated portions of the valley is composed largely of disintegrated basalt. In some parts of the valley the basalt soil is inter- mixed with sand and gravel, and again other sections of the surface are covered with sandy or gravelly soils almost entirely. The floor of the valley is of sedimen- tary origin, as is indicated by the deposits of water-worn gravels and bowlders. These dei)osits extend many feet in depth in the bed of the valley as has been found by prospects made for artesian water. The presence of lava or volcanic ash soil is perhaps due to the fact that much of such material was deposited during the period in which the other sedimentary deposits were being placed, and also to tlie fact that the present surroundings of the valley have had an influence upon the immediate surface soil of the valley." The Yakima River Hows through the valley and is the source of supply for irriga- tion, which is a necessity in this part of the State. Analyses of the water of this river at a time when it was carrying its largest amount of sediment, as compared 18265— No. 7 3 628 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED. with similar analyses of the water of the Columbia and Snake rivers, indicate that the water used for irrigating is not the source of the alkali which is found to greater or less extent in the valley, especially where irrigation has been practiced longest. The analyses of the river waters are as follows : Analyses of sediment in river ivaters. [Grains per imperial gallon.] Yakima River. Columbia River. Snake River. Sand and silica Calcium oxid Magnesium oxid Ferric and aluminum oxid Potassium oxid Sodium oxid Sulphur trioxid Chlorin Organic solids and carbonates. Undetermined Total . 4.59 2.45 .82 3.23 .45 3.51 3.59 Trace. 13.65 0.72 3.20 .68 .09 .08 .36 .28 Trace. 3.41 .18 1.5b 2.08 .66 .12 .14 .67 .86 .23 2.37 .29 9.00 The analj^ses of the soluble salts in 56 samples of soil from the region under con- sideration, generally from fields where alkali is noticeably present, indicate that "the alkali areas in every case have been brought into existence through the action of the soil water on the soluble salts naturally existing in the soil and distributed generally throughout all parts of it; and the position of these areas has been determined by the natural drainage of the land previous to the advent of irrigation, and also largely since irrigation has been introduced." The alkali of the valley is largely of the black variety (sodium carbonate). All of the soils show some alkali, but the smallest amounts are found in the uncultivated and unirrigated soils, and where irrigation was limited there was less surface alkali than where an unlimited amount of irriga- tion water was obtainable. "Throughout the whole iriigated section of this valley, and ranging from a few inches to several feet below the surface, is a well-defined layer of hardpan, varying from about 3 in. to 1 ft. in thickness. This hardpan consists of a calcareous layer quite impervious to water, and has much to do with permitting the soil near the surface to become clogged with alkali." The hardpan layer "may be found also above the irrigated sections and the lower bench lands surrounding the valley proper. Below in the valley the stratum is dark gray in color, due perhaps tc) organic matter and an excessive amount of soil Ijeing mixed with it. Those samples found at greater elevations were lighter in color and nearly free from organic matter." Analyses of hardpan from the valley are given in the following table: Composition of hardpan from Kittitas Valley. Calcium carbo- nate. Magne- sium carbo- nate. Water-soluble salts. Numbers of samples. Total salts. Black alkali. White alkali. No. 8 Per cent. 21.15 14.93 21.79 63.22 Per cent. 1.72 3.09 2.97 2.45 Per cent. 0.343 .136 .133 .3.50 Per cent. 0.174 .029 .109 .145 Per cent. 0.018 No. 21 .023 No. 43 .011 No. 56 o /. .041 a From unirrigated land. These analyses do not prove the hardpan to be the source of the alkali in the valley, as many suppose. In fact, the water-soluble material from this calcareous stratum is seldom in excess of what is fomid in the soil overlying it. SOILS. 629 A limited study of iJiniilarrliaracter made in the Yakima Valley and its trilmtaries, Moxee and Alitanum, show that the alkali soils of this district "contain both sodium carbonate and sulphate, and often also sodium chlorid. The heavily infected soils show the most sodium carl)onate, while in other areas the sulphate is to be found in excess. The greater part of the alkali of the Yakima Valley is sodium sulphate. The soil does not show a high percentage of liine or magnesium carbonates. Other general conditions for this valley are the same as those noted in the Kittitas." The use of gypsum on black alkali and the introduction of adequate drainage to keep the salts in the soil steadily moving toward water courses are recommended for trial on a small scale. A method of laying wooden drains devised by a farmer of the Kittitas Valley is described. This, "l)riefly stated, is a process for laying wooden tile in 3 ft. joints by means of a plow so constructed as to draw into the soil after it the wooden tile attached to the heel of the plow by means of a cable." It is stated that the work done by this means is satisfactory. Tolerance of alkali by various cultures, R. H. Loughridge ( California Sta. Bui. 133, pp. 42, figs. S). — This is an account of a continuation of investigations of previous years at Tulare and Chico substations (E. S. R., 10, p. 225; 12, p. 221). In previous investigations the examinations of the soil extended, as a rule, only to a depth of 1 ft. " In the past 2 years, however, we have extended the investigations and have endeav- ored to ascertain, as far as possible, the highest amount of each salt occurring in 4 ft. depth in which the different cultures of all kinds — orchard as well as others — will grow and come to maturity. . . . About 100 varieties of cultures have been studied. These embrace orchard trees, grain and forage crops, grasses, vegetables, and other miscel- laneous growths." An improved method used in extracting the alkali from soils is as follows: "A weighed amount [of soil] is mixed with a measured quantity of water and allowed to digest for 24 hours, with frequent shaking. The salts thus dissolved are thoroughly diffused through the liquid, and an aliquot part may be taken for evaporation and examination. If necessary, a portion may be passed through a filter to clear it from sediment, but very often the solution settles perfectly clear." The data for all of the examinations made are reported in detail and summarized and discussed. The results indicate that "while for the crops in general the maximum tolerance for alkali salts has not yet been definitely found, close approximations are reached with a number, such as the apple, peach, orange, and lemon trees, with respect to carbonate of soda and common salt. In one or two instances alone was the sulphate of soda the apparent cause of distress on the part of a tree. Grapes and olives thus far stand at the head among fruits in their tolerance of each of the alkali salts. Oranges grew in a larger amount of carbonate than did the olive, but that salt was chiefly held below the 2 surface feet. On the other hand, the lemon seems to be the most sensitive to the effects of alkali, especially to common salt, and next to it the orange." The highest amounts of alkali salts in which apples were found to be unaffected were sodium sulphate 14,240 lbs. per acre (to a depth of 4 ft. ), sodium carbonate 640 lbs., sodium chlorid 1,240 lbs., total alkali 16,120 lbs. The limits for peaches were sulphate 9,600 lbs., carbonate 680 lbs., chlorid 1,000 lbs., total alkali 11,280 lbs.; for oranges, sulphate 18,600 lbs., carbonate 3,840 lbs., chlorid 3,360 lbs., total alkali 21,840 lbs.; for lemons, sulphate 4,480 lbs., carbonate 480 lbs., chlorid 800 lbs., total alkali 5,760 lbs.; for grapes, sulphate 40,800 lbs., carbonate 7,550 lbs., chlorid 9,640 lbs., total alkali 45,760 lbs.; for olives, sulphate 30,640 lbs., carbonate 2,880 lbs., chlorid 6,640 lbs., total alkali 45,760 lbs. "The amount tolerated depends largely upon the distribution of the several salts in the vertical soil-column, the injury Ix'ing most severe in the surface foot, where under the influence of the unfortunate practice of surface-irrigation the feeding root- lets are usually found. It is therefore important that in alkali regions such methods of culture and irrigation should be followed as to encourage deep rooting on the part of crops. 630 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "The amount tolerated varies with the variety of the same plant, as shown in the grape. "The amount of alkali tolerated by the various cultures varies with the nature of the soil. It is lowest in heavy clay soils and fine-grained soils, in which the down- ward movement of plant roots is restricted; and highest in loam and sandy soils, in which the roots have freedom of penetration. "Some plants, such as the saltbush and alfalfa, are quite susceptible to alkali salts when young, but when the roots penetrate deeply, and the ground is heavily covered with the foliage of the plant, they are immune to a very large extent. ' ' Lands neavily charged with alkali may often be made productive for certain crops by the application of irrigation water in sufficient amount to leach the salts down to a depth of several (5 or 6) feet, and by preventing their subsequent rise by proper mulching, or cultivation until the foliage of the plant itself will prevent evaporation of the soil moisture from the surface of the ground. Alfalfa culture has thus been made highly profitable in lands once so strongly charged with alkali as to kill all vegetation. " The reclamation of lands charged with carbonate of soda by neutralization with gypsum often renders possible the profitable planting of such crops as withstand large amounts of common salt or of glauber salt. " The effects of carbonate of soda are seen in the yellowing of the leaves of the tree caused by its corrosive action on the root-crown, whereby the proper flow of sap and food supply to the leaves is prevented. The effect of common salt is seen in the falling of the leaves from the newer branches, and in the blackening and curling of the leaves of pears. "Sulphate of soda (glauber salt) is hurtful only when present in very large amounts, most cultures doing well in more than 10,000 lbs. per acre in 4 ft. depth; saltbush, hairy vetch, alfalfa, and sorghum grew well in more than 61,000 lbs. "Barley is better adapted to alkali land than is wheat, for it will withstand the effects of twice the amount of carbonate of soda and common salt. Of course, the carbonate may be neutralized with gypsum, and in the absence of much common salt will permit of the growth of excellent crops of wheat; but where the amount of common salt exceeds 5,000 lbs. barley should be given the preference over wheat." The relation of lime and magnesia to plant growtli, 0. Loew and D. W. May ( U. S. Dept. Afjr., Burmu of Planl Tndmlnj Bui. 1, pp. 5S, pis. 5).— This bulletin dis- cusses the liming of soils from a physiological standpoint, explaining in detail the physiological role of calcium and magnesium in plant growth (E. S. R., 11, p. 1008), and showing the ratio between lime and magnesia in the soils of different countries, and reports water, sand, and soil cultures to determine the proper ratio of lime and magnesia for certain plants, including cowpeas, privet, tobacco, barley, oats, wheat, and beans. The nitrates, sulphates, and carbonates of calcium and magnesium were used in the sand and soil cultures in various combinations and proportions (on the basis of molecular weights). In the water (cultures only the more soluble nitrates and sulphates were employed. The principal results are thus summarized: "Soil analyses show that lime and magnesia are widely distributed in soils, and generally in sutticient quantities for the direct needs of plants. They are not always in the best proportions to each other, from a physiological standpoint, for favoring plant growth. "Magnesia in a soil in great excess over lime, in a finely divided or soluble condi- tion, is noxious to the growth of plants. With a great excess of lime over magnesia the physiological action of the plant is hindered, and it exhibits phenomena of star- vation. An excess of lime counteracts the poisonous effects of magnesia, while the more favorable proportion of the two bases obviat<^s the poor nutrition of the plant. "The best proportion of soluble lime to soluble magnesia for the germination and growth of plants is about molecular weight 5 to 4, or actual weight 7 to 4. SOILS. 631 "The moro polnble forms of magnesia, as nitrate and sulphate, are in excess more injurions to plants than the less solnble, as carbonate, while the more solnble forms of lime, as snlphate and nitrate, are more ettii'ient in overcoming the noxious effects of magnesia than less soluble forms, as carlxmate. "In applying fertihzers containing magnesia, as in the crude potash salts, liming should be carried on in conjunction unless the soil is known to contain an excess of lime. Where the lime content of the soil is about equal to or less than the magnesia content, lime in a finely divided form, as sulphate, should be supplied with the fer- tilizer in an amount in excess of the magnesia present in the latter. "In liming soils the amount of lime and magnesia should be first determine {1901), No. 3, pp. '231--2r>0, dgm. 1) . — Observing that plats of soil which had l)een fertilized with i:)otash appeared to dry out quickest after a rain, while those receiving nitrogen and i)hosi)haric acid dried out more slowly and those receiving no fertililer or only phosi)horic acid remained in a moist condition longest, the author undertook to study the relations of these and other fertilizing materials to the moisture of the soil in pot and field experiments. The results of the pot experiments agree with those obtained by Hollrung (E. S. R., 6, p. 00) 632 EXPERIMENT STATION BECOED. and Kravkov (E. S. R., 12, p. 620) in showing that the unfertihzed soil lost water most i-apidly, while the soil fertilized with potash and nitrogen gave off water most slowly, and phosphoric acid generally only slightly retarded evaporation. In the field experiments a large number of determinations were made, not only of the moisture, but of the temperature of the differently fertilized plats which were seeded to spring wheat. The results show that the application of nitrogen resulted in a larger yield and left the soil exhausted to a greater extent of water than the other fertilizers. The deficiency of water under ordinary conditions persisted for a long time. The other fertilizers were apparently without marked effect upon the water content of the soil. The direct influence of the fertilizing on the temperature was apparently of no practical importance. On nitrate fermentation and its importance in relation to the biological processes of the soil, J. Stoklasa {-Deut. Landw. Presse, 28 {1901), Nos. 79, pp. 666, 667; SI, pp. 683, 684). — This is a continuation of investigations on denitrification in Avhich the author has attempted to determine (1) the source of carbon most favor- able to the denitrifying organisms in the culture media, (2) the nature of the chemical changes which take place, and (3) the importance of denitrification in relation to the soil processes. The results of the first two lines of investigation have been reported elsewhere (E. S. R., 12, pp. 37, 614), and are only briefly reviewed in this article. The author concludes that there are present in soils and in manures two principal groups of bacteria which cause denitrification. The first group contains Bacterium hartlebii, B. fluorescens liquefaciens, B. pyocyaneum, B. stutzeri, B. ceniropimctatum, B. aiefacienH, B. denitrificans {B denitrificans and B. coll commune), B. nitrovorum, etc. The characteristic of these organisms is that they reduce nitrates to elementary nitrogen. The second group contains B. megatherium, B. mycoides, B. subtilis, B. mesentericus vulgatus, B. ramosus, B. typhi abdomiiialk, B. coli communU, Proteus vulgaris and P. zenkeri, B. radicicola, Clostridium gelatinosum, etc. These organisms as a rule simply reduce nitrates to ammonia without the formation of elementary nitrogen. They also appear to have the power of assimilating the ammonia so formed. This is especially true of B. radicicola which is found in the tubercles of leguminous plants and of the alinit bacteria. The nitrogen set free during the process of denitrification appears to be more active than that of normal air and is more readily assimilated by the organisms of the soil. Pot experiments on the influence of rapid and complete drying of the soil on the growth of sugar beets, J. Vanha {Oesterr.-Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerind. u. Landw., 30 {1001), p. 146; ahs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem., 30 {1901), No 11, p. 787).— In connection with experiments in drying the soil to destroy injurious organisms, the author observed the effect of this treatment on the growth and yield of the beets. It was found that neither the total yield nor the quality of the beets was injuriously affected by the drying of the soil. Is the chemical analysis of soils necessary to determine their fertilizer requirements? {Dettt. Landw. Presse, 28 {1901), No. 93, p. 778). — An argument to show that chemical analysis is not necessary for this purpose, and is seldom, and only in exceptional cases, a reliable guide to the fertilizer requirements of soils. The composition of soils as shown by the plant, C. Schreiber {La composition denos sols reviin' par la }>lante. Brussels: Louis Vogels, 1901, pp. 52, figs. 19). - A contribution to the knowledge of marsh soils, J. Steuve {Filhling's Landw. Ztg., 50 {1901), Nos. 21, pp. 758-765; 22, pp. 784-786).— This is a discussion of the physical and chemical character of different classes of marsh soils found in Ger- many. The close relation between the productiveness and the proportion of clay and other fine soil particles is pointed out. For the heavier soils marling is stated to be the most effective means of improvement. Soils, T. S. Dymond and F. Hughes {Notes on agricultural analyses. Chrhii.^ford: County Technical Laboratories, Essex Technical Listruction Committee, 1901, pp. 5-11). — FERTILIZERS. 633 Tliis article gives a description of soils occurring in Essex, their geological and phys- ical characteristics, and their chemical composition. The total amounts of lime, jjotasli, phosphoric acid, organic matter, and nitrogen in 37 samples, and the availa- ble lime, potash, jihosphoric acid, and nitrogen iu 17 samjiles of soils are reported, with total amounts of lime, potash, phosphoric acid, organic matter, and nitrogen in 5 samples of subsoils. The banana soils of Jamaica, H. H. Cousins {Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., S {1901), No. 10, pp. 145-153). — Mechanical and chemical analyses of 7 samples of soil are reported. These are preliminary "to a wider survey of the soil conditions of Jamaica and they will receive a more ])ractical interpretation in the light of the field experiments whicli the l)oard of agriculture has now instituted to cover all tlie chief cultivations of Jamaica." Cultivated soils of Sao Paulo, Brazil, (1. D'Utra {Bol. Agr. SCio Paulo, 2. ser., 1901, Xo. 9, ]ij). 6o7-o6J). — The percentages of moisture, organic matter, and princi- pal fertilizing constituents in a number of samples of soil from different parts of the State analyzed during 1900-1901 are reported. Exhaustion and abandonment of soils ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Rpt. 70, pp. 48). — This is the testimony of M. Whitney, Chief of the Division of Soils of this Department, before the Industrial Commission, and deals with the causes of the abandonment of soils and methods of reclamation. Geological Survey of Canada Report for 1898 {Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau, 1901, vol. 11, n. ser., pp. SS5, pis. 25, maps 7).— This report contains accounts of studies of the geology and mineral resources of various sections of Canada. The features of special agricultural interest are analyses of natural waters and statistics of the production of salt, gyjisum, and phosphate. FERTILIZERS. On the fermentation of the nitrogenous matter of manure, P. P. Deherain and C. DupoNT {Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 9, pij). 401-437). — In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 12, p. 623) the authors studied the influence of variable amounts of alkaline carbonates on the fermentation of manure, alone and with the addition of liquid manure, the fermentation of urea, uric and hippuric acids, and of various albuminoid substances, including egg albumen, gluten, and legumin from beans. The plan and methods followed were the same as in previous investigations. From the results obtained the conclusion is reached that the nitroge- nous sul)stances of manure are of two classes — the amids of the urine and the albu- minoids of the litter and animal and vegetable residues. Under the influence of the manure ferments the nitrogen of the urine, uric acid, and hi])puric acid are completely transformed into ammonium carbonate, the fermentation of the hippuric acid occurring only in the presence of air, while that of urea and of uric acid takes place in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid. These fermentations, however, are not so rapid that litter impregnated with urine may not be added to the manure each day without danger of loss of ammonia, although the litter so added may not be covered until the following day and does not become charged with carbon dioxid until several days after. In the absence of air the fermentation of the albuminoids was very incom])lete and did not occur at all in very alkaline media. During this fer- mentation the larger jjart of the nitrogen was transformed into ammonium carbonate, but a small portion escaped in the free state. The nitrogenous substances gave off during decomposition carbon dioxid, hydrogen, methane, and sometimes hydrogen sulphid. It is on account of the fact that the ferments which decompose albuminoids act with difficulty in alkaline media that the larger part of the nitrogen of manure remauis in the organic state and only a small fraction is found in form of ammonium carbonate. 634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Studies on the agricultural value of Damara and Peruvian guano, C ScHREiBER {Ber. Gm. Agrov. [Louvain:], JO {1901), No. 8-9, pp. -JJ.J-.J.S'i).— Compar- ative tests of these 2 guanos on different crops grown on clayey and sandy soils are reported. The composition of the guanos used was as follows: Ammoniacal nitrogen — Damara guano, 4.34 per cent, Peruvian guano, 1.62 percent; nitric nitrogen — Damara guano, 0.26 per cent, Peruvian guano, traces; organic nitrogen — Damara guano, 2.52, Peruvian guano, 0.51; phosphoric acid soluble in water — Damara guano, 5.76, Peru- vian guano, 1.21; soluble in alkaline citrate — Damara guano, 3.20, Peruvian guano, 2.82; potash — Damara guano, 3.06, Peruvian guano, 1.05. The results of the experi- ments show that the Damara guano was a very effective fertilizer and its action in the soil was quite rapid. This was true botli of the nitrogen and of the phosphoric acid which it contained, and while it appeared to be suited especially to sandy soils, it also gave good results on clay soils. The Peruvian guano, on the other hand, was almost without effect on the heavy soils, while producing good results on the sandy soils. Bone products and manures, T. Lambert {London: Scott Greenivood & Co., 1901, pp. VIII-\-162, figs. 17). — An attempt is made in this book to give " a practical and comprehensive account" of the modern method of fat extraction and the manufacture of glue, size, gelatin, boneblack, manures, etc., from bone. There is also included a discussion of fertilizers in general, with some account of methods of analysis, especial attention being given to bone and its products. Tables of weights and measures, a description of a vacuum pan, and a comparison of French and British gelatins are given in appendixes. The value of meadow muck, F. W. Morse {Neiv Hampshire Sta. Bui. 83, pp. 53-56). — This bulletin discusses the comparative values of meadow muck and barn- yard manure, based on data taken from the work of the experiment stations. Basing this comparison on the fertilizing constituents, it appears that 1 cord (3 tons) of manure is worth SJ cords of muck, while on the basis of organic matter a cord of manure is equivalent to I5 cords of muck. The variable character of muck is pointed out and farmers are advised to send samples to the station for examination before undertaking its use. Green manuring, P. H. Greg {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 5 {1901), No. 11, pp. 436-440). — In this article the author argues that green manuring is not a profitable practice for the sugar planter in Jamaica. The agricultural value of the nitrogen in the black substance of the phos- phates of the Pyrenees, J. Joffre {Bui. Soc. CJdm. Paris, 3. ser., 25 {1901), No. 22, pp. 960, 961). — Pot experiments are reported in which this material (see E. S. R., 10, p. 833) w^as compared with nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood, and coal. The phosphate used contained 0.14 per cent of nitrogen. All of the pots received the same amount of potash, and in case of the pots not receiving the Pyrenees phosphate, the projjortion of phosphoric acid was made up by the addi- tion of other insoluble phosphates. Under these conditions the nitrogenous organic matter of the Pyrenees phosphate behaved like the coal; that is, there was no increase of crop due to its- use. Fertilizer experiments with 40 per cent potash salts, A. Baumann ( Vrtljschr. Bayer. Landw, Rath., 6 {1901), No. 2, Sup., pp. 461-475). — Experiments carried out by the Bavarian moor culture station since 1894 on moor soils are reported. In these experiments the concentrated (40 per cent) potash salt was compared with kainit and other potash fertilizers on potatoes. Tlie results are not conclusive. The use of chemical fertilizers in the Alps, C. Dusserre and E. Chuard ( Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 14 {1901), No. 19, pp. 479-484). — Experiments on hay meadows with Thomas slag alone and mixed with kainit, each 1,000 kg. per hectare, at an altitude of 1,280 meters (4,199.47 ft.) in the Alps are reported. The results indicate the profitableness ot the use of fertilizers imder such conditions. FIELD CROPS. 635 Fertilizing' field and garden, F. E. TI. W. KRicHArFF {Adelaide: Vardon ct- Prltrhard, 1901, pp. 94, Jig><. 19). — A snininary of the results of scientific experiments and practical experience in different parts of the world on the use of commercial fer- tilizers for the production of the jirincipal field and 1-456, ph. 2). — A summary of the farm operations for the i)ast year witli l)rief rciwrts on the results. Culture and fertilizer tests at the experiment station at Lobositz in 1900, J. Hanamann {Ztchr. Landw. Versuclisw. Oesterr., 4 {1901), No. 4, PP- 390-394). — A brief report of work conducted at the station during the year. Hanna and Lobositz barley gave the best results in yield and in (piality. Chevalier barley gave good results on good soils and in favorable positions, but it felt the lack of nitrogen in the soil more than other varieties. The results of comparative tests of ammoniacal phosphate ami kainit on sugar beets and barley showed that the potash salt had been effective, a fact contrary to the general experience in that region, A cooperative 640 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. experiment to determine whether clover needs phosphoric acid and potash gave negative results. The author states that under favorable soil and water conditions the clover plant is capable of obtaining these elements from the soil as well as from fertilizer applications. Experiments with Alinit and nitrogen did not show conclu- sive results. The effects of sowing barley at diiferent rates, J. VaSha {Zischr. Landw. Vermchxir. Oe.sterr., 4 {'1901), No. 4, pp- 537-o4'^)- — Barley was grown in pot experi- ments made in triplicate and sown at the rate of 60, 130, 180, and 240 kg. per hectare. The detailed results are here reported in tables and briefly discussed. The influence of the rate of seeding on the stems, heads, grains, composition of the grains, and the stooling of the plants was determined. A fertilizer experiment with Vicia faba and barley on heavy marsh soils, LiLiENTHAL {FilhUng's Landiv. Ztg., 50 {1901), Nos. 2, pp. 80-84-, figs. 3; 4, PP- 141-146, fig 1). — The experiments were conducted to determine the different effects of lime on marsh soils when applied alone and when applied with different combinations of commercial fertilizers. Results of an investigation of barleys on exhibition at the Bavarian expo- sition of barleys and hops, Munich, 1900, C. Kraus { I'rlljfichr. Bayer. Landv>. Rath., 6 {1901), No. 1, sup. 1, pp. 187-198).— The protein and starch content of the barleys grown in different Bavarian provinces was determined and the results, with brief explanations concerning the cultural conditions for the different samples, are given in tabular form. A study of beet plants produced from seed of a single boll, H. Briem {Oesten-.-Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerind. u. Landw., 29 {1900), p>. 137; abs. in Centhl. Agr. Chem., 30 {1901), No. 8, pp. 544,545). — A study is reported of the plants produced by beet seed taken from the same boll. In the author's experiments 5 seeds weighing from 0.0058 to 0.0027 gm. were grown under similar conditions, the plants being weighed at the end of 20, 50, 118, and 191 days. Throughout the entire period the plants produced were almost in direct ratio to the original weight of the seed. At the end of the experiment the beet plants weighed from 765 to 193 gm. , the heaviest plant being produced by the heaviest seed. Note on the cultivation of cotton in Egypt, E. A. Benachi {Jour. Khcdiv. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 3 {1901), No. 2, pp. 68-72). — This note describes briefly 4 impor- tant varieties of cotton grown in Egypt, namely, Mit-afifi, Abbassi, Yannovich, and Upper Egyjit, and sums up the results of cotton culture the preceding season. Culture experiments w^ith flax conducted by the German Agricultural Society in 1900, Kuhnert {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell, 16 {1901), No. 18, pp. 89-91).— In these experiments flax was sown at the rate of 150, 180, 210, and 240 kg. per hec- tare, but as in previous years the results were not conclusive. Ginseng {Truck Farmer of Texas, 4 {1901), No. 3, pp. 121-123).— This article dis- cusses the history and distribution of ginseng culture and points out the uses of the plant. Hop manuring, Wagner ( W'urtiemhurg. Wchnhl. Landiv., 1901, No. 17, p. 279). — This article recommends 3 different fertilizer ai^plications for hop growing. A study of the lupine plant, A. L. Knisely {Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 30, 31). — Determinations are given of the nitrogen content of the leaves, pods, stems, roots, and nodules of the lupine plant at different stages of growth. When the plants were in full bloom the water-free substance of the leaves contained 4.02 per cent of nitro- gen, the pods which were just forming 3.07 per cent, the stems 1.15 per cent, the roots 0.92 per cent, and the nodules 5.17 per cent. Maize, H. V. Jackson {Agr. Gaz., New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 5, pp. 552-558, ]ils. 4). — This article gives a classification of maize, enumerates a number of varie- ties under each group, and reports the results of variety and fertilizer tests with this crop at Wollongbar Farm. FIELD CROPS. 641 An experiment on change of seed, W. Rimpau (Mitt. Dent. Lrmdw. GeselL, 16 {1901), No. lo, pp. 70-72'). — Probsteir oats from east Germany, where the period of growth is short, was grown in middle Germany, where the season is longer. The results show that the practice was unprofitable. Culture and selection experiments with potatoes, M. Fisciikr FiJJillnifs Landw. Zt(j., 50 {1901), Xos. 9, p. SSI; 10, pp. SO 1-367) .—A test was made of different sized tubers for seed in connection with different fertilizer applications. From the result.^ ol)tained the autiior concludes that under ordinary conditions of culture and fei*- tility large tubers should be used for seed, and on soils where these conditions are less favorable smaller tubers with closer planting are recommendable. Where small tubers are used, however, the author advises that they be taken from a crop grown from large tubers on well-cultivated and fertilized land in order to prevent the degeneration of the variety. On good soils with heavy fertilizer applications small tubers and close planting are also recommended. The influence of whole tubers and cuttings and the position in which they are planted on the yield of potatoes, G. Martinet (rVrroN. Ayr. Canton Vaud, 14 {1901), No. 10, pp. 267-276). — The results of experiments along these lines here presented indicate that the use of whole tubers and sets was indifferent as to the yield, and that placing the seed piece, whether a whole tuber or a set, with the greater portion of the buds down was the preferable practice. Report on late potatoes at Chiswick, 1900 {Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soe. [London], 25 {1901), No. 3, pp. 37S-S80). — Short descriptions are given of 49 varieties of late potatoes. Variety tests with potatoes, MtJLLER {Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 49 {1901), No. 16, pp. 317-319). — A report on a test of 14 varieties of potatoes. Silesia, a very late variet}', produced the largest yield of tubers and starch. Artificial propagation of potatoes {Gard. Illus., 23 {1901), No. 1156, p. 136, fig. 1) . — An article describing a method of intense propagation of the potato. Potato growing in central Illinois, J. H. Brown {Rural Neu: Yorker, 60 (1901), No. 2673, pp. 285, 286, fig. 1). — A general article on the culture, care, and handling of potatoes. Correlation and transmission of the form of the head and the color of the grain in rye plants {Deut. Landv. Presse., 28 {190.'), No. 36, pp. 137, 138). — A brief outline of the results of experiments which form the basis of an inaugural dis- sertation. Ramie, P. A. Helguero {Bol. Soc. Nor. Agr. lLima'\,4. ser., 3 {1901), No. 11, pp. 635-fi46). — A lectm-e on ramie culture with special reference to Peru. The culture of ramie and other fiber plants in Japan, M. Schanz ( Tropen- pflanzer, 5 {1901), No. 5, pp. 227-231) .—Brief descriptions of the culture of 11 differ- ent fiber crops grown in Japan. Sisal, Trabut {Bid. Agr. Algerie et Tunme, 7 {1901), No. 9, pp. 193-204, figs. 7). — This article treats of the sisal industry in different parts of the world and gives a description of the sisal agave (^1. simliana) with directions for its culture in Algeria. Sugar beets, R. H. Forhes and W. W. Skinner {Arizona Sta. Rj)t. 1901, pp. 340, 341)- — A brief report is given of experimental sugar-beet culture in 1901. The work was carried on at Pima and Safford, and the results obtained at l)oth places are given in a table. The results show an average of 1.'148 per cent of sugar in the beets with a purity of 81.9 and a yield per acre of 19.3 tons. These figures are equivalent to a yield of 5,211 lbs. of sugar per acre. Sugar beets in alkali soil, H. C. Myers {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 20 {1901), pp. 445-44S; abs. in .lour. Chem. Soc. [London], 90 {1901), No. 405, II, p. 4^8). — Analyses of sugar beets grown on alkali soil at Hooper, Utah, as well as of the soils used, are reported. The results show that beets of good quality may be grown on soils con- taining amounts of alkali which prohibit the successful growth of most other crops. 642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. It appears also that the beets exhibit a tendency to improve such land by taking up the excess of alkali. By analysis of roots of different shapes and character it was found that small roots contain the highest percentage of sugar, and that long roots show the highest coefficients of purity, thus indicating that small slender roots obtained by deep tillage and a limited supply of water are the best. Results of comparative variety tests with sugar beets conducted toy the Agricultural Society of Bohemia, F. Sitensky (Zter/;?-. Landw. ^\'rsuch.vl'. Oesterr., 4 {1901), Nu. 4, pp. 441-457). — The results obtained with 29 varieties of sugar beets are presented in tabular form. The average yield of beets per hectare was 412.02 quintals, the extremes being 497.20 and 326.83 quintals. Seventeen varieties gave higher results than the average. Thirteen of the 29 varieties tested and 6 of the 17 ])est sorts were of Bohemian origin. Breeding of sugar toeets, von RtJMKER {Mitt. Dent. Landw. GeselL, 16 {1901), No. 35, pp. 148, 149). — A brief review of the work, given in a paper read before the German Agricultural Society at their meeting in Halle. The cultivation of the sugar beet in Egypt, G. P. Foaden {Jour. Khediv. Agr. Sac. and School Acp:, 3 {1901), No. 2, pp. 56-67, ph. ^).— This article is a report on the culture of the sugar beet in Upper and Lower Egypt. The conditions indicate that in Upper Egypt sugar beets can be more extensively grown than in Lower Egypt, where cotton' occupies the larger portion of the cultivated lands. The results of analyses of 2 samples of beets grown on the experimental farm of the society at Ghizeh, in Lower Egypt, showed an average of 16J per cent of sugar in the beet and a purity of 85.95. These beets had been sown in July. The use of 2 can- tars (about 200 lbs.) of nitrate of soda per feddan (1.03 acres) increased the yield of beets by 50 cantars, or about 5,000 lbs. Recent progress in sugar-toeet culture, Herzfeld {Mitt. Deut. Landic. GeselL, 16 {1901), No. 25, ]!}'. 144). — An abstract of a paper presented at a meeting of the German Agricultural Society at Halle. Totoacco culture in Ireland, M. Lecoknet {.Tour. Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr., 1 {1901), No. 4, 2)1'>. f}lS-62£). — An article describing culture tests with tobacco in 1900. 'Totoacco {Pynl. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 8 {1901), No. 3, pp. 33-35). — A series of brief reviews of w'ork on the fermentation of tobacco and of investigations on tobacco diseases. Manure experiments with wheat, F. B. Guthrie and R. Helmo (.l,^)'. Gaz. New Soutli Wales, IJ {1901), No. 4, pp. 431-450, ]^ls. 3). — The method of conducting the experiments is described in detail, the rainfall for the season is given, the results of the analyses of the soils are reported, and the results of the experiments are given in tables and discussed. The work was performed on the government agricultural farms at Wagga and Bathurst. The fertilizer applications used furnished i^er acre 14 lbs. of nitrogen, 51 lbs. phosphoric acid, and 21 lbs. of potash, the quantity of plant food considered necessary on an average soil for a crop of about 30 bu. of wheat per acre. The results at the 2 farms differed remarkably in some cases. At Wagga superphosphate gave strikingly good results and proved superior to other phosphatic manures. For the soil at Wagga an ai)plication of about 3 cwt. of super- phosphate, 96 lbs. of nitrate of soda, and 40 lbs. of suljihate of potash per acre are considered effective and economical. At Bathurst the slower acting Thomas slag and rock phosphate gave better results than superphosphate, and the best mixture for that soil seemed to be a combination of sulphate of ammonia with untreated phosphate. At Wagga the use of superphosphate alone nearly doubled the yield of wheat, while at Bathurst it resulted in only a slight increase in yield over the unmanured plats. Both soils, and the Bathurst soil more particularly, are well sup- plied with humus, and this is considered the cause of the high manurial value shown by the untreated phosphate in these tests. Previous liming produced a healthy HORTICULTURE. 643 growth of the plant and inii)rovo(l tlie quality of the grain. The authors consider exi-essive manuring for wheat prejudiirial, especially in a dry season. Manuring wheat cro-ps [tSfdlioii, Fann (iiid Dnini, 4{1^01),No.40,pp.SoS,S5D). — This article reviews the results of fertilizer experiments with wheat carried on in different parts of Australia. Thick and thin seeding of wheat, F. Coleman {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South Aufs- tnilia, 4 {1901) , No. 11, }>p. SS^-8S4). — A note on the subject with a report on a test, the results of which favored heavy seeding. The largest quantity of grain sown per acre was 1 bu. oS lbs. and 7 ozs. The culture of glutenous wheats, Edler {Dent. Landw. Prei^sc, 2S {1901), Xo. 8, j)j). '>J,54). — A discussion of the culture of glutenous wheat under conditions pre- vailing in Germany. Wheats suitable for Queensland, W. Soutter {Queensland Agr. Jour., 8 {1901), Nos. 4, pp. 251-J54, ph. 5; 5, pp. 328-3.) 1, ph. 5). — Brief descriptions are given of 26 selected varieties of wheat suitable for Queensland conditions. The list includes a number of hybrid wheats. Illustrations of the heads of the different varieties described are shown. Notes on wheats at Wagga Farm, VV. Fakrer {Agr. (laz. New South liafos, 12 {190 1), No. o, jip. .')48-')hl). — White Lammas, Tardent Blue, Nonpareil, Jade, Nutcut and Steinlee wheats are described, and the results obtained with the different varieties reviewed. Storing seed wheat, Vibrans {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 16 {1901), No. 19, pp. 96, 97). — A brief note in which the author recommends leaving the grain in the straw if its gerrainative power is to be retained for more than one year. HORTICULTURE. The book of asparagus, C. Ilott {London and New York: John Lane, 1901, pp. 108, figs. 17). — This is the first of a series of handbooks which it is intended to pub- lish on the different phases of practical gardening. The work takes up the practical details of asparagus culture and describes minutely all the different operations. The use of asparagus as a decorative plant is also treated of. The history of the plant is considered, and recipes given for cooking. In addition to asparagus, the culture, marketing, and cooking of sea kale, celery, celeriac, salsify, and scorzonera are given. While the book is intended primarily for English gardeners, it contains many suggestions which will be of use elsewhere. Garden beans cultivated as esculents, H. C. Irish {Mhsouri Bot. Gard. Rpt. 1901, pp. 81-165, ph. 10). — A monograph on this subject, the cultivated garden varieties of Phaseolus, Dolichos, Vigna, Glycines, and Vicia being included. "The classitication of varieties is leased primarily on the form of seed, which appears as constant as color or plant habit and perhaps more so." General cultural directions for the different sorts are included. Horticultural monograph on garden peas, Denaikfe {Jour. Soc. Nat. Ilort. France, 4. ser., 2 {1901), Jiilg, pp. 783-803).— A monograph on the different garden varieties, with cultural directions and notes on composition and food value. Celery growing {Florida Agr., 28 {1901), No. 20, pp. 289, ^90).— Suggestions by Northern buyers to Florida celery growers as to desirable varieties for Northern markets and best methods of packing and shipping. An extremely early corn {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 347, pp. 574, 575, fig. 1). — The variety Peep of Day, planted in the American (Jardening trial grounds May 17, gave the first picking of ears July 22, or 66 days after planting. Cory, planted 15 days earlier, did not give a picking of corn until July 25, making a differ- ence in the time of development between these 2 early varieties of 18 days. 18265~No. 7 4 644 EXPERIMET^T STATION RECORD. The forced culture of cucumTsers in the greenhouse, N. Schneider {Rev. Hnrf., 73 {1901), No. 14, pp. 338-341, figs. 2). — The seed, preparation of the seed bed, cul- tural care to be given, including pinching, pruning, and training the vines, pollenizing the flowers, elioice of varieties, etc., are the subjects popularly considered. Znaim cucumbers, J. Zawoeny {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4- ser., 2 {1901), June, pp. .526-540, figs. 9). — An account of the history, development, and importance of the cucumber industry at the town of Znaim, Austria, and of methods of culture and manuring followed by growars in that district. A circular giving similar data upon these cucumbers has been issued by the Department (E. S. R., 12, p. 1043). Winter muskmelons, S. L. Watkins {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 349, p. 601, fig. 1). — Brief notes on the value of these melons for late fall and early winter xise, with a list of the varieties which the author has successfully grown in California. Two methods of growing onions, B. C. Pittuck and S. A. McHenry ( Te.vas Sta. Bui. 60, pp. 101-111, plx. 5, figs. 5). — The difference in yield, cost of growing, and the profits in cultivating the Red Bermuda and the Creole varieties of onions, by horse cultivation ami by hand, and in planting the seed in the field and in beds and transplanting, are here reported upon. Methods of onion culture are also given, some of the finer points upon which success in onion culture in Texas depends being pointed out. The work was carried on by the State station at Beeville- without irri- gation. The data secured in the test are summarized in the following table: Yield, cost, and profits per acre in onion growing. Cultural methods. Yield of salable onions. Value at 1 cent per pound. Cost of growing. Cost of gather- ing. Cost of trimming and sacking. Total cost of growing and har- vesting. Net profit per acre. Red Bermuda onions: Horse culture, .seed plant- Pounds. 4,551 7,336 13, 152 7, 812 8, 257 10,664 8H5.51 73.36 131. 52 77.42 82. 57 106. 64 S16. 65 16.00 SO. 38 .61 13.80 6.10 0.95 6.47 6. 90 8.91 S20. 83 22. 71 29.40 23. 76 23. 59 26.20 824. 68 Horse culture, seed plant- ed in bed and transplant- ed to field 50. 65 Hand culture, seed plant- ed in field 17.40 1.09 102. 08 Creole onions: Horse culture, seed plant- 16.65 16.00 17.40 .64 .69 .89 53. 66 Horse culture, seed plant- ed in bed and transplant- ed to field 58.95 Hand culture, seed plant- ed in field 80.44 The table shows but little difference in the cost (jf growing onions to maturity l)y horse cultivation whether the seed is sown in the field or in beds and transplanted. The yields and profits, however, from transplanting are nearly double in the case of the Red Bermuda onions, and considerably in excess with the Creole variety. In hor.se cultivation the onions were grown in rows 30 in. apart and the plants allowed to stand 4J in. apart in the row. With hand cultivation the rows were but 14 in. apart. The cost of hand cultivation, as seen in the table, was but 75 cts. in excess of cultivating with the horse, while the yield was increased from 36 percent in the case of the Creole variety to 188 per cent with the Red Bermuda onions. The net profits in hand culture over horse culture are $26. 78 with Creole onions and $77.40 with Red Bermuda onions. The opinion frequently expressed that the extra cost of culti- vating and handling a crop of onions l)y hand, as compared with horse cultivation, will offset the increase in yield is shown in this experiment to l>e groundless. The securing of good seed is considered one of the most important points in onion culture in Texas. The experiments at the station show that of 23 varieties of onions tested only 2, the Red Bermuda and Creole, can be recommended for extreme south HORTICULTURE. 645 Tcxa?. Creole seed from eitlier Louisiana or Texas lias given good results, but American Bermuda seed has not given nearly as satisfactory results as imported seed. Bermuda onicms grown from American seed do not mature well, have a large, soft stem, and keep but a short time after maturing. Impoi'ted Bernuida seed grow^n on the Teneriffe Islands and along the western coast of Africa is considered best. A study of the markets shows that the best market for Texas onions is just before the Southern crop moves (INIay), and again after the Southern crop is marketed and before the Northern crop matures (July and August). The Red Bermuda onions are preferable for the early market, while for the late market the longer-keeping Creole is better suited. Alternation in the varietal characters of the tomato, C. A. White ( Gard. Chron., 3. xcr., 30 (inOl), Xu. 7>!3, ji. 105). — The Acme variety of tomato seed was sown by the author in Washington in 1898 and produced plants and fruits similar in character to the authentic Acme variety. Seeds from these were saved and planted the following season, 1899, in the same way. The resulting plants and fruits, while entirely alike as regards each other, differed widely from the original Acme tomatoes of the preceding season. No cross pollination is thought to have taken place. No seed from the plants grown in 1899 was saved, but in 1900, the genuine Acme seed was again obtained from a seed firm and the plants and fruits produced therefrom resembled the true Acme. The seed saved from these, however, and grown in 1901, produced plants and fruits varying much from the mother plants, but entirely similar as regards each other and as regards the tomatoes grown in 1899. From these data the author draws the conclusion that "any lost variety or breed maybe reproduced under the same conditions which originally produced it." Tomatoes on trellis {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, IS {1901), No. 11, x>p- 784, 785). — It is especially urged that with tomatoes trained on stakes the fruit clusters should be induced to start fruiting 10 in. or 1 ft. from the surface of the soil instead of higher up. More and better tomatoes are secured. Nitrate of soda for market garden crops, W. L. Summers {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South AuHtraUa, 4 (1901), No. 12, pp. 972-974)- — Some data are given showing the increase in the yield of cabbages, lettuce, rhubarb, carrots, spinach, and potatoes fertilized with different amounts of nitrate of soda as compared with the yields obtained with these same crops when fertilized with V2h tons of barnyard manure. In general, the nitrate of soda proved much more effective than the barnyard manure and cost considerably less. Report of the floriculturist and gardener, G. Coote {Oregon Ski. Rpt. 1901, lip. 41-4o)- — A brief report on culture tests witli onions, tomatoes, cabbage, Swiss chard, ])eans, vegetable marrow, chicory, radishes, lettuce, peas, kale, tobacco, and hops. The author found that onions started in the greenhouse and transplanted to the field gave a more even crop than when the seed was sown in the open field. The onions also kept better. Chicory made an excellent growth at the station, showing that tlie (;limate is well adapted t(j its culture. Horticulture, E. R. L.\ke {Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 36-39). — The horticultural work of the station for the year is outlined. In the test to ascertain the efficiency of basket veneering and yucca fiber as protecting sheaths for fruit trees only 20 per cent of the veneer sheaths remained intact 4 months after putting in place, while 89 per cent of the yucca sheaths were in place. Temperature observations made inside the sheaths go to show that during the heated term the temperature is slightly higher inside the sheaths and in cooler weather slightly lower than the outside tem- perature. It is believed that the chief benefits from the sheaths lie in the protection of the trees from the direct rays of the sun, w'luls, and violent changesin temperature. As a result of a test of plums it is believe<. S). — Tlie advaiitaiic of shield grafting over other methods and the physiology of the wound and its heaHng are discussed. Thinning out grape bunches, P. Pacottet [Rev. Vit., 16 {1901), Nq. 397, pp. 99-103, figs. 5). — The method followed in thinning out and removing defective ber- ries or a too heavy set of berries in the bunches, for the purpose of securing more attractive and perfect bunches for table use, is outlined. Scissors are used to remove the defective l)orries. The culture of nuts in the United States, L. Wittmack {Gartenflora, 50 {1901), No 17, pp. 4'::S-470). — Brief report of the author on this subject. On soils suited to the chestnut tree, L. Piccioli {Staz. Sper. Agr. lial., 34 {1901), No. 8, pp. 745-766). — A discussion of this subject, with analyses of soils and of chestnuts, and a bibliography. The composition of the horse chestnut (-ffisculus hippocastanum) , E. Laves {Pharm. CentralhaUe, 43 {1901), p. 33; ahs. in Chem. Zlg., 25 {1901), No. 46, p. 111).— The following composition is given: Albumin, 10.63 per cent; dextrin, 1.7; starch, 64.8; ash, 3.16; phosphoric acid, 0.32; sulphuric acid, 0.13. The ash contains about f magnesia, \ lime, and a trace of iron. Caoutchouc in Soudan, H. Hamet {Agr. Pnd. Pays Chands, 1 {1901), No. 1, pp. 23-43, figs. 2) . — This article points out the growth of the world's rubber consumption since 1889, enumerates different species of plants from which rubber is obtained, reports a study of the latex of Landolphia heudeloiii, the most valuable of the rubber plants here considered, gives a few brief notes on the culture and propagation of this plant, and describes different methods of coa^^ulation employed in Soudan. The culture of the Castilloa rubber, F. Koschny {Beiheffe Tropenpflanzer, 2 {1901) , No. 3, pp. 119-172, fig. 1) .—Complete directions for the culture of Castilloa elastica, with figures as to the costs and profits in the industry. The influence of darkness on the development of flowers, N. Beulaygue {Vompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 {1001), No. 11, pp. 720-722).— K review is given of a number of experiments conducted along this line, and the author presents the results of his own observations with a large number of flowers. In the author's experiments, 2 branches of the same plant as nearly alike as possible were chosen. Onebranch was then allowed to develop in a box painted black on the inside and so inclosed that no light could penetrate the interior. The effects of the darkness on the time of blooming, color, form, size, and weight of the flowers were determined. In general, darkness prolonged slightly the blossoming period of the flowers. The violet blue color of such flowers as iris was of somewhat lighter color. Similar results "Were obtained with yellow and red flowers. The size of the flowers was slightly diminished, as was also the weight and volume. Tuberous-rooted begonias as bedding plants, J. W. Withers {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 336, p. 393). — In exposed sunny positions begonias require an abundance of water. The author has been most successful when the plants have been set in a position where the sun does not shine until afternoon. Peruvian guano is depended upon as a source of manure. Tlie guano is scattered in a thin coating over the surface before digging, and another thin coating given over the surface when raking down and leveling. Later in the season, after the plants are getting well established, a scattering of guano is placed on the soil surface underneath the plant leaves and watered in. For winter storage the tubers are lifted after the first frost has touched the stems. About 3 in. of stem is left on each tuber and the soil is not shaken off too closely. After curing 4 or 5 days under a shed they are stored in the cellar like potatoes. The author's loss has been but 4 per cent by winter storage in a dry eel lar. Carnations; topping plants in the field, A. M. Herr {Awer. Floriit, 16 {1901), No. 660, p. 1610). — In place of breaking or carelessly cutting the stems, which may 652 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. furnish conditions for the development of bacteriosis, the use of a sharp knife in topping is recommended. The first top should be taken out when the stem is in danger of toppling over and growing into a crooked plant, the second when the branch is forming a bud at the end. Late-blooming carnations should be topped very sparingly, so that the plant can be taken in with shoots long enough to produce some early flowers. Early bloomers require more constant attention and should not be carried into the house with buds on, since such buds make only third-rate flowers. Continuous bloomers should be handled the same as the foregoing, according to their habit of earliness or lateness. Carnations that bloom in crops require especial atten- tion to topping in order that they may be made to bloom at the season when they are most wanted. " Quick comers" should be topped once or twice in the house in order to get the crop to come up between December 15 and January 10 and a second crop at Easter time. Benching carnations, C. W. Ward, L. E. Marquisee, and J. Hartshorne {Amer. Florist, 16 [1901), No. 686, pp. 1781-1783) .—The best course to pursue in benching carnations, as regards date of planting indoors, proper compost, details of the operation of moving the plants from the field, etc., are considered independ- ently by each of the authors. The influence of incandescent lig'hts on carnation culture ( Florida Agr. , 28 {1901), No. 1436, J). 503). — It is stated that in experiments conducted at the Michi- gan Agricultural College incandescent lights in the greenhouse had the effect of increasing the length of the stem and the size and quantity of the flowers. Carnation hybrids, Amelung [Gartenflora, 50 {1901), No. 17, pp. 449, 450). — Brief notes and a colored plate are given showing the result of the artificial crossing of DiavthuH chinensis as mother plant D. caryophyllus as pollen plant. The details of this work were noted in an earlier number (E. S. R., 12, p. 752). Recent chrysanthemum literature, C. H. Payne ( Gard. Chron., 3. ser.,30 {1901), No. 765, p. 145). — The publications on chrysanthemums since 1897 are briefly noted. Cineraria stellata {Amer. Florist, 17 {1901), No. 690, pp. 133, iJ^).— Notes on the origin of this flower and on methods of culture. Horticultural monograph of the lilacs, L. Henry {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4. ser., 2 {1901), July, pp. 726-759). — The various species of the genus Syringa and of the subgenus Ligustrina are monographed. Newer lilies, J. G. Baker {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 350, pp. 620, 621).— This is a summary of a paper presented by the author at the London lily conference, in which a number of the newer lilies are briefly noted as to species and character of flowers. Hybrid stock for grafting roses {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 339, p. 440).— The writer considers Manetti stocks, which are so largely used in growing roses, not at all suited to our climate. Where perfect hardiness is required the Avriter has sub- stituted Michigan or Prairie rose {Rosa setigera), R. ivichuraiana, and sweetbrier {R. rubiginosa) for INIanetti stocks with good satisfaction. "All make good, deep roots, and are little affected by dry weather when established, and are not at all disposed to sucker." The best of all stocks, however, has been obtained by crossing Crimson Rambler with Clothilde Soupert, both of which are varieties of R. viuliiforn. These stocks are extraordinarily vigorous, show no inclination to throw up sprouts, and for budding purposes the stocks are easily worked. " In hardiness it seems little inferior to the native species. " The roots are easily grafted with the splice graft. The stems are not so satisfactory for grafting. For tree-rose effects the writer pre- fers to bud high up on strong sweetbrier shoots and trim off all other shoots and branches from the stock as soon as the bud has formed a fair top. Horticultural monograph on roses, J. Gerome {Jour. tSoc. Nat. Hort. France, 4- .see., 2 [1901), July, pp. 760-762. — A botanical and horticultural study of genus. Tecomas, H. Nehrling {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 351, pp. 634, 635).— Ten species of Tecoma are described. FORESTRY. 653 Wind-breaks and frost, J. Hoffman {Pacific Rural Press, 61 (1901), No. 21, pp. 325, 326). — The advantages and disadvantages of wind-breaks as a protection against frosts in lemon orchards are considered. Growing evergreens from seed, C. Wedge {Amcr. Gard., 2i {1901), No. 331, p. 636; rrprivt from MinmKutn JIorL). — Detailed cnltnral directions are given for the growing of cviTgrt'i'iis from ^^eed. Henderson's picturesque gardens and ornamental gardening illustrated, C Eenderson {New York: Peter Henderson & Co., 1901, pp. 158, figs. 317). — The effects produced by different methods of landscape gardening, ranging in character from the more natural to the formal gardens of the Italian and French schools, are brought out in an extended series of illustrations. The illustrations give views of gateways and entrances, lawns and decorated parks, fountains and statuary, floral sundials, water i)ieces, .artistic flower beds, topiary work, cactus gardens, subtropical gardens, hedges, and tlie hardy shrubs, flowers, etc., in landscape gardening. Gardens old and ne-wr — the country house and its garden environment {Londo)i: Country Life [1901'\, pp. XXIV-\ 295, figs. 4'70). — A presentation of meth- ods of English gardening and of garden architecture by the aid of an elaborate series of half-tone reproductions of famous English manors, abbeys, country houses, etc., and the ground attached thereto. The text consists in a large measure of historical and descriptive notes in explanation of the illustrations. FORESTRY. Observations on forest meteorology, R. de Drouin de Bouville {Bui. Min. Agr. \_France}, 20 {1901), No. 2, pp. 240-270, ph. 9).— At the National School of Forestry since 1867 observations have continually been made to ascertain the effect exerted by forests upon rainfall and upon a supply of subterranean water. Three stations were maintained, one of which was selected to represent a dense forest of deciduous trees, the second a less heavily timbered region, while the third was an agricultural region of considerable extent which was taken to represent the meteor- ology of an area free from the influence of forests. The influence of wooded areas on the total rainfall is shown for the three stations. While there was considerable variation from year to year, the relative proportion measured at the different stations was about the same. For the 33 years the relative proportion of water on the 3 different areas above described was 100, 93.9, and 76.7, showing that in general forests increase the amount of rainfall over a given area, and this increase seems to be about in proportion to the extent and density of the forest. In order to ascertain whether winds exerted any appreciable effect on the amount of. rain falling at these different regions, a tabular statement is given showing the rainfall for 11 years under the influence of winds from different directions. The results show that practically the same proportion stated above is shown for the rainfall of the different stations, no matter what the direction of the wind. The effects of cold and hot seasons and seasons of great and small rainfall are shown by tabular statements, 1)ut practically the same relative quantity of water fell at the different places. With slight variation there was no appreciable difference in the action of the forest in winter or summer, the average preciiritation being about the same for each season. In dry seasons the relative precipitation over forested areas was little, if any, greater than during periods of heavy rain. Investigations were conducted to determine the amount of rain water intercepted by the forest cover. These observations were begun in 1867 and continued for 32 years. In the densely covered forest, small areas were cleared of trees and comparisons made between the amount of water reaching the soil in these areas and those where the timber was not removed. In the dense forest the amount of water intercepted by the trees varied from the minimum in winter to a maximum 654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of 14.3 per cent of the total rainfall. At the second station the amount of water intercepted attained a maximum of 16.6 per cent. The evaporation taking place from the soil in wooded and cleared areas was investigated by means of atmidometers, by which it was found that the evaporation was considerably greater in the open areas than those under forest cover. No esti- mation appears to ha^■e been made of the amount of water transpired through the foliage of the growing plants. Forestry planting for southern Minnesota, H. W. Poole {Farm Students' Rev., 6 (1901), Xo. 9, pp. 142, 143). — On the high prairie soils of the southern part of the State the author recommends the planting of green ash, boxelder, white willow, white spruce, red cedar, Norway and Scotch pines. For the more moist soils, black walnut, green ash, hard maple, white willow, basswood, soft maple, Norway spruce, Douglas fir, and white pine are more suitable. Forestry at Coteau Substation in south-western Minnesota ( Farm Students' Rev., 6 {1901), No. 9, pp. 131-133). — A review is given of the forestry conditions at the substation, and the necessity for the planting of wind-breaks is shown. For wind-breaks the author recommends the planting of willows, of which the golden willow is considered one of the best. The caragana and buckthorn are both consid- ered good hedge plants for wind-breaks, but are of less rapid growth. After a wind- break is started the permanent trees may then be planted, and in this section box- elder, ash, and elm give the best results, although some of the oaks, particularly bur oak, make considerable growth while young. The presence of underbrush, such as dogwood and buckthorn, is recommended in the planting as a protective measure. After the forest trees become established this undergrowth csn be cut out when the plantation is thinned. Investigations conducted by the Bureau of Forestry in Nebraska, W. L. Hall {ForeMer, 7 {1901) , Xo. 8, pp. 188-193, figs^. 4). — Forest investigations are being conducted in Nebraska, in wliich an attempt is made to study the planted and natural timber. The planted timber is studied to tind not only what thrives best in different sections of the State, but also what is most valuable for different purposes. The natural timber is investigated to find what species occur, to what extent timber is increasing, and the conditions under which the increase takes place. In 1890 this Department had a large number of pines planted in the Sandhill region of south- western Nebraska. The plantation consisted of Scotch, Austrian, Kock, and Bank- sian pine. The land was very sandy, and the trees were set in furrows run through the sod. Since planting no cultivation has been given. The Scotch and Austrian pines now average 6 to 8 ft. in height, the Rock pine from 4 to 6, and the Banksian pine 12 to 18 ft. This experiment seems to show that they are well adapted to the location and similar regions. The investigations conducted by the Bureau of For- estry will be in that portion of the State which is not adapted to farming or grazing, and will bring together all available information on its adaptability to forest growth and on means of foresting in case it is adapted to the growth of trees. The forest and water resources of Washing-ton, A. D. Foster {Forester, 7 {1901), Xo. 4, pp. 88-91). — A summary is given of an address in which the forest and water resources of t^e State are reviewed. It appears that of a forest area of 15,858 square miles formerly covered with merchantable timber, 22.5 per cent has been destroyed by fire, 22 per cent cut over, and the remaining 57.5 per cent is still covered with standing timber. Thus in less than a generation of time about two- fifths of the timber in what is considered the richest merchantable timber region in the world has disappeared. Tree planting on idle lands in New England, J. D. Lyman {Forester, 7 {1901), Xo. 8, pp. 199-201, fig. 1). — The author states that the great difficulties in the way of forestry are lack of knowledge of the art and science of forestry, and the rate of taxes usually assessed against lands. There is said to be 116,000 acres of idle land in New FORESTRY. 655 Hampshire, much of which is adapted to the growing of forest trees if properly man- aged. The white pine, spruce, and chestnut will probably be the best trees for culture. An example is cited of a 13-acre plantation of white pine from which, 40 years after planting, the owner cut 40 cords of boxwood logs, valued at ?i240 per acre. After providing for all expenses there was left a net profit of |128 per acre. If larger timber had been desired, by more prolongeel thinnings the production could have l)een increased still more. The outlook for forestry in the Philippines {Forester, 7 (1901), No. 9, pp. 211- 215, figs. 5). — The author quotes Capt. G. P. Ahern, of the Forestry Bureau at Manila, as stating that there are more than 50,000,000 acres of public woodlands in the archipelago. There have been classified up to the present time 665 species of forest trees, and it is believed that the total number will prove to be fully 1,000 after the region has been more thoroughly explored. The plans of the Forestry Bureau of the Philippines are outlined, in which timber testing and forest management are to be given a prominent place. The proceeds derived from the leasing of forest privi- leges during the first fiscal year amounted to about $200,000, and at the present time the revenues are about $30,000 per month, an increase of about 150 per cent over what they were during the Spanish occupation. The present market for all timber is in Manila. Some of the timber has previously been exported to the Asiatic coast, but at present the demand for timber in Manila and other parts of the island is greater than the ability to supply it. The forests of New South Wales, J. H. Maiden {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 7, pp. 811-S26, map l). — The author popularly describes the forests of New South Wales, giving their topography and dividing the forest region into 4 zones, the principal characteristics of which are described. Descriptions and eco- nomic notes are given of the principal forest timbers of the country. Statistics are quoted in w'hich the forest area is estimated at 20,000,000 acres, of which in 1900 there had been reserved 6,355,605 acres. These reserves, which are under govern- ment control, are mostly occupied under leases for grazing. The forestry operations are described at some length, the annual output of different kinds of timber being shown. On the improvement and renovation of beech forests in Ardennes, L. Claude {Ulng. Agr. Gembloux, 11 {1901), No. 10, pp. 427-446). — Attention is called to the gradual destruction of the beech forests, and suggestions are given for their restitution. The author recommends the prevention of the removal of the leaves, gra.ss, and other materials constituting the forest floor, protection of the young growth, and the maintenance of plantations from which the trees may be trans- planted. Handbook of German dune protection, P. Gerhardt {Handhuch des deutschen Dunenhaues. Berlin: Paul Par ey, 1900; noted in Bid. Soc. Cent. Forst. Belg.,8 {1001), No. 1, pp. 55, 56). — This work is a complete treatise on the sand dunes of Germany, and describes the methods that have been adopted for their reclamation, the cost of the improvement, and methods of reforestation. Among the tree species found adapted to planting in such conditions are Scotch pine, Picea alba, P. excelsa, Almis glutinosa and Betula verrucosa, and under certain conditions Pinus laricio, P. rigida, ash, elm, poplar, etc. For the dunes along the North Sea the author believes it feasible to forest them with mountain pine and black alder, with mixtures of"Scotch pine and birch in some places. For the side of dunes next the coast, planting grass and other halophytic plaiits is recommended to prevent their shifting about. Durability of timber {Queensland Agr. Jour., 8 {1901), No. 6, p. 444). — A discus- sion is given of the relative durability of seasoned and green timber when used for structural purposes. The application ol coal tar, paint, and other coverings to green timber tends to increase the liability to dry rot, and it is recommended that unsea- soned timber should not be painted except at the joints. Where seasoned there will 656 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. be less shrinkage in timber. It may be finished, tarred, or painted without incur- ring danger of dry rot, and the timber itself will frequently be found to be stronger. Wood preserving by painting- with or immersing in tar oils, E. P. Schoch {Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., 4 [1901), No. 1, pp. 88-92). — Gives results of tests of timbers treated with carbolic acid, high-boiling oils, and tar bases. To protect timber by means of superficial application the best results were o))tained with a coal-tar distil- late boiling at 270° C. or above, free from low-boiling oils and carbolic acid, and containing a high percentage of tar bases, notably acridine, and free from tarry or insoluble substances that close the pores of the wood. SEEDS— WEEDS. On the color and weight of red-clover seed, C. Fruwirth {Landtu. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 6, 2:>p- 439-452) .-^Studies are reported on the color and weight of the different seed found in red -clover heads. The seed in a large number of clover heads were counted and divided according to color, an attempt being made to divide each head as nearly as possible into an upper and lower half. The results are given for 9 heads, showing that the lower half of the head contained 10 dark-violet seed, 30 variegated, 72 deep yellow, and 86 yellow, while the upper half contained 16 dark violet, 54 variegated, 72 deep yellow, and 64 yellow. The total seed produc- tion of a number of plants was counted, showing considerable variation as to the color of the seed. Based upon their color, the seed produced by one plant were 160 deep yellow and 445 yellow; a second plant produced 154 violet, 125 variegated, 58 deep yellow, and 11 yellow seed; a third, 177 deep yellow and 366 yellow seed; while still another bore 131 variegated and 47 deep-yellow seed. From these and other investigations reported the author seems to believe there is a predisposition in color of seed found in the red-clover heads. This is particularly true of the yellow seed or the violet. For the variegated seed and those approaching that color there seems to be greater predisposition to the production of dark-violet seed than to variegated. Numerous weighings were made of different classes of seed, and the averages showed that the dark-violet seed were the heaviest, followed by the variegated, and the aver- age of these was still heavier than the lighter-colored seeds. The seed coats of angiosperms and gymnosperms, and their development, J. J. Attema {De zaadhuid der angiospermx en gymnospermse en hare ontivikkeling. Gronmgcn: P. Noordhoff, 1901, pp. 226). A chemical and physiological study of the corneous endosperm of some leguminous seed, M. Goret ( Tliesis, Lotis-leSatdnier [Dednrne^, 1901, pp. 85). The germination of seed plants, A. J. J. Vandevelde {Dodunaea, 1900, pp. 141-301) .—Tresits of the morphology and physiology of the germination of s])erma- phytes. On the action of formaldehyde on germination, R. Windisch ( Landiv. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 4-5, pp. 241-252; abs. in Ann. Agron., 27 {1901, No. 8, pp. 388, 389) . — A study was made of the action of formaldehyde in strengths of 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 per cent upon the germination of lupines, peas, horse beans, soy beans, flax, summer rape, alfalfa, clover, and maize. In general the more concen- trated the solution, the more the germination was retarded and the less number of seeds germinated, the action of the formaldehyde generally manifesting itself by a diminution of the germinative energy of the seed. The most dilute solution had little or no injurious effect upon the germination of lupines, peas, beans, or maize, while it retarded slightly the flax, summer rape, alfalfa, and clover, although the total germinations were not diminished. More marked effects were noted as the strength of solution was increased, the 0.1 per cent having an injurious effect upon all but the horse beans and maize. The summer rape and flax were killed and the germination of the alfalfa and clover greatly retarded. The 0.2 per cent solution was injurious to all except the maize, retarding those which had previously not been SEEDS WEEDS. 657 affected, and completely killing the others; while the 0.4 per cent scjlution destroyed all seeds except the maize. Germination of wheat treated with copper sulphate, E. Demoussy {Ann. Agron .,27 { 1901 ) , Xo. 6, pp. 257-261 ). — On acconnt of recently published investigations, which showed the injurious action of extreme dilutions of copper and other salts, the author was led to study the effect of fungicides upon plants and to ascertain the reasons for the comparatively slight injury upon foliage and seeds when treated with fungicides containing an amount of copper far in excess of the minimum toxic strength. In the case of fungicides sprayed upon plants, the injurious action is neutralized by the presence of carbonate of lime, or other alkalis. Where seeds are soaked or wetted with strong solutions, the reason for the limited injury is not so evident. The author conducted a number of experiments in which wheat was soaked in solutions of copper sulphate and determinations afterwards made of the copper adhering to the seed. In ordinary practice the strength of the solution employed is 1 kg. of copper sulphate dis.solved in a hectoliter of water, or 0.253 gm. metallic cop- per per 100 cc. of water. In the first of the author's experiments, 25 gm. of wheat were immersed in 50 cc. of the above solution, and after 15 minutes' immersion the weight of the copper remaining in the solution was practically undiminished. In a second case, the amount of metallic copper in the solution fell from 0.251 to 0.248 gm. After treatment 25 gm. of seed wheat were dried, incinerated, and the amount of copper adhering was found to be 0.011 gm. After washing treated seed three times, the copper still adhering was 0.009 gm. Other investigations showed that the copper was wholly deposited on the outside of the grain, at least none could be detected by potassium ferrocyanid tests within the seed coats. Germination tests were made of 6 lots of wheat, of 5 gm. each, practically 100 seeds each. Two lots were simply dipped into the copper solution; 2 soaked for 15 minutes; and 2 soaked for the same length of time, after which the grain was wastied in 3 waters; and all germinated under similar conditions, with a check lot untreated. A retarding action wai! noted for all treated lots. If the treated seeds were germinated upon filter paper no injurious action was noted, and similar results were obtained for 6 lots of seed germinated in pots containing soils, some of which contained lime and others without. In explaining this lack of injury, the author claims the capillary action of the filter paper and soils drained the copper from the seed, and as a result the tender radicles did not come in contact with a toxic quantity of the metal. The suggestion often given, that seed treated with coi)per sulphate should afterwards be limed, he believes to be unnecessary in ordinary practice, his experiments having shown equally well for those lots which received no lime. The physical character of the soil seems sufficient to overcome the injurious action of the salt when used in ordi- nary strengths. Stimulating the germination of teak seed ( Trop. A(jr., 20 {1900-1901), p. 176). — It is stated that the usual time required for germinating seed of teak varies from 2 to 3 months. Experiments which have been undertaken show that this time may be greatly shortened in different ways. One experiment was carried out in which the seeds were placed in a shallow pit, which was afterwards filled with water, and sub- sequently the seeds were kept moist by being watered every 4 days. In the second experiment the seeds were soaked for 24 hours in warm water before planting. In both exi>eriments the time of germination was reduced to a few days. Deciduous tree seeds, G. W. Stk.\nd {Florists' Exchange, 13 {1901), No. 14, p. 379). — Directions are given for the collection and management of tlie seeds of a number of deciduous forest 'trees. The seeds of willows, soft maples, poplars, and elms — with the exception of the red elm — should be sown on ground that remains reasonably moist, as soon as possible after gathering, as they lose their germinating power very quickly. The depth to which seeds should be covered varies with differ- 658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ent varieties. Elm, poplar, birch, and elder should not be covered more than 5 in.; maple, ash, box elder, and basswood, from | to 1 in.; oak, chestnut, walnut, butter- nut, and hickory, from Ij to 2 in. in depth. As a rule, seeds which ripen in the fall should be planted at once, except those which can be kept over without danger of spoiling. Those of a dry nature may be kept mitil spring if stratified in sand or leaves. They have also been preserved by being mixed with leaves and hung in sacks in a cool, dry place. If kept in this manner they must be thoroughly soaked before planting or many of them will not sprout. Locust seeds should be scalded before planting, and only the swollen ones planted. The seeds of thorn apple or wild thorn, mountain ash, red cedar, juniper, and others as a rule do not germinate until the second season. These may be kept either in a stratified condition or planted and the rows mulched. Seeds which have a fleshy covering, such as cher- ries and plums, should be separated from their pulp and stratified in moist sand until planted. On the germination of half-ripe dodder seed, W. Kinzel {Landw. Vers. Stat., 55 {1901), No. 4-5, pp. 255-256; abs. in Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 8, p. 390).— A study was made of the germination of immature seed of Cuscuta lupuliformis. Capsules containing green seeds were collected, some of which were preserved as collected, while others had the seed removed. In testing the germination of the green seed, it was found that 56 per cent of those which had been removed from the capsules germinated, while 73 per cent of those preserved within the seed balls germinated. Those preserved in the capsules, while germinating more slowly at the beginning, finally gave 92.5 per cent germination. Seeds allowed to ripen normally which were germinated for comparison gave but 5 per cent germination at the end of 26 days. The sprouting of cocklebur seeds, E. E. Masterman {Ohio Nut., 1 {1901), No. 5, pp. 69, 70). Weeds of Montana, J. W. Blankinship {Montana Sta. Bui. 30, pp. 70, figs. 21). — A general study is given of the weed flora of the State and the characteristics of the different weeds are de.scribed. The means of distribution and origin of the weed flora are shown. The classification of the weeds into annuals, biennials, and \^ev- ennials is made and brief notes given regarding their root systems. The different weeds are classified according to their situations, and methods for eradication are discussed at some length. The weed law of the State is quoted, in which it appears that Canada, Scotch, and Russian thistles are proscribed. An annotated list of the weeds growing in Montana is given, the species being arranged in alphabetical order. Those which are especially troublesome are indicated l>y having their scientific names printed in black-face type. In all 138 species are enumerated. An experiment on the eradication of weeds in meadows, R. AuERnoLD {Centbl. Bait. u. Par., 2. Abt., 7 {1901), No. 17-18, p. 662).— A brief report is given of experiments conducted with a 15 per cent solution of iron sulphate sprayed upon meadows to destroy weeds. The first application was made on May 11, followed by a second one June 13. The herbicide had but little effect upon such species as Bellis, Leontodon taraxacum, Veronica, thistles, or dead nettle. There was some injury done to species of Symphytum and yEgopodium. The second application was made with- out any injury to the grass, which consisted of a mixture of Lolium and Cynosurus, but the flowering stalks of Leontodon and Bellis and some others were destroyed, thereby preventing the spread of their seeds. Experiments in the destruction of wild mustard and wild radishes, E. Marre {Semaine Agr., 21 {1901), No. 1069, pp. 358,359). — In order to popularize the method of weed destruction by means of chemicals, the author arranged, during the summer of 1901, with a number of cultivators in different parts of the department of Aveyron to spray crops with a 5 per cent solution of copper sulphate and a 10 per cent solu- tion of iron sulphate. The results of the experiments are briefly reported. Fields DISEASES OF PLANTS. 659 of barley, winter wheat, oats, and maize were sprayed with these herbicides, and where properly ai)plied resulted in the destruction of the wild mustard, the wild radish, and in a number of instances of the field poppy, crowfoot, cardoons, etc. In general, all the treatments were successful, but on account of cheapness the iron sul- phate is given the preference. It is believed that by the use of this herbicide it will be possible to destroy these weeds growing in fields of cereals. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on fungus diseases of plants, J. Ray {Rev. Gen. Bot., 13 {1901), No. 148, ■pp. 145-151). — The author believes that it is possible, within certain limits, to pre- vent attacks of fungus parasites through the presence of inimical substances in the tissues of the host plant. Among the external parasites the effect of the host is inap- jjreciable and fungicides must be emjiloyed in combating them. For internal parasites a number of alternates are presented. A brief report is given of experiments in which various chemicals were injected into the plants, indicating, the author believes, that the injection of the juices of plants not subject to attacks of a specific organism will secure immunity for the treated plant from attacks of that fungus. The principal part of the paper is taken up with an account of experiments in which immunity to disease was secured by producing a mild form of disease through inoculation with attenuated cultures of the fungi, or by the use of toxins derived from pure cultures of the organ- isms. The methods of attenuation were those usually employed in such investiga- tions and consisted of heat, light, and cold. Experiments were conducted with wheat, oats, luj^ines, beans, sunflowers, radishes, and mustard, all of which — with the exception of the mustard — are subject to a Ijacterial rot caused by Bacillus putrefndens. The experiments with the lupines and beans are reported at considerable length. The bacteria cause a peculiar rotting of the tissues, accompanied by an exudation of viscous gum which has a very characteristic odor. Inoculations with attenuated cultures, or with a' solution obtained by dissolving the alcoholic precipitate secured from the cultures, produced a mild form of disease which apparently rendered plants immune to subsequent attack. The author believes that the occasional immunity and resistance of some individuals fo disease is largely brought about in this manner. Result of experiments for the prevention of bunt in wheat, W. Farrer {Agr. Gaz. New South ]V. 409-420). — The author gives a detailed description of Dacti/lopius sequoix in all of its stages. The first specimens of the insect were found on small cultivated redwood trees near Stanford University, and were later found in the university arboretum, as well as through the Sierra Morena Moun- tains. The species was preyed upon by the larva of a ladybird, and an undetermined parasitic fly was bred from female scales. The San Jose scale in Japan, S. I. Kuwana (pp. 14). — The author spent several months in Japan during the season of 1900 for the purpose of studying the distri- bution, relative abundance, and parasites of the San Jose scale in that country. The insect was found in all of the islands which were visited. The amount of damage varied from slight attacks in some orchards to complete destruction in others. With few exceptions, however, the insect was nowhere sufficiently abundant to endanger orchards. In some locations pear trees suffered more than apple trees. In one locality the oldest orchard, imported from America about 25 years ago, was not infested. The insect was not found on high elevations, but has been known to be present in Japan for the past 30 years. No native species of trees were infested. The insect is attacked by numerous parasites which almost entirely destroy the female scales in some localities. The food plants, as observed in Japan, include pear, apple, plum, peach, Japanese quince, currant, and willow. Several parasites and ladybirds were observed preying upon the San Jose scale. The species were not identified. In Japan the best spraying jiiachines and insecticides have not been iised for the destruction of the scale and it is, therefore, practically unchecked by artificial methods. Soapsuds, kerosene, and kerosene mixture have been applied with a paint brush in a manner which often causes the death of the trees. The currant-bud mite or currant-gall mite (Phytoptus ribis), R. New- stead {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. {London], 25 {1901), No. 3, pp. 286-302, figs. 8).— The author describes the appearance of the mite in its different stages and of affected buds. The life history of the mite was worked out again in detail. The mites first appeared in newly formed buds during the second and third weeks of July. Previ- ous to that time they were found on the leafstalks. From this date they increased in numbers, until a maximum was reached in March and April. When the infested buds died the mites died with them in great numbers, and a migration to fresh buds was seldom noted. As many as 3,000 mites may be found in a single infested bud. All varieties of black currants are attacked. The author failed to find a mite on the varieties of red currant. The author gives a review of the literature and means of combating this mite, with notes from original observations. The removal of infested buds proved generally unsuccessful, applied on a large scale. On a single row or small patches of currants the method is sometimes more successful. Cutting all bushes down to the ground is reported as an effective method of combating the mite. Liquid insecticides are not recommended. Experiments in immersing infested branches in hot water for various lengths of time gave fairly satisfactory results. The mites were destroyed by immersion for 1 minute in water at a temperature of 140° F. and for 15 minutes at a temperature of 115° F. While this method is perfectly successful in a labora- tory, it can not be managed conveniently on a large scale in the field. Rather con- tradictory results have been obtained by different experimenters with the fumiga- tion method by means of hydrocyanic-acid gas. The author recommends planting clean healthy stock in single rows between other crops or in isolated areas. Plants should be pruned so as to admit plenty of light and careful watch should be main- tained for the first appearance of infestation, when infested patches should be immediately burned. 670 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlie fall army worm and variegated cutworm, F. H. Chittenden ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bui. 29, n. ser., pp. 64, figs. 11).— The fall army worm {Laphygma frugiperda) feeds normally on grasses, cultivated grains, and a few weeds, and i^roduces 2 or 3 generations per year, according to the location. In 1899 the infested territory comprised large portions of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The author gives a description of the insect in its various stages, accompanied with technical descriptions of the egg and larva, by H. G. Dyar. The insect is distributed from Canada to Florida, and west to Colorado and Montana. It also occurs in Jamaica, Brazil, and Cuba. It is considered indigenous to North and South America. Notes are given by the author on the common and scientific names under which the insect has been known and on the various reports which were received concerning its outbreaks in 1899, 1900, and 1901. During 1900 it was reported as injurious on corn, which it attacked in a manner similar to that of the boUworm, and also to the chick-pea, ruta-baga, hollyhock, and lamb's quarter. The insect was described somewhat more than a hundred years ago, but it was not until 1855 that it began to attract attention by its depredations. The food plants include grasses, cereals, cot- ton, peas, grapes, various fruit trees, and other plants. The egg masses which are deposited in the fall produce larvae and, as a rule, pupfe before winter. The full- grown larvte enter the soil to a depth of about an inch and become inclosed in earthen cells. The larvae of the first generation appear in May and June. The egg period is determined as about 10 days. In the District of Columbia hibernation takes place exclusively in the pupal condition. The natural enemies of this insect include English sparrows, which feed upon the larva', blue jays, and a number of parasitic and predaceous insects of which the most important are Wintheinia quadripustulata, Frontina frenchii, and ants. When the fall army worm assumes the habits of the common army worm it may be combated by the same means which are usually adopted against the latter. Wherever the arsenical poisons can be conveniently and effectively used, this remedy should be adopted. Lawns may be successfully treated by application of kerosene emulsion. In some situations mechanical methods, such as rolling and the use of barriers, may be adopted with success. Clean cultural methods and rota- tion of crops are always indicated in cases of bad infestation, and fall plowing has the effect of breaking up the earthen cells in which the pupae are found, and thus exposing them to climatic changes. Infested rice fields may be flooded, and where bad outbreaks of the species are expected wheat and rye should be sown late. In vegetable gardens the use of poisoned baits is recommended. A list is given of the literature relating to this subject. The variegated cutworm {Peridroma saucia) is a common insect in gardens, pasture lands, fields, orchards, and greenhouses, and feeds upon a great variety of cultivated plants. The insect is considered as originally from Asia Minor or southern Europe, and its distribution is cosmopolitan. It occurs practically throughout the United States. A description is given of the insect in its various stages, and notes are pre- sented on outbreaks which have occurred in various parts of the United States and in Canada. These outbreaks include attacks on crops in gardens and fields, and also on greenhouse plants. Extended notes are given on the food plants of the insect, which include a great variety of cultivated plants and weeds. As a rule, this cut- worm hibernates in the larval stage, although hibernation takes place to some extent in the pupal and adult conditions. Considerable injury is done in the spring by larvae which have hibernated. There are at least 2, and perhaps 3, generations in the latitude of the District of Columbia. Hibernated larvae begin their attacks in May, and a second generation is produced which causes injury in July and August. The duration of the egg stage is about 3 weeks at moderate temperatures, while the pupal stage lasted for from 10 to 21 days. The natural enemies of this species include a number of parasitic insects, among which mention may be made of Fhorocera saun- ENTOMOLOGY. 671 dersii, Archytas nnalis, Ichneumon cnpitns, and /. maurus. The cutworm is preyed upon to some extent by the common ground beetle {Scarites subterraneus) . The insect is also subject to a bacterial disease and to the attacks of a parasitic fungus {Empnsa aulicr). Robins, crows, blue jays, chickens, turkeys, and pigs are reported as feeding upon the cutworm. The artificial remedies which are recommended in combating this insect include the use of poisoned bran mash, jioisoned vegetable bait, placing tarred paper or cot- ton batting around the trees, spraying with Bordeaux mixture, and hand picking. The army worm (Leucaniaunipuncta), E. A Holmberg {Bol. Agr. y Ganaderia. 1 {1901), No. 2, pp. 3-8, pi. 1). — An account is given of the geographical distribution, appearance, habits, and means of combating this insect. The remedies which are in common use in this and other countries for army worms are recommended. Combating' army worms, A. L. Arribalzaga {Bol. Ayr. y Ganaderia, 1 {1901), No. 5, pp. 52-55). — The author gives brief notes on the habits, life history, and means of combating Enrycreon similis, bollworm, and army worm. Attention is called to the agency of birds in destroying these insects. Tent caterpillars {Jour. Bd. Agr. \^London'], 8 {1901) , No. 2, pp. 191-197, pis. 2). — Brief descriptive biological and economic notes on Clisiocampa neustria and Porthesia chrysorrhsca. Killing' cankerworms in California, H. G. Keesling {Rural Neu) Yorker, 60 {1901), No. 2618, p. 371) . — The use of traps for catching the female moths of canker- worms or for preventing them from climbing the trees proved unsuccessful. The experiment with moth traps was conducted on 200 acres of fruit trees and the traps were given a careful test. Experiments with Paris green, on the other hand, gave good results. Paris green used at the rate of 1 lb. to 200 gal. of water was not sufficient to kill the worms, but when used at the rate of 3 lbs. to 200 gal. the worms were nearly all killed, and the author believes this to be the most successful method for fighting cankerworms. No injury was caused to the foliage by using the Paris green in this strength. Apparently it made no difference in this regard whether a small quantity of lime was mixed with the Paris green or not. During the experiments 3 different brands of Paris green were used without noting any difference in results. It is stated that the same strength of Paris green was used with success on apple trees in destroying the codling moth. Insect enemies of the spruce in the Northeast, A. D. Hopkins {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Entomology Bid. 28, n. ser., pp. 48, pis. 16, figs. 2). — The species of spruce upon which observations were made were Picea rubens, P. canadensis, and P. montana. A study of insect attacks upon these trees was made in Maine, New Hamp- shire, and Vermont. It was found that dead trees occurred in "well defined areas and were not confined to particular conditions of soil, exposure, or altitude. A spe- cies of bark-mining beetle, described under the name Dendroctonus piceaperda, was found to be the primary cause of the death or unhealthy condition of the spruce. The insect passes the winter in all stages of larva and in adult condition. The beetles which develop from hi))ernating larvje l)egin to emerge about the middle of June. Galleries were excavated and eggs deposited by June 19. Larvae were found in these galleries during the last few days of July, and adult beetles were observed on Octo- ber 4. In northwestern Maine there seems to be only 1 brood annually. The beetle attacks only the spruce and only the larger trees. Entrance is made to the bark of healthy trees from 6 to 10 tt. from the ground, and trees which are weakened from disease may be attacked nearer the ground. A detailed description is given of the primary gallery and the secondary or larval mines. Evidence of infestation is to be recognized in the presence of balls of pitch pushed out by the beetles when excavating, in the pale or grayish green color of the leaves, and by the reddish appearance of the twigs after the leaves have fallen. Only 1 brood of beetles develops on the same tree unless, as sometimes happens, but one side of the tree is 672 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. attacked one year and the other side the next year. The presence of beetles is sus- pected also where woodpeckers are noticed working upon the trunks of spruce in unusual numbers. A globular fungus (Polyporns rolvafus) is usually associated with attacks of the beetle and is observed protruding from the holes made by excavation. A parasitic insect {Bracon simj^lex) and a predaceous heet\e {Tlianasimus nuMlus) were observed preying upon the bark beetle. The most important bird enemies of this forest pest are various species of woodpeckers. A few of the larv?e were found suffering from what appeared to be a fungus disease. Severe freezing or sudden climatic changes may kill the puii?e and young beetles to a slight extent. Among the injurious insects which were found associated with the bark beetle, the two most important were Pohigrajihvs rufipennis and Tetropium. dnnarnopterum. Extensive experiments were conducted by Mr. A. Gary on the effect pf girdling certain trees which were about to be cut for lumber, for the purpose of attracting the beetles to them. The results are reported in detail, and it appears from these experiments that the best period for girdling spruce trees to attract the bark beetle away from other trees is at the time when the first puppe of the beetle begin to appear in the bark, and extending from that time until the beetles begin to fly. It was found that the beetles do not remain in dying or dead trees for more than one year. It is estimated that 3 pairs of beetles to the square foot of bark, throughout an extent of from 10 to 15 ft. of the trunk, are sufficient to kill a tree. The remedial measures which are recommended in controlling this insect include the regulation of winter cutting so that as manj' of the infested, dying, and dead trees as possible may be cut and placed in the water before June 1 ; cutting trees which have recently been attacked in summer and removing the bark from their trunks and stumps; and girdling during the first \)2ivi of June the trees where logging operations will be carried on during the following summer. The best method of girdling is considered to be that of hacking through the bark with an ax around the trunk about 2 or 3 ft. from the base. liOcust extermination {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 18 {1901), No. 12, pp. 820- 833; 19 {1901), Nos. 2, pp. 99-106; 3, pp. 165-171; 4, PP- 248-262).— This report contains a summary of the investigations in locust extermination which have been carried out in South America, Africa, and other countries. The so-called North American fungus {Empvsa gnjUi) operates most successfully during the warmer, • damper part of summer and attacks well-developed insects rather than young ones. Experiments with the Argentina fungus, or Carcaraila, gave good results and indi- cated that much may be hoped for from this fungus. Less satisfactory results were obtained from the use of the South African fungus. Detailed notes are given on the peculiarities of culture which are favorable to the propagation of fungus epidemics among the locusts, on migrations of locusts, and the various influences which deter- mine the course taken liy the armies of locusts. W. Roe reports success in destroy- ing locusts by spraying with a soap solution, to which cyanid of potash was added. A copy is given of the locust law passed by Argentina for the purpose of preventing, so far as possible, the excessive damage from locusts. The Indian starling {Acridotheres tristis) was imported into South Africa for the purpose of testing its value in the destruction of locusts. The birds were found to destroy locusts in considerable numbers, but in some localities form the habit of destroying fruit, which constituted a more or less serious objection to their further importation. A general report is given by C. Frers on the invasions of locusts in Argentina from 1898 to 1900. This report contains an account of the origin, development, and extent of the different locust plagues which occurred daring that time, and the routes followed by the adult and young locusts. The liil)ernating zone or localities where winter refuge is sought most extensively by the locusts are indicated, as well as the most frequented localities for the deposition of eggs. A classified list is given of natural and artificial agencies which tend to the destruction of locusts. FOODS NUTRITION. 673 These include i)arasites and predaceons insects, as well as other animals, and all of the mechanical and chemical remedies which have been suggested for the destruction of the insects. Winter washing- of fruit trees {Joxir. Bd. Agr. [London], S {1901), No. ^, pp. 14^'), 141',; lid. Ai/r. [Loudon], Lcafet No. 70, pp. 2). — A caustic alkali wash, made by dissolving 1 pound of commercial caustic soda in water and 1 pound of crude }X>tash in water; after these substances "have become dissolved, they are mixed together, | lb. of treacle added, and then sutiicient water is added to make 10 gal. This wash is recommended as efticient in removing moss, lichens, and dead bark from the trunks of trees, and for destroying woolly aphis, codling moth, oyster-shell bark louse, and the eggs of the red spider and plant lice. Catalogue of the Tabanidae, C. Kertesz {Exlr. from Termeszet. Fuzelek, 23 (1900), pp. 79). — The author has compiled in this article a complete catalogue of the genera and species of the Tabanidpe which have thus far become known. In cases where the original descriptions were not accessible to the author the species were entered according to the citations in Zoological Record and ArcJiir fi'ir Naturgcschichte. Mosquitoes. How they live ; how they carry disease; how they are classi- fied; how they may be destroyed, L. O. Howard {Nciv York: McClnre, Phillips & Co., 1901, pp. 241, figs. 50). — In this volume an account is given of the life history and habits of mosquitoes, their connection with malaria, yellow fever, and filariasis. A classification of genera and species of the North American mosquitoes is given, and the natural and artificial enemies of mosquitoes are discussed. Short chapters are presented containing directions for collecting and preserving mosquitoes, and giving analytical tables for identification of different species. The volume constitutes an elaborated form of bulletins by the author, especially Division of Entomology Bul- letin 25 (E. S. R. 12, pp. 768, 769). The -fig-ht against mosquitoes, W. J. Matreson {Rural New Yorker, 60 {1901), No. 26S1, p. 417). — A brief account is given of the habits and life history of mosqui- toes in their various stages. It is believed that no body of water which exists during the summer for as long a period as 3 weeks is free from the liability or even certainty of becoming a breeding place for mosquitoes. The use of kerosene oil, as commonly recommended, is considered a successful remedy. Dipterous larvse as occasional parasites of man, E. Peipek { FUegenlarven ah gelegenliclte Pnrasitoi des Meiisrhni. Berlin: Louis ^^arcus, 1900, pp. 76, figs. 41)- — The author briefly discusses the life history and habits of diptera which have been reported as parasites of man. A considerable number of species are considered and notes are given on the conditions surrounding the various cases of parasitism. A list of the literature on the subject is appended to the pamphlet. Egg-laying workers, C. Dadant {Rev. Lnternat. ApiadL, 23 {1901), No. 11, pp. 220-226). — The author gives a general discussion, with historical references, on the subject of the conditions under which this phenomenon among working bees is observed. Armature of the prolegs of the silkworm, E. Versox {SidV armatura delle zampe spurie nella larva del filngello. Padua: Tlpogr(fia (Joopcratira , 1901, pp. 27, j^l. 1). — The author describes in detail the anatomical structures of the prolegs of silk- worms, with special reference to the development of the claws or l)ristles connected with these structures. The results of this anatomical study are discussed in connec- tion with a critical review of the literature on the su])ject. FOODS— NUTRITION. Experiments on the digestibility of butter and certain butter substitutes, H. Wibbens and II. E. IIi-izen<;a {Arrh. PIn/.vol. [Pfiiiger], SJ {1901), No. 10-12, pp. 609^18). — A comparison was made of the digestil)ility of ])utter, margarine, and sana, a butter substitute which, according to the manufacturers, contains no milk fat. A 674 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. number of the experiments were made with dogs; in others the authors themselves were the subjects. In the latter experiment, the butter or butter substitute was con- sumed as part of a simple mixed diet for periods of 3 days each. The coefficients of digestibility found in the experiments with men follow: Coefficients of digestibiUly of rations containing butter and butter substitutes. Subject H: Diet containing sana Diet containing butter — Diet containing margarine Subject W: Diet containing sana Diet containing butter Diet containing margarine Dry matter. Per cent. 92.80 94.31 94.22 93.08 96.17 94.94 Protein. Per cent. 80.93 84.09 85.12 82.24 89.71 88.65 Fat. Per cent. 93.79 96.05 96.08 95.30 97.33 95.98 The authors point out that there was practically no difference in the digestibility of the rations containing the different sorts of fat. Similar results were obtained in the experiments with dogs. The comparative digestibility of raw, pasteurized, and cooked milk, C. F. DoANE and T. M. Price {Maryland Sta. Bid. 77, pp. 38, figs. 3). — The digestibility of milk treated in different ways is discussed in the light of an extended review of the literature of the subject and of opinions which were gathered by interviews and cor- respondence with physicians in charge of children's hospitals. Digestion experiments with calves are reported on the comparative value of whole milk (raw and pasteur- ized at different degrees) and skim milk. Special crates were devised to accommo- date the calves during the experiments, as well as bags for collecting the feces. The average results follow: Digestibility of rate, 2Msteurized, and cooked milk by calves. Protein. Fat. Whole milk, raw Whole milk, pasteurized atJ67° for 10 minutes Whole milk, cooked Skim milk Whole milk, raw Whole milk, pasteurized at 140° for 30 minutes T cent. Per cent. 94.79 96.82 92.99- 94.27 87.26 95.40 94.57 92.64 96.10 92.01 96.61 "It is almost always stated by authorities on such subjects that milk is entirely digestible. Theoretically, perhaps, it is, as it contains none of the material which is recognized as the indigestible part of grains and fodders. In practical work, how- ever, there is found to be a relatively large porti(jn indigestible. In the work recorded in this bulletin the digestibility of the milk fed would average about 93 per cent with the protein and a little higher with the fat, some of the percentages being much lower than this in individual cases. It is likely that had a smaller portion of milk been fed a larger percentage would have been digested, and by reducing the amount to the muiimum required to sustain life it is possible that practically all fed would have been utilized in the system. But where sufficient milk is fed to insure substan- tial growth, nearly one-tenth of the dry substance is undigested." The following general conclusions were drawn from the tests as a whole: " Eaw milk is more easily digested when fed to calves than either pasteurized or cooked milk. Contrary to theory, cooked milk when fed to the calves used in these experiments caused violent scouring in the majority of trials. "A majority of physicians in charge of children's hospitals corresponded with favored the use of raw milk f(jr infants when the milk is known to be in perfect con- ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 675 dition, but favored pasteurized milk under ordinary conditions. With one excep- tion all the physicians corresponded with discourage the use of cooked or sterilized milk for infant feeding. "Skim milk was found to be as digestible [l)y calves] as whole raw milk." The principles of modern dietetics, and their importance in therapeutics, C. vox NooRDEN {Liicniat. Mo., o {1901), Nox. 5, pp. .')70-oS9; 6, pp. 679-703). — The general jirinciples of nutrition are discussed, as well as the progress of this branch of science in, recent years and its s]iecial application to the treatment of disease. The value of aroma bacteria for the hygiene of meat, F. Glage {Ztschr. Fldsch u. MUchhyg., 11 {1901), No. 5, pp. 131-138, fig. 1). — The occurrence and man- ner of distribution of aroma bacteria on meat, and related topics, are discussed in the light of the author's investigations. Meat ration in the Tropics, P. R. Egan {Sanitarian, 47 {1901), No. 384, pp- 395-399). — Quoted from the Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. The author dis- cusses the amount of meat and fat consumed by the residents of Porto Rico. Rations during the China relief expedition {Com. Gen. Subsist. U. S. Army Rpt. 1901, pp. 7-15) . — Considerable information is giv^n regarding the food of the American and foreign troops in the China campaign. Discussing the vegetables available for the troops, the statement is made that the country furnished "a bounti- ful supply of vegetables, eggplant, green corn, sweet potatoes, beans, lettuce, etc." The efifect of sulphur fumes on flour, F. B. Guthrie {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 11 {1900), No. 7, pp. 588, 589; 12 {1901), No. 6, pp. 715, 716, ph. ^).— As shown by baking tests, bleaching flour with sulphur fumes injures its quality. In the author's opinion, grain so bleached is unfit for milling. "It would appear that the action of sulphur fumes on flour is to affect the compo- sition of the gluten. Gluten (moist) exposed similarly to sulphur vapor becomes sticky, forming a soft, gummy mass, which dissolves in w'ater and alcohol to a milky solution. Ordinary gluten is insoluble in water and partly soluble in alcohol, one constituent (glutenin) being insoluble in alcohol, and the second constituent (gliadin) being soluble in alcohol. "Sulphur fumes apparently attack one of the constituents of gluten — namely, the glutenin — and alter its characteristics. In order to test this, a sample of pure glutenin was exposed in the moist state, under a bell jar, to the fumes of burning sulphur. It very soon lost its coherent nature, became very soft and sticky, and dissolved to a milky solution in water and alcohol, the original gultenin being quite insoluble in either of these liquids." Composition of flour, R. Hoagland {Farm Students' Rev., 6 {1901), No. 10, pp. 155, 156). — The characteristics and composition of the different grades of flour obtained in modern milling are treated of. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner, J. E. Blackbl'RX ( OJtio Dairy and Food Corn. Rpt. 1900, j>p. 196). — This report contains court deci-sions, prosecutions, and analyses made in a(;cordance with the State Pure Food Law, and related topics. In a number of the analyses the proximate constit- uents were determined. The materials examined included oleomargarine, milk, vinegar, etc. Decisions of the department of agriculture on the pure food act of 1895 {Pennsylvania Dept. Agr. Bui. 80, pp. 19). — The dec;isions regarding the State pure- food law are quoted, as well as standards and definitions of food substances. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Concentrated feeding stuffs, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 153, pp. 53). — In accordance with the State feeding-stuff law, the authors report the results of analyses made during 1901. The feeding stuffs examined include 18265— No. 7 6 676 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, linseed-cake meal, flaxseed meal, Chicago gluten meal, gluten feeds, dried brewers' grains, malt sprouts, wheat bran, ship stuff, hom- iny meal or feeds, as well as a number of mixed feeds, cereal breakfast food by- products, and condimental feeds. The results are arranged so as to compare the different concentrated feeds, carbohydrate feeds, feeds made from whole grains, and condimental feeds, and are discussed in detail. The law regulating the sale and analysis of concentrated feeding stuffs in Wisconsin, W. A. Henry ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 89, pp. 8). — The text of the Wiscon- sin feeding-stuff inspection law is quoted and discussed. A mechanical ration computer, W. J. Spillman ( Washington Sta. Bui. 48, pp. 7, figs. 3). — A mechanical device for calculating the amount of nitrogenous and nitro- gen-free nutrients in any given ration is described, together with the method of operating it. Steer feeding, G. H. Truk {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 336, 5^7).— Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 12, p. 1074) to determine the comparative merits of feeding alfalfa hay alone and in combination with such materials as sorghum hay and hay from cereal grains, 2 lots of 4 steers each were pastured on alfalfa and fed mixed barley and alfalfa hay in addition. They gained 1.49 and 1.21 lbs., respectively, per head daily in a period of 5 weeks' duration. Lot 1 was then fed alfalfa hay and lot 2 wheat hay in addition to alfalfa pasturage for 9 weeks, the average daily gains per head being 1.28 and 0.83 lbs., respectively. This test and the earlier work are briefly discussed. "During the 33 weeks [of this and previous tests when] alfalfa only was fed against combinations of alfalfa and other forages, the animals having only alfalfa gained 1.55 lbs. per day, while those receiving the combination gained 1.46 lbs. per day." Report of grazing and feeding tests. Beef cattle and lambs, R. S. Shaw {Montana, Sta. Bui. 31, pp. 20, pis. 6). — Experiments vAth steers (pp. 3-10). — The value of alsike pasturage was tested with 12 high-grade Shorthorn and Hereford yearling steers and 7 grade Jersey heifers. The animals grazed on an alsike pasture covering 5.04 acres, which was divided into 2 lots irrigated alternately during the early part of the summer. The test closed the first of October, the steers having been pastured 108 days and the heifers 93 days. The average gain of the steers per head per day was 2.75 lbs., and of the heifers 1.69 lbs. Rating the gains at 4 cts. per pound, the author calculates that there was a cash return of $36.19 per acre. The possible dan- ger from bloating is spoken of. As the author notes, it is claimed by many that alsike is less likely to cause bloating than alfalfa or red clover. A test to study the possibility of profitably feeding cattle under local conditions is also reported. Thirty-one steers (including those in the previous test) were pastured at the station farm from the first of October until November 13, on 112 acres of stubble, 57 of which were clover. They were then divided into 1 lot of 11 steers and 2 lots of 10 steers each. The selections were made so that lot 1 (steers used in the pasture experiment) showed the largest infusion of beef blood; lot 2, very nearly the same amount; while lot 3 was inferior. The 3 lots were fed for 137 days clover and barley meal, the average daily gain per head being 2, 1.75, and 1.71 lbs., respectively, the corresponding cost of food per pound of gain being 4.85, 5.16, and 5.31 cts. The steers were sold for slaughtering. Considering the test as a whole, the author states that there was a net profit of $3.95. Lamb-feeding experiments (pp. 11-19). — Continuing earlier work (E. S. R., 12, p. 72) 3 feeding tests with lambs are reported. The comparative advantages of feeding marketable grain of good quality and screenings in addition to clover was tested with 3 lots of 53 lambs each. Lot 1 was fed clover with a grain ration of oats and barley of good quality, lot 2, clover hay and screenings, while lot 3 was fed clover hay only. In the 89 days of the test, which closed February 13, the average gains made by the 3 lots were 24.96, 28.08, and 21.15 lbs., respectively. Lot 1 consumed per head ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 677 daily 2.9 lbs. clover and 0.5() 11). {rrain. The corresponding amounts for lot 2 were 2.94 lb. clover and 0.55 lb. screenings, while lot 3 consumed 3.32 lbs. clover. The cost of food per pound of gain in the 3 lots was 4.34, 3.34, and 3.53 cts., respectively. The author's conclusion follows: "It is best to use some grain along with alfalfa or clover in preparing lambs for shipping; a large amount is not necessary because of the quality of our coarse foods. Not more than one-half pound of grain per day throughout a feeding period of 90 days, or the equivalent of this if fed only through- out the latter portion of the period. This will of course only apply in those cases where INIontana-grown legumes are used as roughage. Where first-class marketable grains are used it makes the ration too expensive. Good results can be secured from screenings or from cheap or imsalable grains." The comparative value of clover hay and hay from mixed grains (spring wheat, barley, oats, and peas sown in equal amounts) was tested with 2 lots of 53 lambs each. In the 60 days of the test the lambs fed clover hay gained on an average 14 lbs., those fed the mixed hay 10.68 lbs.; the cost of food per pound of gain in the 2 lots being 3.63 and 4.6 cts., respectively. Greater and more economical gains were made on clover than on hay from cereal grains and peas. The author notes that while the results "represent in a practical way the comparative feeding values of clover and grain hay for fattening lambs, still, they may not represent accurately their relative food values for other classes of stock or from a standpoint of composi- tion. While horses and cattle consume these readily there was much waste from the lambs, consisting of grain stems and vines of peas. The results from the use of the grain hay fell far below our expectations." The effect of water supply during fattening was tested with 17 lambs fed clover hay, and screenings. They were given water once a day and were compared with lot 2 in the test noted above, receiving a similar ration but having access at all times to water. The average gain made by the lambs receiving a limited amount of water was 21.47 lbs., the cost of pound of gain being 4.51 cts. These lambs consumed per head daily on an average 3.08 lbs. clover and 0.55 lb. screenings. As pointed out by the author, smaller and less economical gains were made when the water supply w'as limited than was the case with the lot receiving an abundance of water. All the lambs used in the 3 tests were sold for slaughter, yielding a net profit of 30 cts. per head. Sheep-feeding experiments in Nebraska (second experiment), E. A. Bur- nett {Nebraska Sta. Bui. 71., pp. 16). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 12, p. 875) alfalfa hay and sorghum hay were compared with seven lots of 12 lambs each and three lots of 14. Lots 1 to 6 were fed corn alone or combined with oats or bran in different proportion in addition to alfalfa hay; lots 1 to 3 having shelter and lots 4 to 6 having no shelter. Lots 7 to 9 were fed corn alone, or with oats or bran with sorghum hay in addition. These lots and lot 10, which was fed corn and linseed meal in addition to sorghum hay, had no shelter. After some preliminary feeding with most of the lambs, the test proper covered 14 weeks. The average gain of the lambs in the lots fed alfalfa hay was 33.7 lbs. Of those fed sorghum hay and corn alone or with oats or bran, 20.7 lbs. The average gain of the lot fed sorghum hay, corn, and linseed meal was 26.7 lbs. The profit per lamb on alfalfa hay was 72 cts. per head and on sorghum 32.8, Lot 1, fed on shelled corn and hay, made the largest total gain, 36.3 lbs. per lamb, an3 the cheapest gain (costing 3.25 cts. per pound), and ate the least food per pound of gain, namely, 3.53 lbs. of grain and 4.54 lbs. of hay. Lot 9, fed shelled corn, wheat bran, and sorghum hay, made the smallest gain, 18.4 lbs. per lamb, at the greatest cost per pound of gain, 5.7 cts. The largest amount of feed per pound of gain (6.99 lbs. of grain and 8.96 lbs. of hay) was eaten by lot 8, fed shelled corn, oats, and sorghum hay. The author notes that some of the lambs might have been jirofitably marketed before the close of the test, as they became too heavy for profitable feeding. 678 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. "In these experiments, as in the previous year, no marked advantage resulted from feeding bran. The total gains produced were slightly larger on corn and oats than on corn, and the gains on corn and bran were a little smaller than on corn. "The lambs receiving alfalfa, which made the larger gains during the early part of the experiment, continued to make the greater gains during the last weeks of feed- ing, so that the difference grew more marked as the feeding continued. "During the last 2 weeks the lots on sorghum ate very poorly, refusing to consume more than IJ lbs. of corn per head daily, except in the case of the lot receiving 16 per cent linseed meal with its corn. This lot ate well and made good gains. All lots were thrifty and healthy during the entire experiment. Comparative tests of the effect of beet molasses and molasses preparations in animal feeding, K. Gerland {Ber. Physiol. Lab. Lcinrhv. liist. Halle, 3 {1901), No. 15, px). 1-55). — The digestibility of beet-molasses feeds was tested with sheep. For purposes of comparison, digestion experiments were also made with alfalfa hay and with sugar, sufficient asparagin l^eing added to the ration containing the latter to approximate the nonalbuminoid nitrogen content of the molasses. All the mate- rials were fed with a basal ration of alfalfa hay, barley straw, palm nut meal, wheat bran, and brewers' grains, the ration being so made up that it contained per 1,000 kg. live weight, about 28 kg. dry matter, 2.4 kg. digestible protein, 0.8 kg. digestible fat, and 13 kg. nitrogen-free extract. The digestibility of the basal ration was also determined. The digestion experiments each covered a period of 10 days and were preceded by a preliminary period of like duration. The food, urine, and feces were analyzed. On the basis of the values obtained for the basil ration and the assump- tion that molasses being liquid is entirely digested, the author calculated the digesti- bility of the basal portion of the ration when fed with molasses and sugar to determine whether the digestibility of other feeding stuffs was increased or diminished by add- ing molasses to the ration. The coefficients of digestibility and these calculated results follow: Digestibility of molasses and molasses feeds by sJieep. Kind of ration. Digestibility of entire ration. Dry mat- ter. Pro- tein. Nitro- gen- Fat. free ex- tract. P.ci. P.et. 68.27 74.51 75.36 58.35 74.24 65. 83 71.27 68.70 72. 2.5 67. .50 74.34 68.68 75.31 72. 55 77.66 73.31 79.92 70.06 78.58 72. 62 73.81 70.58 79.70 74.26 Crude fiber. Ash. Calculated digestibility of basal ration. Pro- tein. Fat. Nitro- gen- free ex- tract. Crude fiber. Alfalfa hay Basal ration Molasses Palm-nut meal molasses Bran molasses Brewers' grains molas.ses Peat meal molasses Beet chip molasses Cocoa shell molasses Maize germ molasses Sugar Maize germ molasses, No. 2 a . P.ct. 65.01 59.58 62. 29 61.79 60. 92 62.22 61.65 61.20 64.41 62.22 65.91 P.ct. 73.13 70.66 70.57 72.45 72.48 73.23 70.72 68.24 62.64 67.71 70. .50 72.26 P.ct. 56.38 57.93 .52. 47 45. 06 44.26 44.38 46. 72 39. 02 39.58 45. .52 44.77 47.03 P.ct 43. 4u 42. 29 53.70 53. 98 52. 24 55. 23 P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. P.ct. 48.86 .iS. 31 62. 25 47.61 57.48 73.74 73.74 73.74 73.74 73.74 71.34 71.61 71.09 73.74 83.07 75.36 75.36 75. 36 75. 36 75. 36 74.39 75. .56 74.89 75. 36 75.92 65. 83 65.83 65. 83 65. 83 65.83 69.06 65.37 66. 57 65. 83 76.90 .57. 93 57.93 57.93 57.93 57.93 56.63 45.12 .56.00 57.93 56.84. o Figures for one animal only. The data for the study of the metabolism of nitrogen are reported. As shown by the average results, there was a gain of nitrogen in every experiment, ranging from 0.034 gm. on the basal ration to 0.206 gm. on the molasses-maize germ ration. The gains in weight ranged from 0.3 kg. per day on the basal ration to 0.8 kg. per day on the sugar ration. The principal conclusions reached follow: With the exception of the cocoa-shell mixture, the molasses and molasses feeds were readily eaten. Unfavorable results ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 679 were not observed when 4 k<;!;. molasses per 1,000 kg. live weight was fed, but were noticed if the amount was increased to 4.8 to 5 kg. Feeding molasses, as in the above exi)erinients, is profitable when the molasses is worth 87^ cts. per 100 kg. When inolas.ses was fed a depression in the digestibility of the other feeding stuffs was noticed, which was about the same in all the tests. As regards cost, the ration containing the unmixed molasses was the cheapest; that containing beet-chip molas- ses the most expensive. The results obtained when sugar was fed were practically tl e same as with the rations containing molasses. It may be said, therefore, that the molasses did not have a specific effect. As regards cost, the sugar ration was more expensive than the molasses rations. Sheep-feeding' experiments, J. Withycombe {Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, p. 22). — The comparative merits of feeding sheep under shelter and in the open were tested with 2 lots of 6 lambs each. The rations, which are not described, were the same for both lots, and, the author states, were practically equal in quantity, except that somewhat more was wasted by the lot having shelter. In 11 weeks the lot fed in the open gained 155 lbs. and the lot fed under shelter 149 lbs. The 2 lots were then shorn, producing 21 and 27.75 lbs. wool, respectively. Ten lbs. of wool from each lot was tub-washed and dried, yielding 7.75 and 8 lbs., respectively. Brief notes are also made regarding a feeding experiment with steers which was regarded as unsatisfactory. Spelt vs. barley, E. C. Chilcott and W. T. Thornber {South Dakota Sta. Bui. 71, pp. 94). — During a 2 weeks' preliminary period, 24 lambs fed ])rome-grass hay and spelt and barley (1:1) ad libitum, made a total gain of 53 lbs. , consuming 2 lbs. of grain per pound of gain. The lambs were then divided into 2 lots of 12 each. For 15 weeks lot 1 was fed unground spelt, and lot 2 unground barley, in addition to brome- grass hay. The average daily gain per head per week was 1.67 and 2.53 lbs., respec- tively, the grain consumed per pound of gain being 7.47 and 5.09 lbs. There was a calculated profit per lamb in the 2 lots of 44 and 92 cts., respectively. According to the authors' calculation, spelt was worth for feeding 40.68 cts. per bu. and barley 54.72 cts. "It should be constantly borne in mind that the results obtained in this experi- ment apply to these grains only when fed as a single grain ration and fed whole, and should not l)e used without modification in determining the value of these grains when used as a jiart of the ration together with other grains. Nor can we predict what the results would have been if both grains had been ground. We believe, how- ever, that it is perfectly safe to assume that in no case will spelt be found superior to barley, even when fed with other grains." At the close of the test proper the rations previously fed were continued for 5 weeks, with the object of determining whether, as is sometimes claimed, unshom sheep fed to about the limit of profitable gain may be shorn and fed longer to advan- tage. Shortly after the beginning of the supplementary period the sheep were shorn, the total fleece of the 2 lots weighing 79 and SOg lbs., respectively. The total gains made by the 2 lots in the supplementary i)eriod were 7.5 and 6 lbs., respec- tively, the total grain fed 487 and 526 lbs. "These sheep had undoubtedly ])een fed up to the limit before they were shorn, and the effect of the shearing . . . was entirely insufficient to materially effect their ability to lay on more flesh at a profit, or in some instances to retain what they had already acquired. What the effect would have been had this shearing been done earlier, before they had reached the limit of profitable feeding, we can not of course determine from this experiment, nor can we say what the effect would have been had the grain ration been changed. Enough has been learned from this experiment to show that feeders should be very cautious about attemi)ting to get profitable gains from sheej) tiiat have nearly quite reached the limit of jjrofitable feeding, or are 'fin- ished' by sunpiy taking their fleeces off, believing, as some feeders claim, that this will give them a new lease of life." 680 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Pig-feeding experiments, J. "Withycombe {Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 22, 23). — Three feeding tests with pigs are briefly reported. In 3 months 12 pigs having access to 0.16 acre of clover and fed in addition 317 lbs. of shorts and 1,276 lbs. of skim milk, made a gain of 253 lbs. In 6 weeks, 10 pigs on an acre of June-sown rape and receiving no grain ration gained 154 lbs. A comparison of boiled clover and clover silage was made with 2 lots of 3 pigs each, all from the same litter. In 122 days lot 1 consumed 619 lbs. boiled clover, equiva- lent to 551 lbs. dry matter, and lot 2 consumed 2,032 lbs. clover silage, equivalent to 488 lbs. dry matter. In addition, each lot was given 488 lbs. of wheat and barley chop, 1:1. The gains made by the 2 lots were 154.5 and 128 lbs., respectively. The pigs were then rearranged to form 2 uniform lots of 3 animals each. Lot 1 was fed cooked wheat and barley chop and lot 2 the same materials dry. In 3 months each lot ate 1,834 lbs. of chop and 1,800 lbs. skim milk. The total gains were 328 and 470 lbs., respectively. Soft pork; an investigation into its character and causes, F. T. Shutt {Canada Cent. Exp>t. Farm Bui. 38, pp. 47, ph. ,?).— The nature of soft pork is dis- cussed and analytical data, noted from another source (E. S. R., 12, p. 581) are quoted. Chemical studies were also made of immature or unripe pork from pigs recently weaned. This pork contained a higher percentage of olein than firm pork. " It seems probable that the fat of all young pigs contains a large amount of olein, and is consequently more or less soft. From this and subsequent work we are inclined to think that age and maturity or ripeness are factors of importance toward a ' firm ' fat. [When the same ration was fed to mature and immature pigs] the fat of [the latter] invarial^ly possesses a larger percentage of olein than that of the remainder of the pigs on the same ration, which were not slaughtered until they had reached a live weight of 180 to 200 lbs." The author believes that the olein content furnishes the most reliable indication of relative firmness. Pork containing 68 per cent of olein or less is rated as "very firm;" that containing between 68 and 71 per cent, "firm;" between 71 and 73 per cent, "moderately firm;" between 73 and 75 per cent, "soft," and over 75 per cent, "very soft." These ratings correspond to the following factory ratings: Very firm, from 85 to 100 points; firm, 75 to 85; moderately firm, 70 to 75; soft, 50 to 70; and very soft, less than 50 points. Two series of feeding tests are reported. In the first series the feeding stuffs used were corn, oats, barley, shorts, beans, peas, clover, and mangels, alone or in combi- nation. The grains were fed whole or ground and the feeds dry, soaked or cooked. In one test the pigs were pastured on clover. The pork rating highest was produced on a ration of soaked oats, peas, and barley (1:1:1), the olein content being 67.2 per cent and the melting point 35.6°. The pork rated lowest was produced on a soaked corn-meal ration. Its olein content was 92.4 per cent and the melting point 27.7°. The more important conclusions follow: "Of all the grain rations employed, that consisting of equal parts of oats, peas, and barley gave the firmest pork. It may further be added that the fat was deposited evenly and not too thickly, and that this ration gave a very thrifty growth. . . . "When half the grain ration . . . consists of corn meal, the resulting pork shows an increased percentage in olein; in other words, a tendency to softness. "In this ration (half corn meal, half oats, peas, and barley in equal parts) the feeding of it boiled gave a slightly higher olein content, but this is only apparent when the average from the four pens is taken into consideration. "Considering the effect of feeding the ration of oats, peas, and barley during the first period (to a live weight of 100 lbs.) and corn meal during the finishing period, compared with the reverse of this plan — that is, corn first, followed with oats, peas, and barley — we may conclude that the former gives a firmer pork. ' ' In both methods mentioned in the preceding paragraph, no marked difference ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 681 was to be observed from the ration fed dry or previously soaked, though taking an average of the 2 groups on each ration the 'dry' feed gave a somewhat higher olein content. "When . . . corn meal formed half the first period ration, and the whole of the second period ration, the resulting pork was somewhat softer than from that of any of the rations already discussed. We conclude that the longer the period during which the corn is fed as a large proportion of the ration, the softer will be th'^ pork. ■'Beans produce a soft and inferior pork. The growth of the pigs so fed was poor and miserable and the deposition of the fat meager. "Corn meal fed exclusively as the grain ration, either dry or previously soaked, results in an extremely soft fat, the percentage of olein being considerably higher than from any other ration tested. The pork was of an inferior quality. Here also we noted the miserable growth of the animals, the ration in no sense being an economical one." In the second series the rations were similar to those in the first, including in addition, skim milk, rape, artichokes, and pumpkins. The pork rating the highest was produced on a ration of corn meal, oats, peas and barley, skim milk, and sugar beets. Its olein content was 66.9, and its melting point 32.3°. The least satisfactory pork was produced on beans, the olein content being 84.9 per cent and the melting point 29.5°. The author's conclusions follow: "One great controlling factor in the quality of the pork of finished pigs lies in the character of the food employed. Indian corn and beans tend to softness, i. e., to increase the percentage of olein in the fat. If these grains are used they must be fed judiciously if first-class firm pork is to be produced. If fed in conjunction with skim milk it has l)een shown that a considerable proportion of Indian corn may be used in the grain ration without injuring the quality of the pork. "A grain ration consisting of a mixture of oats, peas, and barley, in equal parts, gives a firm pork of excellent quality. Skim milk not only tends to thriftiness and rapid growth, but counteracts in a very marked manner any tendency to softness. "Rape, pumpkins, artichokes, sugar beets, turnips, and mangels can be fed in con- junction with a good ration without injuring the quality of the pork. "The fat of very young pigs and animals of unthrifty growth is softer than that of finished pigs that have increased steadily to the finishing weight." Comparative experiments on the chemical composition of animal fat, V. Henriques and C. Hansen {Skand. Arch. Physiol, 11 {1901), No. 3-4, -pp. 151-165, figs. 3). — A chemical examination of the fats of different animals showed a difference between the layer of fat on the surface and that in the interior of the body. The interior of the body is warmer than the surface, and it seemed possible that the tem- perature at which the fat was stored in the body had an effect on its chemical com- position. A test was made with pigs to obtain information on this point. One was kept in a warm room. A second animal was kept in a cold room, but the body waseewed up in a sheepskin to protect it. A third animal was also kept in a cold room, but the body was not protected. The animals were fed for three months a similar ration and the fat then examined. The surface fat of pig No. 3 differed as regards iodin number and solidifying point from that from the other animals. The low temperature, according to the author, caused the formation of surface fat which melted readily and had a comparatively high olein content. On the other hand, the solidifying point of the internal fat of the 3 pigs did not differ greatly. A chemical examination was also made of the fat from different parts of the body of pigs fed barley and maize. Feeding farm horses, C. W. Bukkett {New Hampshire S'la. Bui. 83, pp. 27-52). — Investigations on the proper feeding of farm horses, on the amount of water con- sumed, and on the cost of feeding are reported, the work covering some 2 years. 682 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. In the first series the following five rations were tested: Hay, bran, corn, gluten feed, 5:1:3:3; hay, bran, corn, oats, 5:1:3:4; hay, corn, and bran, 10:8:7; hay, com, linseed-oil meal, 5:4:2; and hay, cotton-seed meal, bran, and corn, 10:1:2:8. Each of the 5 horses included in the investigation received one of the rations for 1 month, the rations being rotated, so that during the 5 months of the test each horse was fed all the rations. Ration No. 1, which cost on an average 19.3 cts. per day, was regarded as quite satisfactory. It W'as eaten with relish. One horse lost weight on it, while 2 gained somewhat and 2 remained in equilibrium. Ration No. 2, costing 22.5 cts. per day, was the most expensive of those tested. Three of the horses lost in weight on it, 1 gained, and 1 remained in equilibrium. The oats in the ration proved no more satisfactory than the other concentrated feeding stuffs, either in respect to the animal or the efficiency of the work. Had more been fed to keep the weight con- stant, it would have materially affected the price of the ration. Ration No. 3, cost- ing 20.4 cts. per day, was relished more than the others. Two of the horses gained, 1 lost, and 2 remained in equilibrium. In the author's opinion this ration was healthful, palatable, and at the same time moderate in cost. Ration No. 4 cost 20 cts. per day. Two of the horses lost somewhat in weight. The others made slight gains or remained in equilibrium. Although the amount of oil meal fed per day was quite large, no bad effects were noticed. Ration No. 5 was the least expensive, costing 17.4 cts. per day. It was also the least bulky of the rations tested. Four of the horses remained in equilibrium or made slight gains, while 1 lost a little in weight. The author regards this ration as the least satisfactory, since none of the animals relished it at first on account of the cotton-seed meal. In this series of tests the amount of work varied from 103 to 240 hours per month. To further test these rations under similar conditions of climate and work, each was fed to 1 horse for 1 month. The amount of work ranged from 209 to 314 hours. In every case there was a gain in weight, showing, the author believes, that all the rations were satisfactory and suited to the amount of work performed. At the close of this period all the horses were fed the linseed-meal ration for some 6 weeks. For about 9 weeks 3 of the horses were then fed rations Nos. 2, 3, and 5. During about 2 weeks the remaining 2 horses were fed rations Nos. 1 and 4. Their rations were then reversed until the end of the period. In every case the conditions of work were uniform. No marked variations in weight were observed. This, in the author's opinion, shows that abrupt changes in the ration may be made without bad effects, and that "there is no so-called single ration for horses. Any food stuff or combina- tion of food stuffs that furnishes desiral)le nutrients at least cost should be considered in the preparation of rations. " The comparative value of corn stover and timothy hay and of corn, oats, and bran as jmrt of a ration was tested from January 26 to April 9. The rations fed con- sisted of 12 lbs. of hay or corn stover alone, or with 14 lbs. of corn, oats, and bran in different mixtures, the most usual one being made up of equal parts of 2 of the grains. Four of the horses gained in weight and 1 remained practically in equi- librium. Although corn stover costs one-third as much as timothy hay, the author believes that it "has a feeding value, when fed either with corn and oats or corn and bran in the proportions it has l)een here, equal to timothy hay, and also when corn stover or timothy hay furnish the roughage of a ration, oats and corn half and half, and bran and corn half and half, have, generally speaking, equivalent feeding values." To learn whether it was possible to substitute other grains for oats during a long period in summer feeding, the horses were continued on the grain rations mentioned in the preceding paragraph until October 8, being fed in every case 12 lbs. of timothy hay per head daily. Three of the horses remained practically in equilibrium as regards weight, while 2 gained somewhat. The results show, accord- ing to the author, that bran, which is much the cheaper of the two, may be substi- DAIKY FARMING DAIRYING. 683 tuted for oats. To test the value of bran and oats for winter feeding, the horses were continued on the same ration until April 29. One horse lost a little; the other gained. "These long periods of both summer and winter feeding show the value of the corn and bran ration for horses. The results evident from these experiments are fully consistent with all that has preceded." The amount of water consumed was recorded in all these tests. Both the ration consumed and the amount of work performed influence the quantity of water drunk by work horses, although the individuality of the horse has the most marked effect. In the present investigation the (piantity of water varied from 25,895 to 32,997 lbs. per year. Following are principal conclusions drawn by the author: . "Any food stuff or combination of food stuffs furnishing the desirable nutriment at least cost should be considered in preparing rations for horses. "A mixture of bran and corn, half and half, is a good substitute for corn and oats for feeding work horses. "Corn stover is a good substitute for timothy hay for winter feeding of horses because of its feeding value, the yield per acre, and commercial value. "A change from a grain mixture, consisting partially of linseed-oil meal, slowly or abruptly, does nut cause a decrease in weight in horses if a proper substitute ration is fed. "The average total cost per year for actual food supply per horse was 174.32. "The average cost for feed per hour's work done during 2 years was 3.4 cents." Saturated limewater for the preservation of eggs, F. T. Shutt {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 19 {1901), No. 1, pjy. 55, 56). — Directions are given for the use of limewater for preserving eggs. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Investigation in milk production, T. L. Haecker and E. W. Ma.jor {Minnesota Sta. Bid. 71, pp. 265-300). — Two experiments with dairy cows, previously reported (E. S. K., 12, p. 479), are reviewed with reference to protein consumption. In one experiment of 84 days' duration wheat was compared with barley and corn. The 12 cows used weighed on an average 954 lbs. The amount of dry matter con- sumed daily per head averaged 24.30 lbs., the nutrients being 2.01 lbs. of protein, 12.03 lbs. of carbohydrates, and 0.53 lb. of fat. Of the protein provided, 0.66 lb. was calculated as the amount needed for maintenance of body, leaving 1.35 lbs. available for milk production. The average daily yield of milk was 26.96 lbs., con- taining 4.1 per cent of fat. On an average 0.05 lb. of protein (exclusive of that for maintenance) was consumed per pound of milk produced. In the other experiment, which lasted 70 days, prairie hay was compared with timothv hay. The average weight of the 12 cows was 958 lbs. The dry matter consumed daily was 24.51 lbs., the nutrients being 2 lbs. of protein (0.67 lb. for maintenance and 1.33 lbs. for milk production), 12.90 lbs. of carbohydrates, and 0.60 lb. of fat. The yield of milk was 25.23 lbs. and the fat content 4.07 per cent. The protein (exclusive of that for maintenance) consumed per 1 lb. of milk was 0.048 lb. "Taking the average amount of available protein charged to the cows in the 2 experiments reviewed as a basis, it suggests that an allowance of 0.046 lb. of avail- able protein to a pound of milk of average quality yielded is sufficient to maintain the flow, and by increasing or decreasing this allowance by 0.004 lb. of protein for every 0.5 per cent of increase or decrease in the test of the milk, the ration will be adjusted to the needs of cows giving the various grades of milk. Milk testing 3.85 per cent fat is fixed as the standard average, and a cow giving that grade needs 0.046 lb. of available jjrotein to each pound of milk she yields." [The author uses the term "available" protein to mean that which he calculates was left for milk production after deducting that necessary for maintenance. — Ed.] 684 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. In another series of experiments, here reported for the first time, 4 lots of 4 cows each were fed several different rations during an experiment covering 3 four-week periods. The feeding stuffs, of which analyses are given, were bran, corn meal, gluten meal, oats, barley, fodder corn, silage, and prairie hay. The following table summarizes some of the data: Summary of results of a feeding experhnent ivifli. dairy cotvs. Period I: Lotl.... Lot2.... Lots.... Lot4.... Average Period II: Lot 1 ... . Lot2.... Lots.... Lot4.... Average Period III: • Lotl.... Lot 2.... Lots.... Lot4.... Average Aver- age weight of cows. Us. 769 725 881 669 761 794 746 902 681 781 812 778 938 744 818 Dry matter con- sumed. Lbs. 16. 613 15. 090 17. 334 14. 631 15. 917 20. 213 18. 516 21. 110 19. 185 19. 756 20. 749 19. 063 21. 790 20. 269 20. 468 Digestible matter con- sumed. Pro- tein. Lbs. 1.744 1. 605 1. 845 1.594 1.704 2.037 l.Sll 1.739 1. 491 1.769 1.844 1.694 1.937 1.802 1.819 Car- bohy- drates. Lbs. 9.154 8.329 9.607 8.069 8.790 10. 560 9.851 11.079 10. 664 10. 538 10. 791 9.914 11.332 10. 541 10. 644 Lb. 0.501 .452 .518 .448 .480 .500 .437 .532 .446 .479 .537 .494 .564 . 525 .530 Yield of milk. Lhs. 16.86 14.86 16.75 17.51 16.49 15.82 1.5. 18 16.27 17.66 16. 23 15.18 14.29 15.96 17.07 15.62 Fat content of milk Per ct. 5.53 5.17 4.70 4.78 5.04 5.64 5.15 4.63 4.56 4.98 5.72 5.02 4.61 4.66 4.99 Pro- tein avail- able for milk produc- tion Lbs. 1. 236 1.098 1.228 1.126 1.171 1. 4S1 1.289 1.108 1.014 1.222 1. 276 1.149 1.280 1. 281 1.246 Pro- tein for lib. milk. Lb. 0. 0733 .0739 .0733 .0643 .0710 .0936 .0849 .0681 .0574 .0753 .0840 .0804 . 0802 .0750 .0798 The results are considered as indicating that - "Cows giving ordinary yields of milk and butter fat do not require the amount of protein called for in the standard rations. "The amount of milk a cow gives daily and its fat content measures the amount of protein the animal requires over and above what is needed for maintenance. "There is a limit to the milk and butter fat-producing capacity of a cow at any given time. Feeding more protein than she needs for this production and for her own support is of no advantage. "The excess of protein, with the corresponding excess of the other nutrients, will tend to cause her to lay on fiesh and thereby shrink in milk flow. "Grains ordinarily grown on the farm fed in conjunction with such roughage as fodder corn, corn silage, timothy, and prairie hay provide ample protein for cows doing ordinary dairy work." Feeding experiments with dairy cows, J. F. Duggar and R. W. Clark {Ala- bama College Sta. Bid. 114, pp. 53-80). —In 2 experiments, including 5 cows and lasting 8 weeks each, the object was to compare purchased and farm-grown feeds. The purchased ration was composed chiefly of cotton-seed meal and hulls and the farm-grown ration of cotton seed and sorghum hay. The average results of the 2 experiments showed a daily production of milk and butter per cow of 24.3 and 1.19 lbs., respectively, on the purchased ration and 17.53 and 0.93 lbs. on the farm-grown ration. The average cost of food per pound of butter on the 2 rations was, respec- tively, 15.3 and 10.35 cts., and the daily profit per cow 6.45 and 8.75 cts. The purchased ration was better eaten and more milk and butter were produced, but the profit was much less. " On account of the larger amounts of food consumed, the cows while receiving the cotton-seed meal ration gained nearly half a pound a day in weight, while the cows eating cotton seed in smaller amounts lost 0.8 lb. per day." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 685 The manure produced durinp; the 16 hours of each day which the cows passed in tlie barn averaged 48.3 lbs., containing 16.6 lbs. of nitrogen per ton, when the cotton- seed meal ration was fed, and 33.9 lbs., containing 10.7 lbs. of nitrogen per ton, when the cotton-seed ration was fed. The percentages of phosphoric acid and potash in the 2 manures were practically the same. When stabled for the entire 24 hours the amount of manure secured was about double that obtained when the cows were stabled 16 hours per day. In a test lasting 3 weeks green rye was substituted for the cotton-seed hulls and sorghum used in the above rations, with the result of increasing the yield and decreasing the fat content of the milk, the yield of butter remaining practically the same. Soiling is therefore pointed out as an effective means of reducing the bill for purchased feeds. A pasture consisting of cowpeas and of corn from which the ears had been har- vested was compared with an ordinary pasture of Bermuda grass, carpet grass, Japan clover, etc. When grazed on cowpeas the yield of milk was 15.8 percent and the yield of butter 9.5 per cent greater than when the cows ran on the mixed pasture. "The value of the product of butter and of the increase in live weight of the cows averaged $4.47 i)er acre of corn and pea field grazed, after deducting the cost of the cotton-seed meal fed at the same time." A contribution to the question of the profitability of dairy farming, C. Steinbri-ck {Ber. Plujsiol. La}>. Landiv. Inst. Halle, 3 [1901), No. 15, pp. 104-168).— The author made an extended study of several points bearing upon the feeding of dairy cattle. The principal point investigated was the effect of increased amounts of protein in the ration upon the yield and composition of the milk. The experiments were carried on with 4 cows and covered a number of periods of 10 days each. Besides the amount and the composition oi the food, the live weights of the animals were noted and determinations made of the amount and composition of the milk and the resulting manure. A large amount of tabulated data is given, and these are discussed at length, many similar pieces of work being cited. From his experiments and his review of the literature the author draws the following conclusions: The individual productiveness of cows is the controlling factor in milk production, in comparison with which changes in the feed, within certain limits, are sometimes very inferior. The inferiority of the latter factor naturally varies greatly and can only be determined quantitatively by means of studies on a large number of individuals. The food when given in amounts in excess of that necessary for the bodily func- tions and to maintain live weight has but small influence over the milk yield. While such feeding is reliected in the increased richness of the manure, the value of this increase is disproportionate to the cost. As cows differ in their ability to respond to heavy feeding, this ability must be determined for each individual animal. In this respect adherence to fixed standards may lead to gross error. The dairy herd, G. H. True {Arizona Sta. Rpl. 1901, pp. 327-332, figs. 2).— A monthly record of 6 cows for one year is given, with notes on the management of the herd. Weather conditions interfered with a feeding experiment with sugar beets. Exposure to storm greatly lessened the yield of butter fat, the decrease, however, being much less in the case of cows fed sugar beets on pasture. Hygiene of cows during gestation, C]iRVT^KR{Jour. Agricole \^Faris], 12 (1901) , No. 140, pp. 194, 19')). — The author discusses briefly the feeding and general man- agement of cows during gestation. Composition of the milk of cows at different stages of the milking, P. Hardy {Bui. Assoc. Beige Chim.,15 {1901), No. 6, pp. 228, 229; ahs.in Bui. Sue. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 25 {1901), No. 22, p. 992). — The fat increases from the beginning to the end of the milking, but, as pointed out by other investigators, the composition of the serum remains constant. 686 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Purification of milk by centrifugal separation, C. H. Eckles and S. E. Barnes {loiva Sta. Bui. 59, pp. 55-59). — The results of experiments made at different times during the year to determine to what extent the bacterial content of milk is reduced by centrifugal separation, the distribution of bacteria in the skim milk, cream, and separator slime, and the effect of centrifugal separation upon the keeping qualities of the milk are briefly summarized. In 7 experiments determinations were made of the number of bacteria present in milk before separation and in the mixed skim milk and cream after separation. There was an average reduction of about 36 per cent. At the end of 24 hours milk which had been separated contained on an aver- age 0.03 per cent less acid than nonseparated milk. In 8 other experiments the skim milk contained on an average 29 per cent of the number of germs present in the whole milk, the cream 24 per cent, and the separator slime 47 per cent. It is considered that centrifugal separation removes practically all the solid impurities from milk, but improves the keeping qualities of the milk little if any. Sterilization of milk with hydrogen peroxid, Harriette Chick ( Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Alt., 7 {1901), No. 20, pp. 705-717). — A series of experiments were made on this subject, using a 3 per cent solution of the hydrogen peroxid. It was found that 0.2 per cent of the peroxid was sufficient for the complete sterilization of milk, and that the addition of 0.1 per cent sufficed to keep milk sweet for a week or so. It appeared to make no difference with sterilization whether the milk was freshly drawn or whether it had been allowed to stand some time so that fermentation had commenced. The peroxid, however, imparted a disagreeable, stinging taste to the milk, this being noticeable even in as dilute solutions as 1 part of peroxid to 10,000 of milk. The results, therefore, are considered unfavorable to the use of this material in milk for drinking. Small quantities of the superoxid which were decomposed in a short time did not sterilize the milk or preserve it sufficiently for practical purposes. Furthermore, the peroxid seemed to be quite stal)le in milk, especially in weak solutions, the proportion Ijeing a little changed by heating. The material is recom- mended, however, for the preservation of samples of milk for analysis, since it sterilizes the milk completely and causes no change in any of its constituents. For this purpose about 20 cc. of a 10 per cent solution of the peroxid is recommended per liter of milk, which amount is said to preserve the sample indefinitely. Further observations upon ropiness in milk and cream, A. R. Ward {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 195, pjp. 25-39, figs. 2). — The so-called ropy milk from cows affected with garget is pointed out as entirely different in appearance and causation from ropy milk due to Bacillus ladis viscosus. The latter trouble is caused by a species of water bacteria with which the milk becomes infected after it is drawn, and does not make its appearance for 12 hours or more after milking. Referencte is made to an earlier investigation of this subject by the author (E. S. R., 11, p. 282), and addi- tional observations on the conditions under which ropiness occurs and means of prevention are reported. In an investigation of an outbreak occurring during the summer of 1899 it was found by experiments that the utensils, the water in the cooling tank, and the dust in the air of infected rooms were means of disseminating the ropy milk bacteria. While the bacteria were not detected in the ice, this is considered as a possible source of contamination, especially as the bacteria show marked toleration toward cold. In 1900 another creamery in the locality where the first outbreak was observed in 1898 encountered severe trouble from ropy milk. The utensils were thoroughly sterilized, the floor of the milk room was disinfected with a 5 per cent solution of sulphuric acid, and the water tank was disinfected by the addition of 1 oz. of potassium bichromate to each cubic foot of water. This method was effectual in getting rid of the trouble. The conclusion is drawn that with proper cleanliness of utensils, disinfection of the floor, and extra care to prevent contamination by water, ropy milk may be prevented. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 687 Ropiness in milk and cream, A. R. Ward {Dairy and Produce Rev., 1 {J903), No. 30, ])]). S, 9). — Thi.s is essentially the article noted above. A bacteriological study of the college creamery milk supply, C. H. Eckles {louaSta. Bui. 59, jrp. 37-49). — Samples of the mixed milk supplied to the college creamery were taken once a week during one year and subjected to fermentation tests and bacteriological examinations. The results are tabulated and discussed, and summarized as follows: "The fermentation test shows when milk is in suitable condition for making good butter and {;heese. "This test applied to the milk from the patrons of the college creamery shows a great variation in quality during a year. "This difference in fermentations is probably due to the conditions under which milk is handled during the different seasons of the year. "The average quality of butter made under natural conditions corresponds with the quality of milk as shown by these tests and is dependent upon the condition of the milk. The i)rincipal reason for the fine quality of butter made in the summer and the poorer (juality in winter is this difference in the fermentations in the milk. "The number of bacteria found in milk as brought to the creamery varies with the temperature, season of the year, etc. In the winter on an average each cubic centimeter contains from 1,000,000 to 5,000,000. In the summer from 15,000,000 to 30,000,000, although these limits may be passed either way. The few bacteria found in milk during the winter makes it possible to control the fermentation to a large extent by the use of starters. ' ' The acid-producing bacteria are always present in quite large numbers and make up from 25 to 85 per cent and average for the year about 58 per cent of the total num- ber. This class is present in smallest numbers when the quality of the milk is the poorest and in greatest numbers when the milk is the best. "The class of bacteria (enzym producing) which coagulate milk sweet or dissolve the curd contains most of those injurious to butter making. They are present at all times of the year, but in far greater proportion when the milk is of the poorest quality. ' ' Bacteria having no visible effect on milk are always present in large numbers and make up from 20 to 55 per cent of the entire number. "Gelatin liquefiers are almost always present in milk, and in the largest numbers in milk of a poor quality, especially during the winter months. "Gas-producing germs belong mostly to the Bi trier hua ierogenes type and are found in milk at all seasons, but in far greater number during the hottest weather of summer. "Milk brought to a factory once in 2 days is not necessarily injured in quality for butter making, and this can not be considered as the chief cause of liad milk and poor butter in winter." The source of milk supply for towns and cities, A. AV. Bitting {Indiana Sta. Bui. 6'9, 2)p, 39~':9). — In a study of the milk supply of the city of Lafayette, Ind., covering one year, the author tested some 700 samples of milk and inspected the various dairy farms in the vicinity. Tlie results of the study are embodied in a general di.scussion of the production and delivery of milk in cities and descriptions of 29 of the dairies furnishing milk to Lafayette. Topics considered in the discussion include the food value of milk, bacteria in milk, dairy herds, stables, food, water supply, milking, and the cooling and rodigiouH numbers of bacteria, larger numbers than are known in any other natural medium. They are, however, nearly all lactic bacteria. "(6) After the first 12 hours all species of Imcteria, except the two lactic species, decrease in relative numbers and finally absolutely disappear. "(7) The 2 common species, Nos. 206 [B. acidi ladid] and 202 [an extremely minute colony intensely acid], increase regularly from the beginning of experiments until the maximum. No. 208 [B. lactis serogenes] is always present in considerable quantity and during the ripening increases in numbers though not increasing in pro- portion. "(8) The cream which is received by a creamery is already half ripened, as indi- cated by the immense numbers of bacteria it contains. All of the changes which occur in the cream under the influence of the miscellaneous bacteria have already occurred, and the ripening that takes place in the creamery is due wholly, or almost wholly, to the growth of the lactic bacteria. "(9) A ripened cream is almost a pure culture of acid bacteria, but this does not mean that ripening has been produced by these acid bacteria alone. "(10) That the lactic bacteria play an important part in the ripening is perfectly evident; that they are the sole cause of the changes occurring in the ripening is not so evident. " (11) The peculiar flavor of June butter, which is so much desired by the butter maker, is not due to the development of the common lactic bacteria. Butter ripened during the winter months develops the 2 species of lactic bacteria as abundantly and as quickly as does that ripened in June, but the flavor does not make its appearance. In the last 3 experiments recorded the June flavor was very noticeable in the cream, but the development of the acid bacteria, or the 2 species referred to, was practically the same as in all of the previous experiments. The June flavor, there- fore, can not be due to these common lactic bacteria. " (12) To what this June flavor is due we are not as yet satisfied. Whether it will prove to be due to the large growth of miscellaneous bacteria during the first few hours of ripening, or whether it is due to a difference in the chemical nature of the cream, remains for further experiments to decide." A case of putrid butter, C. H. Eckles {Iowa Sta. Bui. 59, pp. 50-54, figs. 3). — Samples of butter having a strong disagreeable taste and a putrid odor were brought to the station by the manager of a creamery in which the butter was made. In an examination of the butter 3 kinds of bacteria were isolated which produced very bad effects upon milk and were thought to be the cause of the fault. "The principal difference between the spoiled butter and good creamery butter in regard to the l)ac- teria contained was an a])normal number of gelatin liquefiers in the former, which included some forms found to have a very injurious effect on butter." The conclu- sion was reached that the milk was contaminated in some way before delivery at the factory. The trouble disappeared from the factory after suggestions made by the station as regards cleanliness and pasteurization were followed and after a dry period which was broken by heavy rains about the same time. Analyses of buttermilk, B. Bogcild {Malkeritid., 14 {1901), No. 30, pp. 457- 463). — Twenty-seven samples of buttermilk from 12 Danish creameries were analyzed in studying the value of buttermilk for human consumption. A number of the samples had lieen mixed with water in the churn, some containing nearly 20 per cent extra water. The fat content of the samples ranged from 0.12 to 0.44 per cent, the total solids from 5.66 to 8.88 per cent, albuminoids from 2.03 to 3.16 per cent, 690 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED. and lactic acid from 0.51 to 0.88 per cent. Comparing skim milk and buttermilk, the author concludes that they have about the same food value when the latter has not been diluted with water. Pure buttermilk should contain about 8.5 per cent of solids, 0.2 to 0.3 per cent of fat, and not less than 3 per cent of albuminoids. In good buttermilk a low fat content is accompanied by a high content of total solids. — F. W. WOLL. An experiment with Tyrogen (Bacillus nobilis), E. vont Fkeudenreich {Milch Ztg., 30 {1901), Nos. 32, pp. 497-499; 34, pp. 531-533) .—The author made an extended study of the influence of the Bacillus nobilis of Adametz in the ripening of cheese. Small cheeses were made from 10 liters of milk, portions of which had been inoculated with pure cultures of various bacteria; some were made without inoculations, and some from pasteurized milk. From a large number of experiments the author regards the Bacillus nobilis an undesirable species of bacteria for the ripening of cheese. The cheeses made with this micro-organism were in a great many instances of bitter flavor and undesirable aroma. Dairy industry in "Wisconsin, H. L. Russell ( Wisconsin Sta. B%d. 88, pp. 11). — The adaptability of different sections of the State to dairying is discussed, and statis- tics are given showing the total production of butter ^nd cheese, the number of cheese factories, creameries, and combined factories, in each county of the State in 1901, and for comparison the number of factories in various counties of the State in 1896. The total number of cheese factories in 1901 was 1,540, creameries 1,086, and combined factories 71. The data show that "the most rapid development in the dairy industry is now taking place in the north-central and northwestern counties, rather than in the older settled regions to the south. The distinctively dairy belt that was marked in the State 5 years ago is now spreading rapidly to the northward and the westward, and it seems quite probable that the industry will reach as marked development in these portions as it has in the east and south." A wall map showing the distribution of the creameries and cheese factories in the State accompanies the bulletin. Swedish dairying, 1800-1900, G. Liljhagen {Meddel. K. Landtbr. Sfyr., 1901, No. 77, pp. 57) . — The report gives an account of the development of the Swedish dairy industry during the past century. Included in the report are methods of cream separation and of butter and cheese making; state and other measures for the advancement of dairying in Sweden; dairy statistics of production, exports, and imports; and a list of Swedish creameries and cheese factories. In 1900 the total number of butter and cheese factories in Sweden was 1,688. Of these, 1,215 were creameries, 287 cheese factories, and 186 combined creameries and cheese factories. The total quantity of milk handled by the factories was 842,280,576 kg. The cream- eries manufactured 26,114,018 kg. butter, 3,265,734 kg. full-cream cheese, 1,463,370 kg. half-cream, 182,809 kg. quarter-cream, and 2,523,542 kg. skim cheese. The number of butter or cheese factory patrons was 68,947. — f. w. woll. Dairying in France, H. E. Alvord {Amer. Agr. {mid. ed.), 68 {1901), No. 24, p. 615. ) Trade in dairy produce in the British West Indies, W. K. Morrison ( Chicago Dairy Produce, 8 {1901), No. 55, p. 14)- — A popular discussion of market demands and supplies in the region indicated. Bibliography of milk, first supplement, 1900, H. de Rothschild {Biblio- graphia lactaria, premier supplement, 1900. Paris: Octave Doin, 1901, pp. 98). — This is the first supplement to the very extensive bibliography of milk issued by the author last year (E. S. R., 12, p. 786). The supplement covers the year 1900, and contains a classified list of 1,324 titles. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 691 VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Investigations on the theory of bacterial infection, A. Radziewsky {Zti^chr. Hijij. II. Lifcdioiifikriuik., 37 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 1-31, pi. 1). — The literature on the sub- ject is critically reviewed and especial attention is given in experiments to cholera vibrio, typhus l)acillus, Streptvcoccus pi/of/enis, and the anthrax bacillus. From the experiments recorded in this paper the conclusion is drawn that a fatal bacterial infection involves 2 antagonistic processes — the rapid multiplication of the bacteria and tneir destruction. The author had already come to a similar conclusion regard- ing BaciUus coli, and believes that the same processes are characteristic of infections by other bacterial organisms. It is believed that the number of bacteria which are produced during the fatal infection is greatly m excess of the estimates which are commonly made. The number of bacteria which are found at any stage of the dis- ease or at the time of death, in the diseased tissues, represents only the few which have escaped destruction during the progress of the disease. The pathogenic bac- teria are destroyed in the serum of the infected animal and the organism in nearly every instance is alile to immunize itself to some extent against the bacteria. The difference between the fatal and nonfatal infection, in so far as the reaction of the animal organism is concerned, appears in a comparatively late period of the disease and is not to be observed at the beginning of the infection. This difference consists largely in the more pronounced toxic effects which appear in cases of fatal infection. The physiology of the leucocytes, A. Lombard ( Comjit. Rend. Soc. Biol. Pari^, 53 {1901), Xo. 15, pp. 438, 439). — From previous experiments it was believed to have been demonstrated that the toxic substance in refractory animals was located in the leucocytes. Further experiments were made to determine the influence of atropin and strychnin upon the leucocytes. From these tests it is concluded that hyperleucocytosis is a constant phenomenon after injection with atropin or strych- nin. Within certain limits the more refractory the animal and the larger the dose the more pronomiced is the process. The experiments were conducted on guinea pigs. The leucocyte formula in certain experimental infections, C. Achaed and M. LoEPER {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 53 {1901), Xo. 16, pp. 486, 487).— Thi^. experiments reported in this article were made on dogs and rabbits which were experimentally inoculated with various pathogenic organisms including glanders, anthrax, and actinomycosis. In all cases a leucocytosis ranging from 15-30 to 1,000 was obtained, during which the polynuclear cells varied from 76 to 94 per 100. This condition was maintained for a time varying from 3 to 6 days, after which the mononuclear elements became more numerous. The leucocyte formula ajtpears to be quite independent of the nature of the pathogenic organism but depends upon the reaction of the animal to the infection. Immunizing bodies in the organism, J. Klimoff {Ztschr. ITyg. u. Infectiom- kranh., 37 {1901), Xo. 1, pp. 120-130). — A series of experiments was conducted wit i cultures of anthrax bacillus 6 hours old and of typhus bacillus 24 hours old. The purpose of the experiments was to determine whether the innnunity of animals to disease is due to the presence of alexins or similar bodies in the organism, or !•> osmotic reactions between the animal serum and the pathogenic bacteria. Expei i- ments showed that rabbit serum in a fresh condition exercised a strongly germicide effect upon the anthrax and typhus bacilli. It was also determined by these experi- ments that the peptone content of the serum was not influenced by heating, and that the presence of peptone could not be assumed to determine the destruction of the bacteria. The significance of salts for the germicide action of serum, LixoELSHEiAt (ZtKcJir. Ilijg. u. Infictionskrank., 37 (1901), Xo. 1, pp. 131-172).— This paper contains a report on an extensive series of experiments with anthrax bacillus and other 18265— No. 7 7 692 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECORD. l)athogenic organisms. The experiments indicate that the influence of salts in increas- ing the germicidal action of animal serum has been much overestimated. It is l)eUeved that the germicidal action of serum does not rest upon an osmotic basis and can not be explained in a quantitative manner. The osmotic pressure of the serum is too small to account for the destruction of l^acteria by its action, and when the osmotic pressure of such serum is artificially increased the germicidal action is not influenced propi irtionately. The action of the essence of turpentine on virus, V. Galtier {Jour. Med. Vi'f. et Zooterh., o. m:, 5 {1901), pp. 193-202). — The author conducted a series of experiments with this substance upon the virus of glanders, tuberculosis, and anthrax. Glanders virus taken from lesions of this disease was sterilized by contact with pure essence of turpentine for a period of 30 hours. The glanders bacillus in culture tubes was sterilized in 49 minutes when turpentine was used in the propor- tion of 1 cc. to 3 cc. of the culture. The author concludes that essence of turpentine can advantageously be used in treating objects whicli have become infected with the glanders bacillus. «• The tubercle bacillus emulsified in water, was sterilized in 18 hours by the addition of Ij cc. to 2 cc. of the emulsion. Fresh tubercle bacillus taken from tuberculous lesions in guinea pigs and emulsified in turpentine, was quite rapidly attenuated. Spore-bearing anthrax cultures, to which turpentine was added at the rate of 6 cc. to 30 cc. of the culture, were considerably attenuated, but not completely sterilized at the end of 6 hours and 30 minutes. Emulsions of fresh anthrax virus treated with turpentine retained their virulence for a considerable time. Experiments showed that when fresh virus or spore-bearing culture Avas mixed with turpentine before inoculation into experimental animals, the turpentine seemed to have the effect of increasing the resistance of the animal to infection. A report on the more important Italian publications in general pathology and pathological anatomy during the year 1900, 0. Bakbacci {Cetitbl. Allg. Path. u. Path. Anat., 12 {1901), No. 8-9, pp. 321-393).— ItAlinw literature on pathol- ogy of man and animals for the year 1900 is classified and briefly abstractetl. Serum diagnosis in tuberculosis, E. RoMBER(i {Deut. Med. Wehnschr.,27 {1901), No. 18, pp. 273-277). — Experiments were made according to the method proposed by Arloing and Courmant for diagnosing tuberculosis, from the presence of a high agglutinizing power in the serum of suspected animals. The literature of the sub- ject is discussed by the author in a critical manner, and the conclusion is reached that while the methoil is fairly reliable, there are many serious obstacles in the way of its general application in the manner which was first proposed. The diifioulty of obtaining a sufficient amount of cultures is considered very great. In experiments for the ijurjiose of obviating these difficulties the author found that suitable material could be obtained in large quantities and preserved for considerable time bj' killing tuliercle bacilli, jjulverizing them and enmlsifying them in alkaline water. The best results were obtained when an emulsion was made by maintaining dried pulverized tubercle bacilli at a temperature of 37° C. in a ^ per cent solution of soda lye in the proportion of 1 liter to 10 gm. of the bacilli. In experiments with this material it was found that the serum of tuberculous animals had the same curative action upon the emulsified tubercle bacilli as upon the living bacilli. It was also found that human blood serum Avould agglutinate the emulsion. The elimination of tuberculosis from the dairy herd at St. Helena, C. J. Pound {Queensland Agr. Jour., 8 {1901), No. 4, pp. 303-305, pis. 2). — When first tested it was found that in the dairy herd at St. Helena 9 out of the 68 animals reacted. Four of the tuberculous cows were later used for breeding purposes and their calves were fed on tuberculous milk after it had been sterilized. When 4 weeks old the calves were tested with tuberculin without a reaction in any case. During 16 months after the first test the cows were subjected to the tuberculin test on four VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 693 different occasions without responding. A careful post-mortem examination was made on eacii of these animals with the result that they were found to be tuberculous. Tuberculosis in horses, Rabe {Ztschr. Fleisch. u. Mikhyg., 11 {1901), No. 8, pp. S42, 24s). — Detaileti notes are given on the symptoms and the post-mortem findings in cases of tuberculosis in the horse. Anthrax infection, L. Heim {Arch. Hi/g., 40 {1901), No. 1, pp. 55-62). — The author observed that in preparations of anthrax bacilli stained with Loffler'a metha- lyne blue, a capsule or membrane was differentiated in color from the remainder of the bacilli. The color of the capsule when stained by this method was a clear rose. This behavior of the anthrax bacilli was made use of in differential diagnosis between anthrax and other diseases and in making a diagnosis in suspected cases of anthrax. When this method is applied, rose-colored patches are seen in blood and in exuda- tions which do not contain pus. In diseased tissue which contain the organisms of hog cholera, fowl cholera, and bubonic plague the rose color was not observed after the stain had been applied, and the author believes that this staining procedure offers a reliable method for diagnosing anthrax in diseased tissues. Experiments on the curative action of anthrax serum, A. Sclavo {Berlin. Klin. WcJinschr., 38 {1901), No. 18, pp. 481-484- — The author first obtained satisfac- tory results with a curative anthrax serum from experiments on rabbits and sheep. Frord the sheep a serum was obtained which completely protected the rabbits against anthrax, although they had been inoculated 12 hours previously with an anthrax culture containing spores. It was found that different sheep reacted verj' differently to the preliminary treatment designed for the protection of the curative serum. In many cases, even when the doses of attenuated cultures were gradually increased to large size and were continued for a long time, these sheep ix)ssessed very weak protective power. The difference in the strength of the serum obtained b)^ this method did not depend on the age, breed, or sex of the sheep, but appeared to be a peculiarity of the individual sheep. In some of the sheep which had been immu- nized against anthrax the author administered pilocarpin in order to determine whether the protective properties of the sermn could be strengthened in that manner. A study of actinomycosis, V. E. Mertexs {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 29 {1901), No. 16, pp. 649-654)- — Since several authors had classified actinomyces into 2 species, of which one was supposed to be virulent and the other not, and one aerobic and the other anaerobic, a special study of the matter was taken up by the author for the purpose of gaining new evidence on this point. Material containing the actinomyces organism was subjected to different conditions until from the original material which came from one source the 2 suggested species were obtained. The organism at the beginning of the experiments was grow'ing at a temperature of 37° C, and was disposed to be anaerobic, but it was found possible to obtain aerobic actinomyces from this source which developed readily at much lower temperatures. The author made experiments on animals, by which it was determined that both forms of the actinomyces were jiathogenic, although the anaerobic form seemed to possess the greater virulence. It is believed from these experiments that there is but one species of actimimyces. Some results in the treatment of milk fever by the method of Schmidt- Kolding, I. A. Eilek {Berlin. TierilrzK. Wrhnschr., 1901, No. 17, pp. 261, 262).— In this article statistics are brought together in 803 cases of milk fever which were treated with potassium iodid. Of the 803 cases, 615, or 76.6 per cent, recovered com- pletely, while the others were slaughtered or died. The crisis of the disease in 350 cases came after 24 hours and in 68 cases after the second or third day. The body temperature at the outbreak of the disease was usually between 37 and 38.5° C, but varied from 36.4 to 41.5° C. As a rule but one dose was given, and this varied from 5 to 12 gm. The treatment of milk fever by intravenous injection of potassium iodid, 694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. W. Wessel {Berlin. Thierarztl. Wchnschr., 1901, No. 19, p. 287).— A. solution of potas- sium iodid was made containing 10 grams in 2 liters of water. This amount was injected into the milk vein or jugular vein, according to the position of the cow, the milk vein being chosen when the cow was nnable to stand. Good results are reported from this treatment liy the author, and it is believed that it possesses certain advantages over the usual method of making an infusion directly into the udder. Lungworms in a large herd, N. O. Laesen [Maanedsskr. Dyrlseger, 12 {1901), No. 11, pp. 427-430). — The author reports the outbreak of this disease among a herd of cattle, of which 43 were affected. The disease was due to the presence of Strongylus micrurus in the lungs. After post-mortem examinations of calves which had died of the disease, the remaining animals were treated 3 times daily with the fumes from a mixture of turpentine oil and creolin in equal parts. Of the 43 animals which were affected 9 died and the others recovered slowly. Treatment of lungworm disease of cattle by intratracheal injection of a carbolic-acid solution, W. Wessel {Berlin. Thiereirztl. Wchnschr., 1901, No. 16, pp. 249-252). — An outbreak of this disease occurred among a number of young cattle which had been grazing on a low, wet pasture and had begun to show a considerable loss of flesh in August. The symptoms indicated the presence of lungworms and 20 gm. of a 1 per cent solution of carbolic acid was injected into the trachea of each animal. Considerable improvement was noticed in the breathing of the animals after 2 days, and coughing was much less pronounced. Of the 8 animals which were affected, 7 ultimately recovered. Similar results were obtained from an application of the same treatment in other cases of this disease. Lungworms in sheep and the successful treatment, Peters {Ztschr. Flei.ich it. Milchi/ichr., IHOI, Xo. 16, p. 250). — An outl)reak of this disease occurred among horses, and the animals were inocnlated with 100 gm. of serum on INIarch 18 and 21, and again with the same (juantity on April 10. The temperature was taken each morning for a number of days, and it was found that the symptoms of the dis- ease began to disappear after 1 or 2 days. In other outbreaks of the disease animals were inoculated intravenously from 3 to 5 days with from 100 to 200 gm. There were no fatal cases during this treatment. Intravenous inoculation is claimed to possess certain advantages over the subcutaneous method, the chief of which is the more rapid and intensive action of the serum. Mallein injections in Bavaria, Kitt ( Wchnschr. Tierlieilk. n. Vichzucht, 4-5 {1901), Xo. IS, pi>. '205-210). — Since 1892 mallein has been distributed gratis to veterinarians by the Royal Bavarian Veterinary High School. Reports have been forwarded con- cerning various tests which liave lieen made with mallein in different parts of the country, and the results make a very satisfactory showing for the reliability of mallein as a test for glanders. It appears from these reports that no case of glanders failed to react to the mallein test and that no horse which was free from glanders gave a typical reaction to the test when twice repeated. Omphalitis of colts, Gott {Berlin. Tierdrzti. WchnscJn-., 1901, Xn. 21, p 312).— The author tried various methods in the treatment of this disease, l)ut had best suc- cess with a solution of colloidal silver preparation. In one case 80 gm. of a h per cent solution was injected into the jugular vein of a colt for 3 days in succession. The beneficial effect of this treatment was shown after the firs t day, and the animal recovered. Omphalitis in colts, H. Sohxle {Monnt^h. Frakt. Thierh., 12 {1901), Xo. 8, p]>. 3S7-367) . — The author isolated the organism which is concerned in producing this disease and describes its behavior on various culture media. It is described as a coccus with a capsule and is considered a variety of Staphylococcus pyogenes aureus. The organism is imthogenic for mice, rabbits, and guinea'pigs. Inoculation experi- ments were made on 2 horses, with the result that both died of characteristic symp- toms of the disease. The author believes that the infection may he carried for a long period ])y the mother. It is suggested that since the pathogenic organism is now' known, considerable improvement may he hoped for in practical methods of treat- ing this disease. Influence of atmospheric conditions on colic in horses, Chauvain {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, 8. ser., 8 {1901), Xo. 9, pp. 280—282). — Observations on large numbers of horses used for military purposes showed quite conclusively that cases of colic are much more frequent during periods of rainy or cloudy weather, with a high temperature. Filariasis of the suspensory ligaments of the pastern joints in horses, J. Padek {Arcli. Para.^lt., 4 (1901), Xo. 1, pp. 58-95, figx. 20).— The author made a study of affections of the sus2)ensory ligaments in the region of the cannon bone and fountl that a considerable percentage of these troul)les are due to parasitism by Filaria reticulata . A detailed account is given of the anatomy of this worm and on the lesions caused by its presence in the tendons. Infested tendons frequently show nodules of various sizes upon their exterior. A change in the color of the tendons is often observed. It is generally 1>elieved that infestation by Filaria in these tendons occurs more generally than has previously been suspected. No method of treatment has been devised. A peculiar skin disease accompanied by internal lesions resembling those of tuberculosis, J. A. W. Dollar ( Veterinarian, 74 {1901), Xo. 881, pp. 219-222, pi. 1). — A 5-year-old mare, after passing through an attack of i)neumonia, was observed to be suffering from a skin disease which was characterized by the develop- ment of an extensive swelling on the chest and numerous other tubercles of varying 696 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. sizei- under the skin. The treatment for this affection was ineffectual, and the animal was killed. The post-moilem examination showed numerous white or purple nodules of the size of a pea on the diaphragm and similar nodules in the lungs. A micro- scopic examination of these nodules revealed the presence of a form of coccus. The teeth, of the horse as affected by age — I, C. McCullouch ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 115, pp. 97-108, figs. 6). — Brief notes are given on the structure and development of teeth, and on the character of the incisors, canine teeth, and molars. The teeth of the horse as affected by age — II, C. McCullouch ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 116, pp. 109-136, figs. 17) . — Notes on the appearance of the teeth in horses from time of birth until the age of 5 years. Animal parasites, J. Withvcombe ( Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, j>p. 23, 24). — An investi- gation is made of the extent to which the liver fluke is prevalent in Oregon. From a large flock, nearly all of which was reported as having died from the attacks of this parasite, 7 sheep were secured for examination. Only a few fluke worms were found and it is believed that the loss of sheep was not due to the presence of these parasites. Stomach worms were found in one upon post-mortem examination, and 4 of the animals were given 4 drams of gasoline with 10 drops of carbolic acid in 4 oz. of milk daily for 3 days. As a result they gained rapidly in weight. The treatment of sarcoptic mange with cresol liniment, Albrecht ( Wchnschr. Thierheilk. u. Vlehzudit, 4-5 (1901), Xo. 17, pp. 194-198). — Good success was reported from the use of this liniment in the treatment of mange of dogs and pigs. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in India and America, E. H. Pargiter {Irrig. Age, 15 (1901), Nos. 11, pp. 355-362; 12, pp. 393-400; 16 { 1901 ) , Xos. 1, pp. 6-12; 2, pp. 43-48; 3, pp. 79-82).— The system of irrigation control in India is very clearly explained and compared with that in force in the United States. The management of land and water and the control of colonization are entirely in the hands of the government. The canals are fjractically all public. The application of irrigation water is regulated by the level of the ground water. The conditions of water supply are peculiarly fortunate in India. Even in dry seasons on the plains the rainfall in the mountains is suf- ficient to maintain a flow in the streams. This, with the melting of snows at the higher altitudes, gives a continuous and reliable supply. Rotation in the use of water is practiced in times of scarcity. In conclusion, it is claimed that while agricultural development in India under absolute government control has been slow it has been safe, w^hile under private ownership in the United States it has been rapid, but accompanied by conflicts of interest, expensive litigation, and uncer- tainty of rights. Irrigation in the West, W. E. Smvthe [Amer. Mo. Rev. of Reviews, 25 {1902), No. 1, jjp. 75-80). — This article discusses a plan of action for the National Govern- ment with regard to irrigation. Current meter and weir discharge comparisons, E. C. Murphy {Proc. Amer. Sac. Civ. Eng., 27 {1901), No. 7, pp. 798-806, pi. 1, figs, i^).— This paper gives the results of a series of experiments made at the hydraulic laboratory of Cornell Uni- versity to test the accuracy of velocity measurements obtained with the current meter used by different methods. The results bring out quite clearly the fact " that the accuracy of the current-meter discharge measurements plays only a comparatively email part in the accuracy of the measurements of stream flow. . . . "In river gaging it is the accurate measurement of the volume flowing per day and per month that is desired. Single discharge measurement is only one of the factors on which this depends. Daily flow is found from a discharge curve giving the rela- tion between discharge and river stage, and on the daily fluctuations in the stage. MISCELLANEOUS. 697 The aci'uracy of the (HtJrliarge curve depeiuls on the accuracy of the individual dis- charge nieat^urementt), the permanence of the river bed, the position of the gage, and the accuracy of the gage readings. The accuracy of river-stage fluctuation measurements depends on tlie kind of instrument used t\)r tiiis purpose, its position, and the frequency and accuracy of the observations." Hydraulic diagrams for the discharge of conduits and canals, based upon the formula of Ganguillet and Kutter, C. II. Swan and T. Horton {New York : EngineerbHi Xrirs rahlishing Co., 1899, pp. 43). Profiles of rivers in the United States, II. G.\nnett ( Water Supply and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Siirve;/, Xo. 44, pp. loO, p}^. 11). Tests of agricultural machines, ]M. RixciELMANN {Mem. Sac. Nat. Agr. France, 139 {1900) , pp. 339-365, figx. 10 ) . — This article discusses the general subject of machine testing and gives descriptions of the machine-testing station at Paris and at the Uni- versal P^xposition. Economics of road construction, H. I*, (tillette {Neiv York: Engineering Neir.'i Publishing Co., 1901, jip. 41,. figs. 9). Machinery for refrigeration, N. Selfe {Chicago: H. S. Rich ifr Co., 1900, pp. 416, figs. 213). Refrigerating machinery — its principles and management, A. R. Leask {London, 1901, rev. ed., pp. 296, ill.). MISCELLANEOUS. Twelfth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1901 {Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 305-342) .—T\\\^ includes a rejiort of the director containing a general review of the work and publications of the station during the year, notes on the educational value of station work, an account of the date-palm orchard, and a tinancial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901; a report of the agriculturist and horticultur- ist giving brief notes on date-palm culture, tests of field crops, and irrigation and evaporation experiments; an account of experiments in animal industry noted else- where; a report of the botanist containing an account of work in range improvement and brief notes on the Australian saltbush, parasitic fungi, economic cacti, etc., and a report of the chemists containing notes on the examination of irrigation waters and analyses of sugar beets. Annual Report of Oregon Station, 1901 {Oregon Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 19-47). — This contains a l)rief report of the director, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901, and departmental reports reviewing at some length the different lines of station work and giving some of the results obtained during the year. Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1901 {South Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 27-36). — A l)rief review of station work during the year by the heads of depart- ments and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. Agriculture in China, C. Denbv {Forum, 32 {1901), No. 3, pp. 328-340).— TWm article is a general discussion on Chinese agriculture. The different crops are briefiy treated. Agriculture in New Zealand, M. Mcrphy (A'i'jr Zealand Offic. Yearbook 1899, pp. 439-470). — A statement of the agricultural and pastoral conditions of New Zealand. The production of cereals, root crops, flax, sugar beets, grasses, and legu- minous forage crops is noted. Agricultural education in the higher institutions of France and Algeria {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tnnisie, 7 {1901), No. 21, pp. 517-520). — Tlie article gives a plan of agricultural instruction recently adopted at the School of Sciences, Algiers. The national school of agriculture at Grignon, P. Dechamhke {Monde Mod., 1901, No. 74, pp. 196-204, tigs. 7). — The history of this institution is given and the course of instruction and the management of the school are described. NOTES, Alabama Caxebrake Station. — The work of the station during the i^resent year under the new director will be along the same lines as heretofore, including inves- tigations for the improvement of the impoverished soils of the prairie region; tield experiments with cotton, corn, forage crops, fruits, and vegetables; experiments in floriculture, and studies of diseases of plants and animals. CoxxECTicrx State Statiox. — C. J. Rice, for 18 years in charge of buildings and grounds, has resigned, and William Vietch has been appointed to till his place. Connecticut College. — E. H. Lehnert, B. S., D. V. S., has been ap])ointed to the chair of physiology and veterinary science, rice N. S. Mayo. Iowa Station. — The station has inaugurated an interesting and extremely impor- tant investigation in the breeding and feeding of cattle, through the financial aid and cooperation of the Union Stock Yards and Transit Company of Chicago. Fifty head of pure-bred and high-grade Galloway heifers have been purchased and are being bred to the Shorthorn bulls Scotland's Crown and Doctor White. Scotland's Crown is a roan Shorthorn bull imported ]>y the college three years ago, and now conceded to be one of the best Shorthorn sires in America. Doctor White is a pure white Shorthorn bull purchased by the station at the recent International Live-stock Exposition at Chicago. This bull has been a prize Avinner at a number of leading live-stock shows during the past year. The pure-bred Galloway heifers are from such breeders as E. H. White, of Estherville, Iowa; David McCrae, of Guelph, Ontario, and O. H. Swigart, of Champaign, 111.; and the grades from prominent breeders in Illinois. Some of these cattle were exhibited at the last International Live-stock Exposition at Chicago. In addition to the breeding features of the experi- ment, a careful record of the cost of production will l)e kept from birth until the cattle are finished for market, and various methods of feeding will be tested. Some of the cattle produced ]»y this experiment will be retained for further investigation in l)reed- ing and feeding. A few pure white Shorthorn heifers are being purchased to be bred to Galloway bulls. This method of breeding is designed to produce steers of the famous blue-gray type and quality, which have been so popular in the leading mar- kets and fat stock shows of Great Britain. It is conceded that this cross produces cattle that have no superiors for the block and for profitable feeding. The cattle produced in this way mature early and are of good form and make a high percentage of edible beef of an exceptionally fine grain and flavor, with an even distribution of fat. Maine Station. — C. D. Holley, assistant chemist, has resigned to become chemist of the condensed milk company. Michigan College and Station. — A. C. Bird, secretary of the State board of agriculture and of the college and station, has resigned to take effect May 3L T. A. Farrand has been appointed superintendent of the South Haven substation for fruit. The board has accepted bids and authorized the closing of contracts for the construc- tion of a bacteriological laboratory and a bacteriological stable, to cost about $23,600. The new l)uildings will be used by both college and station. F. W. Robison has been elected assistant chemist of the station, r!ce L. H. Van Wormer, who resigned to 698 NOTES. 699 accept the liosition of assistant analyst in the hiboratory of the State Dairy and Food Department, at Lansing. Minnesota College and Station. — F. L. Washburn, formerly of the Oregon Col- lege and Station, and more recently connected with the University of Oregon, has been elected entomologist in the college and station. He will enter upon his new duties in June. Jlississippi College and Station. -^The recentappropriation of the State legislature is by far the most liberal ever made for the institution. Besides making provision for chairs of geology and mining and of civil and rural engineering, both of which are new, the appropriation carries the following provision for improvements and woi'k: A new building for agriculture and horticulture, scientific departments, library, and museum, §40,000; intirmary building, 810,000; additional equipment for textile school, $13,030; additional equipment for mechanic arts department, ^8,300; enlarg- ing capacity of mechanic arts building, $5,000; residence for director of textile school, |>1,500; equipment for English, veterinary, preparatory, agricultural, horticultural, and biological departments, $1,900; farmers' institutes for 1902-1903, $6,000; and a branch experiment station at McNeill, $13,000 for the biennial period. This is in the pine woods region where fertilizers are not used and do not pay under present conditions. * In addition to fertilizer tests the aim will be to make a thorough test of a great variety of crops, giving much attention to orchard and garden crops. Work with live stock will probably be made a feature. The action of the legislature in appropriating for this branch station is thetirst substantial recognition on the part of the State of the importance of the work of the experiment station and the value of investigation as a basis for improving agricultural practice. Missouri State Fruit Station. — T. M. Culver, of Koshkonong, Mo., has been appointed a member of the board of trustees, in place of L. O. Hailey, whose term has expired. Cornell University. — The college of agriculture has announced the following cooperative experiments for the season 1902: Fertilizers — a soil test with nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash, singly and in combinations; wheat — tests of fly-resistmg varieties, started last fall; beans — tests of standard field sorts; sugar beets — test of varieties and the adaptation of soils; potatoes — tests of varieties and methods of cul- ture; buckwheat — varieties and methods of treating the crop, and alfalfa — a study of the adaptation of the different soils and methods of securing best results. A bill is now before the State legislature appropriating $200,000 for new buildings for the college of agriculture. North Carolina College and Station. — Alexander Rhodes, assistant horticul- turist, has resigned to accept the position of horticulturist at the State Normal School of Georgia, at Athens. B. F. AValton, a former graduate of the college, has been appointed superintendent of the agricultural experimental work of the station. Ohio University and Station. — Merritt F. Miller, a graduate of the agricultural college of the university, and recently connected with the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has been elected to succeed W. D. Gibbs. Under the bill which recently passed the State legislature providing for the reorganization of the board of control of the station, the governor has appointed an entirely new board, constituted as follows: F. Whittlesey, of Atwater; Alva Agee, of Cheshire; D. D. White, of Castalia; O. E. Bradfute, of Cedarville, and D. L. Sampson, of Cincinnati. The board has organized by the election of Alva Agee as president, O. E. Bradfute as secretary, and D. L. Sampson as treasurer. At a meeting held :\Iarch 4, C. E. Thome was reelected director, and the resignation of F. i\I. Webster was received, to take effect March 31. Rhode Island St.\tion.-^J. W. Kellogg, assistant chemist in the department of feeds and feeding at the Massachusetts Station, has been appointed assistant chemist of the station, and entered upon his new duties Marrh 15. L. P. Sprague, 700 EXPERIMENT STATIOIf RECORD. of the University of Vermont, has been appointed assistant horticuhurist of the station, to take effect April 1. J. V. B. Watson, of Wakefield, R. I., has been reappointed a member of the board of managers for the term of five years. The former oflficers of the board have been reelected. A small glass house has been erected in connection with the remodeled incubator and brooder house, to supply green food to the young chicks which are reared during the winter season. South Carolina College and Station. — C. E. Chambliss, entomologist, has been temporarily appointed botanist and bacteriologist in addition to his other duties. The new dormitory, with 80 lodging rooms and three recitation rooms, has been completed. Texas College and Station. — A station council has been organized, consisting of Jefferson Johnson, of the board of trustees, the president of the college, and the director, chemist, and veterinarian of the station. W. C. Martin, assistant station chemist, has been granted a year's leave of absence to study at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and his place has been supplied for the year by N. Fraenckel, of New York City. Wilmon Xewell, M. S., assistant entomologist at the Ohio Station, has l^een appointed to a similar position at this station. Plans have been accepted for the chemical and veterinary laboratory building provided for by the last legislature. It will be a two-story brick structure, and provided with the modern conveniences for instruction and laboratory work. A greenhouse, 16 by 42 feet, for the horticultural department of the college and station has been completed. Utah Station. — The new cattle and sheep barns have been completed at a cost of about $12,000. Experiments with sheep are now under way, and a herd of pure-bred cattle is being purchased at a cost of $4,000. West Virginia Station. — Gilbert M. John has been appointed assistant horticul- turist of the station. Wyoming Station. — A. C. Jones, of Laramie, has been elected a member of the board of trustees in place of Daniel C. Bacon, deceased. Cooperative work has been planned between the chemical and agricultural divisions of the station, in which digestion experiments will be undertaken with (1) the range grasses as they are found, gathered three or four times a year; (2) grasses growing on fenced area, to determine the yield and digestibility of the growth on the Laramie plains, and (3) grasses and other forage plants grown on the experiment farm with and without irri- gation. The effects of small and large amounts of water used in irrigation on the character and value of the grasses will also be studied. Feeding experiments are in progress to compare alfalfa with native hay for sheep, to determine how much alfalfa and straw are needed to maintain horses through the winter, and in substituting alfalfa for wheat bran and native hay for a milch cow. Efforts are being made to provide suitable accommodations for sheep and cattle. Statistics of Experiment Stations in the United States. — The latest statistics, contained in the annual report to Congress of the Office of Experiment Stations, show that there are now 60 experiment stations in the United States, exclusive of the sub- stations. Of these, 54 receive Federal aid. The total income of the stations during 1901 was $1,231,881.55, of w^hich $720,000 was received from the National Govern- ment. The remaining $511,881.55 represents the largest amount ever supplemented by State appropriations, analysis fees, sales of products, etc. To the Federal appro- priation should be added $12,000 for the Alaska stations, $10,000 for Hawaii, and $5,000 for Porto Rico, besides the other appropriations to the Ofl&ce of Experiment Stations for its work in general and the nutrition and irrigation investigations con- ducted under its supervision. The value of the additions to equipment of the stations during the year was unusually large, over $230,000, in comparison with $167,475 the pre\aous year. These additions were distributed as follows: Buildings, $133,420.77; libraries, $26,303.49; apparatus, $15,309.48; farm implements, $13,085.45; livestock, $18,220.29, and miscellaneous, $25,025.10. NOTES. 701 Tlie stations now employ 688 persons in the work of administration and inquiry, as compared with 693 the previous year. There are 52 directors, 146 chemists, 62 agriculturists, 14 animal husbandmen, 78 horticulturists, 21 farm foremen, 31 dairy- men, 49 botanists, 48 entomologists, 6 zoologists, 29 veterinarians, 14 meteorologists, 7 biologists, 5 physicists, 5 geologists, 21 mycologists and bacteriologists, 8 irrigation engineers, 12 officers in charge of substations, 29 seci-etaries and treasurers, 11 libra- rians, and 40 clerks. Besides these there are 77 persons unclassified, including super- intendents of gardens, grounds, and buildings, apiarists, herdsmen, poultrymen, etc. During the year the stations published 445 annual reports and bulletins, as compared with 386 the previous year, which were supplied to over half a million addresses on the regular mailing lists. A larger number of stations than formerly supplemented their regular publications with press bulletins or circulars, issued at irregular intervals. State appropriations for substations have been made as follows: In Kansas, $3,000 a year for the establishment and maintenance of a substation at the Fort Hays Reser- vation; in Michigan, $2,000 for the South Haven Fruit Substation and $3,000 for the Chatham Substation; in Minnesota, $11,200 for improvements at the substations, which are maintained l)y State appropriation; in Texas, an increase of the appropri- ation for the Beeville Substation from $5,000 to §7,500 for two years and $5,000 per annum for a new substation, which has been located at Troup; in Oregon, $5,000 a year for two years for a substation in eastern Oregon; in Utah, $6,000 for two years to establish a fruit experiment station in southern Utah; in Washington, $11,200 for the substation at Puyallup, including $2,000 for improvements. Alabama has con- tinued State aid to the Canebrake Station, $2,500, and to the Tuskegee Station, $1,500; and Missouri has appropriated $26,525 for buildings and maintenance for the new State Fruit Experiment Station. With the aid of funds given by the States, buildings have been erected during the past year at a number of the agricultural colleges, which will be use* it whole or in part by the experiment stations. Wyoming has just completed a new science hall at a cost of $35,000. The New York State Station has erected a residence for the director and is now expending about $8,500 in remodeling the old residence into an adminis- tration building. North Dakota has erected two barns at a cost of $18,000 to replace the barn burned last year. Pennsylvania has finally completed and equipped its calorimeter building. Oregon has a new $3,000 station building; Storrs Agricultural College, a new dairy building; Alabama, a veterinary dissecting building and a new chemical laboratory; Colorado, an insectary; AVashington, a greenhouse and insec- tary; Virginia, a new main barn and a piggery and al^attoir; the Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, a new station building; Kentucky, a barn for curing lobacco; New Jersey, a new barn, and Idaho, a piggery. Referees ok Association' of 0ffici.\l Agricultural Chemists. — The executive committee has announced the following list of referees and associates for the year 1902: Phosphoric acid: Referee, C. H. Jones, Burlington, Vt. ; associate, B. H. Kite, Morgantown, W. Va. — Potash: Referee, H. B. McDonnell, College Park, Md.; associate, Charles B. Beistle, State College, Pa. — Nitrogen, determination of nitrogen: Referee, Fred W. Morse, Durham, N. H.; associate, Edward B. Holland, Amherst, Mass. — Separation of nitrogenuns bodies: Referee, L. L. Van Slyke, Geneva, N. Y.; associate, R. Harcourt, Guelph, Ontario. — Soils: Referee, F. P. Veitch, Washington, D. C. ; associate, C. C. Moore, Washington, D. C. — Dairg prodnds: Referee, George W. Cavanaugh, Ithaca, N. Y.; associate, C. A. Browne, jr.. State College, Pa. — Foods and feeding stuffs: Referee, C. A. Browne, jr.. State College, Pa.; associate, F. D. Fuller, Geneva, N. Y.—Food adidteration: Referee, W. D. Bigelow, Washington, D. C. (meat and fish, fermented and distilled liquors); associates, L. M. Tolman, Washington, D. C. (fats and oils, dyes); A. McGill, Ottawa, Canada (cereal prod- ucts); H. W. Wiley, Washington, D. C. (infant and invalid foods); A. E. Leach, Boston, Mass. (saccharine products); L. S. Munson, Waslungton, D. C. (vegetables — 702 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. canned, dried, or otherwise jireserved); W. H. Ellis, Toronto, Ontario (tea and coffee); F. T. Harrison, London, Ontario (cocoa) ; A. L. Winton, New Haven, Conn, (spices and condiments, baking powders and baking-powder chemicals); AVilliam Frear, State College, Paf. (vinegar); A. S. Mitchell, ^Milwaukee, Wis. (flavoring extracts); L. M. Tolman and L. S. Munson, Washington, D. C. (fruit products); W. M. Allen, Raleigh, X. C. (preservatives). — Tann'm: Referee, William H. Teas, Ridgway, Pa.; associate, George A. Kerr, Damascus, Va. — Insecticides: Referee, J. K. Haywood, Washington, D. C. ; associate, James Emory, Washington, D. C. — Sugar: Referee, G. L. Spencer, Washington, D. C. ; associates, L. ^I. Tolman, Washing- ton, D. C. (optical methods); L. S. Munson, Wasliington, D. C. (chemical meth- ods); D. S. Davol, Caro, Mich, (special analytical methods used in sugar industry). — Ash: Referee, G. S. Traps, Raleigh, N. C. ; associate, F. T. Shutt, Ottawa, Canada. Rice Experiment Station for Louisiana. — According to a note in The Tradesman, the rice convention recently held at Crowley, La., took preliminary steps looking to the establishment of a rice experiment station for southwestern Louisiana. Resolu- tions were adopted calling attention to the fact that when the experiment stations' in Louisiana were established the rice industry was confinele one, and in addition to securing extensive information on irrigation management and practice he obtained many excellent photographs of irri- gation works and typical scenes. Incidentally he visited the Twfikieh School of Agriculture at Gizeh, near Cairo. The school has about 60 pupils, who are natives of the higher classes, and is conducted on a very practical basis. Each pupil has allotted to him a plat of about one-quarter of an acre of land which he carries on himself under supervision, receiving his share of the profit. The instruction is entirely in English. There is a great demand for the graduates of this school as managers of large sugar and cotton plantations, and difficulty is experienced in hold- ing the pupils long enough to complete their course on account of this inducement. The school is maintained by the Egyptian Government, which is now erecting a fine large building and several smaller ones. It is now using an annex to one of Ishmael Pasha's palaces. The school has a farm of about 160 acres which is rented land. A rental of £12 an acre annually, or about $60, is paid for this land, but as it is sup- plied with water the year round and 3 crops are raised a profit is realized even at this high rental. The water used is all pumped from the Nile by steam and distrib- uted in canals. In addition to the experimental work which the school is carrying on in various phases of cotton and sugar-cane culture, a large number of new fruits, mostly tropical and semitropical, are being tried and considerable work done with forage plants. NOTES. 703 Prof. F. Lamson-Sc-rilmcr, chief ol the new Imreau of agriculture in the Philip- pine Islands, sailed for 3Ianihi on the transport McClellan February 22. He was accompanied by E. D. Merrill, a former assistant in tlie Division of Agrostology, who has accepted the position of botanist in the new bureau. J)r. F. A. F. C. Went, professor of botany in the university and director of the Botanic Garden at Utrecht, Holland, recently spent several days at the Agricultural Department at Washington on his return from a six months' trip to the Dutch col- onies in the West Indies in the interest of his Government, which is making an effort to improve the agricultural and horticultural conditions of these colonies. The Royal Bavarian Academy of Science has awarded the Liebig gold medal to Dr. O. Kellner, director of the ^Mockern Experiment Station, in recognition of his scientific investigations in the nutrition of farm animals and especially the recjuire- ments and metabolism of nutrients and energy. Dr. L. Liebermann, director of the chemical experiment station at Budapest, has been appointed professor of hygiene and director of the hygienic institute in the University of Budapest, vice Dr. Josef Fodor, deceased. Dr. E. Wein, adjunct in fhe central agricultural experiment station at ^Munich, has been appointed professor of agricultural chemistry at the Royal Bavarian Academy for Agriculture and Brewing in Weihenstephan, vice Professor Stellwaag, deceased. Presumably he will also succeed the latter in charge of the agricultural division of the station at that place. Dr. Henkel succeeds Professor Stellwaag as director of the dairy school. Prof. C. Kraus, director of the Academy for Agriculture and Brewing at Weihen- stephan, has been elected to succeed Prof. E. WoUny at the Technical High School at Munich. Dr. W. Schneidewind, assistant in the Halle Station, has been selected to succeed the late Dr. Maercker as director of the agricultural chemical station, and Dr. L. Biihring as director of the control station. ^Miscellaneous. — The prospectus has been issued of the first session of the Grad- uate School of Agriculture, to be held at the Ohio State University the coming summer. As previously announced, instruction will be given in three main lines — agronomy, zootechny, and dairying, and a special course will be given in plant and animal breeding. "The course in agronomy will include climatology and soil physics, vegetable physiology, fertilizers, and the culture and management of field crops. The course in zootechny will include the principles of animal form, the breeding and nutrition of domestic animals, and the application of these principles to the choice and management of Ijeef and dairy cattle, sheej), swine, and horses. The course in dairying will include the science of dairying, especially its chemistry and bacteriology, the application of the science in practice, and demonstrations of improved methods of butter and cheese making. The course in plant and animal breeding will deal chiefly with methods of investigation and instruction in this subject and will be so arranged that it can be taken by students in any of the other courses." Instructions will be given by lectures, seminars, and laboratory demonstrations. The faculty is comprised as follows: President, W. O. Thompson, Ohio State Uni- versity; dean, ^v. C. True, Office of Experiment Stations; registrar, T. F. Hunt, Ohio State University, and a corps of thirty experts, selected from the various agri- cultural colleges anturv Fanuuvjj. tt«*\ l^iryuxg— Tho K»Mt\>K and U. W. Uvwsi^s. Mott\M\vl»x4jv. KtMtilboi>* aiu! JhmIs ^iuohuUiv^t; utethnHb of aual,vt^«))i, aiui Agricultural Ku>;iutvi>ns«' \V, H, Hkvj. r»otju\y ai»»i l>i>t>as<\s ol IMtoUs -W.mtkr IK Kvvxs, Th, O, Ko»vls au»l Aniu\nl IVhIuoUou^O, F, Uvsuwor'vhw IM\> l\ h^»^Kl C»\>|v>i J, I, S\-u» n>\ Knioiuv>K^y ami W^lt^riuary Si^wut^ — K, V, Wiuxu, Ph. IV MoiiioultuiVr, U. Svuvu" With iho i\H>jvrt»tion of lh»» ss^MontitU* vUvisions of tho IV^j^utiueni aui\ the Alvstract l\>uuuitlto of tho A«^viatUvn of (.MUvial Ajjiiouhuml l.'houvitit}t. COX ri-:N rs ok \oK xiii, Wv s. lulittM'ial not«\!»: >'^k«*^ l\v,^|v<>nUivo fortiliw^r t>xjH>nu\t>nts Jn itonuau) 7lV^ " Kuphoiimotn." or tl>o art ol nu>i»suriuir lh»^ ionilUy tU iho sk»U . 7t^7 Ai;ruuUui'al-u>oltHm>U>*;it"al v4v>iorvntions in Kussia. ,,',,,, , . , . - 7tVS luHvnt work in i»i»rioultu»"a) wioiuv -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,»,,,,,-.- 710 Ni>UN!t , ,, »,,,»,»,,,,,,,,..- SOI 8i'iUKrr I isr ok AUsruAnx t U>{M»Slin»otry of ph«vn ol phvksphiMio arivl in ph>vs|>hat*\s, J, A. Mullor 710 rho artiltrial nro|>iU>»tion of ntonotitt^ (Uiralriunv phtvsohatoK A. th^ S^-hulttM*. 7\0 iKvlnsit»n of n>a|»n»*sinn» oxalatt* hy »aK'i»u\» o\alato, l. \V. Kiohai^ls t«t al 7U On tho th>tt>iminatitvn »>l ix'iAhloiatt^ in nitrato of siuia, iiiin\n» 711 lS't«H>tion oi poiassimn hy n>oanf» ol smlinnt pi*'iat»\ T, Koit-haiAl 711 \i'i>>i\t>n>oliy, A I onay 7U V\w »U't»'invii\a(ion i»t l>ioKuKski. 711 Nt«>»liti>ation of .snl|>huii»^a»i>l tost for foin>aKloh\>U* in milk, A. tJ. huol>**rt. . 711 rho |>ixv>*»l«\s, M. A. l>nU»is 713 I'stiniaiion ol lat in n>ilk hy nutans of \vat«*i-fitvso»linn( sniphato, (V ho(\m>U^ TlJ} rhtM»siin»ation of volatile fatly at'itls in hnltor, M. lathiiu , 713 rtio iloUHlion of «tH-«ktu\nt oil in oU«ontai>;arinan(( \\\ hutlor, W. ti. liuloinans. . 713 \>lnhi'n»tit>n of tally oils with i\tinortkl oils and its »lotivtion, K. tioUUH»r>? 713 MoiliiicaHon ol' Niillian's roarlion lor stwjuno oil, ti. Armani 713 rh.< UuM itnlm solnlion. M Kill 713 Ucsnlisoi ih«' hfatimj oi vo^'iahlo oils antl mothoils nt t)otoru\iniug thoathuix- Inro ol other oils, M TorU'lli ami K. Un^jjtM'i 713 rin- n,>.o oi iht» it'lnulomotoi in lh«> analysis of waxos, l\ IVwio , . . . . 713 t.'om|>t4ralivo aitalvHii* ol Uvlst hy ln>l-wator tligostii»n, oti\, L S, Maruh 713 I 11 CONTENTS. Page. Analysis of commercial glucose, etc., H. Pellet 713 The determination of salicylic acid in wine, H. Mastbaum 713 Chemical division. New Zealand Department of Agriculture, B. C. Aston 713 Chemical division, H. J. Wheeler 713 Progress in the field of agricultural chemistry during 1900, H. G. Soderbaum. 713 Select methods in food analysis, H. Leffmann and W. Beam 713 An apparatus for ash estimations, H. Wislicenus 713 An apparatus for determining fat, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell 713 A continuous hydrogen sulphid apparatus, H. Koch 714 An automatic filter washer, J. M. Pickel 714 On the measurements of high temperatures, H. Wanner 714 Report on a botanical survey of the Dismal Swamp region, T. H. Kearney . . . 714 The origin and distribution of the cocoa palm, O. F. ( "ook 714 The Cupressefe, P. Mouillefert 714 Brazilian stink grass, F. M. Bailey 714 The mushroom book, Nina L. Marshall 715 Studies on the means of dispersal of seeds, M. Kronfeld 715 Plants as water carriers, B. D. Halsted 715 The transmission of stimuli in plants, B. Nemec 715 Investigations on the respiration of olives, C. GerVjer 715 The influence of alkaloids on the respiration of plants, N. Morkowine 716 Poisonous action of mercury on green plants, J. W^ Dafert 716 Fixation of metals by cell walls of plants, H. Devaux 716 On the occurrence of organic iron compounds in plants, U. Suzuki 717 On the distribution of zinc in plants, L. La1)and 717 Contributions to the physiological knowledge of the tea plant, U. Suzuki 717 On the localization of thein in tea leaves, U. Suzuki 71 7 On the role of oxidase in the preparation of commercial tea, K. Aso 717 On the economic importance of Nitragin, Maria Dawson 718 The nature of the bacteroids of the leguminous nodule, etc., R. G. Smith 718 Descriptions of leguminous tubercle bacteria, S. Burrage 718 Spermatogenesis and fecundation of Zamia, H. J. Webber 719 ZOOLOGY'. Insectivorous birds 719 The food of the myrtle warbler, C. M. Weed and N. Dearborn 719 The rat-destroying bacilli discovered by Danysz, J. Kiester and P. Kutgen. . . 719 Corynethri.r pxi ittlotnbcrculosis murium, Bongert 719 Zoological Record, D. Sharp 720 Laws for protection of birds and game in District of Columbia, T. S. Palmer. 720 METEOROLOGY — CLIMATOLOGY. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and H. L. Bodfish 720 Meteorology, W. Frear and C. W. Norris 720 Report of the meteorologist, N. Helme 721 The ammonia in meteoric water and in red rain, A. Casali 721 The dust fall of March 10 and 11, 1901, H. Svoboda 722 The chemical and meteorological history of the atmosphere, J. Stevenson 722 Climate and the effects of climate, H. R. Mill 722 Climate, vegetation, and drainage of Cascade Mountains, etc., I. C. Russel 722 Agricultural meteorology of district of Leon, Mexico, etc., J. M. Garcia Muiioz. 722 Meteorological atlas of the Argentine Republic, E. A. S. Delachaux 722 The hail protection congress of Novare, Italy, V. Vermorel 722 The influence of cannonading on rain and storms, J. M. Pernter 722 Shooting away hailstorms, E. P. Lyle, jr 722 Weather shooting in ancient times, J. M. Pernter 722 Driving frost from fruit, M. Tindal 722 How is temperature measured? K. Arndt 722 Instructions for the care and management of sunshine recorders, C. F. Marvin. 722 The forecaster and the newspaper, H. M. Watts 722 CONTENTS. ni WATER — SOILS. Page. Analyses of the waters of the state of Sao Panlo, Brazil, G. d'Utra 723 Investigations on drainage water, Creydt, von Seelhorst, and Wihns 723 PoUution of streams by agriculture and manufactures, G. V. Khlopin 723 Study of the climate and soil of the clay and sandy-clay region of Belgium... 723 The climate and soil of the Jurassic region of Belgium 723 The tea soils of Assam, H. H. Mann 723 Chemical study of wheat soils of Broad balk field, Rothamsted, B. Dyei- 724 The Eocene deposits of Maryland, W. B. Clark, G. C. Martin, et al.. 724 FEKTILIZEKS. Pot experiments to test field observations, etc., B. L. Hartwell 725 The offering of premiums for fertilizer experiments, T. Pfeiffer 726 Crop growing and crop feeding, \V. F. Massey 726 Green manuring with lupines and use of nitrogenous fertilizers, C Schreiber. 726 Use of town drainage as manure, W. II. Moreland 726 On sewage disposal and jiurification, J. (Jlaister 726 The reduct'dii of nitrates in the presence of barnyard manure, J. V. Stieet 727 Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous materials, PI B. Vooihees... 727 Superphosphate applied broadcast, Maizieres 728 Fertilizer experiments with apatite, feldspar, etc., J. Sebelien 728 The use of annnoniacal fertilizers on calcareous soils, E. Giustiniani 728 A contribution to the question of liming, Schleyer 729 Fertilizer experiments with lime and marl, P. Hillmann 729 Development and present status of theperchloratecjuestion, l\. G. S(')derl)aum . 730 Conunercial fertilizers, E. 11. Jenkins et al 730 Commercial fertilizers, Kentucky Station 730 Analy.ses of fertilizers, C. A. Goessniann 730 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. F. Hand et al 730 Fertilizers, New Jersey Stations 730 Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street 730 Commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler et al 731 FIELD CROPS. Range improvement in Arizona, D. Griffiths 7S1 Miscellaneous forage crops, G. C. Watson and E. H. Hess 732 Plant culture experiments at Norway Agricultural College, B. R. Larsen 732 Notes on agriculture in Tunis, A. Kebaili 732 Report on tests of sport varieties of cereals in 1899, K. Kittlaus^ 732 Variety tests in 1900 and future work in this direction, I^dler 732 Frost injuries to winter cereals in 1901 , P. Sorauer '. 732 Planting Vlria jalia on fields of injured winter cereals, R. Schmoldt 732 Mustard and turnij)s as catch crops, P. Genay 733 Alfalfa on muck, W. p]. Imes 733 Soil inoculation for alfalfa, G. C. Watson and E. H. Hess 733 Influence of potash salts on development of l)arley, J. Stoklasa and J. Pitra. . . 733 Thick vs. thin seeding of corn 733 Cotton, E. Grimley 733 Cotton in P]gypt, Y. Henry 733 Comparative tests of red clover from different countries, O. Burchard 733 p]mmer: A grain for the seniiarid rt>gioiis, .M. A. ('arleton 734 Note on the culture of Manila hemp in the Philippines, de Berard 734 Exi)eriments in acclimatizing winter oats, Schlacht 734 PLxperiments with oats and peas 734 The ground-nut crop, J. W. Leather an(')lich. 734 Correlation and transmission in the rye plant, etc., A. Geerkens 735 Influence of environment on the composition of the sugar beet, H. \V. Wiley. 736 Influence of drying the soil on development of the su, Sept., 1901 789 California Station: Bui. 134, Sept. 23, 19*01 761 Bui. 135, Oct., 1901 765 Bui. 136, Nov. ,1901 768 Bui. 137, Dee. , 1901 747 Seed Bui., 1901-02 751 Connecticut State Station: Bui. 135, Dec. ,1901 766 An. Rpt. , 1901, pt. 1 730 Kansas Station: Bui. 105, Nov., 1901 789 Fourteenth An. Rpt. ,1901 797 Kentucky Station: Bui. 94, Sept. 14, 1901 737 Bui . 95, Sept. ,1901 730 Ma!?sachu8ett,'-< Station: Bui. 77, Nov., 1901 730 Met. Buls. 154-156, Oct. -Dec, 1901 720 Mississippi Station: Bui. 68, Sept. 1, 1901 730 New Hampshire Station: Tech. Bui. 3, Nov., 1901 719 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 154, Oct. 30, 1901 730 An. Rpt., 1900 727, 733, 7o4, 738, 741, 742, 743, 756, 763, 771 , 774, 778, 786, 797 New York State Station: Bui. 197, Oct., 1901 781,782 Bui. 198, Nov., 1901 774 Bui. 199, Nov., 1901 758, 760 Bui. 200, Nov., 1901 759, 760 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 196, Nov. , 1 901 734 Bui. 197, Dec, 1901 783 Pennsylvania Station: Bill. 56, July, 1901 779 An. Rpt., 1900 720, 732, 733, 750, 751, 798. Rhode Island Station: Bui. 80, Aug., 1901 780, 795 Bui. 81, Oct., 1901 731 Fourteenth An. Rpt., 1901 713, 721,725,740,754,763,767, 768, 776, 777, 781, 793, 798 Stations ill the United Slates — Continued. Virginia Station: I'age. Bui. 117, Oct., 1900 791 Bui. 118, Nov., 1900 791 U. S. Department of Ac/rirulture. Farmers' Bui. 136 795 Farmers' Bui. 137 776 Farmers' Bui. 138 795 Farmers' Bui. 139 734 Farmers' Bui. 140 749 Bureau of Animal Industrj': Bui. 30 785 Bui. 31 777 Bui. 32 787 Bui. 33 786 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 64 736 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 2 '. 719 Bui. 3 737 Bui. 4 731 Weather Bureau: Doc 252 722 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 100 794 Bui. 101 770 Bui. 102 772 Division of Biological Survey: Circ 34 720 Division of Botany: Bui. 27 755 Bui. 28 745 Bui. 29 754 Contributions from IT. S. Na- tional Her])arium, vol. 5, No. 6, Nov. 6, 1901 714 Contrijjutions from U. S. Na- tional Herbarium, vol. 7, No. 2 714 Division of Foresty: Bui. 31 753 Division of Statistics: Bui. 23 (miscellaneous series) 799 Crop Reporter, vol. 3, Nos. 7-9, Nov. , 1901-Jan. , 1 902 . . 798 Public Road Inquiries: Bui. 21 795 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Fig. 3. Rhode Island Station dairy barn— floor plan 796 4. Rhode Island Station dairy barn — east elevation 797 IZ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD: Vol. XIIL No. 8. An attempt to brin^ experimental work more closely home to the German farmer and to teach him to help himself is described in a recent article by Dr. T. Pfeifl'er, late of the University and Experiment Station of Jena. Dr. Pfeitfer believes that the individual farmer must, to a far greater extent than has been customary in the past, inform himself regarding the fertilizer requirements of his soil and similar questions by means of properly planned and conducted tield experiments; and that individual experimenting furnishes the basis for very important advancement in the practice of rational agriculture. The reason that it is comparatively rare among German farmers is stated to l)e that the difficulties attending the making of field experiments have been much overestimated, and little has been done to counteract this impres- sion. The farmers, lacking contidence in their ability to conduct experiments properly and draw reliable deductions, need encourage- ment and guidance, and to have their interest in the subject stimu- lated. To this end Dr. Pfeiffer suggested offering a system of prizes or premiums for the best conducted field experiments with fertilizers, the idea being that these object lessons carried on by the farmers themselves would broaden their understanding of the methods and lead to a greater amount of individual experimentation. Dr. Pfeifl'er first presented his plan before the Association of German Experiment Stations, at the meeting in 1898, in the form of a resolu- tion expressing the approval of the scheme by the association. At that meeting, and the meeting the following year, the advisabilit}'^ of encouraging farmers to conduct fertilizer experiments, and of offering premiums for careful work, was discussed at much length. Dr. Pfeiffer urged that every carefully made experiment represented con- sidera))le labor and expense, and that a pecuniary incentive to do superior work should prove as helpful as the offering of prizes for excellence in animal production. He explained that he had not met with much success in securing the cooperation of farmers with the Jena Station, although attempts had l^een made to elicit their aid in various lines of experiment. His proposition, however, found very little favor in the association. The difficulties and dangers of such experiments and of the premium feature were emphasized by most of 705 706 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the speakers, and veiy little faith was expressed in the ability' of the farmer to conduct experiments of any value, even to himself. Dr. Pf eiffer's proposition was finally rejected by the association, but a com- mission was appointed to consider the general subject of cooperative field experiments. A system of premium experiments was, however, organized in Saxe- Weimar by Dr. Pfeiffer and carried out during the year 1900, the results of which are just published. The plan for the experiments was drawn up b}'^ a commission, and an agreement was entered into with the experimenters. The experiments were quite simple in plan and were under the supervision of the Jena Station. Nitrate of soda, Thomas slag meal, and potash salts were used in varying amounts. The premiums consisted of 2 first prizes of 300 marks each (about $75), 5 second prizes of 200 marks (about $50), and 8 third prizes of 100 marks (about $25). Each person awarded a prize was also to receive a handsome diploma. The funds for the prizes were secured from the representatives of the nitrate of soda interests in Berlin, the Union of German and Austrian Thomas Phosphate Manufacturers, and the Kali Syndicate. Dr. Pfeiffer refers to the probable objection to the source of the prizes, but explains that means could not be provided from the State, agricultural organizations, or other source to set the scheme on foot. The conduct of the experiments, the results, and the awarding of the prizes were all in the hands of a commission, upon which the donors of the prizes had no representative. The original plan contemplated experiments with oats and fodder beets, but the proposition met with such favor that 112 farmers signi- fied their intention of joining in the competition, which was be3'ond the capacity of the station to properly supervise. It was decided, therefore, to limit the experiments in 1900 to those who had selected fodder beets and to postpone those with oats until the following year, the prizes for which were secured from the same sources. This show- ing of interest among the farmers was especially' gratifying to Dr. Pfeiffer, in view of previous attempts to secure the cooperation of farmers with the Jena Station. The experiments in 1900 were carried out by 39 farmers, all of whom made returns of their observations during the year and the vdelds. As it was found impracticable, on account of possible delays from bad weather, etc., for a representative of the commission to be present at the harvest of the crop in each case, the agricultural societies in the localities where experiments were conducted were asked to appoint trustworthy persons who should represent and make returns to the commission. This plan proved entirely satisfactory, drew the societies into the scheme, and intensified the local interest in it. The season was unfortunately dry and did not bring out the full effects of the different kinds and amounts of fertilizers. The experi- EDITORIAL. 707 ments were useful, however, as a matter of instruction to the experi- menters in the methods of such work and in arousinjr wider interest in individual experimentation. Tliey also furnished some lessons in regard to the best plan for the conduct of such competitive trials. The r(\sidts of the first year are held to be entirely satisfactory in demonstrating the pi-acticalnlity and usefulness of Di'. Pfeiffer's plan. Although he has since severed his connection with the Jena institution and gone to Breslau. it was planned to continue the experiments under the supervision of the agronomist. Professor Edlcr. It may be questioned whether the premium feature of this plan is essential to the success of cooperative experiments under American conditions. The value of systematic and carefully supervised experi- ments by farmers, coojie rating with some central agency, is quite widely appreciated in this country, both in their benefit to practical agricul- ture and from the pecuniary and educational standpoints. The results obtained by the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, the New York Cornell Station, and in several other organized attempts at cooperative experimenting, have demonstrated their utility. Such experiments are looked upon mainly as an educational agency — an effective means of inculcating sound principles, teaching correct meth- ods, and encouraging and directing that spirit of inquiry and experi- ment which is essential to the modern farmer's success. They can be made effective, however, only by close and competent supervision. A recent contri])ution to the subject of fertilizer experiments, which is interesting more as an example of reversion to generall}' discarded notions than as promising any material aid in the solution of the sci- entific and practical problems involved, is the so-called science of "euphorimetry," as expounded in La Nature by L. Cornet, a French writer. He defines the term as the art of measuring the fertility of the soil, and states its object to l)e to place agriculture in the list of exact sciences, to reduce its data to a scientific system, and to fix defi- nite and positive rules for its practice. SuflEicient data are thought to be at hand to make at li^ast a beginning in the direction of laying down a mathematical basis for determining the relation between soil fertility and crop production. The first and principal difficulty is the choice of a type of conqmrison or scale of measui-ement. To meet this the author suggests cxperin)ents with difi'erent fertilizing materials and crops, similar to those made by Varembey with manures about 1843. In these experiments a field is divided into 4 equal parts. One part receives no fertilization, the other parts 10, 20, and 30 loads of manure, respectively. From the product of wheat, oats, rye, barley, etc., on the different plats so treated, the productive capacity of a given amount of manure for each crop is said to be readil}-^ calculated. Calling the effect produced by 1,000 kilograms of manure per hectare 708 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECCED. 1 degree of fertility, a "euphorimetric scale" is constructed, each degree of which corresponds to a definite product of crop. It may be objected, says the author, that the inconstancy of the seasons and the variations of the temperature may overthrow all predictions and destroy all calculations. This, he admits, may modify the importance of a given crop, but he holds that it can not weaken in an}- wa}^ the exactness of the theoretical results that are to be compared; and he explains that whatever may happen, the farmer who puts into his ground fertilizing material of any kind can say with assurance: "Since I have added certain degrees of fertility to the soil over and above what it was capable of producing by its unaided resources, I ought to produce so much wheat, oats, etc. Nature will make these for me; the temperature may sometimes interfere with the running of the machine and some irregularities in the annual crop ma}' result; but it is only a question of time, and it is certain that the calculated degree of fertility will be realized entire." No one doubts the desirabilit}' of reducing agricultural practice to a more scientific basis. But as the study of the subject has pro- gressed it has been clearly shown that agricultural investigation can not be expected to furnish definite and positive ''rules for farming," and it is especially surprising that in this day, when so much has been learned about soil fertility and the changes in location and con- dition which fertilizing materials undergo in the soil, such a theory as that of euphorimetr}^, which might possibly have passed current at the time when Varembey made his experiments, should be brought forward with an}^ degree of seriousness. The Russian Meteorological Bureau and the system of agricultural- meteorological stations connected with it are described in an official publication of the Department of Agriculture and Imperial Domains, recently received. This system of institutions for the study of agri- cultural meteorology was established in 1897. Its object is to bring observations on meteorolog}' and on agricultural phenomena into closer relation, with a view to determining more definitel}^ the effect of vari- ous meteorological conditions on crop production. Each meteorolog- ical station has connected with it a series of plats, not exceeding 1 deciatine (2.7 acres) each in area, on which various crops are grown. Adjacent to the plats are arranged the meteorological apparatus for measuring the temperature and humidit}' of the air, intensity of the sunlight, direction and velocity of the wind, etc. On the plats are installed a rain gauge, thermometers for determining the temperature of the soil at the surface and at different dej^ths, and likewise appara- tus for determining the humidity of the soil and measuring the snow fall, Phenological observations are made systematically on the crops under cultivation, and a record is kept of the different stages in the EDITORIAL. 709 development of the plant, of all the work done on the plats, any injuries caused by meteorological or ()th(>r factors, and the tinal yields of grain and straw. In addition to these observations some stations study the underground waters, the intensity of the sun's energy, the relation of the atmospheric conditions to cultivation of the soil, and similar matters. The stations differ in their equipment, and on this basis are divided into two classes. Those of the second class have only the more com- mon apparatus, and their studies are therefore of a more limited character. The agricultural-meteorological stations are for the most part con- nected with the experiment stations, experimental fields, and agricul- tural schools, although some are located on private estates. In addition to the stations there are a large number of "observation plats," which are provided with simpler meteorological apparatus, some having, also, apparatus for the determination of soil moisture. Earlv in 1901, when the article was prepared, there were 65 of these agricultural-meteorological stations, 21 of which were of the first class and 44 of the second class, and 113 observation plats, 90 of which were provided with apparatus for studying soil moisture in addition to the atmospheric conditions. The Meteorological Bureau, in addition to its work in agricultural meteorology, is elaborating plans for weather forecasting, although little has been done in that direction as yet. The list of publications of the Meteorological Bureau includes papers on the practical importance of agricultural meteorology, instructions for making the simplest agricultural-meteorological observations, an article on the relation of the cereal crops to sun spots and meteoro- logical factors, and a review of the observations of the agricultural- meteorological stations of Central Russia, together with a number of more popular publications on the relation of meteorological conditions to crop production. This is evidently the most extensive and systematic series of insti- tutions for the study of agricultural meteorolog}' Avhich has been inaugurated by any country, and its work will ))e followed with much interest. If nothing more is done than to work out satisfactory methods and a basis for correlating the meteorological and soil condi- tions with the production of staple crops, the results will })e of wide- spread importance, and will pave the way for similar studies by the experiment stations in various countries. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. Acidimetry of phosphoric acid with the alkaline earths, J. Cavalier {Bui. Soc. Chilli. Parish, 3. ser., 25 {1901), No. 20-21, pp. 5tt?-.9ft5).— The author reports the results of experiments from which he concludes that phosphoric acid may be determined with sufficient accuracy l>y titrating with solutions of baryta, strontia, or lime, using as indicator either methyl-orange or paranitrophenol, preferably the former. With baryta water the concentration should not exceed 0.1 gram-molecule per liter. If very great accuracy is required baryta water should be used and phenol- phthalein sh-ould be employed as indicator, the operation being conducted in such a manner as to give a crystalline precipitate. This may be obtained with solutions of various strengths, either hot or cold. With a concentrated solution the operation is more rapid when the liquid is heated. The change of color in this case is produced by the addition of 1 molecule of barium (BaO) to 1 molecule of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). For practical purposes baryta may be replaced by strontia, but only in concentrated solution. It can not be replaced by dilute strontia nor by limewater. When the precipitate is not perfectly crystalline the change of color of phenolphtha- lein is always progressive and uncertain. Under such conditions this indicator can not be used with baryta and strontia, since the results obtained with it are very vari- able, depending upon the stirring, dilution, and duration of the experiment, the amount of base required to cause change of color varying from 1 to 1.5 molecules. With lime the amount is higher and more constant. In dilute solutions (0.01 gram- molecule per liter) the change of color is produced quite regularly by the addition of about 1.5 molecules of base. The determination of phosphoric acid in phosphates, J. A. Muller {Bui. Soc. Chiin. Paris, 3. ser., 2.5 {1901), No. 23, pp. 1000-1002).— For the standardization of the uranium solution used for the volumetric determination of phosphoric acid the author recommends acid sodium ammonium phosphate ( HNaNH4P04.4H20) as nuich more stable, and thus giving more accurate results than the ordinary cr3'^s- tallized sodium phosphate, which loses water reap, 71-89; abs. in Jour. Oiem. Soc. [London], SO {1901), No. 468, II, p. 6^4; Jour. Aiiu't: Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 12, Rev. Chem., p. ;i?Oi).— Investi- gations are reported which showed that the occlusion of magnesium oxalate was dependent upon the distribution of undissociated magnesium oxalate between the sokition and the soUd sul)stance, and that as tlie proportion of undissociated mag- nesium oxalate in solution was diminished the amount found in the precipitated calcium oxalate was reduced. "The authors recommend tiie following process for the separation of calcium from magnesium, in solutions which should not be more than 150 normal with respect to magnesium: To the solution, an amount of ammonium chlorid equivalent to 10 times the amount of magnesium present is added, and sufficient oxalic acid, to which some hydrochloric acid has previously been added, to completely precipitate the calcium. The solution is then boiled, and very dilute ammonia is added in small ((uantities at a time until the whole is exactly neutral to methyl-orange. A large excess of ammonium oxalate is now added, and the mixture, after standing for 4 hours, is filtered and washed with very dilute ammonium oxalate. "The solubility of calcium oxalate in pure water (0.0068 gm. per liter at 25°, 0.00955 gm. at 50°, and 0.014 gm. at 95°) is so large as to cause an appreciable error in exact analysis; in ammonium oxalate solution it is very considerably less soluble." On the determination of perchlorate in nitrate of soda, Grimm ( Chem. Ind., 24 {1901), p. 476; ahs. in Chem. Ztrj., 25 {1901), No. 76, p. ;.>'7.5).— In the method proposed 20 gm. of the nitrate is strongly heated in a platinum, nickel, or iron dish on an asbestos plate, and covered with a large platinum dish, for 1 hour, with 3 gm. of manganese dioxid, the temperature being gradually raised. The difference between the amount of chlorin in the material l)efore and after treatment is taken to represent perchlorate. Detection of potassium by means of sodium picrate, C. Reichard {Ztschr. AnaUiL Chem., 40 {1901), pp. 877-384). — If an excess of a saturated (10 percent) solu- tion of sodium picrate be added to a solution of potassium chlorid (not weaker than 1 per cent) a precipitate of acicular crystals is formed. Other potassium salts (except carbonate and cyanid) must be of at least a 2 per cent strength. The reaction is not interfered with by sodium salts (except the carbonate), but the solution must be free from ammonium salts and free acids. Agronometry, A. Lonay {Bui. Assoc. Beige Chim., 15 {1901), No. 4-5, pp. 186- 196; tihs. in Bnl. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 25 {1901), No. 22, p. 991).—T\\\ii is an account mainly of methods followed by the author in the analysis of soils. The determination of biological arsenic, B. (TALLi-VALERioand C. Strzvzowski {Pharm. Post, 33 {1900), pp. 637-639, 649-651; abs. in Ztschr. Untermch. Nahr. u. (lenussmtl., 4 {1901), No. 12, pp. 54'), 546). — Methods of determining minute portions of arsenic contained in organic matter. A modification of the sulphuric acid test for formaldehyde in milk, A. G. LrEHEHT {Jonr. Anirr. Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 9, pj). 682, 683). — In estimating nitrogen in milk by the Kjeldahl method the author noted that in the presence of a small quantity of formaldehyde there was a peculiar violet coloration of the potas- sium sulphate cry.yfals and the sulphuric acid surrounding them. This led to trials from which the following method was devised for detecting formaldehyde in milk: 5 gm. of coarsely jKjwdered potassium sulphate is placed in a 100 cc. flask, 5 cc. of the suspected milk distributed over it with a pipette, and 10 cc. of sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.84) carefully jMJured down the side of the flask, and the whole alloweath at 80°. The Hiibl iodin solution, INI. Kirr {Chetn. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 50, p. 540).— A study of the Hiibl iodin number by the Wijs method. Results of the heating of vegetable oils and methods of determining the admixture of other oils, M. Tortelli and R. RrooERi {Monit. Sci., 4- ser., 15 {1901), pp. 865-37 5; abx. in Chem. Centbl., 1901, II, No. 1, ])p. 59,60).— Uesults of trials of various methods. The use of the refractometer in the analysis of waxes, P. Prosio {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital, 34 {1901), p. 122; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No. 60, p. ^^i).— The author employed the Zeiss refractometer in the examination of pure and adulterated waxes, both white and yellow. The temperature of 64° C. was used in all caseF. The refrac- tometer number of the pure waxes fell between 30 and 32, mostly between 30.5 and 31.5, while waxes adulterated with stearin or paraffin fell below 30. The addition of 5 per cent of steai-in may be detected, but ceresin only when above 15 per cent \t present. With the addition of rosin or carnauba the refractometer number ranged above 32. Comparative analysis of beets by hot-water digestion and instantaneous diffusion methods. L. S. Marsh {Beet Sugar Gaz., 3 {1901), No. 7, p. 158).— The comparison of results with 20 samples showed an average 0.43 per cent higher for hot-water digestion. CHEMISTRY. 713 Analysis of commercial glucose, determination of cane sugar in the pres- ence of levulose, dextrose, and dextrin, H. Pki.let (/>»/. Assoc Chi)!). Snrr. et Distill., IS (lUOI), So. 10, jip. 709-77.i). The determination of salicylic acid in -wine, II. Mastijatm {('Iuvi. Zlcj., 25 {1901), Xi>. ./•'', />/'. 4'>-'>-4''7). — A description and discnsision of methods and results. Chemical division, New Zealand Department of Agriculture, B. C. Aston {Xeir Zc'thniil Ikpt. Agr. Rpt. I'.tol, i>jk ,.'>;9-..'SS). — Tliis is a brief report on the work of the year ended March 31, 1901, including testa of Babcock apparatus; analyses of waters, fertilizers, soils, cream, butter, normal and condensed milk, cocoanut cake, arrowroot, fruit of the New Zealand passion flower {Passiflora tetrandra), Paris green and other poisons, sorrel seed, limestones, and miscellaneous materials; and a study of the dry distillation of native woods, the resin acid of the red pine or Rimu {Diicnjd'tnm CMp-t's.*i'»?i>H)) alkaloids of Pukatea })ark and of Tutu (by T. H. Eastertield). Chemical division, H. J. Wheeler {Rhode Mund Sta. Rpi. 1901, pp. 257-267). — This reports briefly on the fertilizer and feeding stuff inspection and other work in progress during the year, enumerates the field experiments, and gives analyses of dried blood, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, air-slaked lime, potassium car- bonate, muriate and sulphate of potash, sodium carbonate and chlorid, acid phos- phate, floats, and Damaraland guano. Progress in the field of agricultural chemistry during 1900, H. G. Soder- BAi-M (A'. iMxdi. Abtd. Hrnidl. Tidskr., 40 {1901), No. 2, pp. 92-lOS). Select methods in food analysis, H. Leffmann and W. Beam {Pliiladelphia: P. Blohklov's Son d- Co., 1901, VIII+383, pis. 4, figs. 53).— A summary of analytical methods, adapted to the work of advanced students and jiractical chemists. The first 70 pages are occupied with general matter relative to specific gravity, boiling, melting, and solidifying points, polanmetry, microscopy, extraction, distillation, sub- limation, indicators, etc. The detection of poisonous metals, coloring matters, and preservatives is treated in a short chapter, followed by the special methods, which cover all the principal classes of food materials, such as starch, flours, leavening materials, sugar and confections, fats and oils, milk and dairy products, beverages — alcoholic and nonalcoholic, condiments and spices, and flesh foods. An appendix contains useful tables. In addition to the methods of analysis, the origin and general characteristics of the various products are briefly described, and the usual forms of adulteration given. The volume is a comprehensive and convenient compendium on the subject, in the light of present knowledge. An apparatus for ash estimations, H. Wislicenus {Ztschr. Anahjl. Cliem., 40 {1901) , y<). 7, pp. 441-449, figs. 3). — The described apparatus for incinerating consists of the usual platinum crucible with a specially constructed cover. The air drawn through by an inspirator enters at the outer edge of the cover and passes out through a tube fastened at the center. The tube carrying the escaping gases is cooled by a water jacket, and bnll)S are connected for collecting volatile portions of the substance given off. The apparatus is similar to that of Tucker. ( K. S. R., 11, p. 506. ) An apparatus for determining fat, H. J. Wheeler and B. L. Hartwell {Rhode Iskuid Std. Rpt. 1901, pp. ^68-273, pis. 2; Jour. Anicr. Chctn. Soc, 23 {1901), No. 5, pp. 338-343, figs. 2). — An apparatus designed to overcome certain difficulties con- nected with the Knorr apparatus is figured and fully described. Among the im- provements attempted, as summarized, are the following: A simple flask which can readily be cleaned and replace. 121-136). — A study was made of the respiratory quotient of olives in the various stages of growth, as affected by variable influences such as tempera- ture, wounding, etc., a preliminary account of which is given in E. S. R., 13, p. 527. According to the author, the growth of the olive may be divided into 8 periods. The first is from the time of fecundation until the pits become hard. During tliis time the fruits receive mannite from the leaves, storing it as a reserve material, only a small portion being used for the growth of the fruit. During this period theres|)ira- tory quotient was represented by 0.92, the voliuiie of oxygen al)sorbed being in excess of the carl)on dioxid given off. Little or no oil is jiresent in the fruits at this time. The second period begins with the hardening of the i)its and ends when the fruits are changed to a reddish-violet color. Mannite is still received from the leaves, but the reserve and newly elal)orated material is rapidly transformed into oil. The gaseous exchange between the fruits and the atmosphere is influenced by this trans- formation and the respiratory (quotient becomes as high as 1.40. The third period begins with the change of the fruit to a violet color, ending when it is fully ripe and falls from the tree. Mannite is still transported from the leaves to the fruits in small quantity, but is ultimately all transformed into oil. The respiratory quotient falls from the maximum attained in the previous period until an equilibrium is estab- 716 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lished between the gases. The author estabUshes the general proi^osition that fruits and seeds whose reserve of sugar or similar substance is transformed into oil present a respiratory quotient of unity or greater. This respiratory quotient shows the trans- formation of mannite or of glucose to oil in the fruit or organ which contains it. The studies further showed that temperature, wounding of the fruit, etc., influenced the formation of oil and consequently the respiratory quotient. It is said that in the south of France the reserve material which is transformed into oil is mannite, while probably in more northerly regions it is to be compared with glucose. In this respect there is some variation in the ripening of olives in different regions, but in the forma- tion of acids, alcohol, ethers, etc., the phenomena observed are quite constant. The influence of alkaloids on the respiration of plants, N. Morkowine {Rev. Gen. Bot., 13 {1901), Nos. 147, pp. 109-H6; 14S, pp. 177-192; 149, pp. 212--226; 150, pp. 265-275). — A report is given of an extended series of investigations on the effect of various alkaloids as shown in the respiration of plants. The subjects of the experi- ments were young shoots and etiolated leaves of Vidafaba. This plant was selected on account of its well-known intensity of respiration and the presence of a consider- able amount of albuminoids. The leaves and young shoots were arranged in 2 series and placed in a sugar solution, and after remaining in this for 2 or 3 days one lot was removed and placed in a similar solution to which a definite amount of alkaloids had l)een added. The 2 lots of plants were then placed under identi- cal conditions of light, temperature, etc., and the differences as shown by the respi- ration determined. The carbon dioxid exhaled by the plants was determined by means of a Pettenkofer apparatus. In the long series of experiments an increased respiration was noticed where the alkaloids were added to the solution, and in most cases an increase was shown in the ash of the plants at the end of the experiment. The author's experiments further showed that the alkaloids presented toxic influ- ences toward the plants similar to those shown by animal organisms. An important difference, however, is noted in the relative toxic properties. Arranged in order of the most poisonous toward plants the alkaloids were as follows: Quinin, cinchonin, caffein, morphin, cocain, strychnin, atropin, antipyrin, brucin, codein, and pilo- cai'pin. These were not poisonous in dilute solutions except after a considerable exposure. Of all the substances experimented with the hydrochlorate of quinin was the most i^oisonous. Poisonous action of mercury on green plants, J. W. Dafert {Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Oesterr., 4 {1901) , No. 1, jjp. 1-10; abti. in .hm. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 7, pp. 350-352). — The author has made a study of the action of the fumes of mercury on green plants, using in his experiments wheat, barley, rye, oats, clover, pine, aster, white mustard, and verbena. All the plants studied showed a great sensitiveness to the vapors of mercury, young plants being less resistant than older ones. The poisonous action is manifested by tlie destruction of the chlorophyll-bearing organs, especially in the young leaves, where it seems to check assimilation. The root system of the plants seems to l)e affected to a less degree, plants lieing able to grow in soils contain- ing a considerable quantity of metallic mercury. Hunudity favors the action of mercury, especially in herbaceous plants. On account of the frequent use of mercury in various physiological investigations, the author recommends that the surface of the mercury should always be covered by a film ^A glycerin, which checks the forma- tion of vapor. Water and mineral oils do not seem to be as efficient in this respect as glycerin. Fixation of metals by cell walls of plants, H. Devaux {Compt. Itind. Acad. Sci. Paris, 133 {1901), No. 1, pp. 58-60). — By placing petioles of Aralia and young stems of Sambucus and of cucurbits in solutions containing various metals, after which the stems were examined spectroscopically, the author was able to note the presence in appreciable quantities of potassium, lithium, sodium, calcium, strontium, barium, iron, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, copper, lead, and silver in the cell walls of the {)lants; BOTANY. 717 and it is probable, although the reaction was less striking, that manganese, magne- sium, and aluminium are similarly taken up. The proportion of the metal fixed by the cell walls is necessarily small, and increasing the strength of the solutions did not augment the amount of the metal observed. The solubility of the various salts did not seem to intliience the fixation, nor was the nature of the acid which entered into the comj)ound of any importance. It was also found that metals already fixed by the cell wall could l)e displaced by other metals when presented in solution. On tlie occurrence of organic iron compounds in plants, U. Suzuki {Bnl. Col. A(/r. Imp. Uiiir. Tokyo, 4 {1901), No. 4, PP- '260-,.'66). — A series of experiments are reported in which the form of iron occurring in plants was investigated. The seeds and leaves of Polygonum tiridorium and Indigqfera tindoria are exeedingly rich in iron, which exists as inorganic salts. Ether, alcohol, and aqueous extracts of the plants showed no traces of iron, and sodium chlorid extracts gave but slight indications of its presence. A dilute alkali extracted a nuclein-like substance which contains the greater part of the iron of the original material. This may be precipitated and the proteids digested, leaving the products containing the iron, which amounts to 0.5 to 1 per cent of the nuclein-like substance. Tests made to isolate the so-called hpema- togen by the methods of Bunge and Stoklasa gave unsatisfactory results, and it is believed that the greater part of the iron in cases under investigation existed in a form different from h^ematogen. The iron compound which the author obtained was partially soluble by artificial pepsin digestion, while hsematogen does not undergo any change nor is it affected by dilute hydrochloric acid acting for a short time. It is said that a similar iron compound exists in other plants and its distri- bution seems very wide. On the distribution of zinc in plants, L. Laband [Ztscltr. Untcrsucli. Nahr. u. Genus.^mtl. , 4 {1901), No. 11, pp. 4^9-492). — A compilation of the results of analyses of a number of different plants, which show a wide distribution of zinc in different parts of plants and in different kinds of plants. Contributions to the physiological knowledge of the tea plant, U. Suzuki {Bui. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 4 {1901), No. 4, pp. 289-296) .—Studies are reported on the occurrence of thein in different i)arts of the tea plant, the seeds, leaves, germi- nating seedlings, etc., being studied. When in a dormant condition the seeds of the tea plant contain no thein, nor do their proteids yield thein by the action of hydro- chloric acid. The cotyledons of germinating seedlings contain it to a slight extent, while stems and rof)ts contain a considerable amount, but the most is observed in the leaves, its quantity being nearly proportionate to the development of the leaves. Light seems to have no direct influence upon the formation of thein, since etiolated shoots, a.s well as those grown in daylight contain it. It is believed that thein is not a product of synthesis but of katabolism. Doubtful traces were observed in the bark of the shrubs, but the dormant buds contain it in considerable quantity. On the localization of thein in tea leaves, U. Suzuki {Bui. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 4 {1901), No. 4, pp. 297,-^98). — Studies are reported in which the attemjit is made to localize the thein of tlie leaves. If a section of the leaf be left for 2 days in a tannin solution a volumiiKjus precipitate consisting of minute globules was pro- duced in the epidermal cells, while the other tissues of the leaves showed only a slight turbidity. This pre(;ipitate consists of tannate of thein, as shown l)y its solu- bility in dilute ammonia. This also affords an easy way of distinguishing the precipi- tate from minute proteosomes, which solidify upon the absorption of ammonia, the tannate of thein being dissolved by it. These investigations show, it is claimed, that thein is localized in the epidermis of the tea leaves. On the role of oxidase in the preparation of commercial tea, K. Aso {Bui. Col. Agr. Imp. Uiiir. Tokyo, 4 {1901), No. 4, PP- 235-:^r>9). — It is said that the first operation in the preparation of green tea consists of steaming the fresh tea leaves unmediately after their collection. This will preserve their color, while if exposed 718 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to pai-tial drying in the sun they will gradually turn brown. The reason for these changes is sought, and it is believed that the development of the black color is due to the action of oxidizing enzyms upon the tannin of the tea leaves. The author has investigated the presence of various enzyms in the leaves and has come to the con- clusion that the action of oxidase upon the tannin is quite evident, and the so-called fermentation of black tea is due to the action of oxidizing enzyms in the tea leaves. Oxidase, peroxidase, and catalase were tested for in green and black commercial tea, but none were found present. This is explained to be on account of the heating which takes place as a primary stage in the production of green tea, or as one of the final stages in black tea manufacture. Investigations as to the action of iron and manganese upon oxidizing enzyms were conducted, from which the author con- cludes that proteids containing iron and manganese are present in tea leaves. On the econom.ic importance of Nitragin, Maria Dawson {Anii. BoL, 15 {1901), No. 59, pp. 511-519).— An account is given of experiments conducted with peas in which the efficiency of Nitragin was tested. Two series of experiments were conducted, in one of which the plants were grown in media previously sterilized for 24 hours at approximately 200° C, while in the second series the plants were grown in the open air on unsterilized media. In the experiments with sterilized media the plants were grown in large pots containing ordinary garden soil, a gravelly subsoil, and pure silver-sand, with and without potassium nitrate. Before sowing the seed they were sterilized by being immersed in a 1 per cent solution of mercuric chlorid for 15 minutes. The Nitragin was applied directly to the pots. These experiments were carried on foi 3 consecutive years with practically the same results. The results obtained show that on ordinary garden soil, on sand, and on sand which had received the nitrate, inoculation with Nitragin was accompanied by a loss in the weight of the crop, while a small increase was secured in those plants grown on gravelly subsoil. The plants grown in the sand showed a considerable increase in the crop produced by a supply of nitrate alone, but inoculation with Nitragin in the presence of a sufficient supply of nitrogenous food, whether in the form of humus or of potassium nitrate, was not beneficial. In the open-air experiments the same general conclusion was reached. The tubercle organisms were present in all types of soil, though they seemed less abundant in clay and ]teat, and in these particular soils alone a large number of infections resulteil from the inoculation. As regards the relative weights of the crop an increase was observed only in the plants grown in the gravelly subsoil, and even there it was very small. On peat, clay, loam, or ordinary garden -soil the inoculation with Nitragin proved to be both useless and superfluous. The nature of the bacteroids of the leguminous nodule and the culture of Rhizobium leguminosarum, R.G.Smith {Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, 26 {1901), pt. 1, PI). 152-15,5). — The author briefly discusses the views of Hiltner and Stutzer regarding the nature of the bacteroids of the nodules observed on the roots of leguminous plants. These authors appear to show that bacteroids are degenerate or involution forms of Rhizobium leguminosarum. This opinion is not concurred in by the author of the present paper. He claims that the branching forms are in reality simple cells contained in a branching capsule, and that this is readily observed with organisms grown in artificial cultures, as well as those taken from root tubercles. Hiltner's claims that Bdcillm radidcola requires infusion of leguminous plants for growth and development is not correct, as the author has successfully grown them in extracts of various plants, grass doing as well as extracts of lupines or other legu- minous plants, and fairly luxuriant cultures have been obtained upon a gelatin medium containing glucose and inorganic salts. A description of certain bacteria obtained from nodules of various legu- minous plants, S. BuRRAGE {Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1900, pp. 157-161). — Studies have been inaugurated to ascertain whether the same species of bacteria always occurs ZOOLOGY. 719 in a given ppecies of leguminous plants, whether the same species occurs throughout all the tubercles on the roots, and whetiier a given species of plant is always inocu- lated by the same species of bacteria. The morphology and biologii-al characters are given of 5 species which have been separated from tubercles occurring on the roots of red clover, Vicia saliva, Phascolus nanus, alsike clover, and buffalo clover. Cultures have been separated and are being studied from crimson clover, black locust, white clover, cowpeas, and alfalfa. Spermatogenesis and fecundation of Zamia, il. J. Wehhku ( ['. S. I)ej)l. Ayr., Buiraii (if Plant liKlnstri/ Hal. .', /iji. 100, plx. 7). — A technical bulletin treating of the fertilization and fccundati7 ( 1901), No. 3, pp. 449-47 '>, ph. 2). — An outbreak of a disease of unknown character occurred among mice which were Ijeing kept in the laboratory for experimental i)urposes. The author made an investi- gation of this disease and i.solated the pathogenic organism, which is described as new. The Ijehavior of this organism on various nutrient media is described and its morj)ho- logical charac;ters are given in detail. White and gray mice were very susceptible to 720 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. infection, while the author found it impossible to transmit the disease experimentally to field mice. Rats fed on cultures of the organism failed to develop the disease. Guinea pigs, rabbits, pigeons, and chickens were found to be completely immune to hypodermic, intraperitoneal, or intravenous inoculations of large doses of pure culture. A bibhography of this subject is appended to the article. Zoological Record, D. Sharp {Zool. Rec, 87 {1900), pp. ii77).— This volume, as usual, contains bi]>lingraphical references to literature on general zoology, mammals, birds, reptiles, batrachians, fishes, tunicates, mollusks, brachiopods, bryozoans, crusta- ceans, arachnids, myriopods, insects, echinoderms, worms, coelenterates, sponges, and protozoans. A list is given of the titles of journals, transactions, etc., which contain zoological papers which are noted in the volume, and an index of new genera and subgenera menti(jned in the volume is given by the editor. In each subdivision of the volume the literature is arranged alphabetically according to authors and system- atically according to subjects. Laws for the protection of birds and game in the District of Columbia, T. S. Palmer {J\ S. Dept. Agr., Division of Biological Stirvey Circ. 34, pp- S) . — Three laws are in force in the District of Columbia for the protection of game — the District game law of March 3, 1899; an act amending that law, approved March 3, 1901; and the Lacey Act. The objects of these laws are to preserve birds which naturally occur in the District, and to prevent the development of a market in the District of Colum- bia for birds and game illegally killed in the various States. METEOROLOGY— CLIMATOLOGY. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and H. L. Bodfish {Massachu- setts Sta. Met. Bills. 154, 155, 156, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations on pres- sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during October, November, and December, 1901. The general character of the weather of each month is briefly discussed, and the December bulletin gives a summary for the year. The principal data in this summary are as follows: Pressure^ (inches). — Maximum, 30.69, January 3, January 20; minimum, 29.01, January 28; mean, 29.955. Air temperature'^ (degrees F.). — Maximum, 100.5, July 2; minimum, —10.5, December?; mean, 46.9; mean sensible (wet bulb) , 43.4; maximum daily range, 50, April 29; minimum daily range, 3.5, March 12; mean daily range, 20.5. Humidity. — Meandewpoint, 37.6; mean relative humidity, 71. Precipitation. — Total rainfall or melted snow, 49.72 in.; number of days on which 0.01 in. or more rain or melted snow fell, 135; total snow fall, 52.3 in. Weather.— Toi&X cloudiness recorded by sun thermometer, 2,590 hours, or 58 per cent; number of clear days, 81; number of fair days, 105; number of cloudy days, 179. Bright sunshine. — Number of hours recorded, 1,866, or 42 per cent. Wind. — Prevailing direction, W.; total move- ment, 50,353 miles; maximum daily movement, 520 miles, December 15; minimum daily movement, 3 miles, December 19; mean daily movement, 138 miles; maximum pressure per square foot, 24 lbs., September 11, S. Dates of frost. — Last, May 6; first, September 26. Dates of snow. — Last, April 3; first, November 11. Meteorology, W. Frear and C. W. Norris {Peniisylvania Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 388-427). — "The work of the past year has been chiefly a continuation of the work of the preceding years [E. S. R., 12, p. 618], including observations of the kind usually made by the United States Weather Bureau upon atmospheric phenomena and upon the amount of sunshine." Monthly summaries of observations are given ^ Reduced to freezing and sea level. ''■ In ground shelter, 51 ft. below level of other instruments. METEOROLOGY — CLIMATOLOGY. 721 in the rmdy of the rejiort and the detailed record in an appendix, for 1899 is as follows: Summary of meteorological observations, 1899. The snmmary BurometiT (inches'): Menu Highest Lowest Temperature (°F.): Mean Highest Lowest Mean daily range Greatest daily range Least daily range - Mean daily relative humidity (per cent) Rainfall (inches): Total Greatest monthly Greatest daily Number of days on which 0.01 in. or more of rain fell Mean percenUvge of cloudiness Number of days on which cloudiness averaged 80 per cent pr more. Average hours of sunshine per day Maximum velocity of wind per hour (miles) Last frost in spring First frost in fall .50.051 30.810 (.Ian. 2).. 29.330 (Dec. 24). 49.1 96 (Aug. 20) ... -20 (Feb. 10).. 18 8 38' (Aug.' 17 )'!'.'. 3 (Feb. 13) 78.4 34.87 4.77 (May).... 1.60 (Aug. 26) 1.27 43.2 75 32 (Mar. 7). (trowing season (Apr.-Sept.). 04. 96 (Aug. 20). 21 (Ai)r. 3). 21.. 5. 38 (Aug. 17). 74.7 17.03. 1.00 (Aug. 26). 00. 35. 8. 21. 7h. Om. Apr. 17. Sept. 30. Report of the meteorologist, N. Helme {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 355- 871) . — This includes general notes on the weather during the year ended June 80, 1901, and a tabulated record of observations at Kingston on teinj)erature, precipita- tion, cloudiness, and prevailing winds during each month from July, 1900, to June, 1901, inclusive, with a summary for the year ended June 30, 1901. The latter sum- mary is as follows: Temperature (degrees F.). — Maximum, 97, August 11, 1900; minimum, —9, Jan- uary 20, 1901; mean, 48.4; highest monthly mean, 71.6, July, 1900; lowest monthly mean, 21.8, February, 1901; highest daily mean, 83, August 11, 1900; lowest daily mean, 3.5, January 19, 1901. Precipitation (inches).— Total (rain and melted snow), 48.47; greatest monthly, 8.78, April, 1901; least monthly, 1.13, February, 1901; great- est in 24 consecutive hours, 3.67, March 26-27, 1901; snowfall — total, 15|; greatest monthly, 8, February; least monthly, |, December. Weatlier. — numberof clear days, 134; number of fair days, 97; number of cloudy days, 134; numberof days on which there was precii)itation of 0.01 in. or more, 114. Prevailing iviiid, west. The ammonia in meteoric water and in red rain, A. Cas.\li (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., -'^4 (1901), No. 9, pp. 8.13-848). — Observations during January, February, and March, 1901, on the amount of ammonia in fog, frost, snow, and rain are reported and discussed, as well as an examination into the nature and source of the mineral matter obtained from red rain which fell over Italy, West Austria, and Germany on March 10 and 11. A summary of the results of the first inquiry is given in the following table: Ammonia in 'meteoric, waters. [Parts per thousand.] Maximum. M inimum. A\ erage. FoK 0. 00970 . 05-140 . 009:55 . 01428 O.OIVOO . 02730 . 00289 .00068 0.05140 Frost . 02754 . 00629 .00561 722 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The red rain examined contained solid matter to the amovint of 19.64 gm. per liter. This material was subjected to microscopic and chemical examination. The chem- ical composition was as follows: Silica, 57.75 per cent; oxid of iron and alumina, 34.94 per cent; magnesia, 2.22 per cent, and lime, 4.87 per cent. The author concludes from his study of this material that it is of meteoric origin. The dust fall of March 10 and 11, 1901, H. Svoboda (Ztschr. Landw.Vermchw. Oesterr., 4 {1901), p. SGO; «6.s. in Ceuthl. Arjr. Chem., SI {1902), No. 3, p. ^Oi).— Studies similar to those noted above are re[Jorted. The source of the dust is considered to be the deserts of North Africa. The chemical and meteorological history of the atmosphere, J. Stevenson {Meteor. /Aschr. [T7m/irt], 18 {1901), pp. 417-4'-'0). Climate and the effects of climate, H. li. Mill {Quart. Jour. Meteor. Soc. Lon- don, 27 {1901), pp. 169-184). Climate, vegetation, and drainage of Cascade Mountains of northern Washington, I. C. Russell {.Tour. School Oeogr., .5 {1901), pp. 281-289). A study of the agricultural meteorology of the district of Leon, Mexico, in its relation to ordinary and improved culture, J. M. Garcia Munoz {Mem.y Rev. ;Soc. Cient. '■'■Antonio Ahote,'' PJ {1901), No. 1, pp. 5-29). — This question was studied with reference to corn during 1893 to 1896. It was found that with the same meteorological conditions the yields were greatly increased by improved methods of culture. Meteorological atlas of the Argentine Republic, E. A. S. Delachaux {Atlaa meteorologico de la Repuhlicn Argentina. Buenos Ayres: Campania ,md-americana de bil- letes de banco, 1901, pt. 1, pp. 24, maps 24)- — Part 1 is devoted to the Province of Buenos Ayres. The hail protection congress of Novare, Italy, V. Vermorel {Grele, 2 {1901), No. 12, pp. 3-9).— \ brief account of this congress, held October 22, 23, and 24, 1901. It is stated that the attendance was smaller and the interest less marked than at previous Italian congresses. The author thinks that before going further in this matter it is necessary to know what has been accomplished and what it is possible to accomplish by means of cannonading. No real advance is now being made in settling the question. The influence of cannonading on rain and storms, J. ]\I. Pernter {Meteor. Ztschr. [ Vienna'], 18 {1901), pp. 371, 372). Shooting away hailstorms, E. P. Lyle, jr. {Pearson'' s Mag., 12 {1901), No. 72, pp. 651-660, figs. 6). Weather shooting in ancient times, J. M. Pernter {Meteor. Ztschr. {Vienna'], 18 {1901), p. 372). Driving frost from fruit, M. Tindal {Pearson's Mag., 12 {1901), No. 71, pp. 552- 554, figs. 4) . How is temperature measured? K. Arndt {Prometheus, 12 {1901), No. 622, pp. 792-795, figs. 2). — A brief explanation and discussion of the construction of different kinds of thermometers. Instructions for the care and management of sunshine recorders, C. F. Marvin ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bureau Doe. 252, pp. 19, figs. .5).— The second edition of these special instructions for the information and guidance of Weather Bureau observers. The forecaster and the newspaper, H. M. Watts {Washington: Government Printing Office, 1901, pp. 22, figs. 6) . — This is a paper read before the recent convention of Weather Bureau officials at Milwaukee, Wis., giving in full views briefly presented elsewhere (E. S. R.. 12, p. 1018). WATEE SOILS. 723 WATER SOILS. Analyses of the waters of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, (t. o'Utra {Bol. Aijr. Sao Pdiilo, J. so:, 1901, Xn. ,v, pp. /fSl-.iSS). —Analyscti witli reference to potability of a naml)er of naniples from different parts of the state are reported. Investigations on drainage water, Creydt, von Seelhorst, and Wilms (Jovr. Landw., 4^ (1901), No. S, pp. 251-^'75).—\ daily record of the flow of drains from July 28, 1899, to August 10, 1900, and weekly analyses of the drainage water are reported, with a description of the methods of analysis used and a discussion of the results. The analyses indicate that the loss of nitrogen fn)m soils in the drainage even in case of heavy soils may be appreciable, while the loss of potash and of i)hos- phoric acid is insignificant. Pollution of streams by agriculture and manufactures, G. V. Kiilopin {Zazrtfaznenie protochnuikh vod khoz yaisfvennuimi i fabrichnuimi at brosami i myarui k ego ttstranenhju. St. Petersburg: K. L. Ricker, 1901, pp. 60). Study of the climate and soil of the clay and sandy clay region of Belgium (Monographie agrkole de hi region limoiiense et sahlo-limoneuse. Brussels: Mmhtry of Agriculttire, 1901, pp. 1-71). — This article gives and discusses data for monthly, sea- sonal, and annual temperatures at a number of places in the region; the temperature of bare and covered soils during different months of the year; sunshine, hail, rainfall, fogs, and storms; the geological characteristics of the region; physical and chemical analyses and characteristics of the soils, including analyses of matter soluble in cold hydrochloric acid of 1.18 sp. gr., in hydrofluoric acid, and in alkaline ammonium citrate in soils and subsoils from 38 localities; estimates of the amounts of fertilizing constituents per hectare; experiments with fertilizers on different classes of soil, and notes on the water supply. The results of the examinations of the soils show that as a rule these are somewhat deficient in phosphoric acid. The amount of potash soluble in cold concentrated hydrochloric acid is generally low, although the total potash as determined by treatment witli hydrofluoric acid is high. The results of the fertilizer experiments indicate that the latter is to a considerable extent assimilable by jilants and that potash fertilizers are not needed as a rule. The soils, especially those that have been under intensive culture, are poor in nitrogen, con- taining as a rule less than 0. 1 per cent of this constituent. The amounts of lime and suli^hates are low, but magnesia is believed to be present in sufficient quantity. The climate and soil of the Jurassic region of Belgium {Monographic ogricole de la region Jurassifjue. Brussels: Ministry of Aejrieulture, 1901, pp. 1-2S) .—Da.ta. are given for temperature, rainfall, rainy and dry periods, snow, rainy days, and storms, the geological constitution and the chemical and physical composition of the soils of the region, and its hydrological conditions. The soils of this region are very variable in physical character. While, as the analyses show, a few of the soils are quite rich in phosphoric aci}>. 4Sl-4SS,Jig. 1).— Pot experiments with oats and field experiments with rye in 1900 and 1901 to test the economy of using commercial fertilizers in connection with lupines as a green manure are briefly reported. The best results as regards yield and profit were obtained when the green manure was supplemented by commercial fertilizers, espe- cially nitrate of soda, the latter being preferable to sulphate of ammonia as a supple- mental nitrogenous fertilizer. Use of town drainag'e as manure, W. H. Moreland {Dept. Land Records and Agr. Northwest. Provinces and Oudh, Bid. IS, agr. ser., 1901, pp. 3). — This is a brief account of the successful use for irrigating different crops of the drainage Avater of the Meerut municipality. This drainage water "consists mainly of street rul)l)ish, sullage water, and the like, diluted by the water with which the drains are flushed." On sewage disposal and purification, J. Glaister {Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, 32 {1900-01), pp. 151-191). — The methods of sewage disposal and purification, the rela- tive merits of which are discussed in this paper, are divided into two main classes: FERTILIZERS. 727 (1) Xatural, including surface or l)road irri^'atioii, and (2) artificial, including (a) prccii)itation or chemical nieth(xl, (h) intermittent downward filtration, and (c) bacteriolysis or the bacterial treatment. The first is considered "entirely impracti- cable for large jiopulous centers" on ai-count of its large cost, failure in time of frost and heavy rainfall, and liability to become malodorous in warm weather. "With reference to sewage farms, it may be said with absolute correctness that, with everything else equal, they fail without the closest supervision. With that, however, added to the other conditions, such as suitable land, etc., they may be worked up to a high pitch of efficiency." Analyses are reported which show that wet, compressed, and compressed and steam-dried sludge obtained by precipitation by lime have a comparatively low fer- tilizing value, the compressed sludge containing only 0.788 per cent nitrogen, which increa.«es to 1.73-1.9 per cent when the sludge is steam-dried. The material contains very small amounts of phosphoric acid. "By the addition of chemical constituents it could be made a vahial)le manure." The reduction of nitrates in tlie presence of barnyard manure, J. P. Street {Xew Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1900, pp. 7D-SS). — The experiments here reported were a continuation of those of the previous year (E. S. R. , 12, p. 321) and were conducted in the same manner except that loosely covered -100 cc. beakers were used instead of flasks, and a mixture of solid and liquid excrement was emjiloyed instead of solid manure alone. In one series 30 gm. of the mixture was placed in each beaker alone and with the addition of sodium nitrate alone at the rate of 83 lbs. per ton of manure, or with acid phosphate, kainit, gypsum, iron sulphate, and potassium sulphate, each at the rate of 26 lbs. per ton, and glucose, wheat straw, and pine shavings each at the rate of 133 lbs. per t(^n. In a second series ammonium sulphate alone or combined with acid phosphate, kainit, gypsum, and iron sulphate was substituted for the sodium nitrate. The experiments began January 22 and continued 33 days, the changes in ammonia, nitrates, and insoluble nitrogen being determined at 4 different periods. At the end of the experiment the nitrates had entirely disappeared in the tests in which glucose, straw, and shavings had been used. The loss where iron sulphate was used was 7.9 per cent less than where nitrate was used alone (without preservatives). "Acid phosphate and kainit seemed to have a slightly favorable effect, while plaster and sulphate of potash caused no additional loss." There was an increase of insol- uble organic nitrogen in all of the tests, but this increase was apparently "smaller where nitrate of soda was used alone, or in connection with superphosphate, kainit, plaster, sulphate of iron, sulphate of potash, or shavings." With the straw there was about the same gain as with manure alone, and with glucose about twice as much. The results of the experiments with ammonium sulphate agreed closely with those obtained the previous year except in case of gypsum, "which, in 1899, was with sulphur the most effective preventive of loss used, but in 1900 was the least efficacious." The loss of ammonia varied from 13.1 per cent with iron sulphate to 33.8 per cent with gypsum. There was a large gain of insoluble organic nitrogen in these experiments, varying from 34 per cent where manure was used alone to 102.7 per cent where manure was used in connecti(m with ammonium .sulphate and gypsum. Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous materials, E. B. Voorhees (AVw Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1900, pp. 88-110). — A continuation of experiments of the pre- vious year (E. S. R., 12, p. 322) is here reported. The composition of the solid and mixed solid and licjuid excrement of a cow in the fresh condition and after exposure to natural leachuig from February 3 to April 13 (70 days) was found to be as follows: 21164— No. 8—02 3 728 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Composition of fresh and leached coir manure. Fresh manure. Solid. Solid and liquid. Leached manure. Solid. Solid and liquid. Ash Organic matter Nitrogen (total ) Nitrogen soluble in water . Nitrogen as nitrates Nitrogen as ammonia Nitrogen, soluble organic. Nitrogen, insoluble organic Pho.sphoric acid Potash Per cent. 1.831 12. 375 .293 .060 .015 .031 .014 .233 .372 .141 Per cent 2.645 12.281 .463 .211 .031 .090 .090 .252 .410 .199 Per cent. 3.176 19. 781 .431 .056 Per cent. 3.005 18.381 .498 .169 .056 .376 .504 .350 .329 .508 .414 These figures show that there was in case of the solid manure a loss of 34 per cent of the nitrogen, 27 per cent of the phosphoric acid, and 10 per cent of the pot- ash; but in case of the mixed solid and liquid excrement a loss of 44 per cent of the nitrogen, 16 per cent of the phosphoric acid, and 28 per cent of potash. Pot experiments with oats and millet were conducted with the above manures in the manner described in the last report. Regarding the amount of nitrogen recov- ered by the crops as 100 in case of nitrate of soda, the relative availability of the different nitrogenous fertilizers in these experiments was as follows: Relative availability of nitrogen in different forms. Oats and millet. Nitrate of soda Sulphate of ammonia Dried blood Solid manure, fresh Solid manure, leached Solid and liquid manure, fresh . . . Solid and liquid manure, leached 100.0 77.9 61.3 43.1 46.4 88.4 33.0 Superphosphate applied broadcast, Maizieres {V Engrais, 16 {1901), No. 44, pp. 1047, 1048). — The dissemination of the phosphoric acid in the soil when super- phosphates are applied broadcast is discussed. Fertilizer experiments -with apatite, feldspar, etc., J. Sebelien {Tidsskr. Norske Landbr., 8 (1901), No. ;?, j)p. 69-78). The use of ammoniacal fertilizers on calcareous soils, E. Giustiniani [Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 10, pp. 462-486, jig. 1). — This is a continuation of previous experiments on the reactions which occur between calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate in the medium of sterile sand (P". S. R., 12, p. 330). The experiments here reported consisted of (1) mixing ammonium sulphate and varying amounts of calcium carbonate with a good garden soil in glass bottles so arranged that the amount of ammonia given off could l)e determined; (2) determining the amount of nitrates present at different dates in similar mixtures of the soil in funnels; and (3) pot experiments with barley to determine the proportion of nitrogen recovered bj' the crop from soils fertilized with varying amounts of calcium carbonate, ammonium sulphate, and sodium nitrate. In order to lay down a rule for the use of ammoniacal fertilizers in calcareous soils the author undertook first to determine the loss of nitro- gen due to the reaction between ammonium sulphate and calcium carbonate in quartz sand (see previous experiments referred to above)and a good garden soil. In the first case it was shown that in the absence of all bacterial action the reaction between the two salts was complete, and if a current of air was introduced the total ammonia was FERTILIZERS. 729 recovered more or less rapidly, depending upon the conditions of temperature and humidity of the medium, but independently of the proportion of lime. In sterilized garden soil, however, the losses were much smaller, the constituents of the soil pos- sessing an absorbent power for the ammonia, retaining under the conditions of the experiment from 40 to 60 percent of the original nitrogen added. The amount (if ammonia driven off from the soil was in direct relatiim to its richness in lime, the temperature, and the humidity. If the soil was dry the elimination of ammonia was more rapid, but the reaction was soon arrested and the quantity of nitrogen lost was consequently less. In sandy media ])hosphatic slag caused a very rapid decompcjsi- tion of the ammonium sulphate, due, evidently, to the free lime which this substance contains. In the experiments on nitrification it was observed that the oxidation of ammonia was quite slow in the rich garden soil, but the losses of ammonia were insignificant. A part of the nitrogen escaped oxidation only when a large excess of lime was added to the soil and the temperature raised. In the exi)eriments with barley grown on quartz sand and fertilized with ammonium sulphate it was observed that with a medium ajiplication of lime nitrification was slow, the losses of nitrogen were quite appreciable, the crop utilized only a part fif the nitrogen, and the roots of the plants were injured by the ammonia salt. AVhen, however, the conditions of the medium were more favorable to oxidation of ammo- niacal nitrogen, the plants utilized a large part of the nitrogen and the yield was but slightly lower than that obtained with nitrate of soda, although in a sandy medium quite rich in lime ammonium sulphate is generally quite inferior to nitrate of soda as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The fractional application of the nitrogenous fertilizer to some extent favored fructification and increased the proportion of nitrogen in the grain. It thus api:)ears that ammoniacal fertilizers can be used to best advantage on calcare- ous soils under conditions favorable to nitrification and to the retention of ammonia, such as occur in moist rich soils. In such soils, however, nitrification of the ammo- nia is quite slow and the action of ammonium sulphate is for this reason much less rapid than that of sodium nitrate, although much more durable in its effects. Ammonium sulphate is not suited to use either on sandy soils without lime or on such soils containing a large proportion of calcium carbonate. A light soil, in which the proportion of lime does not exceed 5 to 20 per cent, may be benefited by ammo- niacal fertilizers provided it is not subjected to drought. In this case also it is desirable to apply the fertilizer fractionally during the earlier months of growth. If the ammonium sulphate is to be used in connection with phosphatic slag, the latter should be applied several days in advance of the former in order that the free lime may become carbonated. A contribution to the question of liming, Schleykr {Deut. Landw. Presse, 29 {1902), No. 2, p. 12). — The benefi(;ial effect of liming on fruit trees is reported, and an account is given of the different effects of iron sulphate solution on charlock {Raplianux raphmuMrum) growing on soil deficient in lime and on that abundantly supplied with lime. In the first ca.se spraying with 10 and 15 per cent iron sulphate solution produced no result, while in the second case a spray of 10 per cent solution quickly killed the weed. It is suggested that on the soil deficient in lime the jilaiits contained an excess of oxalic acid and this prevented the reaction between the iron sulphate and the tannic acid of the plant, resulting in bla(;kening and death. Fertilizer experiments with lime and marl, P. Hillmann [Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell, 16 {1901), Nos. 44, PP- 256-25S; 4t>, PP- 265, 266; 47, pp. 272, 273; 48, pp. 275-278; 49, p. 281; 50, pp. 284-287). — Cooperative experiments in different parts of Germany are reported. These showed in the majority of cases the need and value of liming and marling. On heavy soils containing as much as 0.5 per cent of lime the application of the latter was beneficial. 730 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the development and present status of the perchlorate question, H. G. SoDERBAi-M (A'. Lniidt. Akad. Ihnidl. Tidxkr., S9 {1900), No. 5-6, pp. SSS-S/,5)- Commercial fertilizers, E. H. Jenkins et al. ( Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 1, pp. 94). — This includes a statement of fertilizer sales in Connecticut in 1901, the text and an abstract of the State laws relating to fertilizers, a list of manufacturers securing licenses under these laws, notes on the sampling and (collecting of fertilizers, explanations regarding the analysis and the valuation of fertilizers, a review of the fertilizer market for the year ended October 31, 1901, and tabulated analyses and valuations of 432 samples of fertilizing materials, including nitrate of soda, dried blood, cotton-seed meal, castor pomace, superphosphates, sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, double sulphate of potash and magnesia, kainit, tobacco ashes, bone, tank- age, dry ground fish, bone and wood ashes, cotton-hull ashes, wood ashes, limekiln ashes, tobacco stems, lime refuse, soot, wool waste, carbonizing dust, garbage tank- age, and muck. Commercial fertilizers {Kentucky Sta. Bid. 95, pp. 133-190). — The results of analysis of 438 samples of fertilizers are reported and briefly discussed. "Of the 438 samples analyzed, 83, representing 71 brands and 30 firms, fell so far below the guaranteed analyses in phosphoric acid, nitrogen, or potash, or any two, or all three of these ingredients, that the deficiencies could not be accounted for by variations in sampling or analysis. . . . The great majority of the manufacturers, however, have furnished in most instances fertilizers fully up to the guarantee." Analyses of fertilizers, C. A. Goessmann (Massachusetts Sta. Bid. 77, pp. 30). — Analyses of fertilizers collected during 1901 under the provisions of the State law and of miscellaneous materials sent to the station for examination are reported. The miscellaneous materials include wood ashes, cotton-hull ashes, walnut ashes, pine-wood ashes, ashes from soft coal and sawdust, muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, cotton-seed meal, tobacco stems, bone, tankage, ground fish, dissolved boneblack, calcium carbonate, gas lime, muck, marl, river sediment, and samples of marsh and ordinary soils. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 68, pp. 3£). — "This bulletin contains the analyses of the principal brands of com- mercial fertilizers that have been found on the Mississippi markets during the season of 1900-1901.'.' Fertilizers {New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1900, pp. 15-78). — This is mainly a reprint of Bulletin 145 (E. S. R., 12, p. 840) with the addition of statistics of the fertilizer trade in New Jersey during 1899 and preceding years, the market prices of fertilizers, text of the fertilizer law, and lists of inspectors, and of manufacturers whose goods were inspected in 1900. From data furnished by 92 out of 112 firms selling fertiliz- ers in New Jersey in 1899 it is estimated that the total consumption of fertilizers in the State was 61,727 tons, valued at $1,573,093. "Complete manures represent 70 per cent of the total number of tons sold in 1899 and 76 per cent of the total value of all sales." The statistics reported show that there has been a decline in the price of the actual plant food furnished in fertilizers since 1886. Analyses and valuations of fertilizers, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street {Neiv Jersey Sta.s. Bid. 154, pp- 55). — This bulletin discusses the trade values of fer- tilizing ingredients in 1901; the cost, valuation, purchase and guaranteed and actual composition of fertilizers, home mixtures, and special fertilizers; and reports the results of examination of 59 samples of standard unmixed fertilizing materials, 308 brands of complete fertilizers representing 79 manufacturers, 25 samples of ground bone, and 37 of miscellaneous products. In addition there are reported the analyses of 8 samples of home mixtures and 18 samples of mixtures especially compounded by manufacturers to order. The materials examined included, in addition to the mixed fertilizers, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, dried blood and ammonite, dried and ground fish, tankage, hair manure, superphosphates, muriate of potash, FIELD CROPS. 781 sulphate of potash, kainit, wood ashes, marl, lime, and garbage refuse. About SI ])er cent of the brands of fertilizers examined contained as much total plant food as was claimed, but in only 65 per cent was the plant food distributed in the pro- l)()rtions stated. The averages for all brandf-- of complete fertilizers examined during U»01 are as follows: Total nitrogen 2.81 per cent, total phosphoric acid 10.48 per cent, availa]:)le phosphoric acid 8.08 per cent, insolnl)le jihosplioric acid 2.40 percent, potash 5.77 per cent, station valuation $21.19, selling i)ric(' $27.81. "It appears that the Ml ami fact u re rs are delivering on the average somewhat less total plant footl than in 1900, but at about the same price per ton." Commercial fertilizers, H. J. Wheeler et al. {Rhode Island Sta. Bid. 81, pp. 111-122). — This bulletin contains analyses of a portion of the fertilizers collected during 1901. The fertilizers examined during this year were much inferior to those of recent years as regards agreement with guarantee. A large proportion of these deficiencies were in the phosphoric acid. FIELD CROPS. Range improvement in Arizona, D. Griffiths ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau jf J'laiit Indu.siri/ Bid. 4, PP- 31, pis. 6, figs. 5). — This bulletin contains a report on experiments with grasses and forage plants in cooperation with the Arizona Station. An outline is presented of experiments undertaken on a range reserve tract, a piece of public land set aside by the President for the use of the Secretary of Agriculture. A number of letters are reproduced. in which the present and past conditions of the grazing lands of southern Arizona are briefly noted. The various species of forage plants, comprising plantains, sahhushes and allied plants, native legumes, cacti, and grasses, are discussed with regard to their value and their distribution. An estimate based on figures obtained from 18 different plats of the quantity of feed furnished liy the plantains on the range reserve tract in the spring of 1901 shows an average yield of 992 lbs. of dry material per acre. On areas where the creosote bush predominates the yields were smallest, varying from 16 to 2,466 pounds per acre. The maximum yield on a single plat amounted to 3,087 lbs. The adapta- bility of the plantains to grow on the sandy desert mesa is discussed, and an account is given of the distril)ution of their seed and its germination. Of the different species, Indian wheat { Plantago fastigiata) is considered the most important. The saltbushes and other plants of a like character treated in this connection are the shad scale (Atriplcv canescens) , the most important of the group; the grease wood [Sarcohtttiis rennkulatus), which grows in the moister alkaline regions, and winter fat {Eiirntia tintnta), an almost externiinated species on the open range. Among the native legumes the mesquite {Prosopis velutuia) has the greatest value. The screw bean {J\ puhescens) is reported as being also common. Aslrdgalus nuttallU, a species common to the moister mesa region, is mentioned as furnishing much palatable feed under favorable conditions. (Jpuntiafidglda, <). sjnnosior, O. rersicolor, and O. arbu.'/.s'- tirldis spicata), drop seed {Sporobolus cryptandrus) , S. stri(in.'<, and Arizona millet ' ' 'hfpfochloa composiUi). Black grama [Ildaria mu(ira), II. jamesei, curly mesquite (//. cenchroides), lilue grama ( lioidehma ollgostachga), lowgrama. ( Bixihistacliijn), woolly foot (B. rrlo/ioda), side oata grama (Z>. curtipeitdtda), and black heads {I'((pj)t>j>liornin icriglilli) are 732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, mentioned as among the most important nutritious species commonly found on the open mesa range. CIdoris eleguns, everlasting grass [Eriochloa punctata), vine mesquite {Pamcum obtusum), P. colonum, Erngrostis neomexicana, and feather grass ( Andropogon torreyanus) are reported as occurring in moist locations. On the general mesa six weeks grama {Bouteloua ariMidoides) is found in large quantities after the summer rains. During the second week in October the author found gentle slopes near the foot hills nearly covered with short growths of Bouteloua a-ristidoiden, B. polystacJtya, Pappophorum wrigldir, and Nazia aliena. The grasses reported as occur- ring in the mountains are Andropogon contortus, A. leucopogon, Trachypogon secundus, Elionurufi barhicidmis, Hilaria sp., Bouteloua hromoides, B. oUgostachya, B. curtipen- dula, Trioda mutica, Eragrosfis lugens, Muhlenbergia graciliima, M. porteri, Epicampes rigens, and Aridida sp. The range reserve tract and the different experiments recently begun are described in detail and various methods for range improvement are suggested. Miscellaneous forage crops, G. C. Watson and E. H. Hess ( Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. J84-306, pis. 3). — The results of experiments with crimson clover, Canada field peas, flat pea, vetches, spurry, millet, and sunflower, conducted at the station some years past and reported in part in a former publication (E. S. R., 11, p. 436), are reviewed. Crimson clover sown early in May matured seed in one season. Larger yields were obtained from this crop when sown in July than from August or September sowings. It is recommended that the Canada field pea should be sown with oats in the proportion of 1^ to 2 bu. of peas to 1^ bu. of oats. The experience with the flat pea showed that the seed should be scalded and soaked before planting. The authors advise planting this crop in rows far enough apart to admit of horse cultivation. Russian and spring vetch were grown with good results. Vetch grown with oats was much more satisfactory than when sown alone. The yields of spurry did not indicate that this crop was as profitable as the more common forage crops. Russian gray and Russian white sunflowers grown for 3 years in succession yielded from 41.01 to 53.26 bu. of seed per acre. For poultry the seed is not considered as eco- nomical as the cereals. Plant culture experiments at Norway Agricultural College, 1899-1900, B. R. Larsen {Christiania, 1901, pp. 48). — The report gives an account of variety tests of grains, potatoes, and forage plants conducted in different parts of Norway under the direction of the plant culture experiment station of Aas Agricultural Col- lege.— F. W. WOLL. Notes on agriculture in Tunis, A. Kebaili {Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com., 6 {1901), No. ^0, pp. 257-286). — This article describes the culture of cereals as practiced by the natives and by Europeans, the use of grazing lands, and the income of the fanner; presents statistics on the agricultural production of the country, and suggests meas- ures by which the native might be induced to adopt improved methods of farming. Report on tests of sport varieties of cereals in 1899, K. Kittlauss {Deut. Landw. Presse, 28 {1901), Nos. 1, pp. 79, 80; 15, pp. 115, 116; 16, pp. 127, 128).— Similar work has been previously reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 5.38). Variety tests in 1900 and future work in this direction, Edler {Mitt. Deut. Landv\ Gesell., 16 {1901), No. 25, pp. 145-147). — A brief resume of the work, pre- sented as a paper before the German Agricultural Society. Frost injuries to winter cereals in 1901, P. Sorauer {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 16 {1901), No. 33, pp. 195-197).— This article treats of the distribution of frost, its intensity and duration necessary to injure winter cereals, the resistance of varieties, and the conditions favoring frost injuries. Planting Vicia faba on fields of injured winter cereals, R. Schmoldt {Deut. Landw. Presse, 28 {1901), Nos. 29, pp. 249, 250; 30, pp. 260, 261; 31^ pp. 268, 269; 32, pp. 279). FIELD ("ROPS. 733 Mustard and turnips as catch crops, P. (Iknay (Scmatnc Agr., 21 (JOOl), No. J0.')3, }>]>. '22S-J'yO). — In connectidu witli a p. S07, 30S). — Inoculation tests for alfalfa with Nitraj^in and with soil from an alfalfa field are reported. The best results were obtained on the plat treated with soil from alfalfa ground. The use of Nitragin also showed some effe(!t. The yields in general indicated that alfalfa is not w'ell adapted to shallow limestone soils. The influence of potash salts on the development of barley, J. Stoklasa and J. PiTKA {/.Isrhr. Laiubr. W'r.'iuchsir. OeMerr., 4 {1901), No. 5, pp. 567-582, fig. 1).— The work hi're ivported consisted of pot experiments made to determine the influence of potassium chlorid as a fertilizer on the qualities of brewing barley. The pots were divided into Ti groups of 10 ]iots each, according to the (jnantities of potassium chlorid aj>]>lied. Each pot received 0.5 gm. of nitrate of soda and 1 gm. superphos- phate furnishing 0.101 gm. of phosphoric acid, while the quantity of potassium chlorid per pot varied from 0.5 gm. to 3 gm. The results of the experiments are summed up in the following table: Effect of potassium chlorid as a fertilizer on the quality of barley. Potassium chlorid applied per pot. Starch Vitality. Viability.! Husks. in dry matter. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. Per cent. 99 97 11.9 57.38 99 98 9.8 63.52 100 96 ' 8.6 64.00 100 95 9.3 61.20 98 96 10.2 57.68 Protein in dry matter. None . . . 0. 5 gram 1.0 gram 1.5 frraiii 3. 0 gram Per cent. 12.86 9.14 10.02 10.31 10.82 These results show that a rational application of muriate of potash in conjunction with superphosphate and nitrate of soda was beneficial to the development of the barley plant and the improvement in quality of the grain. Thick vs. thin seeding of corn {Nev. Jcrseg Stm. Rpt. 1900, pp. 265, 266).— South- ern White corn was })lanted June 8, the kernels being placed 10, 12, 14, and 16 in. apart in the drill on 4 different plats. The seed required per acre at these different rates of planting was 6, 5, 4, and 3 qt., respectively. The largest yield was obtained where the kernels were planted 10 in. apart and 6 qt. of corn were used per acre. This plat yielded 9.03 tons of silage c(jrn, or 20.7 per cent more than the plat with the thinnest planting. The plat with the thickest planting suffered most from dry weather and j^roduced the smallest ears, but still results indicate that the thickest planting was the most profitable for silage corn. Cotton, E. Grimlev {Que<-ii.'. 450-454). — Froiu the results obtained it is concluded that red clover from North ,\merican sources is better a])le to stand severe winters than red clover obtained from Southern and Western Europe. 734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Emnier: A grain for the semiarid regions, M. A. Carleton ( U. S. Dent. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 139, pp. 16, figs. 3). — This bulletin is a popular discussion on the value and use of emmer and its adaptation for cultivation in the semiarid regions of this country. The botanical cliaracteristics of emmer are pointed out and compared with those of spelt. The names often incorrectly used for this grain are given, and its history and distribution are outlined. Experiments with emmer at some of the experiment stations and tests made by individual farmers are briefly reviewed, and a number of analyses of the grain are shown in tables. Descriptions are given of 2 varieties of spring emmer, Ufa and Yaroslav, and attention is called to the fact that at present no varieties particularly adapted for fall seeding are grown in the United States. The valuable qualities secured from crossing emmer with common varieties of wheat are enumerated as follows: (1) Resistance to fungus attacks, (2) drought resistance, (8) increased fertility of the head, (4) nonshattering, (5) stiffness of straw, and (6) increase of gluten content of the grain. The cultivation of this crop is briefly noted. Note on tlie culture of Manila hemp in the Philippines, de Berard {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 1 {1901), No. 1, pp. 89-104) .—The varieties of Mnsa te.itilis prin- cipally cultivated in the island of Luzon are briefly descriljed and notes on the climate, soil, culture, and cost of i>roduction are given. Experiments in acclimatizing winter oats, 8chlacht {Deut. Landic. Presse, 28 {1901) , No 60, pp. 519, 520, fig. l). — This article discusses the methods of acclimatiz- ing winter oats and the conditions required to insure success. Experiments with oats and peas {New Jersey Slas. Rpt. 1900, pp. 264, 265, pis. 2). — P^xperinients in growing oats and peas for grain and for hay are reported. Two bu. each of oats and peas per acre were sown broadcast. The yield amounted to 50 bu. of seed, weighing 24 lbs. per bushel, and 2,205 lbs. of straw. The mixture of grain consisted of 75 per cent of oats and 25 per cent of peas. The analysis of the crop during storage, and of the grain and straw at the time of thrashing, is given in a table. The same mixture grown for hay and harvested the last week in June pro- duced a satisfactory yield. The composition of the green and cured fodder is tabulated. The ground-nut crop, J. W. Leather and C. Benson {Dept. Land Records and Agr., Madra.'i, 1900, Vol. 2, Bid. 41, PP- 167-174) -—^otes are given of the peanuts raised in India and the amount of oil and moisture, etc., in a number of varieties. Fourth report on potato culture, L. A. Clinton {Neiv York Cornell Sta. Bid. 196, })p. 43-'i',), fig. 1). — This work is in contimiation of tillage experiments with pota- toes now in progress for a numl)er of years ( E. S. R., 10, }>. 950). This bulletin gives the results for 1899, 1900, and 1901. In 1899 a plat sprayed 6 times with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green yielded at the rate of 48 bu. of potatoes more per acre than a plat not sprayed. The results obtained in 1900 indicated that thorough preparation of the soil and intensive tillage are insufficient for the absorption and retention of moisture when the supply of humus is not maintained. In 1901 the average yield of the plats planted May 16 was 250 bu. per acre, the yield of a plat planted on June 12, 162 bu. per acre, and the yield of another plat planted June 17, 197 bu. per acre. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture increased the yield in nearly every case during the entire period. A test of pruning potato vines to one main stalk showed that this process did not increase the yield. The author recommends harrowing potato land after potatoes are planted and before the plants are above ground. Notes are given on potato planters and diggers, spraying apparatus, and methods of keeping seed potatoes. The influence of selecting seed tubers from productive plants on the yield of potatoes, voNSEELRORSTandG. Frolich {Jour. Landw., 4^ {1900), No. 4, pp- 317- 324).—T\ni experiments here described are in continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 13, p. 41). The results obtained agreed with the results of pre- vious work, and the authors consider their conclusions of the previous year substan- FIELD CROPS. 735 tiated, namely, that by the selection of seed the yield of potatoes may he materially mcreased and the rapid deterioration of varieties prevented. Correlation and transmission in the rye plant with special reference to the color of the g-rain, A. (Ieekkkxs (Jour. Landw., 49 {1901), No. 2, pp. 178-192). — For the purpoj^e of this work 8 kinds of rye — Goettinijer, Pirna, and Russian — were urrown in pot and field experiments. The (ioettinorted and botanical descriptions of the different varieties, with field notes on the same, are given. Similar work has been previously reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 1035). The season of 1901 was unfavorable, and the yield was about one-third less than the year j)revious. Dawson (iolden Chaff, Lancaster Red, Indiana Swamp, Beei-h-wood Hybrid, Rudy, Fultz, and Harvest King were the most productive varieties during this season, yielding 30.6, 31.5, 31.7, 33, 33.4, 36.3, and 36.3 bu. per acre, respectively. The weight per measured bushel for the different varieties was much less this season than in 1900. Macaroni wheats, M. A. Carleton {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industrti Bui. 3, pp. 62, plx. ll,figii. 2). — This bulletin treats of the characteristics, distribu- tion, adaptability, cultivation, and marketing of macaroni wheats; discusses the effects (if local variations in soil and cliinatc on the (juality of these wheats, and briefly reports the results of experimental comijarisons of varieties. Statistics are 738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. given on the Rnsso-Mediterranean traffic in macaroni wheat. The following varie- ties, which have well-niai-ked characteristics and have attained a high reputation, are briefly described: Gharnovka, Arnautka, Kubanka, Pererodka, Beloturka, Vel- vet Don, Black Don, Sarui-bugda, Medeah, Pellissier, Candeal, Nicaragua, Wild Goose, Missogen, and Polish. Meteorological data for the regions of Russia where these varieties are largely grown and for sections in this country adapted to their culture are tabulated. In discussing the climatic conditions of these regions the author calls attention to the fact that " the normal yearly rainfall of the (Jreat Plains at the one hundredth meridian, where wheat growing is at present practically non- existent on account of the lack of drought-resistant varieties, is nearly 3 in. greater than that for the entire semiarid Volga region, which is one of the principal wheat regions of Russia, and which produces the finest macaroni wheat in the world." Comparative notes on foreign and domestic macaroni are given and analyses of maca- roni produced from different wheats are tabulated. The bulletin further treats of the use of macaroni wheats for Vjread and of the preparation of semolina or flour used in the manufacture of macaroni. Fertilizer experiments with wheat, J. Osterspey {Fuhling's Landw. Zfg., 50 {1901), Nos. IJ, ]>p. 417-423; 13, pp. 449-455). — This experiment was made with higlily l)red and selected Squarehead wheat on a soil poor in lime. The purpose of the work was to determine the effect of an application of phosphoric acid in the forms of superphosphate and Thomas slag, and of a top-dressing of nitrogen as nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, in addition to a medium application of barnyard manure. The influence of either the phosphoric acid or the nitrogen used with barnyard manure was also studied. Superphosphate increased the yield when applied in addition to barnyard manure, l)ut this increase w^as not sufficient to make its use profitable, either when used alone or in connection with a nitrogen applica- tion. The use of Thomas slag, however, at the rate of 1,500 kg. per hectare was found economical in all cases. The average results of the application of sulphate of ammonia at the rate of 100 kg. per hectare showed neither an increase nor a loss, while 125 kg. of nitrate of soda per hectare given in 2 applications proved highly profitable. The simultaneoususeof fertilizers furnishing phosphoric acid and nitrogen produced a profit under those conditions only when the use of the one or the other alone was profitable. HORTICULTURE. Report of the assistant in horticulture, A. T. Jordan {Neiu Jersey Sins. Rpt. 1900, pp. 213-255, ph. 4). — Experimental studies are reported on the effect of irriga- tion, the relative effects of fertilizers with and without irrigation upon early and total yield, and the effect of the addition of nitrate of soda. The results secured with asparagus and a number of busn and orchard fruits in 1900 are recorded in detail and compared with results secured the 2 previous years. The daily and monthly precipitation for the season is also included. Asparagus (pp. 218-222). — Contrary to the results obtained in 1898 and 1899, unir- rigated asparagus plats gave the larger early and total cut. Palmetto was the most productive variety grown in 1900. The increase in early asparagus with this variety was worth commercially $24.60, and the early and total cut $111.77, more than any other variety grown. Plats fertilized with c(jmplete fertilizers have given the largest early cut, while the lowest yields have regularly api)eared on the nitrate of soda plats. The difference in favor of selected crowns as compared with commercial roots, which was very marked at first, has been growing less and less each year, and in 1900 the yields were practically identical. Blackberries (pp. 222-225). — Erie has been the most productive blackberry grown, and Agawam the least. Irrigation increased the early yield in 3 out of 4 ciises, but H(1RTICULTURE. 739 the total yield was larger on the nnirrigated plats. In previous years the results have been considerably in favor of irrigation. The addition of an extra amount of nitrate of soda was without benefit. Raj^pberries (pp. 225-227). — Turner gave the largest yield, 4,327 qt. per acre, but "it crumbles badly and is very undesirable." Cuthbert, which stood first in IS!)!), yielded but 3,31(i qt. in 1900. Tlie coni])ined yields in 1!)00 of all the unirrigatcd plats were slightly greater than from the irrigated as regards early and total yield. The effect of differiMit fertilizers has been irregular. Plats receiving extra amounts of nitrate of soda have, on the whole, given decreased yields. Currants and gooseberries (pp. 227-230). — A quart of currants has been found to weigh about 20 oz. Victoria was the most productive sort in 1900, yielding 7,507.2 qt. per acre, followed by Red Dutch, 6,764.4 qt. The increased yield due to irriga- tion was 15.6 per cent. Plats fertilized with l)arnyard manure have given the best yields, followed by complete commercial fertilizers, while the poorest results have been obtained when additional amounts of nitrate of soda have been added. With gooseberries, Houghton, with a yield of 14,391.8 qt. per acre, was the most productive sort, with Downing second, 13,860.8 qt. Irrigation increa.sed the yields in 1900 about 10 per cent. In previous years the heaviest yields have been obtained on the unirrigated plats. Barnyard manure has given better yields than any other fertilizer, followed by complete commercial fertilizers containing an extra amount of nitrate of soda. Strarvberries (pp. 230-240). — Nitrate of soda added to complete fertilizers resulted in increased yields. In early yield better results were secured with subirrigation than with surface irrigation, but in total yield the surface irrigated plats exceeded the subirrigated by 13 per cent and the unirrigated by 28 per cent. The surface irrigated plats also gave the largest late yield. Subirrigated plats gave 12 per cent greater yields than no irrigation. In the study of the relative merits of matted row and hill culture, the hills were set in main rows 4 ft. apart with 3 rows a foot apart, and the plants 1 ft. distant in the rows. Thus set, it required 32,670 plants to set an acre. The matted rows were 4 ft. apart with plants 18 in. distant in the row. Only one-third as many plants were required to set an acre by this method, and the cost of labor was approximately only one-third as much as by the hill syi^tem. The following 11 out of 35 varieties grown have given larger yields by the hill system than by the matted row, showing that some varieties are much better adapted to hill culture than others: Gaudy, (iladstone, Ilunn, Johnson Early, Lady Thompson, Margaret, Parker Earle, Kidge- way, Starr, Warfield, and Wm. Belt. "On the other hand, there are those in which the yields from the matted rows far exceed that from the hills, and thus the matted rows of Bismark and Buback have given more than double, while that of Glen Mary, Man well. Ocean City, and Sample have given nearly double the yield obtained from the hills." The most |)roductive variety grown by the hill system was Warfield, with Wm. Belt and Big Berry (Corsican) close seconds. In the matted row Sample led, yielding 30,154 qt. per acre, followed by Bederwood (19,010 (|t.), Cobden (iueen (18,070 qt.), and Man well and Bismark, each yielding over 17,000 f]t. per acre. The varieties most i)roiific in tlie formation of runners were Cobden (iueen, John- son Early, Sample, Tennessee, and Warlield. Brief notes are given on the 35 varie- ties grown, as well as tabulated data regarding early and tutal yields, freedom from producing runners, etc. Tree fruits (pp. 240-255). — Experiments largely with fertilizers and irrigation are reported with apples, standard pears, peaches, dwarf pears, plums, and cherries. The crop .secured with plums, cherries, and peaches in 1900 was the first one, and much of the data recoriled are given as matter of record. On the wiioie, the irrigated l>luui plats gave increased yields of about 30 per cent as comjjared with the unirrigated. 740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. No increase resulted with cherries. Dwarf phims on irrigated plats gave 17 per cent better yields than on unirrigated. The fruit was somewhat larger. Much difference occurred in the time of ripening of different trees of Newman plum and Crawford and Susquehanna peaches. Sneed was the earliest peach to ripen, followed 3i weeks later by Triumph, the second earliest, and 3 weeks after Triumph by Champion, the third earliest. Sneed has not yet proved very productive, Triumph somewhat more so, and Champion very productive. Crosby has been a sure bearer, with medium sized fruits. Three peach trees set according to the Stringfellow method and 3 according to the usual method came into bearing in 1900. On the whole, trees set according to the usual method yielded 28 per cent more fruit than those set by the Stringfellow method. Along with this experiment another in thinning was undertaken. Where over two- thirds of the fruit set was removed in thinning, 2.83 baskets of fruit, worth $2.83 per basket, were produced. Where only one-third of the set was removed, approximately 1 basket more fruit per tree w^as obtained, but its value was only $1.76, as against $2.83 in the preceding case. In the case of the third tree where the total set was not quite as large as the others and with 28.84 percent removed in thinning, 3. 53 baskets, worth $1.59, were obtained. Some data with illustrations are given showing the value of renewing old peach orchards by cutting back. Horticultural division, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams {Rhode Island Sta. Jipt. 1901, pp. 227-244, pis. 5).— Notes and some data are here given on the fruiting hab- its of blackberries, pollination and manuring of blackberries and raspberries, plant selection, mixing of field and sweet corn when planted in close proximity to each other, crossing and pollinating melons, and methods of planting fruit trees. Some data on the San Jose scale, apple maggot, and carnation stem rot included in the report are noted elsewhere in this issue. With Agawam, Ancient Briton, and Early Cluster blackberries, the flower clusters were near the main stem, usually within 2 to 4 buds, while with the Taylor variety there were found to be nearly always 4 to 8 sterile buds next to the main stem, and unbranched canes often did not develop flowers within 2 or more feet of the ground. It is suggested, therefore, that it is not advisable to practice as close pruning with Taylor as with the other varieties noted. Agawam and Early Cluster blackberries when planted together were observed to give considerably better yields than when planted separately, due, it is thought, to better pollination being secured. Some data on the yield of blackberries and raspberries fertilized with different combinations of com- mercial fertilizers are given but no conclusions drawn. In experiments in plant selection, work with especially early fruiting canes of Taylor blackberries and of Cuthbert raspberries is noted. It is hoped to propagate the early fruiting tendencies of these selected specimens. In this connection, 5 plants of Kansas raspberries which to the eye promised to be among the best and most productive plants were marked, and the fruit at picking time counted and weighed. With these 5 plants the number of berries varied from 576 to 851 per bush, and the weight of fruit from 648 gm. to 1,130 gm. The average weight of the berries from different plants varied from 1.13 to 1.43 gm. It is pointed out that these variations might have been very much greater had the comparison been made between the poorest and best ])lants in the field rather tlian between the 5 best ones. The experiment here reported on planting sweet corn in close proximity to Long- fellow flint corn is in continuation of that reported in 1898 (E. S. R., 11, p. 928). At that time no kernels of the sweet corn type were observable on the flint corn ears, while there was an abundance of yellow kernels on the sweet corn ears. The year following 3 plantings of corn were made from the crossed corns as follows: (1) With yellow kernels found on the sweet corn ears; (2) with apparently normal sweet corn kernels from sweet corn ears that also contained yellow kernels; and (3) with ker- HORTICULTURE. 741 nols taken from field corn ears whieli appeared normal, but which had been ^rown near sweet corn. The yellow kernels from the sweet corn were planted in an unfavor- able i^lace and failed to grow. The white kernels produced ears showing very little mixing, only now and then a kernel appearing which was not true. The kernels from the field corn produced ears which showed numerous sweet corn kernels. "It seems safe to conclude, therefore, that the pre.sence of sweet corn in proximity to field corn does not influence the character of kernels of the latter during the season of growth, while the field corn does affect the sweet corn, entirelj- I'hanging the character of the kernels pollinated by it. Kernels of field corn may, however, be fecundated by sweet corn pollen, and the result will show the following year when those kernels are planted, though the effect has not been visible upon the kernels themselves. It seems, however, that when sweet corn has been crossed by field corn the effect generally if not always shows, and that kernels which do not show the effect will give a pure product the folio \ving year." Further experiments with crossed and self-pollinated muskmelons and watermel- ons (E. S. R., 11, p. 928) are reported. Seed from a green-fleshed watermelon crossed with a pink-fleshed variety when planted produced melons intermediate in character beween the 2 fruits, the flesh having a yellowish cast tinged with jiink. The seeds also varied in character. Sixty-four crosses and pollinations were made in 1899, and 45 in 1900. Nothing could be detected in the resulting fruit or seed which tended to show any immediate influence of the pollen on either color of the fruit or character. Further notes and illustrations are given on the growth of fruit trees differently topped and root pruned at the time of transplanting to the permanent orchard ( E. S. R., 11, p. 928). The result of 3 years' observations are thus summarized by the authors: "For practical purposes the most rational method seems to be to leave all sound roots and shorten l)ack the tops, which not only helps to bring about a proper balance between root and leaf, l)ut also improves the subsequent character of growth of the tree." The garden book for practical farmers, T. Greixer {Pract. Farmer's Libr., 3 {1901), No. 2, pp. 190, figs. 129). — In this number methods of laying out the garden are discussed, garden tools illustrated and described, directions given for making hotbeds, cold frames, and cheap greenhouses, and popular information given regard- ing gardening operations and the control of insect and fundus pests affecting garden crops. Experiments with nitrate of soda on early beets, T. Brown ( New Jersey Sins. Jipl. 1900, pp. 110-114). — This experiment with table beets is in continuation of that previously reported (E. S. R., 11, p. 444). It differs from it only in the larger plats used. Its purpose was to study the value of increasing amounts of nitrate of soda for table beets grown in rich garden soil. The amount applied varied from 400 to 700 lbs. per acre. The effect on the increased earliness of the crop, total yield, and value of the crop on the different plats are recorded. As in the previous year, the extra earliness of the crop was considerably increased by the use of the nitrate, varying in amount from (5.5 per cent in the case of the application of 400 lbs., to 18.4 percent when 600 lbs. per acre was ajjplied. The total increased value of the crop due to the use of nitrate varied from !f;;i0.20 when 400 lbs. per acre was applied, to $(>8 when 700 lbs. was api>lied. On the whole, an average return of $5 was obtained for every dollar invested in nitrate of soda. The average increased net value of the croji per acre was $54.15, slu)wing, as in the previous year, the practical importance of a sufficiency of available nitrogen for quick-growing garden crops where earliness is a prominent factor in the profits. An experiment with different forms and amounts of nitrogen on musk- melons in 1899 and 1900, C. C. Huls.\kt [ Nrir .Irrip. 4;?S-447, pis. 7). — A report is given of attempts made in crossing plants, the experiments having been made within the past 2 years. Cucumbers, Lima beans, tomatoes, sweet corn, and salsify have been successfully crossed. Two crosses of White Spine and White Pearl cucumbers were successfully made and plants grown from each. The fruits of the crosses showed the influence of both parents, but they appeared much more nearly like the White Spine. The cro.sses with Lima beans were made between the varieties Burpee and Henderson. The resultant crosses, of which 20 were obtained, showed in the size of plants that they were midway between the parent plants. The vigor of many of the plants was remarkable. In the com- binations secured it was desired to obtain a lietter bearing variety than Burpee, and the points desired have been obtained, l)ut the ([uality remains to be fixed. Experi- ments are reported in which an upright growing variety of tomato and one with large reclining vines were crossed. The first variety produced red fruit of medium size, the second a large yellow fruit. A large number of seedlings were produced, and great differences were noted among the plants in size, color, form of foliage, etc. The product obtained from a yellow fruit resulting from a cross of the Dwarf Cham- pion on a Golden Sunrise was a red fruit indicating a cross, although the color was not of the same tint as that of the staminate parent. The product of the reverse cross was quite uniform in all respects, all the fruits being red. Two plants were obtaine^l which seemed to be exceptional in their characters; one was from the first lot of those from red fruits. The fruitfulness was far less than surrounding plants, and the fruit was smaller and almost seedless. The flowers were larger than usual and the foliage somewhat mottled. The second plant was almo.st gigantic in size of stems and foliage. It com})ined the leaf characters of the 2 parent plants, and the flowers were of an unusually large size. One of the most remarkable facts was the smallness of the fruit, averaging only about an inch in diameter. The yellow variety of tomato used sometimes shows fruit more or less blotched with red, but it is sug- gested that the redness of the yellow fruits is not a result of crossing with the red variety. Experiments in crossing sweet corn are continued from the previous year (E. S. R., 12, p. 353). The primary object of the experiments was to test the susce[)tibility of the varieties Black Mexican, Stowell Evergreen, Egyptian, Stabler Nonpareil, and First of All, to bacterial iliseases and corn smut. A nund)er of crosses were inci- dentally obtained, wliich are reported upon at some length. The crosses indicate an increased vigor of the plant, althougii a striking exception was noted in the case of black grains upon an ear of Egyptian. Pink grains from Egyptian gave a very pro- lific crop of corn of remarkably uniform appearance, with light, dark, and pink grain- thoroughly mixed. Subsequent plantings of these varieties have been made but the varieties'are not yet establishcul. The results of this season's work seem to indicate that there is a much greater influence of the male plant than the female on the style of the ear and color of grains. 21U)4-No. H— 02 4 744 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A species hybrid between the cultivated salsify and the wild species is reported upon at some length. The hybrid seems to be intermediate between the 2 parent forms. Experiments in plant hybridization, G. Mendel {Jour. Roy. Hort. Sac. [^Lon- don'] , 36 { 1901 ) , Xo. 1, pp. 1-32 ) . — Herewith is given a translation of this paper which was first published in 1865 in the Abluindlunrjendesnatnrforschenden Vereines in Britnn (volume 4). The importance of the article attracted little attention at the time, owJnjj; to the greater attention being given to the Darwinian doctrines regarding the jjroblems of species. Recently work along this line has been resumed Vjy a number of hybridists and the article rediscovered and found to have an unusual value in this connection. In the article the results are given in detail of 8 years' experiments with peas {Pisum sativum), and the law is definitely established for the plants under observation that "in respect of certain pairs of differentiating characters the germ cells of a hybrid, or crossbred, are pure being carriers and transmitters of either the one character or the other, not both." The original parental characters remain intact and do not coalesce but reappear in the progeny in a certain definite ratio, in accord- ance with their "dominant" or "recessive" characteristics. When peas were crossed which differentiated from each other in one characteristic only, the hybrid character of the progeny so closely resembled that of one of the parental forms that the other either escaped observation completely or could not be detected with cer- tainty. The character which is transmitted intact or almost so in the hybridization is termed by the author the "dominant" character, and those which become latent in the proce.ss the "recessive" characters; and it is further shown that it is immate- rial whether the dominant character belongs to the seed-bearing or to the pollen- bearing plant, the form of the hybrid remains the same in both cases. As a result of several series of experiments in which peas were used Avhich differed from one another in one characteristic only, it was definitely established that the relation of the dominant to the recessive characters, in the case of the pea at least, is as :]:1. The hybrid forms which maintain the recessive characters in the first generation remain constant in their offspring for all subsequent generations and do not vary as regards this character. When the seed showing the dominant character is grown, however, and self- fertilized, two-thirds yield offspring which show the dominant and recessive characters in the proportion of 3:1, while only one-third remain with the dominant characters constant. The ratio of 3:1 which appears in the first genera- tion therefore resolves itself in the second generation to 2:1:1, and this relation, it is thought, will probably hold true for all subsequent progeny, since in trials as regards form and color of the peas it held good for 6 generations through which the experi- ment was carried. Peas differing from one another in several characteristics were also experimented with and the results secured are given in great detail. As the number of differen- tiating characters increases, the complexity of the results also increases, but "for the w hole of the characters involved in the trials the principle applies that the off- spring of the hybrids in which several essentially different characters are combined represent the components of a series of com))inations, in which the developmental series for each two different characters are associated. It is demonstrated at the same time that the relation of each two different characters in hybrid connection is independent of the other differences in the two original parental stocks." In investigating the composition of the egg and pollen cells of hybrids, the theory that "pea hybrids form egg and pollen cells which, in their constitution, represent in equal numbers all constant forms which result from the combination of the char- acters when conjoined by fertilization," was justified experimentally. Experiments with beans [Phnseolus spp. ) led to a like conclusion. The article contains an introductory note by W. Bateson, in which a brief l)io- graphical sketch is given of the author and some comments made upon the i)aper. In these remarks ]\Ir. Bateson states that it is hardlv too much to sav that Mendel's HORTICULTURE. 745 laws of hybridization doduct'd in these experiments "are worthy to raniv with those that laid the foundation of tlie atomic laws of ehemistry." Further contribution regarding the differential value of characters in crossing beans and peas, K. Tschek.mak {Zlacln-. Lnndir. Verauclixir. Oexterr., 4 {1901), Xi>. a, jiji. (>41-731, fiijx. U). — An extended study of the characteristics of the seed of peas and beans o])tained l>y crossing different varieties and species. The work was carried out along lines laid down by Mendel. In all the tests it is stated that Mendel's scheme lost something of its generality, but nothing of the importance for theoretical and practical ])lant breeding purposes of its classical doctrine of the differential value of characters in transmission. Onion culture, T. C. Nye [Truck Farmer, 5 {1901), No. 2, pp. 66-59).— ThQ method of the author in growing Bermuda onions on a large scale in Texas is given. Heavy fertilizing, transplanting, and irrigation are given as essential factors in suc- cessful culture. Early planting of sets in August and Septend)er resulted in total failure. Sets, in the author's experience, should not be put out l>efore November. From 7 acres 147,000 lbs. of onions were secured, which sold for 2\ cts. per pound. The Bermuda onion, H. W. Brown {South. Farm Mag., 9 {1901), No. 7, pp. 26, 27). — Cultural directions are given for growing Bermuda onions in the South. The use of imported seed is insisted upon. The chayote: A tropical vegetable, O. F. Cook ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Botanij Bnl. 28, pp. 31, ph. 8). — An extended account is given of the nature, culture, and economic value of the chayote. This is a tropical vegetable belonging to the squash family. It is now grown quite extensively in Porto Rico, Mexico, tropical America, Algeria, East Indies, and Australia, and is believed to be worthy of cultivation in the Gulf States, California, Hawaii, and the Philippines. The plant is a perennial climbing vine, sensitive to frost, and requires a long season to come to maturity. It will endure where the ground does not freeze in the winter. The vine dies back, but the reserve material in the root enables it to grow again when favorable conditions appear. One vine will cover about 20 sq. ft. of surface and bear from 300 to 500 fruits in a season. The fruit is pear-shaped and weighs from 8 oz. to 3 lbs. It con- tains but one seed. This germinates readily and the fruit normally continues alive for some time after separation from the plant. The fruit is cooked and eaten like sununer squash, and is otherwise prepared. The flavor is considered by some more delicate than squash and by others as insipid. Mixed with rosella it has the flavor of apple sauce. The vines, fruit, and roots are also valuable as fodder. An analysis is given of the tuberous roots, which show a starch content of 20 per cent. It is believed that the chayote will prove valuable as a winter vegetable for shijiment to northern city markets. Lessons in pomology from 1899-1900, J. H. Hale {Connecticut Bd. Agr. Rpt. 1900, pp. 214-237). — Popular review of the development of the fruit industry along various lines, with many suggestions regarding culture, packing, shipping, etc. Fruit harvesting, storing, marketing, F. A. Waugh {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1901, pp. VllI -224, fig>^. 61). — This book purports to be a practical guide to the l)icking, grading, [jacking, storing, shipping, and marketing of fruit. Methods of fruit storage are given most attention and a number of plans detailed for construct- ing storage houses in which ice refrigeration or cooling by ventilation are the important factors. Under the subject of harvesting, the utilization of waste fruits is di.scus.sed and suggestions given regarding methods of drying, evaporating, canning, etc. The appendix is an important practical part of the work. It contains data on the imports and exports of fruits of the United States,' fruit-package laws indifferent States, apple-shippers' rules regarding quality and grades of fruit, regulations of the National League of Commission Merchants of tlie United States, including a roster of the inemljers in the i)rincipal cities, commission charges on different fruit and vegetables, refrigerator cars and shipmenta, etc. 746 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experiment in root pruning, R. (Ioethe {Bcr. K. Lehrnnst. Wein, Obstu. (larten- bmi,(icisenhcirii, 1900-iii, pp. IS, 19, jig. 1). — Thirty apple trees were used in this experiment; 15 were root pruned according to the usual method, and 15 close root pruned according to the Stringfellow method. The 2 lots were planted in similar soils under like conditions and treated exactly alike in all other respects. Of the 15 trees root-pruned according to the usual method, 14 grew well and made a good root system; while of the 15 prun:-(I according to the Stringfellow method, 12 died outright. Root-pruned trees in Mexico, H. L. Trott [Rural New Yorker, 60 {1901), No. 2698, p)- 690). — The author holds that success in root pruning by the Stringfellow method is a question of latitude rather than climate. It is stated that in setting out a plantation of 500,000 coffee trees, 2 to 5 years old, the trees were cut back to a trunk of 6 in. and a root of 6 in., and shipped. When these were set out 2 in. more were cut off both trunk and root. The stubs were then planted in holes driven by a pointed stick. These stubs grew well and made trees superior to those grown from unpruned nursery stock because they branched low. Rubber trees were suc- cessfully grown in the same way. Self and cross pollination: The influence of pollination on the form of the seed, R. Goethe [Ber. K. Lehrnnst. Wein, Obst u. Gartenbau, Geisenheim, 1900-01, pp. 19-24, fig^- 14). — This is an account of some experiments to determine the degree of fertility or sterility of apple and pear blossoms to their own pollen, and of the effect on the form of the seed of crossing different varieties of pears. Illustrations are given of the parent seed in each instance and of the seed of the crossed fruit. Fertilizing orchard fruits, A. Wagner ( Wiener Jllus. Gart. Ztg., 26 {1901), No. 10, pp. 345-S52). — A comprehensive popular article on orchard fertilizing. Subtropical fruits in Florida, A. A. Boggs {Fruitman's Guide, 12 {1901), No. 298, pp. 12, 13, 17) . — A iiajier read at the Buffalo meeting of the American Pomolog- ical Society, 1901. The status in Florida of the pineapple, citrus fruits, mango, avocado, pear, pa paw, etc., is noted. Nursery culture of apples, J. P. Andrews {Nat. Nur.'i)earance of the slightest of these signs of fermentation, the solution must be changed and the receptacle thoroughly disinfected with boiling water. The salt hardens the flesh aner cent solutions, allowing each solution to remain from 48 to 72 hours, depending on the size of the olives, and finally by a 12 per cent solution. "The essential part of the process is to avoid exposing the olives to the air during the pickling, until all the bitterness and acid are completely neutralized by the lye. After this the green color seems to be fixed, and exposure to the air does not change it much, though it is well, all through the process, to avoid leaving the olives uncovered by liquid any longer than necessary. "As different varieties of olives and even the same variety in different seasons and from different localities differ very much in bitterness, the importance of treating each variety separately is evident, as each will require lye solutions of different strength to neutralize them. Very bitter olives, such as Mission, Sevillano, Manza- nillo, and True Picholine, require solutions containing from H to 2i per cent of pure potash lye, while olives containing little bitterness, such as Ascolano and Colum- HORTICULTURE. 749 bella, require only from J to 1 per cent solutions. As many of the commercial lyes are far from pure, some containing not more than 50 per cent of potash, the number of preliminary tests must usually be at least six, as indicated above. Preliminary tests conducted as described do not rc(]uire an analysis of the lye, though it is prob- able that lyes containing a large amount of connnon salt would act more slowly; and with such lyes a trcatincnt exceeding 48 hours might be necessary." Nitrate of soda for oranges {I'dcific Coast Fmit World, 1^ {1001), No. 4, p. 6). — The writer states that from ',i to 5 ll)s. of nitrate of soda per tree, according to size, scattered over the ground in the early spring, while it is moist, and immediately cultivated in, seems to give the best results with oranges. "Too large a dose tends to coarsen the fruit or thicken the rind, while the wood growth and general vigor of the tree is greatly stimulated." Pineapple growing-, P. H. Rolfs ( f /. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 140, pp. 47, figs. 4)- — This is a poi)ular article dealing with the outdoor culture of pineapples in Florida, and the diseases and insects affecting the same. Figures are given on the cost of growing pineapples and the possil)le profits in the business. Such matters as harvesting, packing, shipping, and canning the fruit, fertilizing and irrigating the plants, etc., are discussed inconsiderable detail. Culture of the Q,ueen pineapple, T. Coo.mber [Gard. Chroji., 3. ser., 30 {1901), No. 772, pj). 26^1, 270, fig. 1). — Methods observed by the author in growing the Queen pinea])ples under glass are given. Manures for tea in Assam, H. H. M.\nn ( Tlie tea soih of Assam, and tea manur- ing. Calcutta: Indian Tea Association, 1901, pp. 60-103^ figs. ^).— The chapters of this work included within these pages treat of the general j)rinciples of tea manur- ing and of the materials suitable for this purpose in Assam, and the method of their application. Peat bheel is considered one of the best top-dressings for tea, to increase its luxuriance, in Assam. In one experiment the use of this material increased the yield of tea about 25 per cent. The tea from the dressed plat gave a slightly brighter liijuor than that from the undressed jilat, but otherwise did not differ in value from it, thus showing that contrary to the general impression in the province no decrease in quality is likely to result from the use of this material as a top-dress- ing. It is stated that not more than 100 to 120 tons should be used per acre. Peat bheel soil is formed by the decay of many generations of rank growing plants, the principal jiart of the decay taking place under water. This material contained from 21 to 30 per cent organic matter and 0.6 to 0.68 per cent nitrogen in the samples reportep. t;4-G6, fu/s. .?).— Some illustrations are given on the results obtained in the form of the seed in cross fertiU/.ing different varieties of grapes. Manufacture and commerce of dried raisins in Central Tunis, L. Ger.\rdix (/>'»/. DIr. Agr. et Com., 6 {1901], Xo. ;?0, pp. ;?^7-;.^5i).— Methods of preparing dried raisins in Turkey, Spain, and the islands of the Eastern Mediterranean are also noted. Preservation of posts by different methods, C. Seufferheld {Ber. K. Leh- ramt. Weill, Obst u. Gartcnh((u, (ieisenheim, 1900-01, pp. 45, 46). — Posts used in vine- yards were dipped in different solutions to preserve them against rot. The period of the experiment covers 24 years. The best results have been secured with tar. Only 9 per cent of fir posts impregnated with tar had rotted at the end of 24 years. At the end of 20 years 33 per cent of those impregnated with copper sulphate had rotted; nevertheless, the ease and cheajmess with which i)osts, particularly green posts, can be saturated with copper sulphate solutions seems to make its use moredesiral)le than that of the tar. Wall and water gardens, (tert^ude Jekyll {New York: Charles Serihners' Sons, 1901, pp. 177, pis. 133). — The beautifying of the garden and home by the use of rocks, walls, and water is made the special feature of this book. There are named and described some of the rock and wall plants easiest to grow and directions given for their use and culture. The making and planting of terrace and garden walls in sun and shade, the construction of rock gardens, planting of lakes, ponds, small streams, bogs, tubs, stream margins, etc., are discussed in as many chapters and richly illus- trated. Water lilies, their uses, and the varieties best adapted for different purposes, is the subject of the last chapter. The book, while written from the English stand- jioint and illustrated largely from English examples, contains many helps and sug- gestions for American gardeners. Lilies and their culture, G. B. M.vllett {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 30 {1901), Nos. 759, pp. n-24; 760, pp. 41, 42, fig. 1; 761, pp. 66, 67, fig. 1; 764, pp. 129, 130; 765, pp. 146, 147, figs. 2; 766, p. 164; 767, ])p. 1/fl, 182) .—The various groups and more important species of lilies are described and their culture characteristics noted. On the history of the orchid-flowered or Italian cannas, C. Sprenger {Ber. Ilort., 73 {1901), No. 19, i>p. 446-4/^). — Some orchid-tiowered cannas originated by the author are noteil. The proper use of shrubs, G. C. Butz {PeiinsylvaniaSta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 372-382, ]>h. 6). — The use of shrul)s in ornamental plantings about the home is considerereciatiiig r:i|)idly. Distribution of seeds and plants, K. J. Wicksov and J. B. Davy {California ,Sta. Seed Iliil., lUO 1-0 .\ pp. 7). —Thin gives a list of the .'jceds and plants available for distribution throughout the State and the rules governing their distribution. 752 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FORESTRY. The influence of forests in preventing floods, P. Vkssiot (Rev. Eaux et ForSts, 40 {1901), Xo. 19, pp. 590-593). — The influence of forests on the humidity of soil and drainage, upon infiltration, upon subterranean waters and the outflow of springs, and upon floods is treated in separate cha])ters, together with a review of a recent publication by p]berniayer. It is claimetl that the leafy cover of the forest prevents to a great extent the violent downfall of water and retains an important amount of the precipitation. It also pnjtects the soil from the drying action of the sun, as well as from nocturnal radiation, and prevents wide variation in the maxima and minima of temperature such as result in late frosts. The humus, moss, and other ground covering absorb a great amount of water, which slowly percolates through it and in this way checks to a great degree the erosion which takes place in unprotected regions. The network of roots acts materially in holding the soil in place. The forest cover is said to retain from 20 to 40 per cent of the atmospheric precipitation. Much of this is given off by the transpiration of the plants. This reduces the tem- perature and increases the humidity of the surrounding region. As to the influence on precijiitation, the author claims that observations made at Nancy, France, from 1867 to 1872 showed that 24 per cent more water fell u])on timbered regions than in the open in the months from May to October, and about 12 per cent in the remaining 6 months of the year. This difference is believed to be due to the forest cover as reacting iipon the atmosphere. The upper limits of forest vegetation on mountains, C. Flahaut {Rev. Eaux et Fonts, 40 {1901), Noii. 18, pp. S8.'>-401; 14, pp- 4 17-439). —The forest vegetation of the mountains of France is described at some length, particular attention being paid to the alpine and subalpine zones. The principal species which characterize these regions are described. The forest vegetation does not appear to extend beyond the subalpine limits, which are determined by a number of climatic and other conditions. The alpine and subalpine meadows are described and notes given iipon their dis- tribution. The subalpine zone is characterized in France by coniferous trees, and is determined by climatic conditions which coincide with the upper normal limits of woody plant growth. The alpine vegetation is herbaceous, or small shrubs. The reforestation of portions of the subalpine zone upon which the timber has been destroyed is possible, and suggestions are given whereby it may be carried out, but the attempt to introduce forest growth in the alpine regions is considered futile. Important Philippine woods, G. P. Aiiern {Manila, 1901, pp. 11-2, pis. 43). — This work consists mainly of a compilation of notes on the most important timber- tree species of the Thilippine Islands, giving information concerning the Philippine forests, characteristics of the leading timber-tree species, value of the same (present and future) , and methods of procedure to secure licen-ses to cut timber. Extracts are given from the forestry regulations, stating the conditions under which timber may be cut. The timber trees of the country are divided into 6 groups, the stumpage price per cubic foot of the State timber varying from 1 to 14 cts. per cubic foot. Of the more valuable groups it is not permitted to cut any for fuel. The different species of trees are arranged according to groups in which the popular and scientific names, so far as known, are given. The State forests are estimated to comprise from 20,000,000 to 40,000,000 acres. In some places the cuttiiigs have been very small, while in other jirovinces most of the readily accessiljle timber has been cut. The present forestry regulations enumerate 396 species, in addition to which a number of others are known, so that at present there are 665 native tree species listed. On account of the lack of means of communication and the character of laborers to be obtained, forest exploitation will be exceedingly difficult. There are no pure forests of any one species, and in order to obtain a cargo of any particular timber it would be necessary to secuie the same from different sections. The local and oriental mar- FORESTRY. 753 kets are discussed at some length, and tlio prices of different kinds of tind)er are quoted. Fifty species of the more important timber tri'es of the islands are described at considerable length, their characteristics and nses being given. Chapters are also given on the depredations caused by the white ant, and an experiment with a nund^er of American and native woods is briefly described. Oregon pine, bull ])ine, and spruce were comjiletely destroyed within .30 days, while hendf>ck, California redwood, and California white cedar were practically uninjured. Notes are given on the strength and weight of the more common timbers, and their uses are mentioned. A brief chapter is given on the gutta-percha industry of the islands, and a list is given of more than 50 species or trees belonging to the orders Sapotacea^ and Urticacese, which may be expected to yield gutta-percha. The report concludes with a brief list of authorities cited. The yield of oak high forests, Wimmenauer {Allg. Forst u. JagdZtg.,67 (1901), Mai/, pp. 157-lOS; June, pp. 19.3-19S). — A brief statement is given of the oak forests along the Rhine, and the value of the stand at various ages is shown. The questions of rents and soil productive values are discussed at some length. The forest \'alues and interest upon investments are given. The maximum value as an investment seems to be attained when the trees are from 80 to 100 years old. The open stand with coppice system is also considered. The increment for the system is shown and the money value of different density and age is indicated. The cork oak, E. A. MtJLLKR {Ahhandl. K. K. Geogr. Gesell. Wien,2 [1900), No. 7, pp. 75, pis. 2, chart 1; abs. in Bot. Centbl.,86 {1901), No. 9, pp. 314-316) .—Treats of the natural history of the cork oak (Qiiervus suber) and gives its distribution, uses, methods of handling, etc. Notes on the red cedar, C. Mohr ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Forestry Bui. 31, pp. 37, pis. 2, figs. 13, map 1). — A report is given on the red cedar, in which is included Janiperus virginiana and /. barbadcnsis, the trees not being distinguished in their forest and timber characteristics. The red cedar is one of the most widely distributed of our forest trees, occurring from Canada to the Gulf, and westward to the limit of tree growth in the Mississippi Valley. It usually occurs in rather small areas over this large region, and commercial areas are found only in the southeastern part of the United States. The distribution of the tree through its region of greatest production is described at some length, together with notes on its uses, rate of growth, timber characteristics, insect and fungus enemies, etc. Plantations of timber trees as a commercial speculation, J. S. Cheesbrough {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 6, pp. 717-720).— K statement is given of the probable profit accruing from a plantation of 100 acres planted to red cedar {Cedrela toona). This tree is said to mature its crop in about 40 years, at which time the value of the crop at present market prices would be about 114,000 per acre above all expenses. A new means for protecting- coniferous seedlings against white grubs, A. MiLANi {Allg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 67 {1901), Aug., pp. 268-273, figs. 3) .—K description is given of a sort of vessel in which the seedlings are grown for 6 to 8 years, when by disintegration the roots are set free. The material from which it is made is porous enough to admit water, does not act injuriously upon the roots, and protects them until ol. 630, 631). — Since 1897 the forest domain of Belgium has been increased by 2,847 hectares at a cost of 2,761,727 francs. In 1900 and 1901 the extension amounted to 1,768 hectares, of which 826 were high forest and coppice, 82 coppice, 613 coniferous forest, and 242 uncultivated or abandoned lands. Forest fires in Gascony, Millies-Lacroix {Lesincendies dans lesforcts de pinsdes landes de Gascogne. Paris : Mouillot, 1901, pp. 70). — A discussion of proposed legisla- tion regarding forest fires in the pine forests of Gascony. The forest, its influence and manag'enient, F. W. Card {Rhode Island Sta. apt. 1901, pp. 1^5-353) . — A popular paper on forest influences and forest manage- ment. The treatment and manageraent of forests, particularly of deciduous trees, L. Boppe {Rev. Eau.r et Forets, 40 {1901), No. 15, pp. 449-455). — The author calls attention to various methods whereby the management of forests may be improved so as to provide increased returns. Forest improvement. An outline of lectures with numerous references, R. Hess {Die Forstbenutzung. Fin Grundriss zu Vorlesungen mit zahlreichen Littera- furiKii-lnrelsen. Berlin : Paul Parey, 1901, pp. XV + 318) . Experiments in thinning, Schwappach {Allg. Forst w. Jagd/Ag., 67 {1901), June, pp. 198-302).~^he principles of forest thinnings are discussed and various ap])lica- tions in practice pointed out. Annual revie^v of the publications and more important events in forestry, forest zoology, agricultural chemistry, meteorology, and forest botany for the year 1900 {Allg. Forst n. Jagd 7Ag., 67 {1901), Sup., pp. 5.?j.— Lists of publica- tions, reviews of articles and works, and accounts of important events in the depart- ments indicated are given. SEEDS WEEDS. The seed coats of certain species of the genus Brassica, A. J. Pieters and Vera K. Charles ( V. 8. JJepl. Agr., iJiciKion of Botany Bui. 29, pp. 19, pi. 1, Jigs. 6). — A study was made of the seeds of different species of Brassica to ascertain if possible how to distinguish certain valualjle high-priced seeds from those which are less valuable or worthless weed seed. The external appearance and gross anatomy of the seeds of 7 species of Brassica are discussed and the histological characters are illus- trated and described at considerable length. A brief key is given for determining the seeds of the species studied. This key is l)ased upon the charac-ters mentioned above. The action of concentrated sulphuric acid upon seed, particularly upon the hard seeds of certain Leguminosae, F. Todaro {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 34 {1901), No. 7, pp. 61.3-6S9). — On account of the desirability of increasing the ger- mination of hard seed, which often occur in great numbers among leguminous seed, and for the treatment of beet and other seed to hasten their germination and to destroy fungus spores that may have found lodgment upon the seed bolls, the author conducted an extended series of experiments on the effect of sulphuric acid when applied to a great variety of seeds of leguminous and other plants. He found that concentrated sulphuric acid of a density of 1.84 acted upon hard seeds of all legu- minous plants, rendering them capable of prompt germination. Hard seeds of various leguminous species were found to withstand immersion in concentrated sulphuric acid, without any injury to their viability, for about 1 hour at a temperature of 25 to SEEDS WEEDS. 755 28° C, or a soinewhat longer period at a lower temperature. Among other legu- minous plants, the seeds of which are not characterized as hard, immersion in concen- trated sulphuric acid was injurious except when applied for a comparatively few minutes. Ordinarily leguminous seeds which belong to species that are characterized by the occurrence of hard seeds are resistant to the action of sulphuric ai-id. In all the experiments with leguminous seeds treated with concentrated sulphuric acid the germination of the hard seeds was effected and a more rapid and uniform si>routing wa.>^ secured. In order to secure the l)est results from treatment with sulpliuric acid the seed should be rejjeatedly washed to secure the elimination of the acid and planted immediately. If the seeds are left to dry the advantage secured by the treatment is lost. In experiments with seeds of lotus, suUa, etc., it was found that 30 parts sulphuric acid to 70 of water gave results which were equal to those secured by the use of concentrated acid. Upon such seed as suUa, bird's foot clover, meli- lotus, black medick, etc., it was shown that concentrated sulphuric acid not only secured the greater total germination but appreciably hastened it. Experiments in which hemp was treated with sulphuric acid showed the germina- tive i)Ower was always diminished Vjy the immersion. Seed bolls of beets showed no injury, even when the immersion was prolonged considerably beyond the time neces- sary for the destruction of the fungi which are contained in the seed boll. This fact can be made use of in disinfecting beet seed before planting. Sulphuric acid showed itself injurious upon the seed of all cereals experimented with. It was found that the seed of various grasses, if submerged for 2 or 3 minutes in concentrated sulphuric acid, had their glumes attacked to such an extent that the effect produced upon germination was decidedly favorable. Cuscuta seed showed that they were not only resistant to the action of sulphuric acid, but their germination was in many cases favored by the treatment. The seeds of Flanlugo lanceolata, verbena, Rumex, spurry, foxtail, and .some others which frequently occur in red-clover seed were all destroyed l)y a brief immersion in the sulphuric acid, without any detriment whatever to the red-clover seed. Seeds of commercial saltbushes, G. N. Collins ((/. *S'. Dept. Ayr., Dlrixian of Jiuldiii/ liul. J7, pp. ^S, pli<. iV). — Illustrated descriptive notes are given of the fruit and seed charac'ters of 23 species of Atriplex. On account of the increased interest in the saltbushes this study was made to determine, if possible, some means for the definite recognition of the different species by seed characters. The duration of vitality in the seeds of Castilloa elastica, W. R. Tromp i)K Haas ( TcijsnKimtia, 1,' {lUOl), Xo. 7-S, jip. 44^-444). — A note is given of the results of keeping seeds of Castilloa in charc(jal powder, in earth, and in a vacuum. The seeds in chari-oal germinated 80 jier cent after 4 weeks, while all but 5 per cent of those kept in earth for the same time had lost their vitality. The seeds kept in a vacmiiu for 4 weeks were all dead. — n. m. pieteks. Some factors in the germination of seed, C. Sa.io {Prometheus, 12 (1901), Ao. 581!, pp. J.ii}-2.S8). — An account is given of experiments with a number of kinds of seeds of perennial plants, and it is believed that in addition to heat, light, and moisture, other factors are to be considered, i)romin('nt among them the action of ))acteria. Germination in distilled water and the poisonous effect of copper solutions, P. r. Deiiek .iix and \\. Democssv {Aim. Ai/ron., ..'7 (IHOI), Xo. II, jip. .'i'h)-559, fu/K. S) . — An account is given of experiments made by the authors to determine the effect of epf. At/r. Rpt. I'.ioi, pp. .i^ii-.U!)).— During the period c(nerep. ..'04-215). Report of Danish seed control, 1898-99, (). Rostkup [Copenhagen, 1900, pp. 57). Experiments with w^eeds, B. D. Halsted {New Jersey Slas. Rpt. 1900, pj). 458- 460). — In continuation of the weed experiments hitherto reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 350) a list is given of the weeds occurring for the fourth season upon the weed plat. A number of species which were reported as quite aggressive in the earlier years have disappeared, and the list for 1900 shows the most aggressive weeds to be rag- weed, smartweed, sorrel, wild carrot, dandelion, velvet leaf, night flowering catch fly, sheep sorrel, oxeye daisy, narrow-leaved plantain, etc., their aggressiveness being in the order of enumeration. On the eradication of charlock by means of iron sulphate solutions, A. B. Vestergaard {Ugeskr. Landm.., 47 {1901), No. 47, pp. 451-454)- DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanist, B. D. Halsted {New Jersey Stas. Rpt. 1000, pp. 407-476, pis. 5). — The principal lines of investigation conducted by the liDtanical department for the year covered by this report were experiments with various truck crops and salad plants, studies of pear blight, asparagus rust, chrysanthemum rust, crossing of tomatoes, beans, salsify, and corn, and a continuation of weed studies. Experiments with turnips have been continued, and the former opinion that air- slaked lime is a remedy for club root was again confirmed. The fungus causing the club root of turnips was reported as having been observed on specimens of rape. The effect of mulching potatoes was investigated, a small gain being given for the mulched ground. The investigations of potato scab were continued and it was found tha*; the variety Green Mountain was most susceptible to the disease, while State of Maine, White Star, and Queen were less so. Winter rye as a cover for the ground was without influence on the production of scab. Experiments with beets showed that sulphur was efficient in reducing the scab on those roots. In the bean experiments only the bacterial blight was observed, and the foliage of both varieties which were experimented with was equally infested but neither severely injured. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture was apparently without marked results in the prevention of this disease. Negative results were obtained in the experiments where Lima beans were given 6 applications of Bordeaux mixture, the plants in no case showing any disease. The yield for the sprayed plants was DISEASES OF PLANTS. 757 somewhat less tliaii for those not treated with the fungicide. The effect of niulchinjj; on peas was studied, hut no marked difference was noted hetween plants upon mulched and unmulched land, and no disease appeared. The effect of mulching and spraying with Bordeaux mixture was tested on tomatoes. The presence of disease was quite limited and the experiments are of rather (loul)tful value. Experiments with cucumbers sj)rayed 8 times with Bordeaux mixture were with- out practical results, since the vines were nearly destroyed by insects liefore the apiH'arance of any disease. Experiments with lettuce are reported, in which the bacterial blight was present to a small extent but the Septoria was quite abundant, particularly ui)on the variety Wonderful. The plants were not ecjually infested upon all parts of the plat, and this uneven distribution is attributed to the removal of the soil from some spots for experiments elsewhere. This seems to indicate a marked retentive power of the soil in holding the germs of the lettuce leaf spot. Plats of eggplant were sprayed 8 times with Bordeaux mixture, but the leaf l)light appeared on different plats, although the sprayed were less infested than those untreated. The superior appearance of the plants is reputed to be due, however, to the compar- ative freedom from beetles occasioned by the applicati(jn of the Bordeaux mixture. In 'continuation of previous seasons' work, the author again tested a number of varieties of salad plants, among them Swiss chard, New Zealand spinach, and Mala- bar spinach. The Swiss chard was sprayed 9 times with Bordeaux mixture, which rendered the plants comparatively free from leaf spot. The effect of new and old land upon crop production showed that, as a whole, the rotation of crops is the best method of keeping plants in good health. A green winter cover seemed to be without appreciable effect upon the health of plants. Winter and spring nmlching, except in the case of potatoes, did not give any appreciable advantage either in yield or in diminishing disease. The author reviews experiments in spraying. During the past season but one fungicide, Bordeaux mixture, was employed. On account of the limited occurrence of many of the more troublesome diseases, striking results were not obtained, but where important differences were secured they were generally in favor of the plants which had been given applications of the fungicide. Experiments were conducted with hemp to ascertain the influence of environ- ment upon the sex of the plant. This plant, as is well known, is di(t>cious and the greatest difference was noted in plants grown upon very rich soil. Here there were more than twice as many pistillate as staminate plants. The effect of early, medium, and late production of seed was tested and there was found to be a decided increase in the number of pistillate plants of the later over the earlier gathered seed. Experiment" are also reported with buckwheat, in whicli the effect of the soil on the production of the long and short styled flowers was investigated. There seen)ed to be no relationship between the fertility of the soil and the dimorphic forms of the flowers. Experiments with ornamental j)lants are briefly rejxjrtcd, but none of these were sprayed during the jjreseiit t-cason except to destroy insects. Notes are given on the white mold of radish, in which the life history of the fun- gus is described. Associated with it is freiiuently anotlicr fungus, Peronon/iora jxmi- Kiticu. The two can he readily distinguished by the appearance of their summer spores. An account is given of an attack of grape mildew upon grajjes in an arbor at the station. The disease first made its appearance on the fruit clusters early in June, but soon after was noticed u[)on the foliage and stems. Two species of grapes were grown upon the arbor and the disease is reported tf) have been most severe in its attack upon the species which possessed woolly leaves, the smooth-leaved variety being fully 2 weeks later in showing any trace of disease. 758 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Experiments witli pear blight were continued from the previous year (E. S. R., 12, p. 354). It is l)elieved that there is little to indicate the best time of pruning for the prevention of this disease. The effect of fertilizers has been investigated for a number of years, and during the past year the trees which withstood the disease to the greatest extent were those which had received no manure or fertilizer. Great individuality was noticed among the different trees and no conclusions can be draw^n concerning the effect of fertilizers upon fruitfulness. In continuation of the report of the previous year (E. S. R. , 12, p. 354), experiments were conducted with asparagus to test the value of different substances in preventing the spread of the rust of this plant. This experiment was undertaken on account of the general opinion that the less susceptible varieties of asparagus are those possessing a thick epidermis, and it was thought that artificial coatings might be of value without having any particular fungicidal action. For this purpose gelatin, creolin, glue, lime, milk, and soap were sprayed upon the plants, 6 applications being given them. The smallest amount of rust was noticed upon the plants which received the soap spray, fol- lowed by gelatin, milk, creolin, glue, and lime in the order enumerated. The trials, however, were on such a small scale that conclusions are not safely warranted from the results obtained. Inquiries were sent out to all the experiment stations in the coun- try to ascertain the range of the asparagus rust. From the replies received it seems that the rust is widely scattered in the central portion of the United States and that it is quite injurious. In some instances the parasitic fungus Durlucdjilum is reported as aiding materially in keeping the disease in check. Investigations of the chrysanthemum rust have been continued, and the inspection of various establishments of chrysanthemum growers showed the disease to be very prevalent. A circular was issued (E. S. R., 11, p. 946) describing the disease and suggesting remedies. Studies are being pursued from which it is hoped that more rational methods of treatuient may be found. A brief discussion on fungi as related to weather completes the report. The year has been comparatively free from complaints of those fungi that ravage truck crops. The temperature was cool in the spring and very hot in summer with considerably less precipitation than usual, and to these factors is attril)uted the freedom from fungus attacks. An epidemic of currant anthracnose, F. C. Stewart and H. J. Eustace {N'nv York Stale Sta. Bid. 199, pp. 63-80, pi. 1) . — ^During the past season a serious outbreak of the leaf blight or anthracnose of currants, caused by the fungus GUvoKjwrium ribh, was reported in parts of New York. The lower leaves were yellow and thickly cov- ered with small brown spots, and nearly all currant plantations in the Hudson River Valley were more or less affected. The disease affects the lower leaves first, work- ing upward, causing the foliage to drop. In addition to attacking the leaves, the fungus occurs on the leafstalks, causing conspicuous sunken spots; also upon the fruit, stems, berries, and new canes. This is believed to be the first report of the occurrence of the fungus on the wood of the cane. Contrasting characters are drawn between this and other diseases of the plant, and the fungus is described in con- siderable detail. As far as the authors' investigations are concerned, the disease was more destructive in old plantations than among young plants. Plants in the nursery row were last to be attacked, and consequently suffered least. The different host plants of the fungus are enumerated. While it may attack several species of Ribes, it seems to have a decided j)reference for R. rubram, to which belong the red and white varieties of cultivated currants. It is also reported as occurring on black currant and cultivated gooseberry, but the authors have failed to find any serious injury to the black cun-ant or the occurrence of the fungus upon the gooseberry. A considerable variation in the susceptibility of varieties was noted, but the investiga- tions have not been sufficiently advanced to warrant publishing lists of resistant varieties. For the prevention of this disease, although the authors have not cou- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 759 diu'tod extensive experiments in this line, it is reconuuemled that the bushes should be thoroughly sprayed with Bonleaux mixture, the first application to l)e given before the leaves appear, the second as the leaves are unfolding, and thereafter throughout the season it intervals of 10 t(j 14 days until the fruit is two-thirds grown. "Where attacks of currant worm are expected, Paris green or green arsenoid may be advantageously added to Bordeaux mixture. Notes from the botanical department, F. C. Stewakt and li. J. Eustace {New York State Sta. Bui. 200, pp. 81-101, ph. 3). — Notes are given on a number of investi- gations conducted by the botanical department during the past year. T)-onble with pear trees in a nurseri/ cellar. — Early in 3Iarch the station was requested to investigate a serious trouble among pear trees in the nursery cellar of a Rochester nurseryman. Twenty-tive thousand 3-year-old standard pear trees had been tied in bundles and placed in the cellar in an upright position. The bundles of trees were set in rows and the roots covered with sand after the usual custom. The bark on the trunks and branches of the trees when examined was of normal color and apparently healthy to a height of about 3i- ft., but beyond this the bark was black and many of the branches were dead. This condition prevailed throughout the cellar in a strikingly uniform manner. Upon investigation it was found that during the winter the sand about the roots of the trees froze and remained frozen until February, when the trees were dug out of the frozen sand and packed for ship- ment, ^luch difficulty was experienced in removing the trees from the sand, and it was decided to liuild a fire in the cellar to thaw it. This was done on February 27, and a few days later the trees were observed in the unhealthy condition above described. It appears that the heated air rose to the ceiling, which was unusually tight, and the warm layer of air caused the rapid thawing of the branches resulting in their destruction. The trees were rendered almost useless for wholesale purposes, although many of them which were cut back and sold at retail subsequently developed into good stock. Shot-hole fiuigus on cherry fruit pedicels. — The shot-hole fungus ( Ci/lindrosporiunipadi) is more or less prevalent throughout New York, being especially common on the English morello. While examining trees severely attacked by the fungus, the authors observed the fruit pedicels considerably affected. The leaves had fallen so that the trees looked quite bare and the fruit pedicels were so generally atticked that it was difficult to find one which was entirely free from the brown spots. The presence of these spots on the pedicels caused the fruit to ripen unevenly; many of the fruits were dwarfed and some withered without coming to maturity. In connection ^\nth the appearance of this fungus on the fruit pedicels, the authors observed a spotting of the green fruits in which numerous small, brown, slightly sunken spots appeared on the fruits at the time they were about the size of peas. The si)ots enlarged as the fruits grew, but there was no tendency to rot. As the cherries began to swell and color in ripening, the spots disappeared, so there was little or no loss from this cause. The cause of this spotting is unknown. Authracno.se of yellov) toadflax. — The authors report the occurrence of the anthrac- nose of snapdragon on the common wild yellow toadflax {Linaria vulgaris). While the disease does considerable damage to the weed, it is not thought probable to turn tlie fungus to any practical account as an aid to the eradication of the weed. Imperfert fertilization a)id the little peach disease. — During the past season the authors were called to investigate a suspected outbreak of the ' ' little iieach' ' disease. Instead of this di.sease it was found t(j be simply a case of imperfect fertilization. It is com- mon to find unfertilized ix-ach fruits in the spring on trees, but they generally fall early in the season, in what is called the June drop. The unusual feature in the pres- ent ca.se was the persistence of the unfertilized fruit until ripening time, some of them making considerable growth. In the little peach disease ordinarily the pit is of normal size and contains a well-developed kernel, whereas in the present case the 21164— No. 8—02 5 760 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pit was abnormally small and contained no kernel, or at most an abortive one. When the tree is affected by the little peach disease, all fruits on a branch are affected and are fairly uniform in size, whereas in the case under consideration normal and small fruits were found on the same branch. Several instances of imperfect fertilization of fruits are cited, and no apprehension is felt for succeeding crops. Tile drain clogged hy fungus. — A report is given of the clogging of the tile drain to a vinegar cellar liy a fungus which proved to be Leptomitiis lacteus. The fungus pro- duces a growth resembling the "mother" of vinegar and had to be removed in various ways from time to time. The application of a small quantity of copper sul- phate to the drain succeeded in eradicating it. The authors believe that the clogging of drains in this manner is more common than is generally known. Occurrence of a fungus in refrigerators. — The attention of the authors was called dur- ing the summer to the improper working of a refrigerator. Upon investigation it was found that the drain pipe was plugged throughout its entire length with a fungus growth of a gray or dirty gray color, consisting of a mixture of fungus mycelium and dirt from the ice. It had a slimy, slippery feel and clung together in sheets or rope- like masses several inches in extent. An examination of the fungus showed spores resembling those of Fusarium, although species of this genus rarely live in water. The definite determination of the organism has not yet been made. The simplest and most effective way of getting rid of this fungus would be to occasionally wash out the drain pipe and ice chamber of the refrigerator with boiling water. Botanical botherments, F. H. Hall, F. C. Stewart, and H. J. Eustace {New York State Sta. Buls. 199 and 200, pojiular ed., pp. 12, pis. 2). — A popular summary of the above bulletins. Experiments with smut, M. B. Thomas {Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1900, jip. 123, 124)- — A report is given of field trials for the combating of oat smut with solutions of formalin. Three fields were sown in April with seed which had been soaked 40, 60, and 90 minutes in a solution of 1 part formalin to 200 parts of water. The seed used were from a badly infested crop, and a similar area was sown with untreated seed. No difference in the fields was noted at the time of germination, and but little difference until the time of cutting. At this time fully 15 per cent of the heads of the untreated seeds were smutted, while not a single stalk was observed from the fields where the seed had been treated. Of the 3 separate lots of treated seeds, the one soaked for 60 minutes seemed to be the best, and that time is recommended as safe and efficient for the treatment. Seed barley treated with bluestone, J. R. MARnx {Queensland Agr. Jour., 9 {1901), No. 2, p. 187). — The author reports the successful prevention of smut by the soaking of seed barley in copper sulphate solution. The seed is soaked for from 2 to 3 hours in a solution which is made so that about \ lb. of the chemical is used for every bushel of grain. Rust in wheat and other cereals, V. Thiele {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, IS {1901), No. 12, p. 809). — The author briefly describes the use of a fungicide known as "Ceres Beize," which is said to be eflacient in preventing rust, smut, and other dis- eases of cereals. The generic nomenclature of cedar apples, J. C. Arthur {Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., 1900, pp. 131-136). — The author's conclusions are given relative to the nomen- clature of the common cedar apples which have hitherto been described as species of Gymnosporangium. As a result of his investigations it was claimed that Tremella replaces the name Gymnosporangium as a genus of Uredineae, and the necessary changes of synonymy are indicated. A disease of mangolds and sugar beets, R. H. Biffen {Depl. Agr. Cambridge Ihiiv. Rpt. 1901, pp. 87-89). — The author reports having observed in July, 1900, a disease of mangolds in which the first noticeable symptoms were a browning of the outer leaves, while the inner ones became yellowish-green and much wrinkled. The disease seems to first show itself along the edge of the leafstalk. Upon examination DISEASES OF PLANTS. 761 the root showed no external symptoms of disease Ijeyond l)eing drier and tougher than normal. When c-ut across, the vascular bundles were stained with a purplish- black ttolor. Specimens removed from the field and grown in the greenhouse showed that while the disease did not actually kill the plants it greatly stunted their growth. Examination of the vascular bundles showed that they were filled with a mucilaginous mass containing large numbers of bacteria. The symptoms presented by this disease seemed to be identical with a disease reported on sugar beets, and it is believed to be due to the same cause. Bacterial disease of the potato, G. BATTAXcnox (Prog. Ayr. et Vit. (Ed. IJEs^t), 2J {1901), Xo. 37, pp. 318-3:^1). — An account is given of the occurrence in a number of localities in France of the bacterial disease of potatoes believed to be identical with that described by Erwin F. Smith as due to Bacillus solanacearum (E. S. R., 8, p. 895). The characteristics of the attack are described at some length and a number of instances cited to show the extent of injury caused by the attack. A bacterial disease of tomatoes, W. Stuart {Proc. Indiana Acad. Sd., 1900, pp. 153-157, figs. 2). — This is an abstract of an article published in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Indiana Station (E. S. R., 13, p. 57). A report on the condition of vineyards in portions of the Santa Clara Val- ley, F. T. BioLETTiand E. H. Twight {California Sta. Bid. 134, ])p. ll,fig-'i- 4).— An investigation was carried on to determine the cause of the failui'e and death of a large number of vines in certain parts of California during the past 3 years. The dying of the vines was most conspicuous in the Santa Clara Valley, but similar cases were reported from other regions. In the Santa Clara Valley nearly all the older vine- yards were more or less affected, in some cases nearly every vine being destroyed; in others the injury was sporadic. The distribution of the injured and dead vines was such as to suggest that the disease was not of an infectious i^arasitic nature. Dead vines were found to have been severely injured, usually by the cutting off of large branches at pruning, and leaving large wounds. These did not heal over and a decay set in, resulting in some cases in the hollowing out of the interior of the vine. This decay furnished a suitable locality for boring insects and the growth of wood-rot fungi. It was noted that in nearly every case the dying vines were old, although there was a great difference in the behavior of different varieties. The death of the vines, as shown by the investigation, seems to be due to a number of causes which may be more or less supplementary. Among them are mentioned growing on excessively gravelly soil, susceptibility of certain varieties due probably to heavy bearing, large wounds made in pruning, age of the vine, and the injurious effect on the young growth by spring frosts. These causes acting independently or in combination, together with the combined effect of the heavy crops of 1896 and 1897, and the 4 years of drought which followed, are believed to be the reason for the destruction. It has V>een suggested that the death of the vines was due to what is known as the California vine "lisease, but the destruction in this case bears no resemblance to that disease. Powdery mildew on grapes, J. M. Guillon and G. Gouirand {Rev. Vit., 16 {1901), No. 404, PP- 293-295). — The authors report the abundant occurrence of the perithecial stage of UDcinula spiralis upon grapes in a number of localities in France. The powdery mildew in Euroi)e does not ordinarily produce the perithecia, but the climatic conditions seem to have l)een favorable to an abundant production dur- ing the season. Combating- grape mildew by early pruning, L. Plagnes {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. Jj'Est), 22 i 1901), Xo. 44, p. 510). — It is claimed that pruning grapevines in Octol>er, following this treatment with 2 applications of sulphur in the early spring, is of decided aetween vines pruned in October and others in Feb- ruary or March, both of which received the same sulphur treatment. The result of this experiment was decidedly in favor of the early pruning. 762 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Some fungus diseases resembling black rot, V. Ducomet (Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 2-2 {1901), No. 34, pp. 225-233, pi. l).—li\ a previous publication (E. S. R., 11, p. 759) the author described a number of fungus diseases which were of importance on account of their great resemblance to the grape black rot. In the present paper a number of other leaf diseases are described which, although usually of infrequent occurrence, sometimes cause considerable injury to the plants attacked. The resemblance to black rot is shown in the effect produced upon the foliage of the plants. The diseases described are leaf spots of walnut, due to Marsonia juglandis; of oleander, caused by Septoria oleandrina; of linden, due to S. tilm; of poplar, caused by S. populi; of capers, due to Cercospora capparidis; of cork oak, due to Plvjllosticta ilicina ; of vetch, caused hy Ascochyta vicise; of quince, caused by Sphxrop- sis cydouife; and of hackberry, due to Taphrina celtis. Grape rot and Coniothyrium, L. Degrully {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 22 {1901), No. 32, pp. 161, 162). — Editorial comments are made on the gray rot of grapes which is reported as abundant in a number of regions of France. Attention is called to the claims made for a number of fungicides as means for the prevention of this and other diseases. Among those commented upon are copper-sulpho-steotite and a mixture of steotite and aluminum. The author states that neither of these substances seems to be very efficient in preventing gray rot. Against the white rot, frequent sprayings with copper fungicides are recommended and it is thought that the treat- ment will to some extent keep in check the gray rot. Gray rot of grapes, J. Guexier {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est), 22 {1901), No. 36, pp. 295,296). — A gray rot of grapes, caused by attacks of Botrytis cinerea, is reported to have caused serious losses in many regions of France during the past year, in son.e places as much as 50 per cent of the crop being destroyed within 2 days. The fungus is said to have acquired a greater importance than that of the black rot, and thus far no adequate means for its prevention seems to have been found. Charac- teristics of the fungus and its attack upon the grape are described. "White rot of grapes, J. D. Catta and A. ]\Iaige {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, 7 {1901), No. 16, pp. 398-400, figs. 3). — The occurrence of white rot of grapes in the north of Africa is noted and descriptions given of the fungus {Charrinia diplodieUa) . For the prevention of the attacks of this disease the authors recommend spraying thoroughly with the better fungicides. The use of soda against grape oidium, A. Lebedeff {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. L'Est) , 22 {1901) , No. 41, pp- 424-426). — A report is given of the use of a 2 per cent solution of sodium carbonate for the prevention of grape oidium. The vines were sprayed at frequent intervals during the season with this fungicide and very satis- factory results secured. The author suggests that from 200 to 400 gm. of common gljLie be added to each hectoliter of the fungicide in order to make it more adhesive. It is also thought possible that by replacing with suli)hur the second treatment, which is ordinarily given during the flowering period of the vine, the efficiency of the fungicide will be still more improved. A root rot of grapes in Portugal {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 19 {1901), No. 7, pp. 463-466). — An account is given of a disease of grapevines which is becoming very troublesome in parts of Portugal. This is caused by a fungus similar to and probably identical with Rosellinia necatri.v. The use of carbon bisulphid about the roots of the vines is recommended as a means for preventing the distribution of the mycelium through the soil. Diseased vines and other plants subject to attacks of the fungus should be destroyed and good drainage, whicli is of primary importance, be pro- vided. The red rot of coniferous trees {Rev. Eaux et Forefs, 40 {1901), No. 18, pp. 563, 664). — A description is given of the red rot caused by Trametes radiciperda, which attacks spruce and Scotch pine. ENTOMOLOGY. 763 Carnation stem rot, F. W. Cako and G. E. Adams (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 2S3,-2S4)- — In (,-i)ntimiation of the experiments hitherto reported (E. S. R., 12, p. 966), an attempt was made to determine the effect of stal)le manure and chemical fertilizers in potting soil on the carnation stem rot. Cuttings were started in clean sand, after which half were potted in soil which received no stable manure but which was supplied with chemical plant food, and the other half was started in ordinary potting soil. When planted out, the same precautions were taken with the soil. At the end of the season no stem rot developed in either lot. The indications seemed to show that as in the previous year the use of stable manure did not produce greater injury than chemical fertilizers. Rose mildew, E. O. Orpet {Amer. Gard., 22 {1901), No. 358, ]ip. 745, 746).— Ivory soap is said by the author to be a specific for rose mildew. A bar of the soap is dis- solved in a pail of boiling water and diluted to 6 pailfuls. The mixture maybe used with one-third less water and be safe, but it is stated that it is a preventive at the above strength if sprayed on with a fine spray with force. Mildews, C. W. Dodd {Gard. Chron., 3.ser.,30{1901),No. 77i, 2>.;?5^).— Brief pop- ular descriptions are given of mildews which attack a number of ornamental plants. Among those described are the mildews of roses, Michaelmas daisies, irises, hybrid montbretias, and hybrid saxifrages. An atlas of plant diseases, G. Delacroix {Atlas de pathologie vegetale. Paris: J. Lechevalier, 1901, pis. 59). — Illustrations are given of a large number of diseases of plants caused by fungi, insects, and other parasites, as well as a number of common abnormal growths. ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, J. B. Smith {Nev) Jersey Stas. Rpf. 1900, pp. 479-572, figs. 10). — During the season of 1900 there were droughts accompanied with high temperature and resulting in an increase in the numbers of Hessian fly and Angou- mois grain moth and a decrease in the numbers of plant lice. It is reported that the San Jose scale does not develop so rapidly or breed so long in the northern as in the southern counties of New Jersey. It appears, however, that there are no local con- ditions in the State which are adverse to the development of this species. ]Mo.st nur- serymen have constructed fumigating houses of boxes for the treatment of all their stock. The sinuate pear borer is reported from a number of localities. In nurseries trees showing infestation by this insect are ordered destroyed. Peach thrips pre- vailed to an injurious extent in the latter part of the season and destroyed the leaders of many trees. Kerosene emulsion was applied against this insect in 2 nurseries with practical results. Pear psylla occurred in a number of localities, but appears to have been effectively checked in orchards where crude petroleum had been applied dur- ing the i)revious winter. The chief insects of plums during the season were plum plant lice and the curculio. Quince curculio is reported as having been unusually injurious. An account of its life history is presented. There is no time during the life cycle of the insect when it may be successfully reached Ijy insecticides, and the method of combating it which was recommended by the author consists in jarring the trees daily during the period when the beetles are found in the orchard. Eggs of the apple plant louse were noticed in great numbers in the sprinir, but the insects did not develop to the usual extent. In some localities the species had almost dis- api)eared by the middle of May. Injuries to strawberries are reported from the attacks of ground beetles. In one locality this pest occurred in such numbers as to becomeannoying in houses. On currants, attacks of plant lice, currant worms, span- worms, and the San Jose scale are rei)orted. Pea louse cau.sed consideral)le damage in several parts of the State. Red clover appears to be the normal food of the insect, 764 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and later in the season it flies from the clover to pea vines. English sparrows are reported as feeding upon the pea louse to such an extent that the insects were exter- minated in some localities. Cabbage worms and cabbage-root maggots caused cou- siderable injury in certain localities. The cabbage plusia is reported as very numerous and destructive throughout the State. Corn, esj^ecially sweet corn, was ])adly infested with corn worms. The best means of controlling this insect is fall plowing. Hessian fly caused great damage during 1900. The southern part of the State was compara- tively exempt, while the northern portion was badly infested. Late-sown wheat suffered as much or more than that which was sown earlier. Angoumois grain moth caused an unusual amount of damage during 1900. The life history and habits of this insect are described and the usual remedies are recommended. Potato beetle attracted considerable attention, being considered the most injurious insect in some parts of the State. Its attacks on tomatoes and eggplants were especially severe. Blister beetles were destructive throughout the State on a large variety of plants, including strawberry, tomato, potato, and beet; carrots and peppers were avoided. Horn fly had largely disappeared for a number of years, but occurred in large num- bers in 1900. Cetonia inda is reported as eating into fruits, including apples, plums, and peaches. Daremma catalpie occurred in large swarms in several localities and defoliated the catalpa badly. The life history of the insect is given. It is much attacked by parasites and various diseases and large numbers of the broods may be destroyed by destroying a few leaves on which the larvae first appear. Later, spray- ing with Paris green will be found effective. Experiments with crude oil soap showed that this substance is unsatisfactory as a winter treatment. Potash fish-oil soap with an admixture of tobacco, when used as a winter application, was very injurious to vegetation, especially peach buds, and it appeared that the tobacco added nothing to the killing power of the mixture. Many complaints are reported as to the ineffectiveness of Paris green, and it is sug- gested that possibly insects, such as potato beetles, are acquiring an increased resist- ing power to this poison. In the work of the author as State entomologist special attention is given to San Jose scale; but during the inspection of nurseries the sinu- ate pear borer was considered sufficiently dangerous to debar nurserymen from obtaining a certificate until the insect was destroyed. A brief summary is given of the reports of correspondents throughout the State regarding injurious insects. Insecticide work was continued in the experiment orchard. No trees were harmed by applications of undiluted oil where the oil was applied as a spray. It was found, however, that peach buds could be killed by drenching with oil. A few varieties of apples were injured by fruit growers whose general success in the use of crude oil had been previously very good. With regard to the dilution of oils, it is urged that it is the oil which kills insects, and that the water simply serves to spread the oil over a greater area. In the opinion of the author the application of undiluted oil is to be preferred in all cases. A discussion is given to the subject of the varieties of crude oil coming from different localities. A brief report is made of a trip to various countries of Europe for the purpose of studying insect conditions and the state of economic entomology in those countries. The insect book, L. O. How.vrd {New York: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1901, pp. XXVII-'r429, pis. 48, figs. 264). — In this volume the author presents a popular account of bees, wasps, ants, locusts, flies, and various other groups of North Ameri- can insects, exclusive of moths, butterflies, and beetles. Special attention is given to the consideration of the life history of one or more numbers of each group in as great detail as the present knowledge will permit. Various unknown points in connection with the life history of each species are also noted for the purpose of directing inves- tigation along those lines. Analytical tables are presented for the identification of some of the more common species of each order of insects, and bibliographical refer- ences are given to literature where further information may be obtained on these ENTOMOLOGY. 765 groups. An extended bibliography on entoniology is given, reprinted from Bulletin 24 of the Division of Entomology of this Department, and short chapters are pre- sented on methods of collecting and preserving insects for study. The plates are reproduced from photographs and are all original in this volume. Injurious insects, E. Fleitiavx {A(/r. Prat. Pays Chaiuh, 1 {1901), No. 3, pp. 393-396). — Brief notes are given on a species of Arjeocerus which attacks menado coffee when stored, eating out the inside of the berries. A brief account is also given of Dryoca?tes, injuring the custard apple; Apate monacha, an enemy of coffee and cacao, and Prodenia littoralis, which attacks the cotton plant. The potato worm in California (Galechia operculella), W. T. Clarke {Cal- ifornia Sfa. Ihil. 135, pp. 30, figs. 10). — This is considered the most important insect pest of the potato in California, the damage to the potato crop being estimated in some years at 25 per cent. Following upon the attacks of this insect various fungi are observed to obtain a foothold in the injured portions of the potato and hasten the destruction of the tubers. Injuries to potatoes in the field are usually not so great as in storage, though sometimes the whole crop is destroyed. Bibliographical notes are given in connection with the various descriptions and published articles of this insect. The species is described in detail in all its stages. The eggs are laid either upon a stem of the potato vine or in the bodies of the tubers. Usually the eggs are deposited singly, but sometimes more are laid near the same potato bud. The color of the larva depends somewhat upon the material upon which it is feeding, whether the inside of the tuber or the green material of the stem or surface of the tuber. The larva when 6 weeks old comes to the surface of the tuber and pupates in the mouth of the burrow, or in some depression of the potato, or in the cracks of the bins or sacks in which the jiotatoes are stored. The life history of this species was carefully followed by the author, and the complete life cycle is stated as being ordi- narily from 63 to 69 days, except for the winter generation, when 84 or 85 days may be required. The egg stage requires from 7 to 10 days, the larval from 42 to 45 days, and the pupal from 14 to 16 days. The injur}^ from this insect may be to the grow- ing plant and to the tubers. When the growing plants are attacked the eggs are deposited at the base of the leaf and the larv;e, on hatching, bore downward through the stem and finally enter the tuber. In the tuber they feed either through the substance or immediately underneath the epidermis. Potatoes may therefore become infested through the stalk, through tubers which are exposed in the hill, through tubers which are allowed to lie on the ground for some time after digging, and while in storage. Field experiments demonstrated that if affected stalko are removed and destroyed as soon as thej' are noticed, the infestation does not proceed any further. It was found, also, that lantern traps were very effective in catching the moths. More moths of this species than of all other species combined were cap- tured by lantern trajis, and 60 per cent of those captured were females. The larva feeds inside of the stem or tuber, and therefore no spraying experiments were tried. It was demonstrated by experiments that when the earth was well pulverized about the hills and all potatoes carefully covered, no infestation took place, although check hills which were covered with cloddy or lumpy .soil became quite badly infested. It was therefore concluded that careful, compact hilling reduces the infes- tation to a minimum. Experiments showed that when potatoes were exposed after digging, especially in the evening or over night, a (;onsiderable proportion of the tubers almost invariably l)ecan)e infested. When potatoes which were known to lie uninfested were piled up in the field and covered with infested stalks, it was found that about 70 per cent l)ecame infested, while potatoes which were not covered with stalks remained uninfested. A series of exi»eriments were conducted for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of removing and destroying the stalks while the larvie were still in them. It was found that by destroying all of the potato tops about one week before the time of digging and while the larvse were still in the stalks that 766 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the potatoes remained uninfested; the removal and destruction of infested potato tops is therefore considered an effective and practical means of controlling this insect. It was shown by experiments that moths may winter over in infested potatoes which are left in the ground. Experiments with potatoes in storage showed that the insect may rapidly increase under such conditions, and that a slight infestation may cause the almost total destruction of large quantities of stored potatoes, if no means are taken to destroy the insect during a whole winter. Experiments with carbon bisul- phid in the destruction Of this species in stored potatoes were successful. It is rec- ommended that 5 treatments be given to each lot of potatoes, one when the pota- toes are stored, and a second, third, fourth, and fifth treatment at intervals of about 2 weeks. For treating 1,000 cu. ft. of space, which would hold from 200 to 250 sacks of potatoes, 5 times, from 5 to 7^ lbs. of carbon bisulphid will be required. It was recommended that native food plants of this species, such as Solanum douglasii, S. nigrum, S. umbelliferum, and S. xanti, be destroyed. In addition to the other rem- edies already mentioned, it is recommended that all potato tops in fields which had been infested should be destroyed. Brief notes are also given on 2 species of fiea-beetles {Epitrix subcii)uta and E. hirtipeimis) , for which spraying with Paris green in the proportion of 1 lb. to 150 gal. of water is recommended. Yellow ground crickets belonging to the genus Ste- nopelmatus are sometimes reported as injuring potatoes by biting out portions of the surface of the tuber. Successful sprayer for the pea louse, E. D. Sanderson {Rural New Yorker, 60 {1901), No. 2685, pp. 41, 42, figs. 2). — Notes are given on previous insecticide work in controlling this insect. A description is given of the spraying machine which hag been devised for operation upon infested peas. The general appearance of the sprayer from a distance is that of a grain drill, and it is furnished with a tank con- taining a i^ump with an air chamber above the tank, which is attached by gearing to one of the wheels. Underneath the tank are pipes leading to nozzles from which the spray is delivered. As the spraying machine moves along, the vines are picked up by a V-shaped wooden fork and held in such position as to receive the spray with best effect. The machine sprays 3 rows, and the total cost per acre for labor and materials is about S2.50. San Jose scale insect: Its appearance and spread in Connecticut, W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 135, pp. 14, pis. 5). — A brief account is given of the introduction of the San Jose scale into this country, its discovery and distribution in Connecticut, nursery inspection in the State, legislation with regard to the insect, its life history, description of various stages, food plants, means of distribution, effects on trees, and remedies to be used in combating it. Spraying experiments were made with kerosene, crude oil, and whale-oil soap. In these experiments it was found that crude oil or kerosene in 20 per cent mixture with water, if thoroughly applied, killed the scales without causing any serious injury to the trees. It is not regarded as safe to apply either crude oil or refined kerosene on damp cloudy days. In some localities a solution of whale-oil soap containing 2 lbs. of soap per gallon of water is preferred, but this treatment is more expensive and not quite so effective in destroy- ing the insects as either kerosene or crude oil. Greater difficulty is also experienced in applying whale-oil soap in the form of a spray. For summer treatment it is recom- mended that kerosene be applied in a 15 per cent mixture in water, or whale-oil soap in the proportion of 1 lb. to 5 gal. of water. In fumigating nurseries, the formula for producing hydrocyanic-acid gas as used by the author was as follows: Cyanid potash (97 per cent) f oz.; sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.83) 1^ oz.; water 1| oz. per 100 cu. ft. of space. This treatment is not certain to kill all scales, but is considered one of the surest methods of destroying them in nursery stock. The illustrations accompanying the bulletin include figures showing infested pears, dis- ENTOMOLOGY. 767 coloration of apples and pears due to infestation of San Jose scale, the scales on peach twigs and on plum leaves. San Jose scale, F. W. Card and G. E. Adams {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 241-J44) . — Exi)erinients in coniliating this insect were conducted on city lots which were more or less infested. Two lines of treatnaent were tried in 1900, one with whale-oil soap and the other with kerosene. In the spring of the present year these lines of treatment were supplemented by crude petroleum, which was applied to most of the trees treated with kerosene in the autumn of 1900. The first application was made November 7, after most of the leaves had fallen. A mixture of kerosene and water of uncertain proportions was used, on account of the imperfections of the pump. The percentage of oil was probably between 15 and 20. The mixture was applied to apple and pear trees. Apple, peai-, and quince trees were also treated with whale-oil soap, 1 lb. to 2 gal. of water. On April 13, 1901, the trees were again treated, whale-oil soap being applied on those trees which had received this substance in the previous autumn, but at the rate of 2 lbs. to 1 gal. of water. Most of the trees which were treated with kerosene the previous fall received crude petro- leum in the spring, in about a 25 per cent mixture. The other trees were treated with a 25 per cent mechanical mixture of kerosene and water. Kerosene proved to be more effective than whale-oil soap as an autumn treatment. No injury to the trees was apparent. More live scales were found after soap had been used than where kerosene had been applied. When the trees were examined on June 19 no live scales were found on those which had been treated with crude petroleum, but a number of apparently living scales were found on the trees which were treated with whale-oil soap and with kerosene. The authors conclude that petroleum treatment is the most effective and satisfactory remedy for San Jose scale, being also cheaper and more easily applied. Scale insects of importance and list of the species in New York State, E. P. Felt (Bid. New York State 3rus., 9 {1901), No. 46, pp. 289-382, pfe. 15, figs. 5).— A general discussion is presented of the characteristics, number of species, injuries, means of dispersal, and means of recognizing the various scale insects of economic importance. An analytical key for the identification of the more important species is given. A special account, including description, life history, food plants, natural enemies, and remedies, is given of oyster-shell bark louse, scurfy bark louse, San Jose scale, European fruit scale, Putnam's scale, Aspidiotus forbesi, and A. hederse. Bibliographical references are given in connection with the discussion of each species. A short chapter is devoted to a discussion of the remedies which have been found effective against scale insects. These remedies include whale-oil soap, alone and in combination with crude petroleum; crude petroleum, undiluted and in emulsions; kero.«ene, pure and in emulsions, and fumigation by hydrocyanic-acid gas. A technical study of 4 species of Aspidiotus {A. anci/lus, A. ostreaiformis, A. pernicio- m-t, and .1. forbesi, by Margaret F. Boynton is included in the report. This study is concerned with detailed descriptions of anatomical characteristics by which the 4 species may lie definitely identified. A list of the scale insects found in the State of New York is appended to the bulletin. Scale insects of the Lesser Antilles— I, H. Maxwell-Lefkoy {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Pamphlet No. 7, 1901, pp. 63, figs. ;?Ci).— This pamphlet contains a general account of scale insects, including the following subjects: Life history and anatomy, distribution, injurious effects, means of dispersal, preventive measures, remedies, a description of the common species in the Lesser Antilles, and a list of their food plants. The number of species which are discussed in a special manner is 20, and includes, Vjesides others, Lecanium hemisphKricum, L. longuliim, L. hespcridum, L. mangiferx, L. nigrum, L. olex, Aspidiotus articulatus, A. ficus, A. destructor, A. per- sonatus, A. dictyospemii, Diaspis amygdali, and Mtjtilaspis citricola. 768 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Report on the protection of olive culture from an enemy which threatens the destruction of olives, Borriglioxe {BuI. Agr. Algerie et Tuniit. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bid. 101, pp. 65, ])Is. 3, fig. 1). — The investigations reported cover studies of (1) the com- parative nutritive value — inchuling both composition and digestibility — of graham flour, entire-wheat flour, and standard patent roller-process flour milled from the same lot of hard Scotch Fife spring wheat; (2) the comparative digestibility of bi-ead and of oatmeal in experiments with a ration consisting of a large, a medium, and a small FOODS N UTRITI ON. 771 amount of bread and milk, and of a large and a small amount of oatmeal and milk; (3) the digestibility of bread made from flour in Avhich the proportion of starch is increased; and (4) the quality of the bread as affected by increasing or diminishing the proportion of starch, by raising or lowering the temperature of the flour, by prolonged heating of the flours, and I)y blending different types of flour. The digestion experiments with standard patent white bread, entire-wheat bread, and graham bread, gave the following average coefficients of digestibility: Digestibility of different sorts of bread. Protein. Fat. Carbo- hydrates. Energy. Standard patent white bread Entire-wheat bread Graham bread Per cent. 8.5.3 80.4 77.6 Per cent. 56.4 55.8 58.0 Per cent. 97.5 94.1 88.4 Per cent. p. 1.J4-176). — A number of experiments are reported on the losses of material involved in bread making and related topics. A part of this work has been abstracted from a previous publication (E. S. R., 11, p. 768). The experiments not previously noted, ac^cording to the author, "have shown that the variability in the lo.ss of dry matter, as ob.served in the results of different inves- tigators, may occur as readily in the experimonts of a single investigator, and at a 772 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. single bakery, since the range of the same in these experiments [which were made under such condition] was from 1.41 per cent to 3.76 per cent. The experiments have also shown the usual disappearance of the fat. If this loss of fat is considered absolute, in some of the experiments the loss of carbohydrates was not sufficient to account for their consumption l\v the yeast to a sufficient degree to raise the bread. . . . "An examination of the crust and crumb of bread separately in search for the seat of this discrepancy revealed the unexpected result that in the composition of the dry matter of each there was but little difference; and the crumb, which had been subjected to a temperature probably no higher than that of the boiling point of water, showed as decided a lack of ether extract as the crust which received the full heat of the oven, whereas the fuel values of crust, crumb, and raw materials were practically the same. In fact the similarity of composition of the dry matter in crust and cruml) was such as to warrant the assertion that the losses and destructive processes occurring in the crust, while of greater magnitude, perhaps, affected the nutrients in the same relative manner as in the crumb, so that the composition of their dry matter was practically the same. Their fuel value was also practically the same, and while there may have been complications in the case of the crust which renders it advisable to suspend judgment, it is probable that the composition of the dry matter of the crumb of the bread was practically the same as that of the dough, or raw materials, which is to say that not more than a trifle of the fat was actually lost." Experiments on losses in cooking meat, 1898-1900, H. S. Grindley, H. McCoRMACK, H. C. Porter {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 102, pp. 64). — The author reports 29 experiments on the losses sustained when meat is cooked by pan broiling, i. e., frying in a hot pan without the addition of fat, and by boiling and stewing. In the latter experiments the water used was of different emperatures at the start and the time of cooking was also varied. The principal conclusions which were drawn follow: The chief loss in weight daring the cooking of beef is due to the driving off of water. When beef is "pan-broiled" there appears to be no great loss of nutritive material. When beef is cooked in water from 3 to 20 per cent of the total solids is found in the broth. The material thus removed from the meat has been designated as a loss, but is not an actual loss if the br.ith is utilized for soup or in other ways. Beef which has been used for the preparation of beef tea or broth has lost com- paratively little nutritive value, though much of the flavoring material has been removed. The amount of fat found in the broth varies directly with the amount present in the meat — i. e., the fatter the meat the larger the quantity in the broth. The amount of water lost during cooking varies inversely as the fatness of the meat — ?'. e., the fatter the meat the less the shrinkage in cooking. In cooking in water the loss of constituents is invereely proportional to the size of the piece of meat. In other words, the smaller the piece the greater the percentage of loss. The loss appears to depend upon the length of time of cooking. When meat in pieces weighing from li to 5 lbs. is cooked in water at 80 to 85° C. (175 to 185° F.) there appears to be little difference in the amount of material found in the broth whether the meat is placed in cold water or hot water at the start. The nature of the nitroge- nous ingredients of the broth is not yet fully understood. This subject is now being studied in connection with turther inquiries regarding the changes in meat in cooking. The examination of egg pastes, A. Schmid and E. Philippe {Schweiz. Wchnschr. Pharm.,39 {1901), pp. 330-341; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 5 {1902), No. 1, p. 32). — Analytical data are reported. Milk as food for man at different ages, F. E. Hellstrom {Helsingfors, 1901; rev. in Tidn. Mjolkhushall., 10 {1901), No. 23, p. 90). FOODS — NUTRITION. 773 A new source of food {Dictet. and JL/g. Gaz., 17 {1901), No. 12, pp. 128, 129).— \\ is stated that an ele nu'al may l)e jirepared from horse chestnuts by extracting the pulverized nuts witli alcohol. A study of tlie diet of the laboring classes in Edinburgh, carried out under the auspices of the town council of the city of Edinburgh, D. N. Patox, J. C. Di'NLop, and Elsie M. Ixglis {lAU)ihur. 32). — An experiment with one cow reported in an earlier l)ulletin of the station (E. S. R., 9, p. 1083) led to the conclusion that milk fat, in part at least, can be formed from carbohydrates. In the present bulletin additional experiments con- 782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cerning the source of milk fat and other questions relating to the metabolism of the milch cow are reported and briefly summarized as follows: "Three cows were used: Cow 12 fed a fat-poor ration in which the protein supply was gradually decreased from 2.6 lbs. daily to 1.6 lbs. and then gradually restored to the maximum, with accompanying increase and decrease in carbohydrates, so that the digestible dry matter of the ration was kept fairly uniform; cow 10 fed a ration with normal supply of fat at first which was gradually increased to 1.4 lbs. daily, then gradually restored to the normal; and cow 2 fed the herd ration having a nutritive ratio about 1:5.6. These rations were quite varied in character and contained some fat-extracted foods, yet showed a quite miiform digestibility of about 70 per cent of the dry matter. It is believed that this figure represents fairly the digestibility of rations made up in part of silage and containing a fair proportion of high-class grains. A widening of the nutritive ratios appeared to render rations less digestible, especially the protein. The marked changes in protein content and in fat content of rations did not produce noticeable changes in the character or composition of the ndlk. In the former test, during 59 days, 18.4 lbs. of fat was formed in the milk which could not have had its source in food fat or food protein and could hardly have been drawn from the cow's body fat, as she increased in weight 33 lbs. in the same time. In this test cow 12 in 74 days produced 39 lbs. of fat similarly unaccounted for, with a body gain of 15 lbs. ; and cow 2, in 4 days, 1} lbs. These amounts of fat must have come from the carbohydrates in the food. "A lessening of protein supply in the food did not ])roduce a corresponding decrease in protein in the milk solids, but caused a marked lessenmg of protein decomposition in the body. Calorimeter determinations show that the heat value of urine bears no constant relation to its nitrogen content, and also prove that the formula used in computing heat energy of urine, N X 5.343 cal., is greath' in error, actual results being from 3 to 4 times as large as calculated by this formula. The energy values of nutri- ents as given by Rubner — protein and carbohydrates each 4.1 cal. and fats 9.3 cal. — appear to be fully high enough for herbivora, even when the loss due to escape of unoxidized gases, methane chiefly, is not considered. "Over 40 per cent of the available energy value of the rations was used for main- tenance, over 30 ])er cent reappeared in the milk solids, leaving a balance of from one-fifth to one-fourth of the ration. The logical conclusion is that this balance, in part at least, sustains the work of milk secretion." Fat in milk from starch in food, F. H. Hall et al. {Neiv Yoj-k State Sfa. Bui. 197, popular ed., pp. 8). — A popular summary of the above bulletin. A feeding experiment ■with sheep, showing the influence of the fat in the ration upon the amount and composition of the milk, A. Morgan et al. {Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), Nu. 87, pp. 951-95-i). — This experiment was carried on during a portion of 2 years and was made with the object of ascertaining tlie influence of the fat in food upon the fat content of the resulting milk. In comparison with the usual ration, consisting of a number of common foods, rations were fed poor in fat and ricli in fat. The ration poor in fat was made up of carboliydrates containing small amounts of fat, and the ration rich in fat was made up in part of sesame cake and peanut oil. The rations consisted of about 167 gm. of digestible protein and 600 gm. of nitrogen-free stuff including fat, to each 50 kg. of live weight. The fat con- tent of the rations ranged about 10, 50, and 76 gm., respectively. The dry susbtance of the milk obtained in feeding the ration poor in fat contained the following per cents, more or less, than those obtained with the normal ration: Fat —7.1, sugar -f 2, ash +0.5, and nitrogen +0.6 per cent. The ration rich in fat gave, in comparison with the normal ration, the following per cents, plus or minus: Fat —1.2, sugar +0.6, ash +0.1, nitrogen +0.05 per cent. These experiments will be continued, but from the results so far obtained it would appear that fat in food in the form of sesame DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 783 cake or peanut oil, in certain amounts, has an important inftuonce on the fat content of the luilk. In a ration witli a luitritive ratio of 1:3.6 and a fat content equal to about 1 gm. to 1 kg. of live weight, the addition of more fat in lieu of carbohydrates tended to a diminution in the yield of milk fat; a decrease in the fat in the food, if below a certain limit, caused a decrease in the fat content of the milk and an increase in the sugar, ash, and nitrogen. Again, the fat in the food may cause an increase in the fat content of the milk, but not of the other comi:)onents. The fat in the food in increased amounts produces an increased fat content of the milk, up to a certain limit. Beyond that it varies with the individuality of the animal, and in an unusual amount may even cause a lessening of the fat content. Investigations concerning' the germicidal action in cow's milk, (). F. Hun- ziKER {Ncir York (\rnidl Sta. Bid. 197, pp. G1-'j1, dgniM. .>). — The source of bacteria in milk is briefly discussed and investigations to determine the presence and degree of germicidal ([ualities in milk and the conditions most favorable for their action are reported in detail. The cause of the germicidal action in milk, according to the author, is unexplained. The data for the experiments are tabulated, and 3 diagrams are given showing graphically the germicidal action in milk as affected by tempera- tures ranging from 40 to 70° F. by heating to 149-212° F., and by the acidity of the milk. From the results of the experiments, which are discussed at some length, the following c(mclusions are drawn: ^ "(1) Freshly --U7). — A report of the following German, Swiss, or Danish dairy in.stitutes or schools: Gottingen, Ilameln, Fulda, Kiel, Star- gard, Kleiniu)f-Tai»ian, Bern(% and Copenhagen, and of the dairy experiment stations connected with the larger of these institutions. A detailed outline of a short bacteri- ological laboratory and lecture course given by Professor Salomonsen, Copenhagen, is presented, as are also the results of work on the occurrence of lactic-acid bacteria, their general morphological and biological characteristics, done by the author in the dairy liacteriological lal)oratory at Gottingen Agricultural Institute. — p. w. woll. Milk bacteria investigation, V. A. Mooke {Neiv York Prod nee Rev. and Amer. Crnniirrii, 190./, .fun. ./.-', ]i. ..^9). — The following deductions are drawn from a study of bacteria in milk: " (1 ) Milk as it is drawn from the; udder contains a variable, but rarely an exces- sive, number of bacteria. " (2) Ordinarily the dirt and finer jiarticles of dust that fall into the pail during the process of milking carry a large number of bacteria with them into the milk. 784 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. " (3) If the stables are kept clean, the cows groomed, and the skin of the udder and surrounding parts are carefully moistened before milking, the number of bac- teria that gain entrance to the milk from without can be greatly reduced. " (4) The bacteria in the freshly drawn milk do not begin to multiply to any great extent for from 6 to 9 hours when kept at a temperature of 70° F., or below. After that time they multiply very rapidly if the temperature is favorable. " (5) If the milk is carefully protected and promptly cooled down to and kept at a temperature of 40° F., the number of bacteria in it will not subsequently exceed the number present at the close of the milking process. This number should not exceed a maximum of 100,000 per cubic centimeter. If intelligent care is exer- cised a minimum of at least from 10,000 to 50,000 per cubic centimeter should be maintained. If cooled to 55° F., like results are obtained for at least 36 to 48 hours and often for a longer period. " (6) An excessive number of bacteria in milk at any time within 72 hours after it is drawn indicates that it has not been carefully handled. When this is the case, the milk is liable to contain acids and by-products which may be injurious to the consumer. There is also the further danger, as exemplified in many epidemics of typhoid fever, diphtheria, and other infectious diseases, that the general carelessness in protecting milk against contaminations would permit the entrance into the milk of disease-producing bacteria, should these be present on the premises where the milk is produced. " (7) There is a pronounced germicidal action in the milk of certain cows. It is absent in that from others. In the mixed milk from a dairy it has but a slight value in reducing the actual number of bacteria, but it seems to be the effective agent in preventing the increase of bacteria immediately after the milk is drawn unless it is kept at the body (98° F. ) temperature." Bacterial life of milk, H. L. Russell {Col ambus: Ohio State Umversity Dept. Agr., 1901, pp. 15, pi. 1, figs. 5). — An address on this subject delivered before the Ohio State Dairymen's Association. On sterilization of milk, A. Johannesen {Eira, 1901, No. 11; Tidn. Mjolkhushall. , 10 {1901), Nos. 33, pp. 125, 126; 33, pp. 129, 130). Reports of periodical butter exhibits in HaugQ, Finland, for 1898-99 and 1899-1900 {Helsingfors, 1900, pp. 19; 1901, pp. 18).— In the third series of butter exhibits, 1898-99, 210 creameries furnished in all 420 tubs of butter, the aver- age weight being 54.1 kg. The butter contained on the average 12.9 per cent of water, 94.3 per cent of the samples containing between 10 and 15.9 per cent. Over 13 per cent of the tubs lost brine while kept in storage, the maximum amount lost being 770 gm. and the average amount 245 gm. The loss in weight of the tubs dur- ing storage amounted to 0.44 per cent. In the fourth series, 1899-1900, 185 creameries took part, furnishing 446 tubs of butter. The average water content of the butter was 14 per cent, the limits being 10.5 and 19.1 per cent. Both reports give statistics as to the size and management of the creameries participating in the exhibits and summaries of butter scores, weights, etc. — f. w. woll. Danish butter exports, 1899-1900, B. Boggild {TidssJcr. Lnnd'dkon., 1900, No. 12, pp. 565-574)- — The gross exports during the year were 149,292,724 Danish pounds, the net exports 108,980,892 Danish pounds, the average price received being 95.5 ore (23.5 cts. per pound avoirdupois). — f. w. woll. The production of cheese from the milk of sheep and goats in fcJiena, G. Fapi {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital, 34 {1901), No. 10, pp. 929-951). On the use of pure cultures in cheese making, H. J. Rasmussen {Mdlkeri- tid., 13 {1900), No. 49, pp. 839-849). Experiments with Dr. von Freudenreich's bacterium for Emmenthaler cheese, S. J. Bentekud {Aarshr. Offent. Foranst. Landbr. Frenune, 1900, jip. 281-287). VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 785 On ventilation of cooling rooms, P>. Boggild {Malkeritid., U {1001), No. 39, pp. i!lS~6JJ). On the manufacture of condensed milk, E. Petersson (A'. Landt. Akad. Ilandl. ridskr., 39 (1900), Xo. 5-6, pp. 817-330).— Rif^tory and economica of the industry, with special reference to Swedish conditions. — f. w. woll. On the importance of dairying to Danish industry and trade, B. Boggild [Malbritld., U {1901), Xo. 39, pp. 443-447). Recent progress in dairying, R. Gkipenberg {Tidn. Mjolkhushall. , 10 {1901), No. 17-18, pp. 67-70). VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. Trichinosis in Germany, C. W. Stiles and A. Hassall (f^. *S'. Dept.Agr., Bureau of Aniiiud LidK.-i Bui. 30, pp. 211). — The purposes of the investigation as reported in this ])ulletin were to ascertain the value of microscopic examination of pork prod- ucts in Germany, to determine whether cases of trichinosis had been definitely traced to American j)ork bearing a stamp of inspection from this Department, and to inves- tigate the l)asis for charges made in Germany against American meats. In the bulle- tin the following subjects are discussed: The history of the discovery of trichinosis, life history of the parasite, preventive measures, trichinosis as an international ques- tion between Germany and America, local regulations regarding trichin;e in Germany, number of trichina inspectors, the expense of such inspection, and statistics on the amount of American pork imported into Germany for the years 1892 to 1898. In addition to this general discussion the report contains a detailed statistical review of trichinosis in Germany during the years 1881 to 1898, inclusive. In this review the conditions in Prussia, Saxony, Bavaria, Brunswick, Bremen, Alsace-Lorraine, Ham- ] )urg, and Liibeck are considered separately. Special attention is given to the subject of European cases of trichinosis of alleged American origin. Translations are pre- sented of an article by Rudolph Virchow on American trichina?, and by Bouley on importation of salted pork of American origin, and an extended bibliography on the sul)ject of trichinosis in Germany is appended to the report. The bibliography is arranged alphabetically according to authors and chronologically under each author. Tlu' information contained in the report is from German sources and largely from official reports. It appears from the official German reports that microscopic inspec- tion of pork as carried out in Germany is not successful in detecting all the cases of trichinosis in hogs, and in fact a considerable portion of cases of trichinosis in man are traced directly to pork which had been inspected by German inspectors and passed as free from trichinte. The evidence for trichinosis in man from eating pork of American origin is considered inconclusive. The utilization of meat condemned on account of trichina, Edelmann {Deut. Tliierdrztl. Wchnschr., 9 {1001), No. 18, pp. 181, 16";?).— While the complete destruc- tion of such meat or its use for technical purposes satisfies ail sanitary requirements in the matter, the author oelieves that the meat may safely be given to inspectors or other persons who understand the danger of it when not sufficiently cooked. Studies on Echinococcus alveolaris or multilocularis, N. Melnikow- Raswedexkow {Bcilr. I'alli. Anol. n. All//. I'dlli., 1901, .s«y^. ^, ]>p. 295, ph. G, fix/x. 94). — The general results of this investigation may be briefly stated as follows: The alveolar echinococcus is found in animals and man primarily not in the liver but in other organs such as the brain, spleen, and sujjrarenal bodies. The changes which are induced in the tissues of the liost through this parasitism depend upon the peculiar- ities of the parasite itself. The unilocular or multilocular hydytids are different species of parasite and do not represent the encysted stage of the same s])ecies. This parasite naa a much wider distribution in Russia than has previously been suspected. 786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The sources and methods of infection are not well understood. The treatment in animals is not very satisfactory on account of the very great expense. In man, the only treatment is surgical. Infection experiments in which it was attempted to develop a mature form of this worm in the alimentary canal of other hosts were only slightly satisfactory. Relation of bovine tuberculosis to the public health, D. E. Salmon ( U. S. Dept. Arjr., Bureau of Animal Industry Bui. 33, lyp- 56).— This bulletin is a report which was read before the American Public Health Association in Buffalo on Sep- tember 16, 1901. The topics discussed in the report include extent of bovine tuber- culosis in Europe and the United States, effect of products of diseased animals on the public health, and the communicability of bovine tuberculosis to man. The report is of a controversial nature, and an attemiDt is made to show that the evidence upon which Koch based his statement that the disease is not transmissible from animals to man or from man to animals is not well founded. Numerous experiments of different investigators showing positive infection and extensive development of tuberculosis by feeding cattle upon tubercular material of human origin are cited. It is argued that since bovine tuberculosis is communicable to a large number of widely separated species of animals, it is probably communicable to man. Especial atten- tion is given to a discussion of cases of accidental infection of man by bovine tubercle material, the infection of man by milk from tuberculous cows, and the extent and significance of intestinal tuberculosis in man. It is admitted that it is not absolutely proved that any case of tuberculosis in man was caused by tubercle material of bovine origin, but the evidence is considered as strong as could be expected in the absence of positive experiments. Studies of tuberculosis and cow temperatures, J. Nelson {New Jersey Slas. Rpl. 1900, jip. 361-404, pis. 5). — Tables are presented showing the record of abortions in the college herd. The rate of abortion is reported to have continued uninfluenced by treatment, which has been accurately applied. Further study on the subject is required. The records of tuberculin tests on the college herd are presented in a tabular form. One animal was slaughtered on account of the presence of physical signs of tuber- culosis, and after the application of the tuberculin test it was found that at least 7 other animals in apparently good health were infected with tuberculosis. The results of post-mortem examinations of these animals are given in detail. The general college farm herd was retested for the fifth time and the results are tal)ulated. The herd is tested twice each year. It is considered necessary to apply the tuljerculin test thus often in order to detect any new cases of tuberculosis which may have arisen in the interval since the last test. Of the 7 cases which reacted, 5 were known to be tuber- culous and had reacted on previous tests. The study of the normal temi)erature of cows was undertaken for the purpose of determining the fluctuations in temperature which may occur under ordinary cir- cumstances. This matter is of importance, especially in its bearings on the inter- pretation of the results of tuberculin tests. The fluctuations of the temperature of the cows show wide limits. These variations in temperatures are rapid, so that even in a single day the highest and lowest temperatures may differ more than the tem- peratures of successive days at the same hour. The temijeratures of the cattle in a herd do not vary in imison. One animal may show a high temperature while another shows a low. The variations in temperature may be nuich more frequent in one animal than in another. In order to determine accurately the normal tempera- ture of an animal it is necessary to obtain a full record of the normal temperature at different times of the day and under different conditions, and the observations should be numerous and close together. The record of normal temperatures should be complete in another respect, viz, it should continue during the hours correspond- ing to those at which reaction temperatures are taken. In general there is a rise of temperature which begins during the feeding and milking time, reaches the climax a VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 787 few hours afterwards, and then suhsidess. Tins produces two marked elevations of temperature during each day. The results of extended observations on the normal temperatures of cows are presented in a tabular form. The author describes some apparatus devised for use in a bacteriological laboratory. One device consists of a wire-cloth cylindrical basket into which are fitted 2 tin disks perforated with holes of the right size for receiving test tubes. In disinfecting plugs for test tubes the author's mctliod is as follows: Dry, clean tu])es are plugged with absorbent cotton, the plugs lieing carefully trinuned so that the cap can be readily drawn over them. The plugged tubes are then subjected for 2 or 3 hours to a tempera- ture of ,300° F. During this process the cotton becomes somewhat charred. The fire is then shut off and when the test tubes are cool enough to handle each one is dipped, plug end downward, in a solution consisting of 100 parts water, 20 parts alcohol, and .3 parts copper sulphate. The tuberculin test of imported, cattle, D. E. Salmon ( U. S. Depl. Agr., Bureau, of Animal InduMru Ihil. o.?,pp. 22) . — This bulletin is of a controversial nature, and in it the author argues for the necessity of continuing the application of the tuberculin test to all imported cattle. The various sul)jects which are discussed include the necessity of guarding against tuberculosis, danger from the disease, losses caused to farmers by tuberculosis, the necessity of the tuberculin test in detecting the disease, and the desirability of continuing present regulations for controlling the disease. Tuberculosis of the udder in goats, C. Schkoedee {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 11 {1901), No. 9, p]). 261-266). — A detailed report is made on the symptoms and post- mortem findings in the case of a goat which suffered from this disease. The clinical symptoms were those of bronchitis together with large tuberculous swelling of the right side of the udder. This swelling contained numerous small tuliercles, some of which were caseous or calcified. The milk of the goat was used for human food for some time after the disease had ajipeared, and the author strongly urges the neces- sity of inspecting goats the milk of which is used for human consumption, in order to detect any cases of tuberculosis. Generalized tuberculosis in the horse, O. Martin {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 11 {1901), No. 9, pp. 269,270). — The author describes the peculiarities and course of tuberculosis in the horse and gives detailed descriptive notes on the symptoms and pathological lesions of one case in which the larynx and bronchial glands were affected, as well as various other abdominal and thoracic organs. Lupus in cattle, N. Mackel {Ztschr. Fleisch u. Mikhhug., 11 {1901), No. 9, pp. 268, 269) . — Notes are given on the appearance of tuberculosis of the skin in cattle. In one case where luiius was evident on the side of the animal a post-mortem examina- tion exposed evidences of a few tubercules in the lungs. It was found by making a tuberculin test with the other animals of the herd that all had become infected with tuberculosis. Tlie value of tuberculin as a test for tuberculosis, C. J. Valentine {Jour. Agr. ami Ind., South Australia, 4 {1901), No. 10, />/). 809-811). — The article is of a controversial nature and deals with the question of the relialiility of the tuberculin test in ca.ses of long and short standing. Brief notes are given on the extent to which the test is made in the various countries of Europe, and the application of tho test is urged by the author. The application and significance of tuberculin in combating' tuberculosis, N. K. Petersen and B. Bang {Maanedsskr. Di/rLxgcr, 13 {1901), No. 2, pp. 49-75).— This discussion is in the form of 2 articles by tlie 2 authors, and is concerne(l with various controversial matters regarding the use of tuberculin in stamping out tuberculosis. Experimental studies on acid-proof bacteria which resemble the tubercle bacillus, HoLscHER {C,ntJ,l. Bakt. n. Par., 1. Aht., 29 {1901), No. 10, pp. 425-428).- ■ These organisms were first discovered while examining milk and butter for the presence of tubercle bacilli. Inoculation experiments were made on 80 guinea pigs, 788 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. rabbits, and wbite mice. None of the experimental animals developed tuberculosis or were affected to such an extent as to give evidence of any serious disease. Some of the animals were killed, and a post-mortem examination gave evidence of a peculiar pathological appearance in the liver of a few, while no evidence was obtained for tlie presence of tubercle bacilli. Measures for preventing the transmission of tuberculosis in tlie milk of cattle, Marsac {Jour. Agricole [Paris'], 12 {1901), No. 137, jop. 143, -?-^^).— The author considers the danger from this source of sufficient importance to warrant the putting forth of every effort to prevent the spread of contagion in milk. He has recommended that a special scientific corps be appointed for this work, that public and private schools be interested in the movement, that milk dealers be compelled to register and submit their products for examination, and that the names of approved dealers with healthy animals and good milk be published from time to time. Indemnities for tuberculous cattle, A. Laquerriere {Jour. Agricole [^Paris], 12 {1901), No. 138, pp. 151-154) . — The author discusses this problem from various points of view, and comes to the conclusion that in cases of animals which are totally con- demned the loss should fall upon the seller. In the cases of partial condemnation the contract may be allowed to hold, but the buyer should be reimbursed for the amount of his loss, as determined by the inspector who condemned the meat. Interesting' diseased-meat case in Edinburgh {Vet. Jour., 52 {1901), No. 311, pp. 267-275). — This article contains a detailed report of a case of prosecution for selling meat susjiected of being tuberculous. The evidence obtained by experts from a microscopic examination of the meat was considered as proving that the meat was tuberculous, but the defendant succeeded in establishing the point that he had no reason for suspecting the meat and could not have known that it was tuberculous. Bibliography of literature on tuberculosis {Rev. Tuberculose, Paris, 8 {1900), No. 2, pp. 268-209) . — A classified list of titles of literature relating to tuberculosis of man and animals pul:)lished during the year 1900. Public veterinary service, Metzger {Deut. Tierdrzll. Wchnschr., 9 {1901), No. 21, pp. 215-217). — During the year 1900 preventive inoculation for swine erysipelas according to the Lorenz method was made on 15,208 hogs. So far as reports were received, injurious effects were noted in only 3 cases as a result of the inoculation. The vaccine material is furnished at a very moderate price for private use, but only to veterinarians, who are under obligation not to use the material outside of the country. A map is given showing the distribution of foot-and-mouth disease in Germany at the end of April, 1901, and brief notes are presented on the success which has been obtained in fighting sheep scab and on the prevalence of blackleg during the year 1899. Concerning the existence of sensitizing substances in antibacterial sera, J. BoRDETand O. Gengou {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 15 {1901), No. 5, pp. 289-302) .—The authors investigated the question concerning the existence and relationship of alexins and sensitizing substances as found in normal and immunized sera. Experiments were conducted on sera obtained from various sources, including guinea pigs vacci- nated against anthrax, horses vaccinated against swine erysipelas, guinea pigs immunized against typhoid fever, and human typhoid fever patients in convalescence. From these experiments it is concluded that specific sensitizing substances are of constant occurrence in organisms which have been subjected to vaccination. These s':.bstances are not so readily influenced by heat as are the alexins and do not exert any direct injurious influence upon the bacterial organisms. Their effect upon bacteria is to cause the latter to absorb the alexins by which they may be ultimately VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 789 destroyed. The action of alexins upon bacteria varies according to the species of micro-orp;anisni which is concerned. The process for collecting' and distributing large quantities of serum, G. PouJOL {Cumpt. Raid. Sue. Biol. Park, 53 {1901), No. 14, pp. 424-427 , figs. 3).— The author describes in detail an apparatus suitable for collecting blood in large quantities and separating the serum, together with notes on accessary apparatus necesi^ary for dividing the serum into equal quantities. Texas or acclimation fever, C. A. Gary {Alabama College Sta. Bui. 116, pp. 227- 289).— The author gives a general account of the nature of Texas fever, including details concerning the blood parasite which causes the disease, the pathological changes in the lilood, the quarantine line established by the Federal Government, and the appearance and habits of the cattle tick. It is argued that ticks could be exterminated in Alabama inside of 2 years if all cattle owners would put forth their best efforts in this direction. One advantage to be derived from the extermination of the ticks would be the unrestricted cattle trade with the North and with Europe at all seasons of the year. If ticks were destroyed in certain localities only, other Southern animals raised in localities where the tick no longer exists would not be immune and would be subject to fatal attacks of the disease, provided the beasts should become infested with ticks. Notes are given on the symptoms of Texas fever, the appearance of the organs of animals dead with the disease, and the various methods for producing immunity. The author undertook to immunize animals which might be sent, to the station for that purpose. The results of these inoculations are pre- sented in tabular form. Only one death occurred from a fata4 relapse after immunity had apparently been produced. The author believes that one mistake was made in that 3 full-blooded bulls which were inoculated for the purpose of rendering them immune to Texas fever were not permitted to become infested with ticks early enough in the following spring. . The danger of a too serious infestation of ticks later in the season should always be borne in mind in connection with inoculation experiments. The author believes that better results will be obtained if the second inoculation dose contains 2\ cc. of defibrinated blood, rather than 1\. According to M. Francis, whose opinion is quoted, the best age for inoculation is between a few months and 2 years, preferably about 1 year, and the best time of the year from November to March. In the Texas experiments about 90 per cent of all Northern cattle which were brought into the State and inoculated were successfully immunized agamst the disease. Blackleg in Kansas, and protective inoculation, P. Fischer and A. T. Kinsley {Kansas Sta. Bui. 105, pp. 27). — A general accoi nt is given of the occurrence, geo- graphical distribution, cause, symptoms, and period of incubation of blackleg. Brief notes are given on the influence of climatic conditions, breed, sex, and age of animals upon the development of thedisea.se. The symptoms of anthrax, malignant cedema, and septic metritis are given for the purpose of distinguishing these diseases from blackleg. A historical account is presented of work of various authors in devis- ing methods for vaccinating animals against this disease. At the station vaccination was first made in 1898, according to the method of Arloing. From a total of 54,398 cattle vaccinated l)y this method 323, or less than 0.6 per cent died after vaccination. The loss in an equal length of time before vaccination amounted to -4.23 per cent. A few accidents were experienced from improper care in vaccinating. In the manu- facture of single vaccine of a virulence intermediate between that of the 2 vaccines which were used in the previous experiments the authors also secured good results. Of 11,268 animals which were vaccinated 34, or about 0.3 per cent died after vaccina- tion. In a similar number of animals during the same length of time 308, or 2.75 per cent died before inoculation. The authors believe that the double vaccination is safer and more effective than the single vaccination. 790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Anthrax in Algeria: Natural immunity of pure native races of cattle, E. Martin {Bvl. Agr. Algaie d Tunisie, 7 {1901), No. 12, pp. ^^71-277).— IX was lung believed that anthrax did not exist in Algeria. The disease, however, had been con- fused with blackleg, and careful microscopic tests disclosed the fact that it frequently occurs in a typical form. Notes are given on the various periods of the disease. During a study of anthrax by the author, it was found that pure races of native cattle were naturally immune to the disease. Inoculations with virulent blood in doses of from 1 to 3 cm. failed to produce the disease in Arabian cattle, while similar inocu- lations in imported cattle or crosses between imported cattle and native stock readily developed symptoms of anthrax. Infection could not be produced, either by inocu- lation in the jugular vein, by subcutaneous injection, or by feeding with virulent anthrax material. It appears, therefore, that the influence of race may be very decisive in determining the degree of susceptibility to anthrax. It is indicated that cattle raisers will take up the question of determining to what extent the knowledge of the immunity of native cattle may be taken advantage of in producing more im- proved breeds. Anthrax infection of carnivorous animals, L. Lange {Hyg. Rundscliait, 11 {1901), No. 11, pp. 529-532). — A brief review is given of the literature on the subject of anthrax in carnivorous animals, and an account is presented of an outbreak of this disease among the animals in the Royal Zoological Garden in Posen. During the outbreak of anthrax 2 lions, 1 jaguar, and 1 jackall died of the disease, and several bears apparently had mild cases, from which they recovered. The disease was con- tracted in each case from eating the meat of a horse which had died of anthrax. Foot-and-mouth disease, P. Bruno {Qior. R.Soc. Accad. Vet. Ital., 50 {1901), No. 16, pj). 379-382) . — A discussion is given of the sanitary measures at present adopted in Italy and elsewhere for the control and eradication of this disease. The author believes that by careful and thorough aj^plication of these methods the disease may be successfully controlled. Treatments for foot-and-mouth disease, H. Lermat {Jour. Agricole, [Paris'], 12 {1901), No. 134, PP- 86, 87). — No satisfactory direct treatment for this disease has been devised. In case of an outbreak of the disease, it is advisable to disinfect the premises as thoroughly as possible and apply antiseptic washes to affected parts of the animals. The substances which are recommended for this purpose include sali- cylic acid, corrosive sublimate, lysol, sulphate of iron, etc. Diarrhea in young calves, Lesage and Delmer {Ann. luxt. Punteur, 15 {1901), No. 6, jyp. 417-439). — This disease has long been known as prevalent among young calves and fatal in a large proi:)ortion of cases. The peculiarities of its occurrence and distribution indicate clearly that the disease is contagious. The authors made an examination of the blood and various organs of calves affected with the disease and identified a species of Pasteurella as the cause of the infection. A technical description is given of the organism and an account of its prevalence and occurrence in the bodies of diseased calves. The organism is found before and after death in the blood, the alimentary tract, and the nasal mucous secretion. Bacterium coli is also found in conjunction with the pathogenic organism, but is not found in the blood during life. It is not considered, therefore, as in any way directly concerned in the production of the disease. The disease is considered identical with "white scour" of Ireland. The authors prefer the use of the term diarrhea to enteritis -or septi- cfemia, which latter terms refer only to one phase of the symptoms. In new-born calves the disease develops sometimes rapidly, within from 1 to 2 days, or more slowly, within from 8 to 20 days. In such cases the organism gains entrance to the animal through the umbilical cord. The first period of the disease is characterized by an inflammation of this structure. Later the organism passes into the blood and causes a septicfemia which persists until death. Occasionally the sej)ticjemia disap- pears and the pathogenic organism continues to multiply in the alimentary tract and in the respiratory organs. Where the disease occurs in calves of greater age it ia VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 791 believed that the orjj;anisiu luids entranee through the iui«il pat-sages'. Experiments conducted hy the authors for tlie purpose of attenuating the organism were partly successful. Cultures of the organism maintained for 1 hour at a temperature of 60 or 70° C. failed to protluce any immunity to the disease' when inoculated for pre- ventive purposes. White scour and lung disease of calves in Ireland, E. Noc.vkd {Rec. Med. Vet. Paris. S. xer., S {I'JOl), Xo. 10, pp. JS 1-244). — Detailed notes are given on the symp- toms and pathological lesions of this disease. A bacteriological study indicated clearly that white scour is due to an umbilical infection, which maybe prevented by cleansing the cows with a solution of lysol before parturition. It is recommended that the umbilical cord be washed with a mixture containing 1 liter of water, 2 gm. of metallic iodin, and 4 gm. of potassium iodid; and later with a solution of 2 gm. of metallic iodin in 1 liter of methyl alcohol. Contribution to the study of jaundice, or heemoglobinuria of cattle in Tunis, E. DrcLOUx {Bal. Dir. Agr. el Cum., 6 {1901), Xo. 20, pp. 244-^7).— The author investigated the disease which is known in Tunis under various names and which prevails to a considerable extent. A preliminary study of the subject showed a striking resemblance of the disease to Texas fever. A further study confirmed this idea, and the blood parasite of Texas fever w^as found in affected animals. Enzootic abortion, J. Steele {Vet. Jour., 52 {1901), Xo.Sll, pp. 27 5-27 8).— The symjitoms and nature of this disease are discussed in detail and the usual antiseptic precautions are recommended. The injurious effects of certain grass seeds on live stock, J. D. Stewart {Agr. Gaz. Xeir South Wales, 12 {1901), Xo. 3, pp. 357-360, pi. i).— Attention is called to tie injurious effects of certain grass seeds which bear sharp awns. The grasses mentioned as being most injurious are barley grass and "spear grass." The injuri- ous effects of these awns on horses are more severe than on cattle, but even in the latter animals swellings are produced upon the jaw from the irritation set up by the presence of these awns in the flesh. Such swellings have in some instances been mistaken for tuberculosis or actinomycosis. The action of acid salts of morphin on ruminants, Hess {Arch. Tr/ss. u. Pral-t. Thierh., 27 {1901), Xo. 3-4, pp. 233-268) .—The author discusses the literature of the subject in connection with an extensive bibliography. The results obtained by different experimenters are very contradictory, but the desirability is recognized of finding a more convenient method of narcosis for ruminants than by ether or chloroform. It was found during the numerous experiments of the author that none of the ruminants or hogs were immune to the action of morphin and that the stimu- lating effect of normal doses was especially noticeable. When large doses were given serious paralytic effects were observed, as is the case in man, and a complete narcosis was not produced without administering doses which were likely to prove fatal. Rumenotomy, Xuesch {SrJnmz. Arch. Tliierh., 43 {1001), Xo. 2, pp. 60-62, fig. 1).— A description is given of an instrument designed for making an incision into the first stomach in case of tympanites. The instrument has a sharp point upon a short blade of moderate width and is circular in cross section behind the blade. The circular part of the instrument carries a groove on one side, which extends into the handle and ])ermits the gas to escape. The teeth of cattle and sheep as affected by age, C. McCulloch ( Virginia Sta. Bill. 118, pp. 145-155, fgx. 8). — Brief descriptive notes on the anatomical char- acteristics of the teeth of cattle and sheep, with a short account of the changes which they undergo. The teeth of the horse as affected by age, C. ^IcCuli.ocit {Virginia Sta. Bal. 117, )>j). 129-144, A'A"*- -'•'^)- — Virk'i notes on the changes which take place in the teeth of the horse between the ages of 6 and 21 years. 21164— No. 8—02 7 792 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. A study of the larvae of Gastrophilus in the stomach of the horse, J. Guyot {Arcli. Parasit., 4 {1901), Xo. 2, jjp. 169-221, figs. 11).— X review is given of the literature of the subject in connection with a bibliography of the more important articles relating to Gastrophilus. A historical discussion is presented on Gastrophilus intestinalis, G. hsemorrhoidalis, and G. nasalis. Special attention is devoted to G. intes- tinalis, which is considered by the author to be a more correct name than G. equi for the common species which infests the stomach of the horse. The eggs in different stages of the larvpe are described in detail and considerable attention is devoted to the manner in which the larvte are attached to the wall of the stomach, and to the pathological lesions which their presence causes. Experiments were conducted for the purpose of testing the action of certain chemicals on young larvw. It was found that the larvae could live for 4 days in ordinary water, for 1 day in olive oil, and for 14 hours in corrosive sublimate in the proportion of 1 : 1,000. When placed in cer- tain volatile substances such as bisulphid of carbon, benzin, ammonia, sulphuric ether, and chloroform, the larvae died instantaneoush^ Experiments with full-grown larvse showed that they could live 5 days nnmersed in a 3 per cent solution of formalin, and for 1 hour in a saturated aqueous soluton of corrosive sublimate. It was found that young larvae, which were hatched from eggs which had l)een removed from the hair of the horse, were alive 3 months after the removal of the eggs. The patho- logical lesions caused by the botflies in the stomach of the horse are restricted to the mucous layer of the stomach which is destroyed at the point where the botflies are attached. An accumulation of leucocytes at such jsoints is also noted. Rabies, ]M. P. Ravexel {Pennsylrania Dept. Agr. Bui. 79, pp. 28, figs. 3). — A general discussion of this disease is presented, including its history and distribution; a list of animals subject to the disease; the cause of the disease; nature of the virus; method of invasion; resisting power of the virus; danger from bites of ral)id animals; period of incubation; influence of seasons; the various types of the disease in man, dog, cat, horse, cow, and birds; pathological changes in the tissues of animals attacked by the disease, and the various features of the Pasteur method of preparation of vaccine; and treatment of affecteil animals. The action of leucotoxic serum on lesions in the central nervous system in cases of rabies, C. Fr.\xca iCompt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 53 (1901), Xo. 17, pp. 502-504). — Exjieriments previously conducted with rabies indicated that death was partly due to an excessive formation of leucocytes during the acute stages of the dis- ease. It was decided, therefore, to try experiments for the purpose of testing this theory. Dogs were experimentally inoculated with rabies and after the appearance of the acute symptoms were treated with injections of the leucotoxic serum. Con- siderable improvement was noted, and another injection gave evidence of increased benefit from this treatment. Further work- along this line is promised, and the author believes that toxins may ultimately be produced which may be used for the i:)urpose of preventing too pronnunced development of leucocytes. Negative chemotaxis of the leucocytes of rabbits which have been inocu- lated -with a pure culture of the bacilli of fo^wrl cholera, A. Zilberberg and J. Zelioxy {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 15 {1901), Xo. S, pp. 615-629, pi. ^).— The author briefly reviews the literature on the subject and discusses in detail the methods and results of his investigations. Since rabbits are especially susceptible to fowl cholera these animals were considered most suitable for investigation on the subject of negative chemotaxis. The experimental animals were inoculated hypodermically and in the body cavity with pure cultures from artificial nutrient media and from natural fluids of the body. The animals were killed within from 1 to 5 hours after inoculation and various organs, including the liver, kidneys, spleen, spinal column, and lungs, were examined for the purpose of determining the relation between the pathogenic Imcteria and the leucocytes. After a hypodermic or intraperitoneal injection of a virulent culture of fowl-cholera bacilli from gelatin, the complete absence of the phagocy- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 793 tosis on the part of the leucocytes was observed. Similar conditions •svej'e found after intravenous injections of virulent cultures from the serum of the body cavity. The author explains the phenomenon of phagocytosis, which was observed in rabbits which had been inoculated with virulent cultures of fowl-cholera bacilli developed on an artificial medium, ])y the presence of any such cultures of nonvirulent bacilli. It was shown that the white blood corpuscles of the rabbit do not surround the virulent bacilli of fowl cholera during any stage in the progress of the disease. It is not believed that this fact is due to a poisonous intiuence of the bacilli u])on the leucocytes, but the phenomenon is explained as an example of negative chemotaxis. Biological division, C. Curtice {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 201-224).— Numerous experiments were made for the purpose of determining the conditions which influence the rate of mortality among chickens during iucubation or in arti- ficial brooders. Of 58 chickens placed in an outdoor brooder, 53 died within 3 weeks. The cause of death was in most cases lung trouble of the nature of pneu- monia, and was due to exposure to sudden changes of temperature. Some of the chicks died of congestion of the lungs and others of intestinal troubles. On account of this great mortality, experiments were conducted for the purpose of securing a uniform temperature and observing the intiuence of these conditions upon chickens. The best results were obtained when the temperature of the room was kept high enough so that no marked difference of temperature prevailed between the air in the room and that in the brooders. When the temperature in the brooder was kept too high, it was found that the exposure of the chickens to changes of temperature in moving in and out of the brooder were liable to cause disease and death. Box brooders were constructed and heated by setting a papier-mache or wooden pail of water at a temperature of 140 to 165° upon them. It was found possible to maintain the temperature of the brooder by this means between 75 and 90° F. Green food was obtained for the chickens, mostly in the form of lettuce, in addition to cracked grain and wheat, oatmeal, scraps, and animal food (consisting for the most part of boiled eggs, boiled liver, and animal meal ) . A number of chickens were taken from a warm incubator and placed in cotton-lined baskets, supposed to be warm enough to protect the chickens. They were carried for about three-quarters of a mile and placed in brooders. About 60 per cent of these chickens died later from lung dis- eases due to the temperature changes. During these experiments attention was given to the food of young chickens, and it is recommended that cracked gram and cracked wheat and other similar food should 1)6 sifted, so as not to offer too coarse or too fine material for the chickens. In addition to the usual food of this sort and of an animal nature, grass, lettuce, or other green material is highly recommended. The author considered the question of whether artificial incubation has any effect upon the vigor of the chickens. It is believed by the author that chickens which come from the egg in a fully developed condition do not die on account of weakness due to incubation. Of the incubated eggs examined by the author, in which dead embryos were found, death had occurred in most cases after the fourteenth day of incubation. When insufficient moisture is furnished during incubation, it was found that a considerable percentage of chickens failed to hatch. It is believed that an incubator that furnishes air nearly saturated with moisture, so as to prevent drying of the embryo, will furnish the largest and strongest chickens. Attention is called to the desirability of further investigation on the subject of blackhead of turkeys. A report is made on several serious outbreaks of goose cholera. One dealer in geese lost about 3,200 between July and October. The course of the disease is usually about 36 hours, and the chief symptoms were an unsteady gait, peculiar movements of the head, and formation of considerable quantities of mucous in the throat and nasal cavities. In some cases a catarrhal condition of the intestines was observed. Feeding experiments with the internal organs of dead geese demon- 794 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. . strated that the disease may be communicated in this way. The symptoms of geese fed upon this material were the same as those which had become diseased under natural conditions, and post-mortem examination revealed the same pathological changes. Details of bacteriological work, in cooperation with Dr. Theobald Smith, will be given in a future publication. A similar outbreak occurred in another locality, where about 20 per cent of the geese w^ere lost. It is recommended that geese raisers should divide the birds up into small lots in order that the disease may be more readily controlled when outbreaks occur. The author made experiments to determine the effect of hothouse brooding on the vitality of chicks. The birds subjected to these conditions appear to develop in a strong and vigorous manner, and, judging by the appearance of their feathers and by their weight and color, they were ecjual in vigor to hen-raised chickens. It is con- sidered possible, however, that such birds might not be able to compete in the open field with chickens raised by their natural mothers. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Report of irrigation investigations in California {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 100, pp. 411, pis. 29, figs. 16). — This is an account of investiga- tions made during 1900 by the Office of Experiment Stations in cooperation with the California Water and Forest Association under the direction of Elwood ]Mead, expert in charge of irrigation investigations of this Department, assisted by eight specialists in irrigation. These specialists and the streams on which they studied irrigation conditions were as follows: W. E. Smythe, Susan River; Marsden Manson, Yuba River; J. M. Wilson, agent and expert in irrigation investigations, Cache Creek; Prof. Frank Soule, of the University of California, San Joaquin River; Prof. Charles D. Marx, of Stanford University, Salinas River; C. E. Grunsky, city engineer of San Francisco, Kings River; Edward M. Boggs, Los Angeles River; James D. Schuyler, Sweetwater River. The report reviews the agricultural situation in California and shows that in many of the principal portions of the State agricultural development is greatly hindered by the inadequacy of irrigation laws. It is claimed that the chief obstacles to such development in the State are an unremitting jiroduction of cereal crops in the great interior valley and a lack of more diversified farming; opposition to irrigation in districts which the census shows to be measuraVjly decreasing in wealth and popula- tion; a too great zeal on the part of advocates of the AVright district law, followed by unwise investments w hich have led to loss and disappointment and a consequent opposition to irrigation laws of whatever nature; overappropriation of streams, resulting in confusing uncertainty as to the number and extent of valid appropria- tions; the conflicting nature of the water laws, and the existence, side by side, of the two opposing doctrines of appropriation and riparian rights; absolute private ownership of water in face of the fact that all leading countries where irrigation is necessary recognize only the rights of use and attach them not to the owner of land or to canal companies, but to the land itself, from- which they are inseparable, and finally, and most important of all, the absence of any State control of streams or of any State administration of rights to their use. The conclusions of the special agents and experts who made the investigations are that the State should ascertain the volume of available irrigation water, define all rights to its use, whether already acquired or to be acquired hereafter, and provide an efficient system of water administration. The definite recommendations for attain- ing these ends embody, among other measures, the creation of a State board of control of waters, similar to that in existence in Wyoming for the past 10 years, the making of unapiDropriated waters State property, the limitation of all appropria- AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. 795 tions to actual beneficial use, and the attachment of all rijrhts t, dgms. 7). — This is a report on the work of the Rothamsted Experiment Station, containing summarized results up to the present time. The Rothamsted experiments {London: William Clowes & Sons, Ltd., 1901, pp. 17, figs. 2, dgms. 7). — Summarized data from the above report. Crop Reporter {C S. Dept. Agr., Division of Statistics Crop Reporter, Vol. 3, Nos. 7-9, pp. 8 each). — Among a large number of short articles of a statistical nature con- tained in these numl^ers are the following: The report of the Statistician for Novem- ber, the raisin industry of California, the 1901 flaxseed crop, preliminary estimate of the cotton crop of 1901-1902, annual report of the Statistician for the fiscal year 1901, exports of wheat, the United States bean crop, production of peas and potatoes in Russia since 1883, the foreign trade of the United States in hides and leather, the beet-sugar industry, receipts at primary markets and exports of wheat, the vegetaljle- oil trade, the export of the United States and Canada in dairy products, Russian crops in 1901, oflicial estimate of German crops, 1901, and potatoes in the United States. Cotton ginning— crops of 1899 and 1900, D. C. Roper {Twelfth Census United States, Census Bids. 38, pp. 16; 98, pp. 21, figs. 5). — Statistics as collected from ginning establishments by correspondence and through enumerators show that the cotton crop of 1899 was 9,645,974 commercial liales, amounting to 4,672,695,500 lbs.; and the crop of 1900, 10,486,148 commercial bales, equivalent to 5,061,513,294 lbs. The most significant feature is considered the extraordinary increase in the crop of Texas — from 2,658,555 commercial bales in 1899 to 3,536,506 in 1900. "Texas grew 34 per cent of the total crop of 1900 and one-fourth of the world's crop in that year." Bulle- tin 98 concludes with an historical and descriptive account of ginning cotton. Cotton-seed products, D. C. Roper {Twelfth Census United States, Census Bui. 129, nn. 10, dgm. 1) .—From this report on the manufacture of cotton-seed products for the year ended May 31, 1900, it appears that there were 357 estalilisliments engaged in the extraction of cotton-seed oil and that the total amount and value nf tlie ^-evcral STATISTICS MISCELLANEOUS. 799 product? were as follows: Cotton-seed oil, 93,325,729 gals., valued at ?21, 390,674; oil- cake and meal, cS84,o91 tons, valued at $16,030,576; hulls, 1,169,286 tons, valued at $3,189,354; and linters, 57,272,053 lbs., valued at $1,801,231. Manufacture of beet sugar, G. L. Spencer ( Ttrelfih Census United States, Census Bid. 59, pp. 15, figs. 5). — This is a report on the development and present condition of the beet-sugar industry in the United States. "From this report, it appears that there were 31 l)eet-sugar factories in the United States in the census year, distrib- uted i.imong 10 States and 1 Territory, representing an invested capital of $20,958,519, and producing 71,427 long tons of beet sugar, valued at $7,323,857." Salt, E. W. Parker (Twelfth Census United Stcdes, Census Bui. 116, pp. 16).— The total value of salt products manufactured in the United States in 1899 was $7,966,897. There were 159 estal)li8hinents representing a capital of $27,123,364. Statistics on the fruit industry of California, E. S. Holmes, Jr. ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Statistics Bui. 23, misc. ser.,2)p. 11). — A brief statistical presentation is given of the acreage and number of fruit and nut trees and their distribution in California. Figures are also given on shipment of fruits by rail and by sea and the increase of these shipments for the years 1890 to 1900. In 1900 there were 16,192,876 bearing fruit trees and 13,209,411 nonbearing trees, covering an area of 452,252 acres. The State shipped 88,189.2 tons of green deciduous fruit by rail in 1900 and 84,899.9 tons of dried fruit, 34,217.5 tons of raisins, and 45,679.9 tons of canned goods. The bulk of these shipments was from the northern part of the State. The larger amount of citrus fruits was shipped from the southern portion of the State. The total shipment for the whole State in 1900 by rail amounted to 226,456.6 tons. The annual shipments of various fruits and canned goods have increased from 161,170.1 tons in 1890 to 519,380.8 tons in 1900. Agricultural monograph of the Jurassic region of Belgium [Monographie agricole dela region Jnrassiqne. Brussels: 3Iini.?:try of Agriculture, 1901, pp. IT+ 77). — The region included in the study here reported occupies the southern extremity of Luxemburg, bounded on the west and south by France, on the east by the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, and on the north by the Ardennes. The subjects treated are climate and soil (seep. 723) agricultural operations (plant and animal production), agricultural manufacturing industries, permanent improvements, and the agricul- tural regime. Agricultural monograph of the clay and sandy clay region of Belgium {Monographie agricole de la region limoneuse et sahlo-Vunoneuse. Brussels: Ministrij of Agriculture, 1901, pp. 270). — The region embraced in the study of which this is a report extends across the country from France on the west to Limburg in Holland on the east, and from the Escaut and Demer on the north to the Samljre and the Meuse on the south. The report deals with climate and soil, see (p. 723), agricul- tural operations, including the methods and results of the culture of various crops and the production of animals, as well as the manufacturing industries closely allied to agriculture; permanent improvements, and the agricultural regime. This is one of a series of monographs which are designed to give the results of a systematic study of all of the various agricultural regions of Belgium. The practical results obtained in the experiment fields at Lauchstadt ( .1/(7/. Deid. Lnndu\ (Jesell., 16 {1901), No. '^5, pp. 144, 145). — A brief review of the results obtained at Lauchstiidt, calling attention to their practical value. A paper read at the meeting of the German Agricultural Society at Halle. Twentieth century of inventions, G. Sttherland {London, Nem York; and Bondiay: Longmans, Green & Co., 1901, pp. 286). — This is a discussion of the present tendencies of invention and a forecast of the probable line along which greatest development is likely to occur in the future, the forecast l)eing based on actual records of the trials of inventions. A chapter is devoted to inventions of interest to agriculture. In this is discussed the substitution of portable motors (electric) for 800 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. muscular power and of skilled labor using machines for hand labor; the development of cheap sources of power ( water wheels and windmills) to produce electricity, which is to be stored and transmitted as needed to different parts of the farm for plowing, etc.; the improvement of pumps and other means of lifting water for irrigation; and the use of electricity in the production of nitrates. "Modern improvements in agri- culture will probably be, in the main, such as are based upon fundamental processes unknown to the ancients. By the word 'processes' it is intended to indicate not those methods the scientific reasons for which were understood — for these in ancient times were very few — but simply those which from long experience were noticed to be beneficial," such as rotation of crops and the enrichment of the soil by legumes. A great development of irrigation is predicted, and methods of raising and applying water for this purpose are discussed at some length. It is also predicted that the expert in plant diseases, equipped with apparatus for fumigation on a large scale, will be a person of increasing importance in the future. NOTES. CoxxECTicuT College. — William H. Hall, of Willington, has been appointed a trustee of the college, vice William D. Holman, deceased. Iowa Collecje and Station. — James Atkinson, instructor in agriculture in the col- lege and agriculturist of the station, has resigned to accept a position as editor in Des Moines, Iowa. An extensive feeding experiment with cattle has ]:>een under- taken by the station in cooperation with A. E. Cook, of Odebolt, Iowa. Various rations are being fed to 11 lots of 20 steers each, and it is expected that the experi- ment will cover a period of five or six months. Kansas College and Station. — At a recent meeting of the board of regents, J. G. Haney, a graduate of the college, was appointed superintendent of the Fort Hays Branch Experiment Station. G. A. Dean, also a graduate of the college, has been appointed assistant entomologist of the station, to succeed J. B. Norton, who has resigned to accept a position as scientific aid in the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. A. T. Kinsley, assistant in the veterinary department of the college and station, has resigned to accept a position as instructor and to pursue advanced work in the Kansas City Veterinary College. He will enter upon his new duties about September 1. Maryland College and Station. — The legislature of Maryland, at its recent session, passed a bill appropriating $5,000 per annum for the maintenance, repairs, and insurance of the buildings of the experiment station, to aid in the printing of its bulletins and making exhibits showing the results of its work, and to contribute toward its investigations on tobacco, meat production, and in irrigation. The agri- cultural college receives $5,000 for the enlargement of the mechanical buildings, $25,000 for dormitory accommodation for students, and $3,000 for renovating the main college building. Massachusetts College and Station. — D. L. Cleaves has resigned his position as instructor in chemistry in the college and has been appointed assistant chemist in the fertilizer division of the chemical department of the station, to succeed S. W. Wiley, resigned. Mr. Cleaves will enter upon his»new duties about April 15. Michigan College and Station. — J. D. Towar, formerly agriculturist of the station, sailed for South Australia April 10, under a five-year contract with the Roseworthy Agricultural College. Professor Towar will succeed the late William Lowrie as principal of the agricultural college and professor of agriculture. A. M. Brown, of Schoolcraft, has been elected secretary of the State board of agriculture and of the college and station to succeed A. C. Bird, resigned. Missouri University and Station. — George M. Tucker, Ph.D., a graduate of the Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, has been elected instructor in agriculture, to have special charge of work in agronomy. He will enter upon the position next September, and in the meantime he will carry on some investigation work in the chemical laboratory of the station. Cornell University. — The winter course in agriculture just completed has been one of the most succe.ssful ever held at the university. Nearly 100 students were enrolled, the courses in dairying and in general agriculture being about equally attended. 801 802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Oklahoma College axd Station. — W. H. Merten, of Guthrie, Okla., has been appohited a member of the board of regents, vice W. H. Coyle. Porto Eico Station. — The legislative assembly of Porto Rico has appropriated $15,000 for the purchase of a suitable tract of land for the experiment station estab- lished by this Department in that island. Proposals have been asked for and the bids will be opened the first of May. South Carolina College. — An act was passed by the general assembly, at its recent session, requiring the board of trustees to provide for investigations in the coast region of the State. An inquiry is being made as to the lines of work needing attention. Texas College and Station. — R. H. Price, horticulturist and mycologist to the college and station, has resigned to engage in truck farming and fruit growing in Virginia. His resignation will take effect in June. Washington College and Station. — E. E. Elliott, associate professor of agricul- ture, has been elected professor of agriculture in the college and agriculturist of the station, viceV^. J. Siaillman, resigned. H. S. Davis has been made assistant zoologist. Reorganization of the Experiment Station at Gembloux. — This station has by recent royal decree been reorganized and extended under the name of the State Chemical and Bacteriological Institute of Gembloux. A. Petermann remains as director. Tlie head of the chemical section is A. Gregoire. The head of the bac- teriological section, which is the main new feature, is L. Remy. The institute proposes to undertake on broader lines than heretofore researches in chemistry, physiology, and liacteriology as related to progress in agriculture and hygiene, and will be relieved of control analytical work. School of Horticulture, Hartford. Conn. — The School of Horticulture estab- lished at Hartford, Conn., by the trustees of the handicraft schools of that city has been in operation less than two years, and yet it is compelled to keep a "waiting list" for applicants who can not yet be accommodated. The school is located just outside of the city on a farm of 75 acres donated to the Handicraft Schools by Rev. Francis Goodwin, who also provides all funds for carrying on the work. The build- ings used by the school include a greenhouse, potting room, classroom, library, office, storeroom, tool room, sheds, stables, etc. The students received include apprentices and pupils from the Watkinson Farm School and from the city schools. Pupils from the Farm School spend two and a half hours each day at the school of horticulture and receive instruction in horticulture, floriculture, botany, forestry, entomology, market and landscape gardening, and orch- ard management. About half or three-fourths of an hour is spent in the class room, and the remainder of the time is devoted to practical work in greenhouse, potting room, orchard, or garden. This work includes practice in grafting, budding, layering, and other horticultural operations. Pupils from the city schools are received daily for school garden work. There is one class in the afternoon of each school day and several on Saturday. Each pupil is given a plat of ground to work and is allowed to keep the products of his labor. He takes charge of his jilat about the first of May and cares for it until the crop is har- vested. In case any pupil neglects or abandons his plat it is given to some one on the waiting list. In the spring of 1901, out of some 70 applicants, 34 boys were given garden plats, and of this number 25 carried on their work throughout the season. The cost of the experiment, including everything but rent and the salary of an instructor, was %\%. Each plat was 4 by 25 ft. and produced on an average the following articles: Lettuce, 15 heads; radishes, 250; l)eets, 20; wax beans, 8 qt. ; shelled beans, 6 qt. ; squashes, 10; corn, 18 ears; verbenas, 1,000 blossoms. The average age of the boys was 13^ years, and the average attendance 84 per cent. The attendance during the summer vacation of the city schools was kept ui^ by the Vacation Schools Committee which NOTES. 803 has undertaken with oonsideral)le success" "to provide other influences than those of the streets and alleys of our tenement districts for the children during the long sum- mer vacation." The school garden experiment was the most successful work undertaken at the School of Horticulture last year. This fact led the director of the school, Mr. H. D. Hemenway, to broaden his plans for that feature of the work during the season of 1902. For those who had garden plats last year he provided preliminary greenhouse work tluring March and April in propagating plants for transplanting. The size of the plats this year will be 10 by 30 ft. for second-year boys and 10 by 20 ft. for first- year boys. Provision has been made also for a class of girls who will receive instruc- tion and be given garden plats like those provided for the boys. AdKicrLTi-RAL Education in the British West Indies. — The subject of agricul- tural education received consideralile attention at the West Indian Agricultural Conference held recently at Bridgetown, Barbados. As reported by Dr. Morris, commissioner of agriculture for the West Indies, the system of education now in vogue in those islands comprises (1) lectures to teachers in charge of elementary schools, (2) agricultural teaching in secondary schools and colleges, and (3) itinerant instruction to planters. The entire system is in charge of the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the AVest Indies, which employs for this work a staff of 2 lec- turers in agricultural science, 1 traveling instructor in agriculture, and 5 agricultural instructors. The lectures to teachers in charge of elementary schools are given in courses at the leading towns on the different islands in the group. Classes of teach- ers are organized by the lecturers or instructors in agriculture and meet daily for sev- eral weeks (usually four) to receive instruction in elementary science and agriculture, subjects which they are then required to introduce into the elementary schools. Such courses of lectures have been given by the board of agriculture at two places on the island of Jamaica, at British Guiana, Trinidad, Barbados, the Windward Islands, and the Leeward Islands. At Barbados and in the Windward and Leeward islands practically all the teachers have attended these lectures. As a further aid to this work the Imperial Department of Agriculture has published a text-book for teachers entitled Nature Teaching, and a pamphlet containing hints for laying out and plan- ning school gardens. Agricultural instruction of a higher grade is given in secondary schools and colleges, among which are agricultural schools located at St. Vincent, Dominica, and St. Lucia. Attached to the agricultural schools are experiment sta- tions where the students assist in farming operations. The course of study lasts for three or four years, according to the age of the student at admission. Seven scholar- ships in agriculture, including two of the annual value of £75 each for the Windward and Leeward islands, are maintained by the department. Itinerant instruction is of recent origin. In September and October last a series of seven lectures to planters was delivered by the officers of the Imperial Department of Agriculture on such sub- jects as sugar cane, soils, and manures in relation to the cultivation of certain varie- ties of cane; hints on the planting and cultivation of sugar cane; insect pests on sugar cane, and the fungoid iliseases of the sugar cane. These lectures were attended by about 120 to 140 planters and were greatly appreciated. Instruction in Agriculture in the Primary Schools of Russia. — At a meeting of Russian school instructors at Moscow, the diffusion of popular agricultural informa- tion through the medium of primary schools was discussed. The congress expressed it.self opposed to the introduction of the study of trades in primary schools, believing that special schools should be established for that purpose; but, on the other hand, it expressed the opinion that it is very desirable to diffuse agricultural information among the teachers of this grade of schools by means of periodical special courses for their Ijenefit. Nature Study. — A nature study exhibition will be held at the gardens of the Royal Botanic Society, Regent Park, London, S. W., beginning Wednesday, July 23. 804 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The promotion and management of the exhibition is in the hands of the executive committee of the Nature Study Exhibition Association, of which Sir John Cockburn is chairman and John C. Medd honorary secretary. The exhibition will include 9 groups, comprising exhibits from agricultural or horticultural colleges and schools, experimental farms, agricultural departments of universities an 1 university colleges; secondary schools (public and private); primary day schools (public and private); continuation schools; normal training colleges and day training departments of the university colleges and public teachers' schools; schools for the deaf and blind; home office schools and workhouse schools; horticultural and other societies, as well as individuals that encourage nature study or nature lore as a subject of education, and exhiljits from the colonies of Great Britain and from the United States. Each group may include any or all of the following 5 classes of exhibits for which certificates of merit or medals will be offered: (1) Statistical information — printed reports, leaflets, etc., bearing on nature study, natural history object lessons, school gardens, school excursions, and similar topics, and catalogues of books suitable for a school library on these subjects; (2) pictorial illustrations — plans and photographs of school gardens, school excursions, schoolrooms in which pupils are at work on nature-study topics, etc.; (3) organization — courses of instruction in nature study; (4) apparatus for teaching — diagrams, apparatus, models in clay, plaster, etc.; (5) work done by pupils — drawings, models, paintings, notebooks, drawing books, collections of plants and insects, etc. The funds necessary for defraying the expenses of the exhibition, including prizes and medals, are being raised liy voluntary contributions from mem- bers of the Nature Study Exhibition Association. The New Hampshire College Agricultural Experiment Station has begun the pul)- lication of nature-study leaflets, the first number of which, the Pollination of Plants (pp. 12, figs. 10), by C. M. Weed, appeared in March, 1902. This leaflet is intended for teachers, to show them "how easily they can utilize in the spring the subject of the relation of flowers to wind and insects for nature study in any grade above the fourth." The examples chosen are familiar trees, grasses, and wild flowers. In Nature for February 20, 1902, appears a review of the first number of the Nature Study Journal, published by the Southeastern Agricultural College, Wye, Kent, and maintained by a society of teachers known as the Nature Study Society. "The object of the journal," as set forth in the preface and introduction, "is mainly to facilitate the teaching of ' nature knowledge ' in rural schools by enabling the teachers to inter- change ideas and schemes of instruction and to be in communication with the Wye College as a central organization." It is to be largely devoted to the publication of specimen lessons, the first number containing two such lessons : ' ' Leaves and their veining," l)y H. Brooker, of the Ewhurst National School, and "Dodges of nature," by A. E. Chandler, of Puttenham. The school garden as an educational feature m the public school is the subject of much discussion, both in the United States and countries of Europe. Nature for February 20, 1902, contains an account of a conference on school gardens held Feb- ruary 15 at Reading College under the auspices of the Berkshire County technical education committee, in which is pointed out the prominence given to outdoor train- ing in the schools of Great Britain and the Continent. In this country school gar- dens have not received so much attention as in Europe, but the movement for their general establishment is gaining ground. As an evidence of this we have only to refer to the programme of the fifth annual conference of the Eastern Public Educa- tion Association at Baltimore, May 1 to 3. One-half of the programme is given up to papers and discussions on the subject of "School and home gardens for children as an opportunity for industrial and aesthetic training." Organization of Pacific Northwest Ec'ONO>ric Entomologists. — The entomolo- gists of the experiment stations of Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon met NOTES. 805 for conference at Moscow, Idaho, ISIarch 14, continuing in session through the follow- ing day. The principal insect pest of the section, the San Jose scale and the codling moth, were fully discussed. Many other insects were more 1)riefly taken up. The relation of station entomologists to the State horticultural inspection work was one of the topics considered, the unanimous opinion being that the entomologist should keep in touch with this for the sake of the assistance it would give him in planning his experimental work, but that he should not act as an inspection or quarantine officer. The most threatening insect pests at present are the Hessian fly, already introduced about Portland, Oreg., and the plum curculio, which was reported as existing in the Bitter Root Valley of western Montana, on the west side of the conti- nental divide. Plans were made for the coming season, involving among other things a fuller study of the codling moth at all the stations, to detei'mine the number of broods and to test the efficac}' of sprays. An organization was effected under the name "Pacific Northwest Economic Entomologists," and it was decided to hold a meeting annually. The membershi}) being necessarily small, a secretarj'^ was the only officer elected, J. M. Aldrich, of Idaho, being chosen to that position. Nebraska Academy of Science. — At the twelfth annual meeting of the Nebraska Academy of Science G. A. Loveland presented a paper on The Relative Humidity in Dwelling Houses, giving the results of experiments upon the humidity of houses heated by various means, and the results of experiments with various expedients to increase the degree of moisture, and G. D. Swezey described A New Form of Sun- shine Recorder, capable of registering not only the total amount and hours of sun- shine during the day, but also the varying intensity. G. R. Chatburn presented a paper of considerable practical importance on The Strengtli of Nebraska-Grown Catalpa and Osage Orange, and C. E. Bessey noted Some Recent Changes in the Nomenclature of Nebraska Plants, which have been rendered necessary by the modi- fications of nomenclature introduced in recent botanical text-books. Reclamation of the Zuider Zee. — Interest in the proposed reclamation of the Zuider Zee has been revived by the publication of a number of articles upon the sub- ject of late, and by the introduction in the second chamber of the States General of a bill granting authority for inaugurating the work and raising the necessary funds. As is generally known, about two-thirds of the area of Holland consists of reclaimed lands intersected by a system of main drains and navigable canals of a combined length of over 2,000 miles. The annual budget for the maintenance of its dikes and canals amounts to about $2,500,000. The reclamation of Haarlem Lake about sixty years ago, furnishing about 42,000 acres of rich land, upon which are now the great market gardens of Amsterdam, suggested the reclamation of the Zuider Zee, and in 1892 a commi.'^sion was appointed to investigate and report upon the project. The inundation which resulted in the formation of the Zuider Zee occurred in the latter part of the thirteenth centurj', and was caused by the North Sea breaking through the emljankments in several places. The water uniting with Lake Flevo formed the Zuider Zee, a vast inland salt-water sea, 80 miles long and in places 30 miles wide, Vnit quite shallow in many places. Several plans have been advanced for the reclamation of this tract by means of dikes, and the commission, which rendered its report several years ago, traversed the whole ground and outlined a plan which is held to be practicable. The old plan of entirely reclaiming the Zuider Zee by uniting the islands marking the former coast line has been aV)andoned as impracticable. The present plan contemplates the erection of a great sea dike 18 miles in length, extending from the north Holland coast, near the island of Wieringen, to the Friesland coast near Piamm. This dike is estimated to cost about $15,000,000, and to require ten years for its construction. The plan is to reclaim only those portions of the sea which have a clay bottom, leaving free the mouths of the rivers and the present lines of water communication. For tliis purpo.«e four inclosing banks are to be constructed, and the areas inclosed pumped out. For the present it 806 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. is proposed to build only the sea wall and to reclaim two large areas of land on the west L'de, which are now entirely covered by water, containing together over 131,000 acres, of which 115,000 will be available for cultivation. The reclamation of these two western "polders," together with the indemnities to the fishing interests and other incidental expenses, is estimated to cost about $-10,000,000, and would occupy about fourteen years. The area of the two other " polders" to be reclaimed later is 365,000 acres. The total cost of reclaiming the 480,000 acres of cultivable land is estimated at about $75,000,000, and would occupy some thirty-three years. The rental value of the reclaimed land is placed at $10 an acre. Aside from providing a large body of land suitable to cultivation, it is urged that the project will be of great economic advantage in effecting a saving in the present cost of pumping and main- tenance of sea banks, as well as by providing direct communication by road and railway along the top of the dike between Holland and Friesland, shortening the distance materially. It is understood that the consideration of the bill for inaugurating this work has been temporarily postponed, owing to the condition of the finances of the country. Personal Mention. — Dr. K. von Tubeuf, chief of the biological division of the German department of health, has been appointed professor of forestry in the University of Munich. Prof. W. H. Brewer, for thirty-seven years professor of agriculture in the Sheffield Scientific School of the Yale University, will, according to a note in Science, retire from the active duties of the professorship at the end of the present academic year. Oscar Clute, LL. D., a graduate of the 31ichigan Agricultural College in the class of '62, president of the Michigan Agricultural College from June, 1889, to August, 1893, and of the Florida Agricultural College from 1893 to 1897, died January 23, 1902. O EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Birector. KJJITOKI A L UEI'AKTMKNTS. Chemistry, Dairy Fanning, and Dairying — The Editor and H. W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertihzers and Soils (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering — W. II. Beai,. Botany and Diseases of T'lants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. 8ciiilte. Entomology and A^eterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the I'ooperation of the scientific divisions of the Department and the Abstract Committee of the Association of Ofhcial Agricultural Chemists. CONTENTS OF VOL. XIII, NO. 9. Editorial notes: Page. The agricultural appropriation act, 1902-1903 S07 J. Sterling M< trUm, third Secretary of Agriculture 809 (Cooperation in experimentation 811 Progress of experiment stations ahroatl 812 The Station for Plant Breeding at Svalof, Sweden, D. (t. Fairchild 81-4 Recent work in agricultural science 820 Notes 902 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. Preparing strictly tenth-normal, etc., hytlrochloric or nitric acid, K. K. Meade. 820 The determination of nitrates in water containing chlorids, R. INIarcille 820 Synoi)ti<' tal)les for the chemical analysis of water, P. (ioupil 821 The Bacteria occurrineriinents, C. L. Newman 843 Breeding flax, W. AI. Hays ' 844 Hemp (Caiiiiahl.^ sulini), S. S. Boyce 844 Assimilation in oat plant under different conditions, L. Langer and B. Tollens 844 The potat( > en .]\ ( ). M. Morris 845 Culture of the ]>otato in tield experiments at Grignon in 1900, P. P. Deherain. 845 Old i)otatoes made new 845 The international ramie congress, Paris, 1900 845 Rice growing in the Logan district and its jneparation for market, F. W. Peek 845 Rice culture, G. d'Utra 846 The rice industry in (Queensland, F. W. Peek 846 Saltbushes, R. W. Peacock 846 The sugar beet in Indiana, H. A. Huston 846 Chemical changes in composition of sugar beet during ripening, K. Andrlik.. 84(5 (irowth of the . R. Taft 849 Use ot commercial fertilizers in vegetable growing, J. Aeby 849 IV CONTENTS. Page. The service of soils, F. A. Huntley 849 Some muskmelon experiments, E. Walker 850 Indoor tomato culture with chemical fertilizers, W. Stuart 851 Forcing dwarf tomatoes under glass, F. W. Rane 852 Variety tests of cabbage, O. M. Morris 853 Some points on fruit culture, C. B. Waldron 853 Apple growing in Addison County, Vt., F. A. Waugh and M. B. Cummings.. 853 Apple growing on grassy hillsides 854 Plum culture, F. A. Waugh 854 Prunes and prune culture in Western Europe, etc., E. R. Lake 854 The fig : Its history, culture, curing, etc. , G. Eisen 855 The fig in Australia 856 Notes on fig drying, C. H. Gorman. 856 Grafting with summer shoots, K. Fetisch 856 Second report on grapes, A. L. Quaintance 857 Rul)ber planting in the West Indies, J. II. Hart 858 Rubber culture in Nicaragua, G. Waldron 858 Artificial cultivation of the rubl)er tree for industrial purposes, E. Brown 859 A Mexican rubber plant, F. de Francois 859 Ornamentals for South Dakota, N. E. Hansen 859 The replanting of bulbs that have once flowered, W. T^ Thiselton-Dyer 859 A new tender Nymphtt'a, H. S. C'onrad 859 Directions for the culture of Saffron {Crocun i^atwas) 859 Report on the culture of roses in the Balkan Mountains, J. Gravereaux 859 Different methods of making rose cuttings, Viviand-Morel 860 The sweet pea and its failings 860 Intensive horticulture in California, C. H. Shinn 860 FORESTRY. A planter's notes on trees and shrnl )s, E. A. Popenoe 860 The use of nitrate (jf soda in sylviculture 860 The succession of cuttings for deciduous high forests, Pil/ 860 The reconstitution of forests in Ardennes, J . Pollet 861 The disappearance of l)eech in the forest of Cambre, C. Bommer 861 The Picardy poplar, N. I. Crahay 861 Fire lines ami their use in pini' forests of Germany and Gascony, P. Buffault. 861 On the use of white pine, du I'n'- de St. Maur 861 Suggestions for increasing the value of nonagricultural lands, J. Huberty 861 Experiments in wood preservation, W. von Knieriem 861 The wood-pulp industry of Canada 862 SHEUS — WEEDS. A report on cooperative seed testing, F. Nobbe 862 Report of Gctteborg and Bohus Seed Control Station, 1901, J. E. Alen 862 Studies in weeds, W. Carruthers 862 The horse nettle and 1 )uffalo bur, J. C. Arthur 862 Destruction of prickly pear 863 DISEASES OF PLANTS. An attempt to secure immunity of plants to fungus diseases, J. Beauverie 863 Cultures and attenuated forms of fungi which cause diseases of plants, J. Ray. 863 A bacterial disease of the tomato, F. W. T. Hunger 863 A bacterial disease of potatoes, G. Delacroix 864 The finger-and-toe disease of tui'uips 864 Observations on root rot (Dongkellanziekte), J. D. Kobus 864 Apple scab, G. P. Clinton 865 The power of some peach trees to resist the yellows, E. W. Morse 865 Silver-leaf in peaches .' - 865 The injury of fungicides to peach foliage, S. M. Bain 866 Investigations on the mulberry dwarf troubles, U. Suzuki 866 The apfjearance of w^hite rot of grapes in Algeria, J. D. Catta and A. Maige. . 867 Black rot and mildew, G. Cazeaux-Cazalet 867 Treatment of vineyards for prevention of mildew, N. Passerini and P. Fantct-hi . 867 Table grapes and fungicides, E. Chuard 867 CONTENTS V Page. A moans for the prevention of nhelling of grapes, H. Dauthenay 867 A tea cehvorm disease in South India, C. A. Barber 867 Slinietiux of trees and some of its eanses, W. Holtz 868 The slimetiux of trees, F. Ludwig 868 ICNTOMOLOGY. Thirteentli annnai .neeting <^)f the Association of Economie Kntomologists ... 868 The e )dling motli, W. W. Froggatt 871 CodHng motli, (i. Qninn 871 Insects injurious to tlie muskmelon, E. Walker 871 The i>ickle worm ( Min. Sanderson 872 The cherry fly, K. Sajo 878 Remedies for the cankerworm, V. M. Weed 873 Currant aphides 873 Thrips on cacao trees, H. Max well- Lefroy 873 Combating the coffee borer 873 The capritication of tigs, K . Sajo 874 Experiments in destruction of Diaspidic injurious to fruit trees, 1*. ]\hvrshal .. 874 Certain European si>ecies of J^ecanium, etc., G. B. King ani (niitrinmns), W. W. Froggatt 876 Silk culture, (i. McC^arthy 876 Winterinn, L. Liebermann 878 Analyses of oatmeal, B. Dyer 878 Concerning banana flour 878 Analyses of Januuca honey, H. H. ( Cousins 878 The composition of a munber of ( 'oniferie seeds, E. Schulze 878 Alcohol a.s a ])rotector of ]>rotein, R. ( ). Neumann 878 New method for measuring body temperature, F. (t. P.euedict and J. F. Snell. 878 ANIMAL PROmiCTION. Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs in Pennsylvania, W. Frear 879 Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills et al 879 The composition of molasses made from light-colored peat, II. Borntriiger 879 Pepton feed, A. Schmid 879 I larmfui effects of cotton-seed meal as a feeding stuff, L. Nameche 879 Removing spines from i)rickly jtear 8/9 Ricinus-oil cake, O. Nagel ^'^ The cost of shredding fodder 880 Chemistry of the animal liody in relation to cell life, etc., L. H. Warner 880 On the resorption of sulislances insoluble in water, H. Friely, J. A. W. Dollar 892 Tuberculosis in the State of Victoria, G. Pentland 892 Legislation for controlling and eradicating tuberculosis, D. McEachran 892 The relationship of tubercle bacillus, etc., A. Moeller 892 Staining tubercle bacilli and sp< ires, A. Miiller 893 Studies on cattle plague, M. NicioUe and Adil-Bey 893 Contribution to a study of Texas fever, J. Lignieres 894 Anthrax and preventive inoculation in Louisiana, W. H. Dalryniple 894 Spore formation of anthrax bacillus m an atmosphere of nitrogen, E. Jacobitz. 894 CONTENTS. VII Page. The danger of anthrax from the manipulation of horsehair, etc., A. Scott 894 Immunity of pigeons and guinea pigs vaccinated against anthrax, J. de Nittis. 895 Parturient i)aresis, R. C. Ilill 895 The Schmidt treatment for parturient paralysis, J. J. Re[)p 895 iOxperiments to prove the innnunity of cattle to glanders, M. Prettner 895 1 )ehorning of stock, C F. Doane 895 Forage poisoning: Ergotism, J. Helmer 896 Parasites in New Zealand live stock (especially sheep) , J. A. Gilruth 896 Investigations of swine diseases in Arkansas, K. R. binwiddie 896 The inttuence of cold on development of pneumonia of the horse, J. Bourges. . 897 Report on the surra disease of horses. Schilling 897 "Staggers " among horses in North Carolina, T. Butler 898 Chickens and their diseases in Hawaii, T. F. Sedgwick 898 Bacteriiilogical studies of a disease among chickens, A. Lode and J. Gruber 898 Text-book of veterinary medicine, J. Law 899 ACiRIClTLTURAL ENCilNEERING. Irrigation in the United States, F. H. Newell 899 Irrigation of the Delta of the Colorado, W. W. Campbell 899 Hydrography in the United States, H. Gravelius 899 Irrigation works in Egypt 899 The regeneration of Egypt. The Assouan dam, A. Rieffel 899 Hydrology of Sahara, Lahache 899 Irrigation in South Alberta, Northwest Territories, J. McCaig 900 A few remarkable artesian wells and their uses, E. H. Barbour 900 (Jraphical solution of hydraulic problems, F. C. Coffin 900 The cut-away disk harrow and the spring-tooth harrow, C. A. McClelland 900 Tiie complete harvester 900 Tiie pressing of fodders, M. Ringelmann 900 MISCELLANEOUS. Papers by directors of New England agricultural experiment stations 900 Report of Chemical Experiment and Seed Control Station of Riga, G. Thoms. . 900 Papers read at farmers' institutes and other meetings during the year 901 Changes in the rates of charge for railway and other transportation services, H . T. Newc( )iid), revised by E. G. Ward, jr 901 Agricultural statistica for Belgium in 1900 901 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United Stt^tes. Page. Arkansas Station: Bui. 67, 1901 896 Bui. 68, 1901 840 Bui. 69, 1901 850, 871 Bui. 70, 1901 843 Colorado Station: Bui. 65, Sept., 1901 830 Bui. 66, Sept., 1901 890 Delaware Station: Bui. 53, Dec, 1901 872 Georgia Station: Bui. 53, June, 1901 857 Bui. 54, July, 1901 871 Bui. 55, Nov., 1901 842 Fourteenth An. Rpt., 1901 .. . 900 Hawaii Station: Bui. 1 898 Hawaii Sugar Planters' Station: Rpt. 1901 834, 846 Idaho Station: Bui. 30, Dec, 1901 849 Illinois Station: Bui. 66, Nov., 1901 883 Bui. 67, Dec, 1901 865 Bui. 68, Jan., 1902 876 Fourteenth An. Rpt., 1901 ... 900 Indiana Station: Fourteenth An. Rpt. , 1901 . . . 827, 843,846,851,862,884,900 Maryland Station: Bui. 78, Dec, 1901 895 Michigan Station: Spec Bui. 14, June, 1901 877 Fourteenth An. Rpt. , 1 901 . . . 828, 839, 849, 900 New Hampshire Station: Bnl. 84, Sept. , 1901 852 Bui. 85, Oct. ,1901 873 North Dakota Station : Bui. 49, Sept. , 1901 853 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 51, Dec, 1901 881 Bui. 52, Dec, 1901 845, 853 Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Pago. Pennsvlvania Station: Bui. 57, Nov., 1901 880 South Dakota Station: Bui. 72, June, 1901 859 Tennessee Station : Bui. Vol. 14, No. 3, Sept., 1901 840 Vermont Station: Bui. 88, Oct., 1901 879 Bui. 89, Nov., 1901 854 Bui. 90, Dec ,1901 853 Wvoming Station: Bui. 49, June, 1901 831 U S. Department of AgrlciUture. An. Rpts., 1901 900 Bureau of Soils: Circ9 830 Weather Bureau: Monthlv Weather Review, vol. 29, No. 1 0, Oct. ,1901 827 Monthly Weather Review, vol. 29, No. 1 1 , Nov. , 1901 827, 833 Monthly Weather Review, vol. 29, No. 1 2, Dec , 1 901 827 Meteorological Chart of the Great Lakes, 1901 , No. 2 828 Division of Botany: Contributions from U. S. National Herbarium, vol. 7, No. 3 827 Division of J^ntomology : Bui. 31 (new series) 868 Division of Pomology: Bul.9 855 Bul.lO 854 Division of Statistics: Bui. 15 (revised), miscellane- ous series 901 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. Plate II. Fig. 1. — Station for plant breeding, Svalof, Sweden. Fig. 2. — Increase plat of peas, the progeny of a single plant 816 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XIII. No. 9. The agri cultural appropriation act for the year 1902-3, passed by Congress the hitter pai't of May, carries an increase of $(526, 540 ov^er that of the previous .year, the total amount now aggregating $5,208,960. The largest increases are for the Weather Bureau, the Bureau of Animal Industr}^, and the four new l^ureaus formed last 3ear. The latter are recognized in the act in place of the former divisions which they represented, and special provision is made for the continuance of the new bureau organization. Two new lines of work are provided for, which the Department has given little attention to. in recent 3^ears, namely, the study of the proper treatment and processes for securing uniform grade and quality of table sirup and investigations in silk culture. For the investiga- tions in sirup making $20,000 is appropriated and for silk culture $10,000. The former will be assigned to the inmiediate charge of the Bureau of Chemistry and the latter to the Division of Entomology. The Weather Bureau appropriation amounts to $1,248,760, an increase of about $100,000, $50,000 of which is for the purchase of sites and the erection of six new station buildings for use as observa- tories. There is also provision for extending its cable and telegraphic connections. The Bureau of Animal Industr}^ receives an increase for its inspection and investigation work of $93,000, out of which $10,000 ma}^ be used for the purchase of additional land in connection with its experiment station at Bethesda, Md. The total amount named for the Bureau is $1,247,180. The total increase for the Bureau of Plant Industry aggregates $116,000, making the total for that Bureau $612,730, including the $270,000 for the purchase and distribution of seeds. The largest increase is for vegetable pathological and physiological investiga- tions, $50,000. The new lines of work mentioned arc the investiga- tion of canaigre and other tannin-bearing plants, the cause of decay in forest tim})er, the practical application in agriculture of the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen l)y bacteria and other micro-organisms, and the cultivation and distribution of these '' nitrogen tixers." The 807 808 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. appropriations for botanical, pomological, and grass and forage-plant investigations are increased b}" $10,000 in each case, being now $55,000 for botanical investigations and $30,000 each for the other two branches. The Arlington Farm receives an additional $5,000, making the total $15,000, and the fund for tea-culture investigations is increased to $10,000. The allowance of $20,000 for seed and plant introduction, out of the $270,000 for the purchase and distribution of seeds, is con- tinued, and $10,000 additional is authorized from this fund for the construction of a seed warehouse. The Bureau of Forestry receives an increase of $106,420, mosth" for general operating expenses, making the total for that Bureau $291,860. The increase for the Bureau of Soils is $60,540, including $21,540 for additional salaries placed upon the statutory' roll. The total for the Bureau is $169,680. In the case of both of these bureaus the increased appropriation is principally to enalde an extension of the operations along lines already approved, rather than to enter upon new lines. The appropriation for the Bureau of Chemistr}^ is more than doubled, including that for sirup investigation mentioned above, and a number of new duties are imposed. Among these are the establishment of standards of purity for food products and the determination of what shall be reo-arded as constituting adulteration, the investigation of dair}' products and the adulterants of the same, a study of the influence of environment upon the chemical composition of wheat and other cereals, suitability of barley for brewing, etc.. and the investigation of the chemical composition of sugar-producing plants in the United States and its possessions, together with the effect of environment upon the same. The total for the Bureau is now $73,700. The appropriation for agricultuial experiment stations is $796,000, which includes an increase of $4,000 for this Office and $3,000 for the Alaska stations. The fund for irrigation investigations (assigned to this Office) is increased from $50,000 to $65,000, and in addition to its other duties provision is made for a study of the laws as aflfecting irrigation and the rights of riparian proprietors, the making of plans for the removal of seepage and surplus water ])y drainage, and the use of diiferent kinds of power for irrigation and other agricultural purposes. An attempt to secure an increase for the stations in Hawaii and Porto Rico, giving them the same amount as is received ])y each State and Territory, was unsuccessful; and an increase of $7,0(J0 in the appropriation for this Office to enable it to enter into coo]^>eration with the farmers' institute work of the country, which was granted by the Senate and retained by the conference committee, was later reduced to $4,000 by a concurrent resolution introduced to correct a clerical error in the total appropriation. The appropriation of $20,000 for nutrition investiaations remains as before. EDITORIAL. 809 The Division of Entoinolou-y rocoivos $57,450, tog-otlier with the $10,»)(>0 for silk iinestio-ations previously mentioned, u total increase of $31,250; and the Division of Biological Survey receives $45,850, an increase of $13,050. The fund for the Division of Publications is increased from $198,020 to $228,820, of which $107,500 is for farmers' bulletins. This is aside from the g-eneral printinii- fund for the Department of $175,000. The appropriation for the Division of Statistics remains the same as last year, except that the $15,000 for the Section of Foreign Markets is deducted, making the total for the Division of Statistics $141,160, and the Section of Foreign Markets is raised to an independent divis- ion. A clause is inserted calling upon the Secretar}- of Agriculture to report to the next Congress upon the advisability of consolidating with the Weather Bureau all of the work of the Department relating to the gathering and compilation of crop reports and statistics. The fund for Public Road Inquiries is increased from $20,000 to $30,000, and that, for the Library is raised from $16,000 to $18,000. Other appiopriations are as follows: Office of the Secretary, $74,410; Division of Accounts, $24,100; Museum, $2,2lic buildings. In this connection, as showing the great need of additional accommodations, it may be mentioned that the appropriation act cited above authorizes the expenditure of about $22,00() for the rent of buildings, to be used almost exclusively for laboratory and office purposes. Moreover, permission to rent quarters was denied several branches for which it was asked, and the growth of whose work makes it practically a necessity. The new appropriation for rented l)uildings is more than double that authorized in the last act, not to mention the increased incidental expense for watchmen, heating, etc. The administration of ex-Secretary J. Sterling Morton, whose death occurred Apiil 27, was marked by a number of important events which contributed in no small degree toward the reorganization and develop- ment of the Department. While nothing like a general reorganiza- tion was undertaken, a number of changes were made in the direction of a more compact organization, and several new lines were inaugurated which materially strengthened the work of the Department. The Divisions of Soils and of Agrostology, for example, were established in his time, as was also the Dairy Division in the Bureau of Animal industry. Congress appropriated funds for the? collection and dis- tribution of information relating to public roads, out of which grew 810 EXPEKTMENT STATION RECORD. the Office of Road Inquiry; and the Section of Foreign Markets was reorganized and pkiced under the Secretary's immediate supervision. Through Secretary Morton's recommendation the experiment sta- tions and the Department were brought into much closer relations. In his iirst annual report he called attention to the lack of any Federal supervision of the funds given for experiment stations, and advocated an amendment of the law placing such supervision in the hands of the Secretary of Agriculture. In response to this, Congress empowered the Secretary^ to prescribe the form of the annual financial statements and directed him to ascertain whether the expenditures conformed to the requirements of the Hatch Act, which has taken the form of an annual inspection. The advisability of this step is universally accepted, since, aside from safeguarding the funds, it has brought the Depart- ment into much closer relations with the stations, and has strengthened the organization of the whole movement. Secretary Morton also obtained the first appropriation for nutrition investigations, which carried the first legislative provision for coopera- tion with the experiment stations, a feature which has since assumed more importance every year and has proved of mutual benefit in working out pi'actical problems in the application of science in agriculture. The Yearbook, which supersedes the former annual report and has become one of the foremost agricultural annuals of the world, was started in the second year of Secretary Morton's administration; and he secured the first appropriation from Congress for the publication of farmers' ])ulletins, which he hoped to substitute for the Congres- sional seed distribution. Failing in this effort and in his attempt to bring al)out the al)olltion of the seed distribution, he set about improv- ing the quality of the seed furnished, ])y establishing a laboratory for testing the purit}^, viability, and genuineness of the seeds which were purchased for that purpose. This laboratory has been continued and its duties and scope materially enlarged. Secretary Morton appreciated the inadequacy of the present Depart- ment quarters and the great desirability of a commodious and appro- priate ])uilding. In his last annual report he pointed out that over ^2,066,000 had been covered back into the Treasury during his admin- istration, and strongly recommended that the amount so saved be applied to the erection of an agricultural building. Mr. Morton's deep interest in tree planting and practical forestry is widel}^ known, and he will be rememl)ered especiall}" as the author of arbor day legislation. Upon the receipt of the news of the ex-Secretary's death a com- mittee was appointed to draw up appropriate resolutions, which were subsequentl}' adopted at a meeting of the officers and emplojees of the EDITOEIAL. 811 Department. Secretary Wilson has directed that a portrait of Mr. Morton be inserted as a frontispiece in the forthcoming Yearbooli, now in press. The Sevcntli Annual Report of the Director of the OtRce of Experi- ment Stations brings out tlie fact that much proores.s has l)een made in the direction of cooperation between the agricultural experiment stations and this Department. The lines in which the stations can most ett'ectively cooperate with the Department are being determined, and encouraging progress made in working out the methods of arrang- ing and conducting cooperative operations. Since both the stations and the Department have had enlarged resources it has been possil)le not oid}^ to increase the number of cooperative enterprises, but also to conduct them on a larger scale. At present the stations in 48 States and Territories are cooperating with the Department. This coopera- tion covers a very broad tield, including tests of varieties of grasses and forage plants in many localities, special experiments with grasses and forage plants for the arid regions and the im})rovement of range lands, breeding expeiiments with plants, especially cereals, experi- ments with hybrid orange trees, the culture of sugar beets, dates, and tobticco, the planting of forest trees, the nutrition of farm animals and of man, the gluten content of wheat as affected ])y various conditions of environment, plants poisonous to stock, injurious insects, soil stud- ies, and irrigation pro])Iems. In some cases it has been foiuid desirable to form grou])s of stations to investigate some problem ati'ecting a large region. Thus, for exam- ple, a group of stations, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industr3^, is engaged in investigations on the breeding of varieties of cereals adapted to the Northwest In other cases a single station is sufficiently aided by the Department to enable it to ur.dertake the thorough treatment of problems in a special line. Thus, the Penn- S3dvania Station, in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry, is preparing to make elaborate researches in animal luitrition, and for this purpose has devised and ])uilt a respiration, calorimeter for exj)eriments with large animals, wliich in size and complexity surpasses any apparatus hitherto used for such experiments. In other cases, two or more branches of the Department combine to work in conjunc- tion with a station on some comi)lex problem. Plans have been made, for exani])le, for an extensive experiment on the problems of range conservation and improvement, in which the Arizona Station will unite with the Bureaus of Forestry and Plant Industry and the Office of Experhnent Stations (irrigation investigations). It is evident that a very great variety of effective coml)inations can )>e made, which will result in a union of forces thoroughly acquainted with local conditions with those having broad views and relations. Such a strong combina- 812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tion of forces for attacking the problems of agriculture exists nowhere else. It is believed, therefore, that largely increased benefits will soon accrue to agriculture from this union of the stations with the Depart- ment. At the same time the stations were never so strong locally, and are better equipped than ever before to work ])y themselves on prob- lems of immediate importance to their own constituencies. Instances of governmental activity for the advancement of agricul- ture in the old world as well as in the new are more numerous than formerly, indicating that greater enlightment on the practical value of the results of experiment station work is having a marked effect. The Russian Department of Agriculture and Imperial Domains is dis- playing considerable activity in its soil and forestry investigations and in the establishment of stations for the investigation of special sub- jects, such as the growing of flax, cotton, olives, etc. In Australia the Victoria Department of Agriculture is undergoing reorganization. The Victoria Royal Commission on Technical Educa- tion has Ijrought to a close its study of Australian, European, and American departments of agriculture, agricultural schools, and experi- ment stations, and published its final (sixth) report. The Minister of Agriculture is now seeking a director of agriculture, who will proceed to reorganize the Department and put it on a better working basis. In England the Board of Agriculture has made larger grants than formerly to agricultural colleges and societies for conducting agricul- tural investigations. The Agricultural P^ducation Conmiittee is doing- important work for agriculture and agricultural education by publish- ing circulars on various topics and nature-study leaflets for teachers. During the year Messrs. John S. and T. M. Remington have established the Aynsome Experiment Station at Lancashire, a private institution. The Austrian Ciovernment has recently established several experi- ment stations, notably the station for plant culture at Briinn, the sta- tion for investigations in plant and animal production at Otterbach, and an agricultural physiological station, with divisions of chemistry, physiology, and bacteriolog}^, at Prague. In Hungary an experiment station for the analysis and study of wines was established last year at Fiume. France has established at Nogent-sur-Marne a colonial garden to have administrative control over French colonial stations and botanic gardens in different parts of the world and to furnish these institutions with seeds and plants. During the year oenological stations have been established at Toulouse and Beaune and an agricultural station at Besancon. In Germany five years of successful work at the Lauchstadt Experi- mental Farm, which is connected with the Agricultural Chemical Experiment Station at Halle, has given so much evidence of the value EDITORIAL. 813 of experimental farms in connection with experiment stations that there is a movement in that comitry towai'd tlic extension of the so- calk'd •"American system" of lield experiments, conducted on a laroc scale and in a more practical way than has hitherto been customary in that country. Two new stations have been estal)lished durint^- the year, a Hax-culturc station at 8orau and a viticultural experiment station at Weinsberg-. In the AVest Indies and South America also the claims of a^'ricultural education and research have received much attention. The Depart- ment of Au-riculture in the West Indies has established three new stations at Montserrat and one at Tortola, and has conducted several meetings of planters and investigators, at which great interest in the advancement of agriculture was displa3'ed. The Bolivian Government has estal)lished an agricultural college at Cochabamba and an agricul- tural school for Indians at ITmala. Brazil has recently established a botanical garden and experimental demonstration field at San Vicente; and Argentina, which hitherto had no stations, has decided to establish four experiment stations on the same general plan as those in the United States. An irrigation experiment station has been established at Calgar}^, Canada, a dairy station at Gembloux, Belgium, and a veterinary path- ological institute and animal \accine institute at Christiania, Norway; and a department of agriculture, with a small staff of experts attached, has been organized at Bangalore b}^ the government of Mysore, India. Thus the organized effort for the advancement and improvement of agriculture increases year l)y year, the example and experience of one country seeming to stinudate others to action or to increased activity'. The well-deserved reputation of the American stations for doing work of practical bearing and quite direct application to agricultural prac- tice is causing them to be looked to by the newer countries, and the so-called American sj'stem is finding many imitators. THE STATION FOR PLANT BREEDING AT SVALOF, SWEDEN. David G. Faikchild, Agricultural Exjjlorer of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. In connection with an expedition for plant introduction the writer had the pleasure in the summer of IJJOO of visiting the Station for Plant Breeding at Svalof, Sweden. This station is so unique and promises so much for the agriculture of Sweden that it is worthy the serious consideration of x^merican agriculturists. The object of the station is the development V)y systematic breeding and selection of new, better, and more productive varieties of agricul- tural plants. So far, it has confined its attention to the improvement of wheat, oats, rye, barley, peas, and vetches. The institution is the outcome of private enterprise and owes its origin to the farsightedness and liberality of B. Welinder, a wealthy landowner of the province of Schcinen. Mr. Welinder became con- vinced, through his travels in Germany and England, of the impor- tance to agriculture of cultivating the best varieties of cereals; and in 188-1, or thereabouts, he imported into South Sweden and grew on his own estate a number of ditfcrent foreign varieties of grain. Among this number was the Scottish variety of wheat known as Square Head. Mr. Welinder distril)uted seed of this Scottish sort among his neigh- bors, who discovered upon growing it that with the same amount of labor they were harvesting nearly 2,000 kg. per hectare of this new variety, instead of 1,200 kg., the ordinary 3'ield of wheat. The success of this introduction, together with other arguments, induced Mr. Welinder to form in 1886 the South Swedish Society for the Breeding and Selection of Seeds. In this he was heartily seconded by Freiherr F. G. Gyllcnkrook and other large landowners of the province of Schonen. The object of this society was to raise the standard of Swedish agriculture thro gh the introduction and origina- tion of better vaiieties of grain and forage plants. In connection with the society, and the breeding station which was the outcome of it, there was established in 181)1 a seed company, which at present is capi- talized at $100,000. This company is a business concern for the pur- pose of growing in hirge quantities and distributing advantageously and economically seeds of the cereals and fodder plants which have been originated or tested by the breeding station and proved of special agricultural value. In the early years of the breeding society the 814 STATION FOR PLANT HKKKDINO AT SVALOF, SWKDKN. S15 ;ittoni])t was made to coniljinc these two related objects, hut it was found that too much time of the \)hint breeders was absorbed in the purely l)usiness transactions of seliint;- and shipping seed. The effort of Mr. Welinder and his associates soon attracted atten- tion in other parts of Sweden and resulted in the formation of the General Swedish Breedino- Societ}', which later, by absorption of smaller institutions in middle Sweden, be(;ame the Swedish Seed Breeding Association. Although owing its origin to private initiative, the association has received since 1891 an amiual government appropriation, which now amounts to 18,000 crowns, or nearly $5,000. This sum, together with 700 to 800 membership fees, subscriptions from various Swedish agri- cultural societies, receipts from the sale of grains from the experi- mental plats, etc., makes the total fund for maintenance of the institution nearl}'^ 53,000 crowns, or $14,300. Until recently the business relations between the association and the conipany have been somewhat complicated. Seeds of new varieties originated by the breeding station have been appraised by a joint committee and sold outright to the company. Under the present arrangement the association receives a royalty of 1 per cent of the gross receipts of the company on the sales of seed originated bj'^ the breeding station. iVlthough it was not expected in the formation of the com})any that an}' profit Avould result in the first few years from the sales of seed, the ])ooks already show a small credit balance, and it seems assured that from a l)usiness standpoint the company will be a success. From 1886 to 1892, unproductive methods of selection were employed and not a single really superior variety of grain was developed. Since 1892, when Director N. H. Nilsson introduced an original method of selection which has proved very important, several new and valuable sorts have been distributed on a large scale and many more promising ones are on trial. As it requires about five years to grow a sufhciently large quantity of the seed to justif}' putting it on the market, it was not until 1897 that the company could really begin to get an}' benefit fi'om the work of the plant breeders. Upon receiving seed of a new and thoroughl}' tested variety from the breeding stiition, the company sows it at once on its own land, which is adjacent to the grounds of the station; and when a sufHciently large quantity has been harvested, the compan}- distributes it to cor- respondents under the simple agreement that the latter shall sell the whole ci'op harvested from this seed to the company, receiving for their extra pains a price somewhat in advance of the market price for ordinary grains. No special precautions are considered necessary to prevent the grower from stealing a small quantit}^ for his own use and 25832— No. 9—02 2 816 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. subsequent sale. So iiuieh depends upon the inspection of the grow- ing grain and harvested product and the certificate furnished by the breeding station that Swedish farmers evidently prefer to pay the extra price charged for the certified seed. Throughout both Sweden and Finland the Svalof varieties of grain are spoken of in the highest terms. As far north as the sixtj^-sixth parallel they vield better returns than native sorts whenever the season is sufficiently long. In short seasons, when the frosts come unusually early, the southern varieties do not ripen. It could not be expected that sorts from southern Sweden would prove well adapted in this respect to the northernmost localities. The seed compan}^ carries in stock a limited number of standard seed varieties that have not been lired at the Svalof station. These are, however, all su))jected to inspection by the experts of the station, and ever}^ sack of seed sold by the company bears the stamp of the latter and contains a certificate as to its purity. All pedigreed grains which are purchased b}- the companv from its correspondents must, before purchase, be inspected in the field and officially recommended by an expert of the breeding station. In a brochure ' for the guidance of a committee of the German Agri- cultural Society, published on the ocrcasion of its visit to Svalof in 1898, Dr. Nilsson describes in more detail than the limits of this arti- cle will allow the organization and scientific principles of the insti- tution. This brochure is worthy the careful perusal of every American plant breeder. The breeding station at Svalof is housed in a modern laboratory of attractive exterior and convenientl}^ arranged interior, and is sur- rounded hj a small neatly kept park. (PI. II, fig. 1.) The experi- mental plats, of which there are more than 2,000, are scattered among the larger fields of pedigreed grain and cover in all about 25 acres. Special stress is laid by Dr. Nilsson upon the fact that all of his experimental plats are under as nearly as possil)le natural conditions, and to insure still further accurac}^, each variety is tested on not less than three diflerent plats. The work of the station naturally runs along two lines, i. e. , the search for mother plants for starting new varieties, and the elimination of all but the very best of the varieties started. All selection of mother plants is based upon (1) the general (qualities of the plant itself, (2) its abilit}^ to produce plants of high average quality, and (3) its ability to produce plants of nearly absolute uni- formity in botanical characters. The method of work is practically the same for all crops handled, ^N. H. Nilsson, Einige kiirze Notizen iiber die schwedische Pflanzen-Veredlung zti Svalof. Malmo, 1898. Experiment Station Record, Vol. 13, No. 9. Plate II ' •-^ Mf^ ' ' ' w"- L ^B E .^,,:,....,...,,........... . M Fig. 1.— Station for Plant Breeding, Svalof, Sweden. Fig. 2.— Increase Plat of Peas, the Progeny of a Single Plant. STATION FOR I'LANT EKEEDING AT SVALOF, SWEDEN. 817 iiiid in n. II, tiy. 2, is shown :i siiuill pUit of [u'lis whicli is the pi-oduet of the .sint;lc best plant thrown in a similar plat the year l)efore. A» soon a,s one of the plats seems to warrant it, i. c, wlien its nniforniity of type and (general excellence of yield have been demon- strated, a nuni])er of the best ^'ieklinj^- plants, exceptino- of course the sint>le best one, are chosen to plant an increase phit. From the seed obtained from this increase ])lat, ])i-o\'idinle economic ones, and it has been one of the services of the Svalof station to point out some of these correlations and to emphasize th(> importance of this principle. For example, it has been found that the close headed wheats have the strongest straw, and the three-flowered spikelcts of the oat bear the largest grains. Too much stress can not l)e laid, according to Dr. Nilsson, upon the 818 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. value of a pure botanical variety. In the production of a barley for brewing purposes uniformity of germination is of prime importance, and at the Swedish Brewers' Exposition at Malmo, in lsi»8, the varie- ties of barley which took the prizes were all botanically pure or nearl}' so. Such sorts as were mixtures of several strains were invariably of inferior quality. It can be easily understood that grains which are descended from a common parent will show a greater uniformity, even in length of time required to germinate, than those from differ- ent parentage. Dr. Nilsson finds that none of the existing races of cereals now sold by seedsmen is pure, but rather mixtures of many different strains, which he is able to separate and identify. He holds that when a race has been produced which is botanically pure a remarkable uniformity results. The writer saw 14 acres of a new variety of wheat, not yet on the market, which had for several years been subjected to the most careful selection. Every plant in the field was the offspring of the same ancestral plant which Dr. Nilsson had discovered some 4 or 5 years before. The uniformity of color and evenness of growth were most remarkable. Two bands of dark green along the margin of the field could be seen for hundreds of yards, and were as distinct as if painted above a chalk line. Upon closer observation they proved to be formed by the dark green upper nodes of the individual plants, which were of such uniform height that, the nodes stood at the same level. It is easy enough, in Dr. Nilsson's opinion, to secure variable varie- ties and curious sports by crossing; but it is very difficult, once the strain is disturbed by cross breeding, to secure uniformity. At pres- ent he finds so many variations in his experimental fields without recourse to hand crossing, and he has been so successful in rendering the best of these uniform, that he has not paid much attention to the matter of artificial cross fertilization. He admits, however, that cross- ing must be judiciously resorted to for the production of quite new varieties of superlative excellence. Not content merely with the production of a new variety, the sta- tion continues work upon sorts alread}^ put on the market by the com- pany. Every year a new representative plant is selected from the trial plats, the seed from it sown, and the machinery set in motion for its multiplication. The Svalof Princess barley of 1898 is not the same nor as well bred as that of the same pedigree, but originated in 1900. The system of records and methods of systematically studying each of the characters of these pedigreed sorts are among the most interesting features of the station. The field and record books, and the S3'stem of numbers employed to keep track of these almost countless varia- tions, are the result of years of experience. Extensive herbaria and photographs assist in rendering the short descriptions of the various STATION FOR PLANT BREEDING AT SVALOF, SWEDEN. 819 sorts iiitollioi))lo, and in lookino- those over ono is improssod with the thorouj^h uuuinor in which this kind of cxpcriniontiil vvoi-k is ^ya- teuuitized. The station hiboratorv is a machine sho])of specialized contrivances. Amon^ these may lie enmiicratcd counting" cases for (piickly register- ing the grains per spikelet, specialized racks upon which the pedigreed grain is hung, tal)les of peculiar construction, racks and trap's of con- venient form, self-sorting balances, special pincers for cutting the grains of barley in two in order to examine their flour texture, abacus- like and ordinary counting machines for diminishing the labor of cal- culation, ingenious shaking sieves for grading and registering cpiickl}' large quantities of grain, marking boards to guide the plat planters in planting the seed, and calipers for registering the relative compactness of the wheat head. Dr. Nilsson has two scientific assistants, Dr. H. Tedin and Mr. P. Bolin. The former is at work upon the improvement of forage plants, with which he has already had excellent results, while the latter has made a specialty of barley, and his Princess variety is rapidly super- seding other sorts through southern Sweden. It is an essential of success in plant breeding that the breeder shall become so intimatel}' acquainted with the plants he is breeding that he learns which among the host of characters constantly developed are of significance for his purpose; and the organization and specialized scope of the Svalof station foster this intimate acquaintance. Among the valuable varieties already produced by this remai'kable breeding station are the (xrenadier wheat, which is not j^et on the market but has yielded over 70 ])u. per acre where ordinarj^ kinds gave only 35 bu. ; the Princess barley just mentioned, which took 20 out of 28 prizes offered by the Brewers' Association at a recent expo- sition in Malmo, Sweden, and a variety of vetch ( Viela sativa) quite proof against the mildew (Peronospora), which has for several years almost completely destroyed the fields of this fodder plant at Svalof, This vetch was found by Dr. Nilsson in a field which has been devastated b}" the disease. It was noticeably free from the malady, and its progenj' now form a race which is quite immune to the Peronosi)ora. C considering the short time that has elapsed since the proper method was discovered for the improvement of plants, and that the staff' of the station includes only three breeders, these are certainl}" most worthy results. What might be done if this work were prosecuted on a large scale does not require much imagination to discern. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. Method for preparing strictly tenth-normal, fifth-normal, etc., hydro- chloric or nitric acid, R. K. Meade (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 23 (1901), No. 5, pp. 343-347). — The method described depends upon the decomposition of copper sulphate in sohition 1)y the electric current. Barium chlorid is afterwards added to the solu- tion, a double decomposition taking place, barium sulphate and hydrochloric acid being formed. The process is carried out as follows: In making tenth-normal hydro- chloric acid there is introduced into 12.487 gm. of crystallized copper sulphate in 500 cc. of water, a cylinder of copper foil attached to the negative wire and a i>lati- num rod attached to the positive wire of an electric circuit with a current of from 1 to I5 amperes. The Ijeaker is covered with a watch-glass perforated for the rod, and the current passed tlirough the solution for from 6 to 8 hours, or longer. After removing and rinsing the apparatus, 12.215 gm. of crystallized barium chlorid, dis- solved in water, is added and the solution made up to 1 liter. In order to have the volume correct 26 cc. of water is added to fill the space taken up l>y the precipitate. After the precipitate has settled the clear li(]uid is siphoned through a dry tube upon a dry filter and caught in a dry stock-bottle. In making tenth-normal nitric acid by this method, 13.076 gm. of 1)arium nitrate should be used in lieu of barium chlorid, the quantity of copper sulphate remaining the same. Where the standard hydrochloric acid is for use with alkaline earths, it is necessarj' to add a little in excess of the amount stated of barium chlorid. The author prepared only tenth-normal and fifth-normal acids by this method, but states that normal acid ran also proba1)ly be prepared, but that the waste caused by the loss f>f solution retained in the jjrecipitate would be somewhat greater. The determination of nitrates in water containing chlorids, R. Marcille [Ami. Ayrnn., .J7 (1901), No. 1-2, ]ip. 59'i-i'>00). — Tlie method proposed is a modifica- tion of that of Grandval and Lajoux,' which is based ujjon the coloration produced by the formation of trinitrophenol or picric acid when water containing nitrates is treated with sulphophenic acid. The chlorids are eliminated by precipitation with a i»ncentrated aminoniacal solution of silver sulphate, the determination of nitrates being made in the solution without filtering to remove the precipitate. The method of procedure is as follows: To 10 cc. of the water in a small porcelain dish add a few drops more than enough of the silver solution to precipitate tlie chlorids; evaporate to dryness at a temperature not much over 120° C. ; cool, add 1.5 to 2 cc. of sulpho- phenic acid (8.1 parts of phenol to 100 partsof sulphuric acid), and mix toahomoge- neous paste; dilute to about 10 cc. with water, and add a slight excess of annnonia; pour into a glass tube, make volume to 50 or 100 cc. with distilled water, ami deter- mine nitrates by the ordinary colorimetric method. The silver solution is prepared by heating pulverized silver sulphate with a little water and adding ammonia little by little. Even small amounts of chlorids are shown to interfere with the accuracy 'Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 101 (1885), p. 62. 820 CHEMISTRY. 821 of the deteriniiiation of nitrates, but tlieoretical results wi're obtained when tlie chlorids were precipitated in the manner described. Synoptic tables for the chemical analysis of water, P. ( Joupil ( Tableaux si/ni>j)lii/U('s ]>niir ridiali/xr (■hlitii(jnr ilf rrtiii. I'arls: ./. B. BaiUiere ct Si»i, 1901, pp. 70, .//;/s. J0\. The quick determination of nitrates in soils, C. Montanari [Staz. Spcr. Agr. Ital, 34 [1901), pp. 690-693; abx. in Chcm. C'entbl., 1901, II, No. 13, p. 793).— The author adapts the method of Grandval and Lajoux, referred to above, for the deter- mination of nitric nitrogen in air and water to this purpose. Methods of analyzing commercial fertilizers, F. Kretschmek (Ztxchr. Angew. ( 'hnn .,U{ 1901 ) , X<>. 45, pp. 11.16-1138; ahx. in Clwin . Centbl. , 1901, II, No. 24, p. 1277 ).— A brief account of metliods conuuonly employed in (Tennany for the determination of nitrogen, pliosi)horic acip. 199, 200). — Tests are reported of the action of 1 per cent acetic, tartaric, and citric acids on Christmas Island coj)rolite, basic slag, basic superphosphate, and precipitated phosphate. In the method followed 1 gm. of the phosphate was digested for 24 hours with frequent agitation in 100 cc. of the solvent, phosphoric acid l)eing determined in 50 cc. of the filtered solution thus obtained by the molybdic method. The solubilities obtained were very variable. Acetic acid gave much lower results than the other two acids tested. The author states that " though citric acid seems to be now fixed upon as the reagent in testing phosphates, it is not at all a true representative, . . . for the most satisfactory results as a general solvent are given liy tartaric acid." A suggestion regarding the modification and simplification of phosphate analysis, M. 1'asson [Ztuchr. Auyctr. t'Jicin., 14 (1901), No. 45, pp- 1134-1136; nhg. in ('hem. Centbl., 1901, II, No. 24, p. 1277) . — It is recommended that such weights of mate- rial be used (12.8 gm. per liter or 6.4 gm. per half liter) that each milligram of the mag- nesium pyiophosphate obtained shall correspond with a definite percentage (0.1) of phosphoric acid, thus obviating the necessity of calculating the percentage. INIodifi- cations l)ased on the same principle are suggested for the volumetric methods. On the separation and determination of small amounts of potassium in salt mixtures, F. II. van Lkent (/.l.srhr. Analijt. CIk'iii., 40 [1901), \n. 9, itp. 569- 573). — For this purpose the author recommends, on the l)asis of his experiments with sea water, a modification of the cobalt nitrate method of de Koninck and tiilbert, converting the potassium finally into perchlorate or the platinum salt and weighing in these forms. The conclusion is reached that the method is better adapted for use with mixtures of i)otassium with other salts, especially when the proportion of potas- sium is small, than the direct platinum or perchlorate method. The reagent emplo}'ed is i)rei)ared by dissolving 9.58 gm. cobalt chlorid wUh 25 cc. of glacial acetic aciil in 500 cc. of water. Just before use equal parts of this solution ami of a solution of i)0 gm. of sodium nitrate in 500 cc. of water are mixed. Estimation of sucrose and lactose in condensed milk, S. II. K. and C. N. Ruber [Ztsrhr. Anah/I. Chnn., 40 [1901), \o. 2, pp. .'y7-7/r>).— The metiiodof Kjeldahl for e.stimating two sugars at the same time and in the same solution depends upon whether the copper yielded by each sugar present is in a correct ratio to the total. This method is correct when the two sugars reduce Fehling's solution with equal rapidity. This is not exact with others, like invert sugar and lactose, and the authors propose a formula for calculating an ai)i)roximate result. The figures they obtained by the calculation agreed very closely with those appiie samples of milk prei)ared with known amounts of sugar. Determination of milk sugar by the Wollny refractometer in comparison with analytical and polariscopic methods, K. Hhai x [Milrh /!i. 4; 39, pp. 613-616). 822 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The determination of saccharin, F. Wirthle {Client. Zlr/., 2n {1901), No. 77, p. 816). Note on the approximate estimation of formaldehyde in milk, J. F. Liver- SEBGE {Analyst, 26 {1901), No. 303, pj). 151, 152).— h. color reaction obtained by the adition of a reagent composed of 25 cc. of normal ferric chlorid in 100 cc. of pure concentrated sulphuric acid. Ten cc. of the milk is placed in a 25 cc. stoppered cylinder and the reagent added, 1 cc. at a time, from a burette and the color noted. In the presence of formaldehyde a violet color appears which increases in intensity with the amount of formaldehyde in the sample. Detection of formalin in milk, O. Henzold {Milch ZUj., 30 {1901), No. 40, pp. 629, 630). — The addition of sulphuric acid to milk containing formalin gives a distinct violet color at the contact of the two layers. The estimation of formaldehyde, Z. Peska {Chem. 7A(j., 25 {1901), No. 71, p. 743). — A discussion of methods. Estimation of the acidity of the fat in foods, G. Loges and K. MtiiiLE {Landw. Vers. Stat, 56 {1901), No. 1, pp. 95, 96). — The authors recommend the direct extraction of the fat, carried out with 5 gm. of material and 100 cc. of water and acid-free ether. An aliquot portion of the filtrate is taken for the determination of the acidity, using an alcoholic potash solution containing 50 per cent of alcohol for titrating. The results of a series of tests of this method with various foods are shown in comparison with the ordinary method. The results are in every case higher with the former method. The application of iodin monobromid in the analysis of fats and oils, J. Hanus {Ztsehr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 4 {1901), No. 20, pp. 913-920).— The author has made an extended study of the use of iodin monobromid in the analysis of fats and oils. The formation of iodin monobromid, a gray, crystalline, metallic sub- stance, soluble in alcohol and acetic acid, is given. A table is shown, giving the num- ber obtained with this compound, in comparison with the TUiltl immber. The method of obtaining the iodin monobromid numlii'r is as follows: 0.6 to 0.7 gm. of fat and 0.2 to 0.25 gm. of oil, or, in case the iodin nund)er is above 120, 0.1 to 0.15 gm. of oil is put into a glass-stoppered flask of 200 cc. capacity and 10 cc. of chloroform added. After the fat is dissolved 25 cc. of a solution made of 10 gm. of iodin monobromid in 500 cc. of acetic acid is run in, and after 15 minutes, with occasional shaking, 15 cc. of potassium iodid solution ( 1 :10) added. The free iodin is then titrated with sodium thiosulphate solution, using starch as an indicator. The advantage of the iodin monobromid solution in acetic acid over the usual method of obtaining the iodin number is as follows: (1) The solution is more stable and keeps for a longer time; (2) the results with the iodin mono1)romid solution are more uniform and it is not necessary, therefore, to employ so many blank determinations; (3) the fiask needs to stand only a quarter of an hour, so that a greater numl)er of manipulations ma}' be (^arried out in a short time; and (4) the numbers obtained by this method very closely approximate those obtained by i\u' usual method. A method for the quantitative separation of cholesterin from fat, E. KirTER {Chem. Ztg., 25 {1901), No SI, p. 872). Concerning' lecithin compounds, H. J. Bin(; {Shmd. Arrh. Phi/sioL, 11 {1901), Nos. 3~4, }>p. 166-175). — A chemical study of the compounds which lecithin forms with sodium chlorid, sodium acetate, platinum chlorid, salacin, amygdalin, and a number of other reagents, the purpose of the investigation t)eing to study the chem- ical constitution of lecithin. Glycogen obtained by extraction Avith boiling water in comparison Avith the total glycogen present, J. Nerkino {Arrh. Physiol. \_Pflnger'], 85 {1901), No. 7-8, pp. 313-319). — In the studies with the flesh of calves the author found that by continued extraction with boiling water only about 5 or \ of the glycogen was obtained. CHEMISTRY. 828 Comparison of volumetric methods of tannin analysis with, hide-powder method, II. R. Procter and A. B. Searle (Mss. Tech. Beil. Ledermarkt, 2 [1901), p. 60; (lbs. in Cheiit. Ztg., 25 {190 1), No. SO, Reperl., j). 2S.3) .—By the Jean method the results were lower than by the Lowenthal method and much lower than by the hide- powder methoowowder was tested with the tan- nic acid of tea. The cont^lusion was rea(;hed that in the quantitative determination of tannicr af^id it is necessary to add the hide powder in small amounts every 10 mimites. If the entire amount is ad])taining it is descril)ed. — h. m. pieters. An oven for igniting the precipitate of ammonium-niagnesiuni phosphate in porcelain Gooch crucibles, Schallek {ZtKchr. Aiigew. Chon., 14 {1901), No. 32, pp. 80(1, 801, Jigs. 2). — An oven of the Hempel pattern to accommodate 4 crucibles is described. The C. Fresenius-Oflfenbach distilling apparatus for the determination of ammonia {Bui. Assoc. Bt'Jge Chim., 1.5 {1901), No. 6, p. 219). — This apparatus is briefly described and the advantages claimed for it are stated. The foundation principles of chemistry — a guide for the use of agricultural educational institutions. I, Inorganic chemistry, (1. Altmann {frruudria.'i der Cheinii . Kill Lditfudi'tifiir den Vntirrlchl d various bacteria do not lose their vitality when subjected to the temperature of liquid air for several weeks. This resistance, the author claims, is due to the osmotic pressure existing in the yeasts. If the osmotic tension be lowered by placing the yeast or bacteria in sola- BOTANY. 825 tions of podinm nlilorid, potassium nitrate, or glycerin, tliey are no lon*i;or al)le to withstand tlic teiuperature of li(jiii(l air. It is believed possible to determine the value of the osmotic pressure for any given eell l)y which the temperature at which its vitality will be destroyed. The periodicity of root growth, J. Hammerle (Beiir. Wiss. BoL, 4,pt. 2, pp. 15; abx. ill B(jt. Cunthl., SS {1901), No. 4, P- 107). — The roots of Acer pscudoplatanuH were foun 1 to make their principal growth in the spring of the year and in the autumn. During the months of January, February, and March there was an almost entire ces- sation of growth. During nud-suuuner a similar cessation of growth was noticed. Investigations were made upon a number of 1 to 5 year old trees grown in the open and in pots, the results obtained confirming previous (jbservatitjus. The duration anil amount of growth was found to be influenced by age, soil, climate, etc. Con- trary to the observations reported by others, the author was unable to find any root growth taking place in the red beech during autumn. Willows, oaks, and hazel make strong root growth in the fall of the year, and the hazel showed considerable growth during January. The structure of the sprouts from various trees, M. Duihard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 7V//'/.s', l.iJ {1901), No. -22, pp. lS5G-l--,oS).—X study is reported of the sprouts which rise from the roots of poplar, elm, hazel, etc., from dormant buds of the oak, and from the cambium layer of oak, black poplar, etc. The.se sprouts show by their anatomy the characteristics of herbaceous plants. Their growth is rapid, and they have elongated internodes and develop stipules wliich persist for a long time. There is little differentiation of tissues, particularly of the protective and strengthening tissues. There is a considerable production of cortex in proportion to wood, and the whole ripens poorly. Within the same genus of plants the structural cliaracteristics of the shoots are most nearly alike for those species whicli are nearly related. The form and manner of root growth of some trees, ]\I. Busgen {Allg. Forst u. Jii(/d /lij., f!7 { 1901), Aug., pp. 273-278; Sept., jtp. ;i0.5-.i09,Ji(/.^. 4). — The root systems of a number of trees are described. The time of the most important root growth of a number of trees and shrubs, as shown by the observations of the author and others, is indicated l)y a chart. The principal species reported ujton are ash, birch, beech, alder, oak, maple, poplars, willows, elms, locust, spruce, pine, larch, white fir, etc. Considerable variation is shown in the period of maximum root growth of the differ- ent species, as reported by the different observers. As a rule the most of the root develojtment takes place between Ajjril and October, with little or none in December and January. Exceptions are noted, however, and there seems to have been a ces- sation of growth during the sinnmer months in some species, and willows, maples, lindens, horse chestnut, and a few shrubs are shown to ha\e increased their root development during December and January. Concerning the proteid formation by plants, W. Zaleski {Tnaug. Dm., Khar- kov, 1900; ah.s. ill. Bot. CeitthL, S'7 (1901), No. 8, j>p. 277-282).— X review is given of the literature bearing upon tlie subject of proteid synthesis by i)lants, and experi- ments conducted by the author are described, from which he draws some conclu- sions. The subject is considered to be still in an indefinite state as to some of the ])heiiomena. Proteid formation from organic nitrogen in the dark, j)roteid regener- tion from metaboliir ])roducts, and proteid synthesis from nitrates are discussed at some length. Exj)eriments with onions, i)otatoes, and narcissus bull)s showed that there was an increase in the proteit in the dark showed they were able to form proteids from nitrates and sugar. 826 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The probable function of calcium oxalate crystals in plants, A. Schneider {Bot. Gaz., 32 (1901), No. 2, pp. 142-144) ■—GaXcmm oxalate is said to occur in plants in 4 predominating types. Of these the least common is that called crystal sand. The prismatic^ and aggregate forms are about equally common and are very widely distributed. The needle-shaped or acicular crystals are very common but predomi- nate in monocotyledonous plants. The author reviews the common opinion that calcium oxalate occurs in plants as a protective agent, and from his own and other observations concludes that its prime function is that of mechanical support, and that its role as a reserve product is dou]>tless secondary. The principal reasons favoring the mechanical support theory are given at some length. Cells containing prismatic crystals are generally associated with bast fibers. As a rule the crystal-bearing cells are thin-walled and each contains a single crystal. These cells surround the bast fibers or bast bundles, and are very abundant in the bark of manj' trees. In other instances the crystal -bearing cells are believed to serve as a substitute for mechanical tissues, taking the place of sclerenchyma. For example, in the seed of the quince and the ordinarv garden bean, particularly in the latter, the sclerenchymatous ti.ssue is replaced by a layer of cells containing large prismatic crystals so constructed and placed as to 1)est resist vertical and lateral pressure. In the case of the acicular crys- tals of monocotyledonous plants it is quite evident that they give elasticity as well as support against pressure. The crystoliths which occur so abundantly in Ficus leaves perform a purely mechanical function. It is frequently found that cells bear- ing calcium oxalate take the place of mechanical cells in leaves, which is particularly true about the stomata of the leaves. It is believed to be highly probable that in many plants and plant organs calcium oxalate exi.sts accidentally, but in the major- ity of instances its function is that of mechanical sujijiort, as indicated. The sensitiveness of higher plants to the action of salts of potash, H. CouPiN {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sri. Parift, 132 {1901), Xo. 25, pp. 15S2-U,84).—ln a previous paper (E. S. R,., 13, p. 620) the author has shown the remarkable sensitive- ness of some plants to very small quantities of toxic sul)stances. The present paper reports the sensitiveness of plants to some of the useful salts. Experiments were made with wheat which had been germinated. After unfolding the second leaf the seedlings were placed in solutions containing known quantities of potash salts, and comparisons made with the development of plants in distilled water. The strength of the stronger solution was 1 :5,000, and this was decreased in a regular arithmetical pro- gression through a series of 13 cultures. It was found that the i>lants were sensitive as shown by their growth to various salts of potash as follows: Potassium carbonate, 1:1,000,000; potassium phosphate, 1:25,000,000; potassium sulphate, 1:8,000,000; potassium chlorate, 1:.'>00,000; and potassium nitrate, 1:400,000. These figures show the remarkable sensitiveness of the plants to the action of potash salts. The etherizing- of plants, E. Ch.vrabot and A. Hebert [Compl. Rend. Acad. >Sci. P(iri.% 133 {1901), Xo. S, j)p. 390, 391). — It is claimed that terpene alcohols are transformed into ethers in the chlorophyll-bearing organs of plants, and that the etherizing is most active when the jilant is be.st adapteL,6''J {1901), No. e, p. 61). — According to the relationship between the syuibionts, there are 3 fonns of symbiosis — that between animals, between plants, and between plants and ani- mals. From a liiological consideration one of the symbionts may be injurious to the other, which is the case in tiie relation between parasites and host plants. The author discusses various kinds of symbiosis and calls attention to various well-known instai..ces where animals live in this relationship, as well as numerous plants. The syml)iosis between plants and animals is said to occur in the case of certain plants reiiuiriiifj: for their fertilization certain insects, as in the case of Yuccii and Pronuba, and in tlu" case of the mutualism which exists ))etween ants and various plants. The cell nuclei of Saccharomyces, C. Hokfmeister {Sitzber. Dent. Nalnnv. Med. Ver. Bohmm, n. ser., JO {1900), No. 5, pp. 251-263, pi. 1; abs. in Bol. Centbl., 87 {1901), No. 4, pp- 1^9, 130). — In the first part of this work the author gives a short review of the previous investigations and theories relative to the occurrence of nuclei in the yaccharomycetes. New species are described from pure cultures made from various yeasts, and the methods of fixing and staining are given. The author con- cludes that so far as his investigations go species of Saccharomyces and yeast-like organisms possess nuclei. The nucleus is generally in the center of the cell or may be somewliat displaced, and is in shape more or less that of a flattened sphere. Investigations on the fall of the leaves of dicotyledons, A. Tison {Man. Soc. Linn. NurnnDidii', 20 {1900), No. 1, pp. 121-168). An edible fungus, J. C.Arthur {Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 20,21, pis. 2). — An illustrated description is given of the spiny or hedgehog mushroom {Hydnimi erina- cetim ) . Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, V. K. Chesnut ( r. S. Dipl. Aijv., Diritfiuii of Boliuiy, ('ontrihnliinix Jrum the U. >S. Nadonal Herbariion, vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 295-408, j)ls. 12, Jiyn. 13). — A report is given of the economic uses of plants by the Indians in Mendocino County, California, based upon investigations made ]iy the author in 1897 and 1898. Elements of vegetable biology, J. Pavillard {Elements de biolofjie vegetale. Paris: Soeifte d'cd. Sci., 1901, jip. 589). Nitrogen assimilation by living bacterial cells, J. Stoklasa and E. Vitek {Centbl. Bakt. u. Bar., 2. Abf., 7 {1901), No. 8, pp. 257-270).— A review is given of some of the more recent literature regarding the value of Alinit as a fertilizer. The authors maintain that Barillus nu'ijatlwriuia is able to assimilate free atmospheric nitro- gen when supplied with proper carbohydrates, and report a number of experiments in which it was used to inocculate oats and barley. The results, it is claimed, demon- strate the efficiency of the organism for nitrogen assimilation. METEOROLOGY. Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 29 {1901), Nos. 10, pp. 447-437, l>l. l,Ji:/s. 5, charts 9; 11, pp. 4S9-533, fier of thunderstorms, 38. Meteorology in Prussia {Her. Sci. {Paris~\, 4. .sr/\, 17 {190?), No. l,p. 26). — A note on the report for 1900 pul)lished by the National Institute of Prussia, giving summaries of observations at 200 meteorological stations, 2,200 rainfall stations, and 1,400 stf)rm-warning stations. Results of meteorological observations in German Southwest Africa {Dankelmami's Mitt. Duet. Scliittzgebieten, rejl. 14; abs. in Meteor. ZtscJir. [Vienna], 19 (190.7), No. 1, pp. 41-4-'^). Report of the Meteorological Council (Ej>t. Meteor. Council [Great Britain], 1901, pp. 16,2, charts 4)- — An account of the work of the council during the year ended March 31, 1901, in the following lines, ocean meteorology, weather telegraphy and forecasts, climatology, and miscellaneous investigations, is given with statements regarding puV)lications of the council and its lil)rary and finances. Climate of the British Empire, 1900, A. Bichan {Symons' Mo. Meteor. Mag., 36 {1901), pp. 167, 168). Climate and mineral waters of Spain, A. Lab.vt {Cinual ct caux minerales d'E.'p. .'>..'H-.',.?S). On "weather shooting'" at Windisch-Feistritz in southern Steiermark, F. Ki.K\(iKi. ( U'rttn; IS [1901), pp. ^70-276). Hailstorm cannon, L. Dimas (L'ln;;. .l;/r. GembloHx, 12 (190..'), Xi>. >>, pp. 295, 296). — A lirief note on cannonading as a means of preventing hailstorms. The moon and rainfall, A. B. MacDowaij, and H. K. Mill [Si/mon.'i' Mo. Meteor. Ma;/., ,;6- (1901), pp. 165-167, 18S-184). The dry moon and the wet moon, A. K. Bartlkit {Vkl el Terre, 22 (1901), pp. 4.S.i-4S7). Weather and the horns of the moon {,Sii>nims' M<>. Meteor. Mn;/., .io (1901), pp. 1S4.IS.-,). Influence of the moon on the barometric state of the air, X. I>emt( hinsky [AiiiK So<\ Meteor. Froiire, 49 (19i)l), ]>p. 240-249). The influence of rainfall on commerce and politics, H. H. Clayton {Pop. Sci. Mo., CI) (1001), No. 2, pp. 158-165). — Studies on the relation of rainfall to wheat yields and pasturing of sheep in Australia, by AVills, and to sugar production in Bar- bados and Jamaica, by Rawson and Hall, respectively, are described and data are presented to show that every severe tinani-ial panic with its attendant pi)litical changes " has been closely associated with a protracted period of deficient rainfall." A plea is made for the more liberal endowment of institutions for the liroader scien- tific study of the atmosphere in its relation to man. Some economic aspects of the heat and drought of July, 1901, in the United States, R. DeC. Ward (Bid. Amer. Geoijr. Srjr., SS (1901), Oct.; noted in Seienee, //. .sr;-., 15 (1902), No. 368, p. 111). Organization of the weather service of Mexico, E. E. Schilz (Rer. Cient. Bol. Met., 4 (1901), No. 1-2, pp. ,33-37). WATER SOILS. The retention of bacteria in ice, H. W. Clark (Ma.'fsacfiuxetls Slate Ed. Health Rpt. 1901, pp. 509-524). — C-hemical and bacteriological studies were made with ice gathered in different localities in Massachusetts. The results show that ice contains less of Vxtth suspended and ilissolved matter than the water from which it is formed. The same is true as regards bacteria, particularly if there is a considerable depth of water under the ice, and the water is (juiet during the process of ice formation. " When, in order to thicken ice, the ice already formed on a pond or river is flooded and the entire volume of water over the ice is frozen, bacteria will undoubtedly be retained in this ice." It is stated that when Bacilliia coll and B. Iiiphoiimt are frozen in the ice they retain their vitality for a number of weeks, the txact limit not having l)een determined. It is also stated that "if there is a considerable depth of water in portions of a somewhat i)olluted pond or river, ami the ice is ff>rmeil in these por- tions in ccjinparatively (juiet water, with but little matter in suspension, this ice will probably ()e entirely satisfactory for domestic use, although considerable drainage may enter the body of water upon which it forms. On the other hand, ice formed in shallow portions of such ponds or rivers, even during still weather, f)r in any por- tion if there is a considerable movement of the water by currents or wind while it is forming, may be rendered by these conditions entirely unfit for domestic use." Ice supplies ( Mumichtinetts Stale Bd. Ileallh Rpt. 19()1, j>p. PJ-/^J5).— Statements are made concerning the (juality of the ice supplied to different cities and towns in 830 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Massachusetts. The purity of natural ice in relation to its source, and of artificial ice in relation to the process of manufacture followed, is discussed. A soil study. Ill, The soil, W. P. Headden {Colorado Sta. Bui. 6.5, 2JP- 56). — Previous bulletins (parts I and II) contain the results of observations on the effects of the mechanical condition, the alkalis contained in, and the general properties of the soil of a plat on the college farm, upon the crops grown on it. This bulletin reports a continuation of this investigation, but deals exclusively with the chemical and physical study of the soil used in the i)revious experiments. The soil, which "varies in its character from a loamy soil with a calcareous, clayey sub.soil, to a fine alluvium resting upon a stratum of gravel, separated from it by a rather compact clay, but with no proper hard pan," was chosen because "it was considered to be the most strongly alkalized plat to be found on the college farm." Examinations of this and other soils of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and of the plains lying to the east in Colorado are reported, which show that these soils are in general very similar in chemical (mass analysis) and mineralogical composition, the principal variations in the latter respect being in the ratio of the quantities uf the minerals present. "The surface soils of this section of Colorado prol)al)ly owe their mineral constituents to a common source, the schists and granites of the Colorado range." Feldsi)ar (orthoclase) is an almost universal constituent, and according to the sand cultures with oats reported "serves as a source of potash and also of hydrous silicates under ordinary cultural conditions. . . . This fact is of great importance to our western agriculture, especially to the agriculture of the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and eastward to the State line, as the irrigable lands are composed largely of granitic materials and consecjuently contain a more or less considerable quantity of feldspar, whose decomposition yields, slowly it may be, but a continuous sujjply of this very important compound. . . . The theory of the formation of zeolitic minerals, to serve as conveyors of tiie potash, etc., from the more stable minerals to the plant, can not very well be ai)pealed to, at least as necessary. My experiments do not show that zeolitic compounds are not formed, but they do show that if they are formed their formation takes place so rapidly that perfectly fresh, but finely pulverized, feldspar becomes an available source of potash in the short period required for the growth of the oat plant. . . . "The alkali salts in the soils and waters of Colorado are essentially mixtures of the sulphates of lime, magnesia, and soda. . . . Relative to the origin of such quan- tities of sulphates ii these rocks and soils, the possible supply is abundant, for throughout the moun ain masses we find sulphids disseminated everywhere, and we have an almost inexhaustit)le source of sul{)huric acid for the formation of alkali in the gypsum which is so abundant in our Jurassic and other formations." It is shown that by the analyses reported that the composition of the water-soluble portion of the soil studied differs both from that of the incrustations of alkali formed on the surface and from that of the portion in solution in the ground water. "The incrustations are formed by the evaporation of water from the surface of the soil, which, owing to the deportment of the solutions of these salts toward capillary action, and the chenucal instability of the hydrated salts themselves, effects their separation from the soil solutions. . . . The i)redominant ser cent, found in the first 2 in. of soil, while the average for the 2 sainjiles of alkali is 2S per cent. The decrease of the calcium sulphate from theauiount present in the water-soluble to that i)resent in the alkali, is more marked than the increase in the sodium sul})hate in the alkali given a])ove. The miuitnum of the calciuui salt found in tlie water-soluble is 84 jier cent, the maxiiuum 67 per cent, while the amounts in these alkalis are 7.5 and 3.8 per cent, respectively. . . . "The water-soluble in the soil is not identical with ground water solutions, j)roba- bly due to reactions dependent upon the relative masses, which react upon each other within the soil and during the extraction. The reactions near the surface of the soil are quite different from those more remote. This is indicated by the solu- tions yielded by samples taken to depths of 2 and 4 in." The efflorescent alkalis are quite different from the residues left by evaporating bodies of water; such residues seem to l)e intermediate between those oljtained by evaporating ground waters to dryness and the salt brought to the surface by capil- larity and separated as efflorescences on the ground." Other conclusions from the studies reported are as follows: "The readiness with which the chemical reactions take place and their character, as indicated by the salts present in the ground waters, probal^ly have a direct and important bearing upon the fertility of the soil. The loessial soils of the plains agree with the ordinary i>rairie soils in the chemical composition of their mass and in the general results of the agricultural analysis, but not in the mechanical analysis. "The analyses of the whole soil mass and of the different i)ortions of the fine earth suggest important differences between the unchanged rock imrticles in the soil and the finer jiortions which have suffered change or are the products of alteration. "The aggregate amount of soluble salts per acre whose movement is effected by the water falling on or supplied to the surface, or by its evaporation from the surface, is large; we make it 9 tons in one instance. The application of water, irrigation, may carry the soluble salts so deep into the soil that a long time may be reouired for them to come near to the surface again. "There is in the samples of soil examined Ijoth free ammonia and ammoniacal salts, which we interpret as indicating unfavoi'able biological conditions, which view is materially strengthened ])y the nitrates in the ground waters. "There is a significant gain in the total soil nitrogen during the time of the experi- ment which may have been favored by, but was not dei)endent upon, the applica- tion of manure. "The nitrates in the first 2 in. of this soil are from 9 times to 200 times as great as in the second 2 in., corroborative of the suggested reduction in certain zones of the soil. "Air-dried soil samples can be kept for a year or more with ordinary precautions without material change in their nitrogen content. "The humus in this soil is nearly as abundant as in average Eastern soils, and we were unal)le to find anything about it markedly different from ordinary hunms. It is unlike the humus of arid soils in that it is not so rich in nitrogen as they have been found to be. "The solutions of the humus carried relatively very large amounts of silicic acid, phosphoric acid, potash, and lime. The precipitated humus did not carry much lime. "The effect of the cultivation, manuring, etc., for three seasons, may be sununed up ]jy stating that the store of plant food in the surface soil, taken to a depth of 10 in., was actually increased. This, however, was the lesser part of the improvement, the greater part lay in the betterment of the general conditions, whose best features can not be shown by (;hemical analysis or expressed in any fornuila." Soil survey around Imperial, Cal., T. II. Me.vns and J. G. IIoi,mi:s {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Bureau fi/'>SW'fe Circ. 9, pp. ,iO, jhjs. 2). — This is an account of an examina- 25832— No. 9—02 3 832 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tion of soil conditions (alkali content and mechanical analysis), nsually to a depth of G ft., occasionally to a greater depth, over 6 townships in that part of what is known as the Colorado Desert, which is now ])eintj irrigated by means of a canal from the Colorado Eiver. The Colorado Desert "is undoubtedly the site of an old inland sea which has long since dried up, leaving a basin, at the bottom of which is the Salton Sink, at a depth of 280 ft. below the present sea level, with a surface heavily incrusted with salts which are mined for domestic purjioses. The rim of this basin is composed of soils which have been considerably modified by the occa- sional overflow of the Colorado River, which runs into this area for a short time every few years." Five types of soil are described and mapped — namely, dune sand, which covers 27.7 per cent of the area; sand, 1 per cent; sandy loam, 21.9 per cent; loam, 28 per cent; clay, 21.4 per cent. All of these types are " in places excessively alkaline, and even where the surface 6 ft. shows no accumulation, the soil is underlaid by an alkali-bearing clay subsoil." The composition of this alkali is reported to be as fol- lows: Calcium sulphate, 9.91 per cent; magnesium sulphate, 9.02 per cent; sodium sulphate, 0.33 per cent; potassium chlorid, 30.02 per cent; sodium bicarbonate, 9.59 per cent; sodium nitrate, 8.91 per cent, aiad sodium chlorid 32.22 per cent. The determinations of the alkali at 1 ft. intervals to a depth of 6 ft. in the different bor- ings are rejiorted in detail and the distribution of the alkali in the soil is mapped. The results of the survey show "that of the 169 square miles surveyed about 51 per cent is either too rough for economical irrigation or contains too high a salt content for any but the most alkali-resistant plants to withstand. The remaining 49 per cent of the area it is believed can be safely cultivated, provided suitable pre- cautions are taken in the use of a proper amount of irrigation water, in the adoption of careful methods of cultivation, and, where necessary, in the installation of under- drainage to carry off the excess of seepage waters and alkali. . . . "The claims for the fertility of this country are based upon the experience gained from irrigation along the Colorado River below Yuma. An examination of the country reveals the fact that the conditions below Yuma are very different from those in the Imperial area, and the agriculture of the two areas is not comparable. The soils of the bottom lands below Yuma are lighter in texture, more pervious to water, contain less alkali, and are, many of them, well adapted to alfalfa." Alkali lakes and deposits, W. C. Knight and E. E. Slosson ( Wnoming Sta. Bui. 49, j)p. 71-123, firj. 1, map 1). — This bulletin gives a general discussion of the occur- rence of alkali deposits in Wyoming, and a special treatise on their chemistry, geology, mineralogy, and origin. As regards the origin of the alkali salts, the conclusion has been reached that "primarily the alkali has been produced by the decomposition of the various rocks containing these elements. These salts appear to have been formed extensively during the INIesozoic and Cenozoic eras, but in place of being stored in deposits were carried down with the sediments. Later through the mountain-making agencies these formations were brought to the surface, and through the influence of decomposition and erosion have been converted into soil. The salts have remained in the soils so formed, since there has not been sufficient water to leach them out. The decomposition of the rocks is still in progress, and from this source and the stor- age already accumulated in the soils the deposits of alkali have been formed and are being increased." Eight groups of deposits in the State are described in detail, viz, "Downey, Union Pacific, Rock Creek, Rankin, Bothwell, Morgan, Independence, and Gill. These are all located in the southeastern part of Wyoming, and are confined to Albany, Carbon, and Natrona counties." The chemical composition of only those deposits in which the alkali is of considerable depth and purity, i. e., the so-called "soda lakes," la considered in this bulletin. "The salts found in the soda lakes are the same as those which occur in the soil of the surrounding region and form alkali crusts as they are WATER — SOILS. 833 drawn up from below with tlu' water and left on the surface as this evaporates. Of these salts the most abundant in Wyoming is sodium sulphate." The ne.xt in inijKjr- tanct' is magnesium suliihalc. Tlu're are also found sodium carbonate an01), Xti. '!, j>)>. !>7.'>-J0()i;). — The results of chemical and physical examination of 15 sampU'S of soil are rei)orted. Investigations on the physical properties of soils, A. MirscnEKLicii {Lttmhv. Jalirl).,,iO {1901), No. 3, pp. .i67-^^.5, c/««res the prin- cipal methods of soil analysis commonly employed in Europe, discussing the physical and chemical properties of soils and other factors of plant growth, and calling attention to the importance of studying the volume and nature of the soil spaces with reference to the water supply rather than the soil particles themselves. In treating the latter subject he distinguishes between the total surface area of the soil, which is defined as the sum of the surface areas of the soil particles, and the surface area of the soil aggregates or micelL-c. The utilization of the determination of heat evolved when st)ils are moistened {Bendzmujawannc) (E. S. R., 10, p. 423) in estimating the vol- ume of space and water capacity, hygroscopicity, capillarity, etc., of soils is explained and tables and curves are given showing the relation between these properties in different kinds of soil, the data being calculated by a formula based on Rodewald's hyi)othesis.^ The general physical characteristics, productiveness, and the Benel- zuntjswanm; of a large number of soils are given, showing a certain relation between the last two properties. A comparison of the results obtained by different methods of mechanical soil analysis, H. BucnNEK {Lcuuhc. Vers. Stat., 56 {1001), No. J-3, pp. 141~14S). — The results of a comparison of the Hilgard, Fadejeff-Williams, Ki'ihn, and Meyer methods on very clayey, medium clayey, and sandy soils are rei)orted. The wide differences in the results obtained indicate that the analyses made l)v these methods are not comparable. Silting flask and sieves for the mechanical analysis of soils and clays, A. G.\wAL0wsKi {Ztsclir. Analyt. Chem., 40 {1901), No. 12, pp. 776-781, figs. 2). — A simple apparatus for the mechanical analysis of soils, etc., by elutriation, and a device consisting of concentric sieves of different degrees of fineness for the (|uick separation of the different grades of soil particles are descri])ed, Avith results (jf a comparison of these pieces of apparatus with the Nobel apparatus. The temperature of the soil and the surface of the ground, 1). A. Seeley (.l/o. Wcatlier Rev., 29 {1901), No. 11, pp. .50/-J(9.?).— Observations with minimum thermometers are reported which show that the temperature on tlie bare ground was 2.5° lower in a swale than on a hilltop about 15 ft. above; 4.2° lower in a swale without air drainage than in one having good air drainage; 4° lower in clover 2.5 in. high, and 10° lower in grass 6 in. high than on bare ground, the temperature being api)arently more dependent upon the height of the plant and its thickness on the ground than on its kind; and 1.5° lower in dark-colored grass on a lawn than on light colored, and 10° lower than on a hard gravel roadbed near by. "Temperatures taken on dark colored muck, a lighter colored loam, and a very light clay during an afternoon" in summer were, respectively, 110°, 101.5°, and 97°. Keatlings were also taken early the next morning, and the corresponding tempera- tures were 61.5°, G0°, and C)3.5°. iZtschr, Physikal. Chem., 33 (1900), p. 593. 834 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "Another important difference in temperature was observed to result from cultiva- tion. Temperatures Avere taken on soil that had been newly cultivated for seeding and upon soil that had not lieen worked for several days. Thermometers were placed at the surface of the ground, and at 3, 6, and 12 in. l^elow the surface. These were read at 2.30 p. m. and 2.30 a. m. the following day. The readings are given in the table below: Temperature uf cultivated and uncuiti rated soil. Surface. 3 inches. 6 inches. 12 inches. a. m. p.m. a. m. p. m. a. m. p. m. a. m. p. m. o 63 60 108 102 65 64 72 77 o 65 64 o 68 68 o 64 62 o 61 60 "The table shows, first, that the newly cultivate 1 soil was 6° warmer at the surface of the ground than the uncultivated; second, that the temperature 3 in. below the surface was 5.5° higher on the uncultivated soil. These facts show that the newly cultivated soil conducts heat much more slowly than the uncultivated, probably because it is less compact. The amount of evaporation from each is probably about the same for a short time after cultivation, hence this can not be considered as a cause of the difference in temperature. When cultivation is carried on continuously, the surface of the soil is warmer, and the first few inches below the surface cooler, than upon the same soil uncultivated; while at a defjth of 6 in. the cultivated soil has the same or a higher temj^erature than the uncultivated. These are all desirable conditions during the growing season. The warmer surface soil hastens the process of growth in the plant and is a protection against frost. The soil just below the surface being cooler, retards capillarity and thereby retains the soil moisture, while the temperature about the roots of the plant 5 or 6 in. below the surface is the same or a little higher than on the uncultivated soil. The plan of cultivating the soil about growing crops during the afternoon of a day when the conditions are favorable for frost at night is often recommended, and the table shows that there is much to ]>e gained by so doing. The temperature at the surface of the cultivated soil was 3° higher than on the uncultivated at 2.30 a. m., hence the danger of frost was materi- ally lessened. The heat absorbed during the day is held near the surface of the ground in the cultivated soil, instead of being conducted to lower depths, and the air becomes more moist from the rapid evaporation at the surface, which is a condi- tion unfavoral)le for the ijccurrcnce of frost." On a modification in the method of using the electric thermometer for determining underground temperatures at the Museum of Natural History, H. Becquerel {Compt. Bend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 133 {1901), No. 21, jtp. SOO-803) . The soil cover of forests and the r61e of earth-worms {Gaea, 37 {1901), pp. 634, 635). FERTILIZERS. Report on fertilization, C. F. Eckakt {Rejit. to Havaiian Sugar Planters' Assn., 1901, Nov., pp. 45). — This article sununarizes the results of determinations at the Hawaiian Sugar Station of total and available (soluble in aspartic acid) fertilizing constituents in Hawaiian soils, and of the amounts of these constituents lost in the drainage waters, taken up by the sugar cane crop, and returned in the cane refuse (E. S. R., 10, p. 525; 11, p. 507). The total and available fertilizing constituents in the soils of the different islands of Hawaii are given as follows: FERTILIZERS. 835 Total and available fertilizing constituents in Havmian soils. Island. Lime. Potash. Phosphoric acid. Nitrogen. Total. Available. Total. Available. Total. Available. Total. Oahn Per cent. 0. 380 .418 .395 .185 Per cent. 0.01568 .01367 . 01764 . 00789 Per cent. 0.342 .309 .357 .346 Per cent. 0. 00256 . 00249 . 00312 .00156 Per cent. 0. 207 .187 .270 . 513 Per cent. 0. 00012 .eR)013 . 00012 .00014 Per cent. 0.176 Kauai . 227 .388 Hawaii . ... .540 It is estimated fmiii analyses reported that a crop of cane prodncing 5 tonn of .sugar per a(;re requires 15S.7 l!)s. of lime, 509.2 ll)s. nf potash, 74 lbs. of phosphoric- aiud, and 164.7 lbs. of nitrogen. On tills basis it appears that lime is the only ingredient present in the soil in suflicient quantity for the needs of the crop. Potash and phos- phoric acid are much too low. To determine the relative retentive power for fertilizers and water of the so-called "sandy soils," consisting mainly of fine coral particles, four of these soils " varying in their proportions of lime carbonate from 71.25 per ci-nt to 91.07 per cent were placed in iron pipes 2 ft. 6 in. long and 1 in. in diameter, the pipes being filled to within 6 in. of the top. One gram each of amonium sulphate, nitrate of soda, and muriate of potash were dissolved in a liter of water and 500 cc. of this solution hold- ing 2' gin. each of tlie salts mentioned "were poured upon the soils and allowed to drain through. It was founeol. Surrey, 1900, j>p. S03-S 14). —The production of i)hosi)hate in tlie United States during 1900 was 1,491,216 long tons against 1,515,702 tons in 1899, a 'K. Landt. Akad. Handl. Tidskr., 1892, p. 302. 838 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. decrease of 24,480 tons. "Notwithstanding this decrease in production, the total vahieof the pro(hict increased from |5,084,07fi to |5,359,248, a gain of $275,172." There was a marked decrease in production in Florida and South Carolina and a slight increase in Tennessee. " In Florida the decreased production was in the out- put of hard rock and river pebble, there being an increase of about 44,000 tons in the production of land pebble. This increase in the pi-oduction of land pebble was not sufficient, however, to overcome the decreases in the other two grades of rock. There has Ijeen no production of soft rock reported from Florida since 1897. In Soutii Carolina tlie production of land rock increased from 223,949 long tons in 1899 to 260,186 long tons in 1900, while the production of river rock fell off 50 per cent — from 132,701 long tons in 1899 to 62,987 long tons in 1900. Tennessee's production increased from 430,192 long tons to 454,491 long tons. No production was reported from North Carolina in 1900, and the output in Pennsylvania decreased from 2,000 tons in 1899 to 900 tons in 1900. Two States, Alabama and Arkansas, each reported a small production of phosphate rock in 1900, the former having an output of 344 tons and the latter an output of 75 tons. These amounts are insignificant, and of interest only as indicating a possibility of further developments." Gypsum, E. W. J^arker {Mineral Resources of the United States. Dejd. Interior, U. S. Geol. Surrey, 1900, jip. 827-833). — The production of gypsum has increased steadily since 1896. In 1900 it amounted to 594,462 short tons, valued at $1,627,203, as against 486,235 tons worth $1,287,080 in 1899. Tlie use of commercial fertilizers, P. Wagner {Amvendunfj l:'nnstlicher D'unge- mittel. Berlin: Paul Pareij, 1901, 2 ed., pp. 172). Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. Hamilton and W. Frear {Pennsylvania Dept. Ayr. Bui. 83, pp. 132). — A report on fertilizer inspection in the State, including analyses of samples collected from January 1 to August 1, 1901. Phosphates and fertilizers, P>. Willis {Neirs and Courier [Charleston'], 1901, Sept. 30, p>. 5). — Statistics of the p'/oduction, domestic consumption, and export of phosphates and fertilizers for the United States during the year ended August 31, 1901. FIELD CROPS. Results obtained in 1901 from trial plats of grain, fodder corn, field roots, and potatoes, W. Saunders {Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Bui. 39, pj>. 56). — Cooper- ative variety tests in continuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 13, p. 34) are recorded. The method of conducting the tests has been uniform throughout the seven years the work has now been in progress. The yields of each crop at the various experimental farms are tabulated. The varieties i>roducing the largest crops in 1901, taking the average results obtained on all the experimental farms, were as follows: Oats. — Lincoln, Abundance, Improved American, Wide Awake, American Triumph, Danish Island, American Beauty, Banner, Holstein Prolific, Mennonite, Early Maine, and Golden Beauty. Average yield per acre, 82 bu. 3 lbs. Two-roiced barley. — Stand- well, French Chevalier, Nepean, Beaver, Canadian Thorpe, and Logan. Average yield per acre, 45 bu. 12 lbs. Six-rowed barley. — Manshury, Odessa, Claude, Mansfield, Excelsior, and Royal. Average yield per acre, 50 bu. 30 lbs. Spring wheal. — Rou- manian, Huron, Goose, Stanley, Hastings, Preston, Hungarian, Clyde, Australian No. 13, Speltz, Countess, and Red Fife. Average yield per acre, 39 bu. 20 lbs. Peas. — Gregory, Pride, Paragon, New Potter, Arthur, Nelson, Agnes, Crown, Early Britain, King, Picton, and Victoria. Average yield per acre, 43 bu. 36 lbs. Indian corn. — Early Mastodon, Rural, Thoro'bred, White Flint, Selected Leaming, Salzer All Gold, Pride of the North, and Cloud Early Yellow. Average yield per acre, 20 tons 330 lbs. Turnips.— Hartley Bronze, Hall Westbury, Imperial Swede, Carter FIELD CROPS. 839 Elephant, Prize Purple Top, and Sutton Champion. Avorajre yield per acre, ;)5 tons 8fi5 I1)H. Mdugeh. — Half l^ouiu; Su^ar White, (iiant Yellow (ilobe, (jiant Yellow Intermediate, Y'ellow Intermediate, Norbiton Giant, and Mammoth Yellow Inter- mediate. Average yield per acre, 31 ton.s 720 lbs. Carrots. — Half Long White, New AVhite Intermediate, Giant White Vosges, Ontario Champion, Mammoth White Intermediate, and Improved Short White. Average yield per acre, 25 tons 357 lbs. Siiijnr beet.i. — Red Top Sugar, Danish Red Top, Improved Imperial, and Royal Giant. Average yield ]ier acre, 25 tons 894 lbs. Potatoes. — Sal)ean Eleiihant, Bur- naby Seedling, Uncle Sam, l^ate Puritan, I. X. L., Hale Champion, Money Maker, Clay Rose, Dreer Standard, Holtun-n Abundance, Carman No. 1, and American Giant. Average yield per acre, 4{t() bu. 1 lb. The average results of the various crops for the last 4 to 7 years are also reported. The following varieties, taking the average of the results obtained on all the experi- mental farms, have given the best yields. Oa/.s'. — Banner, American Beauty, Mennonite, Holstein Prolific, Bavarian, Buck- bee Illinois, Golden Beanty, Columbus, Golden Giant, Early CJolden Prolific, Abundance, and American Triumjih. Average yield per acre, 72 bu. 24 lbs. Two- rovi'd harlei/. — French Chevalier, Beaver, Danish Chevalier, Canadian Thorpe, Ne])ean, and Newton. Average yield per acre, 43 bu. 27 lbs. Si.c-roned barleij.— Manshury, Odes.sa, Trooper, Common, Royal, and Oderl)ruch. Average yield per acre, 47 bu. 34 ll)s. Spring vheat.—Freston, Welhnan Fife, Monarch, Goose, Huron, Red Fife, White Fife, Hungarian, White Council, White Russian, Rio Grande, and Pringle Champlain. Average yield per acre, 32 bu. 36 lbs. Pea.^. — Crown, Pride, Carleton, Early Britain, King, New Potter, Paragon, Duke, Perth, Agnes, Archer, and Arthur. Average yield per acre, 34 bu. 41 lbs. Indian com. — Cloud Early Y^ellow, Red Cob Ensilage, Rural Thoro'ljred White Flint, Selected Leaming, Early Butler, and Giant Prolific Ensilage. Average yield per acre, 18 tons 1,655 lbs. T(07i(;>.s. ^Purple Top Swede, Perfection Swede, Halewood Bronze Top, Hall Westbury, Hartley Bronze, Bangholm Selected. Average yield per acre, 30 tons 853 lbs. M(tnf]rh. — Y^ellow Intermediate, Giant Y'ellow Intermediate, (iate Post, Selected INIammoth Long Red, INIammoth Yellow Intermediate, and Giant Yellow Half Long. Average yield per acre, 30 tons 1,771 lbs. Carrots. — Half Long White, Giant White Vosges, Improved Short White, Mammoth White Intermediate, Iver- son Champion, and Green Top White Orthe. Average yield per acre, 20 tons 1,840 lbs. Sugar hccts. — Danish Red Top, Red Top Sugar, Danish Improved, and Improved Imperial. Average yield per acre, 23 tons 1,075 lbs. Potatoes. — Seedling No. 230, Everett, Seelats which had been grazed. A comparative test of corn, cowpeas, and Spanish peanuts resulted in yields oi 1,86.'>, 8,040, and 4,460 lbs., respectively, of thoroughly dry fodder per acre. The value of these different crops for forage and soil improvement is discussed. The relative merits for forage purposes of crops with different drought-resisting qualities were studied. Sorghum, Kafir corn, and Indian corn compared in this test yielded 7,012, 5,412, and 2,835 lbs., respectively, of dry fodder per acre. The advan- tages of the different crops for forage are outlined, and the method of harvesting them by means of corn binders and shredders is descril>ed. Wheat, hairy vetch, Virginia Winter Gray oats, crimson clover, and winter vetch were tested as winter crops for soil covering and early hay. The wheat and crimson clover were cut May 25, and the other crops June 5. Wheat produced the largest yield of hay, 2,340 lbs. per acre, and crimson clover the smallest, yielding only 945 lbs. A broken and unbroken seed bed for corn and cotton were compared. In one case the crops were simply listed on an unplowed ridge of cowpea stubble, and in the other they were planted with a planter on the same kind of land, but well prepared with the plow and harrow. The well-prepared plats yielded 4.7 bu. more corn and 268.8 lbs. more cotton per acre than the unl)r()ken plats. Report on certain economic experiments conducted in connection with, the botanic station, Antigua, F. Watts and W. N. Sands {Barbados: Imp. Dept. Afjr. West Indies, 1901, pp. 14)- — Variety tests with millet, corn, leguminous crops, including velvet beans, cowpeas, soy beans, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, tanniers and eddoes, castor beans, sesame, and cotton are briefly reported. Green crops for winter fodder, P. Quirk {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. 7, pp. 784-786). — Notes on the culture of sorghum, corn, barley and vetches, oats and rape, and millet for green forage for winter feeding. Substitutes for clover {Wallaces' Farmer, 20 {1901), No. 40, p. 1138).— A note on the uses of alfalfa, cowpeas, soy beans, and vetches as substitutes for clover. Broadcasting and drilling grain, Bachmann {Landw. Wchnbl. Schleswig-IIolstem, 51 {1901), No. 38, p. 567). — A brief report on a comparative test of sowing rye broad- cast and in drills. The results were largely in favor of drilling. Hoeing the drilled irop twice during the season gave very profitable returns. Contributions to the Alinit question, C. Scrulze {Landw. Jahrh., SO {1901), No. 3, pp. 319-360). — This article reviews the experiments made with Alinit by dif- ferent investigators, discusses the growth of Alinit bacteria in iiitrogeu-free media as shown ])y various experimenters, and reports the results of laboratory, pot, and field experiments in 1808 and 1899. In discussing the laboratory work, the author l)rieliy describes the apparatus employed and the process of disinfecting the grains used fof seed. The effects on the germination of disinfecting the grains of wheat and barley with corrosive sublimate solutions and alcohol are given in a table. The results of the different experiments showed that the application of Alinit in no case had pro- i' safely i-ohcIikUmI tliat tlu' corn plant has no preference as to the souree of the nitroj,'en, as between nitrate of soda, cotton-meal and dried l)lood." Fertilizer formulas for corn on different (ieor<^ia soils are j^iven. Plantinl. luOl, pp. 22-25). — An experiment in restoring hutnus was con- ducted on soil which had its humus sujiply reduced by growing corn and entirely removing the crop for 10 successive years. The methods of restoring humus to the soil consisted in (1) passing the corn stover through a feed cutter and returning it to the soil at the time of plowing, (2) applying wheat straw equal in weight to the stover produced, and (3) sowing crimson clover in the fall, to be turned under the following spring. The results obtained on the different plats from 1894 to 1900, inclusive, are given in tables. Taking the yields obtained on the plats during the 3 years preceding these experiments as a base, the stover, wheat straw, and crimson clover increased the production ot grain during the last 3 years of this test by 39.78, 18.19, and 17.92 per cent, respectively, as compared with the yields of the check plats. Corn culture, G. d'Utra {Bol. A(jr. Sao Paulo, 2. ser., 1901, No. 5, pp. 20S-303). — A report on culture and fertilizer experiments with corn. Fertilizers for com, C iyi'ss.R {Abono del malz. Valencia: La AgricuUura Eapa- iiola, 1900, pp. 2S). — A brief treatise on corn culture, with a report on fertilizer experiments. Cotton and cotton oil, D. A. Tompkins {Charlotte, X. C: Author, 1901, pp. 500, fiijK. 100). — This work treats of the planting, cultivation, harvesting, and marketing of cotton; the organization, construction, and operation of cotton-seed oil mills, and the uses of cotton seed in cattle feeding and soil fertilization. Cowpea experiments, C. L. Newman {Arkan-'ias Sta. Bui. 70, jqi. S5-123,fifis. 2). — This bulletiia contains a discussion on the value and importance of cowpeas and a report on a number of experiments in their culture. Fourteen varieties were grown for 2 and 3 years in succession, and their yearly and average yields are given in a table. The average yields for 1899, 1900, and 1901 w'ere 12.58, 22.84, and 29.53 bu. per acre. New Era produced the largest average crop of peas, 39.95 bu. per acre, and Lady the largest average yield of hay, 4,919 lbs. per acre. The proportion between j)eas and hay varied from 22.4 lbs. to 128.2 lbs. of peas to 100 lbs. of hay in Red Ripper and Old Man, resi)ectively. The proportion of hay to total weight of the dry plant ranged from 3(5. 62 to 76.49 per cent and of peas to the entire pods from ()5.6 to 75.(5 per cent. The results of sowing at different rates show that 12A lbs. of seed per acre gave heavier yields of hay and jjcas than \'6% lbs. or more. The author recommends 10 844 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. to 20 lbs. of seed per acre for peas and 30 to 60 lbs. for hay, ensilage, pasturage, or green manuring. Heavy seeding gives a greater proportion of hay and light seeding a greater proportion of peas and a heavier total yield. In 1900 and 1901 cowpeas were planted the first week in May, June, July, and August. The results for the May and Jane plantings were practically the same, and the July plantings gave 5.15 bu. of peas and 448 lbs. of hay per acre less than the plats planted in June. Less than one-half the quantity of hay and less than one-third the yield of peas produced by the early plantings was obtained from the crop planted in August. A number of experiments were made to test the value of the cowpea for soil improvement. Cowpeas were drilled and broadcasted between the rows of corn at the time of the last cultivation. The best yield of peas and hay was obtained from the drilled seed. The cowpeas had no appreciable effect on the corn crop growing at the time, but the next year's crop was increased by 3.2 bu. per acre. The results of experiments showing the fertilizing effects of plowing under cowpea stubble or cowpea vines upon crops of wheat and oats, and the yield and value of cowpeas and other crops planted after oats were harvested, are republished from former bulletins ( E. S. R., 12, p. 1034; 13, p. 545). The value of cowpea culture for eradicating weeds, such as nut grass and Johnson grass, is briefly discussed. Breedingflax, W. M. Hays ( Furm Students' Rev., 6 {1901), No. 6, pj). 85, 86, fig. 1). Hemp (Cannabis sativa), a practical treatise on tlie culture of hemp for seed and fiber, with a sketch of the history and nature of the hemp plant, S. S. BovcE {Nrw York: Orange Judd Co., 1000, pp. 112, figs. 13). Assimilation in the oat plant as aflPected by different conditions of soil moisture and fertilization, L.LANGEuand B. Tollens {Jour. Landir., 49 {1901), No. 3, pp. 209-229; ahs. in Dent. Landw. I'resse, 28 {1901), No. 82, pp. 688, 689, figs. 3) .— For the purpose of experiments here reported oats were grown in 36 pots divided into 9 groups of 4 pots each, receiving the elements of plant food in different combi- nations, with the exception of the check group, which received no fertilizing elements. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid were supplied at the rate of 1 gm. per pot, in the form of nitrate of soda and calcium phosphate, respectively, and potash was given in the form of potassium carbonate, the quantity being 1 gm. calculated as potassium oxid. Lime was furnished in the form of marl, supplying 2.652 gm. of calcium oxid per jiot, and magnesia was given as magnesium sulphate in solution, the quantity being 0.5 gm. of the sulphate per pot. In each group the plants from 2 of the pots were har- vested when the grain was in the milk stage, and from the remaining 2 when it was fully ripe. As regards plant food, the pots in each group were treated alike. Each pot contained 15.475 gm. of dry soil, having a water-holding capacity of 22.8 per cent. In 2 pots of each group the quantity of water in the soil from April 15 to May 15 was brought down from 59.43 and 47.19 per cent of saturation; from this time until the 5th of June it remained stationary, and then was held at 53.29 percent until the plants were harvested. The soil in the other 2 pots of each group containeased the yield of grain. The percentage of lime in the plant was highest where the quantity of potash in the soil was high, and lowest where it was low. The (|uantities of nitrogen, {)()tash, and ])hosph(iric acid removed from the soil by the jilants were increased by increasing the soil moisture. It was further shown that the amount of soil moisture has a marked influence on the development of the roots, for an increase in soil moisture favored root development, while a decrease retarded it. The percentage of phos- l>horic acid in the roots seemed to increase with the water content of the soil, but the jiercentage of nitrogen decreased. Heinrich's conclusions that the lack of plant food is indicated by the roots were confirmed in general l)y the results of these experi- ments. The authors also state that the conditions of soil fertility may be determined in some cases as well or even better by the analyses of the oat plants grown than by an analysis of the soil itself. In these experiments, owing to the difference in weight of the plants harvested, the percentage of phosphoric acid was the highest in the plants which had received no phosphoric acid in the fertilizer. The potato crop, O. M. Morkis ( Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 52, irp. 1-14)- — A general dis- cussion on commercial potato growing, including notes on planting, cultivation, har- vesting, and storing is given, and the results of experiments in different lines are briefly reported. The yields of 37 varieties tested in 1900 and 1901 are given in a table. The first year Early Six Weeks headed the list with a yield of 213 bu. per acre, and the second year Early Fortune, with a yield of 111 bu. The results of several exi)eriments at the station confirmed the opinion of practical growers in that region that the land shonld be plowed in the fall before the potatoes are planted in the spring. It was further observed at the station that potatoes planted March 14 came up as early and matured as early as potatoes planted Febru- ary 27. Comparisons of yields from cultivated and mulched plats were largely in favor of the mulched plats. C)f a number of methods of keeping potatoes, mulching with straw and leaving them in the soil till fall, proved most effective. In tests made of this method the losses due to decay were nearly 5 per cent in one instance and about 15 per cent in another. Culture of tlie potato in field experiments at Grignon in 1900, P. P. Dehe- RAiN {Ann. Agron., Jl {I'Ml), Xo. 2, pj>. D0-94).—ln 1900, 3 varieties of potatoes, Kichter Imperator, Prof. Maercker, and Peach Blow, were grown after different crops and received different fertilizer applications. Entire tubers and sets were used for seed. The detailed results are shown in a table. Richter Imperator yielded 21,500 kg.. Prof. Maercker, 19,300 kg., and Peach Blow, 18,400 kg. of tubers per hectare. The starch content of the tubers of Richter Imperator was 22.6 per cent; of Prof. Maercker, 25.6 percent; and of Peach Blow, 18.8 percent, with a total yield of 5,758, 5,438, and 4,902 kg. of starch per hectare, respectively. Old potatoes made new {Florida Agr., 28 {1901), No. 37, p. C07).— Description of a California process of renovating old potatoes so that they have the appearance of new f)()tatoes. The international ramie congress, Paris, 1900 {('ongrcs inlmiational de la ramie, Paris, 1900. Paris: Bureaux de la Revue CkUtures Colonialen, 1901, pp. 107, jigs. /4)._This publication contains the proceedings of the international ramie congress held in Paris at the Exposition of 1900. The culture, preparation, and utilization of ramie are discussed. The i>reface to the proceedings is written by M. Cornu, presi- dent of the congress. Rice growing in the Logan district and its preparation for market, F. W. Peek ( Qiurn.slan'l Agr. Jonr., 9 { 1901) , No. ..', pp. 2:U-2.iS, ph. .}, Jig. 1) .—This article is a general discussion on the culture of rice and its preparation for market. The prospects of the rice industry in Queensland are considered. 846 EXrERIMENT STATION RECORD. Rice culture, G. d'Utra (Bol. Agr. Sao Paulo, 2. ser., 1901, No. 5, ))p. 281-391).— A report on culture experiments with several varieties of rice. The rice industry in Queensland, F. W. Peek (Queensland Agr. Juur., 9 (1901), No. ■},]>]'. 414, 41o). — This article discusses the soil and climatic conditions of Queens- land in their relation to rice culture. Saltloushes, R. W. Peacock (Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 13 (1901), No. 7, pp. 791-793) . — General notes on tlie culture of saltbushes, with brief descriptions of several species. The sugar beet in Indiana, H. A. Huston (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 89-106). — This report summarizes the sugar-beet tests in Indiana from 1888 to 1900. The con- ditions necessary for the success of a beet-sugar factory and the requirements for the profitable culture of the sugar beet are discussed. Meteorological data for different sections of the State are tabulated, and the average sugar content and purity of the samples grown in different countries are given, with brief comments on the results. Chemical changes in the composition of the sugar beet during the period of ripening, K. Andrlik ( leslnik III Sjezdu Ceske. Prir. Lek Praze, 1901, p. 310; ubs. in Chem. Ztg., 25 (1901), No. 70, 256). — The variations in the sugars and other organic substances and the ash constituents during the ripening period of the sugar beet are shown in tables. The growth of the German sugar industry from 1850 to 1900, E. O. von LiPPMANN (l)k Enlvnckelung der deutschen Zuckmndustrie von 1850 his 1900. Leqjsic: Hesse & Becker, 1900, pp. 341) . — A treatise published on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the German Association for Sugar Industry. Work of the Hawaiian [Sugar Planters'] Experiment Station, E. E. Blouin (Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Co., 1901, pp. 25). — Fertilizer, culture, and irrigation experiments are reported. Fertilizers were applied in different quantities antl vari- ous combinations to a rattoon crop of Lahaina and Rose Bamboo varieties of sugar cane. The quantity of nitrogen used varied from 179 to 227 lbs. per acre, and the phosphoric acid from 145 to 194 lbs. The quantity of potash was kept constant at 255 lbs. per acre. One-third of the fertilizer application was applied at each of 3 different times, July 26 and October 10, 1899, and ]March 29, 1900. The highest average yields of sugar were obtained from the use of nitrogen and potash. The lowest average yield was produced by the unfertilized plats. Similar i-esults were obtained the year liefore with a crop of plant cane. Taking the results with each variety of cane separately, the Rose Bamboo plant which received nitrogen and phos- phoric acid gave the highest yield in weight of cane and amount of sugar. Nitrogen and potash applied together in this case gave next to the lowest yield. With Lahaina cane the nitrogen and potash gave the highest yield, both in weight of cane and sugar. Where these elements were used singly they produced but a small increase, but in comVjination the results were very pronounced. Cane trasli used as a fertilizer increased the yield of both cane and sugar. A test was also made of planting cane in rows 4, 5, 6, and 8 ft. apart, with the result that the plat Avith the rows 5 ft. apart produced about 4 tons of sugar more per acre than any other plat, followed by the 4, 6, and 8 ft. rows in the order given. The 5 ft. rows also gave a juice of higher purity than any of the other plats. Irrigation experiments were carried on with special attention to the time of apply- ing the water and the quantity used. Water was applied at the rate of 1, 2, and 3 in. per week, 2 in. every 2 weeks, and 3 in. every 3 weeks. The results were decid- edly in favor of applying 2 in. of water weekly. The application of 2 in. every 2 weeks produced a good yield of cane, but with a markedly low sugar content which brought the yield of sugar below that of other plats receiving the same amount of water. The results indicate that the intervals between irrigation sirould not be more than one week. HORTICULTURE. 847 The results of experiments in previous years are compared witli this season's results, and the treatment of the rattoon and the plant crops considered separately. It is shown that the amount of water used ranges from 93.5 in. for the crop of 1897-98 to 283.46 in., the maxinmm amount used for the crop of 1899-1900. In the rattoon crop of this season 75.2 gal. of water were required to produce 1 lb. of sugar. This was the maximum sugar production from a limited supply of water, l)ut it was shown that the use of over 5,500,000 gal. per acre, which represent 101 gal. per pound of sugar produced, was much more {jrotitable. Distance and fertilizer experiments with sugar cane, J. D. Kobus {Meded. I'roefatnt. Ood Java, 3. ser., 1901, No. ^8, 2>p. 23). — The experiments here reported were cooperative. The results of the distance experiments showed that on heavy soils rows 3i ft. apart produced the largest yield and the highest percentage of sugar. Four ft. between rows gave nearly as good results, but 3 or 4^ ft. were distinctly less satisfactory distances. On light soil the influence of distance was less marked but the results were again in favor of Si ft. between rows. The fertilizer tests confirmed i)revious results in indicating sulphate of ammonia to be the most advantageous source of nitrogen for sugar cane. A test was also made witli superphosphate and potash on lands not subject to flooding and hence not sup- plied with these suljstances by sediment. The tabulated results show that the use of fertilizers improved the quality of the cane and increased the yield by 40 per cent. H. M. PIETERS. Cane-sugar industry of Australia, W. Maxwell {Brisbane, 1901, pp. 16). — Tliis i)ublicati(3n is a report upon some factors relating to the cane-sugar industry of the country, and deals mainly witli laljor and factory 2)rol)lems. Proceedings of the sugar cane and cassava convention held at Brunswick, Ga., April 9, 1901 {Atlanta: Foutc d: Davies Co., 1901, pp. 48). The sunflower, A. Fkiedrich {Die Sonnenblume. Leipsic: W. Friedrich, 1900, Pl>. 19). Studies on the culture and biology of tobacco, C. J. Koning {Dcr Tabak; Studien ilber seine Kidtur und Biologie. Leipsic: W. Engelmann; Amsterdam: J. H. & G. Van Hrtcran, 1900, pp. 86, figs. 15). The production of tobacco in Italy from 1890 to 1899 {Rapprc.sentazione grafica della 2>roduzioiie del tabacco in Italia, 1890-1899. Rome: Ministrn of Finance, pds. 19). — This is a series of plates illustrating graphically the tobacco production of Italy for the years 1890 to 1899, inclusive. Wheat culture, I. Giglioli {Ann. Regia Scnola Superiore A'gr. Portici, 2. set., 1901, No. 2, pp. 159). — This publication presents the results of culture and fertilizer exj)eri- ments with wheat on the experiment field of the agricultural school at Portici. Studies and researches on the wheat grain, and a process of sterilizing and bleaching cereals and their flours, E. Fkichot {Eludes et recherches sar le grain de ble, sairies d'un prorvde de steriUsalion et de blanchiment des ccreales et de leurs farines. DreiLc: Author, 1899, pp. 235, figs. 24). HORTICULTURE. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, L. H. Baii.ky {Neic York: The Macmil- lun Co., 1900-1902, vol. 1, A-D, pp. XXn+510, pU. 9, figs. 743; vol. 2, E-M, pp. X/F+ 511-1054, pis. 10-19, figs. 744-1453; vol. 3, N-Q, pp. XV ^ 1055-1486, pU. 20-30, figs. 1454-2059; vol. 4, A'-/, pp. XXX -\- 1487-2016, pis. 31-50, figs. 2060-2800).— This cyclopedia, recently completed, presents the status of American horticulture at the close of the nineteentli century. There have been many puljlications in this country on particular phases of horticulture, and in 1881 Henderson's one-volume 25832— No. 9—02 4 848 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. cyclopediac work entitled Handbook of Plants and General Horticulture appeared, but the present work is the first and only publication to treat exhaustively of Amer- ican horticulture in its entirety as it exists to-day. The matter included in the work deals with the culture of fruits, shrubs, flowers, and vegetables; with all plant species known to be in the horticultural trade in North America or that are mentioned prominently in horticultural writings of other countries; with the possibilities of horticulture in the different States, Territories, and provinces; and gives the bio<'raphies of men who have contributed most to the horticultural development of North America. All general subjects related to horticulture, like insects, spraying, landscape gardening, manures, soils, etc., are also treated. All the plant species cultivated horticulturally in this country, from Alaska to Florida, are comi)ared, con- trasted, and described; and whenever the genera consist of several species they have been classified and keys given. Brief notes are also given on the more important farm crops and such economic plants as cinchona and India rubber. Forage and medicinal plants are noted only incidentally. Special attention has been paid to tropical fruits and vegetables. The word horticulture has been interpreted broadly. All prominent subjects in the cyclopedia have been written u}) from different standpoints, usualh' 2 or more authors contributing who represent different sections of the country and different climatic and cultural conditions. These articles are signed by the authors, thus giving credit and fixing responsibility. More than 450 persons, including the more prominent botanists, horticulturists, and specialists in the country have contributed to the cyclopedia. There are 4,357 separate articles, and 2,255 genera are described, including 8,793 species. The total number of plant names accounted for is 24,434. The articles are fresh. They are written from the standpoint of the growing plants. In general, the broader spirit of the outdoor com- mercial plant culture, which is tlie dominating characteristic of American horticul- ture, has l)een clearly presented. References to the prominent literature on the different subjects are cited freely. A cut is seen wherever the book is opened; most of these are new. The cyclopedia marks an epoch in the horticultural literature of this countrj'. The author hopes it may never be revised but he supplemented with annual volumes of the same size pages as the cyclopedia, which will record the progress made each year. These volumes are promised if there is sufficient demand for them. The manuscript for the first 2 is already prepared. In the making of this cyclopedia the author has had associated with him Dr. AVil- helm Miller, who has had particular charge of indexes, trade lists, })ililiographical matter, and the editing of manuscripts. Gardening for the South, or how to grow fruits and vegetables, W. N. White, revised by P. H. Mell {Richmond: B. F. Johnson, 1901, j'P- 683, pis. 20, figs. 280). — This is a revised and eqlarged edition of tliis work on Southern gardening, which was first issued in 1856. The second edition was issued in 1868. This makes the third edition. It purports to take into account the changes and development along horticultural lines during the last 30 years, bringing the work u]) to present ideas and methods. Recommendations of the exjieriment stations and the results secured in experiment-station work are seen throughout the book. In its revised form it will undoubtedly take a prominent place in the literature of Southern gardening. Some portions of the work might profitably have been revised more thoroughly. The statements allowed to stand that squashes, melons, cucumbers, and pumpkins readily cross and contaminate each other when planted together, when considered in the light of the crossing experiments made with cucurbits at the New York Cor- nell, Iowa, and Nebraska experiment stations (E. S. R., 2, p. 509; 4, p. 726; 12, p. 449), need modification. The old exaggerated idea of the value of common salt as a fertilizer for different vegetables and fruits is frequently seen throughout the work, as HORTICULTURE. 849 evidenced ]}y the followinij statement: " From the analysis of the stones, bark, leaves, and wood, it is evident that common salt is one of the most essential manures to apply to the soil in which the plum is cultivated." In the revision of plums, the valuable work of Waugh and other station investigators with this fruit seems not to have Ijeen taken into account. Gardening for beginners, a handbook to the garden, E. T. Cook (London: George Xcirms Lt,Jiijx. 80).— More than half this ele- mentary garilen hook is devoted to the descrii)tion and culture of llowers and shrubs. Different chapters deal with the flowers most suited for different purposes, as the mixed border, animals, climbing plants, bullmus plants, roses, ferns, rock gardens, etc. The care and management of the small greenhouse and conservatory, and of the flowers and plants that grow in them are considered; methods of fruit growing, including orchard fruits, grapes, and small fruits, are described at some length, and directions given for the culture of all the more conuuon vegetables. Chapters on manures and soils, insects and fungus i)ests, town gardening, monthly work, etc., are also given. A comitact gardening chart (jf useful information completes the work. The book is jn-ofusely illustrated. It is particularly adapted to English gardening, and in America to the use of flower growers. Report of the horticulturist, L. R. Takt {Michigan ISta. Rpf. 1901, pp. 110-115). — This is an outline of the work of the central station and South Haven Substation for the year. The best early crops of tomatoes were secured by pruning to single stems and training to stakes. Oats seeded alone as an orchard-cover crop grew 15 to 18 in. high. They held snow and leaves well during the winter, lessened the freezing and thawing of the soil, and also prevented the soil from freezing to as great a depth as on uncovered soils. The lessening of the injury from frost is considered one of the most vitally important results to be secured with orchard-cover crops. Where oats were used as a c-over crop the ground in the spring was practically free from weeds and remained moist considei-ably longer than where other crops were used. The oats were easily worked in with a disk harrow, and it is estimated that the cost of cultivating the orchard when oats were used was fully one-third less than when crimson clover Avas sown. Rape and turnips used as cover crops, while fairly satis- factory, were unsightly during the winter and gave off an offensive odor. Crimson clover seeded with oats was less satisfactory than either sown alone. Cankerworms and the tent caterpillar were controlled in the orchard ])y spraying with Paris green and white arsenic boile9-:')/, jd. l,fig><. •>). — Sugar beets, jiarsnips, and onions were grown on fertilized and unfertilized soil and 850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the results liere recorded were obtained during the third and fourth seasons follow- ing the application of barnyard manure on the fertilized plats. The chemical analy- ses of the soil from the fertilized and unfertilized plate are reported. The results with sugar beets showed but little difference in the richness of the beets in favor of the unfertilized plats. Where parsnips were grown on unmanured soil the growth of the plants almost ceased during the driest part of the season, owing to the crack- ing of the soil along the line of the row, while on the manured plats well supplied with humus the soil did not crack and the plants continued to grow. Experiments with onions indicated that a well-manured soil, early planting, and good cultivation produce a bullj typical of the variety, while a poor soil and late planting tend to produce bull)S poor in quality and of undesirable forms. Irrigation increased the yield in 2 out of 3 instances over 100 Iju. per acre. A general note on tomato culture concludes the Itulletin Some muskm.elon experiments, E. Walker (Arkansas Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 63-80). — Herewith are reported the detailed experiments and results of transplanting musk- melons, the different methods of manuring the crop, and a test of various cultural methods and of varieties. The results secured along these various lines with musk- melons at other stations are given throughout the work and the methods of growers generally noted, thus making the bulletin quite a complete guide as regards musk- melon culture. In the transplanting test, 6 seeds were sown April 18 in 5-in. pots and these placed in frames. The plants were thinned from time to time and transplanted to the open field May 13, and 2 plante finally left in each hill. On the same day that the plants were set in the field seed of the same varieties was also sown in hills, thus making the difference between the dates of sowing the seed for transplanting and seeding in the o})en field 25 days. Three hills of each variety were used for the transplanted melons, 2 of which in each case were manured with a couple of shovelfuls of well- rotted manure, and the third left unmanured. With the field-planted melons, only 2 hills were used for each variety and but one manured. The transplanted manured melons on the whole averaged 20.82 days earlier than the manured field-planted melons. The transplanted nonmanured melons averaged 8.88 days earlier than the manured field-planted melons. It required 90 days from the time the seed of the transplanted melons was sown until the first fruits on the manured plats were gathered, and 85.6 days from seed sowing to the first gather- ing of the crop in the case of the field-planted seed, thus showing that transplanting had no hastening but i-ather a retarding effect on the period of growth of the melons. In every instance with the transplanted plants, manuring increased the earliness of the crop and on the average about 12 days. In these tests, while the earliness of the crop was hastened, the greatest number of melons per hill and the largest melons were obtained from the field-sown seed. Thus, the unmanured transplanted plants averaged 5.21 melons per hill, weighing 24.11 oz. each, the manured transplanted jjlants 7.11 melons per hill, weighing 20.88 oz. each; and the field-grown jilants 8.43 melons per hill, weighing 31.1 oz. each. The earliest melons grown were Golden Netted Gem, Rocky ford. Emerald Gem, Paul Rose, and Jersey Belle. These vines matured on the average in 82.57 days, whether transplanted or field grown. The first 4 matured fruit by July 11. Emerald Gem and Paul Rose are considered less desirable shipping sorts than the others. In the fertilizer experiment 37 plants of 8 hills each were used and 34 different varieties grown. Thoroughly mixed well-rotted barnyard manure was used. Two hills in each plat had the manure applied in a circular trench, leaving a worked space of soil in the center of the hill 18 in. across and free from manure. Tw^o had the manure applied on the surface and well worked into the soil. With 2 others a hole spade-deep was dug and manure placed in the bottom to within 4 in. of the HORTTPTTI.TURE. 851 surface and oovored 4 to 5 in. with soil. Two ollierliills were left uniiiannivd. The data obtained are sununari/ed in the followinjr tal>le: Effect of different methods of manuriit;/ niuxLinifoDs. Method (if Jiianurins Manure ill cireular treneli Manure well workerl into tlie soil Manure placed under the hill Unmanured Time to maturity. Jku/s. 95. 35 S5. (iO k;». (12 103.11 Average number of fruits per hill. 7.92 8. 2'2 7.27 5.33 Average weight of fruits. Ounces. 32.97 29. 63 30.00 32.54 The table show.s that the earliest melon.s and the large.st number per hill were obtained when the manure was applied to the surface of the ground and well worked into the soil. This method of manuring is also the most feasible for commercial growing, since, instead of hills, continuously manured furrows 8 to 10 ft. apart can be used and the manure thoroughly worked into the soil Avith a bull-tongue or single- shovel plow passing back and forth. The furrows should finally be thrown into a low, broad ridge with a light plow and thoroughly dragged and harrowed. Melons can be planted on this ridge about 18 in. apart in the row. Placing the manure in circular trenches or underneath the hills is too expensive except for limited areas. The necessity of warm, light sandy soil for commercial mitskmelon growing and the use of vegetable nitrogenous manures are pointed out by the author, and cita- tions given from various writers on muskmelon growing to substantiate these views. For commercial purposes netted melons are most in demand. The smooth-skinned, green-rind types are considered undesirable for culture in the region of the station on accovmt of their greater liability to sun scald. Productiveness, firmness, high cjualitN', uniformity in size, attractive appearance, and keeping quality are the points necessary to consider in good shipping melons. The following melons are consid- ered best for shipment: Golden Netted (iem, Rocky ford, New Jersey Improved Button Strain of Extra Pearly Jenny Lind, Early Netted Gem. For local market the varieties Early Hackensack, Emerald Gem, Paul Rose, Kinsman Queen, INIontreal Green Nutmeg, Bay View, and New Orleans Market are considered preferable. Additional notes are given on harvesting and shipping melons. Indoor tomato culture with chemical fertilizers, W. Stu.vrt {Indiana Sfa. Rpt. 1901, pp. 26-50, pi. .Z).— A study was made with chemical fertilizers to determine the particular element or elements of plant food necessary to the development of a maximum crop of fruit. The crop was grown in both benches and pots indoors. Subwatering was practiced in both cases and a black loam soil of medium fertility used. The phosphoric fertilizers used were mixed with the soil before setting the plants; other fertilizers were either lightly stirred into the surface soil or applied in solution by the subwatering method. The Stone, Lorillard, and Sutton Best of All varieties were used. The plants were trained to a single stem and the blossoms pol- lenized by jarring the flowers over a piece of glass 2^ by 5 in., and touching the stigmas to the pollen collected on it or by transferring the pollen ])y means of a camel' s-hair brush to the stigmas. In the bench experiments the 3 essential fertilizer elements were used alone and combined in 2's and 3's. The average product obtained in 3 years on an area of 3|by 4| ft., when no fertilizers were used, was 18 ll)s.; when nitrate of soda was u.sed, 21| lbs.; nitrate of soda and acid phosphate, 27jVlbs. ; nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, and muriate of potash, 29} lbs.; and acid phosj)hate and nniriate of potash, 21 lbs. In the pot experiments the addition of nitrate of soda increased the yield 16 per cent over the control pot; nitrate of soda and muriate of potash, 35 per cent; nitrate 852 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of soda and acid phos^phate, 70 per cent; and nitrate of soda, mnriate ftf potash, and acid phosphate, 325 per cent. When raw Ijone meal was substituted for acid phosphate, the increase over the controls for 2 seasons averaged 345 per cent. When sulphate was substituted for muriate of potash, the yields were slightly decreased. The addition of raw bone meal alone increased the yield over the checks 32 per cent, or was nearly as effective as a combination of nitrate of soda and muriate of potash. In these experiments the average yield per square foot of bench space with com- plete fertilizers was 3. 4, 3.1, and 3 lbs. for the first, second, and third crops respectively, and 2.6, 2.9, and 3.2 lbs. for the first, second, and third years' crops, respectively, in pots. In a study of the relation of tlie percentages of small fruits to the chemical ferti- lizers applied, it was found that in all instances save one the greatest jiercentage of small fruits occurred on the control plats, and in general it is stated that the propor- tion of small fruits decreased according to the completeness of plant food supplied. The Stone variety proved more desirable in ('loudy weather than the Lorillard, owing to its maturing more pollen than the Lorillard. It was used in later experi- ments in preference to that variety. In a comparison of Stone with Sutton Best of All, the yield on a certain area was 178 fruits, averaging 4 oz. in weight each for the Stone variety, as compared with 238 fruits of but 3 oz. each of Sutton Best of All. The total weight of the product, however, was al)out the same in l)oth cases. The Stone is a rougher fruit than the Sutton Best of All, and for ]»)t experiments the latter is believed to l)e the more satisfactory of the two. In a test of surface vs. sul)watering tiiere W'as 6.5 per cent increase in yield of fruit in favor of sub watering. Forcing' dwarf tomatoes under glass, F. W. Rank {Xein Hampshire Sta. BiiJ. 84, pp. 59-68, figs. 2). — The purpose of this bulletin is to emphasize the value of dwarf varieties of tomatoes for forcing. The methods of growing dwarf tomatoes under glass and the yields obtaine1, with brief descriptive notes on some of the more im[)ortant varieties. Some points on fruit culture, ('. 15. Waldhon {Xorlh Dakota Sta. Bui. 49, pp. 23, figx,. 7). — Fruit conditions in North Dakota differ from those in the eastern United States in the winters being coMer, the growing season shorter, and the rainfall less. These conditions necessitate different cultural methods. Instead of stopping cultiva- tion of the orchani in August to ripen up wood, as is done in the East, it should be continued much longer during the season, in order to retain the moisture in the soil. Mulching the trees in late fall to maintain moisture during the winter has been found to be of the greatest impoi-tance. South slopes for orchards, where the sun is hot and the drying process active, must be avoided. It is stated that only one species of plum (Prumts americana) can be grown at present with any success in the State. For general cultivation De Soto, Forest Garden, Weaver, Cheney, Wolf, Rolling Stone, and Wyant are recommended. Directions are given for the culture of plums, apples, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, and strawberries. Currants and goose- berries are quite successfully grown. Raspberries require winter protection, and should be l)ent over in the fall and covered with mamire. The strong drying winds of early spring are a serious drawback to the culture of strawberries, and it is thought that these may be successfully cultivated with the protection of windbreaks. Apple growing in Addison County, F. A. Waugh and M. B. Cummings ( Ver- mont Sla. Bui. M, pp. 31-36, figs. 3). — A farm-to-farm canvass of the orchardists of Addison County was made, and data secured as to the number of fruit trees, yield of fruit, cultural methods employed, etc. Addison County produces more apples than any other ctninty in the State. The number of bearing trees api)roximated 26,500. The crop in 1900 was 30,060. bbls. and in 1901 it was 10,870 l)bls. Methods of apple culture observed throughout the county were found to be rather slack. Out of 42 representative apple growers whose orchards were personally examined, only 8 practiced any cultivation of the soil. The remainder grew their orchards in grass. Ten out of the 42 growers used some fertilizers on their orchards, but only 2 or 3 in adequate amount. Only 4 sprayed their orchards. Five or 6 orchards were pro- tected in a measure by windbreaks, but the windbreaks were there accidentallj' and not by design. A very large number of varieties of apples were fotmd to be grown throughout the county. The authors offer many suggestions regarding improved methods of apple growing. Proper cultivation "consists of plowing the land early in the spring and in following this with a surface cultivation with spring-tooth or cutaway harrow every 10 days till July 1. By that time the wood is done growing and cultivatif)n should be stopped. Then a cover crop of clover, 8 lbs. to the acre, or of jieas, 2 bu. to the acre, or of buckwheat, 1 bu. to the acre, shoukl be sown. The cover croj) holds its place untouched till the following spring, when it is turned under at the annual plowing." 854 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Annual applications of good barnyard manure at the rate of 20 loads per acre are advised. Where barnyard manure is not availaljle an application of 400 lbs. each of ground bone, acid phosphate and muriate of potash per acre is recommended for full bearing orchards. The varieties Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Northern Spy, Ben Davis, and Fameuse are especially recommended for market purposes. Where an orchard is made up of a large number of varieties it is recommended that these should be grafted over with 3 or 4 of the better sorts. Apple growing on grassy hillsides {Rural Neiv Yorker, 60 {1901), No. 2702, pp. 753, 754). — An account is given of the successful culture of apples on hillsides near Syracuse, N. Y. The trees are grown in sod and no cultivation given. With this method of treatment 11-year-old trees were found bearing 15 to 18 bu. of fruit, and apple trees bearing paying crops at 6 years from setting. The first 10 years the trees are mulched with the hay cut lietween and around the trees; after that the grass is allowed to lie where cut. The trees are headed low, 18 to 24 in. from the ground. No pruning is practiced. The advantages of this method of culture are briefly summed up as follows: Early bearing, easy picking, easy spraying, easy to fumigate if necessary, high color, annual crops on young trees, a short fall for the fruit upon a mulch, almost all windfalls salable as picked apples, less labor and attention. Plum culture, F. A. Waugh {Vermont Sta. Bui. S9, pp. 19-28, figs. .5).— In this bulletin the author has summarized his extensive investigations with plums as applied to the cultural practices, varieties, etc., best suited for Vermont. Prai^tically all por- tions of the State are suited to plum culture. Strong 1-year-old trees are satisfactory, but 2-year-old trees are generally advised, especially of Domesticas and Damsons. Spring setting is generally recommended, and trees should be set 15 ft. apart each way, with the exception of Burbank, which should have 20 ft. or more. When the trees come from the nursery the loose and broken roots should be cut off, the top pruned to a straight whip, and the whij) cut back to a height of 2 or 3 ft. The first year 4 to .6 of the side branches, which come out and are well distributed around the trunk, are preserved, while the remainder are removed. The tips of these branches are cut back late in August or the first of September to stop growth and harden them up. All water sprouts are removed. The second spring the l^ranches should be cut back to a length of 6 to 18 in., the pruning being closest with the weaker trees. From 1 to 3 new branches are allowed to grow on each primary branch. The third year the trees should bear a moderate crop. The orchard should be thoroughly cul- tivated byjilowiug the soil between the trees every spring and keeping it thoroughly cultivated until the middle of summer and then sowing to some cover crop or allowing weeds to grow. A moderate amount of barnyard manure should be appliccl every other year, and wood ashes used on soils deficient in lime. The work of the station has shown that it is a1)solutely essential, in order to secure good crops of plums, to mix 2 or 3 varieties in the orchard. Most plums are self-sterile to their own pollen, and in order to secure pollination of the blossoms and a set of fruit this mixing of varieties is necessary. Black knot should be cut out of the orchard as soon as it appears. Brown rot or ripe rot of the fruit can be controlled by spraying. For shipment to distant markets the 6-basket carrier is recommended. For market pur- poses Burbank, Abundance, Red June, Lombard, Bradshaw, and Chabot are recom- mended for planting in the Champlain and lower Connecticut valleys. For the colder portions of the State Stoddard, Hawkeye, Smith, De Soto, American Eagle, Cheney, and Surprise are recommended. Prunes and prune culture in Western Europe, with special reference to existing conditions in the Pacific Northwest, E. R. Lake ( U. >V. DepL Agr., Divi- sion of Pomology Bui. 10, jrp. 23, ph. 70).— Some 50,000 acres of prune orchards are now under cultivation in the States of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. About 20 per cent of the trees belong to the Agen (California, Petite, or French) variety, while the remainder are largely Italian prunes. HORTICULTURE. 855 Witli a view to ascertain in;; whothor there were any European varieties possessing better (pialities than tlie Italian, and adapted for culture in the Northwest, a study was made of the prune inchistry of France, Germany, and Austria. The report covers FAiropean varieties and methods of culture, evaporating, utilizing, and market- ing prunes. The following table, showing the chemical comi)Osition of French and Oregon jirunes, is appended: Composition of evaporated prunes grovm in France and Oregon. Viiriety. Country. Num- ber per pounfl. Flesh. Pits. Mois- ture. Ash. Acid as sul- phuric. Reduc- ing sugar. Cane sugar. Total sugar. France . France . Oregon . Oregon . Oregon . Oregon . f..5-70 50 T28 38 38 24 P. ct. 84.7 87.8 78.0 84.8 87.6 88.3 P.ct. 15.3 12.2 22. 0 15.2 12.4 11.7 P. ct. 27. 92 25.14 25. 78 27. 24 26.46 25.96 P.ct. 1.65 1.75 2.35 1.95 1.88 2.06 0.99 .56 1.51 1.51 1.20 1.66 P. ct. 3.5.73 38.25 33. 28 32. 54 30. 83 34.00 P.ct. 1.69 3.31 1.87 Not (let 2.32 1.18 P.ct. 37.32 41.56 35. 15 Italian fi Italian?) Willamette ermined. 33. 15 35.18 a Steamed, and packed hot. b Not steamed. In general, Europeans give much less attention to the culture of their prune trees than is observed on the Pacific coast. The trees are mixed with other fruits and crops, planted along roadsides and in isolated patches. Only in Bohemia do large orchards of 20 acres or more occur. All the prunes in France, Germany, an,jiiix. 9-i). — This is an exhaustive account of the fig. The iustory of this fruit in various Old World c(»untries is traced from the earliest times, and an 856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. account given of its introduction and cultural development in America. Methods of fig culture and commerce now observed in Smyrna and Asia Minor, Greece, Northern Africa, Italy, Portugal, Spain, France, England, Southern United States, Mexico, and California are given in detail. Methods of capritication are explained at length; the necessity of this practice with some varieties, especially Smyrna varieties, pointed out, and the life history of BJastuphaga grossorum explained. Different chapters are devoted to climatic conditions under which figs will thrive, methods of fig propaga- tion, planting the orchard, pruning, irrigation, diseases and insect injuries, drying and curing, packing, shipping fresh tigs, and describing figs. All the known varie- ties of figs, including Smyrna and caprifigs, are catalogued alphabetically and briefly described, synonyms being noted and illustrations given of some varieties. Follow- ing this are chapters on the chemical analysis of a largo numl)er of fig soils and food analysis of figs, statistics on the production and imi)ortation of figs, together with tables of temperature, precipitation, and humidity in the princii^al fig regions of the world; and household recipes for prei)aring and using figs. The bulletin closes with a bibliography consisting of 173 references to fig literature. The fig in Australia ( Quremland Agr. Jour., 9 {1901), No. 4, pp. 405, 406) . — The writer states that a few trees of the Smyrna fig have been jjlanted in Australia, two of which at least have borne fruit. Relative to the caprification of Smyrna figs the article states as follows: "The blastophaga being so minute, it is impossible for it to carry sufficient pollen into the fig to cause fertilization. Its entrance simply causes decay or preniatvire ripening, such as a grub will do when it lias entered a pear or ai>ple, producing decay by its own death. The custom of caprification is fast becoming a thing of the past. According to the investigations of modern science, it is jiroved to be not only unneces- sary but positively injurious to the fig. May not the cause of figs falling off the trees before they reach the stage of maturity be improper kinds, unsuitable locali- ties, and, last but not least, the absence of knowledge of proper and judicious pruning? And the cause of not placing them upon the markets equally as good as those imported is the want of knowledge and exjierience as to their proper treatment during the process of drying." Notes on fig drying, C. H. Gorman {Agr. Gaz. Nnv South Walea, 12 {1901), No. 3, 2JP- .■>H7-3(!9; ohd. in California Fruit Grower, 26 {1901), No. 676, p. .?).— The experience of the author in drying figs in New South Wales is recorded. The figs are cut from the trees and placed on trays similar to raisin traj^s as soon as the figs begin to milk and show small white seams. They are dried in the sun and turned every day like raisins. The crop is considered sufficiently dry when the figs have the same api)earance in the morning as in the evening. Should they show a swelled appearance in the morning they require further drying. They must not, however, be over dried, as this gives them a cooked and earthy taste which (;an not be removed and which greatly injures their value. It requires from 5 to 12 days to dry the figs, according to the weather. After the figs are dry they may be dumjjed in sweat boxes, but it is desirable to pack as soon as possible. Before packing, the figs are dipped in a kettle or tub of boiling water in which has been dissolvee taken from good healthy wood, preferably the under portion of the sum- mer's growth. Any of the usual method.s of grafting may be practiced. As soon as the scion is cut it should be wrapped in moist cloth to prevent the bark from drying out. All the leaves should be removed from the scion as in Imdding. Usually no more leaves will be jHit out during the season. August is considered the liest time for sunnner grafting. Earlier grafting is not reconnnended, since the hot weather of July is apt to seriously injure the young grafts and force new growth, which seldom ripi'us up before winter sets in, and is almost certain to be destroyed. Second report on grapes, A. L. Quaintance {(I'eorgin Sta. Bnl. .>>, irp. 35-70, ph. 13). — The earlier report of the station on grapes was largely concerned with the culture and pests of grapes (E. S. R., 7, p. 767). The present bulletin includes the results of tests of 302 varieties, with notes on the si)ecific and varietal parentage of each variety, State of origin, vigor, blooming period, condition of stamens as to whether ui>nght or refiexed, size and compactness of bunch, size of l)erry, color, susceptibility to black rot, date of ripening, and average yield of fruit per vine in 1900. A succession list of 12 red, 18 black, and 13 white varieties recommended for cultivation in (reorgia is given. These varieties are descril)ed, their self-fertility or sterility noted, and the effect of ringing on the size, earliness, and (juality of the fruit, as determined by experiments, recorded in tabular form. The succession list of grapes recommended for (Georgia is given Ijelow: ^accession list of grape.i fur Georgia. Variety. Ripe. Variety. Ripe. Variety. Ripe. RED. July 8 July 18 July 24 July 20 Aug. 2 Aug. 7 Aug. 9 Aug. 10 Aug. 14 Aug. 14 Aug. 15 Aug. 25 BLACK. Early Ohio July 4 July 8 July 12 July 10 July 20 July 28 Aug. 1 Aug. 2 Aug. 9 Aug. 11 Aug. 12 Aug. 15 Aug. 15 Aug. 18 Aug. 20 Aug. 25 Aug. 29 Sept. 1 WHITE. Winehell Prosly Jane'sville Moore Early Hartford Brighton July 20 Uclawiiro Cambridge Bell July 22 July 24 Agawam ... Beaeon . Moore Diamond (irein Extra Early July 25 Rochester Lincy July 28 Norton Virginia ('arm an July 29 Linclherbe . . Niaarara Lightfoot July 80 Catawba W. B. Mun.son Aug. 4 Goethe Aug. 0 Diiina Herbcmont Thomas Gold C^oin Aug. 7 Roanoke Red Aug. 25 Neva Muuson Flowers Scuppernong A ug. 27 Of the varieties above recorded, the best for market purposes are Presly, Delaware, Agawam, and (Jatawba, of the red varieties; Early Ohio, INIoore Early, Ives, Concord, C-arman, and Neva Mun«on, of the blacks; and Bell, Moore Diamond, Ronunel, Niagara, Triumph, and Pocklington, of the white varieties. For red wine, Norton, Virginia, Lenoir, Clinton, Concord, Ives, and Thomas are recommended; and for white wines, Missouri Riesling, Catawba, Delaware, Elvira, IIerl)emont, Noah, and Scuppernong. In the station tests the varieties Maxatawney, Whit(>hall, and Salem were found completely self-sterile, and (^Joetiie was practically so, and hence these varieties should never be plantey ringing; the other varieties matured from 1 to 18 days earlier. With 16 varieties the size of the berry was not increased by ringing, while with 21 others the size was increased from 5 to 40 per cent, averaging 18 per cent. The quality of fruit does not appear to have been injured in a single instance by ringing. Rubber planting in the West Indies, J. H. Hart ( West Indian Bnl., 2 {1901), No. 2, pp. 100-11.3, figs. 6). — This article discusses the subject of rubber culture in the West Indies, the best kind of rubber trees to grow, cost of establishing a planta- tion, the best methods of planting the trees, harvesting and marketing the product, etc. Some trees of CastUloa dastica, ])lanted in the Royal Botanic Gardens of Trini- dad 25 or 30 years ago, are reported as having a height of 75 ft. with a girth of 6 ft. 3 ft. from the ground. A tree planted in 18S8 now measures 40 ft. in height and 55 in. in girth. These trees produce quantities of good seed from April to June. The best 5 trees of a group planted in 1898 now average 18 ft. in height and 12 in. in girth. One of the largest trees in the garden was tested by tapping. It yielded 2.14 lbs. of rubber fluids and 0.69 11). or 82 per cent of clean rubber. The rubber pro- duced was of excellent quality. The fluid taken from young trees gave 25 per cent of rubV)er; this was hard and brittle and of a very inferior quality. The bleeding of Castilloa trees \>y light wounds is reported to be tedious and expensive, and is believed to be economically performed only on large trees when planted closely together. In order to make the cultivation of this ruljber tree profit- able, the author believes that it will be necessary to grow it on large areas by itself. Para rubber trees ( Hevea brasiliensis) also grow well at the botanic gardens. Trees planted in 1898 averaged in 1901 6J in. in girth 3| ft. from the ground, and most of them were over 18 ft. high. One of the largest trees in the garden has a girth of over 5 ft. and is 50 ft. high. It is supposed to have been planted over 25 years ago. The rubber made of this species is of excellent quality and it appears to keep better than any other kind and ma)' be taken from the trees at less expense than from the Central American rubber trees. Several trees of ITerea confii.m have been planted at the gardens, but the rubber of the young trees is of poor quality. Ceara rubber [Mdniliot glaziovii) seems suitable only for dry hillsides or mountain lands. In its later stages it grows slowly and seems to produce but little rubber. Another species growing in the garden which promises well is the West African, Ir^, or Lagos silk rubber tree {Funtumia elastica). The trees planted in 1898 are now 132 ft. high and average 7 in. in girth. Even now these trees bleed freely and the rubber made from the fluids obtained is of good quality, approaching Para in value. The species grows well either in the shade or in the sun. It lias not been sufficiently long under observation to warrant conclusions regarding it. A number of other rubber plants are mentioned which will also grow in the West Indies, biit the Central American rul>ber tree appears to be the one best suited for general cultivation. Para, it is thought, while taking longer to grow may prove more profitable in the end than Central American trees. Thick, close planting, to secure straight stems, is advised. The cost of planting has varied between $30 and $40 per acre. Relative to yield, the author states as follows: "Our trials show that at least half a ]>ound of (by rubber can l^e taken at one time from a single tree of Castilloa, without affecting the seed-bearing powers of the tree. Trees of Hevea brasiliensis, still more carefully treated, a,n(l oi)erated on within easy reach of the hand when standing on the ground, have given a gross weight of 2.26 lbs. of rubber, the major portion of which, weighing 15.8 oz., is of excellent quality." Further notes on the growth of rubber trees, particularly Castilloa elastica, are given in an appendix by ]\I. Short, together with a general discussion of the subject. Rubber culture in Nicaragua, G. Waldron (f^. S. Consular Rpts., 67 {1901), No. 254, pp. 431-433). — The methods of growing rubber trees in Nicaragua and HORTICULTURE. 859 till' cost (if LMuwiiiji arc l)riefly notc. 96-110, jih. 6, Jiij^. 6; 3, pp. 182-189, pi. 1, figs. 4; 4, pp- 276-289, ph. 6, figs. 4)- — A biographical sketch of Luther Burbank, noting in some detail many of the more imiiortant fruit, flower, and vegetal)le creations originated by him by hybridization and selection; and of Carl Purdy, the California specialist on the cul- ture and botany of Pacific Coast bulbs. This article is also reprinted as a separate. FORESTRY. A planter's notes on trees and shrubs, E. A. Popenoe {Induslrkdkt, 28 {1901), No. 5, pp. 60-62 j.^^oU's are given on the behavior of trees and shrubs drawn from nearly 20 years' experience in planting, chiefly on the trial grounds of the Kansas Agricultural College and Experiment Station. Among the trees the tulip tree or poplar is said to have proved fairly satisfactory, while other trees of the same family, among them several magnolias, have been unable to withstand the climatic and other conditions. Notes are given on the coral berry, moonseed, Akebia, and various bar- berries, all of which are more or less adapted to the conditions existing in the region covered by this report. The use of nitrate of soda in sylviculture {Bui. Soc. Vent. Forst. Belg., 8 {1901), No. 3, pp. 144-149, figs. 8). — The use of nitrate of soda in seed beds for growing seed- lings of a number of forest trees is strongly recommended. In the ca.se of black pine, ash, maples, birch, hornbeam, and ailanthus, seedlings grown with and without nitrate of soda were compared. Those receiving nitrate at the rate of 200 to 300 kg. per hectare were decidedly in better condition of growth than those not receiving the fertilizer. The succession of cuttings for deciduous high forests, Pilz {AJJg. Forst v.. Jagd Ztg., 67 {1901), Oct., pp. 341-348).— iym-uf>ses the relative value of different periods of cuttings upon the maximum production of oak and beech forests. FORESTRY. 861 The reconstitution of forests in Ardennes, J. Pollet (Bui. Soc. Cent. Foist. Jlcli/. , S ( 190 J ) , Xo. S, pp. 4(Jl--i74 ) . — The author accounts for the deforestation of parts of the country and offers sujrgestions for its reforestation. It is recommended that plantings sliould be made of beech as an undergrowth for Scotch pine, beech plant- ings for coi)ince, and the planting of beech and spruce in mixtures. The disappearance of beech in the forest of Cambre, C. Bommer {Bid. Soc. Cent. Fiirst. Bdg., S {I'JOl), Xns. 4, }>}>. 1S1-1S9; 5, jyp. 247-255, fihate was badly decayed, and the one which had not been given any treatment was almost entirely destroyed. 862 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. The wood pulp industry of Canada {Bnl. Sac. Cent. Ford. Bdg., S [1901), No. 5, pp. 2D'^-305). — A description is given of the wood pulp industry of Canada, and the forest resources of that country are compared with other regions. Each province of Canada, with the exception of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories, produces great quantities of spruce timber which is particularly adapted to the production of wood pulp. The increase in the use and production of wood pulp for the last 10 years is shown, and the possibilities of Canada for supplying this material are pointed out. SEEDS—WEEDS. A report on cooperative seed testing, F. Nobbe {Landw. Vers. StaL, 56 {1901), No. 2-3, pp. 177-185). — A report is given on the fifth cooperative experiment in test- ing red clover, sainfoin, perennial rye grass, meadow fescue, and beet seed. The seeds used in this experiment were from single lots which were thoroughly mixed and then distriVjuted to the 30 stations in the seed control union of German)^ The different kinds of seeds were to l)e tested at the different stations under identical conditions as to temperature, moisture, light, etc. Rejiorts were received from about half of the stations, which show wide variation Ijetween the maximum and minimum percentages obtained by the several observers. In the case of the clover seed there was a variation of 2.27 per cent in purity and 7.61 per cent intrinsic value. The variation of sainfoin seed reported was 1.62 per cent in purity and 21.15 per cent in intrinsic value. The perennial rye grass gave a maximum and minimum range of 3.63 per cent jiurity and 14.40 per cent intrinsic wortli. Meadow foxtail gave 19.99 per cent as a range of purity determination and 12.38 per cent intrinsic value. The beet seed samples showed a variation of 3.43 per cent purity and 11.5 per cent in actual value. While there appears to be a wide range in these figures, except in the purity of the meadow foxtail and the intrinsic value of the sainfoin, the figures fall within the limits allowed by the regulations of the seed control union. In the results of tests of soft grass and blue grass seed departures from the normal, while large, fall within the limit of 8 per cent, which is allowed by the seed control regulations. Report of the Goteborg and Bohus Seed Control Station for the year ended June 30, 1901, J. E. Alex {Red. GiJIeborgs och Bohua lans frohmtrollanst., 1900- 1901. Goieborg, 1902, pp. 12). — A report is given on the seed investigations con- ducted at the station during the year 1900-1001. In all, 356 lots of seed were inspected and the analytical data are given in detail. A schedule of charges for seed investigation is appended to the report. Studies in weeds, W. Carruthers {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 62 {1901), pp. 249-256, figs. 8). — Brief notes are given on a number of more or less troublesome weeds, among them Ononis arven.m, .Egopodhun podagraria, Carduus acaulis, dog camomile, ragwort, etc. Notes are also given on the relative value of different brome grasses and bent grasses for forage and pasture. The horse nettle and buffalo bur, J. C. Arthur {Indiana Sta. Rpi. 1901, pp. 9-19, ph. 3, fig. 1, map 1). — A description is given of the horse nettle {Solanuin caro- linense) and the l)uffalo bur {S. rostratum). The relationship of these weeds is pointed out and the distribution throughout the State is indicated. One or both species have been reported from about one-third the counties of the State. Suggestions are given for their eradication, and attention is called to the fact that the horse nettle being perennial, particular care will have to be given to prevent the multiplication of the individual plants. This weed may be eradicated by continued growing of hoed crops or by some thickly growing crop which will smother it out. The Jniffalo bur is an annual plant and for its extermination only requires that it be kept from seeding, which can be done by cutting or pulling plants during the early part of the season. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 863 Destruction of prickly pear {Queensland Agr. Jour., 9 {1001), No. 5, pp. 460-46'2). — An experiment is reported in whicli an attempt whh made to clear 145 acres of land infested with a dense growth of prickly pear. The plants were cut down and afterwards sprayed with a number of solutions, the best results being obtained where sodium arsenite was used at the rate of 5 to 8 oz. per gallon of water. Ordinarily the cutting of this plant does not destroy it, but 3 or 4 days after spraying the green succulent stems had wilted and turned brown and were drying up. Not only were the so-called leaves destroyed but the spray penetrated the stumps to the ends (if the roots, causing them to rot. The application of this herbicide, while very destructive to the cactus, had no effect on the grass, and in a comparatively short time the area was covered with an excellent stand of pasture grasses. The other materials experimented with were iron sulphate, hydrochloric acid, coal tar, creosote oil, ammonium sulphocyanid, calcimu sulphid, and solutions of copper sulphate, sodium nitrate, and potassium chlorate. None of these gave results at all compara- ble to those secured by the use of sodium arsenite. DISEASES OF PLANTS. An attempt to secure immunity of plants to fungus diseases, J. Beauverie ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sei. Paris, 133 {1901), No. 2, pp. 107-110). — An account of experi- ments with Botrytis cinerea is reported, in which a form of the fungus was sought which would secure various plants immunity from attacks by the fungus. This fungus, which is said to be very common in greenhouse soils, exists in 3 forms. The ordinary form exists as a saprophyte developing upon decomposing plants. This form is the well-known normal conidial stage of the fungus. The parasitic form of the fungus is said to be completely sterile, and a third form between the two, which appears to be a sort of a transition stage, is also recognized. The author claims that by sowing sterilized soil with the spores from the conidial stage of the fungus and allowing them to grow for some time, it is possible to produce a growth of the fungus in the soil which will not interfere with the growth of seeds or cuttings, and espe- cially with cuttings of begonia, which is ordinarily quite subject to attack by the sterile form of the fungus. In this way he claims to have secured immunity from attack. By extending this method of culture to the soils of greenhouses the author says it will be found possible to secure immunity from the very common and some- times destructive occurrence of the sterile form of the fungus. Cultures and attenuated forms of fungi which cause diseases of plants, J. Ray {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 133 {1901), No. 5, pp. 307-309).— A. summary is given of recent investigations relative to attenuated cultures of fungus parasites of plants, with studies of rusts and smuts of cereals and other plants. The author claims to have been successful in obtaining pure attenuated cultures of the smuts of wheat and oats, and rusts of eglantine and Euonymus europxus. By using these arti- ficial cultures it is believed possible that immunity to disease caused by them may be secured. A bacterial disease of the tomato, F. W. T. Hunger {Meded. 'S Lands Plan- tenttiin, 1901, No. 48, pp. 57, pis. 2). — The tomato disease caused by Bacillus solanace- arum (E. S. R., 8, p. 895) is reported as prevalent at and about the botiinic gardens at Buitenzorg, Java. The diagnosis of the disease is given for the parts of the plants above as well as for those below ground. The author describes the germ and its behavior on different culture media, and records a number of experiments with pure cultures to determine the method of infection. In connection with the diseased con- ditions produced by the germ, the normal anatomy of Lycopersicum esculentum is described. Under the discussion of species of Solanacese suscei)tible to this disease, the writer expresses the belief that the slime disease of tobacco is caused by the same 25832— No. D— 02 5 864 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. germ as that which causes the tomato disease, and that this disease also occurs in Capsicum annum, although neither of these cases has been confirmed by inoculation. A series of experiments to determine the manner in which Bacillus solanacearam finds entrance resulted in the conclusion that uninjured tomato plants can not be infected, and that when the bacteria do gain an entrance by way of the water pores, they get no farther than the air spaces immediately below the water pores. The germ gains entrance most commonly by means of injuries to the roots caused by the attacks of parasites or by careless planting. For this reason the author considers the bacillus to be a secondary rather than the primary cause of the tomato disease. A wound of some kind is believed to be in every case the primary cause. This may be caused by (1) careless planting, (2) climatological influences, (3) chemical and physical condition of the soil, and (4) attacks of parasites. In the last class are included all attacks by fungi, insects, and nematodes. Infection most commonly follows the attacks of nematodes. As preventive measures, greater care in planting and the destruction of the Heterodera are urged. Since the latter is, however, almost impossible, it is suggested that the tomato be grafted on a solanaceous stock that is resistant to the attacks of Heterodera. — h. m. pieters. A bacterial disease of potatoes, G. Delacroix {Comi)t. Rend. Acad.' Sci. Paris, 133 {1901), No. 9, pp. ^i7--^i5).— Attention is called to a bacterial disease of the potato which has been observed in central and western France, being more or less widely distributed through 13 departments. The disease, which is described, is believed to be that caused by Bacillus solanacearum, an account of which was given in U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Vegetable Physiology and Pathology Bui. 12 (E. S. R., 8, p. 895). This disease is said to be quite distinct from that described by the author under the name gangrene, which is said to be caused by Bacillus caulivoris. As suggested methods of treatment the author recommends the rotation of crops in which potatoes or allied plants shall not occupy the soil for a number of years. A bacterial disease of beets, M. C. Potter [Centhl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. AhL, 7 {1901), Nos. 8, pp. 282-2S8; 9-10, pp. 353-362, figs. 6).— This article has been pre- viously noted from another source (E. S. R., 13, p. 467). The finger-and-toe disease of turnips {Trop. Agr., 20 {1900-1901), p. 258). — The occurrence of the finger-and-toe disease, or club root, of turnips is mentioned and the writer states that its ravages seem to be increased by the use of superphos- phate manures or upon soils subject to short rotations. In his experience, land which had been sown to grass for 8 or 9 years, and afterwards cultivated in turnips, grew a crop without any diseased roots. Where the fields had been in grass for but 3 years the turnip crop was practically ruined, showing that the fungus remains in the soil for a longer time than 3 years. Observations on root rot (Dongkellanziekte), J. D. Kobus {Meded. Proefstat. Oost Java, 3. ser., 1901, No. 25, pp. 11). — Formerly many diseases were known by this name, but since 1897 the use of the name has l)een confined to a single well- characterized disease. At the East Java station it has been proved that the trouble is not due to differences in the chemical composition of the soil, and that the disease is not inherited. The method of working the soil is, however, of importance. Shal- low planting or planting in loose soil tends to increase the disease, while a heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizer delays or prevents its appearance. Irrigation after the west monsoon has likewise been found helpful in overcoming the disease. The mud deposited from the irrigating water appears to exert a beneficial effect, but the reason for this is not understood since the amount deposited is too small to have any appreciable influence either on the fertility or on the mechanical structure of the soil. One of the most promising fields of work is the development of resistant varieties. Some varieties are already known to be nearly or quite free fi'om the root rot, but these are poor in sugar content. — h. m. pieters. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 865 Apple scab, G. P. Clinton {Tllinois Sta. Bui. 67, pp. 109-156, j)h. 4, figs. 34). — In a previous l)ulletin of the station (E. S. R., 11, p. 258) an atrount was given of investigations for the prevention of apple scab. The present ))ulletin records the results of botanical studies made during the years 1898 to 1900. The author has demonstrated the relationship between the parasitic form which causes the well- known apple scab and the saprophytic fungus found upon the decaying leaves. As a result of his investigations the author is leearing depend upon the reserve materials of the roots until that time, and a deficiency of reserve material is not only a result of the disease but is considered the principal cause of its further development. There was observed an abnormal increase of oxidase and peroxidase in the diseased leaves, and at the same time the migration of starch and nitrogenous compounds was greatly retarded. It ia believed that the oxidizing enzyms present exert an inhibiting action upon the diastatic and proteolytic enzyms, and thus become one of the principal causes in the retardation of growth in the diseased plants. A second cause has been lately found to be an insufficient develop- ment of the transportation tissues. These phenomena are analogous to those causing variegation or albinism in plants. The production of oxidizing enzyms in such DISEASES OF PLANTS. 867 abnormal quantity is believed to be due, to some extent at least, to the partial starva- tion of the cells!. As the cutting of the nudberry i)lants in the growing season causes deficiency in the nutriment for the newly developing shoots, this seems to afford a strong sui)port for the above at^sumption. The appearance of white rot of grapes in Algeria, J. I). Catta and A. Maige {Oompl. Rend. Acad. Sci. Pari^, 133 {1901), No. 10, pp. 444, 443). — The occurrence in Algeria of white rot, caused by Chnrrinia diplodiella, is reported. It seems to be more severe in its attack on some varieties of grapes than others, causing the destruc- tion of two-thirds of the crop of Aramon and Alicante, and about one-third of the crop of Carignan. For its prevention the authors reconnnend the thorough use of Bordeaux mixture. Black rot and mildew, G. Cazeaux-Cazalet {Rev. Vit., 16 {1901), Nos. 408, jyp. 393-397; 409, pp. 419-4.^4; 410, pp. 452-45S, figs. 4)- — The results of observations on the period of invasion of black rot and mildew are given. The time of appear- ance of these diseases in a number of localities in France have been under investiga- tion for a number of years, and with some allowance for climatic conditions the first invasiqn may be noted npon the vines about the first of May; the second, about the middle of IMay; the third, the first of June; the fourth, about June 25; and the fifth, about July 20 to 25. The appearance of these attacks is preceded l)y infection about 2 weeks previous, and in treating the disease by spraying or use of sulphur advantage should be taken of these rather definite periods. The treatment of vineyards for the prevention of mildew, N. Passerini and P. Fantechi (.46s. in. Ann. A(jron., 21 {1901), No. 6, p. 294). — On account of the high price of copper salts, the authors have investigated means for protecting grapevines against the downy mildew. A number of fungicides were experimented with and the conclusions show that a 1 per cent solution of Bordeaux mixture is efficient in prevent- ing the attacks of the mildew. For the first treatment, when the leaves are small and tender, it may be reduced to 0.5 per cent with good results. In connection with the above experiments the authors found that spraying with a 2 per cent soap mixture containing lime was eflicient in destroying insects of the genera Cochylis and Eudemis. Table grapes and fungicides, E. Chuard {Chron. Agr. Canton Vaud, 14 {1901), No. 18, pp. 445-447). — In reply to numerous correspondents, the author states that the use of properly prepared fungicides upon table grapes need not be followed with any serious consequences. During the present year, on account of a severe attack of mildew, it was necessary to spray the grapes later than usual. Examina- tion of a large number showed that while slight traces were present upon the outside of the grape, the author failed to find any trace of copper in the pulp. The very small quantity that is found on the skin of the grape is not sufficient to be a source of any danger. In wine made from sprayed grapes in which fermentation has been completed, the copper is said to be in an insoluble and innocuous state. A means for the i revention of shelling of grapes, H. Dauthenay {Rev. Hurt., 73 {1901), No. 17, p. 402).— The author describes a disease of grapes in which the fruit falls from the cluster, similar to the disease known in this country as shelling or rattles. For the prevention of this disease he recommends the pinching or cut- ting off of the shoots after the development of 6 to 8 leaves where grapes are borne, or 12 to 15 on those shoots not carrying any grapes. In this way the material elaborated by the vine is carried to the grape clusters instead of being iitilized for greater growth of shoots. This method has been employed a number of times with complete success. A tea eelworm disease in South India, C. A. Barber {Dept. Land Records and Agr., Madras, Vol. II, Bid. 45, pp. 227-234, pis. S).—K nematode disease of tea plants was first called to the author's attention as occurring on a single estate in Madras. The plants were badly attaiked by the nematode lleterodera radicicola, and 868 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the disease has proved a very destructive one for tea seedlings. So far the attack appears to be confined to nurseries, and the disease is believed to be of recent origin. In addition to the tea seedlings, a number of weeds and other plants were attacked, and it is believed that the nematodes have been upon the plantation for a long period, being established on other plants, but only recently have found the young tea plants as suital>le hosts. A contribution to the knowledge of slimeflux of trees and some of its causes, W. Holtz [Centbl. Bakl. u. Fur., 2. ALL, 7 {1901), Nos. 4, PP- 113-128; 5-6, pp. 179-189; 7, pp. 229-238; 8, pp. 274-281; 9-10, pp. 338-350, pis. 2, figs. &).— The author gives results of studies made upon Oidium luduigii, and a number of bacteria and other fungi associated with it which are considered the cause of slimeflux on oak, maple, birch, aspen, and other trees. The slimeflux of trees, F. Ludwig {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Aht., 7 {lHOl), No. 9-10, pp. 350-352). — A report is given upon observations made during the years 1899 and 1900 upon various forms of slimeflux observed l)y the author. The brown flux is reported as having been observed upon apple trees in various parts of Germany; upon aspen, chestnut, elm, and birch trees in parks; and upon beech and white fir in forests. The author is led to believe from correspondence that this same disease occurs in a number of parts of the United States and other parts of Europe. The white slimeflux of oaks was commonly observed upon oak trees, and there seemed to be some relationship between the phenological conditions of its appearance and that of the first flowering of elder and rye. Observations covering 15 years seem to indicate that the slimeflux and flowering of these plants occur at about the same time. Another form to which the name nmsk flux is given has been observed as Avhite or reddish masses upon linden or maple trees. It is believed to be due to a fusarium form of Nectria aquxductum. ENTOMOLOGY. Proceedings of the thirteenth annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Division of Entomology Bid. 31, n, ser., pp. 103, pis. 2, figs. .^).— At this meeting, held in Denver, Colo., August 23 and 24, 1901, the following papers were read: Life history studies on the codling moth, C. P. Gillette (pp. 5-20). — The author made a careful study of the life history of this insect with special reference to the determi- nation of the number of broods per year. In Colorado it is found that the time occupied by the codling moth for a complete cycle in the summer averages about 7 weeks. In early spring the insect was always found in a larval condition. The larvfe begin to pupate just before the apple blossoms open. The length of the pupal state of the first brood varied from 13 to 68 days. Notes are given on the numbers of larvpe taken by different people under bands of apple trees previous to time of blooming. It was found that a small pei'centage of larvpe seek a place for pupation in the spring after having passed through the winter in a larval condition. At Ft. Collins the earliest moths were captured April 26, and moths continued to appear in breeding cages until July 24. The moths lived but a few days. The earliest time at which eggs were observed was June 9, and by July 21 it was almost impossible to find unhatched eggs. The time between the emergence of the moth and the laying of the eggs averaged 6.7 days and the number of eggs laid by each moth varied from 2 to 50, nearly all of which hatched. The incubation period of the eggs was found to be from 6 to 8 days. The earliest date at which larvae of the summer brood were observed was June 28, and the earliest date for the appearance of larvpe of the second brood was August 3. The first brood reached its maximum on July 25 and the sec- ond on September 12. Of 414 larvae taken under bands 353 came to the bands during the night and the remainder during the day. The duration of the larval period ENTOMOLOGY. 869 varied from 12 to 24 days. Of 526 wormy apples, 424 were found to have worm lioles at the blossom end, while 84 liad lioles at the side and 18 at the stem end. The earliest date for the appearance of a moth of the second l)roo(l was July 13 and the latest date Septend)or 1(3. The first eggs of the second brood were observed July 24 and they were most abundant on August 12. The time between the broods according to these observations is about 54 days. The author concludes that the codling moth is definitely two-brooded throughout Colorado and that there is no reason for assuming the existence of a partial third brood. Jarrinyfor the cnrculio on an extensive scale in Georgia, with a list of the insects caurjlit, W. M. Scott and W. M. Fiske (pp. 24-35). — The curculio is reported as causing great annual damage to peaches and plums in Georgia, 25 per cent of the crop being destroyed. The adult beetles are also instrumental in disseminating ))ro\vn rot fun- gus. Jarring experiments were conducted in a large orchard containing 200,000 peach trees and 50,000 plum trees. These trees were all jarred several times between April 18 and June 1, some of the trees being jarred 6 days per week. The jarring was done from 3 a. m. until 9 a. m. and from 2 p. m. until dark. The best results were obtained in the morning. The beetles were caught on rectangular frames covered w ith canvaa. The total cost of the work for the season was $1,000. Of the 325 species of insects which were thus caught, a list of which is given, over 67 per cent were curculios, the total number of curculios being 137,000. The amount of curculio damage on the jarred trees was 4 per cent, while in an adjacent orchard of 130,000 trees where no jarring was done, the damage was 40 per cent. A simple form of accessions catalogue, E. D. Ball (pp. 37-39). — According to the scheme proposed by the author an accession catalogue is recommended containing one entry for each trip or special collection, this entry being in the form of a date giving the year, month, and day. Every specimen as it is labelled bears the place of capture and the date on a single small label. The advantage of the system lies chiefly in the great saving of time. A preliminary report on the San Jose scale in Japan, C. L. Marlatt (pp. 41-47). — Evi- dence is presented supporting the conclusion that the San Jose scale is not native to Japan but was introduced from Ajnerica. A related species, Diaspis pentagona, is native to Japan and is prayed upon by a beetle, Chilocorus simills, which also feeds to some extent on the San Jose scale. The latter species is attacked by a fungus dis- ease and by one or two parasitic insects. Further notes on crude petroleum and other insecticides, E. P. Felt (pp. 49-51). — Trees were not injured by spraying with 20 or 25 per cent mixtures of oil. Experiments with a 10 and 15 per cent mixture of crude petroleum in combination with a mixture of whale-oil soap containing 1 lb. to 4 gals, showed that no injury was done to the trees and the San Jose scale was thoroughly checked. Spraying with whale-oil soap solutions gave good results, but it was not quite so effective as crude oil. Notes on some Colorado insects, C. P. Gillette (pp. 51-55).— Notes on the habits, life history, and means of combating Nrjsius minutus, Aspidiotus howardi, CItermes alnetes, grain plant louse, the apple aphis, beet army worm, cabbage Plutella, bean ladybird, cabbage aphis, and a species of Phytoptus which attacks cottonwoods. A preliminary note on a new species of aphis injurious to plums and peaches in Georgia, W. M. Scott (pp. 56-60).— A brief account is given of a species of aphis believed to be new and reported as injurious to plums and peaches in different parts of Georgia. Observations were made on a part of the life history of the insect. Fighting insects with fungus diseases, L. L'runer (p. 59).— The author reports that a fungus was received from this Department supposed to be a South American Icjcust disease, but which proved to be a species of Mucor. The material was distributed in Nebraska, but was not found to be effective. In the author's experiments none of the locust diseases proved successful. 870 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Insects detrimental and destructive to forest products used for constructing material, A. D. Hopkins (pp. 60-62). — Brief notes on Eupsalis minuta, Lymexylon sericeum, Prionus laticollis, and other injurious insects. Observations on forest and sliade tree insects in New York State, E. P. Felt (pp. 63-68). — Short notes on Anisota senatoria, Caccecia argyrospila, Chalcophora virginiensis, C. liherta, Dentroctonus terebrans, Tomicus caUigraphus, T. balsameus, Monohammus confusor, ehn- leaf beetle, forest tent caterpillar, carpenter moth, and other species. Revieiv of tlie white-fly investigations, vith incidental problems, H. A. Gossard (68-74). — Aleurodes citri is reported as infesting 75 per cent of the orange groves in Manatee County. Two fungus diseases were observed on the insect. The white fly is not always fatal to orchards, as is shown by the fact that one grove has been infested for at least 10 years and is still in a vigorous condition. Notes are given on the life his- tory of the insect and on treatment with resin wash, kerosene, and hydrocyanic-acid gas. It was found that when 1 oz. of sulphuric acid and 1 oz. of water mixed together and cold were added to 1 oz. of potassium cyanid, 428.4 cu. in. of gas were produced, while the same quantity of water and acid mixed and added immediately to the cyanid of potash yielded 467.9 cu. in. of gas. Fumigation was done at all hours of the day and in sunshine and cloudy weather. Little injury was done to trees or foliage if fumigated at night or during cloudy weather, but when trees were fumigated in sunshine during the middle of the day some injury resulted. Observations were made on the affect of fumigation on ladybirds and it was found that the majority were destroyed. Hydrocyanic-acid gas notes, C. P. Lounsbury and C. W. Mally (pp. 75-80). — This insecticide has been successfully used in destroying lice and other insect pests in railroad coaches, jails, and private houses. Experiments showed that when 1 oz. of potassium cyanid was used to 450 cu. ft. of space it was uniformly fatal to scale insects. Cockroaches were destroyed by 12 hours' exposure to the gas, when 1 lb. of potassium cyanid was used to every 100 cu. ft. of space. Bedbugs and various species of ticks were found to be most resistant to the action of this gas. In treating infested grain, 1 oz. of potassium cyanid to 12 cu. ft. of space was found inefficient in the destruc- tion of Calandra oryza and C. granaria. TJie use of hydrocyanic-acid gas for exterminating household insects, W. R. Beattie (pp. 80-84). — From experiments with gas in combating cockroaches [Periplaneta amer- icana), it is concluded that 0.1 gm. of 98 per cent cyanid of potassium \>er cubic foot is sufficient to kill all roaches within a period of 3 hours. Insects of the year in Ohio, F. M. Webster and W. Newell (pp. 84-90). — Notes on chinch bug, Hessian fly, strawberry weevil, cankerworm, western corn-root worm, pea louse, cabbage bug, San Jose scale, southern turkey gnat, and various other insects, together with a brief report on the use of arsenate of lead, green arsenoid, Paris green, whale oil soap, and tobacco dust. Summarizing the results of experiments with Sporotrichum globuliferum since 1894, it is stated that this fungus gives no evidence of its value in protecting the country from an annual recurrence of an attack of chinch bugs. Observations on the spread of San Jose scale from infested fruit indicate that infestation from such sources takes place slowly. Frxiits seriously injured by moths, C. W. Mally (90-93). — A report is made on the injury to apples, pears, plums, grapes, peaches, figs, citrus, and other fruits by a moth [Ophiuza lienardi). The moth was observed making punctures in fruits by means of its proboscis, through which the juices were sucked. Notes on four imported pests, A. H. Kirkland (pp. 93-97). — Observations on the distribution and injurious attacks of the gypsy moth, brown-tail moth, imported elm-leaf beetle, and imported willow weevil {Cryptorhynchus lapathi). During the year a new colony of gypsy moth was discovered at Providence, R. I. The colony extended over an area of about 2 square miles. During 1900 it is stated that prac- ENTOMOLOGY. 871 tically no damage by the moth occurred throughout the whole infested district. The numbers are increasing, however, and more serious damage is expected. Many complaints were made of the brown-tail moth, partly on account of the poisonous effect of the hairs of caterpillars when coming in contact with the skin. Drought, heat, and insect life, Mary E. Mnrtfeldt (pp. 97-99). — During the unusually dry season of 1901 in the vicinity of St. Louis it was observed that cutworms, plum cunulios, boUworms, codling motlis, horseflies, and grasshoi)pers were very badly aflected by the excessive drought and heat and rajtidly disai)peared as the season advanced. A few other insects seemed to be favorably affected by these conditions. Among these, mention may be made of ants, crickets, and Lepi.vna domestica. The codling- moth, W. W. Feoggatt {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), No. S, pp. 1354-1365, 2)1. 1). — Notes are given on the habits and life history of this insect and on its distribution in New South Wales. In combating the pest the author recommends scraping the loose bark from the trunks of trees, spraying with Paris green, painting the trees, destruction of windfalls, and removal of all rubbish from infested storehouses. Notes are given on legislation adopted against the codling moth in Tasmania, South Australia, Victoria, Queensland, and West Australia. A report is given on experiments extending over 2 years in combating the codling moth. The trees upon which the experiments were made were 335 in number and some of them were also attacked by canker and woolly aphis. All orchards in the vicinity were badly infested with codling moth. Paris green was applied soon after the blossoms fell and later the trees were banded with burlap and the bands removed and examined at regular intervals. The number of X&rx-x. killed under the bands during the 2 years is tabulated, showing the dates of the different inspections. Dur- ing the first year 18,505 larvte were captured under the bands, and during the second year 25,796 were captured in this way. The maximum number of larvte captured under the band of a single tree for the season was 673. Codling' moth, G. Quinn {Jour. Agr. and Ind., South Australia, 5 {1901), No. 4, pp. 327-329). — Brief notes on the habits and life history of this insect, together with recommendations regarding insecticide treatment. The remedies recommended for the codling moth include destroying the eggs and young (caterpillars by kerosene emulsion, by scraping the stems of trees, applying bands to the trunks of trees, col- lecting infested and foreign fruits, destruction of rubbish in orchards, disinfection of fruit houses and packing cases, and spraying with arsenites. Insects injurious to the muskmelon, E. Walker {Arkansas Sta. Bui. 69, pp. 81-84). — The melon louse {A])his gossypii) \s considered the most important injurious insect on muskmelons. When the vines are sprayed with a strong decoction of tobacco before the leaves have become badly curled the insect nlay be effectively checked. In the author's experiments the tobacco decoction was applied with a knapsack sprayer to which a bent extension pipe was attached; the under surface of the leaves could be readily sprayed. No injurious effects from tobacco decoctions were observed. It is suggested that weedy areas in the vicinity of melon patches should be Ijurned over. The striped cucumber beetle appeared in considerable numbers in 1900, but was not early enough to affect young melons badly. In combating this insect a lunnber of repellent substances are recommended, including air-slaked lime, tobacco dust, land plaster impregnated with kerosene, and Bordeaux mixture. Brief notes are also given on the habits and life history of the melon worm and pickle worm, and the usual remedies for these insects are recommended. The pickle worm (Margaronia nitidalis), A. L. Quaintance {Georgia Sta. Bid. 54, pp. 71-94, pU. 3). — While the pickle worm is injurious to a number of cucurbit plants, special attention is given in this bulletin to treatment of muskmelons to prevent its injuries to this plant. The insect is injurious in the larval stage only. The larvaj bore cylindrical holes into the fruit during any stage of its growth. Flow- 872 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ers are frequent!)' attacked, especially in squashes. The vines may also be injured, long cavities being eaten up or down in the stem, sometimes beneath the surface of the ground. The food plants of the insect include nearly all of the cultivated cucur- bits. It is a species of American origin and is quite widely distributed throughout the United States. A description is given of the various stages of the insect. The moth is probably strictly nocturnal, flying mostly after midnight. Oviposition occurs also at night. The eggs are laid, either singly or sometimes in clusters of from 3 to 8, on flowers or flower buds or on young and tender parts of the plant. On hatching the larvje work their way down through the stem or leaves, eating out channels. When the eggs are laid on flower buds of squash the larvfe may remain in the plants until fully grown. The older larvfe crawl about from one plant to another and attack the fruits; a number of larvae may be found in a single muskmelon. Several broods appear during the summer and fall until checked liy cold weather. The length of the life cycle in the months of July and August is from 24 to 27 days. No parasite was bred by the author from this insect. In preventing the injuries of pickle worm to muskmelons it is well to remember that early muskmelons largely escape injury on account of the late appearance of the moth. In general, a serioiis attack may be expected only upon late muskmelons. After harvesting the j^lants should be removed and destroyed, or if it is not done at that time, all plants and rubbish should be raked up and burned in late fall or winter, in order to destroy the pupfe of the insect in such situations. The use of Paris green, arsenate of lead, and other arsenical poisons is of little value in combating this insect. The pickle worm shows a decided preference for scjuash blossoms, and the most successful remedy for the insect consists in planting rows of squashes through the melon fields and remov- ing the squash Ijlossoms after the larva? of the insect begin to appear. In 1900 1,640 'arvte were captured in this way on an experimental plat, and in 1901 5,519 larvpe were taken in the same manner. It is believed that by jjlanting squashes at different times, so as to have a succession of flowers from the middle of June until the first of August, and by carefully removing wilted squash blossoms from time to time, the majority of the larva? of the pickle worm may thus be captured and destroyed. Asparagus beetles, K. S.\.i6 {Prometheus, 18 {1901), No. 635, pp. 166-171, figs. 3) . — Notes are given on the habits, life history, and means of combating the common species of asi>aragus beetles, including Crioccris asparagi, C. 12-punctata, C. 14-inmc- tatn, and C. o-punrtatd. Three orcliard pests, E. D. Sanderson {Delaware St a. Bid. 53, jjp. 10, figs. 11). — The apple-bud borer {Stenago}>tiicha pyrkolana) injures the terminal shoots of young apple trees in orchards and nursery stock, and attacks the tips of water sprouts on old trees. A description is given of the larvfe and moth. The insect winters in a larval condition in the terminal twigs. The moths appear about the middle of May, another brood late in August, and probablj' another early in October. The whole life cycle apparently occupies about 6 weeks, and it is believed there are 4 broods. The worst injury is done ])y the second and third Ijroods, esjiecially in August. The eggs are probably laid singly among the unfolding terminal leaves. Many of the larvae are found to be parasitized. Arsenical sprays are of little value in combating the insect. The most effective preventive remedy consists in removing infested water sprouts and terminal twigs of orchard and nursery trees; all such prunings should be gathered and burned in order to destroy the larvae. Fruit-tree bark borer {Euzophera semijuneralis) bores beneath the bark of apple, pear, plum, and other fruit trees. It gains entrance in the cracks of the bark on the trunk or at the stumps of pruned branches. In some cases the trees are badly girdled and killed. The insect hibernates in cocoons beneath the bark. The adult moths appear late in May or early in June, and a second brood of larvae appears in September. A description of the insect. in its larval and adult conditions is given. ENTOMOLOGY. 873 Tlie remedies recommended for this species consist in paintino; abrasions in tlie liark, with a sHght addition of Paris green; scraping loose bits of l)ark from the trunk and applying a wash of whale-oil soap, caustic soft soap, or other sul)stances in winter; in the summer tlie borers may be cut out. V>v\e( notes are given on the periodical cicada with special reference to the brood which will ai)pear (hiring the present season. It is urged that orchards should not be ]truned too closely, and that where possil)le budding and grafting should be post- poned until after the appearance of the cicadas. The cherry fly, K. S.\.i6 {Prometheus, 12 {1901), No. 614, PP- 6G3-GG8, fih(jsphorated hydrogen and ammonia are the insecticides and fertilizing constitu- ents of calcium carbid. The pure carbid was found to be less effective than the residues from its manufacture for the destruction of phylloxera. It was found that as much as 2,000 kg. of the residues per hectare were ai){)lied without injury to the vineyards. It is recommended that 500 kg. per hectare be adopted as a safe and effective treatment. During these experiments it was found that success or failure from the use of cal- cium carbid and its residues depended largely upon the condition of the soil with regard to moisture. Treatment was successful only when the soil was in a normal state of humidity, and failed when the soil was very dry and also when it was excessively moist. This treatment was found to be equally applicable to all soils. The results obtained from these experiments were fully as satisfactory as those oljtained from the use of bisulphid of carbon, and the treatment does not in any way endanger the life or vitality of the grapevine. 876 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Important details of spraying, A. V. Stubenrauch {Illinois Sta. Bui. 68, pp. 157-lSS, figs, i.5).— The author iiresents a detailed description of certain points in the preparation and apphcation of spraying materials frequently not considered in bulletins on this subject. A classification of spraying mixtures is given, together with brief notes on the nature of parasitic fungi and the action of fungicides upon them. Spraying mixtures are arranged in 3 classes, (1) in which insoluble sub- stances are held in suspension, (2) simple solutions, and (3) emulsions and mechan- ical mixtures. Paris green and Bordeaux mixture are the chief representatives of the first class, ammoniacal carbonate and sulphate of potash of the second class, and mechanical mixtures of kerosene with water of the third class. Directions are given for the selection and use of proper agitators, the placing of pumps on barrels, and the method of applying the spray. In spraying with Paris green it is urged that the liquid should be thrown in a fine mist, and that the leaves should be covered with small globules which do not run together. When too much fluid is used the indi- vidual drops run together and fall off the leaves; a portion of the poison is thus lost and the leaves may be injured where large drops accumulate. The same directions apply to the use of simple solutions, except where they are used for insecticide pur- poses. In the use of emulsions afld mechanical mixtures the author obtained l)etter results with larger nozzles than those used for simple solutions. Especial discussion is given to the proper character of Paris green, Bordeaux mixture, and ammoniacal copper carbonate solution. It is stated that Paris green has proved very unsatisfac- tory and sometimes harmful in Illinois. The requirements for good Paris green are mentioned, together with the usual tests, including that of color, ammonia, and with a microscope. The objections to Paris green are generally so serious that the author recommends the use of home arsenicals to replace Paris green. Arsenate of lead and arsenite of lime are especially recommended. Detailed notes are given on the method of preparing the liquid constituents of Bordeaux mixture and of com- bining these constituents in order to make a stable mixture. It is urged that the concentrated solutions of lime and copper sulphate should never be mixed, but that these materials should be combined only after being diluted and being allowed to cool. Precipitation is much less apt to take place under these conditions. Directions are also given for the preparation and use of ammoniacal copper carljonate. The fowl tick (Argas americanus ) , W. W. Froggatt {Agr. Gaz. Netv South Wales, 12 {1901), "So. 11, pp. 1340-1S5S, pi. 1). — A brief account is given of the geo- graphical distribution of this insect, and the literature of the subject is discussed in connection with a detailed bibliography. According to the author's observations, this tick avoids damp places and is usually not found in wood on the ground, but rather in dry nesting boxes or in cracks of the building. In order to prevent attacks of this pest it is recommended that chicken houses be built in such a manner that they may be easily cleaned. The house might profitably be painted with coal tar in order to prevent the tick from securing a foothold. Old unused sheds loosely constructed should Ije destroyed or removed to some distance from occupied chicken houses. Tree trunks in the neighborhood of cliicken quarters should ))e scraped and sprayed with kerosene in order to kill any ticks which may be hidden under the bark. Silk culture, G. McCarthy {Bnl. North Carolina Slate Bd. Agr., 22 {1001), No. 11, pp. 7-29, figs. 6) . — In thfs article the author gives a brief popular discussion of the history of silk culture; the habits, life history, and food plants of the silkworm; and various details concerning the rearing of silkworms; the preparation of the silk threads from the cocoon; and on the possibilities of silk raising in the United States. Wintering of bees, U. Gcbler {Rev. Internal. Apicalt., 23 {1901), No. 12, pp. 238-242). — A general discussion is given to the suliject of hibernation of bees. Exper- iments have shown that bees subjected to a temperature of 7 to 8° C. can live but a short time. The 3 means by which heat is lost from colonies of bees are bv conduc- FOODS NUTRITION. 877 tion, radiation, and by currents of air. Honey is known to be a poor condui-tor of heat and gives off very little heat by radiation. It is considered, therefore, that loss of heat from the hive takes i)lace largely by currents of air. In providing for a sec- cessful -wintering of bees it is urged that special attention be given to securing a proper amount of fresh air with the least loss of heat by air currents. In order that bees may be successfully hibernated it is necessary that the colonies be of sufficient size to produce the required degree of heat without special effort, that the bees be not subjected to any disturbance from outside interference, and that a j^roper amount of food be readily accessiV)le. Foul brood, C. D. S.mith and J. M. Rankin {Michigan Sla. Spec. Bui. 14, pp. 11, fit). 1). — The authors give a general discussion of this disease, based mainly on the investigations of N. E. France, W. McEvoy, and F. C. Harrison. A copy of the Michigan law relative to foul brood is given. FOODS— NUTRITION. The cost of food: A study in dietaries, Ellen H. Richards (New York-: John W'ihy lO Sons; London: Chapman A Hall, 1901, 1. ed., pp. 161). — The principles of nutrition are discussed, and also the diets suited to persons of different ages and occupations and under different surroundings. Sample diets are given, costing from 10 to 60 ct.s. per day, a method of computing dietary studies is explained, and a dietary made at the School of Housekeeping rejiorted. From her previous pul)lica- tions, the author quotes the results of 4 dietary studies of workingmen's families^ anil other investigations. The volume also contains a glossary of terms and a selected l)il)li()graphy. Douglas's encyclopaedia {London: W. Douglas & Sorts, lAd., \_1901'], pp. 403, ill. ). — As statetl in the subtitle, this is designed as a reference book for bacon curers, bacon-factory managers, bacon agents, meat purveyors, meat inspectors, meat sales- men, abattoir superintendents, city, county, or local authority officers, cold-storage proprietors and managers, sausage and pork-pie makers, and all other industries associated with the meat, pork, provision, and general food trades. The digestibility of pentosans, .1. Koxig and F. Reinhardt [Zt.Hrhr. Unkrsuch. Nalir. II. Genu^smtl., o {190J), Xo. 3, pp. 110-116). — Experiments with man are reported in which materials rich in pentosans were added to a simple mixed diet. The articles selected were canned green peas, dried peas, purple cabbage, canned string beans, army bread, Graham bread, zwieback, and beer. The conclusion was reached that pentosans are very thoroughly assimilated and utilized. The eflfect of mastication upon the digestibility of foods, Lehmaxn {Zlschr. Unlersuch. Nahr. u. Ocnvssintl., 4 {1->01), -Vo. i*^, ;*. 1168). — Experiments by methods of artificial digestion showed that finely divided proteid material was much more thoroughly digested in a given time than large pieces of the same material. Tests are also reported with raw and cooked apples, and raw and cooked potatoes. The finely divided material digested more thorough' than that which was coarser, and the cooked more thoroughly than the raw. The.se experiments were reported in a paper presented at the seventy-third meeting of German Naturalists and Physicians at Hamburg, Sei)tember, 1901. Foods, feeding, and prepared foods, H. Zellnek {Zlsclir. Uidersuch. Xahr. u. Cenmsnitl., 4 {1901), No. 24, pp. 1173, 1174)-— ^n a paper presented at the seventy- third meeting of the German Naturalists and Physicians held at Hamburg in Sep- tember, 1901, the author describes and discusses a number of peptones and similar preparations. 'Rpt. New Jersey Bd. Health, 17 (1893), p. 425. 878 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Observations on the digestion of proteids with, papain, L. B. Mendel and F. P. Underhill (Reprint from Tram. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., 11 (1901), Oct., pp. 14). — In the authors' opinion the observations reported by them "indicate that papain belongs to a class of enzyms which differ somewhat in type from the two proteolytic enzyms that have received most careful investigation in the past, viz, pepsin and trypsin. While the products of the papain digestion of proteids resemble quite closely those of pepsin so far as these have been examined in detail, the enzym differs from ordinary animal pepsin in that it acts readily in both neutral and alka- line media. On the other hand, although papain is comparable with trypsin in exerting a solvent action in fluids of various reactions, the failure to form leucin, tyrosin, and tryptophan in appreciable quantities — at least under conditions in which they are readily formed in large quantities by other tryptic enzyms — places it in a class of its own for the present." Bread made from sorghum, J. Finkelstein ( Wojenna Med. Jour., 79 (1901), pp. 309-3.27; «?«. in Ztschr. Untermch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 5 (1902), No. l,p. 31). — Bread made from sorghum seed was fed to soldiers from 15 to 24 days. It was not very readily eaten, and in a few cases caused digestive disturbances. No definite effect on the weight of the men war. observed. Some specimens of flour and bread from the Russian famine district, A. Maurizio (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 (1901), No. 22, pp. 1017-1020).— Analytical data are reported. To the article are appended analyses of similar materials by J. Bettels and A. Olig. The composition and nutritive value of Russian famine bread, Erismann (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genuss)nlt., 4 (1901), No. 24, pp. 1166, 1167).— The com- position of a number of sorts of bread in use in Russia in times of famine was reported and discussed by the author in a paper presented at the seventy-third meeting of German Naturalists and Physicians at Haml)urg, September, 1901. The densimeter as a means of determining the value of flour for baking purposes, E. Fleukext (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 132 (1901), pp. 1421-1423).— A method of estimating gliadin is described, which consists in determing the specific gravity of an alcoholic extract of flour. An apparatus for this purpose, called a gliadimeter, is described, which, according to the author, gives satisfactory results. Determining the quality of wheat gluten, L. Liebermann (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 (1901), No. 22,j)p. 1009-1016, figs. 5).— A method of determin- ing the quality of gluten by measuring its increase in volume on heating is described. Analyses of oat meal, B. Dyer (Analyst, 26 (1901), No. 303, pp. 153-155).— A number of analyses of fine and coarse oat meal and rolled oats are reported. Concerning banana flour (Jour. Agr. Trop., 1 (1901), No. 5, pp. 143-145). — A number of articles on this subject are briefly abstracted. Analyses of banana flour, manioc flour, etc., are quoted. Analyses of Jamaica honey, H. H. Cousins (Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 5 (1901), Nos. 10, p. 407; 11, p. 450). — The composition of 3 samples of honey is reported, the corrected figures appearing in the later publication. The composition of a number of Coniferee seeds, E. Schulze (Landtv. Vers. Stal., 55 (1901), No. 4-5, pp. 267-307). — Proximate analyses are reported of the seeds of Picea excelsa, Abies pectinata, Larix europvca, Pinus silvestris, P. maritima, and P. cembra. Studies were also made of the constituents of the different groups. Alcohol as a protector of protein, R. 0. Neumann (Arch. Hyg., 41 (1901), No. 2, pp. 85-118, dgm. 1). — Experiments which are described and discussed in detail led the author to the conclusion that alcohol may act as a protector of protein. A new method for measuring body temperature, F. G. Benedict and J. F. Snell (Arch. Physiol. [Pfluger'\, 88 (1901), No. 9-10, pp. 492-500).— An electric ther- mometer is described with which a continuous record of body temperature may be obtained. According to the authors this instrument, which may be inserted for long periods in the rectum, under the arm, etc., gives very accurate results. ANIMAL I'KODUCTIUN. 879 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Concentrated commercial feeding stuflfs in Pennsylvania, \V. Frp:ak {Penn- sijU'ania Dipt. Agr. Ihil. SI, }>i>. l.i'>). — Cotton seed, liu.^wil, wheat, rye, tiarley, oat, corn, and Inickwheat products arc discussed, together with special poultry feeds and condinientiil feeds. The l)ulietin also contains information of a general nature regarding different feeding stuffs, reprints a table of the composition of a immVjer of feeding stuffs, and sunniiarizes the laws which have been enacted in various States regulating their sale. Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Joxes, and B. O. White ( Vermont SUi. Bid. SS, pp. 16) . — In the execution of the State feeding-stuff law 386 samples of feeding stuffs collected in 1901 were analyzed. These included cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal, gluten feed, oat feed, corn-and-oat feed, corn-and-oat provender, calf and poultry feeds, corn and oats, ground oats, wheat bran, wheat middlings, and mixed wheat feed. "No cases of adulteration were found among the cotton seed or gluten products, although some brands do not grade as high as others and are open to improvement. In many cases the guaranties of the manufacturers were not made good. One linseed meal was found to be adulterated. "Some brands of oat feeds, corn-and-oat feeds, provenders, and the like were found to contain considerable quantities of oat hulls, more than they should carry were the goods made from ' pure grains ground together.' A few brands were found to be extremely low in protein. Such feeds are of inferior quality, and their pur- chase is of doubtful advisability. Two adulterated mixed (wheat) feeds were found. " It is thought that on the whole the grade of goods, particularly the provenders, is better than it was prior to the enactment of the law." The composition of molasses made from light-colored peat, H. Borntrager {Ztschr. Anabjt. Chem., 40 {1001), No. 1^, pp. 757-7le. Ricinus-oil cake, O. Nagel {Jour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 21 {1902), No. 1, pp. 30, 31).— The author proposes the following method for removing the poisonous properties of castor pomace, which is based upon the fact that ricin or riciniu is soluble in 10 per cent cold solution of sodium chlorid, and is precipitated out of this solution by heat- ing: Mix the powdered castor pomace with 6 to 7 times its weight of 10 per cent salt solution and allow to stand for 6 to 8 hours, with thorough stirring. Remove the solution by means of a filter press, washing with 10 percent salt solution until a sam- ple of the filtrate heated in a test tube shows no precipitate. Remove the cakes from the filter press and dry. The filtrate is heated to boiling to precijiitate the ricin and the filtered salt solution may be used again. Attention is called to the fact that ricin 25832— No. y— 02 6 880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. has no poisonous effect on chickens, as shown by experiments in which they were fed exckisively on castor pomace for 8 days without injury. The cost of shredding fodder ( Wallaces' Farmer, 26 {1901), No. 43, p. lUl)-— Estimates of $2.28 and $3.08 per acre and $2.50 per ton are given by practical farm- ers. The estimate of $2.50 per ton is accompanied by the statement that an acre of corn yields about 2 tons of shredded fodder. Chemistry of the animal body in relation to cell life, especially the blood, L. H. W.\RNER {Dletet. and Hyg. Gaz., 18 {1902), No. 1, pjx ^7-i£i).— A discussion summarizing some of the general principles of the subject. On the resorption of substances insoluble in water, H. Friedenthal {Arch. Tkysiol. [Pfluger], 87 {1901), No. 8-9, pp. ^67-^7-').— Fatal results showing the char- acteristic symptoms of quicksilver poisoning followed the administration of metalUc quicksilver to rats and cats. In the author's opinion the quicksilver must have been absorbed. This investigation was discussed in relation to the passage of fat through the intestinal wall. The passage of protein through the intestinal wall, O. Cohnheim {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 33 {1901), No. 5-6, pp. ^2-^55).— Experiments by the author led to the conclusion that the disappearance of peptone when in contact with the intestinal wall as observed by Hofmeister, Neumeister, and Salvioli, does not depend upon assimilation or rebuilding of albumen, but rather upon its cleavage to simpler i^rod- ucts. This cleavage, the author believes, is brought about by a ferment secreted hy the mucus membrane of the intestine for which the name erepsin is proposed. This acts upon peptone and some albumoses, but not upon albumen itself. The formation of glycogen from protein, B. Schondorff {Arch. Physiol. [Pfli'iger'], 88 {1901), No. 6-8, pp. 339-346).— K controversial article. The influence of gall on metabolism, A. Landauer {Math. u. Nalurw. Ber. Ungarn IBerlin v. Budapest], 15 {1897), pp. 75-114). — Experiments with dogs are reported, also a biVjliography of the subject given. The feeding of animals, W. H. Jordan {Nciv York and London: The Macmillan Company, 1901, pp. XVII -\- 450, figs. 10). — This volume includes a summary of the principles of nutrition with special reference to the feeding of farm animals. It contains chapters discussing the composition and requirements of the animal body, nutrients, feeding stuffs, digestion and assimilation, rations for growth, meat and milk production, production of force, the management of farm animals, and related topics. Tables showing the composition and digestibility of the more important American feeding stuffs are included, as well as the commonly accepted feeding standards, and a comprehensive index is a noteworthy feature. The author has embodied in this work the conclusions drawn from investigations made at European and American experiment stations, as well as the results of his own extended experi- ence as an investigator and teacher, and the work constitutes a valuable summary for students and for general readers. The chapter on the feeding of poultry was contributed by W. P. Wheeler. Stock feeding in the South, D. R. Pillsbry {Tradesman, 46 {1902), No. 9 [23. annual'], pp. 131-133, figs 3) . — A discussion with reference to local conditions. Study of breeds in America; cattle, sheep, and swine, T. Shaw {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1901, jjp. 371, pi. 1, figs. 53). — The available information regarding the different breeds of cattle, sheep, and swine is arranged in systematic order and supplemented by much information regarding the general subject of breeds and breeding. The volume is especially designed to suit the needs of students of agriculture. Methods of steer feeding, G. C. Watson and A. K. Risser {Pennsylvania Sla. Bui. 57, pp. 11; Pennsylvania Depl. Agr. Bui. 84, pp. 16) . — Continuing previous work ( E. S. R., 12, p. 875) on different methods of confining steers, as well as different methods of supplying drinking water, 2 tests with steers are reported, which were carried on by ANIMAL PRODUCTION". 881 the Statedepartnient of agriculture in cooperation with the Pennsylvania station. The (irst test was made with M lots. T.ot 1 consisted of 10 animals kept in a large box stall, 20 by 21 i ft.; lots 2 and 3 each contained 6 steers, all of which were kept in separate stalls. Lots 1 and 2 were supplied with water by means of automatic water basins. Lot 3 was turned out for an hour or two each day in yard and watered at a large trough. All the steers were fed a ration consisting of corn meal and wheat bran, 9:1, in such quantities as were readily consumed, and were given native hay and corn stover in addition. The average daily gains per steer in the 3 lots during the 104 days of the test were as follows: Lot 1, 2.05 lbs.; lot 2, 2.18 lbs., and lot 3, 1.89 lbs. Lot 1 consumed 3.62 lbs. hay, 1.48 lbs. stover, and 8.39 lbs. grain per pound of gain. Simi- lar values for lot 2 were 3.21, 0.94, and 7.82 lbs., respectively, while the values for lot 3 were 3.47, 0.79, and 8.39 lbs. Caring for the steers in lot 1 reciuired on an average 7.96 hours per steer; for lot 2, 14.8 hours, and for lot 3, 15.55 hours. A second test was made with 3 lots of 2 steers each, under practically the same conditions as noted above. The average daily gain per steer in the 3 lots wtis 2.71, 2.92, and 2.70 lbs., respectively. The amount of hay consumed per pound of gain in the 3 lots was 4.44, 3.76, and 3.45 lbs., the corresponding amounts of grain being 5.91, 5.24, and 4.95 lbs. As regards gains in weight and food required per pound of gain, the authors note that neither method gave markedly superior results. "It was observed in each experiment that those animals which had a sujjply of water before them all the time had a somewhat better ajipetite and consumed their food with greater relish than did those that were turned into the yard to water once each day. Any advantage that one method may show over another is chiefly due to the difference in the amount of labor of attendance." Practically the same amounts of straw were required for bedding under the differ- ent experimental conditions. Shorthorn cattle {Kansas Stale Bd. Agr. Quart. Rj^t., 1901, Mar. 31, j)p. £16, figs. 36). — This l)ulletin contains a series of articles on the origin, history, and character- istics of the Shorthorn breed of cattle and related topics, as well as a report of the meeting of the Kansas State board of agriculture in January, 1901. Hereford cattle {Kansas State Bd. Agr. Quart. Rpt., 1901, Dec. 31, pp. 233, figs. 154). — A number of papers on the history of Hereford cattle in America, their proper management, and related topics are included in this bulletin, as well as statistics bearing upon the general subject. Cattle rearing, C. M. Bruce {Jour. Khediv. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 2 {1900), Nos. 4, pp. 176-181; 6, pp. 261-268; 3 {1901) No. 2, pp. 77-82).— A general igs did that were getting only corn meal for their grain. "More economical gains, disregarding losses caused by death, were ol)tainei. in Saiiitarian, 47 {1901), No. 3S4, pp- 455,456). — Favorable results were obtained when sugar was added to the ration of horses subjected to unusual strain. Feeding horses and cattle with carob beans, J. F. Audibert {U Art de nourrir et engraisser chevaux et bestiaux par la caroube. Marseilles: Author, 1901, 5. ed.; rev. in Ann. Ecole Nat. Agr. Montpellier, n. ser., 1 {1901), No. 2, p. 1S6). — This volume treats of the cultivation of the carob bean and its employment as a feeding stuff and for the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. Ostrich farming in New Zealand {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 19 {1901), No. 10, j)p. 648-651). — In an article quoted from the Pastoi-alists' Review, ostrich farming and management in New Zealand are described. Recent progress in feeding fish, Knauthe and Guntz {Centbl. Agr. Chem., 30 {1901), No. 8, pp. 537-539). — A brief summary of some of the recent literature of the subject. Concerning carp feeding at Sunder in the summer of 1899, E. von ScnRADER and F. Lehmann {Hannover Land^v. u. Forstw. Ztg., 1900, p. 216; ahs. in Centbl. Agr. Chem., 30(1901) , No. 5, pp. 330-333). — Feeding experiments are reported which led to the conclusion that maize is not satisfactory for fattening carp, and that too much or too concentrated feed should not be supplied when it is desired to produce carp cheaply. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 883 DAIRY FARMING -DAIRYING. Individual differences in the value of dairy cows, W. J. Fkaser {Tllinois »SV'(. Bill. Gil, pp. 9o-l')S, Jiys. 5). — A weekly record for 1 year is j^iven of the food consmued and the milk and butter fat produced by each of 2 <;:rade cows. The c^ows were fed the same ration and were otherwise treated alike in every respect. During the year one cow (Rose) consumed 6,477.92 lbs. of digestible dry matter and pro- ritish markets. "(8) The species of bacteria present in the milk when the animals were kept in the stable were very undersirable. Many putrefactive and fecal Imcteria were pres- ent, hence the necessity of keeping the stable walls and rafters well cleaned. A good coat of whitewash increases the amount of light, and gives a general clean effect to the stables. "(9) The average number of bacteria per cc. found in milk pasteurized at 140° F. was 631,046, at 160° was 12,848, at 185° was 81, and at 195° was 40." The influence of high temperatures on tubercle bacilli in milk, C. Barthel and O. Stexstrom {Centbl. Baki. n. Par., J. Aht., 30 {1901), 11, pp. 429-433).— The authors briefly review the literature on this subject and report upon a number of dif- ferent experiments which they have carried out. For this purpose a cow in the last stages of tuberculosis of the udder was obtained and the secretion from the anterior or badly affected half of the udder was mixed with the milk from the posterior quar- ters of the udder, which were not as yet badly attacked by tuberculosis. It was found that a temperature of 65° C. for periods of 5, 10, and 20 'minutes was not suf- ficient to destroy the tubercle bacillus. Milk maintained at 70° C. for periods of 5, 10, and 15 minutes remained in §ach instance tuberculous. The same results were obtained with experiments at a temperature of 75° C. At a temperature of 80° C. the milk remained tuberculous after exposure for periods of 1, 5, and 10 minutes. The milk upon which these experiments were made, on account of the advanced stage of tuberculosis, had already suffered great physical and chemical changes. The reaction was decidedly alkaline, and this probably accounts for the fact that tubercle bacilli resisted the highest temperature for such long periods. Attention is called to VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 887 the well-known fact that tuherclo ])a('ilii nhow jgreater renistance to heat in a neutral or alkaline solution than in an acid solution. It was found that in milk which had not yet suffered any chemical changes a momentary exposure to a temperature of 80° C. was sufficient to kill tubercle bacilli. It is urged that in order to reduce the results of all experiments along this line to a standard, attention should be given to the reaction of the milk before the experiment is made, in order to determine whether it is alkaline, neutral, or acid. Report of the Chemical Control Station at Christiania, Norway, for 1900, H. Gkegi; (Aarxhr. Offnit. Fonutd. L(nid}ir. Vrnnmc, 1900, jip. ^'OS-J-fG) . — The report gives accounts of routine analytical work done at the station during the year and of investigations of mon^ general interest. Among the latter that of the composition of Norwegian creamery butter is more fully des('ribed. The investigation was begun in 1898, bi-weekly examinations of the products of nine different creameries l)eing made. The samples examined were taken by authorized agents of the station and were in all cases genuine butters. Limits so far observed were: Specific gravity (at 100° C. ) 0.8636 (minimum), Reichert number 21.1 (minimum), and refractive index 43.7 (maximum), while Hiibl numbers ranged between 28.8 and 45.1. The influ- ence of the season on the composition of the butter fat is shown in the Eeichert numbers, iodin numliers, and refractive index. In general, maximum figures were obtained for Keichert nvimber from November to February, and a decided minimum in June. — v. w. woi.l. Payment for milk and cream according to the yield of butter, J. Frost (i»/(7t7( 7J(j., ao {1901), No. So, pp. 545-547). The manufacture of Gruyere cheese, M. Beau (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 2 {1901), Nos. 27, pp. 12-14; 29, pp. 71-73; 30, pp. 105-lOS) .—A description of methods employed in the manufacture of this cheese. Common-sense ideas for dairymen, G. H. Blake {Elgin, III..: The Elgin Dairy Report, 1900, pp. 281, figs. 27). — The subtitle states that this is " an exposition of the methods pursued by the most practical and successful dairymen in the Elgin district." The book is largely compiled and is designed to present in a simple and concise manner the most important principles underlying successful dairy farming and dairying. Chapters are devoted to the following: Selection of dairy stock, feeding and care of dairy stock, corn and clover culture, milk and cream testing, care of milk, butter makers and butter making, cheese making, creamery building, farmers' dairy clubs, and miscellaneous facts. Bibliography of milk, second supplement, 1901, H. de Rothschild {lUbli- ographia laciaria, deurieme mpplement, 1901. Paris: (Mare Doin, 1902, pp. lOG). — This second supplement to de Rothschild's extensive bibliography of milk is similar to the one previously noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 690) and contains a classilied list of 1,578 titles of papers which appeared during 1901 or have been discovered since the firet supplement was issued. Many of the papers noted are not recent, a considera- ble number dating back from 10 to 25 years, and several to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. The toxin of tapeworms, E. Messineo and D. Calamioo {('enthl. Jiaki. n. Par., 1. Alt., 30 {1901), Nos. ,v, pp. 340, 347; 9, ]ip. 374, 57.5).— The authors undertook experiments to determine whether the injurious effects from the presence of tape- worms were due to chemical irritation or to the i)roduction of a poisonous substance. Extracts were made from tapeworms which were ground up in a mortar with dis- tilled and sterilized water, and rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs were inocnilated with samples of this extract. In all cases poisonous effects of uniform chara(!ter were 888 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. produced. These effects included trembling of th^ body, paralysis, especially of the hind legs, and lowering of the body temperature. As a rule the animals recovered from the effects of the injections after about 24 hours. It is l)elieved, therefore, that the injurious effects of tapeworms are to be ascribed to the action of a special toxin which is produced by the worms. Further experiments were conducted for the purpose of isolating, if possible, the toxin which was believed to be present in the extract obtained from crushed tape- worms. Experiments were made for this purpose with a large number of chemical substances, and precipitates were ol)tained in a number of these experiments. All precipitates were amorphous without any indication of crystalline forms. The pre- cipitate which was obtained from the treatment of the extract with sulphate of mag- nesia produced certain lowering of the temperature, paralysis of the hind legs, and contraction of the muscles in the rabbits and guinea pigs, even when adn:iinistered in small doses.. Experiments with these precipitates were made for the purpose of determining their hsemolytic action. It was found that the red blood corpuscles of rabbits and guinea pigs maintained at a temperature of 37° C. were entirely dissolved within 10 hours by the action of precipitates. When a small quantity of the pre- cipitate was injected directly into the substance of the liver of rabbits and guinea pigs, a fatty degeneration of the liver was noted within 48 hours. The three species of armed palisade worm, A. Sticker {Deut. Tierarztl. Wchmchr., 9 {1901), Nos. 33, pp. 333-336; 34, pp. 346, 347, Jigf!. &).— The author gives detailed notes on the life history, habits, and parasitism of Sclerostomum edentalum, S. hideniatum, and S. quadridentatum. From a critical review of the literature on this subject it appears that the points requiring further study at present are as to which of the 3 species occur in any given region, in what numbers and in what month are they found, at what time do they become mature, and what is the proportion between the numl:)ers of the 2 sexes. Tetanus infection supposed to follow the absorption of toxin by the intestinal wall, Remono (Jier. Med. Vrl., Paris, 8. .srr., a' [1901), No. 13, pp. 412- 414)- — The author gives a description of a case of well pronounced tetanus in a horse in which the symptoms were characteristic. The animal was given an injection of antitetanic serum, but died within 20 hours after the first marked symptoms were observed. A careful post-mortem examination indicated rather conclusively that the infection in this case had taken place by means of the alimentary tract. The author believes that this mode of infection nmst be taken into consideration in accounting for epidemics of tetanus. Cerebro-spinal meningitis, J. Wilson {Vet. Jour., 53 [1901), No. 313, pp. 34- 37). — The author dintusses l)riefly the symptoms ordinarily manifested in cases of this disease. According to the experience of the author, recovery will not take place in more than 40 or 50 per cent of the cases. After recovery from the disease, where there is a loss of coordination of muscular movements, with atrophy of the muscles, good results were obtained by the application of cantharides to the loins and the administration of small doses of nux vomica. Agglutination reaction in infections of various grades, S. J. Goldberg {Centbl. Bed-, n. Par., 1. Aht., 30 {1901), No. 16, pp. .005-617).— The significance and value of the agglutination test as proposed by Widal has been thoroughly interpreted by different authors, and the present study was made for the purpose of gaining more evidence on some of the doubtful points concerning this problem. The results of inoculation experiments and blood tests indicate that in a fatal infection the reac- tion of agglutination remains the same as before infection. When non-fatal doses of the virus were given, an increase of the agglutinating power of the blood was noted, but this reaction was by no means the same in different animals. While in the rab- bit the agglutinating power became much more pronounced, no such reaction was observed in guinea pigs. The reaction increases gradually in intensity, reaches a VETERTNARr SCIENCE AKD PRACTICE. 889 certain maximum, and then returns to the normal. The increase of the ajr per cent. In the normal fretus of the guinea pig the proportions of the different kinds of leucocytes were as follows: Poly nuclear leucocytes with granular protoplasm, 0.7 to 890 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 9.9 per cent; polynuclear leucocytes with clear protoplasm, 0 to 6.7 per cent; large mononuclear corpuscles, 9.9 to 42.5 per cent; lymphocytes, 53.2 to 88.2 per cent. Inoculation experiments were conducted with bouillon cultures of the diplococcus of Friinkel, Staphylococcus aureus, and with diphtheria toxin. As a result of the authors' experiments it was found that as a rule pronounced morphological modification of the fct'tal blood at the time when under the influence of infection or intoxication, the blood of the mother showed the hypoleueocytes or hyperleucocytes were absent. The absence of these modifications is explained by the fact that there is no passage of the bacteria or toxin into the blood of the foetus. The pure cultures of toxin were introduced directly into the blood or into the lymphatic system of the mother. These materials were rendered harmless in the blood of the mother, or at least did not pass through the placenta. Occasionally intra-uterine death of the foetus- occurs during the infection of the mother, and in such cases the toxin or bacteria effected a passage into the blood of the fretus. The number of leucocytes found in the blood of the fcetus was small and the authors believe that the defense of the organism by means of phagocytes is not well developed until after birth. The group of Pasteurella, J. Lignieres {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, 8. ser., 8 (1901), No. IS, pp. 414~41'>)- — This artit^le is of a controversial nature, the juirpose being to justify the establishment of a systematic group of ovoid bacteria which iiroduces various forms of hemorrhagic septicjemia. It is not considered that the generic name adopted by the author is of vital importance, but the objections to its use are not considered of great weight. Contagious diseases of animals and man, L. Baillet {Rec. Med. Yet., Paris, 8. ser., 8 {1001), Nos. IS, pp. 417-4^S; 17, pp. 553-561). — Special attention is given to a discussion of glanders and tuberculosis, as being among the most important con- tagious diseases which are common to man and animals and which may be trans- mitted from one to the other. The use of mallein and tul)erculin for detecting incipient cases of glanders and tuberculosis is considered of great importance from the standpoint of general hygiene, since by this means the existence (jf the diseases in animals may be made known and ])recautions may be taken to prevent their transmission to man. Diagnosis of tuberculosis in animals during life, Dewar ( Yet. .lour., 53 {1901), No. 314, pp- 9^-96). — An elaliorate discussion is presented of the tulierculin test, its efficiency, and the means of arriving at a practical judgment concerning the signifi- cance of reactions which are obtained by its use. Statistics are given from the experiences of the author and other writers relating to the percentage of tuljerculous animals in ..'9-'>.}S). — A rritical review of the recent litera- ture of this sul)ject is presented by the author. Inoculation exiK-riments were made lui 2 calves and 2 two-year-old heifers, during which tul)ercle l)acilli of human origin were ii.sed. The bacilli came from cases of tubercular meningitis, tubercular arthri- tis, and tuberculous kidneys. Hypodermic intraperitoneal and intratracheal inocu- lations were made. Great care was exercised to be certain that the animals were not infected with tuberculosis before the experiments began. In only one case was a generalized form of tuberculosis developed. In one other of the 4 experiments local tu])eri-ular lesions were produced. The author concludes from these exjwri- nients that it is ditlicult but not impossible to produce tul)erculosis in cattle by means of pure cultures of tul)ercle bacilli fi'oni man. It is considered, therefore, that tuberculosis of man and of cattle are identical. The author believes that the transmission of tuberculosis from cattle to man is much easier than that from man to cattle, on account of the greater virulence of tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. It is urged, therefore, that the precautions which have usually been recommended should still be observed in preventing the transmission of tuberculosis to man through the medium of infected milk and meat of tuberculous cattle. The communieability of human tuberculosis to cattle, S. DELEPniNE {British Mid. Jour., lUOl, Xo. 2130, ])p. 1JJ4-I-',.'G) . — The author undertook inoculation experi- ments for the purpose of determining whether tuberculosis could be transmitted from man to animals. The material which was used for inoculation was prepared ]jy mix- ing the sputum of 6 tuberculous patients. The bacilli in the sputum from different j)atients were of different types, including long slender forms, thick, uniformly stain- ing forms, and short forms in clumps. As experimental animals the author made u,se of 4 calves which were apparently healthy, but which were not i)reviously tested with tuberculin. One of the calves was inoculated directly into the lung, the second subcutaneously, the third into the peritoneum, and the fourth was fed 2 qts. of milk containing ten times as much tuberculous material as the other calves had received by inoculation. The lirst calf, which was inoculated in the lung with 5 cc. of mixed tuberculous sputum, died on the sixth day of generalized tuberculosis, which was not due to the inoculation. The second calf, inoculated with the same amount of sputum, su))cutaneously, died on the sixth day with a conspicuous enlarge- ment of the gland at a distance of 5 in. from the point of inoculation. This experi- ment was considered of doubtful result. The third calf, which received 5 cc. of mixed sputum in the body cavity, showed no definite reaction after 26 days, but reacted (58 days after inoculation and exhibited, on post-mortem examination, mai'ked tuberculosis of the peritoneum. The fourth calf, feil with 50 cc. of mixed sputum with its food, died 2(5 days afterwards with tubercular lesions along the alimentary tract, but no evidence of tul)erculosis in any other organ. Detailed notes are given on the history of each of these experimental animals. It is stated that there was no evidence of any tendency toward resolution in any of the tul>ercular lesions. They were all fresh and in a progressive condition, and the evi- dence was considered conclusive by the author that the disease, in 2 of the 4 cases, was communicated by feeding and inoculation into the peritoneum respectively. Tuberculosis in dairy cattle, J. p]. De.vn ( (^ureiisland Atjr. Jour., 9 {1901), No. 1, pp. 1,::j-1.'4). — The author discusses the relationship of tuberculosis in dairy cows terculosis of cattle is usually contracted from tubercle bacilli of bovine origin, while that of man is similarly transmitted, for the most part, by means of bacilli of human origin, but the identity of human and bovine tuberculosis is still maintained as highly prol)al)le. Tuberculosis and the milk supply, J. A. W. Dollar [Vet. Jour., 53 {1901), No. 314, PP- 100-106). — The literature of this subject is carefully reviewed, with especial reference to the extent to which tubercle bacilli are found in tlie milk of dairy cattle. The author ])elieves that milch cows and goats should be placed under regular and periodical inspection, that the sale of milk from tuberculous animals for human use should be forbidden in all cases where physical evidence of tuberculosis is present and in cases of tuberculosis of the udder. Tuberculosis in the State ofVictoria, G. Pentland ( Yet. Jour., 53 {1901), No. 315, pp. 176-1S3). — The author reviews the history of the origin and distribution of tuberculosis in Victoria. Statistical tables are presented showing the extent of tuberculosis. No indemnity has been granted for condemned animals, but no trouble in this line has been experienced, since the owners have considered such animals valueless. The present districts over which inspectors have charge are considered too large for the most effective inspection and quarantine. Legislation suggested for controlling and eradicating tuberculosis in ani- mals, D. McEaciiran {Vet. Jour., 53 {1901), No. 314, pp. i/6^-i5-?).— In this article the author discusses heredity, diagnosis of tuberculosis, tuberculin test, its reaction, various objections which have been urged against the tuberculin test, the different methods of making the test adopted by different countries, quarantine regulations for breeding stock, fat cattle and settlers' cattle. State legislation with reference to bovine tuberculosis in the United States, the danger from milk and meat of tuberculous animals, means for previ^nting the introduction of tuberculosis into the herd, disin- fection of iiremises, and the payment of indemnities for condemned animals. The relationship of tubercle bacillus to other acid-proof bacteria and acti- nomyces, A. Moellkk ( CentU. Bukt. k. Par., 1. Aht.,30 {1901) , No. 14, pp. 513-523).— li has for some time been considered impossible to definitely identify the tubercle bacillus by a simple microscopic examination, for the reason that this bacillus can no longer be considered the only acid-proof and alcohol-proof species of bacteria. Similar proper- ties are possessed by the smegma bacillus, leprosy bacillus, and the organisms which cause tuberculosis of cold-blooded animals and of birds. It has been shown, further- more, that the tubercle bacillus is not always acid-proof, even when taken directly from sputum or from tubercles of bovine origin. The author isolated a bacillus from the tubercles taken from an animal suffering from a typical form of pearl disease, and found that this organism was absolutely acid-proof and alcohol-proof. The VETEKINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 893 bacillus differed in soino respects from the ordinary tnljercle bacillus, l»nt produced the ]>earl disease when inoculated into guinea pijjs. Attention is called to the acid- proof bacteria which have been found in considerable abundance in milk and Imtter, and which differ in several particulars from the true tubercle bacillus. The butter bacillus, however, is ordinarily acid-proof. When inoculated into the common experimental animals, the acid-proof bacteria have the one connnon characteristic, that they produce tubercles. The tubercles produced by the true tubercle Imcillus may a ways be distinguished, however, by careful examination from those caused by the bacillus of pseudotuberculosis. The latter tul)ercles show a less ac-tive jirolifera- tion,and are more of an exudative character, with a tendency to the formation of an abscess. A bibliography of the subject is appended to the article. Staining tubercle bacilli and spores by means of percarbonate of lime and peroxid of hydrogen, A. Mui.i.kk {Cenlbl. lUdct. ti. Far., 1. Al>l., 2'.> {I'JOh), Xo. 20, pp. 791-794). — As a result of the use of these substances as decolorizers the author comes to the conclusion that the use of acids in treating cultures for identification of tubercle bacilli stained with fuchsin may well be avoided, and replaced to good advantage by the use of percarbonate of lime, or, still better, with alkaline peroxid of hydrogen. Preparations of tubercle bacilli were not injured by prolonged exposure to these decolorizing materials. The method is recommended as especially adapted to the demonstration of tubercle bacilli when they exist in unusually small numbers. For staining and demonstrating the presence of tubercle spores it is recommended that the percarbonate of lime and alkaline peroxid of hydrogen be used to replace the ordinary method with acids. The method as adopted by the author includes the making of cover-glass preparations, staining wdth fuchsin, and then subjecting to the action of percarbonate of lime in a 5 to 10 per cent solution for 15 minutes or longer. The preparation is then washed with water and stained with methylene blue. The process of decolorizing with peroxid of hydrogen is much more rapid than with percarbonate of lime, and occupies only a few minutes. Studies on cattle plague, M. NicoLLEand Adil-Bey {Ann. Imt. Pasteur, 15 {1901), No. 9, pp. 715-733). — Observations on this disease by the authors indicate that infec- tion may pass from the mother to the young before birth. It was found that inocu- lation with virulent cultures was uniforndy fatal to high-bred cattle and black races of cattle, but was not fatal to native races of cattle. The latter race was able to resist inoculation, whether by the subcutaneous, intravenous, or intratracheal meth- ods. It appears, therefore, that a considerable difference of susceptibility to the disease exists between different races of cattle. A buffalo which was inoculated failed to develop the disease. With regard to the virulence of various fluids from infected animals, it was found that aqueous humor produced the disease when inocu- lated in (quantities of 1 cc, and sometimes when used in smaller doses of from ] to J cc. The serum from the brain and spinal cord was of similar virulence. iSerum from the body cavity produced a fatal disease in quantities of \ cc. Of the various methods of inoculation it was found that the most severe and rapidly fatal cases were produced V)y inoculation into the brain cavity. Several experiments were tried in testing the influence of dilution upon the virus. It was found that gV cc. of blood diluted in 1.5 cc. normal salt solution produced fatal disease when hypodermically injected. It was found that the virus of cattle jilague was not very susceptil)]e to the action of acids and was not readily attenuated under their influence. On the other hand, desiccation reduced the virulence rapidly. When the virus was maintained for four days at a temperature of 37° C. it was found by experiment on calves that 1 cc. of virus thus treated produced no infection, but was not sufficient to cause any immunity. Experiments with Asiatic races of sheep showed that ordinary inocula- tions in these animals produced only a slight fever reaction, but no serious infection. Experiments with inoculation of the bile of diseased animals gave results which varied to such an extent that no definite conclusions could be drawn. The applica- 894 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tioA of serum treatment for curative purposes was successful in about 50 per cent of cases. When the serum was employed for preventive purposes it was found that a subsequent exposure to the disease or direct inoculation produced merely a slight fever without a regular course of the disease. Contribution to a study of Texas fever, J. Lignieres {Rec. Med. Vet., Paris, 8. aer., S {1001), No. 15, pp. 4T 8-483). — During extended studies of this disease the author discovered 2 forms of the blood parasite which causes the disease, and it was shown that these forms vary to such an extent that vaccination with blood from an animal infected with one form of the parasite does not produce immunity against an attack of the other form. Both forms of blood i)arasite may be carried in the same species of tick {Rhipicejjhalus annulatus) . Several inoculation experiments were made to gain evidence on this point, and the experiments were quite conclusive in demonstrating the two forms of blood parasites. The author concludes that these forms are not merely variations in the virulence of one variety of blood parasite, but are distinct varieties. This would offer an explanation for the observed fact that immune animals when moved to other localities may become infected with a fatal form of the disease. In sudi cases it would be only necessa'V to assume that the animal had become immune to one form of the parasite, and that upon Ijeing removed to another location became infected with the other form. Further studies along this line are promif-ed by tlie author. Anthrax and preventive inoculation in Louisiana, W. H. Dalrvmi'LE {Joht. Coiirp. M('<1 iind TV/. Arch., ,.'..' {19(il), Nui<. 10, pp. 613-618; 11, pp. 708-713).— This paper was read before the thirty-eighth annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The author devotes special attention to a discussion of t he various methods by which anthrax becomes disseminated. Among these means of distri))u- tion, mention should be made of horseflies and animals that feed on carrion. The necessity of destroying all carcasses of animals dead of anthrax is urged l)y the author. Spore formation of anthrax bacillus in an atmosphere of nitrogen, E. Jacob- it/ ( Cfiitlh. Balct. n. J'di:, 1. Aht., .io {1901), Xo. 6, pp. 232-239). — Experiments were undertaken l)y the author to test the soundness of conclusions which ha/.•*. .?).— A general account is given of the history of dehorning, its various advantages and disadvantages, together with a summary of the results obtained in dehorning at dif- 25832— Ko. 9—02 T 896 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ierent experiment stations. A report is made on dehorning a number of cattle at the station. In the iirst experiment 15 milch cows were dehorned. The effect of the operation on the yield of milli is shown in tabular form. A loss in the quantity of milk was observed in 11 cows and a gain in 2. The average loss during the 4 days after dehorning was 4.5 per cent. In another experiment 9 cows were dehorned, and the decrease in the quantity of milk in the 4 days after dehorning was much greater, averaging 30.8 per cent. The cows failed to regain the normal flow of milk for about 8 days. The reason for the unusual decrease in the quantity of milk after dehorning in this case was not apparent. A description is also given of the details of the operation for preventing the growth of horns in young calves by means of caustic potash. Forage poisoning: Ergotism, J. Helmer (Jour. Comp. Med. and Vet. Arch., 22 {1901), No. 7, pp. 446-449). — An outbreak of forage poisoning occurred in a herd of 38 head of cattle. The pulse became frequent and weak. Tlie animals plunged con- siderably and the legs were stiffened. There was a noticeable vertigo and delirium at intervals. An examination of the surroundings, water supply, and food indicated that the cause of the trouble was feeding fermented and moldy cornstalks. When this food was withheld no further cases of the disease developed. The author inves- tigated 3 cases of ergotism, in which the usual symptoms of this disease were devel- oped. Sam2>les of redtop hay [Agro^tls alba) were subnutted for examination and proved to be infested with species of ergot {Clarirrj>.aciliug could not be demonstrated. It is possible, however, that one disease may partly run its coui-se, but later be obscured by the predominance of the other associated dis- ease. The author consiut effective home-made contrivances than to the elaborate or expensive machinery purchased from manufacturers, for the success of irrigation depends most largely upon the rough-and-ready ingenuity of the first settlers in a new country in adapting their ways to the environment." It includes a summary of the author's twelve years' study and experience in various fields of irrigation inquiry. The book treats of the reclamation of the public lands; precipitation, frosts, and grazing and cultivated lands of the arid region; surface waters and their measure- ment; conveying and dividing stream waters; construction, management, and use of reservt)irs; methods of irrigation; underground waters; pumping water; advantages and rlisad vantages of irrigation; irrigation law; accounts of irrigation in the States and Territories of the arid and semiarid legions; and irrigation in the humid region. Irrigation of the Delta of the Colorado, W. AV. C.\mpbell (/,. 14S-157). Irrigation works in Egypt (Rer. Sri. [Pari-s'], 4. ipt. Agr. Rpts. 1901, pp. CA'T'-^5^.^).— Executive reports. Report of the Agricultural Chemical Experiment and Seed Control Sta- tion of Riga, S). — This is a detailed account of the operations of this station during the yeai-s 1897-98 and 1899-1900, inchnUnir articles on the importance of nitrate oi soda for Baltic agriculture, a contriltution to the knowledge ofthe wood of the yew ( Taxus baccata), as well as a discussion of the results of the fertilizer control conducted by the station and reviews of recent literature relating to the subject oi fertilizers. A table of contents of Nos. 1 to 9 of the reports of this station is also given. Papers selected from those read at farmers' institutes and other meetings during the year {rc)ni.-:!/lraHia Dept. A(/r. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pp. 110-o35). — Following are some of the subjects treated: Ideal standards in fanning, nature study in the public schools, botany on the farm, education for the adult farmer, the silo an eco- nomic, the relation of the wholesomeness of the stable to the health of its inmates, the soil our partner, soil improvement "the keynote of agrii-ulture, management of dairy cows on the farm, farm fences and ways over the farm, hygiene on the farm, nature study, the l)irds and the farmers, some suggesti for exhibition, twelve best herbaceous plants for the amateur, culture of Calceolaria hybrida, the cul- tivation of sweet peas, how to prepare and plant a permanent asparay:us beil for pri- vate use, report of general fruit committee, strawberry culture, is it advisal)le to grow small fruits in young orchards, some points in door-yard planting and dec(.>ration, advancement of floriculture in Allegheny County the past forty years, Pennsylvania as a fruitgrowing State, ornamental horticulture, the packing and shipi^ing of fruit from a commission merchant's standpoint, some points in jiotato culture, and selec- tion of varieties, how to plant, pick, and store the apple. Changes in the rates of charge for railway and other transportation serv- ices, II. T. Newcomb, revised by E. G. Ward, jr. ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Stati.^tics Bui. 15 {rev.), misc. ser., jip. 5i5).— Statistics for the years 1898-1900 are added to the original bulletin, which was noted in E. S. R., 10, p. 298. "Perhaps the most notable fact established by the addition of data for the last three years is the great increase in the aggregate volume of traffic movement." Agricultural statistics for Belgium in 1900 {Stat'stique de la Belgiqne recense- menl agricolr de 1. 00. Brassd^: M'mixtrj nf Ayrivalture, 1901 p}). 223). NOTES. California University and Station. — The summer school at Berkeley this year will include lectures in agriculture, horticulture, entomology, irrigation, and animal feeding. Prof. W. A. Henry, of Wisconsin, will go to the coast to deliver a course of lectures on the latter subject. M. E. Jaffa, of the college of agriculture and the experiment station, has been granted a year's leave of absence for study. He will spend several months in studying the methods of food investigation under Prof. W. 0. Atwater at Middletown, Conn., and later will spend some time in Europe studying the institutions for agricultural research and instruction. Connecticut Storrs College and Station. — C. S. Phelps, agriculturist in the col- lege and station, has resigned. At a recent meeting of the board it was decided to concentrate the work of the station at Storrs and to discontinue the work done at Middletown, this to take effect during the coming summer. Illinois University and Station. — H. W. Mumford, recently elected professor of animal husbandry in the university and animal husbandman of the station, has been spending considerable time at the Union Stock Yards, Chicago, securing photographs and descriptions of the market grades of beef cattle. The results of this investiga- tion will be used in the preparation of a bulletin. R. S. Woodrow, field assistant in sugar-beet investigations, has severed his connection with the station. A. V. Stu- benrauch has been elected assistant horticulturist and inspector of substations at the California Station. He will enter upon his duties early in Jul}'. Iowa College and Station. — The general assembly of the State has given the col- lege a one-fifth mill tax to run for five years, which is expected to realize about $600,000. This money is to be used for the erection of buildings. An additional appropriation of $135,000 was made for the biennial period — $35,000 annually for general maintenance, §10,000 annually for the experiment station, $5,000 for live stock, $35,000 to begin the erection of the main central building to take the place of the building destroyed by fire about a year and a half ago, and $5,000 to begin the erection of a barn for the station to replace the one destroyed by fire. The contract has been awarded for this barn, to cost $17,280, the balance to be paid from other funds. Kansas Collecje and Station. — H. M. Cottrell, agriculturist in the college and station, has resigned his position to accept the superintendence of a large farm near Trenton, Mo. Professor Cottrell will enter upon his new position about July 1, in the meantime preparing the results of his experimental work for publication. C. L. F. Paull has been appointed assistant botanist, and E. H. Webster, assistant in dairying. The station has leased for five j'ears a large bearing apple orchard in the vicinity in order to conduct certain exi^eriinents on a commercial scale. During the last half of the winter term the college conducted a very successful judging school, one week being given to each of the following subjects: Poultry, swine, dairy cattle, beef cattle, and horses. In addition to the stock belonging to the college many valu- able animals were loaned by their owners. The instruction in judging each class was given by some expert of the State. The term's work closed with the slaughter of six steers which had been fed for beef during the winter, the object being to demonstrate the difference in the character of the meat. The animals were bought in the Kansaa City market. A grade Shorthorn and a grade Angus represented the beef type, a 902 NOTES. WS grade Holstein and a Jersey the dairy type, and two others the scrub type of mixed breeds. The full results of this demonstration will be presented in a bulletin, but it may be mentioned that the best beef was produced 1iy the Shorthorn, and that of the Jersey ranked next. Maine St.\tion. — Arthur B. Foster, a member of this year's trraduating class of the university, has l)een appointed assistant chemist. M.\ss.\cnrsETTs College. — The State legislature has ai>i)rt)priated !?;>^,000 for a central lighting and heating jjlant for the college, $35,000 for the erection of a board- ing lK)use, and $1,000 annually for the maintenance of tiie latter. Mississippi St.xtiox. — The land for the new substation at McNeill, including about 2,000 acres, has been donated and work undertaken on a small tract. Much of this land is still in woods and only a small portion will be used. It is planned to study at this station the use of fertilizers to determine the requirements of common crops on soils of that region, economy in the use of fertilizers, and similar questions. Work will also be done in fruit growing and in gardening, the region about ^McNeill being especially adapted to trucking. E. B. Ferris, formerly assistant chemist, has been appointed assistant director, in charge of the McNeill station. Nebraska University. — At a recent meeting of the board of regents of the Uni- versity of Nebraska the Omaha Medical College was affiliated with the university. Two years of the medical work will be given at the university and the clinical work will be carried on at Omaha as before. It is planned to materially strengthen the course with a view to furnishing better opportunities for medical study. Dr. Henry B. Ward, of the university, has been elected dean of the medical school. New Hampshire College and Station. — Lucian A. Hill, B. S., of the University of West Virginia, has been appointed assistant chemist of the station, in place of H. A. Clark, resigned. At the April meeting of the board of control the following new investigations were authorized: (1) A series of experiments on crop rotation, including various leguminous crops, some of which may be plowed under and others removed from the land, barnyard manure being applied to cultivated crops. The object is to discover a cheap way to restore the fertility to worn-out soils, if possible, without the use of chemical fertilizers. (2) Variety tests of some early maturing kinds of corn, with the view to discovering the varieties best adapted to the climate and soil of the State. (3) Comparative yield of dry matter and digestible nutrients in corn as compared with hay. (4) Loss of nutrients in corn fodder in different methods of storing. (5) Draft and efficiency of surface-working implements. (6) Comparative feeding value of corn meal and corn-and-cob meal in milk i>roduc- tion. (7) Comparative feeding value of timothy hay, clover hay, and corn stover in n)ilk production. The foundation is being laid for the new agricultural building, which it is estimated will cost $30,000. New York State St.\tion. — The barns of the station were destroyed by lire May 7. The buildings included cattle, horse, storage, and tool barns, and 2 small poultry houses. All of the live stock was removed except 2 bulls, a young heifer, and 3 calves. Some of the vehicles and wheeled tools were saved, but the plows, cultivators, and other implements were lost. At one time the greenhouses and the new dairv building were in danger, but the fire was checked before any serious damage to them was done. The origin of the fire is unknown. The loss isettimated at about $20,000; the property was insured for about $13,000. The buildings will be replaced at once, the State authorities having authorized their recon. struct ion. Plans for them are now in process of preparation. The governor has api)ointed Jens Jen.sen, of Binghamton, a member of the governing board, vice A. C. Chase, of Syracuse (term expired), and Thomas B. Wilson, of Halls, rice Frank 0. Chamber- lain, deceased. The branch office on Long Island has been discontinued. F. A. Sirrine, previously in charge of the work there, has purchased a farm near Kiver- head and as special agent of the station will conduct and oversee numerous experi- 25832— No. 9—02 8 904 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. inents on his own farm and others throughout the Island, while considerable work will be under direct supervision of heads of departments at the station. Cornell Uxiversitv. — The large horticultural barn, one of the oldest structures at the university, was entirely destroyed ]jy fire early in April. Many specimens of trees, plants, and shrubs stored there by Professor Bailey were lost. At the recent session of the State legislature an approjiriation of $35,000 was made to the college of agriculture for the purpose of continuing the agricultural extension work, which has grown so popular during the past five years. NoKTH Dakot.\ College. — The college has added a two years' course in pharmacy and a four years' coui'se in pharmaceutical chemistry. Charles H. Kimberly, of the Ohio State University, has been elected instructor in pharmacy. Ohio Station". — The State legislature has made the following appropriations to the station for the two-year period, 1902 and 1903: For expenses of the board of control, §783; bulletin illustration, §800; special work in entomology, l)otany, horticulture, and chemistry, §14,000; substations, §10,000; general repairs, labor, and supplies, §14,000; investigation of tuberculosis (unexijended balance reappropriated), §2,859; S]>ecial work in animal industry, §3,000; library equipment and care, §750; general construction, §3,000; total, $49,192. At the request of the board of control of the station the legislature has transferred to the State board of agriculture the work of orchard and nursery inspection, and made a special appropriation of §15,000 for two years. The legislature has also transferred to the board of agriculture the powers and duties of the State Live Stock Commission, under a law enlarging the respon- sibilities of that commission. The appropriation to the station for the investigation of tuberculosis is continued. By this legislation the station is freed from inspection or police work of every description, and its province as an organization for research is more clearly defined than ever before, while at the same time its facilities for research are largely increased, the appropriations for this purpose being 60 per cent greater than for any similar period before. A. F. Burgess, who has acted as first assistant inspector of nurseries and orchards for the past two years, is continued as chief inspector under the new management. Miss Ida L. Feiel, Ph. B., nas been appointed assistant botanist. Rhode Island Collecje and Station. — Dr. J. H. Washburn, who has been presi- dent of the college since its establishment thirteen years ago, has resigned his posi- tion to take effect at the close of this year. The State has made an appropriation of §1,500 for dormer windows, flooring, and general repairs to the chemical laboratory building of the station; also an appropriation of §1,400 for the erection of an addition and for repairs to the barn used in connection with the field experiments. This addition will furnish storage for tools and a floor for thrashing and for mixing fertilizers. South Dakota College and Station. — James W. Wilson, son of Secretary Wil- son, has been elected director of this station, and will have charge of the work in animal husbandry in the college and station. He will enter ui)on his duties at once. Tennessee Station. — A very successful meeting of the East Tennessee Farmers' Convention was held at Knoxville, ^lay 21-23, under the auspices of the college and station. The programme was a comprehensive one, and a number of prominent speakers were present from abroad. The afternoon of the last day was given up to an inspection of the university farm and the dairy school, the latter being in operation. Texas College and Station. — David F. Houston, formerly professor of political science at the University of Texas, has been elected president of the college and will assume charge July 1. E. P. Stiles has been api)ointed superintendent of the new substation at Troup. Al)out 150 acres of land near the town has been donated for this station, part of which is cleared. A station building will be erected there, and work has already (.'ommenced on the field operations. Experiments in fruit raising and general farming will be carried on. Funds have been raised bv tb.e local com- NOTES. 905 munity lor the maintenance of the station anotlier year, as aiiprDpriation was made by the lej^islature for only one year. V. H. Alvord, assistant in ajrrieulture in the college, will withdrawal the close of this session, as will also E. A. White, assistant horticulturist, who has been elected botanist at the Connecticut Agricultural College. Vermont St.\tiox. — Extensive alterations are being maile in the station Iniilding, which will provide the director and the horticulturist with more conveniently located and spai'ious quarters. Wisconsin St.\tion. — Prof. E. S. Goff, horticulturist in the college and station, died June ti, after a short illness. Si-MMEK f^CHOOL OF A(;KiCfLTL-RE.— Interest in this school, to be held at Columbus, Ohio, beginning July 7, is very widespread, and students from different sections of the country have announced their intention of attending. Over 70 students have already registered, and its success from point of numljers seems already assured. A programme of the school is now in preparation and will be issued shortly. U. S. Department of Agricultvre. — The University of Missouri recent 1_\- con- ferred the honorary degree of doctor of laws upon Secretary James Wilson and B. T. Galloway, of the Bureau of Plant Industry. W. H. Evans, of this office, has returned from Porto Rico, where he has l^een in conference with F. D. Gardner, in charge of the Porto Rico Station, with reference to the selection of a permanent site and the development of the station there. O. F. Cook, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has returned fnim a three months' trip to Guatemala and southern ^Mexico, where he was engagee sold through the local agents of the department at Id. per number, or 4s. 4d. per annum. The initial number contains contriljuted articles on cane cultivation, diseases and insects, preparation of commercial papain, and cassava poisoning; agricultural news items, original and quoted, on tojncs of interest to the islands; department news; a number of book notices; a directory of the agricultural institutions in the West In lies, and maa-ket quotations. • Anew semimonthly journal for dying and textile chemistry {Zeitschrift fi'ir Farben- und Textil-Chemie) appeared at the beginning of this year. It is devoted to color and textile chemistry, including the related subjects of organic chemical industry and the textile industry. The journal is edited l;)y Dr. A. Buntrock, of Karlsruhe, with the assistance of a large number of English and European collaborators. Nature notes that the Lawes Agricultural Trust Committee has appointed A. D. Hall, principal of the Agricultural College at Wye, to succeed the late Sir Joseph Henry Gilbert as director of the Rothamsted Experiment Station. ^Ir. Hall is a graduate of Oxford, and has distinguished himself by his successful development of Wye College as a center of agricultural education. Although little known in the fi/^ld of agricultural research, Mr. Hall's .selection to succeed Dr. Gilbert appears to meet with approval. The German Association of Naturalists and Physicians will hold its seventy-fourth annual congress at Carlsbad September 21-28. As on former occasions, papers may be presented in any of the modern languages and foreign visitors will be accorded the same privileges as the members of the association. It is estimated that between 6,000 and 8,000 men of science and physicians will attend the meeting of this famous association. According to a note in Forestry and Irrigation, the officials of the Illinois Central Railroad have decided to begin planting catalpa trees along their lines from Chicago to New Orleans, a distance of about 900 miles, for the purpo.se of producing railroad ties. The contract for the planting has already been let. Science states that a committee has been formed, under the presidency of Professor von Zittel, for the erection in ^Munich of a memorial to the late Prof. 3Iax von Pettenkofer. A recent number of The Tradesman reports that there will soon be in operation at Kenilworth Plantation, Louisiana, a mill for making wrapping paper out of bagasse. This is stated to be the fir.st mill of its kind in Louisiana, although one has been in operation for some time at Sugarland, Texas. The mill will have a capacity of about 25 tons of paper per day. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. I)., AssiMant Diredor. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Chemistry, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — The Editor and IL W. Lawson. Meteorology, Fertilizers* and Soil^ (including methods of analysis), and Agricultural Engineering— W. II. Beal. Botany and DL-^eases of Plants — Walter H. Evans, Ph. D. Foods and Animal Production— C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. L Schtlte. Entomology and Veterinary Science — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Horticulture — C. B. Smith. With the cooperation of the scientific division? of the Department and the Abstract Committee of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. CONTENTS OF VOL. XIII. NO. lo. Editorial notes: Page. ^Meeting of farmers' institute workers at Washington 907 Agricultural experiment stations for Victoria, Australia 909 Permanent location of Porto Rico station 910 An enthusiastic view of American stations and colleges 911 Recent work in agricultural science 913 Xotes 1004 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. chemistry. The development of chemistry, F. W. Clarke 913 Report on progress in agricultural chemistry, A. Heheljrand 913 Status of agricultural chemistry at beginning of twentieth century, T. Pfeiffer. 913 Report on progress in animal chemistry, M. von Nencki and R. Andreasch 913 A few of the recent advances in biochemistry, A. Kossel 913 Text-book of agricultural chemistry, A. ISIayer 913 Me.tho Researches on cellulose, C. F. ( "ross and E. ,1. Bevan 91(> The determination of sulphur in plants, (i. S. Fraps 91G I II CONTENTS, Page. Detection of small quantities of arsenic in foods, J. C. Berntrop 916 Titration of arsenious acid with potassium permanganate, O. Kiihiing 91 ti Methods of estimating oaffein, Beitter 91(i A new method of determining manganese, G. von Knorre 916 Miscellaneous chemical work, R. H. Shaw 916 An apparatus facilitating the analysis of sugar beets, R. H. Shaw 916 A new form of alkalimeter, C. B. Davis 916 A new design for potash bulbs, J. N. Tervet 916 A nitrogen apparatus, J. A. Wesener 917 A digestion stand for nitrogen determination, R. Woy 917 New apparatus, C. B. Williams 917 New laboratory apparatus, F. Janda 917 BOTANY. Investigation of flower buds, E. S. Goff 917 Biological investigations on the ripening of wood of the grape, F. Kdvessi 917 The influence of formalin on the germination of oats, F. Cranefield 918 Effect of alkali soils upon seedling plants, T. H. Kearney and F. K. Cameron.. 918 Formation of sodium carbf>nate, or black alkali, by plants, F. K. Cameron 919 Resistance to black alkali l)y certain plants, F. K. Cameron 919 Can leucin and tyrcsin be used as plant nutrients? E. Schulze 919 Organic nitrogen and cultivated plants, A. Thomson 919 The bacteria of root tubercles of Leguminosa', P. Neumann. 919 Occurrence of nitrogen-assimilating bacteria in the soils, P. Neumann 919 The North American species of Spartina, H D. i\Ierrill 920 Inventory of foreign seeds and plants, No. 9, E. A. Bessey 920 Collection of economic and other fungi, Flora W. Patterson 920 Poisonous and edible mushrooms, II . Garman 920 BACTERIOLOGY. Enzyjns and their application, I. J. Effront, translated bj^ S. C. Prescott 920 The fermentation of tea leaves, C. R. Newton 921 Contribution to the bacterial flora of the Sydney water supply, R. G. Smith 921 A process for inoculating the earth with soil bacteria, F. Bayer & Co 921 Concerning oHgonitrophilous microbes, ]M. W. Beijerinck 921 Bacteriological investigation of the roots and seeds of sulla, K. H. Nicolai 921 The cleavage of butter fat by micro-organisms, O. Laxa 921 METEOROLOGY. Loss of life in the United States bv lightning, A. J. Henrv 921 Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1900-1901, W. L. :Moore 922 Meteorological observations, C. S. Phelps 922 Meteorological observations at Maine Station 922 Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostrander and H. L. Bodfish 923 Meteorological record for 1900 at New York State Station 923 Meteorological observations, W. B. Alwood 923 Meteorological o})servations at Guatemala, 1857-1898, D. Gonzalez 923 Total rainfall for 1901 at different places in Cape Colony 923 Rainfall in the agricultural districts of Queensland, C. L. Wragge 923 Composition of Barbados rainfall 923 Forests and rainfall, W. L. Summers 923 On the climate of Tunis, G. Ginestous 923 Frost injuries to the winter plantings of the year 1901 , P.. Sorauer 923 Text-book of meteorology, J. Hann 923 WATER SOILS. Artesian water 924 The artesian wells of South Dakota, J. E. Todd 924 Field operations of the Division of Soils, 1900, M. Whitney et al 924 Results of investigations on the Rothamsted soils, B. Dyer 927 A study of the available mineral plant food in soils, C. C. Moore 927 Nitrates in cultivated field soils, F. H. King and A. R. Whitson 930 Studies on black marsh soils, F. H. King and A. R. Whitson 931 Some geobotanic experiments, V. Nal)okikh 932 CONTENTS. Ill FEKTII.IZEKS. Pasre. Fertilizing value of the nitrogen of stable manure, T. Pfeiffer et al 932 Goat manure, D. iNIartelli 933 Guano collected on islands in Red Sea near the Colony of P>itrea, D. Martelli. 933 Vegetation experiments with phosphates, O. Kellner and 0. Bnttcher 933 On the relative value i>f different phosphates, D. Prianishnikov 934 The creator of the sujierphosphate industry and work at Rothamsted, Maizicres. 935 Phosi)hates in Algeria and Tunis, INIaizieres 935 Pot experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers, C. S. Phelps 935 Reports on sewage distribution at Gennevillieres and d' Acheres 935 An experiment on soil improvement, C. >S. Phelps 935 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, M. A. Scovell et al 935 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, L. L. Van Slyke and "NV. H. Andrews 935 Report on commercial fertilizers inspected in Ohio during 1901 936 The fertilizing value of citrus culls, E. W. Hilgard 936 Compost formulas 936 Planting, fertilizing, and yield tables, Vibrans 936 FIELD CROPS. Right amount and distribution of water in crop production, F. H. King 936 Field experiments with fertilizers, C. S. Phelps 936 Fertilizer exjieriments, J. Sebelien 936 Field experiments with grain and forage plants, R. A. INIoore . . . •. 938 Records of seed distribution and cooperative experiments, F. Lamson-Scribner. 9S9 Causes operative in the formation of silage, S. M Babcock and H. L. Russell.. 939 Unavoidable losses in making silage, F. H. King 940 Growing alfalfa, W. C. Currie 941 Studies on Bohemian barley, B. Prochiizka 941 The effects of the growth of berseem on the soil, G. P. Foaden 941 Some facts on the maize crop, G. P. Foaden 941 History of cotton, G. P. Foaden 941 Flax culture in Argentina, C. D. Girola 941 Johnson grass, C. R. Ball 941 Variations in the fertilizing constituents contained in oats, A. Atterberg 942 Studies on potatoes, A. Petermann 945 Variety tests with potatoes, C. Fruwirth 945 Necessary qualities of potatoes for the manufacture of alcohol, W. Keller 945 Observations on rice culture in Argentina 946 Rice as a reclamation crop, J. H. Paull 946 Storing root crops 946 Results of variety tests with rye, Bachmann 946 Experiments in sugar-beet culture in 1900 and 1901 , F. W. WoU and R. H. Shaw 946 Relative composition of different varieties of sugar cane, P. Boniime 946 Results of tobacco experiments conducted in the United States, M. L. Floyd.. 946 The growing of tobacco under shade in Connecticut, E. H. Jenkins 947 Report of the wheat experimentalist, AV. Farrer and R. W. Peacock 947 The selection of wheat, C. Lemce 948 Culture exjieriments with varieties of spring and winter wheat 948 The quality of wheat grown in Upper Bavaria in 1899, R. Ulrich 948 Yields of liest varieties of wheat cultivated in Northern France, R. Lavallee.. 948 The improvement of Egyptian wheats, G. P. Foaden 948 The Algerian durum wheats, C. S. Scofield 948 How can Germany dis[)ense with foreign wheats, etc.? P. Holdefleiss 948 .\griculture and plant breeding in Denmark in 1900, T. C. Westh 948 HORTICULTURE. Asparagus — its culture for hf)me use and for market, F. M. Hexamer 948 A list of American varieties of peppers, W. W. Tracy, jr 948 The new rlmbarb culture, J. E. Morse and G. B. Fiske 949 The book of the greenhouse, J. C. Tallack 949 The fuel question in greenhouse heating, L. R. Taft 949 A study of certain conditions affecting the setting of fruits, E. S. CJoff 949 The experimental ap))le orchard, A. Dickens and (J. O. Greene 950 A study of the growth of apple trees, C. A. Keffcr 950 Orchard notes, C. F. Austin 951 Orchard cover crops, J. Craig 951 IV CONTENTS. Page. Citrus fruit culture, J. W. Mills 952 Mangoes in India, W. T. Fee 953 Report of the horticultural department, C. A. Keffer 953 Third report on experiment in pinching raspberry shoots, F. Cranetield 953 An ever-bearing strawVjerry, E. F. Ichon 953 The book of the grape, H. " W. Ward 954 The tendrils of grapes, E. Durand 954 Manures and the quality of wines, L. Degrully 955 Pruning trees and shrubs, T. Wirth 955 Storing fruit 955 A new method of preserving fruit 955 The preservation of fruits and vegetables, etc. , X. Noble 955 Fruit gardening, T. Bridiieman 956 A review of the fruit-growing industry in Cape Colony, C. Mayer 956 Development and needs f>f export fruit trade in North America, C. Foster 956 The freezing point of vegetable saps and juices, W. F. Sutherst 956 Report of chemical division of experiment station at Proskau, R. Otto 956 Caoutchouc plants and their culture, O. Warburg, trans, by J. Vilbouchevitch . 957 Vanilla, its culture, etc. , E. D. Dunin 957 Experiments in suVjirrigation of flower beds, F. Cranetield 957 A southern New ^Mexico flower garden, F. E. Lester 958 The liook of bulbs, 8. Arnott 958 Old-time gardens newly set forth, Alice M. P'arle 958 Prize gardening, G. B. Fiske 958 Horticulture in Japan, T. Eckhardt 958 Catalogue of Hbrary of National Horticultural Society of France, G. Gibault. . 958 FORESTRY. The immediate future in forest work, G. Pinchot 958 Suggestions to prospective forest students, G. Pinchot 958 Forest planting antl timl)er supply, F. E. H. W. Krichauff 959 Progress in tree planting, W. L. Hall 959 Investments in Southern forests, C. A. Schenck 959 The boundary line between the desert and the forest, S. J. Holsinger 959 Notes on some forest trees of Ohio, AV. R. Lazenby 959 Forestrv in the PhiHppines 959 English coppices and copse woods, J. Nisbet 959 Forestry in Sweden 959 Forest tree planting on the estate of Nikolsko-Sergievskoye, N. Sukhodski 960 The spruce forests of Canada 960 Hybrid conifers, M. T. Masters 960 Notes on supposed hybridization among eucalypts, H. Deane and J. H. Maiden. 960 DLSEASES OF PL.\NTS. Report of botanical section of experiment station at Proskau, R. Aderhold 960 Report of the government mycologist, J. B. Carruthers 961 Report of vegetable pathological experiment station for 1900-1901, G. Liistner. 962 Report of station for plant protection at Weihenstephan, J. E. Weiss 962 On some undescribed or imperfectly known fungi, C. A. J. A. Oudemans 962 Oat smut in Wisconsin, R. A. Moore 962 Treatment of seed oats to prevent smut, R. A. Moore 962 Investigations on the cereal fungus Ehynchosporium graminicola, E. Heinsen.. 963 A California beet disease, Linhart '. 963 A bacterial disease of beans, G. Delacroix 963 Orange and lemon rot, C. W. Woodworth 963 Notes on diseases of the orange, J. W. Mills 964 The fungus diseases of cacao in the West Indies, A. Howard 964 Fungus diseases of cacao, D. Morris 965 Leaf curl of mulberry trees, M. ^liyoshi 965 Notes on Nematospora coryli, V. Peglion 965 A bacterial disease of strawberries, P. Voglino 966 Investigations on sulphur used in combating grape mildew, K. Windisch 966 A disease of carnations at Antibes, G. Delacroix 966 CONTENTS. V ENTOMOLOGY. Page. The entomologist's experiment orchard, J. B. Smith 960 Report of committee on en.tomoloi^y, etc., F. I\I. Webster 967 Report of the entomologist, J . ^I . Soutlnvick 967 Report of the entomologist, 11. Tryon 967 Report of the State entomologist for the year 1900, S. Lampa 967 Report on injurions insei'ts in Finland for the year 1900, E. Renter 968 Report of the committee on diseases of cane, A. Koebele 968 The Hessian tiy, II. ( iarman 968 Two Xoctnidic injnrions to cereals, S. Lampa 968 Colorado potato beetle in Knro]ie, S. Lampa 968 Some orchard pests, J. ^I. Stedman 968 A monograijh of the C"occid;e of the British Isles, R. Newstead 968 San Jose scale investigations. III, V. H. Lowe and P. J. Parrott 968 Experiments in spraying to kill San .lose scale in 1901, W. E. Britton 970 The principal scale insects of grapes, V. INIayet 970 British vegetable galls, E. T. Connold 970 Spraying for second brood of codling moth, J. A\'. Lloyd 971 Investigations on Lymantria nioiidcha in Siidermanland in 1900, S. Bengtsson. . 971 Plum sawHy ( Ho]>/ora)npn ftilnrornix), J. Andersson 971 Imported willow and ]ioplar curculio ( Cri/jitorhi/nehus lapaihi), F. M. Webster. 971 Xotes on Australian Hemiptera, W. W. Froggatt 971 Dangerous mosquitoes in Kentucky, H. (iarman 971 Carbon bisulphid as an insecticide, W. E. Hinds 971 Experience with dust spray, A. A. Hinkley 972 Insecticides and fungicides, J. K. Haywood 972 Report of the inspector of fumigation appliances, W. Lockhead 972 Fumigation of imported plants, A. W. L. Hemming 972 FOOD.S — NUTRITION'. Experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, 1898-1900, W. O. Atwater and F. G. Benedict '. 972 Metabolism of matter and energy in man, A. Loewy and F. Miiller 973 Principles of nutrition and nutritive value of food, W. (). Atwater 974 Nutrition investigations among fruitarians and Chinese, M. E. Jaffa 974 A diet with a small amount of protein, W. Caspari 975 The diet of prisoners, F. Hirschfeld 975 Dietaries at the New York State Reformatory, Z. R. Brockway 975 The therapeutic use of a vegetarian diet, T. Rumpf 975 Some new food products made from skim milk, J. Konig 975 Slimy bread, H. Svoboda 975 Concerning the examination and valuation of egg pastes, M. Mansfeld 975 Nutritive value and chemical composition of vegetables, A. Larbaletrier.. 975 The bacteriology of vegetables grown on infected soil, Wurz and Bourges 975 Concerning the amylolitic effect of saliva, P. Bielfeld 975 The quantitative effect of pepsin, F. Kriiger 975 Further observations in quantitative digestive power of pepsin, F. Kriiger 976 On the preserving of fresh meat, etc., W. Rohardt 976 Licenses granted bv Pennsylvania Dairy and Food Commissioner, January 1 to July 1, 1901, (i. G. Hutchison '. 976 AN'IM.VL I'ROnrCTION. Analyses of fodders and feeding stuffs, A. B. Bryant 976 Concentrated feed stuffs, J. B. Lindsey 976 Average composition of feciling stuffs, W. Frear 977 Feeding stuffs anu fertilizers licensed for sale in Wisconsin, F. W. Woll 977 Analyses of grasses and fodder jilants, J. (". Briinnicli 977 Dried brewers' grains, T. Dietrich 977 Dried distillery refuse, T. Dietrich 977 Tang, P. R. Sollied 977 Silkworm excrement as a feeding stuff, (t. E. Rasetti 977 On the preservation of feeding cakes, R. W. Tuinzing 977 FyXperiments on the utilization of the protein of gluten, O. Kellner 977 Methods of analyzing blood, and the value of sucli data, etc., G. Astv^li 977 VI CONTENTS. Page. Artificially lowering the protein metabolism of a sheep having fever, S. Weber. 977 The digestibility of glucose and its influence upon the utilization of protein, L. Duclert and R. Senequier 978 The formation of sugar from fat, O. Loewi 978 The behavior of xylan in the animal body, B. Slowtzoff 978 Steer feeding, D. O. Nourse 978 Conformation of beef and dairy cattle, A. M. Soule 978 Comparative value of feeding various rations to ewes in winter, "W. L. Carlyle. 978 Food requirements of the pig for maintenance and gain, F. D. Taylor 979 Experiments in ]>ig feeding, W. L. Carlyle and T. F. McConnell 979 Whole corn compared with corn meal for fattening swine, W. A. Henry 980 The feeding value of rape for swine, W. L. Carlyle 981 Dur saddle horses, A. Bruce 981 Poultry experiments in 1900-1901, G. M. Gowell 981 Poultry raising on the farm, D. E. Salmon 983 Experiments on feeding chickens when bacteria are excluded, etc., Schottelius. 983 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. A study of rations fed to milch cows in Connecticut, C. S. Phelps 983 Forage for dairy cows, T. L. Haecker 984 Oil cakes in the feeding of dairy cows, J. B. Martin 984 Records of station cows; feeding dairy cows, J. S. Moore 984 Average composition of milk of pure-bred cows of different breeds, F. W. Woll . 985 Annual milk and butter production of cows, etc. , E. H. Farrington 985 Omcial tests of dairy cows, 1900-1901, F. W. Woll and R. H. Shaw 986 Comparative skimming qualities of Holstein and Jersey milk, W. D. Saunders. 986 The Trowbridge method of calibrating Babcock test bottles, E. H. Farrington. 986 The use and abuse of the Babcock test, C. H. Pickles 986 The problem of a pure milk supply, H . D. Chapin 986 On the increased resistance of bacteria in milk pasteurized in contact with the air, H. L. Russell and E. G. Hastings 986 On the sources of the acid organisms concerned in souring of milk, R. H. Burr. Starters, G. L. McKay , 987 Water in butter— an important feature, O, 0. Thomson 987 Mottles in butter, J. Findelow 988 The microscopic examination of butter uadt» polarized light, H. D. Richmond. 988 The chemical changes in the ripening of cheoso, W. F. Sutherst 988 Influence of cold-curing on the quality of choeae, S. M. Babcock et al 988 Influence of sugar on fermentations in milk, and cheese, S. M. Babcock et al . . 989 A pinhole organism in cheese curd, G. S. Thomson 990 Print cheese, E. H . Farrington , . . . , 990 Roquefort cheese, F. de Barrau , , 990 Testing rennet, A. Rolet , 990 Statistics of oleomargarine, oleo oil t^tc, 10v"p. 6-\-174,fifj». 6). — A tifth revised edition of this well-known work. Methods of standardizing acid solutions, C. G. Hopkixs {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 23 {1901), Xo. 10, pp. 727-740).— The author made a study of 6 methods of standardizing acid solutions, which are designated as follows: The silver chlorid, the ammonium sulphate, the sodium, the borax, the copper sulphate, and the iron i^er- manganate methods. The following conclusions were reached: A skilled analyst can easily and quickly make determinations of hydrochloric acid by the silver chlorid method, within a limit of error of 0.5 mg. of silver chlorid on 2 gm. of jirecipitate. The ammonium sulphate method of standardizing sulphuric acid is exceedingly accurate, while simple and rapid. The results obtained by the sodium method were higher than those by the two previous methods, this being due, the author states, to impurities of carbon and iron in the sodium. The results, however, agree closely with those obtained by the ammonium sulphate and the silver chlorid methods. With the borax method the results ol)tained at the same time agree within them- selves, T>ut the indications are that the borax is not constant. The copper sulphate method gives fairly satisfactory results, but it is considered inferior to the silver chlorid method and the ammonium sulphate method in accuracy. The iron per- manganate method gave fairly accurate results in standardizing oxalic acid and it is no less ai'curate than the c()i)i>er sulphate lucthod. From the results of his work the 913 914 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. author concludes that the silver chlorid method, slightly modilied as described, and the ammonium sulphate method are extremely accurate and satisfactory, the former for standardizing solutions of hydrochloric and the latter of sulphuric acid. The determinatioii of available plant food in soils by the use of -weak acid solutions, A. D. Hall and F. J. Plvmex (Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'], 81 {1902), Xo. 470, jjp. 117-144). — "The authors have comjiared the amounts of phosphoric acid that could be extracted from 19 different soils by a 1 per cent solution of citric acid, by equivalent solutions of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid, by a saturated solution of carbonic acid, and by an ainmoniacal solution of ammonium citrate, respectively. Seven of these soils were from plats on the Broadbalk Field, Rothamsted, which had been continuously manured in the same manner for 42 years previously; the remain- ing 12 were soils of very varied origin, which had been the subject of crop experi- ments and whose reaction to phosphatic manuring was well marked. "In the same 7 soils from the Broadbalk Field, the authors determined the potash extracted by the same dilute solvents with the exception of ammonium citrate; tive other soils of different origin, whose response or otherwise to potash manuring had been tested by exiieriment, were also examined in the same way. "Determinations were also made of the phosphoric acid and potasli dissolved after long digestion with strong hydrochloric acid, of the loss on ignition, and of the earthy carbonates present in each soil. "The authors conclude: (1) That no sharp line of distinction can be drawn between ' available ' and nonavailable phosphoric acid and potash in the soil, and that any process of determining the 'available' constituents is an empirical one, dependent on the strength and nature of the acid used. "(2) That the weak solvents give information as to the requirements of a given soil for mineral manures of a far more trustworthy nature than that which is afforded by such a solvent as strong hydrochloric acid. "(3) That of the acids examined, the 1 per cent solution of citric acid gives results most in agreement with the recorded history of the soil, although there is evidence that the same interpretation can not be put on results obtained from all types of soil." Methods of analysis adopted for soils, fertilizers, feeding- stuflFs, wheat and flour, and some miscellaneous substances, F. B. Guthrie {Agv. Gaz. Xcn' South Wales, 12 {1901), Xo. S, ]>p. 905-915). — Details are given of the methods which have been in use for several years in the laboratory of the Xew South Wales department. A simple rapid eudiometric method of determining chlorin in chlorids and hydrochloric acid, silver and phosphoric acid, E. Kn:GLEK( Z/.vcA/'. Anuhjt. ('hem., 40 {1901), Xo. 10, pp. 633-688; ahs. in Chem. Centhl., 1902^1, Xo. 1, p. 70).— The method is based on the principle that when silver chlorid is treated with hydrazin sulphate and sodium hydroxid solution the silver separates out in metallic form and nitrogen is set free accordingto the following equation: 4AgCl-rN2H4.H2S04---NaOH = 4Ag-r4XaCl+Na.2S04n-6H20+X2. The method of procedure in case of phosphates is as follows: Dissolve the phosphate in water strongly acidulated witli nitric acid. To a quantity of this solution corresponding to from 0.15 to 0.16 gm. of phosphoric acid, diluted if necessary to 50 to 60 cc, first add 1 to 2 gnu of silver nitrate dissolved in about 10 cc. of water, then drop by drop a 10 per cent solution of sodium hydroxid until the silver ])hosphate precipitate is not completely redissolved. .X^ld in the same manner a 10 per cent solution of ammonia until the solution is alkaline, and boil for about 5 minutes. Cool the solution, collect the precipitate on a small filter, and wash with water, remo\-ing it to a flask by breaking the filter and Avashing it out with about 50 cc. of water. Add about 3 cc. of concentrated nitric acid and 1 gm. of sodium chlorid dissolved in water, close the flask and shake vigorously for h minute, collect the precijiitate (jf silver chlorid on a small filter, and wash until it is free from oh?:mistrv. 915 acid. Roll up the filter ana contents and place in a Knoj)- Wagner azotonieter, adding about 30 ce. of water, 0.5 gni. of crystallized hydrazin sulphate, and 10 cc. of a 10 per cent solution of sodium hydroxid. The collection and measurement of the gas evolved is carried o>it in the usual way. A contribution to the determination of phosphoric acid in organic sub- stances, V. RiK(iKK {Zlsehr. PliiislLal. ('linn., .1} (i:>0/), j)j>. 109-113; (tbs. in Chem. Centbl.. WOJ, I, No. 1, p. 67). Colorimetric method for determining- oxygen dissolved in water, W. R.\m- s.wand Ida Homfray [Jour. Soc. Chem. lad., 20 {1901), No. 11, pp. 1071-1074, Jig. 1). A method for estimating fat, G. Rosenfeld {Chem. Ztg., 24 {1901), Repert., p. 250; abii. in Ztsdn: Utile r.'iurh. Xahr. u. Genussmtl., 4 {1901), No. 22, p. 1030). — Chlo- roform is recommended instead of ether for extracting fat. The author states that 6 hours' extraction gives values which are comparable with those obtained by j)redi- gesting the material and then extracting with ether. Higher values were obtained if extraction was preceded by Ixiiling in alcohol for a short time. After evaporating the chloroform the material remaining is placed for a short time in a drying oven, thoroughly dried in a desiccator, and taken up with cool absolute ether as long as any material is dissolved. On evaporating the ether only true ether extract remains for weighing. The fats obtaineil by this and the ordinary method have different iodin values. A test for the coloring matter of butter, J. Vandriken {Ann. Pliarm., 7 {1901), pp. 110-117; (lbs. Ill Z/srJtr. ('ntrrsurli. Xahr. u. Gemmmtl., 4 {1901), No. 21, pp. 978, 979). — The author gives a method for testing the coloring matter contained in butter by amyl nitrite. Butter without any artificial coloring matter is discolored, while with a number of artificially colored fats, with one exception, the color was not changed by the test. The manipulation was made as follow^s: Two cubic centi- meters of filtered butter and a like amount of ether is treated with 6 to 10 drops of amyl nitrite. On the temperature reaction of oils -writh sulphuric acid — Maumene's test, H. C. Sherman, J. L. Daxziger, and L. Kotixstamm {.Tour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 24 (1902), No. 3, pp. 266-273). On the relation of the heat of combustion to the specific gravity in fatty oils, H. C. Shermax and J. F. Sxell {Jour. Anwr. Chem. Soc, 24 (1902), No. 4, pp. 348-353). — "In fresh fatty oils the heat of combu-stion is a property quite as constant as the specific gravity, to which it bears a certain definite relation. Oxidation result- ing from exposure to air decreases the heat of combustion to practically the same extent that it increases the specific gravity." A note on the use of the Bechi or silver nitrate test on olive oils, L. M. Tol- -MAN (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 24 (1902), No. 4, pj>- 396, 397} .— Before applying the test the author recommends treating the sample successively with 95 per cent alco- hol, 2 per I'ent nitric acid, and water. A study of the Bechi test for cotton-seed oil, A. H. (Jill and ('. H. Dennison {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 24(1902), No. 4, PP- --^97, 398). — Experiments seemed to indicate that the test might be (hie to the presence of sulphur compounds. A study of some cotton-seed oils, J. B. WEEMsand H. N. Grettenberg {Reprint from Proc Iowa Acad. Sci, 8 (1900), pp. 2). — The results are reported of the chem- ical examination of 9 grades of cotton-seed oil, the figures representing 3 determina- tions for each sample. The specific gravity ranged from 0.9003 to 0.900*), and averaged 0.90045. The saponification equivalent varied from 192.1 to 198.6, averag- ing 194.6, the better oils po.«ses.«ing the liigherand the common oils the lower values. The better grades of oils gave lower iodin absorption numbers than the common, and cru(L oils gave high results. The determination of starch in the cereal grains, Lindet {Bnl. Soc ('him. Paris, 3. ser., 25 {1901), No. 24, )>}>■ 1055-1057). 27718— No. 10-02 2 916 EXrERIMENT STATION RECORD. Researches on cellulose, C. V. Cross and E. J. Bevax {London, Neiu Yorl; and Bdinhaij: Loiii/iiiuiik, (irerii <.(• ('o., 1901, pp. VI 1+17 5). — An outline of the chemistry of the structural elements of plants with reference to their natural history and industrial uses. The determination of sulphur in plants, G. 8. Fraps {Jour. Amer. Chein. Soc, 24 {1902), No. 4, pp. 346-348). — The author found a considerable loss of sulphur in the preparation of ash with calcium acetate as compared with the nitric acid method. In the latter method it was found convenient to heat 5 gm. of the material with 20 cc. of nitric acid in a porcelain dish, add 10 cc. of a 5 per cent solution of pf)tassium nitrate, evaporate, and ignite. On the detection of small quantities of arsenic in foods, especially in beer, J. C. Berxtrop {Chem. Nors, 85 {1902), Xu. 2207, p. i^^^).— The arsenic in 1 liter of beer is precipitated as ammonium-magnesium arsenate and after the destruction of albuminoids by nitric acid is determined by the Marsh or Gutzeit test. The titration of arsenious acid with potassium permanganate, O. KtJHLiNG {Ber. Deut. Chem. GeselL, 34 {1901), pp. 404-406; abs. in Analij>l. 1, ji(j. 1) . — The alkaline mixture is distilled in a current of steam, the niethdil l)eing considered as aci-urate ami far more rapid than the ordinary method. A digestion stand for nitrogen determination, R. AVoy {Clii'in. Zlij., 26 {1902), Xii. 3, pp. 28, 29, fig. 1). — A rack for holding Kjeldahl digestion flasks is described. New apparatus, C. B. AVilli.\.ms {Jour. Amer. Chem. Sac, 24 {1902), No. 3, pp. 246-248, fig-'^. 2). — A device for marking volumetric fiasks and a modified bulb tube for nitrogen apparatus are described. New laboratory apparatus, F. Jaxda {Chem. Ztg., 26 {1902), No. 3, p. 28, figs. 2). — A quick-filter funnel and a calcium chlorid desiccator for use in balance cases are described. BOTANY. Investigation of flower buds, E. S. Goff ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpl. 1901, pp. 304- 316, figs. 15). — In continuation of previous investigations on the date of flower form- ation in fruit plants (E. 8. R., 13, p. 18), the author has reported on the time of formation of flowers in the currant, gooseberry, and cranberry; the variation in the period of flower formation between different varieties of apples growing in the same orchard; the influence of irrigation on the formation of flower buds; and the extent to which, flowers are formed the season before their expansion, in those plants in which no flower buds can be distinguished in autumn. The buds of the Pomona currant showed an early stage of flower formation July 8, those of the black Victoria currant on .lugust 3, and those of the Downing gooseberry August 30. Buds of the latter taken October 20 showed ovules. This is one of the few instances that have been observed where ovules have been formed in autumn. The buds of the cran- berry taken August 31 showed no positive evidence of flowers, while samples taken September 16 showed flowers well started. Considerable differences were observed in the formation of the flower buds in dif- ferent varieties of apples, the buds being formed between August 1 and September 3. After abundant autumn rains which began about September 10, there appeared to be no further formation of flowers. The application of 2 bbls. of water per week about an apple tree during a severe drought apparently had no effect in causing the earlier production of flowers, nor did it appear to change the percentage of the buds on the fruit spurs from which the flowers were developed. It did, however, appear to reduce the size of the flower buds, and also the total number. There seems to be evidence to show that in such plants as the quince, I'aspberry, blackberry, and grape, in which no flower buds can be distinguished in autumn, these i)lants unquestionably form their flower buds during that season. Biological investigations on the ripening of the wood of the grape, F. Ko- VE.SSI {Rev. Hen. Bot., IS {1901), Nos. 149, pp. 193-211; 150, pp. 251-264; 151, pp. 307-325, pis. 7, figs. 2, dgms. 8). — The author has made a study of the anatomical differences which characterize well-ripened shoots of the grape, and the influence of various external characters, such as humidity, temperature, light, climate, diseases, etc., on the ripening of the shoots. The phenomena of ripening, from an anatomical point of view, consist of a differentiation of the tissues of the plant, producing cork, browning of the bark, development of annual rings, thickening of cell walls, and the formation of starch. The degree of ripening may be measured by the extent of the preceding phenomena. A well-ri})ene(l shoot always has the annual wood well developed, the pith is reduced, starch grains are abundant and of large size, and the cell walls are well thickened. In comparison to volume, well-ripened shoots contain more dry matter than those poorly ripened. The presence of a large amount of water in the tissues explains why poorly ripened branches are easily injured by 018 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cold. The existence of a large amount of .starch is an indication of ripeness? and may he of service in determining the value for grafting and l)udding. The different factors influencing the ripening of grape shoots are discussed at some length, and among the phenomena descrihed the effect of age, soil, fertilizers, and diseases is shown. Humidity of the soil is opposed to the well ripening, as is the excessive use of fertilizers which contain an abundance of nitrate. On the other hand, lime, phosphates, and sulphates are favorable to maturity. Among the dis- eases mentioned, most of those which attack the branches, leaves, and roots are unfavorable for the perfect maturity of the grapevines, but those diseases which principally attack the fruit, such as the black rot, etc., have little or no effect upon the maturity of the shoots. The author's investigations were carried out in France and in Hungary, and comparisons made with the different factors of soil, climate, variety, etc., the results in all cases being practically the same. In practical appli- cation a chemical analysis or microscopical study of stems will show their degree of ripeness. It was found that shoots of Vitis rxipestris, grown in humid regions of northern France or under the same conditions in Hungary, are not adapted to use in other parts of the country for replanting vineyards destroyed by phylloxera. It was also found that shoots produced upon 3-year-old vines in the south of France were equal in all respects to those produced upon 4-year-old vines in the north, the climate of the two regions having this influence upon their development. The influence of formalin on the germination of oats, F. Cr.xxefield ( TIV.s- coitsia St<(. Rpt. 1901, pp. S..^7-Soo, Jigs. 0). — The results of laljoratory and greenhouse experiments with formalin solutions for the prevention of grain smut are reported, together with the effects of the treatment on the germination and subsequent develop- ment of plants. Seed oats were inmiersed for 20 minutes in a solution of 1 pt. of formalin to 50 gals, of water, after which 40 samples of 100 seeds each were placed in the Geneva seed tester and a daily record kept of their germinations. Similar lots were planted in the greenhouse in shallow boxes, filled with soil, and their germina- tion determined. The average germination in each case showed some injury due to the treatment. In the seed tester the injury amounted to from 1 to 20 per cent, while in the soil test the range was from 4 to 42 per cent. In a few instances the treated seed germinated better than the untreated, but the averages of the different lots showed a detrimental action. The effect of different strengths of solution was also tested, in which the stronger solutions were shown to be highly injurious. The effect of treating seed for longer periods than 20 minutes was studied, and while slight differences were observed there was no appreciable increase in injury due to the longer soaking of the seed. The growth of the plants is shown in a number of instances to have been checked by the treatment, the untreated lots being in every case more vigorous than the treated. In conclusion, attention is called to the fact that these trials were all conducted within doors, and it is possible that field condi- tions might prove more favorable to germination and growth. The effect upon seedling- plants of certain components of alkali soils, T. H. Keakxev and F. K. C.vmerox {V. S. Dept. Ayr., Rpt. 71, pp. 7-60). — A preliminary report is given of experiments conducted with clover and alfalfa in which the effect of some of the more ordinary components of alkali soils was tested. The salts used in experiments were sodium chlorid, sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, magnesium chlorid, magnesium sulphate, and calcium chlorid. The salts were made up in solutions of known strengths and the seedlings were suspended in the solution for 24 hours, and the amount of injury determined from the condi- tion of the root tips. At a certain degree ol dilution all the salts appeared indifferent in their action upon plant tissues, while at still greater dilution some produceil stimulating effects. The injurious action of the different salts when used in greater strength is shown. The toxic effect of the injurious salts is said to be due more to the influence of cathions (derived from the basic radicle) than to the anions (fur- BOTAXY. 919 nished bj' the acid radirle). The authors jjive extensive reviews of literature relat- ing to this subject, and an extended bil)liotri-ai)hy of the subject comjik'tes the report. Formation of sodium carbonate, or black alkali, by plants, F. K. Ca.mehon ( r. (W/>///(.s apinita, Siuvda Inter- iiieilia, and AtripJc.r brarifo.'ia. These plants seem to be able to make a satisfactory growth on soils containing relatively large amounts of soluble car])onates. This growth is believed to be due in a large measure to the production and exudation of considerable amounts of soluble organic acids, which are capable of decomposing the carbonates and thus protecting the root crowns from the corrosive action of the alkalis. Can leucin and tyrosin be used as plant nutrients? K. Hchl'lze {Latidn-. Verx. Stat., 56 {1901), Xo. 3-3, pp. 97-106). — The author quotes the investigations of a number of experimenters on the assimilability of these substances l)y ]>lants and describes experiments of his own with lujnnes, vetches, and castor beans, which showed that tyrosin and leucin could be used as sources of nitrogen by phanerogams. Org-anic nitrog'en and cultivated plants, A. Thomson {Sitzber. Naturf. GeseU. Uitir. Dorpat, 12 {1899), pp. 307-322; ahs. in Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), Xo. 12, pp. 602-604) . — A series of experiments with oats and barley grown in water cultures Avhich were given various forms of organic nitrogen is reported upon. The organic compounds em])loyed were sodium urate, sodium hippurate, and urea, comparisons being made with sodium nitrate. The results of the experiments show that the nitrogen of urea and uric acid have the same value, as far as the grasses are con- cerned, as nitric nitrogen; and the plants seem to be able to easily utilize these sul»- stances. On the contrary, the nitrogen in hippuric acid is detrimental to plant growth. The bacteria of root tubercles of Leguminosae, P. Neumann {Landir. Yerx. Stat., 56 (1901), Xo. 2-3, pp. 187-202). — A report is given of studies made with the organisms taken from the tubercles of the roots of T7cia faha. These were carefully removed and used to inoculate a great many kinds of culture media, the object being to determine what forms of culture are adapted to the artificial growth of these organisms. In all, about 70 kinds of culture media were used, and the formula for preparation of the media and action of the organism in them are shown. The 1)est results were obtained in nutrient media which contained urine, plant extracts, root extracts, soil leachings, and soy bean seed extract. In these the organism made good growth and produced the branching forms. In 10 days, in the soy bean plant extract, there was a decided development of the organism which was short, compact, and in some cases showing the characteristic branching which is one of the charac- ters of the true bacteroids. Investigations concerning the occurrence of nitrogen-assimilating bacteria in the soils, P. Necmann {Lamhr. TVr.s. Stat., 56 (1901), Xo. 2-3, pp. 20-3-206 ) .—In tills arti le the author seems to give an account of the behavior of certain inoculation materials in culture media rather than arts of the plant. Aft«r 14 days' standing in room temperature of from 15 to 20° C, the results are shown. lu 920 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. every case but one, and that where the peat extract was inoculated with the juice from the above-ground parts of the plant, there was an increase in the amount of nitrogen present, although in all the experiments with the peat it was very slight. The experiments seem to show that the assimilation of nitrogen on the part of bac- teria is dependent u])on the organic nutrients offered the plant. The North American species of Spartina, E. D. ^Ierrill ( U. S. Bept. Agr., Bureau of Plant. Industry Bui. 9, pp. 16). — This is a technical paper based on North American material of the genus Spartina. The various species of Spartina occur in saline soils along the coast throughout tropical and temperate regions. Two species are found in alkali soils of the interior. One species is known to thrive in soils free from alkaline or saline properties. In the present paper 9 species are recognized as growing in North Amerit-a, one of which and one variety are described as new. Inventory of foreign seeds and plants, No. 9, E. A. Bessev ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bid. 3, pp. 79). — This gives a catalogue of the seeds and plants received during the spring and summer of 1900, and represents the collections of the agricultural explorers of this Department and foreign countries, as well as receipts from various other sources. The numbers of the inventory are from 4351 to 5500. Brief descriptive notes are given of most of the importations. A collection of economic and other fungi prepared for distribution, Flora W. Patterson ( U. S. Di'pt. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bnh S, }>p. 31). — A list is given of species of fungi which are available for distribution to the various State agri- cultural experiment stations. The different State experiment stations are invited to compile their desiderata and select from the list 50 specimens, which will be for- warded upon request. This exchange is desired not only as a benefit to the stations, but also as a means for securing interesting material for this Department. Poisonous and edible mushrooms, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 96, pp. 21.5- 222, pis. 16) . — A description is given of mushrooms in general, the different parts being defined, and a brief synopsis is given for the recognition of some of the edible species. A description is given of Lepiota morgani, one of the most common poison- ous mushrooms occurring in Kentucky; and attention is called to a number of other poisonous species. The common edible mushroom {Agaricus campestris) is described at some length. BACTERIOLOGY. Enzyms and their application, I, J. Effront, translated by S. C. Prescott {Neir York: .lohn Wiley li- Sons, 1902, pp. IV-\-324). — This work is a summary of a course of lectures delivered at the Institute of Fermentations of the University of Brussels, and is designed not only for those whose interest in the subject is mainly one of scientific study, but also for those who are concerned solely in the application of fermentations to varioiis industries. The work as a whole will consist of two volumes. The present volume treats of the enzyms of carbohydrates and of oxidases, while the second will treat of the proteolytic enzyms and toxins. The author has personally verified most of the experimental data given in tliis volume, and consid- erable hitherto unpublished information is included relative to experiments, analyses, methods of preparation, and technical processes. After discussing the general prop- erties and action of diastases, several are given special consideration, chapters being devoted to sucrase, amylase and its industrial uses, maltase, panary fermentation, various other enzyms of carbohydrates, ferments of glycerids and glucosids, zymase, and oxidases. The translator has sought to reproduce the author's ideas and form of expression without sacrificing clearness and simplicity, and seems to have been unusually successful. To students and others in this country who are interested in enzyms and their uses, this work will prove highly valuable. For those desiring to pursue the subject further than the discussions given in the book, extensive lists of literature are appended to the various chapters. METEOROLOGY. 921 The fermentation of tea leaves, ('. R. Newton {Indian f,'i>. 41S-420; 25, pp. 437, 438).— A study in given of the chemistry and physioldiry of the tea leaf, and tlie function of cnzynis in its fermentation. Contribution to the bacterial flora of the Sydney water supply, I, R. G. Smith { Ext r. from Proc. Linn. Soc. Xcw South Ila/e.f, 25 {19i)0), pi. 3, jip. 436-462). — An account is given of a bacteriological study made of the water supply of Sydney, New South Wales. The methods of study are given at some length and 30 species, some f'f which are new, are described. Contribution to the bacterial flora of the Sydney water supply, II, R. G. Smith {Extr. from Proc Linn. Soc. New South llrtiZ&s, 25 {1900), pi. 4, pp. 740-759). — The author describes various methods for the separation and recognition of a num- ber of pathogenic bacteria. A process for inoculating the earth with soil bacteria, F. B.wer ct Co. {Bl. Zuckerritbenhan, 1901, p. 217: (ih>(. in Jour. Soc Chem. Ind., 21 {1902), No. 3, p. 179). Concerning- oligonitrophilous microbes, 31. AV. Bei.ierinck {Centbl. Bali. u. Par., 2. Alt., 7 {1901), No. 16, pp. 561-582, pi. 1; Proc Sec Sci. Koninkl. Akad. Wctensdi. Amsterdam, 3 {1901), pp. 586-595). — Under this name the author proposes to group those organisms which while occurring freely in nature develop in nutrient media containing combined nitrogen or from which combined nitrogen is not carefully excluded. These organisms doubtless have the ability of assimilating and utilizing free atmospheric nitrogen. Two classes are recognized, one of which by virtue of chromophyll is able to utilize the carbon dioxid of the air, the second group being colorless must have carbohydrates supplied them in the nutrient media. A num- ber of plants belonging to the Cyanophyce* are described as belonging to the first group, and of bacteria as representatives of the second. A bacteriological investigation of the roots and. seeds of sulla, K. H. Nicolai {Inaug. Diss., Erlangen, 1900, pp. 34; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 2. Abt., 7 {1901), No. 8, p. 801) . — A study is reported of the bacteria found in the roots of sulla, Hedysarum coronarium, apart from those existing in the root tubercles which are concerned with nitrogen assimilation. These different classes of bacteria can be readily distinguished by means of stains and from their action upon different culture media. They were not found present in the seeds, but were of frecjuent observation in the roots in which access had lieen gained from the soil through the root hairs of the plants. The cleavage of butter fat by micro-organisms, O. Laxa {Arch. Hi/g., 41 {1901), No. 2, pp. 119-151). METEOROLOGY. Loss of life in the United States by lightning, A. J. IIenrv ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Weatlier Bxrecm Bid. 30, ]>]>. 21, ph. 4)- — This is in part a revision of Bulletins 15 and 26 of the Bureau (E. S. R., 8, p. 34; 11, p. 322), bringing the data down to the end of 1900. The purpose of the bulletin is "to furnish accurate information as to the destruction of human life annually by lightning; to point out the regions where the greatest loss of life occurs; and, so far as practicable, to call attention to the few simple precautions against danger that may be exercised by the individual. ... In the I'nited States, thunderstorms occur with con.siderable frequency overall of the territory east of the one hundredth meridian, save a narrow strip along tlie northern border. West of the above-named meridian, except in the Rocky Mountain region, the frequency steadily diminishes, reaching practically zero along the innnetliate Pacific coast. There are three regions of maximum thunderstorm fre(|uency, viz, one in the southeast, with its crest over Florida, one in the Middle Mississippi Valley, and one in the Middle Missouri Valley. The average number of days annually with thunderstorms in the first-named region is 45; in the second, 35, and in the last .30. . . . From 700 to 800 lives are lost each year liy lightning stroke. . . . The greatest number of fatal cases . . . occurred in the Middle Atlantic States, and 922 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. the next greatest in the Ohio Valley and Tennessee, with the IVIiddle and Upper Mississippi Valley a close third. The greatest number of deaths in any single State during the 5 years, 1896-1900, occurred in Pennsylvania — 188 — followed by Ohio with 135, and Indiana, Illinois, and New York with 124 each. . . . The greatest mortality by lightning, considering botli unit area and density of population, is in the Ohio Valley and the ^Middle Atlantic States; if, however, density of population only be considered, it is in the Qpper Mississippi Valley and the middle Rocky Mountain region. . . . The belief that- the chance of injury by lightning in the cities is less than in the country is rather general. What foundation, in fact, such a belief has is hard to determine. When the combined area of the large cities is compared with the immense territory embraced in the rural districts it is not surprising that so few lightning strokes fall in cities. The modern city building, with its metallic roof and steel frame, is a fairly good conductor of electricity, and is in much less danger of receiving a damaging stroke of lightning than an isolated dwelling in the open country. The multiplication of telegraph, telephone, and electric-light wires in cities also adds to the effectiveness of silent discharges in relieving the electric tension during a thunderstorm; but should a cloud with a tremendous store of energy quickly approach, all of the wires in 10 cities would not prevent it from discharging right and left until its store of energy had been dissipated." Report of the Chief of the "Weather Bureau, 1900-1901, W. L. Moore {U. S. Dept. Agr., Weather Bureau Rpt. 1900-1901, I, pp. Ji^er\ations at Orono during 1901 on atmospheric pressure, METEOROLOGY. 923 temperature, precipitation, doudiiiess, and wind movement, and monthly and annual precipitation at 17 places. The mean temi)erature for the year was 42.81° F. (mean for 33 years 42.33°), mean pressure 29.17 in., precipitation 4(>.0.'> in. (mean for 33 years 45.30), and number of cloudy days lOO. Meteorological observations, J. E. Ostk.\ni)kr and II. L. Bodfish (Masmrliu- Sttls Sfa. Met. Ihils. j-jT, loS, l'>9, pj). 4 «'^'/0. — Sununaries of observations on pres- sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during January, Fel)ruary, and March. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological record for 1900 (Xeir Vork State Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 468-477). — Tables are given which sIkjw the daily readings of maximum and mininuim ther- mometers at 7 a., m. for each month of the year; the average monthly temperature anp. 9, 10). — Tables are given which show monthly averages of observations at Blackslnirg, A"a., on temperature, precipitation, direction of wind, and cloudiness for the period from July 1, 1900, to Deceml)er 31, 1901; and monthly means of temperature and l)recii:)itation during 9 years (1893-1901). The mean temperature for the year ended December 31, 1901 (calculateil from monthly means), was 49.8° F., the precipitation 53.8 in. A summary of meteorological observations at the National Institute of Guatemala, 1857-1898, D. Gonzalez [Resumen de las observaciones meieorologicas liirhas en el Instituto Xacioual de Guatemala desde el aflo de 1857 liasta el aflo de 1898. Guatemala, 1899, pp. SO). Total rainfall for 1901 (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 20 {1902), No. 6, pp. S81- 384). — The total rainfall during the year at a large number of places in different parts of- the province is reported. Rainfall in the agricultural districts of Queensland, C. L. Wragge ( Qneen-f- land Agr. Jour., 10 {1902), Xo. 2, p. 130). — A table is given which jshows the total monthly rainfall at 41 places in Queensland during the year 1901. Composition of Barbados rainfall {Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies, Rpt. Agr. Work 1900, p. 11). — The total amount, and the chlorin, ammonia, nitrates, and total nitro- gen contents (parts per million) of the rainfall of each month from December, 1898, to May, 1900, inclusive. Forests and rainfall, W. L. Summers {Jour. Agr. and lud. South .-iustralia, 5 {1902), Xo. 7, pp. 616-619). — Tables give the annual rainfall at Adelaide and 5 other jilaces in South Australia during a long period of years. It is stated that a study of the data affords no proof that the rainfall has decreased with the denudation of the timbered land. On the climate of Tunis, (i. (Jinestois {Bui. Dir. Agr. et Com., 7 {1902), Xo. 22, pp. 64-88, Jigs. 5, chartx 4). — This is a sununary of obs^ervations since 1885 at different places in Tunis on atmospheric ])ressure, temperature, winds, cloudiness, relative humidity, dew, fogs, storms, evaporation, rainfall, and snow. Frost injuries to the winter plantings of the year 1901, P. Sorauer {Arb. iJtiit. Landu: (iesell., 1901, Xo. 6./, pp. 8 + 20.5). — This includes a summary of replies to circulars of inquiry distributed through the different provinces of (Jermany, as ^vell as articles on The snow cover of North (iermany and The temperature condi- tir)ns of ( iermany in the winter of 1900-1901, by W. Le.sz. Text-book of meteorology, J. Manx {Lehrhnch der Meteorulogie. Leipzig: ('. IT. Tauchnitz, 1901, pp. XIV 805, pis. 8, figs. Ill, charts /J).— The original purijosewas to prepare a text-book suited to tlie needs of the(iermaii high schools (//(«•//.%>•/( »/<»), but the completerl work far excee into small cubes, which work up like gravel when disturbed." In the analyses of this soil reported the clay varies from 11.62 to 37.37 per cent, the silt from 26.4 (in sub- soil) to 65.8 per cent, the organic and volatile matter from 2.68 to 3.86 per cent. Soil survey of Cecil County, Md., C. W. Dorsey and J. A. Bonsteel (pp. 103-124). — This district covers about 375 square miles and is dix-ided into 2 distinct areas, in each of which are 5 types of soil varying in character from almost l)arren to highly productive. "It is situated in the extreme northeast corner of Maryland, and lies partly within the Piedmont Plateau of crystalline rocks and partly within the Coastal Plain formation with its gravels, sands, and clays." Soil surrey of St. ^fory, Cahert, and Kent counties, Md., J. A. Bonsteel (pp. 125-186). — These counties, bordering on Chesapeake Bay, lie wholly within the Coastal Plain and have areas, respectively, of 360, 218, and 315 square miles. Xine types of soil, rarely occurring in continuous tracts, were recognized in St. Mary and Calvert coun- ties, and 7 in Kent County. The soil tj'pes included loam, gravel, sand, clay, and swamp. The most extensive type of soil in St. Mary County (41 per cent) is the Leonardtown loam, which " consists of a silty yellow loam, fine and powdery when dry, but puddling to a plastic clay-like mass when thoroughly wet. On redrying, this mass usually bakes to a hard, firm surface, or if stirred before being sufficiently dried, it clods up into hard lumps. The subsoil consists of a brittle mass of clay lenses, lumps, and fragments separated from each other by seams and pockets of medium to fine sand." The most extensive tyi^e of soil of Calvert County (42 per cent) is the Norfolk sand, a coarse sand resting on a sandy subsoil 3 ft. or more in depth. The predominating t\'pe of Kent County is sassafras loam. "The soil proper consists of a fine brown loam, which is often slightly sandy, especially in the ea.stern part of the county. It extends to an average depth of about 9 in. and is underlaid by a uniform yellow loam subsoil. The subsoil varies in thickness from about 20 in. to a maximum of 5 or 6 ft." Soil surrey from Rideiyh to Xeirhern, X. C, W. d. Stnitlt (pp. 187-205). — This covered an area about 9 miles wide and 105 miles long in which a great variety of soils were found, 17 types being recognized. "Of these, the Cecil clay, derived from the weathering of crystalline rocks of the Piedmont Plateau, is a strong clay soil adapted to wheat and grass; the Selma silt loam, the finest type of bright tobacco soil; the Norfolk sand, a tyi)ical truck land; the Garner stony loam, a nearly worthless soil, and the Savanna and Pocosnn, representing types of swamp lands which need extensive improvement in the way of drainage before they are of value for crops." Soil surrey in Weh(r County, Utah, F. I>. Gardner and C. A. Jensen (pp. 207-242). — This di.strict lies between the (treat Salt Lake and Wasatch Mountain and has an area of about 310 square miles. Eight types of soil are described, the most important 926 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of which, agriculturally, is the Fresno tine sandy loam covering about 43 per cent of the area. A considerable portion of the district has, until recent years, been covered by the Great Salt Lake and contains excessive quantities of alkali. Chemical analyses of alkali crusts from 9 localities indicated an average composition of 59.83 per cent of sodium chlorid, 11.10 per cent sodium carbonate, 10.24 per cent sodium bicarbonate, 12.20 per cent sodium sulphate, 4.39 per cent ijotassium chlorid, 1.24 per cent magnesium suljahate, and 1 per cent calcium sulphate. The authors- discuss the formation of a lime hardpan which occurs at a depth of about 3 ft. in some parts of the area, the injury done by seepage water from irrigation canals, etc., the reclamation of additional land by irrigation, and the nature of the water supply for irrigation. Soil surrey hi tlie Sevier Valley, UtaJt, F. I). Gardner and C. A. Jensen (pp. 243-285). — The valley has an average width of about 5 miles and was surveyed for a distance of 45 miles. The soils being well drained and carefully irrigated are to a large extent free from injurious quantities of alkali. Ten types were recognized. " The soils as a rule are light in texture and well drained. They are mostly derived from the adjacent mountains, the material being often modified by stream action, and are underlaid in many places by gravel beds. The soils are derived from different kinds of rocks, and have well-defined physical characteristics, but these differences are not such potent factors in determining crop values and crop distribution as in the Eastern States." The average composition of 13 alkali crusts showed 39.06 per cent of sodium chlorid, 25.42 per cent of sodium sulphate, and other salts in smaller quantities. "The irrigation water is unusually good, except at a few points. . . . The best waters contain from 15 to 75 and average about 35 parts of solids per 100,000 parts of water. The alkali in the water contains nearly etpial proportions of chlorids, sulphates, and l)icarbonates, with but a trace of carbonates." Soil survey of Salt River Valley, Ariz., T. If. Means (pp. 287-332). — The area mapped around Tempe and Phoenix and along the Buckeye canal embraced about 370 square miles and showed a variety of soils, 9 types being described. The irrigation water supply is generally good and no trouble from alkali is experienced when the soils are well drained. Numerous analyses of alkali salts are rejsorted and the recla- mation of alkali lands is discussed. The predominant salt found was sodium chlorid. An instance of the occurrence of a large amount of sodium and potassium nitrate in an alkali crust is recorded. The occurrence of a lime hardpan is noted. The surface and underground water supply for irrigation and systems of farming adapted to the region are discussed. Soil survey around Fresno, L'al, T. II. Means and J. G. Ilohnes (pp. 333-384).— The area surveyed here covers about 625 square miles and includes foothills, plains, and bottom lands. Ten types of soils are described, the Fresno sand covering 40 per cent of the area and corresponding in texture and crop value to the truck soils of the Atlantic coast. About 84 per cent of the area is free from injurious quantities of alkali. In 20 samples of alkali crusts the sodium carbonate ranged from 5.72 to 93.35 per cent. Methods of preventing the rise of alkali and of reclaiming alkali lands and the nature of the hard}>an and water supply of the region are discussed. Soil survey around Santa Ana, CM., J. G. Holmes (pp. 38-5-412). — The district sur- veyed extends from the foothills to the Pacific Ocean and comprises about 300 square miles. It is for the most part a delta plain and shows 9 types of soil. "The Fresno sand, a typical truck soil, formed of a coarse, loose, incoherent sand, 6 ft. or more in depth, naturally free from alkali, covers about 37 per cent of the district surveyed." The alkali salts consist principally of sodium chlorid and sodium sulphate, but are present in injurious quantities in only comparatively few areas. Investigations on the physical properties of soils, L. J, Briggs (pp. 413-421). — Investi- WATER SOILS. 927 gations on tlie pliypical properties of soils carried on dnring the year are Ijrietiy summarized. A marked difference was found to exist in the capillary movement of water in dry and in moist soils. In one instance the capillary rise in moist soil was over 4.5 times that in the dry soil. Sodium carbonate in solution was found to facilitate the rise of water in dry soil. Pure quartz sand was found to absorVj 200 times the amount of carbon dioxid that would ordinarily be t'ontained in a volume of air e(]uivalent to that in tlie sand. A filter was devised for field use for obtaining clear soil solutions for chemical analysis. These investigations are to })e reported in detail later. Apj)licalion of flic (heor;/ of solution to the Miuhj of soils, F. K. Coineron (pp. 423- 453). — The main features of this article have already been noted from other sources (E. S. R., 13, pp. 232, 428). Results of tobacco experiments conducted in various jjarls of tlie United States, M. L. Floi/d (pp. 455-473).— See p. 946. Results of investigations on the Rothamsted soils, B. Dyer ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bid. 106, pp. ISO). — This bulletin contains the lec- tures delivered under the provisions of the La wes Agricultural Trust before the Asso- ciation of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at Xew Haven and :\Iiddletown, Conn., in November, 1900 (E. S. R., 12, p. 407). These lectures give a complete summaiy to date of the results of observations and experiments on the Rothamsted soils, extending over a number of years. They describe the method of soil sampling used at Rothamsted; give the results of mechanical analyses and determinations of nitrogen, carbon, chlorin, phosphoric acid, potash, and humus in soils which have been subjected to different systems of croj^ping and manuring; and discuss the nitrogen conteiit of the humus of Rothamsted soils. The data reported have been i-)artly published elsewhere (E. S. R., 13, p. 30), but by far the greater portion of the matter, including the results of the author's recent exhaustive studies on the phosphoric acid and potash contents of Rothamsted soils, is new. A study of the available mineral plant food in soils, C. C. Moore [Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 24 [1902), No. 1, pp. 79-116, Jig. i).— The merits of the pot-test method of determining the available plant food in soils are discussed and the yields and fertilizing constituents of crops (oats and buckwheat) grown in a series of pot experiments during the past 5 years on 34 typical soils from different parts of the United States are compared with the results of various chemical methods of deter- mining available plant food in the soils. The mineral constituents of the extract obtained by digestion of 10 gm. of each soil in 100 cc. of 1.115 sp. gr. hydrochloric acid for 10 hours, the total potash and phosphoric acid obtained by repeated digestion with hydrofluoric acid, the carbon dioxid, total and nitric nitrogen, carbon, hydro- gen, and insoluble matter are reported for each soil, as well as their mechanical composition; and the results of tests of various methods of determining available potash and phosphoric acid by digesting in hydrochloric acid of different strengths, citric acid, and ammonium citrate are reported. In the digestion of the soils a Wagner shaking machine, modified by Wiley to per- mit of digestions being made at definite temi>eratures, was used. "The modifica- tion comprises a well-fitted double wall sheet-iron chamber, in which the revolving shaft, together with the attached fiasks, are encased. By use of a thermostat, and owing to the circulation of the air as caused by the revolving of the fiasks, such a temperature as 40° may easily be maintained f(jr hours with no more variation than 0.5°." A preliminary study of the effect of varying the time of digestion was made, which showed that 10 hours was apparently sufficient. The total potash and phosphoric acid was determined by the following method: "Weigh out 2 gm. of soil into a 2-in. platinum dish, and ignite over a Bunsen 928 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. burner to drive off organic matter. Get the soil as much as possible on one side of the dish and put in 1 or 2 cc. of hydrofluoric acid. Allow the soil to come in contact with the acid very slowly to avoid loss by sputtering, using a platinum stirring rod. After the violent action has ceased, place on a steam bath and evaporate to dryness. Repeat this operation one or two times and then take up with a little hydrochloric acid and water. Filter and wash into a 100 cc. flask, place the filter and contents into the platimuu dish and, after drying over the flame, ignite the paper. There will be a small amount of the coarse mineral, which is transferred to an agate mortar to be ground, after which it is again digested in hydrofluoric acid until there is no insoluble residue left. Take up in hydrochloi-ic acid and water, and add to the original washings." The method of mechanical analysis used "was to some extent improvised, it being in the main the beaker decantation, or what is more generally known as the Osborne method. The radical change was a method devised for the disintegration of the sample. Instead of pestling with a rubber-tipped pestle, the sample was agitated in water by means of a shaking machine. Twenty grams of soil were put into a cylin- drical bottle, the ordinary 8-oz. sterilizing bottle being used, with about 150 cc. of ■water, and the bottle shaken about one hour at the rate of 150 strokes per minute. . . Samples shaken one hour and one week gave constant results, disproving any grind- ing of particles. The siftings were made through sieves and bolting-cloth, the decan- tations controlled by the microscope. Below 0.006 mm., the decantation could be made with no accuracy, and resort was had to an arbitrary floating method. The period of 18 hours was selected." In the studies of availability it was found that digestion for 5 houi's in irJo normal hydrochloric acid gave results more closely agreeing with the amounts of fertilizing constituents taken uj) by the crop in the pot tests than any other method tested. "In this method the ratio of substance to solvent was 200 gm. per liter. However, a liter flask was used in which 186 gm. of soil were placed, and the solvent added up to the mark. This varied only 1 or 2 cc. from 930, which Avas the ratio desired. After the digestion the whole Avas shaken and emptied on to a fluted filter sufficiently large. After draining, the volume of the filtrate did not vary 10 cc. from 800. This was shown in so many cases that the filtrate was no longer measured, but taken as 800 cc, corresponding to 160 gm. of the soil. This expedited the work greatly, and avoided the recording of figures and the chance for mistake. To this filtrate was always added 1 or 2 cc. of nitric acid for the double purpose of decomposing any ammonium chlorid which may have been formed in the digestion of organic matter, and also to oxidize any organic matter in solution. After evaporating to dryness, hydrochloric acid was added repeatedly and evaporated until there was no further evidence of the presence of nitrates. The residue was now transferred to a smaller porcelain dish, and diluted to about 50 cc. with water. To this was added 2 cc. of platinum chlorid, according to the method of direct estimation of potash (E. S. R., 10, p. 408). The solution was slowly concentrated until the potassium platinichlorid could be crystallized on the sides of the dish, after which it was set off to cool and solidify. It was then treated with acidified alcohol as described in the method referred to, washed onto a paper filter, and washed with plain alcohol and then with the half-saturated solution of ammonium chlorid, according to the usual method. After drying the salt, it was dissolved and washed through with hot water into small platinum dishes, evaporated to dryness, dried at 100°, and weighed. The filtrates were set aside after the washing with ammonium chlorid, stirred up and the ammonium platinum chlorid allowed to settle over night. Most of the liquid can then be decanted into porcelain evaporators. The residue is washed onto a filter with alcohol 3 or 4 times, the washings being added t« the original solution for WATER SOILS. 92V> evaporation. A rather large di-sh should be used and the evaporation caj-ried on slowly until the aleohol is completely volatilized. There i.s left a large residue of iininioniuni chlorid, which should be well diluted with water, and 2 or 3 cc. of nitric acid are abided. The dish should be covered at first and warmed very gently to avoid loss by spurting. After the salt has been decomposed, the evaporation may be completed. The residue is taken up with water and a few drops of nitric acid, and the determination of phosphorus pentoxid made according to the usual molybdate methoil, titrating the yellow precipitate." The results by Dyer's 1 per cent citric-acid method agreed (piite closely with those of the crop tests in regard to potash, but there were wide iliscrepancies in the phos- phoric acid. The phosphoric-acid soluble in ^'^ normal hydrochloric acid agreed very closely with that removed from the soil by 3 successive crops of oats. In order to gain some insight into the amount of plant food rendered assimilable in the soil during the growth of the crop "40 pots, holding about 1 pint each, were filled with the same soil, and in each pot, 18 grains of corn were planted. At the end of 2 weeks 6 pots were emptied, the corn plants and their roots freed of soil, all the soil put together as one sample, and all the plants and roots made into one sam- ple. The roots were separated very easily, washed in a minimum quantity of water, the washings concentrated and mixed through the soil, which was then allowed to assume an air-dried condition before its moisture-free weight was obtained. The corn plants with their roots were then ashed and analyzed," /. e., potash and phos- i:)horic acid soluble in hydrochloric acid varying in strength from y^^ normal to 2 normal were determined. The same observations were repeated at 3 other periods thereafter at intervals of one week. The plants and roots contained practically the same percentages of phosphoric acid at each period, and in no case Avas it equal to that added in the seed. There was a steady increase of potash in the plants until about 4 times as much was removed l>y the plants as had been added in the seed. The results in general indicate "a condition wherein the mineral compounds are constantly undergoing a change into more soluble compounds, and with a tendency to revert before the compounds reach the point where they would leach out in drain- age water. It is not seen how so great a change in the solubility of minerals can be brought about through so weak an acid as is contained in the sap of plants. In this case, a 5 weeks' growth so affected the more insoluble minerals as to bring 182 parts per 1,000,000 of the potash compounds into the range of solubility of 2-normal acid. As a mere question of solution, the weak acid of the sap could not possibly exert so strong a solvent effect as that shown. It is easier to believe that the changes in the mineral compounds of the soil are due to the action of bacteria, which are stimulated by the excretions from the roots. "The complete chemical and mechanical analyses have no bearing on the.imniedi- ately available plant food, in so far as the writer is able to interpret." In .sampling soils for analysis "a succession of similar depths should be taken in order to ascertain how deep the available food existed, and with this [should be] compared the depth to which the feeding roots of the intended crop are known to penetrate. For actual practice, the writer has constructed a very simple form of samj)ling cylinder, made out of 7-in. wrought-iron pipe. The pipe is cut 6 in. in length, an<. 5). — Tn con- tinuation of previous inve.stigations (E. S. R., 13, pp. 24, 229) determinations of nitrates were made twice each month in the uppei 4 ft. of the plats used in former experiments, "the objei-t being to learn what diffei'ences may result with differences of season and with change of croi>. "The work with the total soluble salts as indicated by Whitney's electrical method has been discontinued because it was learned that while his method gave results which agreed fairly well with the gravimetric method for the surface foot of otash from 0.224 to 1.781 per cent. Vegetation experiments on the fertilizing action of diflTerent phosphates, O. Kellnek and O. BorrcHEU [Cliem. Ztg., 26 {1902), No. 1, pp. S, 9). — The experi- 934 exp?:riment station record. ments here reported were made for the purpose of determining whether the small fertiUzing effect of the jihosphoric acid of bone meal found by AVagner, Maercker, and others was not due to the fact that their tests were made on soils which were naturally rich in lime or abundantly supplied with it at the time of the experiment. Three series of experiments in pots of 6 kg. content are reported. In the first two series the fertilizing effect of water-soluble phosphoric acid (superphosphate), citric-acid-soluble phosphoric acid (Thomas slag), and bone-meal phosphoric acid was compared, rye being the crop grown in one series, and mustard in the other. In every case the ajiplication of lime reduced the action of the phosphates (j to f ) and even that of the soil phosphoric acid, the yield from unlimed soil receiving no phosphate being higher than from the same soil receiving lime. The yield was nearly a third greater from bone meal applied in the fall than from that applied in the spring (on rye). In the third series of experiments bone meal of various kinds (fine and coarse) was compared with superphosphate and mineral phosphates Avith the following results, the yield with superphosphate without lime being taken as 100: Relative elf'ecliveness of jjliospliuric acidfrum difl'ereut .sources, iritJt. and without lime. Double superphosphate, containing 35.43 per cent of water-soluble phosphoric acid. . . Chinehas guano, containing 12. 56 per cent total phosphoric acid, C.03 per cent citrate- soluble, 3.14 per cent water-soluble, and 7.6.5 per cent of nitrogen Lobos guano, containing 33.19 per cent total 'ihosiihoric acid, .5.62 per cent citrate- soluble, 1.66 per cent water-soluble, and 2.29 per cent of nitrogen Algerian phosphate, containing 28.29 per cent total and 0.23 per cent citrate-soluble [iliusjihoric acid Algerian ]ih(isphate, containing 26.58 per cent total and 0.41 per cent citrate-soluble phi)sphoric acid Raw "Indian bone" meal, containing 23.5 percent phosphoricacidand 4.06 per cent nitrogen Bone meal with fat and gelatin removed (fi.iely ground), containing 22.84 per cent phosphoric acid, 5.31 per cent nitrogen, and 21. 1 per cent of particles over 0.25 mm. in diameter Bone meal with fat and gelatin removed (coarsely ground ), containing 22.72 per cent phosphoric acid, 5.28 per cent nitrogen, and 87.2 per cent of particles over 0.25 mm. in diameter Steamed bone meal (fine), containing 25.9 per cent phosphoric acid, 4.23 per cent nitrogen, and 13.4 per cent of particles over 0.25 mm. in diameter Steamed bone meal (coarse), containing 26.01 per cent of iihosphoric acid, 4.18 per cent of nitrogen, and 95.5 per cent of particles over 0.25 mm. iu diameter With- out lime. With lime. 100 89 46 26 35 18 39 14 35 10 55 33 62 31 51 28 The effectiveness of the l)one was very largely dej^endent upon its fineness. On the question of th.e relative value of diflferent phosphates, D. Prianish- jsiKov (Landiv. Vers. Stat, 56 {1901), No. 2-3, pp. 107-140, pis. S).—A brief review of previous investigations on the subject is given and sand and soil cultures in 4 to 5 kg. pots with different forms of calcium phosjihate, and different kinds of mineral jihos- phates are reported. A variety of cereals and leguminous plants were grown. The mineral phosphates showing the lowest solubility in 2 per cent citric acid gave the smallest yields. The cereals in general (wheat, rye, millet, etc. ) showed a very lim- ited capacity for assimilating the crude phosphates. Buckwheat, lupines, peas, and mustard utilized them to a greater extent. Bone meal proved a much better source of phosphoric acid than mineral phosphates even in case of millet, which sliowed the lowest assimilative capacity. The freshly jirecipitated tricalcium phosphate was also very assimilable as compared with the mineral phosphates and dicalcium phos- phate gave higher results than the monocalcium (or monopotassium ) phosphate. The order of assimilability was mineral phosphate (phosphorite), bone meal, Thomas siag, freshly precipitated tricalcium phosphate, and dicalcium and monocalcium phosphate, all being assimilated to a greater extent l^y buckwheat, lupines, etc.. than by the cereals. The experiments with mineral phosphates on black soil from southern Russia and onpodzol soil from northern Rassia showed that the phosphates FERTILIZERS. 985 were much more effective on the latter. This is ast-ril)ed to the acid character of the podzol soils. With regard to the use of ]>hosphatic fertilizers soils are divide>tp. 158-161; 14, pp. 169-172). — The work here reported consisted of fertilizer experiments with garden crops, and of pot experiments with barley. The plats used in the experiments with garden crops contained 37.5 square meters, and were fertilized at the rate of 1,216 kg. of kainit and 1,654 kg. of 20 per cent super- phosphate per hectare in one series, and 1,333 kg. of kainit and 1,813 kg. of phos- phoric acid in the form of potassium phosphate in the second series. Two plats were left unfertilized. The plats planted to peas had received stable manure 3 years previous, and those i>lanted to carrots 2 years previous. Regarding the results of the check plats as 100, the average relative yield of peas on the kainit plats was 56 for the vines and 37 for the peas, and on the potassium phosphate plats 185 for the vines FIELD CROPS. 937 and 147 for the peat-. The weights of the carrots harvested stood as 105.9 for the kaiiiit plats, 121.6 for the kainit superphosphate plats, and 132 for the potassium l»hosphate plats. The excessive quantities of fertilizers applied exerted a very dele- terious influence on the germination and retanled the growth of the plants at the beginning of the vegetative period. The peas did not seem to recover from the effect, l)ut the carrots were able t American clovers gave the best yields, but the (juality of hay was slightly in favor of the European varieties, being finer and comparativel}- free from dust. Expei'iments in growing clover with and without a nurse crop resulted in the best stand on tlie plats where no nurse crop was u.sed. On plats where the nurse crop jvas cut for hay l)etter results were obtained than on plats where it was allowed to ripen. A culture test of Bromm hwrmix resulted in a very heavy sod, but a rather light yield of hay. Sowing this grass at the rate of 32 lbs. per acre gave better results than sowing Hi or 24 lbs. of seed per acre. Soy beans grown at the station from Michigan-grown seed gave a yield of 22 bu. of ripe seed beans per acre. The yield of green forage determined on one plat was 4 tons per acre, equal to 2;^ tons of cured haj-. Heavy fall frosts interfered with a culture test of I'owpeas, and further trials will 1»e undertaken. Records of seed distribution and cooperative experiments with, grasses and forage plants, F. La-msox-Sciubxek {U. >S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Phml IiKlustri/ Bui. 10, pi>. 2.3). — This bulletin is a general report on the collection and distribution of grass and forage plant seeds by this Department through the office of the Agros- tologist and on the cooperative work in grass and forage plant investigations with a number of State experiment stations. The manner of keeping the records of this seed distribution is explained in detail, and the plan of conducting the cooperative experiments and the line of work taken up with each station are fully described. Tables are given showing the seed distribution in detail. From 1896 to 1901, inclu- sive, 4,166 packages of seed were distributed to the experiment stations and 9,377 to individuals, or a total of 13,543 packages. During the fiscal year 1900-1901, 16,101^ ll)s. of seed, embracing 171 varieties, were distributed to experiment stations. The forms of the articles of cooperation under which the work is carried on and which are signed l)y the station officials and officials of this Department are presented. Causes operative in the formation of silage, S. M. Babcock and H. L. Russell ( Wlscousin Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 177-184, fig- 1, table 1). — The results here recorded are in continuation of work previously published (E. S. R., 13, p. 37). To determine the temperature produced, the loss in weight, and the amount of gases evolved in silage, cut field corn of average maturity was placed in 2 galvanized-iron receptacles li ft. in diameter and 4 ft. high. These "silos" were hermetically sealed and remained closed for 25 days. The changes in weight and temjierature, as well as the temperature of the room, were observed daily. The initial maximum temperature wa.s reached the first day after filling. For 12 days the temperature remained above the room temperature, but from that time until the silos were opened it fluctuated with the temperature of the room. When opened the .silage was in good condition and there was no evidence of mold or bacterial decomposition. Three days after opening, the temperature of the silage began to rise rapidly, reaching its maximum of about 50° C, or 20° aljove the initial heating after about 10 days, when the tem- perature again fell, but never reached that of the room. The total loss in the weight of silage before opening, repre.'^enting the unavoidable lo.Mses, was about 1 percent. After opening the silos the loss in weight was small until the temperature began to rise, when it increased rapidly and amounted to nearly 1 lb. per day as the maxi- mum tem[)erature was reached. In a separate experiment the rate and (quality of gas evolveil from 40 lbs. of cut corn was determined and the observations are tabu- lated. "The fact that Ijy far the larger pro[)ortion of gas evolved was thrown off in a jteriod covered by the first 5 days is significant when considered with reference to the metabolic changes that occur in the tissues as a result of the activity of the plant cells themselves. If we as.^ume that the gas evolved was CO.,, . . . tlie loss in weight due to the evolution of this gas would aiiin'oximate 1 pi-r cent, which is practically 940 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the same as determined by actual diminution in weight of silage in experimental silos. "These results as to temperature change, loss in weight, and gases evolved are only explicable on the common hypothesis that the normal changes are due to . . . direct and intramolecular respiration of the plant cells themselves; and that normally . . . (bacteria and mold) only function in a detrimental way when air finds access to the mass of plant tissues. ' ' In order to show the causal relation of plant-cell activity to silage formation, immature cut corn placed in a receiver and immediately frozen to destroy the cell activity, was compared with a sample ensiled in the usual way. One frozen sample was treated with ether. After 22 days all samples were opened. Only the sample treated in the usual way had a distinctly silage aroma, while the other samples had a pronounced offensive odor suggestive of incipient putrefaction. A bacteriological examination of the samples was made and the conclusion reached that if the silage changes were attributable to bacteria the frozen corn should have made as good silage as the other. Practically the same amount of acidity was found to have developed in the frozen and the check samples as the result of bacterial growth, but in the frozen .samples treated with ether the acidity was very much lower. From these results it is concluded that owing to the immediate destruction of the life of the plant cells the changes which characterize silage formation did not take place. A number of samples of the same lot of corn were ensiled and opened on different dates to determine the relation of aroma production to death of plant cells. "The production of the characteristic aroma at the early stages noted, before the plant cells had dfed, is hardly compatible with the view that these changes are explicable on the theory that they are caused by the jirowth of organisms that must develop on the cells of the ensiled tissues. This observation adds probability to the conclusion already drawn that the internal processes of the living plant cell are the factors that inaugurate the series of changes that result in the production of typical silage." Influence of close packing- of corn in the silo on the unavoidable losses in making- silage, F. H. King {}yiscotisin Sta. Jlpi. 1901, pp. 200-209, fig. 1). — This experiment is the repetition of an investigation made the year before (E. S. R., 13, p. 38). Well matured corn was ensiled in pint and quart bottles in such a way as to have closely duplicate material in each bottle, but with more entangled air and looser packing in the quart than in the pint bottles. Air was prevented fi-om entering the bottles, but the evolved gases were permitted to escape. The weight of the corn put into each bottle, together with the losses, are shown in the following table: Losses in the weight of material in the silo. First pair. Second pair. 1 pint. 1 quart. 1 pint. 1 quart. Weight of corn Gms. 323. 7 1.0 .31 2.4 .74 Gms. 318.7 7.6 2.38 10.4 3.26 Gms. 299.6 3.8 1.27 5.6 1.80 Gms. 291.7 Loss of silage after 33 davs S.b Percentage loss after 33 davs 2.91 Loss of silage after 303 davs 12.0 Percentage loss after 303 davs 4.11 The above figures show an average loss nearly 3 times as large with the loose pack- ing as with the close packing. The closely packed pint bottles came to a constant weight in 8 and 9 days, respectively, while the quart bottles continued to lose for 28 and 30 days. The periodicity in the loss of weight after the rate of change had become small was evident in the data reported last year, and was again observed in these experiments. The silos entering into the experiments of the previous year were left undisturbed, FIELD CROPS. 941 and analyses of the silage gases obtained from them were made in connection with these experiments, and the results are given in a table. An excess of residual gas over what should be expected if only the residual nitrogen of the air originally in the silo were present was found and its occurrence is discussed. That the air in the silo becomes rarefied was demonstrated bv the development of a negative pressure in the bottles which at times j)rodnced a suctional effect quite marked. In one experiment silage exposed to the air did not mold, and lost in weight only 0.3 lb. or 0.4 per cent from May 15 to September 18. This silage although appearing normal was less acid than ordinary silage, and had a decidedly abnormal taste. Forcing fresh air tlirough a silo did not injure the appearance of the .silage, but gave it a bad odor and made it unpalatable. From the data obtained the author draws the following conclusions: "We know that during the early stages of the ensiling process, carbon dioxid is given off in large volumes. Hydrogen is given off from normal clover silage in both the earlier and later stages, and it is probably a constituent of the earlier gases from normal corn silage but produced only in small quantities. Nitrogen, other than that of the residual air, is likely to be proven to be a notable component of the gases from normal silage at all times. AVater vapor and other volatile products escape with the gases of normal silage at all times, but their quantitative relations have not been sufficiently investigated to permit any statement as to how large the loss from these sources may be. "Changes take place in normal silage which can not be measured liy either a loss of weight or the escape of gaseous or volatile products, and these must be investigated before the changes in feeding value due to the ensiling process can be estimated and understood. The more loosely silage is packed in the silo and the larger the volume of entangled air the greater will be the unavoidable losses. The more open and porous the silo walls are, the larger will be the volume of air drawn into the silage by suction and forced in by wind pressure and barometric changes. The larger losses near the upper surface of the silage, and especially at the sides, are measurably increased by what may be designated silage breathing. The loss from this source could certainly be reduced and possibly to a notable extent by providing a metal cover under the roof which, when the silo is filled and the doors closed, would leave the silo nearly air tight. Such an arrangement would reduce the breathing and thus lessen the loss." Growing alfalfa, W. C. Currie {Fan)i Sludents' Ret:, 6 {1901), Xo. 10, pp. 146, 147). — A note on growing alfalfa in the Platte River Valley in Nebraska. Studies on Boheniian barley, B. Pkoch.^zka {('eutbl. Agr. Chem., 30 {1901), No. 10, pp. 695-699). — This article is a discussion of Bohemian barleys. It recom- mends that in all breeding experiments the variability in plants and the power of transmission of the derived forms be carefully considered. The different species of barley are described and several varieties comjiared. The efiFects of the growth of berseem on the soil, G. P. Fo.\I)E.n {.Tour. Kliediv. Agr. Sor. nnd School Agr., S {1901), Xo. .3, pp. 1.34-140, pis. -2). — This article discusses mainly the value of leguminous crops for soil improvement, and points out especially the adaptation of berseem for this purpose. Some facts on the maize crop, G. P. Fo.vdex {Jour. Klwdir. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 3 {1901), No. 3, ])p. 130-133). — This article is a popular discussion on corn cul- ture in Egypt. History of cotton, (i. P. Fo.\J)EX {Jour. Khedir. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 3 {1901), Xo. 4, pp. ns-lS.'i). — Historical notes on cotton culture. Flax culture in Argentina, (". D. Girol.v {Bol. Agr. y Ganaderia, 1 (1901), Xo. ,J, pp. 7S-9-5]. — General directions and stati.«tics. Johnson grass, C. K. Bali, ( U. S. Dcpl. .\gr., Burran of I'lunl fnifnsiri/ linl. 11, pj). .^2, fig. 1) . — This bulletin gives a description of .Johnson grass, an0--'i4). — Thii^ article discuppes the culture of rice in Argentina, mainly from a statistical standpoint. Bice as a reclamation crop, J. H. Paull iJuur. Khadir. Ayr. Sor. and School Ayr., S [1901), No. S, pp. 141-143, fiy. 1). — This article deals with Sabeini rice, as a means of reclaiming land in Egypt. Storing root crops [Dent. Landw. Prei^se, 28 [1901], Xo. 80, p. 676). — A brief note on the sul)ject. Results of variety tests -with rye, Bachmaxn [Ldxdiv. Wchnbl. Schleswly-IIol- stein, 51 {1901), Xo. 40, pp. 003, 004). — A table gives the yields and financial returns of 14 varieties. Experiments in sugar-beet culture during 1900 and 1901, F. W. Woll and E. H. Shaw ( Wi'troimn Sta. Rp>t. 1901, pp. 201-270, fiy. 1). — The work with sugar l)eets for the 2 seasons comprised investigations at the station and analyses of beets grown by Wisconsin farmers. In 1900, 9 A'arieties of sugar beets were grown on 3 plats, one of which received an application of common fertilizers. The fertilizer application used consisted of 90 lbs. each of dissolved bone and sulphate of potash and 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre. One-half the quantity of nitrate of soda was applied after the beets were thinned. The average sugar content for the fertilized plat was 15.30 i^er cent with a purity of 81.7 per cent, and for the unfertilized plats 15.03 per cent with a purity of 82.8 per cent. The use of the fertilizer increased the total yield of beets 22 tons and the yield of sugar 729 lbs. per acre, but this increase was insufhcient to pay for the fertilizer applied. The varieties ranged as follows: ".-Is to yield of beets — Klein wanzleben Dippe, Austrian Klein wanzleben, Russian Kleinwanzleben (No. 1), Zehringen, Russian Kleinwanzleben (No. 2), 'S^ilmorin France, Austrian Queen of the North, and Austrian White Improved. " As to yield of suyar — Kleinwanzleben Dippe, Austrian Queen of the North, Aus- trian Kleinwanzleben, Russian Kleinwanzleben (No. 1), Austrian White Improved, Vilmorin France, Zehringen, and Russian Kleinwanzlel)en (No. 2). " As to tlie jjer cent of suyur in tlie beets — Austrian Queen of the North, Austrian White Improved, Austrian Kleinwanzleben, Russian Kleinwanzleben (No. 1), Kleinwanzleben Dippe, Vilmorin France, Zehringen, and Russian Kleinwanzleben (No. 2)." In 1901 the woi'k was carried on under adverse conditions, and the results, as shown by the tables, were low. The beets w^ere planted at a late date and in addi- tion the climatic conditions were unfavorable. The results of analyses of 34 samples of beets grown by farmers in 1900 and of 249 samples in 1901 are summarized by counties in a table. Sixteen samples of beets grown by members of a beet growers' association showed an average of 19.8 per cent of sugar in the beet Mith a purity of 85.3 per cent. Relative composition of different varieties of sugar cane, B. Bv^xame {Bui. Sta. Agron. Mauritius, 1901, pp. 24). — The analyses of different varieties of sugar cane are tabulated and the quantities of plant food removed from the soil by each are given. Results of tobacco experiments conducted in various parts of the TJnited States, M. L. Floyd ( U. S. Dept. Ayr., Field Operations of tJie Dirision, of Soils, Second Beport, 1900, pp. 4^3-473, figs. 2). — This article discusses in detail the experimental growing of tobacco under shade in Florida, Georgia, and Connecticut, and its sub- sequent handling, together with tests of jjacking and fermenting cigar leaf tobacco in Pennsylvania. Experiments in growing tobacco under shade were begun in Gadsden County, Florida, in 1896. The cover consisted of 2-in. laths placed 2 in. FIELD CROPS. 947 apart. At the present time a cheese-cloth shade is generally used. The author states that to-day there are at least 700 acres under shade for tobacco growing in Gadsden County, Florida, and Decatur County, Georgia. The principal advantages of cloth covering over lath covering are the protection it affords against worms and hail, the maintenance of a more even and higher temperature and the retention of soil moisture. The method of overhead irrigation as practiced in connection with tobacco culture under shap. 302, .:?0.j').— Fifteen varieties of wheat are briefly described and the yields for 1900 and 1901 are given. The improvement of Egyptian w^heats, G. P. Foadex {Jour. Khediv. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 3 {1901), No. 4, pp. 162-169). — This article discusses wheat improve- ment in general. The Algerian durum wheats, C. S. Scofield ( U. S. iJcpf. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bui. 7, pp. 43, pl»- 18). — This l)ulletin contains a classified list of 31 varieties of Algerian durum wheats and descriptions of the same with key. The object of a descriptive classification of wheat varieties is discussed and the general character of durum wheats with special reference to the soil and climate best suited to their culture is briefly described. The classification and descriptions of the varieties are based on differences in the head and grain. The structure of the head, the characters of the grain, and the relative value of the different characters are briefly noted. In addition to the description a flgure of a representative head of each variety is given. How can Germany dispense with foreign wheats richer in gluten than those of her own production? P. Holdefleiss (Fahling's Landv. Ztg.,50 {1901), No. 18, pp. 630-634). — A discussion of the question. Agriculture and plant breeding in Denmark in 1900, T. C. Westh {Enkelte tnvk af landhrugcts jorddi/rk))i)tg og jtlauteknitur I Daitmarl: red aar 1900. Aarhus: L. Bech, 1900, pp. . l.'.O, fujs. 57).— This work gives in a clear and concise manner specific directions for tlie winter forcing of rliubarl) in cellars, pits, hotbeds, cold frames, and greenhonses. The field culture of rhubarb is also dealt with at length, the methods of many practical rhul)arb growers being quoted and sunnnarized, and the work of the experiment stations with varieties and methods of growing rhubarb reviewed. A chapter is devoted to methods of cooking rhubarb and preserving for winter use. The book of the greenhouse, J. C. Tall.vck {London and Xnv York: John Lane, 1901,})]}. 103, figs. 7(5).— This is the second of the series of handbooks of practical gardening edited by H. Roberts. It contains short practical chapters on the structure of greenhouses, the culture of hard-wooded plants in the greenhouse, climbers and basket plants, bulbs, plants from seeds, foliage, and miscellaneous greenhouse plants, with a chapter on a small town greenliouse. The fuel question in greenhouse heating, L. R. Taft {Anier. Gard., 22 {1901), Nos. 347, pp. 569, 370; 349, pp. 602, 603; 350, p. 622).— In this article a discussion is given of the theoretical value of different fuels, the efficiency of different types of boilers, and the coal required for greenhouse ranges of different sizes, etc. A study of certain conditions aflPecting the setting of fruits, E. S. Goff ( ]V'm-onf.l lbs. and with cf)Wpeas 52.6 lbs. These figures show the great fertilizing value of these crops in tiie orchard in addition to their use as cover crops. 952 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Of the nitrogen-consuming cover crops sometimes used in orchards, rye and buck- wheat are considered of most importance. Oats are also spoken of favorably in some parts of the country, but have not been satisfacfory when used in connection with crimson clover at the Michigan Station. A mixture of alfalfa, mammoth clover, and turnips, in the proportion of 6 lbs. mammoth clover seed, 10 lbs. alfalfa seed, and 2| oz. of turnip seed per acre, is reported as having given satisfaction as an orchard cover crop. In the cooperative experiments the necessity of preparing the soil with great thoroughness before seeding was demonstrated, as well as the fact that good surface tillage conserves moisture and does much to insure a satisfactory catch of seed. Rolling clover seeded ground has proved an excellent aid to germination. Citrus fruit culture, J. W. Mills ( California Sla. Bui. 1S8, pp. 1-38, 42-46, jjh. 21). — In this bulletin 12 of the leading varieties of California oranges are described, and a discussion is given of the relative merits of sweet orange, sour orange, and pomelo stocks for oranges, together with general directions for jilanting out orchards, cultivating, irrigating, top-working over old orchards, pruning, diseases, etc. The scales of points used in judging oranges and lemons are also given. The Washington Navel, with its subvarieties, constitute the principal oranges of commerce now grown in California. An examination of the root systems of differ- ent stocks resulted in showing that the sweet orange produces a shallow root system with an abundance of fibrous surface-feeding rootlets, thus making trees budded on sweet orange stock especially susceptible to drought. Sour orange stock roots, on the other hand, were found penetrating the soil to a depth of 9 ft., and the laterals were generally more sharply descending. Trees on sour stock do not appear to come into full bearing quite as early as on sweet orange or pomelo stock, but in localities ' where sweet orange stock fails it is thought sour stock will prove especially valuable. In an introductory note by C. H. Shinn it is stated that sour stock is more resistant to alkali than sweet stock, and that the dwarf deciduous orange of Japan {Citrus tri- folinta) is more resistant to alkali than either. The roots of jjomelo stock have been found at a little greater depth than those of sweet orange. It is more fibrous rooted than either stock and is resistant to a certain extent to the root form of gum disease. It has succeeded better at the station than sour stock, and, according to the author, is becoming the favorite stock in southern California. The Japanese long-fruited "Cumquat," or gooseberry orange, and dwarf Oonshiu have done especially well at the Sierra Foothill Substation on trifoliata stock, and are recommended for gardens having an elevation of 2,000 ft. The Reed system of transplanting is described and illustrated. It consists in thor- oughly watering the trees in the nursery before removing and then lifting them with a large ball of earth attached. The most vigorous trees are used and only the longer branches cut back. The trees are set in holes 2 ft. deep and about 2^ ft. wide. Dirt is then filled in around the roots and settled with water, so that the tree stands at the same height as in the nursery. The ground .should be soaked for several feet around the newly set tree, after which thorough cultivation should follow. AVjoutf lb. of bat guano applied after planting to each tree has been found beneficial. It is mixed with earth and applied in the bottom of trenches on each side of the ball of earth, at right angles to the irrigation furrows and reaching to them. Trees thus transplanted are said to come into bearing one year sooner than by the usual methods. In working over old trees the use of "cured" buds is especially recommended. "These are buds that have been cut from the tree and kept in damp sand or moss for a few weeks before using. When treated in this way they become tougher, and when inserted into a tree that has freely flowing sap they absorb it more readily. When buds are well cured, and not allowed to become either too wet or too dry, they are not easily injured in handling." The buds should be wrapped with waxed bands, which are allowed to remain from 4 to 6 weeks. By this time the buds will HORTICULTURE. 953 have united with the stock, and the whole top of the tree should he reintned and the trunk whitewashetl. Spring is considered the best time for budding. In frosty sections it may be neiessary to protect the tops during the first winter. Palm leaves nailed to the trunks of the trees and tied about the tops have, been success- fully used for this purposi'. To i)revent the formation of hardi)an in orchards, the depth of cultivation should be varied each year, t'ultivation S in., 12 in., 10 in., 14 in., and then 8 in. again, is reconmiended. The use of the subsoil plow to assist in breaking up hardpan is also advised. Irrigation water should be allowed to run slowly for a long time in deep, narrow furrows, keeping the greater part of the surface dry, and immediately follow- ing the irrigation with thorough cultivation. The spread of water from deep furrows is nuich greater in sandy loam soil than in clay loam. Mangoes in India, W. T. Fee ( T. .S'. Consular EpU., 67 {1901), No. 2oS, pp. 197- 199). — Brief notes on the liotany and (juality of these fruits in India. Report of the horticultural department, C. A. Keffer ( TemiesKee Sta. Rj)t. 1901, pp. 7-9) . — A brief outline is given of the work of the year with small fruits. Among 60 varieties of strawberries grown, the best yielding varieties were Pride of Cumberland, Clyde, Tennessee Prolific, Stone 130, Sample, Gibson, W. J. Bryan, (lien Mary, and Greeneville. Excelsior and Michel were the earliest berries. These varieties are perfect flowered and good pollenizers. Berries first in quality were Bennett, Parson Beauty, Brownie, Downing Bride, etc. Of the best late varieties Gandy, Hunn, ^lichigan, Sampson, ^IcKinley, and Downing Bride are mentioned first. Columbia was one of the best raspberries tested and was considerably superior in yield and size of fruit to Shaffer Colossal. Gregg was the best yielder among the black caps, and Cuthbert among the reds. Snyder was the best yielder out of 10 varieties of blackljerries grown, and Houghton the best of 6 kinds of gooseberries tested. Third, report on experiment in pinching raspberry shoots, F. Cr.vxefield ( Wl?:consin Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 311-320). — The earlier reports along this line have been previously noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 51). The details for the third year's work have been added to those of preceding years and the whole summarized. The con- clusions accord entirely with those of last year in showing that pinching 18 to 20 in. high increased the yield of the Gregg raspberry, but decreased the yield of Cuthbert. Pinching 12 in. high gave decreased yields with both varieties. With the Gregg variety pinching increased the production of shoots and suckers, hut decreased it with the Cuthbert variety. An ever-bearing strawberry for culture under orchard trees and grapes, F. F. IcHOX {Deui. Landv. Presst', 2S {1901), No. 81, p. 683).— The strawberry described is said to have originated in Greece and is known there as the "ever-bearing Grecian vineyard strawberry." It grows best in the partial shade of fruit trees and vines, and ])roduces fruit from the beginning of ]\Iay until the end of November. During this time the vines are covered with flowers and green and ripe fruit. The yearly prod- uct of one plant is said to be over 10 liters of fruit, which retails for about 20 cts. })er liter. The berries are red, about the size of a grape, and are stated to surpass in quality the common cultivated and wild strawberries. The botanical name of this strawberry is not given. The variety d'-es not seem to be particular as regards soil, and is quite resistant against either drought or long continued wet weather. When well fertilized the mother plant makes a growth of 60 cm. in diameter and 40 cm. high. In cultivation the i)lants are set 50 cm. apart in rows 1 meter tlistant. The runners should be kept cut off in sununer but may lie allowed to grow in the autumn. After 3 or 4 years, when the mother jilant has begun to fail in fruit ]>r()duction, the plants are renewed by allowing the runners to take root and then hoeing away the mother plants. In starting a new plantation the plants should be set out only in cloudy and damp weather, since the rootlets are very fine an. 114, pl'<. 11). — This is number 5 of the series of handbooks of practical gardening edited by H. Roberts. It gives a popular account of the appearance and culture of hardy bulbs, with an introductory chapter by the editor on the t)otanical nature of bulbs. Old-time gardens newly set forth, Alice INI. Earle {Neio York: The Macmillan Co., 1901, pp. 489, figs. 166). — Illustrations and descriptions are given of many old- time colonial gardens, with descriptions of the flowers, shrubs, and trees that grew in them, and an account of the uses, folklore, and something of the poetry con- nected with each. One chapter is devoted to the apple. Prize gardening; how to derive profit, pleasure, health from the garden, G. B. FisKE {New York: Orange Judd Co., 1901, pp. 307, figs. 9.3). — This is a compiled account from 500 competitive reports on gardening and gives the actual experience of gardeners using parcels of ground varying all the way from 1,000 sq. ft. to many acres in extent in growing vegetables, flowers, etc., the tools and methods of doing the work, financial results obtained, etc. Horticulture in Japan, T. Eckhardt {Fionsis' Exchange, 13 {1901), No. 42,p. 1074, figs. 2). — Brief popular account of Japanese horticulture, especially as regards lily growing. Catalogue of library of the National Horticulture Society of France, G. GiBAULT {Catalogue de la hibliotheque de la Socieie Nationale d' Horticitltnre de France. Paris: Sociele Nalionale d^ Horticulture, 1900, pp. 1.5.5). — Alphabetical lists of books and brochures in the society's library on horticultural subjects, with an authors' index; and in addition a list of French and other foreign periodicals devoted to horticulture in its various branches. FORESTRY. The immediate future in forest work, G. Pixchot {Forestry and Irrig., 8 {1902), No. 1, pp. 18-21). — The author suggests as desirable the unification of the forest work of the Government and the extension of the forest reserve system. Following the creation of forest reserves, there is a necessity for more intimate knowledge con- cerning the reserves themselves and the character of their forests. The author mentions the interest that is now being taken in forest investigations throughout the country and calls attention to the work now in progress in tree planting. Suggestions to prospective forest students, G. Pinchot {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Foresti-y Circ. 23, pp. .5). — This circular gives information relating to the position of student assistants in this Bureau, and the duties of such individuals. The FORESTRY. 959 general preparation for forestry work \i> outlined and attention called to the ojiening for trained foregters in varioun localities. Forest planting- and timber supply, F. E. H. W. Krichauff {Jour. A/jr. and JikI. South Austraiid, ', [IHO.'), So. >;, pp. 537-542). — A brief account is given of the development of tree planting in the United States and Germany, after which the production and exportation of lumber and timber in New Zealand and Australia is shown. '^^Mth the present rate of cutting, the author believes that before long there will be a dearth of timl)er throughout New Zealand unless means be immediately taken to restore the cut-over lands. Forest planting- and timber supply, F. E. H. W. Krich.\uff {Jour. Agr. and LxL South Aitstnilia. 5 {1902), Xo. S, pp. 668-668).— An account is given of the effect of forests on rainfall and temijcrature, and species of trees suita})le for planting in various parts of Australia are described. Among the summary statements given relating to the effect of rainfall and temperature is an account of 5,000 observations which were made in Bavaria as to the influence of forests on temperature and moisture of the air, also the evaporation of water and rainfall. Observations were made twice a day for a period of 5 years of soil at depths of 6 in., 2 ft., 3 ft., and 4 ft., and at the same time the temperature of the atmosphere was taken. The mean annual tem- perature of the soil of the forest was found to be 21 per cent lower than that of the open field, and the air temperature 10 per cent lower. In this wav the equalizing effect in lowering the extreme summer heat and lessening the winter's cold is shown. Progress in tree planting-, W. L. Hall {Forestry and Irrig., 8 {1902), No. 1, pp. 40-43, jig!^. 2) . — A review is given of former attempts at tree planting in the United States and a brief description of the present endeavors in this line, not only in the Western, but also in the Eastern and Southern States. With few exceptions, the large plantations now being established are under the immediate direction of the Bureau of Forestry of this Dej)artnient. Investments in Southern forests, C. A. Schenck {Tradesman, 46 {1902), Xo. 9 {23. annual), pp. 137-139, figs. 4)- — The increase in large holdings of forest areas in the South is noted and is believed to be the beginning of conservative lumbering. Foresting is not believed to be of immediate financial benefit to the small holder on account of the difficulties of marketing the produce, fire protection, time required to produce the crop, etc. The boundary line between the desert and the forest, S. J. Holsinger ( For- estry and Irrig., 8 {190-2), No. 1, pp. 21-27, figs. 5). — The author considers the forest conditions of Arizona, calling attention to the effect of the destruction of brush lands, and suggests that greater attention be paid to their protection. By protecting the lesser growth it would be possible to secure the development of forests as generally understood. Notes on some forest trees of Ohio, W. R. Lazenby {Proc. Cohunbus Hort. Soc, 16 {1901), pp. 115-118, figs. 2). — Descriptive notes are given of the American linden or basswood, sycamore, black walnut, and white oak, together with notes on their characteristics as forest trees and the value of their timber and other products. Forestry in the Philippines ( Queensland Agr. Jour., 10 {1902) , No. 2, p. 126). — A brief review is given of the forest conditions in the Philippine Islands, and the organization of the forestry bureau is commented upon. English coppices and copse woods, J. Nisbet {Jour. Bd. Agr. {^Londonl, 8 {1901), No. 3, pj). 29.3-305). — An historical statement of the beginnings of arbori- culture in England. Forestry in Sweden {Queensland Agr. Jour., 9 {1901), No. 6, p. 570). — The public forests of Sweden are said to embrace 18,000,000 acres, of which 12,500,000 are under scientific management. There is in Sweden a central forestry bureau, and a forestry corps for work in the field, comprising 9 inspectors and 88 chiefs of range, besides 960 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. forentera and watchmen. The State forests are divided into ranges, which average 166,250 acres; and for forest management, administration, and instruction in the State college of forestry and 6 schools of forestry the annual expenditures are f 480, 000. In 1899 the total income to the Government from the State forests amounted to more than $2,000,000. Forest tree planting on the estate of Nikolsko-Serg-ievskoye, N. Sukhodski {Seld: Klioz. I Lyesov., 200 {1901), Feb., pp. 335-344) .—Y.^^pmrnenis in planting oak, ash, maple, birch, elm, linden, pine, larch, locust, and willow in a locality where there are no natural forests. The experiments have been continued since 1893, and extend now over an area of about 150 acres. The results are satisfactory. — p. fireman. The spruce forests of Canada ( Queensland Agr. Jnvr., 10 {1902), No. 2, p. 127). — In quoting from the report of the superintendent of forest ranges of Quebec, it is stated that the world's demand for pulp wood, on the basis of its present supply of 1,500,000 tons annually, can be met by the Canadian spruce forests for 840 years. The extent of the spruce forests in the 4 provinces is given as follows : Ontario, 52,818,420 acres; Quebec, 144,363,454 acres; New Brunswick, 11,224,540 acres; and Nova Scotia, 10,853,544 acres. Hybrid conifers, M. T. Masters {Jour. Roy. Hart. Sac. [London], 26 {1901), No. 1, pp. 97-110, figs. 9). — A number of what are believed to be natural hybrids between different species of conifers are mentioned, and a description given of a hybrid pro- duced by the late Henry de A'ilmorin, who succeeded in 1867 in producing a hybrid between Abies 2nn,sapo and A. rephalonlca. Notes on the supposed hybridization among* eucalypts, H. Deane and J. H. Maiden {Proc. Linn. Soc. New South IVales, 26 {1901), pt. 2, pp. ^.SP-.?^.?) .—Hybridi- zation among eucalypts has been a subject of considerable discussion, and attention is called to a supposed case of hybridism between known species. While not deny- ing the existence of the hybridity of the species, the authors hold their opinion in suspense and for the time being describe an interesting new form. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanical section of the experiment station of the Pomologi- cal Institute, Proskau, III, R. Aderhold {Centbl. Bait. u. Par., 2. Abt., 7 {1901), No. 17-18, pp. 654-662). — Notes are given upon a number of diseases which were more or less under investigation during the period covered by the report. The shot-hole and other leaf-spot diseases of stone fruits were investigated and it was found that 11 genera and 26 species of fungi were the causes of these diseases. Further notes are given upon Mycosphscrellu cerasella, the perethecial form of Cercospora ceraseUa, a pre- liminary account of which was noted in E. S. R., 12, p. 768. Infection experiments with Cladosporium cerasi seemed to point to the identity of a number of so-called spe- cies of that genus of parasites. The perethecial form of the species under investiga- tion is said to be Venturia cerasi. A Monilia-like disease of cherries was investigated and found to be due to Fusarium gemmiperda, n. sp. The fungus was quite conspicu- ous upon the dead buds of cherry trees in the spring of the year. The occurrence of the brown slime flux upon young apple trees is noted. It appeared in May, 1900, upon a number of 3-year-old trees. The cause of its occurrence is believed to have been a severe frost that occurred late in April of the same year. A study was made of the morphology of the plum rust {Pnccinia pruni), and it is claimed that 2 distinct types of the fungus were found, differing mainly in the character of their teleuto- spores. The typical form occurred upon Prunus spinosa, P. domestica, P. institia, and P. americana; while the other form, which by some authors is considered a distinct species, occurs normally on Persica vulgaris, Amygdalus conimunis, and Armeniaca md- garis, and rarely upon some of the other species of allied plants. Investigations of DISEASES OF PLANTS. 961 the chrysiinthemuni rust [Piicr'nild rJiriisantlu'ini) showed that it was a speciaUzed form confined to Chr!/.san(hemui)i liidicHiii. Inoculation experiments were conducted with the rust of cultivated and wild violets from which it was learned that Puccinia violic is autoecious, the different phases in its life cycle being spent upon a single spe- cies of host plant. Experiments were conducted in preventing the rust of pinks ( Uromyces caryopliyllinus) . Bordeaux mixture seems to be of little value in combat- ing this fungus. Its spores were subjected to several fungicides, such as solutions of copper sulphate and liver of suliihur; copj)er acetate; sulphuric acid; zinc sulphate and borax; and copper sulphate and borax. The spores failed to grow in very dilute sohitions of the tirst and last two, and it is believed that tliese fungicides could be suc( essfully euijjloyed in combating the disease. The effect of adding sugar to Bor- deaux mixture upon bees visiting trees sprayed with the mixture was studied, and it is claimed that bees failed to visit or eat any of the solutions prepared and placed accessible to them. The effect of winter and summer spraying of apple trees for the prevention of Fusicladium was investigated. Winter sprayings, summer sprajdngs, and winter and sunnner treatments of apple trees were compared. But little disease appeared upon any of the trees and but slight difference could be seen as the effect of the treatments until the end of the season. There was little difference even then, except in those trees which had received summer applications only after the leaves had become large and well developed. These were more affected than any others. When summer appli- cations were made while the leaves were young the effect was as good as where both winter and summer sprayings were given the trees. The author reports occasional injury to apple and pear trees when sprayed with copper sulphate solutions as dilute as 0.5 per cent. It is claimed that a 1 per cent Bordeaux mixture can be substituted for stronger ones for summer use. Adding sugar to Bordeaux mixture increased its adhesive property, and experiments showed that soda-Bordeaux mixture was le.ss ethcient than ordinary Bordeaux mixture, and that the substitution of iron salts for copper is not advisable. Report of the government mycologist, J. B. Carrithers {Trap. Agr., 20 {1900-1901) y pp. 707-710). — The first report of the government mycologist of Cey- lon, who assumed the duties of his position during the summer of 1900, is given. The report covers investigations made during 6 or 7 months, which w^ere principally devoted to a studj'^ of the diseases to which tea is subject. The principal studj' was made of the fungus causing gray blight {Pestalozzia guepini). Investigations have been begun in order that the life history of the fungus may be ascertained, and a series of experiments planned to ascertain the distriliution of the Ijlight. The effect of screens interposed between the tea bushes and the prevailing winds is to be inves- tigated, as well as the effect of pruning upon the distril)ution and extent of the disease. The effect of removing diseased leaves was examined into and found to greatly dimin- ish the occurrence and spread of the fungus. Where the s^wtted leaves were picked from the bushes soon after pruning the percentage of diseased leaves was greatly reduced, and this treatment, it is believed, will prove the most economical and effectual method for combating the disease. The leaf fungus ( Cladosponum herbarum) was ol>served on leaves, but without producing a great amount of injury. The para- sitic lichen Cephaleurvs mycoidea was found occurring on the leaves of tea in a number of districts. It produces characteristic reddish or white and gray spots upon the leaf, but does little harm and spreads very slowly. A root disease of the tea, caused by the fungus Rosellixin radiriperda, was investigated and was found to occur most fre- (juently in clearings .where the stumps of the forest trees remained. The fungus occurring upon these stumps spread by its mycelium and spores to the tea jilants, causing considerable damage. The means suggested for combating this disease is the remoyal of all stumps and application of lime about the place where they were for- merly grown. 962 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The author reports the occurrence of Hemileia vastatrix upon coffee, and reports inquiries relative to the cacao canker ( Nertria sp. ) . These diseases and others are to be the subjects of future investigations. Report of tlie veg-etable pathological experiment station for the year 1900-1901, e used in its stead. The sweet-orange stock is much more susceptible to the disease. The third disease, die-back, is quite prevalent in some parts of the State. The affected trees make an apparently healthy growth in the spring and sunmier, but the young shoots soon turn yellow, the leaves drop off, and the twigs die back to the older wood, from which a brown granular exudation takes place. In a season or two the older wood also dies. Experiments with fungicides in combating this disease have been attempted, but so far without apjareciable results. It is claimed in most cases that die-back is due to some fault in the subsoil, such as hardpan, marl, or overirrigation. The cor- rection of these evils will, it is believed, tend to prevent the disease. Closely related to the die-back and probably due to the same causes is a disease designated as mottled leaf. It is believed to be a partial chlorosis of the leaves. This disease has been noticed most commonly upon trees grown in soils where the tap roots reach sand or dry gravel, and it is probable that other unfavorable conditions, such as alkali or hardpan, may produce the same effect. The fungus diseases of cacao in the "West Indies, A. Howard ( West Indian Bui., 2 {1901), No. 3, pp. 190-211). — This paper gives an account of work already done by the author in studying the cacao diseases of the West Indies, and also brings together the results obtained by some other investigators. The diseases of cacao are grouped under the headings pod diseases, stem diseases, and root disease. At the present time 3 distinct pod diseases have been noted in the West Indies; one is widely distributed and is believed also to occur in South America, while the other 2 appear almost entirely confined to Trinidad. The brown rot {Diplodia cacaoicola) is a widely spread disease of the pods, and although investigation as to its nature appears to have been undertaken only quite recently the disease is believed to have existed for a long time. Pods attacked by this disease exhibit circular brown spots which gradually extend all over the pod, causing the complete destruction of the rind and its contents. The spread of the disease varies somewhat according to ripeness, but usually the whole pod is affected within 6 to 10 days from the time that the disease first makes its appearance. The microscopical characters of the fungus are described at some length and its parasitic nature was established by means of infection experiments. The fungus has been found living not only on the old husks but also on living pods, dead cacao trees, old prun- ings, and on diseased sugar cane where cane cultivation was carried on among the cacao trc~cs. As remedial measures for the prevention of injury by this fungus the author suggests the gathering of the pods before they become too ripe, as ripe pods seem to be especially liable to attack. All hulls and husks should be buried or DISEASES OF PLANTS. 965 burned and diseased pods removed from the trees. All dead trees, prunings, and branches should be collected and burned, as the fungus can live saprophytically upon them. The pod diseases described as occurring in Trinidad are due to the fungi Pluitophthora omnivora and Neclr'm bauiii. For the prevention of injury by the Phytophthora the reduction of shade, destruction of diseased pods, and spraying the unattacked pods with Bordeaux mixture are recommended. The second fungus so far has not proved of great economic importance. Of the stem diseases described the canker, due to Culonectriajkirida, is one of the most important. A symptom of the presence of this fungus is the occurrence of a reddish gummy liquid oozing from the bark of the stem whii-h gives a rusty appear- ance to the l)ark when dry. Infection experiments have readily produced the disease, and the diseased area spreading often completely rings the tree, and when this is complete the tree dies suddenly. Wounds made by pruning should be coated with tar to prevent the entrance of the fungus, and all trees which have been destroyed bj' the canker should be cut to the ground and burned. It appears 2^robable that the fungus causing the rot of the pods described above occasions con- siderable damage to the cacao trees by causing their ertaining to the Basidiomycetes and is believed to be similar if not identical with the fungus which attacks the nutmeg trees of Grenada and many fruit trees in the West Indies. Where this disease appears it is recommendearation and use of Bordeaux mixture, completes the bulletin. Fungus diseases of cacao, D. ]Morris (Bid. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 8 {1901), No. S, pp. 113-124) ■ — An article l)y A. Howard on the diseases of cacao in Grenada is quoted. The diseases described are a brown rot of the cacao pod caused by Diplodia cacaoicola, canker diseases due to Xcctria tJieobromx and Culonectria favida, and a root fungus which is believed to be a species of Polyporus. These diseases are described at some length and suggestions given for their repression. Leaf curl of mulberry trees, M. Miyoshi {Bot. Centbl., 86 {1901), No. 11, pp. 375-378) . — According to the investigation of the author, this disease appears to be caused by faulty assimilation and nutrition, brought about by improper methods of culture, unfavorable climatic conditions, and varying resistance and hardiness of varieties. Notes on Nematospora coryli, V. Peglion ( Centbl. Bnh. u. Far., 2. Abt., 7 {1901), No. 21, pp. 754-761, 2^1. l). — In 1897 the author described a disease of filberts that had Ijecome of considerable importance in parts of Italy. Continued ol)servations have been made upon the disease, and its cause has l)een determined as due to the fungus Nematospora coryli, one of the Saccharomycetes. The fungus is a parasite, and the affected nuts are })itter, misshapen, and often more or less decayed. The character- istics of the fungus, effect upon the host, and means of dissemination are discussed at some length. The affinities of the new geims Nematospora with the other genera of Saccharomycetes are shown by a key of the genera. 966 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A bacterial disease of strawberries, P. Voglino (Ann. R. Acanl. A(jf. Torino, 42 {1900), pp. 11, pi 1; (ihs. In Bol. Centbl., 86 {1901), No. 12, pp. 410, 411)-— In the experimental garden attached to the agricultural academy at Turin there appeared in July a hitherto unknown disease of strawberries. It spread rapidly, and by Octo- ber had attacked nearly every plant and destroyed many of them. The leaves of diseased plants wilt, dry up, become white or spotted, although sometimes they are but little changed. The roots are badly affected. A section across one of the main roots shows the outer part more or less disorganized and the woody axis entireh^ laid bare. Xo fungus could be found associated with this disease, but numerous col- onies of bacteria were j^resent. The organism was isolated, cultivated, and infection experiments conducted that seem to show that the disease is due to bacteria. The morphology and physiology of the organism are described at some length. It grows readily upon a number of media and is from 0.9 to 1.5// in length, although young specimens often occur 2 or 3 times that size. Investigations upon the action and condition of tlie sulphur used in com- bating-grape mildew, K. Windlsch ( L/imlir. .Talirh., SO {1901), Xo. -i, pp. 447-495). — Various theories have been suggested as to the action of sulphur in preventing the growth of the powdery mildew ( Oidinm tnckeri) upon the grape. The efficiency of this fungicide has been attributed to mechanical, physical, and chemical action. All of these theories are stated and reviewed at some length, the author seeming to adhere to the theory of chemical action, although his experiments were not satisfactory and are to be repeated. Investigations were carried on upon various kinds of sulphur in which the questions of fineness and purity were examined and the different methods of determining these factors are described. The different kinds of sulj^hur found upon the market were studied, and comparisons are drawn between the efficiency of ground, sultlimed, and precipitated sulphur. The author claims that nearl}- all investigators agree that ground sulphur is more efficient than the flowers of sulphur in preventing grajie mildew. Analyses are reported of a number of trade preparations that are recommended for use as substitutes for suljihur. In nearly all of them sulphur was found to be the most abundant constituent, lime, gypsum, etc., often being added to make bulk. A disease of carnations at Antibes, G. Delacroix {Ann. Inst. Xat. Agron., 24 {1897-1900), No. 16, pp. 161-201, figs. 11).- — This article gives detailed report of inves- tigations conducted upon a disease of carnations caused by Fusarium dianthi. A pre- liminary account of this disease has been noted elsewhere (E. S. R., 13, p. 153). ENTOMOLOGY. The entomolog'ist's experiment orchard, J. B. Smith {New .Jersey Stas. Bui. 15.5, pp. 71) . — The author gives in detail the history of each tree in the orchard, which was planted for experimental purposes. The orchard contains 48 trees of different species and varieties. Notes are given on the method of application and effective- ness of arseimte of lead, cement and milk, kerosene, crude oil, whale-oil soap, and lime-sulphur-and-salt wash. No harm was done to any trees by spraying with arsenate of lead. Experiments covering a number of years, with the cement and milk treatment, indicate that this is an effective method for ])re venting the attacks of peach borers. Fuel oil with a specific gravity of 35° injured peach trees to some extent, but was safely used on plum, pear, and hawthorn. It was fatal to early Rich- mond cherry trees. Four kinds of whale-oil soap were used, with varying results. In some cases it seemed ineffective, in others all scale insects were destroyed. On peach trees the buds were badly injured in some cases. Detailed notes are given on experiments Avith mechanical mixtures of kerosene and crude petroleum with water, and with these substances undiluted. The results varied according to the time of ENTOMOLOGY. 967 year when the appHcatioii wa.« made and the hardiness of the trees. In general crude petroleum wa;^ found a safe and effective application on dormant trees. Bio- logical and economic notes are given on codling moth, sinuate pear borer, pear midge, San Jose scale, apple-plant lice, and jilum curculio. Report of committee on entomolog'y and report of chief inspector of nurs- eries and orchards, F. ]\I. Websteh [Reprint from Ohio Hurt. Soc. Rpt. lUUl, jiji. .i7, j>/. Ijji'jx. 10). — Notes are given on the damage caused to willows and poplars l)y ('ri/ptorJiipicInu^ lapnthi, and by the strawberrv weevil {Anthonomiu sirjnatns). A warning notice i.** given concerning the l)rood of periodical cicada which will appear in western Ohio during the coming season. Experiments were made ter of species of scale insects. Other birds are al5o reported as more or less effective enemies of theCoccidse. Notes are given on the parasitic and fungus enemies of Coccidfe, on methods of collecting and preserving these insects, and on the approved artificial remedial and preventive measures. The greater portion of the volume is occupied with a description of the various species of the subfamily Diaspinte. The plates illustrating the volume are for the most part original and of excellent character. San Jose scale investigations. III, V. H. Lowe and P. J. Parrott (New York State Sta. Bid. 202, jjp. 167-214, pis. 2, fig. 1). — Spraying experiments with ci-ude petro- leum and other insecticides (pp. 171-188). — The crude petroleum used in these exi^eri- ments had a specific gravity of 44°; the emulsion was perfect and did not separate "ENTOMOLOGY. 969 completely after being allowed to ,«tand for more than 2 days. A winter treatment was given to plums, pears, and eherries. Tlie trees were sprayed December 22-24, during an average temperature of 39° and accompanied with cloue less injurious than the winter treatment, while l)oth treatments together proved fatal with all mixtures above 25 per cent. In experiments to determine the effect of crude petroleum upon hibernating scales a number of pear trees were sprayed October 23, with a temperature of 64° ; the week following the application was clear. Other pear trees were treated in winter and spring. The trees were rather badly infested with the scale. In these experiments it was found that a 25 per cent enmlsion could not be depended upon to kill dormant scales, while a 40 percent mixture gave satisfactory results. Xo injury was observed on any of the trees which were sprayed once, although some were much weakened by the scale. Trees w'hich were sprayed twice with a 60 per cent solution or with undiluted petroleum were killed or seriously damaged in every case. Experiments were undertaken in spraying large apple trees to determine the effi- ciency of crude petroleum applications upon large trees. Applications were made on some of the trees in winter, and on others in the spring. The 25 per cent mixture had no effect on the scales and some live scales were found on trees sprayed with a 40 per cent mixtiare. This was probably due to the practical impossibility of com- pletely covering large trees. Experiments on peach, pear, and apple trees which were given a winter treatment showed that the scale was not killed by 25 per cent mixture, while the 40 per cent mixture was effectual. Peach trees were somewhat injured by a 25 per cent mixture. From these experiments it is concluded that peach and plum trees are more sensitive to crude petroleum than apple, cherry, or pear trees, and that a 25 per cent mixture of crude petroleum can not be depended ujion to kill hibernating scales. A plum orchard was treated in the spring, partly with a resin wash and partly with so-called government whitewash. The trees were sprayed April 12, with an atmospheric temperature of 47°. Neither treatment had any effect on the scale. Fumigation experiments with ]n/(Jror;/(tnic-acid gas (pp. 188-210). — Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of the gas on healthy buds and the strength of gas required to destroy hibernating scales. Buds were fumigated in box fumigators and the amount of cyanid used varied from 0.18 to 0.3 gm. per cubic foot of space. Apple ])uds were not appreciably affected by the treatment. Cherry and pear buds suffered a slight injury from the gas. Peach buds were considerably injured when 0.3 gm. of i-yanid per cubic- foot was used. Plum buds were practically unaffected. In exjieri- ments to determine the effect of gas upon the scale, pear, peach, and plum trees were fumigated. In these experiments it was found that fumigation with gas at a strength less than 0.3 gm. of cyanid per cubic foot of space had no effect on scales when applied in the winter. In the spring the gas was much more effective, killing the scales when 0.18 gm. of cyanid per cubic foot of space was used. In the authors' opinion the principal advantage of fumigation over other treatment is iu thorough- ness, but that it is expensive if used upon large trees. Notes are given on other insecticides, including whale-oil soap and crude petroleum 970 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD combined; lime-sulphur-and-salt wash; and kerosene-lime emulsion. A .simpler method for fastening the door of the tree fumigator, devised at the station, is described. Its chief advantage lies in the ease and quickness with which the door may be put in place. By this method the buttons previously used are replaced by stout straps which extend across the door to the margin of the fumigator. Spraying- and fumigating- for San Jose scale, F. H. Hall, V. H. Lowe, and P. J. Pakrott {Nev York State Sta. Bui. 202, popvlar ed., pp. 6, figs. 2). — A popular sunnnary of the above bulletin. Preliminary experiments in spraying to kill the San Jose scale insect in 1901, W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sta. Bui. 136, pp. 12, pi. 1). — In experiments by the author twigs were examined before insecticides were applied for the purpose of determining the percentage of living scales. Another examination was made 6 weeks after spraying. The insecticides used in these experiments included common laundry soap. Babbitt's lye, kerosene, and crude oil. Applications were made on April 12, the kerosene being applied in a mechanical mixture containing from 15 to 20 per cent of the oil, and Babbitt's lye in the proportion of 1 lb. to 4 gal. of water. A i^ear tree drenched with crude oil showed less than 1 per cent of living scale insects after the application. The use of a 15 per cent mixture of kerosene was also fatal to most scales. Babbitt's lye was less effective than either the crude oil or kerosene. Various mixtures of crude oil with water caused snch injuries to the foliage and fruit of peach trees as to prohibit its use on these trees when in leaf. Soap and water also injured the foliage nearly as badly as crude oil. The kerosene mixture did not injure the foliage. The crude oil was most effective of all in killing scales. In another experiment kerosene and crude oil in mixtures with water con- taining 10 to 15 per cent of the oils were used. Young scales were found crawling about on the trees the day after the application. A plum tree was sprayed with a 15 per cent mixture of kerosene until the insecticide dripped from the branches. The tree shed a few leaves but was not seriously damaged; only 3 of o08 scale insects remained alive. Currants sprayed on March 12 with a soap emulsion of kerosene containing 25 per cent kerosene were not injured and less than 1 per cent of the scale insects remained alive. The author concludes that it is safe to apply kerosene in a 15 per cent mixture with water to fruit trees and foliage and that the scale may be held in check to some extent by such treatment. It was found that crude oil and a 20 per cent mixture of kerosene destroyed the scales when applied to dormant trees late in the spring. The scale insects were not so effectively destroyed by the same treatment in June. The principal scale insects of grapes, V. Ma vet {Pnxj. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. U Est), 22 {1901), No. 52, pp. 757-760, pi. 1). — Descriptive Ijiological and economic notes are given on Dactylopius vitis and Lecanium ci/mbiforme. According to the author's observations, the grapevines most frequently become infested with scale insects when they are in a weakened or unthrifty condition. Winter treatment is preferred to summer treatment. The main trunk of grapevines and branches maybe painted with crude petroleum containing 5 per cent of naphthaline and 10 per cent of pow- dered lime. Another remedy recommended by the author is prepared in the follow- ing proportions: 1,000 gm. water, 300 gm. black soap dissolved while warm, 5 gm. heavy oil, 5 gm. naphthaline. British vegetable galls, E. T. Connold {London: IFidchinson ct Co., 1901, pp. 312, ph. 130, figs. 27). — In this volume the author describes and illustrates about two-thirds of the vegetable galls known in England and gives a list of the reniainder, with a brief description of each. In the preliminary chapters the nature of vegetable galls is described, with notes on their sizes, shapes, colors, and on methods of col- lecting, mounting, and preserving them. One chapter is devoted to the mode of growth and various systems of classification of galls, and another to the collection and preservation of animal organisms which cause galls. The agents concerned in ENTOMOLOGY. 971 the production of arallsi are mites, nematodes, beetles, flies, jilant lire, moths, wasps, and fungi. Galls may lie formed on the roots, stem, branches, leaves, flowers, seed pods, and other organs of the plants. The discussion and description of each kind of gall are exhaustive and the original illustrations accompanying the text are of excellent character. Spraying- for second brood of codling moth, J. W. Lloyd ( Trmis. Illinois Ilort. Sot:, H. ser., S5 (1901), jip. 4ol-4oS).—lt was oltserved that the second brood of the larva of the codling moth was entering late apples in the orchards of the experiment station to a consideralile extent. On August 3, 5 trees were sprayed with Paris green at the rate of ] lb. to 50 gals, of water, and on August 10 a second application was made. Examinations of the fallen apples from unsprayed trees showed that 22.75 per cent of the larv;e had entered close to the stem, 33.48 per cent at the calyx, and 43.76 per cent at other points on the surface of the apple. Experiments in the field and in the laboratory indicated that young larvte may be destroyed by spraying with Paris green, even after they have punctured the skin of the apple. An exami- nation of the larv.e of cougs which are injurious to cultivated crops in Australia. Dangerous mosquitoes in Kentucky, H. Garmax {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 96, pp. 199-215, pi. 1). — The author presents a general review of the results obtained by different authors in the study of the biology of mosquitoes. Among the species found in Kentucky, mention is made of Anopholes punctipennis, A. maculipennis, Culex pvngens, C. impigev, Psorophora ciliata, and Stegomyia fasciata. The last-named species is the one which is commonly supposed to be connected with the transmis- sion of yellow fever, and is stated bj^ the author to be the most common species of mosquito in Kentucky. It was found to be breeding in barrels, buckets, and other utensils in which water was allowed to stand during the summer. With regard to the destruction of mosquitoes the author recommends the draining of ponds or cov- ering them with a film of kerosene oil, and for protection against the bites of mos- quitoes it is recommended that the exposed parts of the body be rubbed with naphthaline, oil of pennyroyal, or kerosene. Carbon bisulphid as an insecticide, W. E. Hinds ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 145, pp. 28). — A general account is given of the nature, application, and effect- iveness of carbon bisulphid for insecticide purposes. The discussion includes the following subjects: Liijuid properties, vapor properties of carbon bisulphid, effects of inhalation of the vapor, diffusion of the vapor, insecticidal power, connnercial uses. It is used in the treatment of jjliylloxera. root maggots, ants, white grubs, mole 972 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. crickets, borers in trunks of trees, sucking insects on small plants, insects injurious to stored products, seed insects, clothes moths, other household insects, museam pests, and gophers. A brief account is also given of the effect of the vapor of carbon bisulphid on plants, on the growth of crops, on the germination of seed, on food stuffs and on fruits. An appendix to the bulletin, prepared by E. E. Ewell, dis- cusses the amount of carbon bisulphid in a saturated atmosphere, the inflammability and explosiveness of carbon bisulphid vapor with air, and the ignition temperature of the vapor. Experience with, dust spray, A. A. Hinkley {Trans. Illinois Hort. Soc, n. ser., 35 {1901), pp. 219, 220). — The author has experimented for a number of years with insecticides in a dry form in the place of sprays. While the results are not always satisfactory it is believed that dry application may be, under certain circumstances, cheaper and more effective than liquid spray. Insecticides and fungicides, J. K. Haywood ( T. *S'. Bepi. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 146, pp. 15). — A rejjort is made on the chemical composition and effectiveness of Paris green, London purple, Green Arsenoid, Pink Arsenoid, White Arsenoid, Paragrene, lead arsenate, Bug Death, Slug Shot, Black Death, Smith's Vermin Exter- minator, P. D. Q., Instant Louse Killer, Lambert's Death to Lice, roach destroyers, Bordeaux mixture. Grape Dust, Veltha, and Fibro Ferro Feeder. Report of the inspector of fumigation appliances, W. Lockhead {Toronto: L. K. Cameron, 1902, pp. 16, figs. 5). — This is the third annual report by the author on fumigation, and is occupied with a discussion of the Canadian regulations for fumigation of nursery stock, methods of applying fumigation, necessary equipment for this work, and the results of observations made in different parts of Canada. Notes are given on fumigation in orchards, nurseries, greenhouses, flour mills, and granaries. With regard to the possible injury of nursery stock from fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas, the author believes that the most of such injury is due to exposure of the roots of young trees for too long a time. With careful attention to this point it is believed that the number of trees which fail to grow will be decidedly reduced. Fumigation of imported plants, A. W. L. Hemming (Bui. Bot. Dept. Jamaica, n. ser., 8 {1901), Xo. 11-12, pp. 184, 185).— A copy is given of a proclamation announcing that hereafter plants, cuttings, buds, grafts, and packages or Ijoxes in which such material is shipped shall be subject to a thorough process of fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas before being admitted into Jamaica. FOODS— NUTRITION. Experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, 1898-1900, W. 0. Atwater and F. G. Benedict {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experi- ment Stations Bui. 109, pp. i.^7).— The details of 13 experiments with man are reported, in which the balance of income and outgo of nitrogen, carbon, and energy was determined. These were made with the aid of the respiration calorimeter. Experiments designed to test the accuracy of the apparatus were also made, in which heat was generated in the respiration chamber electrically or by the combus- tion of ethyl alcohol. In a number of experiments the subjects performed more or less severe muscular work, in others there was as little muscular activity as practi- cable. From these and earlier experiments (E. S. K., 11, p. 770) a number of general deductions were drawn which have to do with such topics as the food materials sup- plied and consumed, and the difference in demand of men at work and rest, the elimination of water, carbon dioxid, and energy under different conditions of work and rest. Especial interest attaches to the results which have to do with the meas- FOODS — NUTRITION". 973 urements of energy. The following table shows the average percentages of energy given off from the body in the rest and work experiments: Percentages of total fnenju yiven off from the body in different ways. Heat. In rest experi- ments. In work experi- ments. From skin bj- radiation and conduction (and in exhaled air) In urine and feces In water vaporized from lungs and skin Heat equivalent of external muscular work done Per cent. 74.2 1.4 24.4 Per cent. 62.3 .5 30.8 6.4 Total. 100.0 The following table compares the amounts of potential energy in the food materials actually oxidized in the body with the amounts of kinetic energy given off from the body, either as heat alone in the rest experiments, or as heat and external muscular work in the work experiments: Comparison of income and outgo of energy in 19 e.vperipients covering 65 experimental days — Amounts per day. Subjects and kinds of experiments. Num- ber of experi- mental days. Net income xt„(. „„to.„ (potential l(^f*°k-ln ' energy of i^r. ".. ' ivoV, Difference (in terms material oxidized in body). ergy gn off from body. ) of net income). REST EXPERIMENTS. Experiments with E. O.: Experiment in which the net outgo falls farthest below the net income (No. 5); average for the whole experiment Experiment in which the net outgo is far- thest above the net income (No. 14); aver- age for the whole experiment Average for 9 experiments Experiments with A. W.S.: Average for 1 experi- ment , E.xperiments with J. F. S.: Average for 3 experi- ments Experiments with E. O., .\. W. S., and J. F. S.: Average for 13 experiments WORK EXPERIMENTS. Experiments with E. O.: Average for 2 experi- ments Experiments with J. F. S.: Average for 4 experi- ments Experiments with E. O. and ,1. F. S.: Average for 6 experiments Re.st and work experiments: Average for 19 experiments Calories. 2,482 2,131 2, 288 2, 304 2,118 2,2.55 3,865 3,539 3,669 2, 690 Calorie.^. Calories. 2, 379 -103 2,193 2, 278 2,279 2, rS6 2, 2.50 + 62 - 10 - 25 + 18 3,829 - 36 3,540 I -f 1 3,656 i - 13 Per cent. -4.1 -1-2.9 - .4 -1.1 + .8 - .2 - .9 0 - .4 - .3 The authors note that the experiments reported practically afford a demonstration of the action of the law of the conservation of energy in the living organism. Results of experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy in the human body, W. 0. Atw.vtki;, F. G. Benedict, et al {Connecticut Starrs Sta. Rpl. 1900, ]>p. 0(!-Uf>). — Noted above from another publication. Contribution to the subject of metabolism of matter and energy in man, A. Loewv and F. ^Iullek {Arch. Anal. u. I'liysioL, Physiol. Alt., 1901, pp. 299-322; abs. in Ztscltr. Vntersucli. Nahr. n. (h'nussmtl., 5 {1902), Xo. 6, p. 262). — Experiments are reported of which one of the authors was the sul)ject. During 4 days only ordinary laboratory work was performeil. During the 6 remaining days of the experimental 974 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. period the subject walked 20 to 22 kilogrammeters per day. The diet contained only a small quantity of protein, the amount being just sufficient for the days in which no work was performed. On the other days the amount of nitrogen-free material was increased. During the work period the nutrients were much more thoroughly assimilated than during the days in which the subject did not work. When no work was performed there was a loss of nitrogen. On the other days there was a gain in nitrogen and a loss of fat. Principles of nutrition and nutritive value of food, W. O. Atwater ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmer's Bui. 14^, pp. 48, dgms. -?).— The chemical composition and uses of food are discussed, as well as digestion, assimilation, excretion, dietary studies and standards, cooking of food, errors in food economy, and related topics. This bulle- tin is designed as a summary of available information on these toi:)ics with special reference to the results obtained in the Department of Agriculture intestigations and the closely related work of the agricultural experiment stations. Nutrition investigations among fruitarians and Chinese at the California Agricultural Experiment Station, 1899-1901, M. E. Jaffa {U. S. Dept. Agr., Office of Experiment Stations Bui. 107, pp. 43, pi. 1). — Dietary studies are reported with a family of so-called fruitarians who lived almost exclusively upon raw fruits and nuts, as well as similar studies of Chinese performing different amounts of mus- cular work. The digestibility of the fruitarian diet was also studied, as well as the income and outgo of nitrogen with one of the subjects. The following table shows the amounts of nutrients consumed per day by the fruitarians and the Chinese, as well as the cost of the diet: Dietary studies of fruitarians and Chinese — Amounts consumed per person per day. Fruitarians: Woman, 33 years old Woman, 30 years old Girl, 13 years old Boy, 9 years old Girl, 6 years old Girl, 7 years old Chinese: Dentist's family Laundry association. Truclc-farm laborers. Cost. Protpin F'lt Carbohy- Fuel iTotem. tAi. drates. value. Cents. 23.7 17.2 19.0 19.9 17.0 16.4 21.0 19.7 Grams. 33 25 26 27 24 40 115 135 144 Calories. 1,300 1,040 1,235 1,255 1,190 1,385 2, 705 3, 580 4,100 In the case of the Chinese, the proportion of rice in the diet was especially studied, and the amount of this cereal eaten was compared with the amounts of wheat flour and other carbohydrate foods in ordinary dietaries. Concerning the Chinese diet- aries, the following statements were made: " The Chinese studied, who are l^elieved to be fairly representative of Chinese residents in California in similar employment, did not, as is often supposed, live almost entirely upon a vegetable diet. Indeed, they approached no nearer to such a diet than does the average American, who ha-i no thought of doing without animal food. The diet was varied and the dietaries were well balanced, approaching quite closely to the commonly accepted dietary standards. Many of the foods eaten were unfamiliar to most Americans, but never- theless can not be regarded as other than wholesome and nutritious. "The Chinese dietary is commonly believed to be very inexpensive and limited in amount. As shown by these studies, it was quite cheap, but was neither scanty nor inferior. "Eice on an average constituted between one-half and one-third of the total food consumed, and held much the same relation to the total food of the Chinese as do bread and other cereals, starches, etc., to the total food of the ordinary American family." FOODS NUTRITION. 975 A diet -with a small amount of protein, W. Caspari [Arch. Anat. n. PJii/sio/., Flit/si'il. Aht., I'.KJl, ji/i. .>.M-.>.)7; .-<. in ZUrhr. Untermtrh. Xahr. ii. (lennssmt/., 5 {1902), 2^0. 6, p. 2(14). — In a 10-day int'taboli^ni experiment, nf which lie was himself the subject, the anthoi- endeavored to learn the protein minimum. When the .s. in Chem. CentbL, 1903, I, No. 3, pp. 330, ;?^/).— Experi- ments with dogs fed phlorizine led the author to the conclusion that the protection of protein by fat was not brought about l)y preserving the entire protein molecule, but by the retention of the nitrogen radical of the protein, while the carbohydrate radical was used in other ways. The behavior of xylan in the animal body, B. Slowtzoff {Ztschr. Phy.^loL Chem., 34 {1901), No. 2, pp. 181-193). — Experiments on the digestion of xylan were made w^ith rabbits. It was found that from 33.17 to 82.91 per cent was digested. Of the resorbed xylan only a small portion (1.49 to 4.63 per cent of the total amount eaten) was recovered in the urine. The remainder was apparently utilized by the animal. It is uncertain, according to the author, whether zylan is a nutrient. Steer feeding, D. O. Xovrse ( Virginia Sta. BuL 131, p>p. 15-19). — A 15-week trial with 6 lots of 2 steers each, to test hay alone and with silage in comparison with corn stover, and to compare whole corn with corn meal, alone and with cotton-seed meal and bran, is summarized by the author as follows: "A combination of foods, both grain and roughage, is best from every standpoint. Ground corn is better than whole corn after it has become hard. A mixture of corn meal and bran gave greatest gain and with least expense per pound. Cotton-seed meal was not, in these experiments, used with success, due at least in part, to the fact that in former years the steers had not become accustomed to it. Silage was a very economical addition to the roughage. Stover gave a bad showing when used without other roughage." Conformation of beef and dairy cattle, A. M. Soule ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bid. 143, pp. 44, figs. 44). — With the object of pointing out the differences between good and inferior beef and dairy cattle, and the extent to which certain desirable qualities effect their value for beef and dairy purposes, the author discusses the con- formation of cattle and stock judging, giving detailed information regarding the conformation of different parts of the body. Typical animals of various grades are described and the possil)ility of grading up common stock l)\ crossing is discussed and explained. The comparative value and the effect upon lamb crop of feeding various rations to ewes in winter, W. L. Carlyle ( Wiscon.'s. According to the author, tlie curn fudder, corn stover, and corn silage rations were the cheapest and the ration containing roots and liay the most expensive, the cost ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 979 of the ration in the latter case being approximately double that of the ration con- taining silage and fodder or stover and fodder. From this and a former test the conclusion is drawn that corn silage is one of the cheapest and most satisfactory feeds for breeding ewes in winter, and that a ration supplying coarse fodder entirely in the term of corn fodder is not entirely satisfactory for tliis purpose. Tlie food requirements of the pig for maintenance and gain, F. D. Taylor, reported by W. A. Hk.nry {Wisconsin Sta. Ept. 1901, pp. <>7-72). — The amount of feed reipiired for maintenance and for gain was tested with 4 pigs, 2 being higli-grade Berksiiires and 2 razorback-Berkshire crosses, the investigation being similar to work previously reported (E. !^. R., 12, p. 77). The rations selected consisted of a mixture of wheat bran, corn meal, and oil meal in varying proportions. These materials were analyzed. At the beginning of the trial the pigs weighed about 50 lbs. each. A grain mixture was fed sufficient for maintenance at this weight. The ration was then increa.«ed in such a way as to induce rapid gains until the pigs weighed 100 lbs. each. A period on a maintenance ration was then followed by a second period of gain, the pigs weighing at the close 150 lbs. It was found that on an average the pigs at 50 lbs. required 0.48 lb. shorts, 0.24 lb. corn meal, and 0.08 lb. oil meal daily for maintenance. At 100 lbs. they required 1.14 lbs. shorts, 0.57 lb. corn meal, and 0.19 lb. oil meal; and at 150 lbs. they required 1.2 lbs. shorts, 0.6 lb. corn meal, and 0.2 lb. oil meal. On an average the ration per hundred pounds live weight furnished 0.258 lb. protein, 0.069 lb. ether extract, 0.069 lb. nitrogen-free extract, 0.898 lb. crude fiber, and 0.052 lb. ash. The author notes that per hundred pounds live weight the 150-lb. pig consumed least and the 100-lb. pig most. On an average the pigs required for maintenance corn meal, shorts, and oil meal, furnishing an amount of dry matter equivalent to 1.41 per cent of the live weight, or an amount of middlings furnishing dry matter equiv- alent to 1.37 per cent of the live weight. No differences w'ere observed in the several periods between the razorbacks and grade Berkshires. The food requirements during the periods of gain were also recorded, the results being expressed for average weights of 75 lbs., 125 lbs., and 175 lbs. At these w^eiglits the pigs required on an average 62.5 days, 58.8 days, and 54.5 days, respec- tively, to gain 50 lbs. The dry matter consumed per pound of gain was 3.19, 4.22, and 5.41 lbs. The dry matter consumed per hundred pounds of live weight daily at the 3 Aveights was 3.4, 2.9, and 3.06 lbs. The estimated dry matter in that portion of the daily food required for maintenance was 1.22 lbs., 1.76 lbs., and 1.80 lbs., respectively. It was calculated that the portion of the food required for mainte- nance at the different weights constituted 1.62, 1.4, and 1.08 per cent, respectively, of the live weight. The author notes that the food eaten for a given gain in weight increases materially with increased weight. The daily requirement for maintenance also increases, which would "tend to show that the 75-lb. pig would be the most profitably fed." But it also appeared that as the pigs increased in weight a smaller amount of food in proportion to body w^eight was required for maintenance, while the daily gain was larger. This, according to the author, would indicate that "the 175-lb. pig is fed at a greater profit than either the 75 or the 125 lb. pig." The digestibility of the full ration was tested when the pigs weighed 125 lbs. and that of the maintenance ration when they weighed 150 lbs. each. On full feed the average coefficients of digestibility were dry matter 78.4, protein 73.9, fat 78.4, and nitrogen-free extract 89.2 per cent. On a maintenance ration the average coefficients were dry matter 54.6, protein 75.8, fat 82.5, and nitrogen-free extract 78.8 per cent. Experiments in pig feeding, W. L. Carlvle and T. F. McCon.vell ( Wiscon.'dn Std. apt. 1901, pp. ^.'i-.'iS, Jigx. 17) . — Two tests similar in purpose to those previously carried on at the station are repcjrted (E. S. R., 13, p. 78). Effect of feeding various grain rations to growing and fattening hogs, W. /,. Carhjle and T. F. McConnell (pp. 25-44, fit's. 13). — Using 2 lots each made up of 3 pure-bred pigs and 2 razorback-Poland -China grades, the authors compared the relative merits of 27718— No. 10—02 6 980 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. corn and rye 1 : 1 and peas and wheat shorts 1 : 2, all the grains being finely ground. The nutritive ratio of the first ration was 1 : 8.2 and of the second 1 : 4.1. The test covered 12 weeks. The average weight of the pigs at the beginning was 1.32 lbs. The average gain per pig per day in the 2 lots was 0.96 and 0.62 lb., respectively, the feed eaten per pound of gain being 5.52 and 7.62 lbs. The pigs were slaughtered and the results of a block test recorded, which included determinations of the strength of the bones and tendons in addition to the usual data. As pointed out by the authors, lot 1 ate more and gained more than lot 2. In other words, the ration with the wide nutritive ratio was the more jirofitable. The results of a feeding trial to (letermi)ie the comparative effect of feeding pigs rations of corn meal and of ground peas, W. L. Carlyle (pp. 44-58, figs. 4). — To further test the comparative value of ground peas and corn meal, these grains were each fed alone, using 2 lots each made up of 2 razorback pigs, 1 Yorkshire, and 2 razorback grades, weighing on an average some 48 lbs. each at the beginning of the trial. In 30 weeks the average daily gain per pig in lot 1 (fed peas) was 0.75 lb. In lot 2 (fed corn meal) it was 0.63 lb. The feed eaten per pound of gain was 4.52 and 4.91 lbs., respec- tively, the corresponding cost of a pound of gain being 6.78 and 4.34 cts. At the close of the test the pigs were slaughtered and a block test made. The nutritive ratio of the pea ration was 1 : 3.18 and of the corn ration 1 : 9.75. According to the author, the pig.? fed peas, i. e., the narrower ration, gave much better results than the lot fed corn. "The razorback-Poland-China cross-bred pigs ate the most grain, made the greatest average gain, had much the larger quantity of internal fat, and the great- est thickness of surface fat on outside of body." From the 2 tests a number of general deductions were drawn which are in effect as follows: Feeding stuffs exercise a marked influence on the proportion of fat and lean meat in the carcass of growing pigs and may also materially affect the development of the various internal organs and the breaking strength of the bones and tendons. A ration of peas and shorts give a larger proportion of lean meat, firmer flesh, stronger bone and more blood than a ration of corn and rye. A ration of peas, when compared with a ration of corn, gave more marked results in these respects than did the ration of peas and shorts when compared with corn and rye. Rations of corn and corn and rye when fed to growing pigs tenj>. 16, figs. 31). — Breeds of poultry and poultry raising are discussed, especial atten- tion being paid to poultry houses, coops, feeding troughs, drinking fountains, and related topics. Experiments on feeding- chickens when bacteria are excluded and on the value of the intestinal bacteria, Schottelu-s (Ztsrhr. I'niersudi. Xahr. u. (ieid'ss- tiitl., 4 {1901), Xo. ^4, pp- 116-5, 1166). — In a paper presented at the seventy-third meeting of German Naturalists and Physicians at Hamljurg, September, 1901, the author reported experiments with chickens hatched and fed in such a way that bac- teria were excluded. The chickens ate readily and apparently digested their food normall}', yet they did not gain in weight and died after about 20 days. Tests showed that the feces were free from bacteria. At the end of the same period, chick- ens fed normally weighed about 3 times as much as at the beginning. When the chickens fed under sterile conditions were inoculated with intestinal bacteria from normal chickens, they became strong and gained in weight. DAIEY FARMING -DAIRYING. A study of rations fed to milch cows in Connecticut, C. S. Phelps (Connec- ticut Starrs Sta. Rpt. 1900, ]>p. l.JO-157). — This study began in 1892 and has been con- tinued to the present time. The results for 1892 to 1897 were presented at length in a jirevious report of the station (E. S. R., 10, p. 681) and are here briefly summar- ized. Preliminary experiments undertaken during the winters of 1897-98 and 1898-99 to study the value of rations based upon milk yields have not been reported. In the experiments during the winter of 1899-1900, of which a detailed account is given, the effect of feeding according to the yield of butter fat w^as studied with 4 private herds of 8 to 18 cows each. "Two tests were made with each herd, covering periods of 11 or 12 days. In the first test the entire herd was fed a ration which was essentially the same for each cow; while in the second test the ration was varied according to the yields of butter fat. Two grain mixtures were used in the second test. The first, together with the coarse fodder used, was called a basal ration, which was planned to contain not far from 2 lbs. of digestible protein daily. The actual amounts of digestible protein in the basal ration varied from 1.80 to 2.30 lbs. The second grain mixture was called a protein mixture. It was usually composed of the feeding stuffs which the farmer was using, combined in such proportions as to furnish approximatel)^ 0.3 of a pound •of digestiljle protein for each pound of the mixture. "The plan of feeding in the second test was to use the ba.«al ration for all the cows in the test, and to add to this varying quantities of the ])rotein mixture according to the yields of butter fat, as shown by the results of the first test. Those cows pro- ducing from 0.50 to 0.65 lb. of butter fat in the first test received the basal ration only; those producing from 0.66 to 0.80 lb. of butter fat received 1 lb. of the pro- tein mixture in addition to the basal ration; those producing from 0.81 to 0.95 lb. of butter fat received 2 lbs. of the protein mixture in addition to the basal ration; while those producing 0.96 to 1.10 lbs. of butter fat received 3 lbs. of the protein mixture in addition to the basal ration." 984 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The following table summarizes the results of each test: Original and suggested radons fed to dairy cows. Aver- age Digesti- Fuel Nutri- Total Cost, less val- Daily Daily Total cost of Total cost of 1 lb. weight ble pro- value. tive cost of ue of yield of yield of inn ihs of tein. ratio. ration. ma- milk. butter. milk. butter. cows. nure. Herd P: Lbs. IMS. Calories. Cents. Cents. Us. Lbs. Cents. First test 800 2.71 31, 990 1:5.3 22.4 13.9 16.6 1.01 »1.35 22 Second test . . Herd Q: First test 800 2.92 30,950 1:4.7 20.4 11.1 16.2 1.03 1.26 20' 750 2.23 28,800 1:6.0 19.5 12.0 13.9 .88 1.40 22' Second test . . 750 2.37 27,250 1:5.2 19.4 11.3 16.3 .98 1.19 2a Herd R: First test 750 1.49 27,270 1:8.8 16.8 11.2 15.9 .84 1.06 •2(y Second test . . 750 2.36 27,400 1:5.2 18.4 10.6 16.8 .96 1.09 19 Herd S: First test 725 1.45 27,290 1:9.1 18.6 12.8 13.6 .78 1.38 24 Second test . . 725 1.98 26, 460 1:6.2 17.2 11.2 16.7 1.03 1.03 IT " In 3 of the experiments the average cost of the ration used in the second test was less than that of the one used in the first test. The cost of producing 100 lbs. of milk was also less in the second te.st of the same 3 experiments, while the cost of produc- ing 1 lb. of butter was less in all cases. ' ' The economy of feeding according to the yield of milk or of butter fat will depend much upon what yields are taken as a basis in feeding. In these experiments there was used about 2 lbs. of digestible protein for 0.50 to 0.65 lb. of butter fat, and the protein was increased by 0.3 lb. for an increase of 0.15 lb. in the yield of fat. In the cases of 3 herds this plan of feeding proved more profitable than the one of feeding a nearly uniform ration to all the cows. "The experiments, as a whole, help to verify the earlier work of this station, and point out the economy of feeding a larger proportion of protein than most farmers are in the habit of feeding. Rations supplying from 1.80 to 2.60 lbs. of digestible protein per day, according to the yields of milk or of butter fat, have generally proven more profitable than those furnishing less jirotein." Forage for dairy cows, T. L. IIaecker {Farm Sludeiits' Rev., 7 {1902), No. 5, pp.. 74, 75). — The improvement of cows by feeding is briefly discussed, and notes are given on several forage crops. Oil cakes in the feeding of dairy cows, J. B. Martin {Jour. Agricole [Paris], 13 {1902), No. 143, pp. 34-08). — The relative value of different oil cakes for dairy cows is discussed, average analyses of several oil cakes are given, and 4 rations for dairy cows are suggested. Records of station cows; feeding dairy cows, J. S. Moore {Mississippi Sta. Bid. 70, pp. 19) . — Summarized records are given of the station herd of Jersey cows for the calendar years 1897-1901. The average yield of milk per cow for the 4 years varied from 4,043 to 5,149 lbs., and the average yield of butter fat from 210.4 tO' 278.6 lbs. Experiments in comparing cotton-seed meal with wheat bran and cowpea hay with Johnson grass hay, and on the relative feeding value of different grains, have already been noted (E. S." R., 13, p. 586). A test was made of the effect of feeding grain to cows on good pasture. Three cows were fed cotton-seed meal and wheat bran for 6 weeks, and 6 cows were fed the same amount during the same period and a reduced quantity during the 6 weeks following. The difference in yield was not sufficient to justify the feeding of grain. Several rations for dairy cows are suggested and notes are given on the care of cows, rearing calves, and the influence of feed on the quality of milk and butter. The station herd was fed for periods of 2 weeks each rations containing, respectively» DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 985 cotton-seed meal, cotton seed, and corn-and-cob meal. There \va.« very little differ- ence in the score of the butter from the 3 rations. On the average composition of milk of pure-bred cows of different breeds, F. W. WoLL ( TT7*vo/*.s'/// .s'/(f. Rpt. IHOI, pp. 85-97). — Original analyse^of 97 comjxjsite samples of milk of 82 pure-l)red cows are reported. The average results by breeds are given in the following table: Average compoHitioii of milk of pure-bred cows. Breed. Num- ! Number berof of cows, analyses. 1 Solids. Casein Fat. and al- bumen. Milk sugar. Ash. Solids- not-fat. Fat in solids. Holstein 70 2 2 8 75 Perct. 11.78 Perct. 3.33 5.39 3.52 3.74 Perct. 3.18 3.45 3.53 3.34 Per ct. 4.52* 4.83 4.63 4.75 Perct. 0.75 .79 .92 .74 Perct. 8.45 9.07 9.08 8.83 Per ct. 28.3 12 14.46 37.3 Shorthorn 2 1 12.60 8 12. 57 27.9 Red Polled 29.7 The author has also compiled data from American and foreign sources on the com- position of the milk of the principal American dairy breeds. The following table gives a smnmary of American data as regards fat content, and also the average daily yield of milk and fat: Average fat content and daihj yield of milk and fat of pure-bred cows. Fat content of milk. Daily yield of milk and fat. Breed. Number of cows. Fat. Number of cows. Milk. Fat. Jersey . . 164 67 502 43 33 15 14 5 28 5 5 Per cent. 5.13 4.87 3.30 3.58 3.85 3.84 3.77 3.40 4.64 4.66 3.99 153 53 493 39 18 15 14 5 25 5 5 Pounds. 24.5 28.9 48.9 31.9 27.7 26.6 37.3 27.2 11.8 22.9 27.0 Pounds. 1.26 1.41 1.61 1.14 1.07 Red Polled 1.02 1.41 Dutch Belted .92 .65 1.07 1.08 Annual milk and butter production of cows owned by patrons of the university creamery, E. H. F.\rrington ( Wiscon.nn Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 98-128, tigs. 14). — Data obtained in farm tests of 6 dairy herds supplying milk to the univer- sity creamery, and reported in Bulletin 75 of the station (E. S. R., 11, p. 673), are reprinted with the results of additional work along this line. The milk supply of the university creamery from April, 1894, to October, 1901, is shown in tabular form. During the (5 years from 1895 to 1900, inclusive, the average number of patrons varied from 50 to 67, and the annual amount of milk received from 1,890,400 to 2,437,840 lbs. The fat content of the milk from year to year varied between 4.08 and 4.20 per cent. It was highest in October and November, with no marked changes during other months. During the summer of 1901 milk was received from 95 herds, comprising in all 872 cows. It wa.« found difficult to secure the cooperation of patrons in the systematic and extended testing of the milk of individual cows, even where the station furnished all the necessary material for sampling and paid the patrons for the extra time involved. Frcjm August, 1897, to April, 1901, 217 cows on 13 farms were tested, the tests repre- senting 135 complete and 98 partial lactation periods. Only 2 or 3 of the herds were tested for this entire period. Some of the data not previously pultlished, showing 986 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. extreme variations in the 1)utter value (jf the cows on different farms, are given in the following table: Range in value of annual products. Number of cows in herd. Creamery value of cows. Best. Poorest. Average Farm A, 1900. Farm A, 1901. Farm D, 1900. Farm E, 1900. FarmE, 1901. Farm F, 1900. Farm G, 1900. Farm H, 1900 Farm H, 1901 Farm I, 1901 . Farm J, 1901 . Farm K, 1900 Farm K, 1901 $82. 23 64.93 51. 28 68. 16 70. 72 58.70 72.21 66.08 62.71 67.85 51. U 54.61 46.81 $20. 18 23.51 28.40 43.47 59.47 31.90 39.32 17.23 4G.65 14.56 37.58 22. 35 36.69 139. 20 38. 92 44.42 61.20 62.11 44.00 66.57 50.00 56.00 39.00 46.00 39.00 42.00 Official tests of dairy cows, 1900-1901, F. W. Woll and R. H. Shaw ( Wis- consin Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp 73-84) ■ — Detailed data are given of official 7-day tests of 120 Holstein and 4 Guernsey cows. In addition 1-day tests of 6 Guernsey cows are reported. Many of the cows were tested more than once. The results are not dis- cussed, except briefly as regards variations in the fat content of the milk of the Hol- stein cows. Marked variations were found in the percentages of fat in milk from individual cows. ' ' In most cows these differences can not be explained, as their causes are not yet understood." Comparative skimming qualities of Holstein and Jersey milk, W. D. Saunders ( Virginia Sta. Bui. 122, pp. 21-29) . — A comparison was made of mixed milk from a number of Holstein cows and from the same number of Jersey cows as regards skimming qualities. In a preliminary experiment 200 lbs. of milk from each breed was separated in each of 7 trials under like conditions. The average fat content of the Holstein milk was 3.77 per cent and of the skim milk 0.077 per cent. The average fat content of the Jersey milk was 5.65 per cent and of the skim milk 0.0385 per cent. In a second experiment extending over 4 months the cows of each breed were in corresponding stages of lactation and different separators were used. In each of 29 trials 100 \hs. of milk of each breed was separated. The average fat content of the Holstein milk was 3.45 per cent and of the skim milk 0.188 per cent. Tlie average fat content of the Jersey milk was 5.71 per cent and of the skim milk 0.095 per cent. The Trowbridge method of calibrating Babcock test bottles, E. H. F.\rkixg- TON ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. I'JOl, pp. 129-131, fig. 1). — A practical method of testing the graduation of milk test bottles proposed by O. A. Trowbridge, of Columbus, Wis., is described. The test bottle is filled with water to the zero mark and a piece of metal, standardized to displace 2 cc. of liquid is carefully lowered into the bottle by means of a fine wire to below the 10 per cent mark, to which the water should rise if the graduation is correct. Precautions in making the test, such as having the bottle clean and avoiding air bubbles, are mentioned. The use and abuse of the Babcock test, C. H. Eckles {Dairy and Creamery, 4 {1902), No. 2, pp. 2, 3). The problem of a pure milk supply, H. D. Chapix {Forum, 33 {1902), No. 3, pp. 293-296). — A brief general discussion on this subject. On the increased resistance of bacteria in milk pasteurized in contact with the air, H. L. Russell and E. G. Hastings ( Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 185-194, .figs. 2). — In the report of the station for 1900 (E. S. R., 13, p. 83) it was shown, in confirmation of the work of Theobald Smith, that the tubercle bacillus is more resistant in milk when heated in an open than in a closed vessel. In the ]>resent :rAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 987 report an account is given of experiments made with a microcioccus originally isolated from pasteurized milk, to determine if similar results could be obtained with other bacteria and to ascertain why the destructii)u of l)acteria in milk is subject to such variation. The thermal death point of the micrococcus with a 12-minute ex])osure in a sealed tube was found to be about 76° C. The results were practically unif(jrm when bouillon, skim milk, whey, and milk were used as media. In milk heated in an oj)en vessel the micrococcus resisted a temperature of 80°. Milk drawn from beneath the surface by a siphon was sterile, while numerous colonies developed on plate cultures made from the surface membrane. The surface membrane on milk heated at 80° was removed at the end of 10 minutes and showed the presence of bacteria. A second membrane formed, which was removed at the end of another period of 10 minutes and found to be sterile. The organism was not destroyed in the film when the milk was heated for 20 minutes at the same temperature. The experiments show an increased resistance of the organism in the surface mem- brane. Two possiljle explanations of this phenomenon were advanced, (1) a dimin- ished temperature of the surface membrane as compared with the remainder of the milk, and (2) protection afforded the bacteria by the membrane itself. The first was disproved by removing the membrane and immersing it in water at the same temperature. The second hypothesis is therefore considered the most probable explanation. The ripening of cream, H. W. Conn and W. M. Esten {Connectlent Storrs Sta. apt. 1900, pp. 13-33). — This article has already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 13, p. 688). Investigations on the sources of the acid organisms concerned in the sour- ing of milk, R. H. Burr [Coi)ihy:1lcut Starrs Sfa. Ej^t. 1900, pp. 06-81). — The bacteria mainly concerned in the souring of milk and cream in Connecticut are Bacillus acidi lactici, B. acidi lactici II, and B. Inctis aerogenes, of which the first is by far the most important, comprising commonly 90 per cent of the organisms present in ripened cream. Three series of experiments were conducted by the author at the Connecti- cut Hospital for the Insane to determine the source of these organisms, especially that of B. acidi lactici. In the first and second series of experiments made in 1900 and 1901, bacteriolog- ical studies were made of tlie milk as drawn directly from 70 cows kept under excel- lent dairy conditions. The results on the whole show that lactic acid bacteria are not present in freshly drawn milk, but are a secondary contamination from some external source. The acid organisms multiply rapidly, and soon check the growth of the liquefying and other bacteria present in fresh milk. All 3 species of lactic acid bacteria were found in the air and in the dust and dirt falling from the cows during milking. The B. acidi lactici was present in the air in the smallest numbers. In the third series of experiments 2 cows reacting to tuberculin were slaugh- tered and a Ijacteriological study was made of their udders. In both cases the udders were ai)parently normal. None of the 3 species of bacteria was found. An organism producing an acid reaction in milk without curdling was found in both udders and is described. It is considered identical with the Micrococcus acidi lactici of Conn and the micrococcus described by Ward (E. S. R., 12, p. 184). This organism is not considered of any significance in the souring of milk. Starters, G. L. McKay {loiva Agriculturist, 1 {1902), No. S, pp. 5-7). — A brief popular account of the use of pure cultures in the ripening of cream. Water in butter — an important feature, G. S. Thomson {Jour. Agr. and Ind. South Austrnliii, .7 (190?), Xos. 0, pp. r>/,4-.)49; 8, pp. 678, 679). — The average water content of over 50 sam[)les oi South Australian butter analyzed l)y the author was 11.7 per cent. The butter trier was found unreliable as a jiractical guide for judging the amomit of water in butter. A difference of 1.4 i)cr cent in the water content of butter followci] a difference of 4° K. in the tiMuperature of the cream when churned. 988 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Butter salted at the rate of 5 and of 2h lbs. of salt to 100 lbs. of butter contained, respectively, 10.5 and 12.7 per cent of water, and butter salted in brine at the rate of 3 and SJ lbs. of salt to 5 gals, of water contained, respectively, 13.4 and 14.6 per cent of water. Butter salted at the rate of 5, 7, and 10 per cent contained, respectively, 15.4, 17.9, and 18.8 per cent of water. Butter worked with 19 revolutions of worker per minute contained less water than butter worked with 45 revolutions per minute. The water content was not materially affected by the size of granules. There was an improvement in the flavor of butter kept in the refrigerator for 6 weeks. Mottles in butter, J. Findelow {Abs. in Dairy World, 10 {1902), No. 118, p. 192). — It is stated that the author has shown by experiments that the following are some of the causes of mottles in butter: "Ripening the cream at too high a temperature, no matter how well it may be cooled afterwards; uneven distribution of salt; use of excessive cold water; insufficient washing; insufficient working; and uneven tem- perature throughout the mass of ])utter." The microscopic examination of butter under polarized light, H. D. Rich- mond [British Food Jour., 3 {1901), No. 36, j). 374). — According to the author, margarin mixed with butter can in many cases be detected by examination under polarized light. Ordinary pure butter gives no bright appearance under polarized light, but under several conditions it may give the appearance of butter adulterated with small percentages of margarin. The chemical changes in the ripening of cheese, W. F. Sutherst {Sci. Amer. Sup., 53 {1902), No. 1373, p. 22007). — The author discusses the role of bacteria, enzyms, and molds in the ripening of cheese, and gives analyses to show changes in composition. The total nitrogen in the fresh curd July 10 and in the cheese August 23 and October 16 was, respectively, 4.824, 4.916, and 5.021 per cent. The amount of casein and albumin decreased from 2.203 per cent August 23 to 1.850 per cent October 16, and the albumoses and peptones from 1.586 to 1.288. During the same time the amids increased from 1.120 to 1.848 per cent, and the ammonia from 0.007 to 0.025 per cent. The methods of analysis employed were those suggested by Stutzer (E. 8. R., 8, p. 667). Influence of cold-curing on the quality of cheese, S. M. Babcock, H. L. Rus- sell, A. Vivian, and U. S. Baer ( ^Vm-omhiSio. Rpt. 1901, pp. 136-161, figs. 8). — Four series of experiments made during a period of 4 years to study the effect of curing Cheddar cheese at lower temperatures than usual are reported. In the first series 2 cheeses were kept at a temperature below freezing (25 to 30° F. ) for 14 and 17 months, respectively, and then analyzed. In the second series of experiments cheeses were made with 3, 6, and 9 oz. of rennet per 1,000 lbs. of milk and cured at temperatures of 15, 33, 40, 50, and 60° F. Analyses and scorings were made at frequent intervals. In the third series cheeses were made with 3 oz. of rennet per 1,000 ll>s. of milk and cured at temperatures of 15, 40, and 60° F. Analyses and scorings at frequent inter- vals for 7 months are given. This series and the following are not yet completed. In the fourth series of experiments milk was obtained from different regions and a larger number of cheeses were made. The curing temperatures were 15, 40, 50, and 60° F. The results are discussed at gome length and general conclusions are drawn. The authors believe that lower temperatures than usual may be employed with perfect safety in the curing of cheese. "Not only have we found in our experiments that no bitter or other undesirable flavors have been produced, but that the quality of cheese cured under these conditions was on the whole better than that of those ripened at the more usual temperatures employed (60° F. and above). Good results have been ol)tained at all temperatures from 33 to 50° F., although more uniform results were obtained from 40 to 50° F. This indicates that the ordinary temperatures secured in cold-storage rooms are suitable for this purpose. The experiments made at temperatures below freezing show that the course of ripening is not normal and these can not be recommended for general practice, although the casein of cheese breaks down even under these low-temperature conditions." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 989 The flavor of the cold-cured cheese was always inild. "In no case was there any of the sharj) flavors that characterize old cheese ripened at the usual temperatures. This fact is very si>jniflcant in indicating that the i)hysical l)reaking down of the casein and the production of tlie peculiar flavors that characterize ripe Cheddar cheese are quite independent of each other, although uniier normal temperature conditions the 2 processes progress simultaneously." The texture of cheese cured below freezing was often soggy and crumbly. The texture of cheese cured above freezing was almost without exception improved over that of cheese cured at the higher temperatures. The body of cold-cured cheese remained quite firm and the color even. " In all the cheese cured below 40° F. small, opaque, whitish specks were produced which were scarcely noticeable when the plug w^as cold but became apparent upon warming. An examination of cold-storage goods in various places revealed the fact that this was a common occurrence, and in the judgment of buyers was neglected as a factor in determining values, as these specks were generally inconspicuous and apparently had no effect on the flavor of the prod- uct. The nature of these bodies is yet under investigation." Curing at lower temperatures than usual enhanced the keeping quality of the cheese and lessened the lo.sses from shrinkage and mold. ' ' The system of cold-curing here proposed differs from simple cold storage of ripened cheese in that these low temperatures are employed from the beginning of the ripen- ing period. In our experience the quality of such cheese, as measured by the stand- ards of flavor, texture, and body, are materially improved, with the result that the value of the cheese per pound is somewhat increased, and particularly so when the lengthening of the commercial period of the cheese is taken into consideration. Not only is the value per pound improved, but the losses due to mold and shrinkage are diminished. . . . "It should be kept in mind that the expense of this system of curing is somewhat greater than the old method, but the returns will undoubtedly more than balance the debit side." The desirability of curing cheese by this method in central stations is briefly discussed. Influence of sugar on the nature of the fermentations occurring in milk and cheese, S. M. Babcock, H. L. Rlssell, A. Vivian, and E. G. Hastings ( TI7.s- comin Sia. Rpt. 1901, pp. 162-176, Jigs, i').— The influence of environment on the production of flavor in cheese is discussed and several series of experiments are reported. In milk from which the milk sugar had been removed bj' dialysis a putrefactive fermentation rejjlaced the usual acid fermentation. Indol was invariably ])roduced. In dialyzed milk to which glucose and sucrose were subsequently added no disagree- able odor developed. These experiments having shown that sugar prevents the putrefaction of proteid compounds in milk, the authors were led to study the effect of the removal of milk sugar upon the flavor of cheese. Cheese was made from curds which had been thoroughly washed in order to remove the sugar, and cured along with cheese made from the same milk according to the usual Cheddar process. Analyses and scorings were made at frequent inter- vals. Cheese made from washed curds developed a putrid flavor, which became very marked. The cheese was also inferior in texture and l)ody. During the first 2 months the total soluble nitrogen was greater in the Cheddar cheese as compared with the cheese from washed t'urds, but later this relati(jn was reversed. Liquefying bacteria developed more rai)idly than nonliijucfying forms in cheese from washed curds. "The more rapit. 1901, pp. 132-135, fig. 1). — A method of making print cheese employed at the university is described. The usual method employed in making Cheddar cheese is followed excejit as regards pressing. The bottom of the rectangular mold used is a carved board which stamps a design and marks the cheese into jirints. Cheeses made for cutting~into 15 one- pound prints, each measuring 2 J by 2\ by 4^ in., are illustrated. No difficulty was experienced in curing in the regular Cheddar cheese curing room. Roquefort cheese, F. de Barrai' {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 3 {1902), Nos. 7, pj). 2l'>-217; 9, pp. 294-296). — An account of the Roquefort cheese industry. Testing rennet, A. Rolet {Laiterie, 12 [1902), No. 3, pp. 17-19). — Directions are given for determining the quantity of rennet preparation to be added to milk in cheese making. Statistics of oleomargarine, oleo oil, and filled cheese, 1900 and 1901, R. A. Pearson {U. S. Senate, 57th Cong., 1st session. Doc. 168, pp. 22). — Statistics relating to the production and distribution of oleomargarine, oleo oil, and filled cheese for the fiscal years 1900 and 1901. Statistics for previous years were published in the report of the Bureau of Animal Industry for 1899 (E. S. R., 13, p. 180). Oleomargarine, J. H. Garber ( Twelfth Census United States, Census Bui. 138, pp. 16). — Statistics of the manufacture of oleomargarine for the year ended May 31, 1900. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. The relation of animal diseases to public health, D. D. Grout {Sanitarian, 47 {1901), No. 383, pp. 310-324). — The author discusses in a general way the danger from transmission of various animal diseases to man. Among the more important VETERINAKY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 991 of sucli diseases mention niaj' be made of glanders, rabies, anthrax, tu])errnlosis, milk sickness, smalliiox, diphtheria, searlet fever, and plague. Especial attention is devoted to a discussion of the problem of tuberculosis and the value of the tuben'ulin test in detecting the presence of incipient cases of this disease. Insects as a living medium for cultivating- infectious diseases of man and animals, ('. vox Ihu.ni (('ndhl. llald.-n. Par., 1. Aht.,,:o (inOI), Xn.7 , pi>. ..'S4-2S7).— The author conducted experiments in cultivating the organisms of ulcus molle and syphilis in a large variety of living insects, including nearly all the orders of insects. It was found that the organisms grew rapidly and luxuriantly in the body cavity and various organs of all insects with which experiments were made. A rapid growth and development of the organisms took place, whether the insects were inoculated with the hypodermic needle or by being allowed to feed upon the organ- isms. It was found that l)y infecting an insect and then i>lacing it in a cage with other insects of the same or different species, all the other insects ultimately became infected with the pathogenic organisms. The author calls attention to the great importance of these facts for the future development of the bacteriology of infectious diseases. Influence of the body cavity on the haemolytic po-wer of serum from other animals, S. J. Meltzer (Cf»7W. BaU. u. Par., 1. AbL, 30 {1901), Xo.7, pp. 278-281).— Numerous experiments in connection with this problem Avere carried out by the author. It was found that the serum of cattle operated vigorously in disintegrating the red blood corpuscles of rabbits. When the serum was previously kept for from 10 to 14 days at a temperature of living rooms, it was found that its hfcmolytic property was entirely lost. Fresh normal serum of cattle maintained for 3 hours in the body cavity of a rabbit loses almost entirely its power of dissolving the red blood corpuscles of rabbits. During the experiment it was found that the serum of cattle when placed in the body cavity of a dead animal soon lost its hssmolytic prop- erty. It is concluded from these experiments that immune as well as normal sera lose their haemolytic power by remaining for different lengths of time in the body cavity of another animal. It is believed that the disappearance of this property of the serum may be due to alexins. Involution forms of bacteria on salt-agar, which resemble the plague bacillus, A. Rosexfeld (CmihL Bakt. ». Par., 1. Aht., 30 {1901), No. 17, pp. 641- 653). — The author investigated these forms in a number of bacteria, including the bacillus of mouse typhus, of hog cholera, swine plague, ferret plague, chicken cholera, pseudo-tuberculosis, and the bacillus of Danysz. The various bacteria were culti- vated for a considerable time on artificial nutrient media, at a temperature of 37° C. The usual formula was adopted for making a slightly alkaline agar mediuui, but instead of adding only 5 gm. of sodium chlorid to the liter of bouillon, from 20 to 50 gm. were used. The growth of diffei-ent bacilli under these conditions showed great differences. In general there was a noticeable check to the development of bacteria in the presence of a large percentage of salt. The organisms of swine plague, pseudo- tuberculosis, and chicken cholera produced only a weak growth, even m the pres- ence of slight quantities of salt, while the organisms of hog cholera, mouse typhus, and ferret typhus showed quite vigorous development in the medium containiug5 per cent of salt. In connection with the decrease in growth a modilication of the form of individual elements was noted. In the organisms of hog cholera, ferret plague, and mouse typhus this phenomenon was first observed in media with a high salt content, and consisted simply in an enlargement of the rods and the formation of threads with considerable branching. In cultures of the bacillus of Danysz in media containing 5 per cent of salt, many swollen forms were observed, club-shaped, spindle-shaped, or even spherical. The vai-ious modifications of form which occurred under the influence of different percentages of salt in the nutrient media are described in detail. The author maintains, however, that these involution forma produced under the influence of salt should not lie mistaken for the plague bacillus. 992 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Injurious effects of sorghum on stock, T. E. Coulson {Queensland Agr. Jour., 9 {1901), No. l,p. ISS).— The author gives various instances of poisoning from eating sorghum in various stages. In one case 17 animals in one herd died from eating sorghum; in other instances cattle were allowed to feed upon sorghum in all its stages without suffering any harm. In most cases death resulted xevy quickly, even more quickly than from strychnin poisoning. An urgent request is made for a further investigation of this subject. Report of the division of veterinary science, J. A. Gilruth and C. J. Reakes {Neiv Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1901, pp. 186-268, pis. 5).— Two outbreaks of anthrax occurred, and both were traceable to the use of "green bone" fertilizer. For some time shipments of this material have been accompanied by declarations that the lx)nes were thoroughly sterilized, but these statements seemed to be of little value. Details are given of circumstances surrounding the 2 outl)reaks of the disease. Hog cholera occurred in 4 districts in outbreaks of gi'eater or less severity. The majority of the outbreaks took place between July and December. Repeated out- breaks of the disease occurred on a certain farm, and after one appearance of the disease the hogs were all killed off, the buildings and food material burned, fences destroyed, and the land plowed. It is believed that by keeping hogs off this land for a period of 2 years the disease may be eradicated. The agglutination test in cases of hog cholera proved to be very reliable, according to the observations of the authors. A case of verminous pleurisy combined with pneumonia was observed in a pig, but no further cases of the disease could be discovered. The worm which was apparently the cause of the disease was not identified, but is described as resembling trichinae but being considerably smaller. A considerable portion of the time of the veterinary staff was occupied with work in connection with tuberculosis. A large amount of inspection work was done, and the tuberculin test was applied on request from cattle owners. Detailed reports on the prevaflence of tuberculosis and on the results of tuberculin tests are made by a number of the veterinary staff. The members of the staff are unanimous in their opinion as to the great value and reliable character of tuberculin when carefully and properly used. A large amount of tuberculous infection was observed in pigs which were fed on by-products of the dairy. A number of cases of actinomj'cosis among cattle were observed, 2 cases being found in the udder of dairy cows. Considerable attention was given to the study of cirrhosis of the liver, also known in horses as " Winton disease." Experiments showed that the disease could be suc- cessfully treated in horses by repeated doses of strychnin internally. The same disease was observed among a number of cattle. The authors were unsuccessful in attempts to isolate any pathogenic organism. It is believed that the primary seat of infection is not in the liver, .and further search will be made for the specific organism in the alimentary tract or in some other organ. Brief notes are given on epithelioma, especially as affecting the external ej^e mem- branes, (esophagus, and liver. An unusual number of cases are reported of hyper- trophy of the thyroid glands in calves, lambs, and colts. This produced an appearance similar to that of goitre in human beings. Many calves were born with enlarged thyroids, and 150 lambs from a herd of 450 ewes were lost on account of this disease. The trouble appears to be associated with malnutrition and a condition of anemia in the parent animals. No outbreaks of the disease occurred among sheep which required especial investigation during the year. The number of deaths from malignant tedema after shearing or docking was much less, and this improvement is believed to be the result of better sanitary- measures. Notes are given on the various pathological material which was received for inves- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 993 ligation at the laboratory of the veterinary division. A detailed report is given on the inspection of horses for unsoundness in selecting animals for military use, on inspection of dairies, veterinary inspection, and cruelty to animals. An accomit is given of an investigation of a plague among rats occurring in Auck- land. The appearance of the bacillus and the behavior on different media are described. A number of inoculation experiments were made in order to determine the virulence of the plague bacillus for rats and other experimental animals. These experiments indicate that little is to be feared from infection of rats and guinea i)igs with the plague bacillus. In several instances artificially-infected rats were killed and eaten by other rats and the infection was not transmitted. Brief notes are also given on a trip to Europe for the purpose of securing Shorthorn dairy cattle free from tuberculosis and improved stallions for service in the Colony. Summary of results of experiments with tuberculous cows, C. S. Phelps {Conncdicut Storrs Sta. lipt. 1900, })p. 175-187). — The author summarizes results of experiments with 4 cows upon which several preliminary reports have already been made (E. S. R., 11, pp. 890, 891; 12, pp. 1086, 1087). At the tenth application of the tuberculin test, March 19 and 20, 1900, none of the cows reacted. Another test made on September 28 of the same year gave a reaction in 1 cow. Detailed notes are given on the progress of the disease in the different cows. In the early part of the fourth year 3 of the cows began to show signs of decline, but the fourth contin- ued to give a good flow of milk and appeared to be in a vigorous state of health when killed in November, 1900. All of the cows were slaughtered and post-mortem examinations were made by Dr. N. S. Mayo. The disease was found to be general- izeil in 2 of the cows and somewhat restricted in the other 2. In May, 1900, 3 calves from healthy cows were selected for further experiments on the infectiousness of milk of the tuberculous cows. The calves were placed in a small pasture and all possible precautions were taken to prevent transmission of the disease in any way except by the milk. The calves did not react to the tuberculin test on May 24 or on September 28, after having been fed over 4i months on tuber- culous milk. After the second test the calves were fed no more milk. One calf died on November 29 and was found on post-mortem examination to be tuberculous. The other calves were kept by themselves during the winter, and after having been tested with tuberculin in February, 1901, without reaction, were sent to pasture in May of that year. As in previous reports on this subject, the author concludes that the danger of the spread of tuberculosis through the milk of infected animals is not so great as generally supposed. This is especially true during the earlier stages of the disease; after the tuberculosis has become generalized the danger is greater and all reason- able precautions are necessary to prevent the spread of the disease from such long- standing cases. It is recommended that all cows be tested with tuberculin and that those which react should be separated from the rest, and that the nonaffected animals should be subsequently tested at least once per year. The extent to which tuberculin investig-ations among cattle in Sweden have been useful, L. G. L. Kkoxer {K. Laudt. Abid. Ilavdl. Tidskr., 4'' [1901), No. i^, jrp. 134-145). — Since 1897 the Swedish Government has exi)ende/ nanaderia, 1 {1901), No. 13, pp. 3-13, pi. ;).— In various herds of cattle in Argentina outbreaks of blackleg occurred and the mortality in such herds varied from 2.5 to 6 per cent. The author made elaborate investiga- tions for the purpose of definitely identifying the disease. An examination was made VETKKINARY SCIP:NCK AND PRACTICE. 995 of the bluud ami various organs of affected animals and inoculation expennients were conducted on rabbits and jruinea pigs, with the result that all tests proved conclusively that the disease was blackleg. Texas fever, J. C. Kobkut {Miftsissippi Sla. Bui. 69, pp. 15, figs. 4). — During tlie l)ast 2 years 65 northern cattle were vaccinated against Texas fever at the station; 18 of these were purchased by the station for experimental purposes, and of this number KJ j)assed through the period of inoculation fever and are at present car- rying ticks and in goce subjected to a longer exposure to the insecticide. Heart"water in sheep and goats {Agr. Jour. Cape (jood Hope, 19 {1901), Xo. 5, pj>. 302-314, fi(j>(. 2). — Experiments made by the Colonial Veterinary Department indicated that the disease known as heartwater was not connnunii-ated by ordinary sources of infection. It was suspected that some species of tick was concerned in the transmission of the disease from animal to animal. The entomological depart- ment made experiments along this line and demonstrated conclusively that the bont tick {Amblyomma hebrieum) was an agent in the transmission of the disease. Further experiments were made in the artificial communication of the disease ])y means of ticks. It was shown that even a limited infestation In- young bont ticks which fed during their larval stages on the diseased animals will produce the disease in a severe form in susceptible animals. An excessive infestation l^y other ticks which have been allowed to feed on diseased animals does not produce the disease in susceptible animals. Inoculation against swine erysipelas, Kt?HX.\r {Milcli Ztg., 30 {1901), No. 24, pp. 372-375). — The nature and cause of this disease are discussed in a general way. The author describes the usual symptoms of swine erysipelas and gives an account of experiments which have thus far been conducted in perfecting a protective serum for inoculation and in devising a convenient and practical method for making the inoculation. liympliangitis saccharomycotica equorum, A. Dedyilin (Arcli. \'et. Ncmk, St. Petersburg, 31 {1901), No. 9, pp. 814-822). — This disease is known under a number of names, including African glanders, trembling lymphangitis, epizootic lymphan- gitis, and curable farcy. The symptoms and pathological changes produced by this disease are described in detail. In experiments with remedies for treatment of the disease the author obtained different results, according to the susceptibility of the affected horses and according to the virulence of the infection. In some cases all forms of treatment were unsatisfactory, while in others fairly satisfactory results were obtained by a combination of internal and external remedies. The colloidal silver preparations were given in intravenous injections in doses varying according to the nature of the diet. For external application upon ulcerated areas, caustic potash, iodin with glycerin, corrosive sublimate, najihthaline, and iodoform gave fairly good results. Observations on skin disea.ses which have appeared in cavalry horses in the region of the loins and under the saddle since the introduction of the new army saddle, Kalkofk {Ztsclir. ]'eleriiiark-., 13 {1901), No. 4, PP- 149-172, VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 997 fiys. .'>). — Detailed notes are given on the structure of the saddle recently introduced in army service and on the parts of the horse with which the saddle comes in contact during movement. A number of skin diseases have been produced in a considerable proportion of horses by rubbing of the saddle and the evidence for considering the saddle as the cause of these diseases is critically discussed. One of the more impor- tant forms of skin diseases which is produced in this maimer is eczema. It is believed that the most effective means for preventing the development of these diseases lies in further improvement of the fonn of saddle so as to reduce so far as possible friction (luring the movement of the horse. The most common irregularities of the teeth of the horse, I, C. McCulloch ( Virmnia Ski. Bui. 119, pp. 157-169, figs. 13).—Eviei notes on the irregularities in the number of the teeth, form and union of the incisors, form of the central enamel, in the length and w'idth of the jaws, and from the effects of cribbing and excessive or insufhcient wear. A brief account is also given of frauchilent modification of the appearance of the teeth. The most common irregularities of the teeth of the horse, II, C. ^IcCulloch {Virginia Stu. BnL 120, jip. 11, fiys. 10). — Descriptive Jiotes on irregularities of the molar teeth of the horse which are due to excess or lack of wea:, or to the employ- ment of fraudulent means in changing their appearance. Canine rabies: Its distribution and eradication, J. Ehrhardt {Die Hundswut: Hire Verbreitunfj unci Bekdmpfung. Aarau: Emil Wirz, 1900, pp. 87, charts 7). — The author gives a statistical account of the presence of rabies in Germany, Hungarj', Austria, Belgium, France, England, Italy, Roumania, Bulgaria, Servia, and Switzer- land. Especial attention is given to the unusually extensive outbreak of the disease in Switzerland, and to the various means which were adopted f6r checking the prog- ress of rabies in that country. Clinical pathology of rabies in dogs, W. LELLMANx(5erZ/Vi. TJikriirztl. Wchnschr., 1901, Xo. 31, pp. 4'^.5, 4'^6). — In 3 dogs the circumstances surrounding their infection were well known. The point of infection was in the neighborhood of the central nervous system. Paralysis of the lower jaw was manifested early in the progress of the disease, and the symptoms of so-called dumb rabies were pronounced. The development of the dumb or rabid form of the disease, in the author's opinion, does not depend so much on the place at which infection occurred, but upon the virulence and quantity of the infectious material, upon the susceptibility of the nervous system to i-abies, the nearness of the point of infection to the medulla oblongata, and ujion the temperament of the animals which are infected. A ne-w method for rabies inoculations and for removing the spinal cord, T. OsHiDA {Centbl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. AM., 29 {1901), No. 25, pp. 988-991).— The author describes in detail his method of inoculating rabbits with rabies virus through the optical foramen. When carefully carried out this operation is considered safer than any other which has yet been devised. Injury to the optic nerve does not usually occur and the operation has the great advantage of being simple and convenient. If the virus is injected into the eyeball or orbital cavity the animal does not develoji rabies, and if the virus is injected too deeply into the brain the animal dies from cerebral hemorrhage. These dangers may be avoided by t-areful manipulation so that the ral)ies virus is deposited just under the dura mater. In removing the spinal column of rabbits the author disinfects the surrounding tissue, makes two sections of the spinal column in the cervical and lumbar regions, and then introduces a rod with sterilized absorbent cotton on the end. By pressing upon this rod the spinal cord is easily forced out from the other end of the canal. Transmission ot malignant jaundice of the dog by a species of tick, C. P. LoL'XSBURY {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 19 (1901), No. 11, jip. 714-724). — In cooper- ation with the colonial veterinary surgeon. Doctor Hutcheon, the author undertook a number of experiments for the purpose of deternuning the possible connection of ticks with the di.sease of dogs connnonly known as malignant jaundice, and some- 998 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. times less properly called distemper and dog plague. At first experiments were made with the ticks in the younger stages, and no infection took place. Later experi- ments with adult ticks showed that the blood parasites which cause the disease are readily transmitted by adult ticks. The common dog tick of the Cape region, and the one with which experiments were made, is HsemaphysaUs leachi. It apj^ears that infection can pass from the mother ticks into the eggs, and that the blood parasite requires some time for reaching a stage in which infection of the dog can take place. It appears, therefore, that the ticks are not merely transmitting agents but true sec- ondary hosts for the blood parasites. A previously undescribed chicken epizootic, A. Krausz (Ceidbl. Baki. u. Far., 1. Ab(., 29 {1901), Xo. 25, pp. 980-982). — An epizootic outbreak occurred in a large hennery where fowls have recently been imported from Italy. The di.sease attacked chiefly the young fowls, and affected birds quickly lost their appetite, remaining standing in one place, and appeared sleepy. Underneath the lids an (edematous swelling appeared, and in many cases the eyelids were stuck together. Death occurred in a majority of cases 10 to 15 minutes after the chief symptoms appeared. Post-mortem examinations showed that the veins were filled with blood and all vital organs were congested. The liver was somewhat enlarged. Bacteriological inves- tigations showed the presence of an organism which was identified as S(ap]i>/lucoccus pyogenes albus. Inoculation and feeding experiments with this organism gave nega- tive results, but no young chickens were to Ije had for such experiments. Isolation of diseased birds and disinfection of their (piarters wore completely effective in check- ing tlie progress of the disease. Note on the veterinary service for the year 1900 {.lour. Khediv. Ayr. Soc. and School Ayr., 3 {1901), No. 3, pp. 149-1.52). — Statistics are given on the distribu- tion and prevalence of glanders, rabies, sheej) pox, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, pleuro-pneumonia, tuberculosis, and cattle plague. A l)rief account is also given of a number of animals slaughtered in the abattoirs, the numlier of cattle and sheep imported, and the activity of the vaccine institute for the year. Veterinary pharmacy and toxicology, A. F. Delaud and 0. Stourbe {Pltar- macie et (o.rocoloyie veterinaire^. Paris: ./. B. Baillwre d: Sons, 1900, pP- 496). — In this volume the authors present a discussion of veterinary medicines; the preparation and administration of drugs; weights, measurements, and doses of drugs; determination of the density of liquids; the principal forms of medicines; and the classification of drugs used in veterinary practice. In the second part of the volume the subject of toxi- cology as applied to domesticated animals is treated. The stock-owner's adviser, C. K. Rhodes {Rklnnond, Va.: B. F. Johnson Fnh- Usltiny Co., 1901, pp. 574, fiys. 140). — In this volume the author discusses the history, habits, breeding, hygiene, dietetics, anatomy, and treatment for various diseases of horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and dogs. The diseases of the horse receive the most extended treatment. These diseases are discussed under the following chapters: Inflammation, fractures of bones, diseases of bones, diseases of joints, lameness, sprains and strains, diseases of the feet, wounds, injuries to the mouth, tumors, eye diseases, hernia, diseases of the head and neck, of the skin, of the veins and arteries, lymphatics, diseases of the reproductive organs, diet during disease, symptoms of diseases, contagious diseases, diseases of the respiratory organs, of the alimentary canal, of the nervous system, liver, spleen and pancreas, kidneys, heart, diaphragm, parasitic diseases. The purpose of the volume is to furnish the ordinary stockman in simj)le language a description of symptoms and treatment for the diseases which are ordinarily met with in domesticated animals. Insurance of slaughterhouse animals, SiEDAMCiROTZKv {Dent. Tliierdrztl. Wchnschr., 9 {1901), No. 16, pp. 157-160). — The author outlines the proposed plan by which animals about to be slaughtered are insured. The chief features are con- cerned with the matter of indemnity paid by the government for animals suffering from contagious diseases. AGRICULTUKAL ENGINEEKING. 999 AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Drainage of southern Indiana, J. F. Newsom {Jour. Geul., 10 {1902), No. 2, pp. l>!6-181, pi. 1). — Tliis article (li«'u.«so!^ tlie drainajic? of that portion of southern Indi- ana which "lies south of a line running from Indianapolis east to the Ohio State line, and from Indianapolis south westward along the course of the West Wliite River to the mouth of that stream." The drainage of this area is dependent upon geo- logical structure, and is not controlled primarily by glacial drift. The drainage, except in the eastern jiart of the area, is toward the southwest, following the dip of the strata. Report on irrigation investigations for 1900, E. Mead {V. >S. Dept. Ayr., Office of Experiment Stations Bid. 104, PP- 3-U, ph. 25, figs. 29). — This is an account of imestigations on the methods of conserving, distributing, and using water in irriga- tion made in 1900 under the supervision of the expert in charge of irrigation investiga- tions of this Office. It includes a review of the principal results of the investigations, by E. Mead; a discussion of methods and results, by C. T. Johnston; and reports l)y S})ecial agents and ()l)servers as follows: Irrigation along Pecos River and its tribu- taries, by W. ^I. Reed; Irrigation in the Salt River Valley, by W. H. Code; Irriga- tion at the Arizona E!xperiment Station farm, by A. J. McClatchie; Duty of water under Gage Canal, Riverside, Cal., 1900, by W. Irving; Irrigation investigations in Nevada, by J. M. Wilson; Water administration in Utah, and Duty of water on Big Cottonwood Creek, 1900, by R. C. Gemmell; Irrigation under canals from Logan River, by G. L. Swendsen; Irrigation under the Great Eastern Canal, Platte County, Nebr., by O. V. P. Stout; The use of water for irrigation at Wheatland, Wyo., by C. T. Johnston; Duty of water on the Laramie Plains, 1899, by W. H. Fairfield; Duty of water in Idaho, bj' D. W. Ross; Use of water in irrigation in the Yakima Valley, by 0. L. Waller; Irrigation investigations in Montana, 1900, by S. Fortier; Progress report on silt measurements, by J. C. Nagle. The investigations made dur- ing 1900 followed the same general lines as those of the preceding year (E. S. R., 12, p. 895), although better equipment and increased skill and experience of those in charge have permitted their extension in several important directions. Special attention has been given to a study of the duty of water and the conditions which influence it, since information on this point is necessary as a basis for planning irri- gation works and to assist in framing contracts for supph'ing water, which will be in accord with the necessities of users and enable those charged with the division of streams to properly perform their duties. "An examination of the reports of the different exjjerts and special agents shows close agreements between the average rainfall and average duty of water in 1899 and 1900. These averages are based on measurements made in 10 States and Territories, at stations which are scattered over a region which embraces about one-third of the United States. Feet. In 1899 the average rainfall for the irrigation period was 0. 44 In 1900 the average rainfall for the same period was L .45 The average depth of water applied to crops in 1899 was 4. 35 The average depth of water applied in 1900 was 4.13" One of the more important new lines of investigation reported on is the deter- mination of the volume and fertilizing qualities of the silt carried by the rivers of the West and Southwest. This has an important bearing on the question of the duration of storage works, and the results rej)orted show that the con.struction of reservoirs should always be preceded by a careful investigation of this subject. Examinations of samples of water from the principal rivers of Texas and the results of studies of the silting up of the Austin and Pecos reservoirs are reported with sug- gestions as to methods of dealing with the silt problem. 1000 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Irrigation in the United States, E. Mead ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office uf Experiment Stxtftons Bui. 105, pp. 4~, pl-^- l~,fi'J- !)■ — The testimony of the expert in charge of irrigation investigations of this Department before the United States Industrial Com- mission June 11 and 12, 1901. This testimony "presents a review of the irrigation situation in the United States, including not only the arid region of the West, but also the humid sections of the South and East. The testimony also deals Vjriefiy, but in some detail, with the practical aspects of extending public aid to irrigation, either through the State or national governments." Irrigation practice among fruit growers on the Pacific Coast, E. J. Wickson ( ['. S. Dept. Agr., Office of E.rperiment Stutmis Bui. 108, pp. 54, pis. 10, figs. 7). — This bulletin, prepared under the direction of Prof. Elwood Mead, expert in charge of irrigation investigations of this Office, presents the results of a special investigation into the conditions, extent, and methods of irrigation as practiced among fruit growers on the Pacific Coast. Irrigation possibilities of the Iiower Colorado River, J. B. Lippincott ( For- estry and Irrig., 8 {1902), No. 4, PP- 153-159, figs. 4)- A complete irrigation system, A. P. Davis ( Twentieth Century Farmer, 1902, No. 69, pp. 1, 2). — An argument in favor of irrigation development under national control. Earthen reservoirs, A. P. Davis {Forestry and Irrig., 8 {1902), No. 3, pp. 121- 123). — Brief directions for the construction of such reservoirs. Hydrography {Twenty-first Ann. Rpt. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1899-1900, pt. 4, pp. 768+XI, pis. 156, figs. 329). — This includes a report by F. H. Newell of progress of stream measurements for the calendar year 1899 similar to those of previous years (E. S. R., 12, p. 797), a preliminary description of the geology and water resources of the southern half of the Black Hills and adjoining legions in South Dakota and Wyoming, by N. H. Darton; and a paper on The High Plains and their utilization, by W. D. Johnson. "The first paper discusses the results of measurements of the flow of various streams in different parts of the United States, the data being i)re- sented in diagrammatic form as well as by statistical tables. The arrangement adopted for this progress report is a geographic one, beginning in the extreme north- eastern part of the United States and ending in the extreme southwestern." The second paper deals more particularly with the artesian water supply of the region studied and "the results obtained have interest and value not only to the citizens in the vicinity of the Black Hills, but to a still larger class who, in all parts of the country, are seeking an underground supply of water." The article also treats of the topography, geology, soils, mineral resources, climate, and timber of the region. The third ])aper gives "the result of field work begun in 1896 in western Kansas and extending over portions of Nebraska, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Texas. " The article discusses the general characteristics, origin, and structure of the High Plains, the deficiencies of climate, the necessity for irrigation, and the impossibility of general irrigation on account of the insufficiency of the water supply. Relative velocity in streams, D. T. Smith {Nature ^London}, 65 {1901), No. 1678, p. 174)- — The author claims "that friction against the bed increasing progressively from the middle to the margin divides every stream longitudinalh' into two halves, which roll spirally toward each other. This spiral being determined l)y the friction, its helix rises with the speed, or the increased friction depending on the speed, which in turn depends on the slope of the channel. It follows that beyond a certain speed the stream loses all the momentum gained by its fall in beating with the two out- ward moving undercurrents against the channel walls. In this way the stream attains its kinetic equilibrium. " Public water supplies {Ohio State Bd. Healtli lipt. 1899, i>p. 88-206, 451-732, charts 57). — Reports on the water supplies for various towns in Ohio and on the measurement of the flow of the rivers of Oliio and their value as sources of public ■water supply. MISCELLANEOUS. 1001 The evolution of reaping- machines, J\r. F. Millek (f7. S. Depf. A[/r., Office of Experiment Stations Bid. JOS, pp. 4S, ph. 9, jig. /).— This article summarizcH the his- torj' of the various stages in the development of reaping machines. It has not been attempted to refer to all inventions in connection witii reaping machines, but as a rule only those are considered which have marked some imi)ortant advance in tlie development of the perfected modern machine. .\ i)artiai l)il)liograi)hy of the su))ject is given. The test station and information bureau for agricultural machines of the Bavarian Academy of Weihenstephan, 1896-1901, H. Puchner [Vrtljschr. Bayer. Lanilu: Ruth., 7 (1!'0J), X).—\ brief account is given of the work done by this institution during the period named. Eighth annual report of the commissioner of public roads for the year end- ing October 31, 1901 {Xeiv .Jersey State Com. Put,. RixkU Rpt. 1901, pp. 1H7, ph. 34, yiap 1). Roads and national welfare, J. P. O'Reili.v {Nature [7yOH(/o/i], 6VT {1902), No. 16S0, p. JJ2). — A l)rief discussion of this topic. Roads; their construction and maintenance, A. Greexwell and J. V. Elsdkn (London: Wliiftakrr ^{• 0»., 1901, pp. V1I^280). Refrig-erating machines; their construction and use, E. Stetefeld {Die Eis- und K(:dteerzeugungs-Maschinen. Ihr Bau und ihre Verwendung in der Praxis. Stutt- gart: Ma.v ^yaag, 1901, pp. 488, ph. 35, figs. 313). MISCELLANEOUS. Fovirteenth Annual Report of Alabama Station, 1901 {Alabama College Sta. Ppt. 1901, pp. 321-344)- — This includes the organization list of the station, a finan- cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901, a report of the director on the work and publications of the station during the year, and brief departmental reports. Thirteenth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1900 {Connecticut Starrs Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 194; sup., pp. 12). — This includes the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, a report of the director on the different lines of station work during the year, and miscellaneous articles noted elsewhere. A supplement to the report contains a list of the publica- tions of the station since its organization. Nineteenth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1900 {Ne^v York Slate Sta. Rpt. 1900, pp. 494)- — This contains the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the year ended September 30, 1900, a list of periodicals received by the station, a meteorological record noted elsewhere, and reprints of Bulletins 174-195 of the station on the following subjects: Fumigation of nursery stock (E. S. R., 12, p. 273); a parasite of carnation rust (PI S. R., 12, p. 358); inspection of concentrated commercial feeding stuffs during 1900 (E. S. R., 12, p. 877) ; report of analyses of commercial fertilizers for the spring and fall of 1900 (E. S. R., 12, p. 1026); inspection of Babcock milk-test bottles (E. S. R., 12, p. 1083); an anthracnose and a stem rot of the cultivated snapdragon (E. S. R., 12, p. 1055); mis- cellaneous notes on injurious insects (E. S. R., 13, p. 65); a fumigator for small orchard trees (E. S. R., 13, p. 71); experiments on the suiphur-iime treatment for onion smut {¥.. S. R., 13, p. 58); notes on some dairy troubles (E. S. R., 13, p. 85); the influence of the temperature of curing upon the commercial quality of cheese (E. S. R., 13, p. 86); the New York apple-tree canker (E. S. R., 13, p. 59); the sterile fungus Rhizoctonia as a cause of plant diseases in America (E. S. R., 13, p. 55); commercial fertilizers for potatoes {l\. S. R., 13, p. 41); spraying for asparagus rust (E. S. R., 13, p. 147); a little-known asparagus pest {Agronti/za simpler) {K. S. R., 13, p. 159); report of analyses of Paris green and other insecticides in 1900 ( E. S. R., 13, p. 108); a fruit disease survey of western New York in 1900 (E. S. II., 13, p. 148); 1002 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the substitution of soda for potash in plant growth (E. S. R., 13, p. 121); San Jos^ scale investigations, I (E. S. R., 13, p. 369); San Jose scale investigations, II (E. S. R., 13, p. 370); and director's report for 1900 (E. S. R., 13, 396). Annual Report of Soutli Carolina Station, 1901 {SoiUJi Qtrolina Sla. Rpt. 1901, pp. 21).—l:h\f> includes the organization list of the station; reports of the agricultur- ist, assistant agriculturist, State chemist, botanist, veterinarian, and horticulturist; and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. The report of the State chemist contains a summary of fertilizer analyses made during the year. Fourteenth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1901 {Tennessee Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 16). — This includes the organization list of the station, a brief report of the president of the University of Tennessee relating to the work of the station, depart- , mental reports reviewing the different lines of work and stating briefly some of the results obtained during the year, a list of available station publications, and a linan- cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. Some results of soil analysis and of cooperative fertilizer experiments are given in the report of the chemist. The report of the horticulturist is noted elsewhere. Annual Report of Virginia Station, 1901 ( Virginia Sla. Rpt. 1901, pp. 14). — This contains the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901, and brief reports of the director and heads of departments. Eighteenth Annual Report of "Wisconsin Station, 1901 { Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 352). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work, and publications of the station, miscellaneous articles abstracted elsewhere, lists of exchanges and acknx)wledgments, analyses of fertilizers reprinted from Bulle- tin 86 of the Station (E. S. R., 13, p. 236) , text of the Wisconsin fertilizer law and the feeding-stuffs law, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. Eleventh Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1901 ( Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 30). — This includes the organization list of the station; a report of the director containing notes on the work and equipment of the station and abstracts of Bulletins 46-94 of the station issued during the year; a financial statement for the "fiscal year ended June 30,1901; and departmental reports outlining work in progress during the year. Finances — meteorology^— index {Maine Sta. Bui. 78, pp. 177-200-\-8). — This con- tains a list of acknowledgements, meteorological observations noted elsewhere, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901, an index to the annual report for 1901 (Bulletins 70-78), the organization list of the station, brief notes on the aim and work of the station by the director, and reprints of newspaper bulletins published in 1901, as follows; The Colorado potato beetle, feeding-stuffs inspection law, and the chinch bug. Bulletins of Alabama Station {Index to Vol. IX, Bids. 113-117, and Ann. Rpt. 1901, pp. 447-464). Experiment Station Work, XIX ( V. S. DepA. Agr., Farmers' Bid. 144, pp. 32, figs. 9). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Maintenance of soil fertility, Thomas slag, rotation of crops, gardening under glass, winter irrigation of deciduous orchards, improvement of American grapes, condimental and medicinal cattle and poultry foods, feeding rice meal to pigs, dressing and packing poultry for shipment, the curing of cheese, and an improved cow stall. Crop Reporter ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Statistics Crop Reporter, 3 {1902), Nos. 10-12, pp. 8 cacTi).— Crop conditions on April 1, 1902, are given and various articles of a statistical nature are included in these numbers, among which are the follow- ing: The cotton trade and industry of Japan, the production of cork, principal crops of Russia, the United States coffee trade with South America, crops and live stock in Manitoba, principal crops of Ireland and changes in crop areas since 1855, proposed efforts to extend maize culture in Russia, the banana trade, imports of lieef into the United Kingdom, hop crop of Germany, the Department's cotton statistics, the MISCELLANEOUS. 1003 world's flax crop, tlio horse trade of the United States with foreign countries, the world's corn crop, jn-oduction of honey and wax in 1899, production and exports of Argentina, and tlie horse trade of Canada with foreign countries. Domestic animals in the United States {Twelfth Cemus United States, Census Bui. 156, pp. 22). — This ])ulletin gives the statistics of domestic animals on farms and ranges, by States and Territories, on June 1, 1900. Statistics of the domestic animals not located on farms or ranges were published in Census Bulletin 17. The aggregate number of domestic animals in the United States is given as follows: Neat cattle 69,438,758, horses 21,216,888, nmles 3,445,029, asses and burros 111,450, sheep 61,837,112, swine 64.(>94.222, goats 1,949,605. Report of the enological station of Haro, Spain {Mem. An. Esluc. Enol. Ilaro, 1901, Juhj, pp. 24). The Babeock medal presentation, W. A. Henry {Wisconsin Sta. Jipt. 1901, jip. 6-9). — A brief account is given of the presentation to Dr. S. M. Babcock of the medal voted by the Wisconsin legislature in 1899 (E. S. R., 12, p. 999). Brief extracts are given from the addresses of Governor Robert M. La Follette, Ogdeu H. Fethers, and Ex-Governor W. D. Hoard. NOTES, Alabama College. — C. C Thach, M. A., for about 15 years professor of English in the college, has been elected to the presidency, made vacant by the death of William LeRoy Broun. California University and St.\tion. — Leroy Anderson, in charge of dairy hus- bandry, has been elected principal of the new California Polytechnic School which has been located at San Luis Obispo. The last legislature appropriated $50,000 for the establishment of such a school, and a tract of about 280 acres of land for a farm and campus has been bought. One or more buildings will be erected during the coming summer. For the present attention will be confined to agricultural instruc- tion on a practical scale, but later it is expected to broaden the scope of the school to include various trades. Delaware Station. — The governing board at a recent meeting adopted a resolution calling for the appointment of a committee to investigate the method of managing the station by the council, with a view to a jjossible change. The station council is at present an administrative body, composed of the staff of the station and the com- mittee on agriculture from the board of trustees. Purdue University and Station. — C. S. Plumb, professor of animal husbandry and dairying in the university and directer of the station, has resigned to accept the chair of animal husbandry in the Ohio State University. Kentucky Station. — C. W. Mathews, horticulturist, has withdrawn from the sta- tion and will hereafter devote his time exclusively to college work. Louisiana University.— Congress, by a recent act, has ceded to the university the ti'act of land embracing approximately 150 acres, together with the buildings, which it has occupied subject to the needs of the United States for military pur- poses. The tract was originally a military fort, and some years ago was turned over to the State for the use of the university until such time as it might ])e needed for purposes of defense. Mr. John Hill, a prominent sugar planter near Baton Eouge, has given $32,000 to the university for the erection of a fireproof library building as a memorial to his son. The State legislature at its recent session appropriated $47,000 for the erection of a dormitory and a building for the mechanic arts depart- ment, and $8,500 for furnishing the library building mentioned above. The usual appropriation of $15,000 for the experiment stations was made, and the appropria- tion for the State geological survey, which is under the charge of the director of the stations, was increased to $2,500 a year for 2 years. Massachusetts Collecje and Station. — S. T. Maynard has resigned his position as professor of horticulture in the college and horticulturist of the station. Michigan College and Station.— At a recent meeting of the board, C. D. Smith was relieved from the superintendency of the farmers' institutes and made agricul- turist of the station, in addition to his duties as director. L. R. Taft was made super- intendent of institutes and also State inspector of orchards and nurseries in place of D. W. Trine, resigned. Professor Taft is succeeded as head of the horticultural department in the college by U. P. Hedrick, who also becomes superintendent of the grounds. Philip W. Ayres, of New Hampshire, was elected professor of forestry. The board also adopted plans for the new mechanical buildhig, which will contain rooms for the departments of electrical engineering and physics and for civil engineer- ing, and appropriated $5,000 for the equipment of the new bacteriological laboratory. 1004 NOTES. 1005 Montana Station.— R. W. Fisher has been appointed assistant horticuUnrist of the station. Oklahoma Station.— A. G. Ford, B. S., who was assistant in chemistry in this station from 1898 to 1900, has been appointed associate chemist. A. B. McReynolds, a sistant in chemistry, has severed his connection with the station. An assistant in soils and crops has been provided for, but the position has not yet been filled. Pennsylvania College and Station. — John A. Woodward and ("has. W. Stone liave been reelecteil members of the board of trustees, and Chas. M. Schwab and M. E. Conard have been electe The anatomy of the fruit of tlu; cocoanut, A. L. Wiuton 101(5 Detection and api)roximate estimation of minute quantities of arsenic in beer, brewing materials, food .stuffs, and fuels 1016 Methods for the analysis of insectictides and fungicides, J. K. Haywood lOIt) Experiments on sejiaralion by means of metallic salts of albuminoids produced by Uiyi;i=liuii, Z. Cerny 1 OKi I II CONTENTS. Page. The analysis of some new tanning materials, F. A. Blockey 1016 A method of gas analysis, A. Samojiloff and A. ludin 1016 Sampling and' preparation of shoddy, wool dust, etc., for analysis, L. Meggitt. 1016 The pentosans, G. Bertrand 1017 Action of ammonium chlorid on various silicates, F. W. Clark and (i. Steiger. 1017 A new viscometer, L. Meggitt 1017 BOTANY. A university text-book of botany, D. H. Campbell 1017 The movements of plants, F. Darwin 1017 Injuries to plants by London fog and engine smoke, G. Henslow 1017 Influence of mineral salts on production of tuliercles on pea roots, E. Marchal. 1017 The formation of bacteroids in artiticial media, A. Stutzer 1018 The assimilation of free elementary nitrogen, E. Jacobitz 1018 The nitrogenous constituents of green leaves, E. Winterstein 1018 Fixation of carbon by leaves and diffu.sion of carbon dioxid, H. T. Brown 1018 Presence of a glucosid formed during germination of beech seed, P. Tailleur . . 1018 A physiological balance, A. Petermann 101 8 The genera of Gastromycetes, C. G. Lloyd 1018 MonJIid silopldla, an economic fungus of Java, F. A. F. C. Went 1018 Mon'ilia sitopliild and its appearance as the first vegetation on the ash fields left by volcanic eru])tions, A. G. Vorderman 1019 The useful plants of French Guiana, M. Greshoff 1019 FER.MEXTATIOX — BACTERIOLOGY. Bacterial diseases of plants, C. J. J. van Hall 1019 On different forms of hereditary variation of microbes, M. W. Beijerinck 1019 8yml)iosi.s and symbiotic fermentation, J. R. Green 1020 The disinfectant properties of washing powders, C. F. Doane 1020 The effect of physical agents on bacterial life, A. INIacfadyen 1020 Efficiency of water filters in removing bacteria, 8. De M. Gage 1020 Media for estimation of bacteria in water and sewage, S. De M. Gage, E. B. Phelps 1020 Bacteria and sewage, F. Clowes 1021 Bacteria and the disintegration of cement, R. G. Smith 1021 The nature of certain oxidizing ferments, J. H. Kastle and A. S. Loevenhart. 1021 Oxidizing enzyms, C. R. Newton 1021 Production of casease by streptothrix parasite, E. Bodin and C. Lenormand.. 1021 ZOOLOGY. Destroying gophers and prairie dogs, D. E. Lantz 1021 A coli bacillus affecting the hamster, B. Galli- Valerio 1022 Studies on the l)acillus pathogenic for rats, B. Issatschenko 1022 The value of tlie bacillus of Lanysz in destroying rats, G. Markl 1022 Studies on Ijacillus of Danysz and a new organism pathogenic to rats, M. Grimm 1022 The biology of the trypanosoma of rats, Jiirgens 1022 Annotated list of the birds of Oregon, A. R. Woodcock 1022 The birds of Ontario in relation to agriculture, C. W. Nash 1023 The relation of birds to horticulture, W. R. Lazenbv 1023 Bird notes, M. W. Doherty " 1023 The feeding hal )its of Corvus comix, G. Staes 1023 Value of FnnrjlUd cfdehs for agriculture and horticulture, J. Ritzema Bos 1023 Legislation for the protection of birds other than game birds, T. S. Palmer. . . 1023 Directory of State officials and organizations concerned with the protection of birds and game, 1902, T. S. Palmer 1023 METEOROLOGY. Storms accompanied by snow at different stations in Italy 1023 Meteorological summary for 1900, C. A. Patton ._. 1024 Meteorological observations, II. II. Hume and A. W. Blair 1024 Meteorological summary for the year 1901, D. Valet 1024 The moon and thunderstorms, A. B. MacDowall 1024 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Mode of action of cannon used lor i)iotection ajiainst liail, G. (ia-stinc ami V. Veriuorel 1024 Hailstorin!^ and cannonadinj;, F. Houdaille 1024 Cliinatoloijical atlas of the Russian Empire, Rykatchew 1025 Destruc.tiuu by liglitninf? in Ontariti, 1901 , J. P>. Reynolds 1025 SOILS. Lands of the Colorado Delta in Salton Basin, California, F. J. Snow et al 1025 Willis and Ilnntsville tol)a<'fo soils, II. II. llarriiiirton and P. S. Tilson 1026 The soil and agrieultnral cnnditions of Trussia, .\. Meitzen and F. (irossmanri. 102H Chemical evidoration of l'>elaj,'atu 1027 Studies in nitrification, J. C Lipmaiv. 1027 The life of the soil, ( '. Bauverd 1028 The emission and absorption of heat and their importance in relation t > the temperature of the earth's surface, N. Ekholm 1028 The adaptation of seeds to soil, S. Castex 1028 KKKTII.IZEHS. The treatment of barnyard mannre with absorbents to prevent the loss of nitro- gen in form of ammonia compounds, H. D. Haskins 1028 Permanence of manure, T. Jandeson 1028 Deep culture and turning under of green manures and Ijarnvard manure, Wodarg ' 1029 Deep culture and turning nnder green crops and barnyard manure 1029 Green manuring with lupines and use of nitrogenous fertilizers, C. Schreiber. . 1029 Bokhara clover as a nitrogen collector, Bannert 1029 Compost formulas 1029 Fertilizers and the fertilization of the soil, A. Larbaletrier 1029 The feeding of plants with i)hosphorus, T. Schloesing 1029 The utility of alkaline phosphatic manures, J. Hughes 1029 Increasing the calcium phosphate content of phosphorite, K. J. Lissenko 1029 Some observations on annnonium-magnesium phosphate, E. Sellier 1030 On the use of sulphate of ammonia, W. Hasselman 1030 The action of potash on plant life, H. Wilfarth and (t. Wimmer 1030 Results of experiments with kaiint and 40 per cent potash salt, Bachmami . . . 1030 Potash fertilizers on soils rich in jiotash, L. Grandeau 1030 Why and when may one disj>ense with potash fertilizing? A. Felber 1031 Potash salts as a top-dressing, A. Felber 1031 The use of potash as a protection against injury from frost, Vibrans 1031 Potash as a protection against frost, Baumann 1031 The value of linnng for marsh soils, E. MoUer 1031 Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett 1031 Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in ^laryland, H. B. McDonnell et al . . 1031 Fertilizer inspection in Massachusetts, C. A . Goessmann 1031 Fertilizer inspection in North Carolina, B. W. Kilgore lO.'!! Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. Hanuiton and W. P>ear 1031 T'se of sulphite solutions in the preparation of fertilizers, T. Knosel 1032 Formation of f)ceanic salt deposits, j)articularly of the Stassfurt beds. .\.\I\', Gyi)sum and anhydrite, J. H. van't Hoff and F. Weigert 1032 KIKl.l) CKOI'S. Report of the experimentalist, C. A. Zavitz 1032 Fiel.l crops, G. E. Dav 1035 Plant foof the agricultural work for 1900, .1. R. Bovell and .1. P. d'.Mbui|uer(|ue. . 103H Field experiments, F. B. Uuttirie 103tj IV CONTENTS. Page. Experiments at Bathnrst Experimental Farm, A. A. DunnicliS 1036 Cereals, legumes, grasses, etc., at Coolabah Farm in 1900, R. W. Peacock 1036 Report on experimental plats at Hawkesbury Agricultural College, G. L. Sutton 1036 General experiments at Wagga Experimental Farm, G. M. McKeown 1036 Field crops at Wollongbar Experimental Farm in 1900 1036 Guide to experiments at Manor Farm, Garforth, 1 901 1036 Investigations on cereal crops of Roumania, V. Carnu-Munteaunu ani our most important field crops, W. II. Howard 1043 Colonial plants, 11. Junielle 1043 UOKTyCTLTrUE. Report of tlie professor of horticulture, II. L. ITutt 1044 Report of the horticulturist, II. II. Hume 1044 American horticultural mam)al, I, J. L. Biidd and N. K. Hansen 1044 T'rohlems of hei'edity as a suhjin-t for horticultural investigation, \V. Hateson.. 1044 The mechanism of hyliridization and the production of races, A. Gautier 1044 The role of artificial pollination in horticulture, Foussat 1044 The book of the greenhouse, J. ( -. Tallack 1044 Greenhouse construction, B. C. Ravenscroft 1 045 Fuel material and boilers for greenhouse heating, (). Tesciike 1045 The manuring of market garden crops, B. Dver 1045 The artichoke, J. INIathiaud '. 1045 Forcing beans, R. Priebe 1 045 Caulitiower, H. H. Hume 1045 Celery culture, W. R. Beattie 1045 Celery growing in Orange County, California, C. F. Heil 1045 Whitloof chicory and the formation of second-growth leaves, E. Carpiaux 1045 Pollination of cucumbers, O. Schmeiss 104() A guide to the cultivation, harvesting, and marketing of the ginseng plant 1046 Stiible manure and nitrogenous chemictal fertilizers for forcing lettuce, 8. A. Beach and H. Hasselbring 1 04(> Melons, A. Pettigrew 1047 Commercial fertilizers for onions, W. II. Jordan and F. A. Sirrine 1047 Plantain cultivation in the Assam Vallev, B. C. Basu 104S Tomato culture, R. II. Price. ". 1048 Culture of trutHes, E. Zacharawicz 1048 Lessons in commercial fruit growing, E. S. Goff 1048 Fruits and shruljs, S. B. Green 1048 Fertilizing orchard trees, A. Wagner 1048 Fertilizer experiments with orchard trees, flowers, vegetables, C. H. Claassen. . 1049 Manures and fruit trees , 1 04ii The book of the apple, H. H. Thomas 1049 Bananas '. 1049 The Chinese cling group of peaches, G. H. Powell 1049 Variations in olives during ripening, C. E. Zav 1049 The fig, R. H. Price and E. A. White .". 1049 Notes on plantations of caprifig trees, G. Eisen 1050 Caprification in Algiers, Trabut 1050 On the culture of dwarf fruit trees, G. Lind '. 1050 Cacao: A treatise on the cultivation and curing of cacao, J. II. Hart 1050 Coffee trees, E. de Wildeman. 1050 Coffee cultivation, J. T. Palache 1050 Coffee culture in Sao Paulo, A. G. da Silva Telles. 1050 Report on coffee, with special reference to Costa Rican jiroduct, .1. B. Calvo... 1050 The Butin Schaap method of coffee-grafting, A. Preyer 1050 The Butin Schaaj) method of coffee-grafting, A. Zimmermann 1050 The cultivation, the commerce, and the use of coffee, J. C. Alves . .Vlvvood 10()4 Treatment for San Jose scale in orclianls. I, < )rchard fnmigation, F. A. Sirrinc 1064 The Aphidid;e of North America, \V. I). Hunter 1065 . Familiar Imttertlies and moths, \V. F. Kiriiy 1065 The codling moth and late spraying in Ori-gon, A. B. C'ordlev 10()5 Tlie periodical cicai la in 1902, W. I). Hunter " 1067 Insect enemies of forests and forest })roducts, A. D. Hopkins 1067 Insects injnrions t< > elm trees, Fl P. Felt 1067 The protection of fruit trees against animal enemies, (). Taschenberg 1067 Lantern traps and the destruction of injurious insects, V. Vermorel 1067 Fnmigation methods, W. G. Johnson 1067 Analyses of Paris green, etc., in 1901, L. L. Van Slyke and W. II. .\ndre\vs. . 1068 Fungicides, insecticides, and spraying calendar, (i. E. Stone et al 1068 A new fungus disease for Rutherglen bug 1068 Insects injurious to stored grain, J. M. Stedman 1068 Systematic catalogue of tlie galls of animal origin, ostlene," A. W. Ogden 1072 The use of coal-tar dyes in foods, A. L. Winton 1 072 The adulteration of tea with tea fruit, A. L. Winton 1072 " Puregg," A. L. Winton and A. W. Ogden 1072 Fungicide, A. L. Winton and ]M. Silverman 1072 " Hyper-samphire," A. L. Winton and M. Silverman 1072 Spices, A. L. Winton and M. Silverman 1072 Cream of tartar, A . W. ( )gden 1 07o Macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, and noodles, A. L. Winton and A. W. Ogden. 107o Miscellaneous examinations, A. L. AVinton, A. W. Ogden, and M. Silverman. I07o Microscopitr investigation of fruits, A. L. Winton 107o F'ood products examined for the Connecticut State Dairy Commissioner, 1901. 1073 Meats and meat products at the Paris Exposition of 1900, II. K. .Alvord 1073 Food grains of India, A. II. Church 1073 (jrain foods in Manchuria, II. B. Miller 1073 Milling (pialities of different varieties of wheat, K. II. (lurney and (i. Norris. 1073 Recent experiments with sweet f)otatoes 1073 Peas, beans, vetches, anroducts, A. Koehler 1073 New or Mttie-known oil-bearing seeils of the French colonies, E. Ileckel 1073 Olive oil: Its source, production, character, and uses, F. I')oelnn 1073 Concerning the composition of sweet-raisin wine, A. Schneegans 1073 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Food and drugs, C. J. Higginson 1074 Handljook of hygiene, T. Weyl 1074 Handbook of public liealth, laboratory work, food inspection, O. W. Andrews. 1074 Hygiene of the stomach — a practical dietetic guide, E, Monin 1074 Dieting of pauper lunatics in asylums and poorhouses in Scotland, J. C. Dunlop. 1074 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The excretion of phosphoric acid by carnivora and herbivora, W. Bergmann. 1074 Note on tlie cleavage of sugar from protein, J. Wohlgemuth 1074 The effect of sugar on the organism, P. Albertoni 1074 Effect of sodium nitrate on the nietaliolism of dogs, E. Rost 1074 Velvet bean as forage and food, H. K. Miller 1075 Furze, whin, or gorse 1075 Feeding stuff inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett 1075 Pressing forage, I\I. Ringehnann 1075 American breeds of beef cattle, with remarks on pedigrees, G. M. Rommel.. 1075 Steer feeding, G. E. Day 1075 Steer feeding, H. E. Stockbridge 1076 Cattle food substitutes, a warning to feeders, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street. 1076 Value of condiments in the feeding of bullocks, J. A. Voelcker 1077 Ocean ti-ansportation of cattle and horses 1078 Early feeding of mangels to sheep; gorse as foo< ill the Vniti'd Slates. Alabama College Station: JUii. 118, Jan.. 11»0l> It):j9 Arkansas Station: Fourteenth An. Kpt.. 1V»01 ... 1105 California Station: Bui. 140, Feb. , 1902 1025 Connecticut State Station: An. Rpt., 1901, pt. 2 lOlfi, 1071, 1072, 1073 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 23, Apr., 1902 1094, 1095 Delaware Station: Bui. 54, Mar., 1902 1049 Florida Station: Bui. 59, Oct., 1901 1045 Bui. 60, Jan., 1902 1042, 1075 An. Rpt., 1901 1024, 1035, 1044, 1056, 1062, 1076, 1079, 1097, 1105 Georgia Station: Bui. 56, Jan., 1902 1038 IllinoiH Station: Bui. 69, Feb., 1902 1059 Indiana Station: Bui. 90, Oct. ,1901 1079 Iowa Station: Bui. 60, Sept. ,1901 1 065 Louisiana Stations: Fourteenth An. Rj.t., 1901 . . . 1105 Maine Station: Bui. 80, Feb., 1902 1075 Bui. 81, Mar., 1902 1031 Seventeenth An. Ri>t. , 1901 ... 1 105 Maryland Station: Bui. 79, Jan., 1902 1020 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 79, Feb., 1902 1060 Bui. 80, Mar., 1902 1068 Bui. 81, Mar., 1902 1028,1031 Minnesota Station: Bui. 72, June, 1901 1048, 1053 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 156, Feb., 1902 1076 New York State Station: Bui. 203, Dec, 1901 1087 Bui. 204, Dec, 1901 1068 Bui. 205, Dec, 1901 1042 Bui. 206, Dec, 1901 1047 Bui. 207, Dec, 1901 1088 Stdtidiis ill the Jiiited Stati'S—(\m\W. I'age. New York State Station — Cont'd. Bui. 208, Dec, 1901 1046,1047 Bui. 209, Dec, 1901 1064 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 199, Mar. ,1902 1 079 Ohio Station: Bui. 127, June, 1901 1014 Bui. 128, July, 1901 1024, 1106 Bui. 129, Aug., 19(11 1042 Twentieth An. Rpt., 1901 1105 Oregon Station: Bui. 68, Jan., 1902 1022 Bui. 69, Feb., 1902 1065 Tennessee Station: Bui. Vol. 15, No. 1, Jan , 1902 . 1081 Texas Station: Bui. 61, Oct., 1901 1026 Bui. 62, Dec, 1901 1049 Bui. 63, Jan., 1902 1093 Thirteenth An. Rpt., lilOl . . . . 1105 Utah Station: Bui. 73, Aug. , 1901 1086 Bui. 74, Jan., 1902 1097 U. S. Department of Agricullnre. Farmers' Bui. 147 1039 Farmers' Bui. 148 1045 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 34 1075 Bui. 35 1091 Bui. 36 1099 Bui. 37 1081 Seventeenth An. Rpt., 1900 .. 1073, 1078, 1083, 1089, 1090, 1092, 1093, 1095, U197, 1101, 1 105, 1106 Bureau of Chemistry : Circ 9 1014 Circ 10 1016 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 110 1106 Division of liioiogical Survey: Bui. 1 2 ( revised ) ' 1023 Circ 35 1023 Division of Entomology: Circ 44 (second series) 1067 Library: Bui. 37 1107 XI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XIII. No. 11. The bioloj^icjil activities of the soil, and their rehitions to soil fer- tility and to the availability of soil constituents, have not yet received the attention which their importance warrants. The study of main- tenance of fertility and crop production has been confined too g-ener- ally to supplying the necessary commercial fertilizers to meet the temporary demands. This field has been experimented upon quite thoroughly, and the limitations of fertilizer experiments are quite keenly felt by some who have followed that line for a series of years. Little progress has as 3^et been made in studying availa])ility or the conditions which influence or control it. It is now recognized as being associated with the biological activities taking place within the soil, and these in turn as influenced ])y a variet}^ of conditions such as tem- perature, moisture, the atmosphere of the soil, etc. The process of nitrification, for example, may be changed to denitritication by unfavorable conditions of temperature and moisture, resulting in the dissipation of the nitrogen which has been made availa))lc ])y the first process. But the effect which different methods of tillage and soil management have upon the available plant food in the soil is only known to a very limited degree; for we have only slight knowledge of the character of the changes which are taking place and of the influences which favor or retard the desirable processes. A plea for investigation along this line, in addition to fertilizer experiments, was made in a recent paper by W. Farrer before the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science.' In this pap(M' Mr. Farrer points out that the transformation of potential plant foods into available and assimilable forms is accomplished by the chemical, physical, and biological activities which are constantly occurring in the soil, and expresses the opinion that available materials may be produced in increased quantitities l)v increasing and stinm- lating these activities. He advocates making "such improvements iii ^ The absolute dependence of ai;rieultnral progress upon experiments, and sugf^es- tions in regard to some directinns in which experimental wurk should 1)e done for the agriculture of Australia. Reprinted in Agr. Gaz. New .South Wales, lo (1902), pp. 20(3-214. lUOi) 1010 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. our methods of tilling- and managing the soil as will enable us to increase, and, if possi])le, give direction to the activities of the chem- ical and biological (bacterial) forces which are incessantl3^ at work in it, and cause them to change potential plant foods into available forms in greater almndance than they do by means of our present methods." He reasons that '•'as the soil is known to be in general well supplied with potential plant foods — sometimes within 8 inches of the surface with enough for some hundreds of crops — it would be a far more philosophical course to make it our aim to learn how to make the greatest possible use of these potential plant foods than to devote our energies almost exclusively, as until lately we have been doing in our held experiments, to the study of hand feeding our crops Avith manures." He does not contend that we shall be able to dispense altogether with manures and fertilizers, Init believes that "the poten- tial plant foods which are already in the soil can l)e ihade to contribute far more largely, and that they should )»e made to contribute as much as possible to the nourishment of our crops; and that eventually, under ordinary conditions and for ordinary (as distinguished from intensive) farming, it will only be found necessary to hand feed crops with such plant foods as the soil is naturally oi' may become by cropping insuffi- ciently provided with, or particular crops require in special a))un- dance." This proposition is not a novel one, but comparatively little experi- mental work has yet proceeded from it as a basis. The importance of the biological agencies at work in the soil has probably only been hinted at. The desirability of a bettei' knowledge of them as a means of progress was forcil)ly pointed out l)y Professor Conn in his recent book on Agricultural Bacteriology. Professor Conn says: "The whole problem of the soil fertility is inextricably woven with bacterial fermentation. From the origin of the soil, through its use b}' plants and the subsequent destruction to their original condition of the products formed, we find nearly every step accompanied by bacterial action. The continued fertilit}^ of the soil is thus associated with bacterial life. In the future the problem of the proper treat- ment of soil for the use of agriculture will be, in a very large degree, a problem of the proper control of bacteria. Agriculturists must learn to stimulate the bacterial actions which are advantageous and check those which are disadvantageous, if the}^ would insure the con- tinuance of soil fertility." Referring to the possibilit}" of influencing chemical changes in the soil, Mr. Farrer ventures the suggestion that "it may be we shall learn how, either b}^ particular methods of treatment, or by the addi- tion of certain substances, to give direction to, as well as increase, the chemical activit}^ amongst the constituents of the soil. If we could learn, for instance, how to make soluble some of the insoluble silica EDITORIAL. 1011 in the .soil, wo iniulU ])r()iiu)tc the formation of zeolitic substanceis, which are vahiahle for roa.sons of the same character as are the double humates." A number of American investigators, notably llilj^ard and Snyder, are workiiij^- in this direction, and have shown the impor- tant relation which the zeolitic substances and humates bear to soil fertilit3^ As Mr. Farrer remarks, the great need is for methods of investiga- tion. " We nuist make the best use we can of our knowledge of prin- ciples for planning our experiments, and, when they fail, for finding out the causes of our failures, which we nuist go on eliminating until we have succeeded." The ditiiculties of the work should inspire rather than deter the investigator, and the possibilities for the exer- cise of originality and for s(>curing results of the highest importance should attract a considerable number of investigators to take up the work systematically. To a certain extent we are in a transition stage as regards soil and fertilizer investigations. "We long since abandoned the theory of re- turning to the soil all of the fertilizing ingredients which the crop takes from it. We are rel^'ing upon the soil to furnish a certain amount of these substances in availaljle form year by year, and are searching for a means of determining approximatel}^ how much of these available substances may be expected from a given soil, as a basis for the intelligent application of fertilizers. We know that the soil is of most complicated constitution; that its composition is constantly changing, mainly in the vegetable matter, as are also its physical con- ditions, particularly temperature and moisture, and that in conse- quence chemical changes of a complicated and obscure (character are continually taking place in the fertile soil, through which small quan- tities of assimilable plant food are released from unavailable forms. Considering these facts in connection with what is already known of the life of the soil, it would seem that studies of these biological and chemical agencies, and the conditions of culture and soil management favorable to their action or control, should at least form a prominent part in the stud}" of problems of soil fertility. The successful opening of the Graduate School of Agriculture at Columbus, Ohio, on July 7 is encouraging and inspiring to those who have been instrumental in arranging for it, and to the instructors who take part in it as well. The national character of the school was shown by the presence at the inaugural exercises of the Secretar\' of Agriculture, the president of the Association of American Agricul- tural Colleges and Experiment Stations, and a niem])er of the execu- tive committee of that association who has long been associated with agricultural education, as well as by the attendance of students from 25 ditfcrent States, representing every section of the country. 1012 EXPEKIMENT STATION" RECORD. There has been comparatively little effort in our agricultural colleges in the direction of providing courses of post-graduate instruction in the different branches of agriculture. The need for such advanced study for men who are to become instructors in the agricultural col- leges, investigators in the experiment stations, and leaders in other fields of agricultural endeavor is being felt. This is a healthful sign, for it indicates that we are making progress. The establishment of a graduate school of agriculture, even though it covers onl}^ one month, is a significant step, for it marks a distinct epoch in the development of agricultural education. The school is unique, for, so far as known, no such summer school of agriculture, em))racing in its corps of instructors so man}^ of the leading agricultural teachers and investigators, has ever been held b}' any country before. The opportunity to meet these specialists and gain something of their points of view is in itself an unusual one, which should prove of great advantage to the students; and the number and character of the latter will insure the instructors an inspiring audience. An important result of the school will be to show some of the lines along which agriculture ma}' profitably be specialized, and to open up to the younger college graduates the opportunities which are aflorded for advanced study. It will serve also to bring out the strength of^ the Avorkcrs in their respective lines, and to enforce the desirability of making provision for university instruction in agriculture. As the dean of the school said in his opening address: "In an unusual measure we believe this school will furnish inspiration and up-to-date knowledge to workers in our agricultural institutions gathered out of many States and Territories; but beyond this we believe that in its ultimate results the school will greatly aid in the formation of public opinion in favor of the more thorough and rational organization of agricultural education and research.'' The early literature of agriculture, except for the writings of a comparatively few authors, is very little known, even in the most general way. With a view to encouraging greater familiarity with the earlier writers and preparing the way for a study of their works, Dr. Max Giuitz has issued a Handbook of Agricultural Literature, in three parts. The first part appeared in 1897 and the third or final part has just been issued. In his preface Dr. Giintz expresses the belief that this early agricultural literature is a relatively neglected subject, even among specialists, but that it is of value in tracing the history of agriculture and the development of our theories, and might well form a part of the training of men who arc taking advanced study in that branch. EDITOKIAL. 1013 The work reprosonts a vast amount of search throiii^h the litcra- tiu"G of different periods as found in a number of hir^-e libraries, and, so far as known, is the first attempt to brin^ these writings together in a systematic manner. The arrangement is by periods. Beginning with tlie Greek and Roman waiters, the author follows the deveU^p- ment of the literature which was epoch making or especially note- worthy for the times, down through the centuries, fre(|uently noting briefly the conditions of agriculture which were prevalent at the different periods. The work does not consist merely of bibliograpliical lists, but is more descriptive in character. In most cases some account is given of the books cited and the ground covered })y them, and there arc frequently brief biographic notes on the writers. Portraits of some 38 of these writers are given. Particular phases of the subject are dis- cussed in several general articles. The evolution of difierent classes of books, as the 'iiusbandman literature," agricultural handl)ooks, agricultural calendars, etc., is traced, and later the development of periodical literature. For the recent literature the book is far more complete for Ger- many than for any other country ; and the list of periodicals for the United States displays a lack of familiarity with our literatui-e and sources of publication which is lamentable in a book of this character. Such a work should possess considerable value as a basis for histor- ical study, and in itself it makes it possible for the rt^ader to get a general surve}- of the early writers on agriculture and their works. 1302— No. 11—02 2 RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. CHEMISTRY. Report of the professor of chemistry, K. Harcourt (Chitario A(jr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. lUOl, }>p. 33-42)- — Anah'ses are here reported of soap, sorghum silage, several grains used as poultry foods, and of drippings from washed and unwashed curds made to determine the loss of casein due to washing. The loss before salting was greater in the case of washed curd, but after salting was greater in the case of curd which had not Ijeen washed. The total loss of casein was increased by washing. Work with sugar beets is noted elsewhere. Miscellaneous chemical analyses, A. D. Selby and J. W. Ames ( O/r/o Sta. Bui. 1..'7, ])]>. 175-218). — Analyses of various materials made by the chemical department during the years 1892-1901 are reported. These include corn and corn products, clover and timothy hay, wheat and wheat products, strawVjerries, l)lackl)errie8, raspberries, currants, goose) )erries, cherries, grapes, lead arsenate, Paris green, crude petroleum, dried blood, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, boneblack, phosphatic slag, acid phosphate, phosphate rock, muriate of potash, tankage, mixed fertilizers, corncob ashes, wood and coal ashes, jadoo fiber, liquid manure, limestones, and mineral waters. Some of the analyses have previously been reported (E. S. R., 11, pp. 142, 1046). Data concerning the average composition of many of the materials are collated from publications of other stations. Treatise on agricultural chemistry {Aim. Agron., 27 {1901), No. 12^ pp. 594, 595 ; Rer. Sri., 4. .sec, 17 (1902), Xo. 2, pp. 51-53). — Notes on the second edition of Deherain's well-known Traite de Chimie Afjricolc, which was presented to the French Academy December 9, 1901. A plan for cooperating in the study of available plant food, C. C. Moore ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Cheinislry Circ. 9, pp. S, Jigs. 3). — A plan for the coopera- tive study oi the soil of four fiftieth-acre plats bearing, respectively, oats, spring barley, spring rye, and spring wheat. The methods of sampling and analysis are described in detail. The proposed method of determining available phosphoric acid and potash given in tliis circular has already been noted (E. S. R., 13, p. 927). Oi the determination of citrate-insoluble phosphoric acid, C. D. H.\rris {Jour. Amer. Chem. Sue, 24 {1902), No. 1, j)p. 2.5-27). — An improved method of fil- tering the citrate solution is described as follows: Place in the bottom of a carbon filter "a tightly fitting perforated porcelain disk, to which is attached a small wire that extends down beyond the small end of the carbon filter. A rubber stopper is then fitted tightly in a pressure bottle and the carbon filter passed through it. A layer of asbestos is placed on the disk in the carbon filter and by the aid of pressure this gave entire satisfaction. By this method it took only from 30 to 40 minutes to filter and wash the residue." To save time in precipitation the author recommends the following procedure: "Just before adding the molybdic solution, to precipitate the phosphoric acid, neutralize the excess of acid with ammonia, and then add 10 or 1014 CHEMISTRY. 1015 13 gm. of ainmoniniii nitrate; then the nioly])dic sohition can be added imnu'(hately, for tlie aninioninni nitrate eools the Mointion down to wliere it is sale to preciiiitate and no waiting to cool is necessary as is tlie case if anuuoninni nitrate is ailded before the exc^ess of acid is nentraHzed." The determination of calcium, strontium, and barium as oxalate, C. A. Pktkks [Ztuchr. Anorgnu. (JJicm., 20 {1001), No. 1, pp. 145-155). — -Methinls in which these substances are deterniinetl Ijv titration of tlie oxalates with permanganate solu- tion are described in detail and a number of determinations are reportetl. From these the conclusion is drawn tiiat calcium may be accurately determined by titration of the oxalate with permanganate solution if hydrochloric acid (with the addition of a manganous salt) is used as a solvent. Practically complete pri'cipitati(jn of strontium by ammonium oxalate may be obtained in solutions containing one-fifth l)y volume of 85 per cent alcohol. Almost complete precipitation may be ol)tained in water solutions if the dilution does not exceed 250 cc. The strontium oxalate may be accurately titrated with permanganate solution either when sulphuric acid or hydrochloric acid (with the addition of manganese oxalate) is used as the solvent. Barium may be practically completely iirecipitated V)y means of ammonium oxalate in solutions containing one-third by volume of 85 per cent alcohol. The oxalate may be accurately titrated with permanganate solution when dissolved in hydro- chloric acid with the addition of manganous salt. The strontium and barium oxa- lates may be converteil into carljonate l)y ignition and weighed as such. On the determination of sulphur in soils, T. Pfeiffeu and R. Riecke {Mitt. Landw. Inst. Univ. Breslau, 1 {1001), No. 5, pp. 47-51). — The presence of large amounts of iron was found to interfere with the accurate determination of sulphuric acid by the ordinary method of removing iron with ammonia and iirecipitating sul- phuric acid with barium chlorid in acid solution. The tests of different methods reported indicate that accurate results can be obtained only by fusion of the soil with potassium liydroxid and oxidizing substances. Determination of nitrogen, F. Jean {Ann. Chim. Anahjt., 6 {1001), ji. 441; ahs. in Chem. Cenlbl., 1002, I, No. 5, p. 333). — A distilling apparatus, especially a device for preventing solutions from being carried over into the condenser, is descrit:)ed. For decomposition of the mercury compounds the author uses sodium hypophos- phite instead of sodium sulphid. Analysis of -water, H. Potell {Bol. Agr. SCio Paulo, 2. scr., 1001, No. 10, pp. 635-640). — This article discusses methods of analysis. The evolution of the oxygen absorption test in water analysis, J. B. Weems {pp. 8). — This is a paper read before the Iowa Engineering Society at its thirteenth annual meeting at Davenport, January 16-19, 1901. A brief review of the history of this test is given, with a list of references to literature. A delicate method for the detection of formaldehyde, C. Arnold and C. Mentzel {Ztsdir. Untersuch. NctJir. n. Genus.'^mtL, 5 {1002), No. 8, pp. 353-356). — To 5 cc. of an alcoholic extract of the material under examination are added 0.08 gm. of phenylhydrazin chlorid and 4 drops of a solution of ferric chlorid. Upon the addi- tion of 10 to 12 drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, with cooling of the solution, a red color appears. The quantitative estimation of formaldehyde, L. V.\nino and E. Seitter {ZtscJir. Anah/t. ('hem., 40 {1001), No. 0, pp. 587-580). — The estimation of formalde- hyde by the proposed method is made l)y the use of potassium permanganate, as often previously employed, and the use of strong suli)huric acid and hydrogen peroxid. In carrying out the method 35 cc. of two-tenths normal potassium permanganate solution is placed in a glass stoppered flask of about 250 cc. capacity. There is added a previously mixed and cooled solution of 30 gm. of concentrated sulphuric acid and 50 gm. of water. There is then added slowly, with constant shaking, 5 cc. of about 1016 EXPEEIMENT STATION BECORD. 1 per cent foriualin solution, which is made by diluting 10 cc. uf commercial formalin with 400 cc. of water. The flask is then stoppered and set aside for 10 minutes, with occasional shaking. The excess of potassium permanganate is then eliminated by the addition of one-tenth normal hydrogen perf)xid solution. With the author's work, 1 cc. of potassium permanganate solution determined iodometrically contained 0.0072601 gm. KI\In(),=0.001723 gm. H.COH; 21.175 cc. hydrogen jieroxid equal 10 cc. potassium i)ermanganate sf)lution. Progress in the analysis of butter, margarin, cooking fats, and oils, A. Hasterlik (Oeslcrr. Clinn. Zl;/., ■'> (190,.'), X<>. 7, p}>. 148-152). — A review of recent literature. Note on the Beichert value of butter and other fats, E. Reychler {Bid. Soc. Chim. Paris, 3. ser., 25 {1901), pp. U2-1U; . 208-225, fi(/s. II). — The morphology and macroscopic structure of the cocoanut are described, and the histological characters of its different parts figured and discu.ssed. Means are suggested for the detection of powdered cocoanut shells in ground spices. Of 147 samples of black pepper examined 21 contained ground cocoanut shells; of 37 samples of cloves 7 were similarly adulterated, and of 24 samples of allspice 6 contained cocoanut-shell powder. Radical differences in the composition l)etween cocoanut shells and the spices to which they are added are shown by the analyses of the different materials. Detection and approximate estimation of minute quantities of arsenic in beer, bre-wing materials, food stuffs, and fuels {lour. Soc. Chem. In(l.,21 {1902), No. 2, ]>p. 94-96, Jiij. 1). — This is a report of the joint committee of the 8f)ciety of Chemical Industry and of the Society of Public Analysts recommending and descri])ing the Marsli-Berzelius method. Methods for the analysis of insecticides and fung-icides, J. K. H.\vwood ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Chemistry drc. 10, pp. 8). — Methods are given for the analysis of Paris green, London purple, copper carbonate, potassium cyanid, soap, soda lye, tobacco and tobacco extracts, and formalin. Experiments on the separation by means of metallic salts of the albumi- noids produced by digestion, Z. Cerxy {Arcli. I'hysiol. [Pjluger], 87 {1901), No. 10-12, pp. 614-633). — LaVioratory work is descriljed in detail. The analysis of some new tanning materials, F. A. Block ev {lour. Soc. Chem. Ind, 21 {1902), No. 3, p]>. 1.58-162). A method of g'as analysis, A. Sa.mo.jiloff and A. Iudi.n {PJiyHiologisle Russe, 2 {1901), No. 31-35, pp. 171-184, fig. 1).—The method described is especially recom- mended for determining carlxni dioxid and oxygen in respired air. The sampling and preparation of shoddy, wool dust, and similar materi- als for analysis, L. Meggitt (lour. Soc. Chem. Ind., 21 (1902), No. 2, pp. 105, 106). — Directions are given for the preparation ol samples for the determination of nitrogen. BOTANY. 1017 The pentosans, G. T^KRTUANn {Bui. Astioc. Chim. Snrr. rt Dli^flU., /.v {WOI), No. I .', /III. lOl'.i-lO.'r,). — A historical and descriptive article on tlie pentosans. The action of ammonium chlorid on various silicates, V. \V. Ciaiik and (t. STKKiKK {Zlxrhr. AiKiiytDi. ('Iitni., .'9 {190,i), No. S, pp. S;LS-;J,')j). A new viscometer, L. MEooi-rr {./our. Soc. Chem. Ind., 21 {190£), No. 2, p. 106, fig. 1). BOTANY. A university text-book of botany, D. II. Campbell {Nev York: Tht- MonniUan Co., 190J, pp. A'T'-f ,57.9, ph. 1.5, fujx. 4.->'^)- — This recent contrihntion to American l)otanical literature is, as its name suggests, a text-book for use in college's and uni- versities and is in no way intended as a laboratory guide, nor to supplant any of the numerous botanies for secondary schools. The authoi- has presente(l in a very com- j)act form an outline of the essentials of botany, and the woi'k is intended niore as a reference text-book than otherwise. As far as possible the illustrative material has been (b-awn from our native flora, and this feature will doubtless connuend itself to American students. After a general introduction the author considers the plant body, describing its parts, structure, and function. A similar chapter is devoted to the plant cell, after which the classification of plants is treated in several chapters. In this the several orders are described, beginning with the lowest and ending with the highest, the sequence of orders following in the main that of iMigler and Pi-antl in tlieir Die nati'irlichen Ptlanzenfamilien. The physiology of the plant is dis- cussed at considerable lengtli, the method of treatment being based largely on that of rfeffer's recent work, V)ut the results ol)tained by other reqent investigators have been quite extensively incorporated. Chapters are devoted to the relation of plants to their environment and to their geological and geographical distribution. Short lists of works that are believed to be of most value for the student are appended to the various sections, and the illustrations are for the most part new, many having been drawn expressly for this work. The movements of plants, F. Darwin {Nature \^Londou'\, G.5 {190 j), No. 167-2, pp. 40-44, .figs- 6). — Tliis article is a lecture delivered by the author before tlie British Association for the Advancement of Science, in which an attemi)t is made to explain the different movements in plants and their physiological causes. The author appears to consider that gravity in some of its modificatif)ns is the i)rincij)al stimulus to plant movement. Injuries to plants by London fog* and engine smoke, G. Henslow {.Tour. Roy. Iforl. Soc. [Loudon], 20 {1901), Nos. 3-3, pp. 310-313).— This is a lecture delivered to the students at the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, in which the injuri- ous effects of fog and smoke are shown. A similar paper by the author lias been noted (E. S. R., 12, p. 826), in which the i)ercentage of sulphurous acid occurring in the atmosphere was given. These figures are erroneous, at-conling to the present paper. The average amount of sulphurous acid in dull weather sliould hava been 6 mg. per 100 cu. ft. of air. The amount in a light fog was S.K) mg., while in a thick yellow fog itamountei./) .—Studies are reported on the bacteroids of peas, alsike clover, red clover, crimson clover, horse beans, vetches, garden beans, lupines, serradella, and soy beans. The organisms as influenced by growth in a number of artificial media are described. Tlie assim^ilation of free elementary nitrogen, E. Jacobitz ( Centhl. Bakt. n. Par., 2. AM., 7 {1901), Nm. 22, pp. 784-794; ^3, pp. 833-844; U, pp. 876-890).— A critical review is given of some of the more important literature relating to the assimi- lation of atmospheric nitrogen, and a liibliography of 11.3 pu1)lictations is included. The nitrogenous constituents of green leaves, E. Wintersteix [Ber. Deut. Bot. GeHelL, 19 {1901), Xo. 5, j)p. .iJG-.l^O). Investigations on the fixation of carbon by leaves and the diffusion of car- bon dioxid, H. T. Brown {Ann. Agron., 27 {1901), Xn. 9, pp. 428-439 ) .—Th'ii* is a translation by E. Demoussy of a presidential address delivered l)efore the British Association for the Advancement of Science (E. S. R., 11, p. 1015). The presence of a glucosid formed during the germination of beech seed, P. Tailleur {f'ompl. Rend. Acad. Sei. Paris, 132 {1901), Xo. 20, pp. 1235-1237) .—Dur- ing the process of germination of beech seed a glucosid is formed which is said to disappear with the first season's growth. It is localized in the hypocotyl and is present to a slight extent in the upper part of the root, but is not found in the coty- ledons nor does it occur in the stems or leaves. This glucosid acted upon by the diastase of the seed in the presence of water gives rise to methyl-salicylic ether and glucose, which is assimilated by the plant. This ether is identical with that pro- duced by wintergreen and which has also been found produced under the same con- ditions as described above in the roots of Polygola and Spiraea, in the petioles and leaves of certain species of Azalea, in the bark of black birch, and other plants. A physiological balance, A. Petermann {Bid. InM. Chhn. et Bad. Gemhloux, 1901, Xo-. 70, pp. 22, 23, pi. 1). — A form of balance is described which was devi.sed by Gregaire and Hendrick, ])y the use of which a constant state of humidity may be secnreil throughout the growing jieriod of a plant. The genera of Gastromycetes, C. G. Lloyd {Cincinnati: Author, 1902, pp. 24, pis. 10). — The author pre.sents a general classification of the genera of Gastromycetes. An introduction is given in which the various parts of the fungi are described and the life history is traced. A brief historical sketch is given of the group, followed by the classification in which about 22 genera are recognized. Monilia sitophila, an economic fungus of Java, F. A. F. C. Went {Centhl. Bali. u. Par., 2. Abt., 7 {1901), Xos. 15, pp. 544-550; 16, pp. 591-598, pi. 1; Proc. Sec. Sci. Koninhl. Akad. WetenscJi. Amsterdam, 3 {1901), pj). 489-502). — A description is given of "ontjom," a small cake said to be quite common in "West Java. It is made from peanuts and is of an orange color, due to the conidia of tlie fungus M. sitopliila. The fungus seems to exert a very active influence through enzyms secreted by it upon the material of which the cake is made. The morphology of the fungus is described at length and the various changes induced by it are traced. A study was made on the influence of nutrition on the secretion of enzyms by this fungus. The fungus thrives well on such media as peanuts, bread, carrots, milk, broth, potatoes, etc. The growth on the various media shows that albuminous substances and pep- tone can serve as sources of carbon and nitrogen. For the production of the FEEMENTATION BACTERIOLOG Y. lOlU eiizyin which cliunu'terizi's tlic l'unj::us tlu' aiitlioi" found lliut ( ,'rtaiii sul)stanoes favored its development. Tlio enzym, to which the name malto" uicase is . J74--79). — The author notes the occurrence of this fungus abundantly on the V)ranches and trunks of trees in a district where everything had been killed by a lain of hot ashes after a \olcanic eru))tion. — ii. m. pieteks. The useful plants of French Guiana, M. (Jreshoff {Bnl. Kolonial Muk. Ifnarlem, 1901, Xu. 2'i, pp. 23-4S). — I.rief economic notes are given upon a collection of nearlj' 200 useful plants of French (iuiana which were prepared for the I'aris l^jXiiosition of 1900. FERMENTATION BACTERIOLOGY. A contribution to the knowledge of bacterial diseases of plants, C. J. J. van \\\\.\.[Jiiiiiiii. Diss., Uiiir. Aiiislcrihiiii, 190.', pj). 198). — In the TiT'st part of this work the author summarizes our knowledge relative to plant diseases that are known to l)e caused by bacterial attacks, and briefly considers a large number of others which are considered as probably of bacterial origin, but of which the evidence is not wholly conclusive. Among the diseases which have been demonstrated as of bacte- rial origin are the brown rot of crucifers, brown rot of potatoes, cucurbit wilt, Wakker's hyacinth disease, sweet-corn wilt, pear blight, lilac blight, olive tuberculosis, bean ])acterial blight, carrot rot, ruta-bagaand turnip rot, a new disease of iris, and the rot of hyacinths due to Bnoilhis Jn/itrinfJii sepfiru.^. Among those which are susj^ected as being due to attacks of bacteria are a rotting of potatoes, mulberry-tree Ijlight, corn blight, timothy blight, a sugar-beet disease, celery bacteriosis, cotton-lwll l)liglit, fruit rot of tomatoes, sorghum blight, onion slime rot, grape gummosis, grape 1 )acteriosis, "maladie d'Oleron" of grapes, a form of potato scab, bacteriosis of lupines, sugar- cane gummosis, canker of ash trees, etc. The evidence of the bacterial origin of the carnation bacteriosis, the mosaic disease of tobacco, and the "sereh" disease of sugar cane is not considered as sufficient to ])ermit of their being classed as bacterial diseases. In the second part of the dissertation an account is given of the author's investiga- tions on some new diseases. These included studies of Bacilla.'^siihtilis and B. ndgatus as i)arasites which cause the rotting of parts of many plants; descriptions of a new disease of the German and Florentine iris, due to attacks of Psendoinomts iridis, n. sp.; a rotting of potato stems by Bacillus at roi^eptieiis; and a disease of lilacs caused by Psriidomonas syringx, n. sp. The symi^toms of the.se different diseases are fully described, and the results of isolation, culture, and inoculation experiments are given. The new species of bacteria are described in detail, and their behavior toward a large nund)er of media is indicated. On different forms of hereditary variation of microbes, i\I. W. Bei.jerinck [Pror. Sec. Sri. Konin/d. Abid. Wrlci.^rl,. Anislrrdmn, .^ {1901), j)p. 3r>3-S65) .—A.n account is given of observations made uj.on many bacteria when grown in various cultures. In comparing the results obtained with bacteria and similar organisms the rules found applical)le to higher organisms do not apply. In the lirst place, there isa want of sexuality, the variations being comi)arable with Inul variations of the higher l)lants; and in the second place, the organisms are unicellular, which, in the author's opinion, tends to render more apparent the phenomena of variation. A discussion is given of different forms of variation and the conclusion drawn tiial liereditary variability isa functi(m of growth, in jiarticular of slackt-ned or weakened growth. 1020 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. and that variability attacks only one characteristic at a time. The forms of heredi- tary variability are grouped in 3 classes: In those in which variation is caused by degeneration all the individuals gradually losing their vegetative power, so that species may cease to exist. By transformation, individuals may lose a specific characteristic and acquire another. By hereditary variability or variation, the normal form throws off some individuals which possess characteristics strongly differing from those of the normal form, while the normal form continues to propagate quite unchanged. The author believes that many of the so-called new species are only variants of others and are not new species. Especially is this true among bacteria where the want of crossing strongly favors the continuation of variants once produced. If these variants become isolated the discoverer is liable to recognize theni as new s^pecies, l)ut their affinities can be determined only after prolonged investigation. Symbiosis and symbiotic ferm.entation, J. R. Greex ( Pror. Roy. Inst. Great Britain, 16 {1900), TI, No. 94, pp. 261-273). — In a paper read before the Royal Insti- tution, the author discusses symbiosis at considerable length, describing many of the best known forms. Among those mentioned are the symbiosis between phan- c ogams, the symbiosis of lichens, the symbiosis existing between the Leguminosaj and the bacteria of the root tubercles, and the symbiosis in kephir, ginger beer, and that reported from Madagascar in which sugar cane is attacked by organisms which consist of yeast and bacteria associated in the same way as are the organisms of the ginger-beer plant. The disinfectant properties of washing powders, C. F. Doane [Maryland Sla. Bid. 7.9, pp. .11-64). — A report is given of the value of a number of washing powders, sal soda, baking soda, and caustic soda as disinfectant agents for the cleansing and purifying of culinary and dairy implements and vessels. The washing powders were found to have a decided value for destroying Vjaeteria, as also did the sal soda. Bak- ing soda had little or no effect on the germs present in the cultures tested. Dilute caustic soda was also without effect. A test was made to determine whether the free alkali in the washing powders is entirely responsible for their antiseptic proi)erties, the results indicating that such is not the case. The effect of physical agents on bacterial life, A. M.\cfadyen {Proc. Roy. Inst. Great Britain, 16 {1900), II, No. 94, pp. 448-457). — An abstract is presented of a paper in which the effect of various physical agents on liacterial life is described. Among those mentioned are gases, electricity, mechanical agitation, etc. Studies of the efficiency of water filters in removing different species of bacteria, S. De :\1. Cm^k (Ma^^xarhiisctts Stat,; B,t. Health Rpt. 1900, pp 527-535).— A report is made on the relative efficiency of continuous and intermittent filters for the removal of bacteria from river M'ater. The filters were constructed, and the waters tested were supplied with a number of species of organisms, and the filtrate exam- ined. The intermittent filter showed somewhat greater distribution of species and a slightly poorer efficiency than the continuous filter. The efficiency of the continuous filter in removing bacteria in everj^ instance Init one was about 99 per cent. Both kinds of filters were most efficient in the removal of the more common and widely distributed species of bacteria. Notes are also given on the significance of Barillns coll in filtered water. This organism is found in the effluents of filters more connnonly than B. tyjtJil, the waters being examined for that organism at the sanie time. The exj)eriments indicate that B. coli is more hardy than the other species, and B. typhi could not serve as a test organism as well as the previous species. Studies of media for the quantitative estimation of bacteria in -water and sewage, 8. De M. Gage and E. B. Phelps {Reprint from Pror. Ayner. Pitli. Health Assoc. 1901, pp. 8). — A report is given of the comparative value t>f a number of different media for the estimation of bacteria in waters and sewage. The tendency at present is toward a medium which will permit of the shortening of the period of 5^()(>LOGY. 1021 incubation necessary to give an opinion on tlie pnrity of water. Of the dozen or more media tested, that known as Xahrstoff-agar has advantagt'S over all the otlier media fortinantitative work. In all the tests with this nuHhum, the eountsof l)acteria more nearly ai){)roximate tlie actual bacterial content of the water than i.s the case with any other medium known to the authors. This meilium is said to l)e a pnrealbumo.se made from egg albmnen, and, although somewhat comjtlex in compositifm, is les.s liable to vary than the usual materials used. This is considered a distinct advantage, as it enables bacteriologists to prepare a medium of uniform composition, making the re.sults obtained at different laboratories comparable. Bacteria and sewage, F. Clowes {Pwc. Boy. JnM. Great Britain, 10 {1900), II, Xn. 94, pp. :U7-.l.'4, .!'!/■■<■ 9). — A discu.ssion is given of the relation between sewage and bacteria, ami the i)uritication of sewage by the action of mnnerous organisms. Bacteria and the disintegration of cement, R. (J. Smith {Pror. Linn. Soc. Neiv South Wales, 26 {1901), pt. 1, pp. 107-117). — A number of authors having reported the disintegration of cement linings of waterworks and reservoirs by the action of bacteria led the author to investigate the subject in connection with the Sydney water supply. The cement above water line was hard, while below the water it was soft and easily broken away. An examination of the sediment showed the presence of a considerable number of bacteria; among them were specimens of Vihrio denitrificans and Micrococcus radiatus. Cultures were made of these organisms and they were grown upon cement blocks without any disintegration being oljserved. As a result of these observations the author believes there is consideral)le room for doul)ting the action of micro-organisms on cement, but thinks that the action is purely chemical, brought aljout by the decomposing and solvent action of the water. On the nature of certain oxidizing ferments, J. H. Kastle and A. S. Loeven- HART(.ly/i^r. ('Item. .Tour., 26 {1901), Xo. 6, pp. 53.9-566). — A report is given of extended studies on the oxidizing ferment found in the common potato. As a result of their investigations the authors claim that oxygen is alisolutely essential to the production of the guaiacum-l)luing ferment of the potato. This so-called oxidizing ferment, they believe, is an organic perox id and not a true solul)le ferment. It is believed that the oxidizable substances are oxidized to the peroxid condition by molecular oxygen, and that the peroxids thus formed give up part of their oxygen to other less oxidizable substances present in the cell; in other words, that the process of rendering oxygen active by the living cell is ])robablyl>rought about in essentially the same way as that accomplished by phosphorus, benzaldehj'de, and other oxj'gen carriei-s — that is, as one phase of autooxidation. Oxidizing enzyms, C. E. Newton {Indian Gard. and Plant., 9 {1901), Xn. 22; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Cheni. Ind., 21 {1902), No. 3, p. 182). Note on the production of casease by a streptothrix parasite, E. BoniN and C. Lenohmaxd {Ann. Inst. Pastenr, 15 {1901), Xo. 4, pp- 279-2SS). — The authors describe a fungus of the form Oospore of Microsporum that when grown in a mdk culture produces an enzym that is able to coagulate the casein like remiet and another enzym that possesses the power to dissolve the coagulated casein like the caseaae of Duclaux. ZOOLOGY. Destroying gophers and prairie dogs, D. E. Lantz {Kansas State Bd. Agr. Quart, apt. 1902, Mitr. P>1, pp. o.'5-.l.iO, pJ. 1, fiij. 1). — Geomijs bursariu.s is generally dis- tributed in theea-stern part of Kansa.«, while G. lidescens is found chiefly in the west- ern parts of the State. The adoption of the bounty system in destroying these pests is considered ineffective. The use of carbon bisulidiifl and traps in the burrows, and scattering poisonerl baits are recommended for destroying these animals. The j)rairie dog is especially conunon in the western part of the State, where it is estimated that 1022 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 2,000,000 acres of land are infested. Fumigation with carbon bisulphid and the use of l>aits poisoned with strychnin are recommended. A coli bacillus affecting the hamster, B. Galli-Valerio {CeniU. Bakt. u. Par., 1. AhL, 30 {1901), No. 7, pp.273-.?76, firjx. 2). — An infectious di.sease was observed among hamsters which had been imported from Alsace in 1900. The disease caused the death of a large proportion of infected animals within a few days. Animals which died of the disease showed an enlargement of the liver, which was affected by a complete fatty degeneration. Microscopic examination of the liver, spleen, and blood revealed the presence of large numbers of bacilli which belonged to the coli group. Detailed notes are given on the culture experiments conducted with these organisms. Inoculation experiments with rabbits, guinea pigs, and chickens gave negative results. Positive results, however, were obtained from experiments on mice. Studies on the bacillus pathogenic for rats, B. Issatschenko ( Cenibl. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 31 {1902), No. 1, pp. 26-38). — The author made numerous experiments on the bacillus, which was found to cause fatal infection in mice and rats but which did not affect domesticated animals; cats, dogs, chickens, and pigeons were not infected l)y eating food containing pure cultures of the bacillus. Feoktistoff carried out similar experiments on horses, cattle, hogs, sheep, dogs, cats, and domestic poultry, with similar results. None of the animals became infected or showed any evidence of disease. In feeding experiments with the bacillus it was found that rats and mice almost without exception became infected with a fatal disease. The death rate was greatest 15 days after infection. Only 2.7 per cent of the rats and mice upon which experiments were made resiste. .?,-').— In tliis paniplilet notes are given on the feeding habits of liawks, owls, shrikes, crows, l)lackbir-6, pp. 1G.'>-176). — This species of bird, while feeding largely upon seeds, is also known to eat a considerable variety of insects in various stages, and is there- fore considered distinctly beneficial to agriculture. Notes are also given on the desirability of protecting all common l)ir(ls which are known to have beneficial feed- ing habits. Liegislation for the protection of birds other than game birds, T. S. Palmer ( U. S. Dejd. Agr., Dm.von of Biological Snrveg Bui. 13, rev. ed., pp. 143, ]>ls. 4,fig^- 7). — A revised and enlarged form of this bulletin, including copies of legislation enacted since the pu1)lication of the first edition of the bulletin {F,. S. R., 12, pp. 61(), 617). Directory of State officials and organizations concerned -with the protec- tion of birds and game, 1902, T. S. Palmer {U. S. Dept. Agr., Division of Biologi- cal Survey Circ. 35, pp. 10). — A list of State officials concerned with the protection of birds and game, as well as officials connected with national organizations. State organizations, anut few records of snow falling out of season as a result of the sudden cold produced by thunderstorms. These statistics, so far as they go, are interesting as affecting the theory that liy bomliarding a thunderstorm the hail is transformed into snow. If snow' frequently falls after a storm-cloud has been bombarded, and rarely under other circumstances, the theory in question obtains support. But, as Professor Monti points out, we have not at present suffi- ciently complete statistics to enable anj- very definite conclusions to be drawn." Meteorolog-ical summary for 1900, C. A. Patton [Ohio Sta. Bid. 128, j>p. 219-231). — This summary includes notes on the weather and tabulated daily and monthly records of observations at the station at AVooster, Ohio, on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, direction of the wind, etc., and for comparison, similar data for previous yeai-s and for other parts of the State. The following is a sunniiary of results: Summar)/ of meti'orolo(/ieal ohs^erratiom^ in Oliio. For the experiment station. For the State. 1900. Average for 13 years. iQf^ ' Average for 18 ^^^- years. Temperature C^F.;: 50.7 (July 4) 95 (Feb. 27) - 10 20. 6 (May 6) 43 149 118 132 (Aug.) .5.97 (Dee.) .99 49.2 (Aug. 8 99 1891) (Feb. 10, - 21 1899) 20.6 (Oet. 6, 55 1895) 123 119 126 (Julv, 8.05 1896) (Sept.. .29 1897) 52.2 (Julv 4, 103 Aug. 6, and Aug. 10) (Jan. 29, - 20 Feb. 27) 50.8 Highest (Julv 4, 113 1897) (Feb. 10, - 39 Mean daily range. Greatest daily 1899) (Feb. 9) 57 (Sept. 2S, 67 1897) Days rain fell 107 127 Rainfall (in.): Greatest monthly. i Least monthly 32. 87 SW 37.78 Prevailing direetion .^W s.-sw.. SW. Meteorological observations, H. H. Hitme and A. W. Bl.mr {Florida Slo. Hpt. 1901, pp. 96, 97). — A tabular summary of daily oVjservations on maximuni and mini- mum temjierature, atmos]>heric pres.^jure, and rainfall for the (! months ended June 30, 1901. Meteorolog-ical summary for the year 1901, I). Vai.kt {('hroii. Ai>. 207-271). — A summary of observations at Lausanne and other places in Switzerland on temperature of the air ami soil, precipitation, sun- shine, etc. The moon and thunderstorms, A. B. MacDowall {Xdluri' [London], (!5 {1902), No. 1G8G, p. 367, fuj. 1). — Diagrams are given which show the distribution of thun- derstorms about the different quarters of the moon as shown by data recorded at Greenwich. The results are compared with those reported by Hann. "All agree in showing a larger percentage [of thunderstorms] about new moon than about full moon anil in the two earlier ])hases thau in the two later." The mode of action of cannon used for protection against hail, G. (t.\stine and V. Vkrmorel {O'rcle, 2 {1901), No.s. 3, pp. 12-18; 4, pp. 13-16). Hailstorms and cannonading, F. Houdaille {I,es orages a grele el le tir dfi^ canons. Pari.s: Felix Alcan, 1901, vol. 1, pp. , figs. 63 ; rer. in Ann. Ecole Sat. Agr. MontpeUier, n. ser., 1 {1901), No. 1, p. 98). SOILS. 1025 Climatolog'ical atlas of the Russian Empire, Rykat( hkw (All. ir,94, pp. o64, .->.-,.-,). Destruction by lightning- in Ontario, 1901, .1. I'.. IIkynolds {Onlnno Af<,vnia Sla. Bvl. 1^0, pp. 51, pi. l,ff/s. 5). — This i.« an account of a study of the soils and agricultural conditions and ])ossibilitie9 of that portion of the delta of the Colorado River which slopes toward the north into the Salton Basin or Sink. The area "is to a considerable extent covered with alluvial deposits originally derived from the Colorado River; as is clearly indicated by their nature, as well as by the fact that at times of exceptional high water (such as occurred in 1890) the river overflows into the l)asin through 2 channels, named respectively the Salton and New rivers. The alluvial deposits of the river finally cut off the upper end of the Gulf [of California] so that now a large area of alluvial coinitry, or delta, extends between the Salton Basin and the present head of the (Tulf. As to the thickness of these delta dei^osits, the only evidence as yet available is from a boring at Imperial made to determine the feasibility of obtaining artesian water in this region. This boring was carried to the depth of (585 (?) ft. without penetrating anything different from the various materials found at or near the sur- face, and without finding water. It is thus apparent that the ( Julf was originally of very considerable dei)th." Within this area occur two extreme typical classes of soil, namely, a very hard compact clay and a silt or loam soil. The latter occupies aV)6ut one- fourth of the entire area studied. Between these two extremes occur many transition grades. "The silt soil contains about 60 per cent of silt of medium to coarse grade, which imparts the distinctive character to the soil. It also carries from 10 to 15 per cent of very tine silt, which in some respects might act similarlj'- to clay in respect to capillary i)ower. The soil characterized as clay carries about 30 per cent of clay proper, and over 60 per cent of very fine silt; making over 90 per cent of extremely fine matter, which, when compacted (as much of it is), makes a material almost impervious to water." Experiments inaroportion (Tf soluble matter is nmch larger in the clay soil 1026 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. than in the silt or loam soil. The percentage of alkali in the soils is very variaV)le, but generally high. This alkali is of the "white" type, that is, that in which the relatively innocuous sulphates predominate. "Carbonate of soda is quite subordi- nate, because of the presence of gyjisum throughout the materials. Common salt is rather abundant near the surface, but only in small supply below the first 3 ft., until a depth of 20 ft. is reached. Nitrates appear to be present throughout, to an extent varying from 1,000 to 1,800 lbs. per acre (0.025 to 0.044 per cent) in 4 ft. depth; increasing from the surface downward, contrary to the usual rule." While it appears that the clay soils are more heavily impregnated with alkali than the silt or loam soils it would seem that the clayey, i)lastic, and impervious character of the former is a more serious obstacle to their utilization for agricultural i)uri)oses than the alkali salts. Analyses of water of the Colorado Kiver^ Blue and Cameron lakeSj and of a well at Cameron Lake, with reference to their use in irrigation, are reported. The results show that the composition of the Colorado River water is quite variable at different periods of the same season and in different seasons and that while it "could be used with impunity upon the silts, it Avould but increase the extremely undesirable saline conditions of the clay soils of the region." Methods of irrigating alkali lands so that evaporation from the surface is reduced to a minimum are discussed and the need of a thorougli system of drainage is explained. The climatic conditions and the plant growth of the region are described and a list of crops adapted to alkali soils with their limits of tolerani;e for alkali is given. Willis and Huntsville tobacco soils, II. H. Hakkington and P. 8 Tilson (Texas Sta. Bid. 61, pi>. 14, pls- ~ )• — Chemical and mechanical analyses of 18 samples of soil from Willis and 6 from Huntsville are reported, with analyses of 6 samples of Con- necticut Valley tobacco soils and a discussion of the adaptability of the Texas soils to the growth of filler and wrapper tobacco. Recommendations are given regarding the fertilizers required, based upon analyses of the ash of 4 samples each of the tobacco leaf grown in the 2 localities. Determinations of nicotin showed that the percentage in the Willis and Iluntsvill 3 toV)accos varied from 1.75 in the wrapper to 2.5 in the filler. The conclusion was reached that the soils of Willis are admirably adapted to the growth of high-grade filler or wrapper, the growth of filler per- haps being more likely to be profital)le under present conditions than the growth of wrapper tobacco. " L.-t with greater outlay of capital, and especially with the intro- duction of shade growth, and with the application of irrigation, a most satisfactory wrapper can be grown." The soil and the agricultural conditions of Prussia, A. INIkitzen and F. Gkoss- MANN (Dcr Bodtii tni'l die laadirlrlhsehaflliclieii, ]'erJud(nl!, pp. 25.5-^Gl). — This articU" attempts to show tliat in spite of the prerloiiiinatiiif,' influence attributed to it l)y scientific and practical men, the surface soil is probably of less importance in plant growth than tiie snl)soil for the following reasons: (1) The roots of plants descend as rapidly as possible into the subsoil, in many cases to a considerable depth, the surface soil (0.1 to 0.35 meter) serving the requirements of the i>lant oidy during germination and the early stag;es of growth; (2) the plant draws its water supply largely from that layer of the soil, which has a higher retentive power for water than the surface soil and so holds a reserve for times of neetl; and (.S) the ]ilant only par- tially uses the food supply of the surface soil and draws its nourishment during the greater part of its period of growth from the supply of plant food in the subsoil. To this latter fact may be ascriberesent the actual nitrogen al)sorption power of the chemicals as used in ordinary farm practice," they show that calcium sulphate (gypsum) possesses the lowest absorptive capacity for anunonia of any of the materials tested, the results with magnesium sulphate being highest in this respect. Permanence of manure, T. Jamiesox (Proc. Agr. Re.^earch Assoc. [Al/erdeenshire}, 1901, pp. 26-42, dgms. 6). — A summary of 17 years' experiments undertaken for the purpose of securing "precise and reliable information upon the relative permanence of different forms of manure" to be used in determining the compensation for unex- hausted manure under the "Agricultural Holdings Act." The fertilizers used were various forms of bone, superphosphate, coprolite, and sodium and potassium nitrates. The results showed that by the fifth year the fertilizers had become practically FERTILIZERS. 1 029 exhaiiwtiMl, tliat tlic complete fertilizers <;ave tlie liighest results throujiliout, that the effect of the ph()sj)hates depended very largely upon their linene.«s and was greatly increased by the addition of nitrogen and potash. The most lasting effect was observed in case of coarse and slowly decomposing bone, followeil l)y steamed bone meal with nitrate of potash and dissolved bone. "Generally the residts show that the manures that stood somewhat low in the lirst turnip crop (in conscMjuence of rough division) stand relatively higher in the grass — bones now standing above all the other manures; coprolite standing above superphosphate; and nitrates, which stoo (190.J), Xn. J.',, jt. U..'). — A plea for a thorough study of this sul)ject. Deep culture and turning under green crops and barnyard manure ( Dial. Landir. I'rrx>. 1S5, ISO). — A general discussion of this subject. Green manuring with lupines and the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, C. SCHKEIBKK [Rcr. (ini. A. 1S4).~X brief note. Compost formulas (Bui. Xuiih ('(iruUiia State Bd. Aijr., 2,i {1902), No. 3, pp. 31-34). — Formulas and instructions are given for the preparation of composts of barn- yard manure, cotton seed, and cotton-seed meal with acid phosphate and kainit. The injurious action of lime in composts is briefly referred to. Fertilizers and the fertilization of the soil, A. Larbaletkiek {Les evgrais et la fciiilisatloii du sol. D'tri.s: ./. B. Bdllllrir A- Son, 1901, pp. 332, fign. 74)- Contribution to the study of the feeding of plants with phosphorus, T. ScHLOEsixcJ (Compt. Bend. Acad. ,Sci. Paris, 134 {1902), Xo. 1, pp. f)3-55,fi(js. 2). — Previous investigations along this line are referred to and determinations of phos- phoric acid soluble in distilled and recently boiled water in 2 soils, one very rich in soluble phosphoric acid, the other very poor, are reported. Small lots of soil (40 to 100 gm.) were repeatedly (10 to 11 times) shaken up with relatively large amounts of water ( 1,750 to 1,8.".0 cc. ), the solutions clarified with a small amount of calcium nitrate ( 100 mg. per liter), and j)hosphoricacid determined by the molybdic method. Parallel tests were made on each soil, cultivated and uncultivated, and kept uniformly moist. The phosphoric acid in each water extract is shown in tal)les and diagrams. The total soluble phosphoric acid was 150.2 mg. per kilogram in the uncultivated soil rich in this constituent and 122.1 mg. in the same soil after growth of a crop (corn), a difference of 2S.1 mg. ; 14. ;« mg. in the uncultivated soil poor in soluble phosphoric acid and «.,S mg. in the cropped soil, a difference of 5.53 mg. For the 36 kg. of soil used for each experiment with corn the difference was in the first case 1,012 ing., in the second 199 mg. Analyses of the corn plants showed that they took up in the first case 1,115 nig. of phosphoric acid, in the second 451 mg. The utility of alkaline phosphatic manures, J. Huohks (,SW. Ainer. Sup., 53 {1902), Xo. 137.5, pp. 22034-220o'i ) . — 'Si>{ei\ from another source (K. S. R., 13, p. 234). Increasing the calcium phosphate content of phosphorite, K. J. Lissenko {Zap. Imp. Bass. Techn. Obscldsch., 35 {1901), p. 825; ahs. ni Chem. Zty., 2G {1902), Xo. 13, Bepert., p. r,2).—Vi\ a process of grinding and siftnig a large j)roportion of the sanil in phosphorites may be removed and the content of pure calcium phos- 1302— No. 11—02 3 1030 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. phate correspondingly int'reaseil. The profluet thus obtained is better adapted to the manufacture of superpliosphates than the crude material. Some observations on ammonium-magnesium phosphate, E. Selliek (Rev. Gen. Chim. Appl, 5 {1902), p. 77; abs. in Giem. Ztg., 26 {1902), No. 22, ReperL, p. 73). — The author found in the course of experiments that ammonium-magnesium phosphate is not completely decomposed by magnesia at boiling temperature. On the use of sulphate of ammonia, W. Hasselman {Meded. Proefstat. Suikerriet West Jam, 1902, No. -5,5, pp. 7). — A brief discussion of the absorptive power of the soil for ammonium sulphate, and its effect on capillary rise of water, nitrification, and the calcium carbonate of the soil. The action of potash on plant life, H. Wilfarth and G. Wimmer {Arh. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 1902, No. 6S, pp. 106, figs. 14)- — This is a detailed account of pot experiments with potatoes, tobacco, buckwheat, mustard, chicory, oats, and sugar beets. The method used was essentially that of Hellriegel, modified to secure better aeration and to prevent loss of fertilizing matter in drainage. The soil used was a sand-peat mixture very poor in potash. The results obtained show that potash is absolutely essential to plants, and is needed throughout the period of growth. The yields increased in proportion to the amount of potash applied until the maximum, determined by the size of the pot or the water supply, was reached. Beyond this point the effect of an increased application of potash was shown, not in an increase of yield, but in an increase of potash content of the plant. The greater the amount of potash available in the soil, the greater the amount taken up by the plant, espe- cially by the leaves and straw, the potash content of the seeds, roots, and tubers remaining remarkably constant with variations in the supply of potash, and increasing only when a large excess of potash was applied. It was shown that the potash was very completely taken up by the plant, whether needed for growth or not. Even when potash was applied in excess far beyond the point of increasing the yield it was largely (90 to 95 per cent) taken up by the plant. Potash appeared to be espe- cially necessary for such plants as potatoes, sugar beets, etc., which produce organs which store up reserves of starch, sugar, and fat. Small potatoes poor in starch and small sugar beets poor in sugar were produced when there was a deficiency of potash. A deficiency of potash also retarded the development of grain in case of cereals and buckwheat. In the case of such crops many of the seeds were imperfectly developed or abortive. Plants suffering from potash hunger have a generally sickly appearance as distinguished from their appearance when suffering from lack of phosphoric acid or nitrogen. In the latter cases the plants are small but normal in all parts. Plants insufficiently supplied with potash, especially potatoes and beets, appeared to be very susceptible to rot. Potash deficiency has a characteristic effect on the leaves of plants, especially as regards coloring. The spaces between the leaf veins show first characteristic Vjrownish stripes, followed later by white spots, causing a peculiar crinkling, and finally the leaves dry up, with a more or less brown color. No such appearance was noted in case of deficiency of phosphoric acid or nitrogen. The experiments on the possibility of substituting soda for potash were not entirely conclusive and are being continued, but they indicated that while soda is taken up to a considerable extent by plants, and exerts some influence, it can not perform the functions of potash in plant growth. The results of experiments with kainit and 40 per cent potash salt, Bach- MANN {Filhiing's Landw. Zig., .51 {1902), No. 4, j)p. 147-1,55). — With rye the results as a rule favored the 40 per cent salt, both on limed and unlimed soil; with oats and barley they were not conclusive. Potash fertilizers on soils rich in potash, L. Grandeau {.Tour. Agr. Prat., n. Sir., 3 {1902), No. 10, pp. S09-311). — Experiments by Maercker are briefly reviewed, which afford a striking illustration of the fact that the need of the application of potassic fertilizers is determined by the assimilable and not by the total potash FERTIUZEKS. 1031 present. In tlie author's opinion ronipU'tc information an to the soil potash can l)e obtained only hy 4 distinct doterniinations, ( 1 ) the total potash, inclndin) potasli soliil)le in citric acid (1 frm. per liter), and (4) jtotash soluble in water. Why and when may one dispense with potash fertilizing? A. Fki.ijkr ( Dnil. L . — Kxpcriiiieiits with oats to test this point are reporte(l. Stable mamire was applied alone and in condonation with potash salts and nitrogenons and phosphatic fertilizers. The results show that the potash .salts in some cases gave profitable returns on soils well supplied with potash and receiving liberal applications of manure. This is attributed to the fact that the potash compounds of the soil and of manure are not readily assimilable by plants. In the author's opinion the neeil of soils for potash can be determined only by carefully planned and conducted experiments. It is also claimed that potash salts may be safely used in combination with any kind of fertilizer or manure. Potash salts as a top-dressing, A. Felber {Druf. Lamhr. Prrssc, 20 {1902), No. 28, pp. 2.i7, 23S,^tJil. I). The use of potash as a protection against injury from frost, N'lHit.ws [Ikvt. Landw. PresHP, W (1902), No. 18, p. i.^).— Referring to Baumann's observations that plants fertilized with potash salts were injured to a less extent by frost than those not so treated, the author suggests that this may be a result entirely of physical action in the soil influencing the temperature, and not due to concentration of the carbo- hydrates in the plant, as suggested by Baumann. He cites in supjiort of this view the old practice of applying kainit to the soil, in anticipation of frost, to protect beets. Potash as a protection against frost, Baimaxn ( Driit. [Atndw. Pressc, 29 (1902), No. 23, p. 197). — In reply to above suggestion of Vibrans the author points out that the beneficial action of potasli salts in protecting from frost was observed after these salts had been taken u)) by the plants from the soil. The value of liming for marsh soils, E. Moller {Ikul. Landir. PrcitKC, 29 {1902), No. 30, p. 2.54) ■ Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sla. Bid. 81, pp. 65-80). — This l»ulletin contains analyses of 150 brands of fertilizers (manufacturers' samples) licensed before March I, 1902, with a summary of the chief provisions of the State fertilizer law. Analysis of commercial fertilizers sold in Maryland, 11. B. jVIcDonnell et al. {Mariihuid A(j)\ Col. (Juart., 1902, No. 15, pp. 51). ^-X report of the results of inspec- tion of fertilizers, September, 1901, to January, 1902, inclusive. Fertilizer inspection in Massachusetts, C. A. Goessmann {Massarluit^dtf^ Sla. Bui. 81, pp. 20). — This bulletin includes analyses of fertilizers sent to the station for examination, of licensed fertilizers collected by the agent of the station during 1901, and of Paris green; instructions regarding sampling of fertilizers and to manufac- turers, etc. ; a discussion of trade values of fertilizing ingredients; and a l)rief account of experiments with manure preservatives (.see p. 1028). The fertilizing materials examined included wood ashes, limekiln aslies, cotton-seed meal, bone, fish, tankage, Thomas slag, jadoo fiber, dried and jiulverized rockweed, mill waste, sheep fertilizer, milk casein, Ijesides mixed fertilizers and soils. Fertilizer inspection in North Carolina, B. W. Kil(;oke {Bid. Norlh Carolina Bd. Agr., 23 {1902), No. 3, pp. 3-26). — The names and guaranteed composition of fertilizers registered for 1902, and analyses and valuations of 78 samples, of fertilizers examined during the spring of 1902, with the usual explanations regarding freight rates, valuation, etc. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, J. 11 amiiton aixl W . Fihoar {Pnuiiojlrania Dfpl. Atjr. Bnl. 89, }>p. 195). — This bulletin c((ntains the text of the fertilizer law of Pennsylvania, notes on valuation, a discussion of the composition of raw materials and the cost of fertilizer constituents, and tabulated analyses and valuati(_)ns of 761 1032 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. samples of fertilizing; materials examined during 1901. The average composition of the fertilizers examined during 1901 is given and their selling price and valuation are compared with similar data for fertilizers examined during previous years. On the rational use of sulphite solutions from fiber factories in the prepa- ration of fertilizers, T. Knosel {('hem. Zty., £6 (1902), No. 21, p. 229). — This is a brief account of a patented process in which sulphite solution evaporated to 25° Baume is mixed with an equal amount of Thomas slag, thereby largely increasing the percentage of citrate-soluble phosphoric acid in this material. Formation of oceanic salt deposits, particularly of the Stassfurt beds. XXIV. Gypsum and anhydrite. 3. Natural anhydrite and its formation at 25°, J. H. vax't Hokf and F. Weigert {Sitzber. Kgl. Preasx. Akud. Wm. Berlin, 1901, XLVIII, pp. 1140-114^; abs. in Jour. Chein. Hoc. {London'], 82 {1902), No. 412, II, p. 137). FIELD CROPS. Report of the experimentalist, C. A. Z.witz {(hUario Agr. Col. and E.rpl. Farm Rpt. 1901, pp. 82-111). — The work here reported consists largely of variety and culture tests and is in continuation of experiments conducted for some years (E. 8. R., 13, p. 338). Brief comments on other work by the experimentalist are also given. Seed grain selections with oats, barley, peas, and spring and winter wheat have been in progress from 5 to 8 years, and the average yields of straw and grain and the weight of grain per measured liushel in each case are in favor of large, plump seed as compared with medium-sized or small seed. Shrunken seed of barley and spring and winter wheat and broken seed of barley produced small yields. Split seed of peas and winter wheat yielded only 10 and 8 bu. of grain per acre, respectively. Of 228 varieties of oats tested during the past 14 years, White Siberian, Oder- brucker, Vick American Banner, and Bavarian were among the very best general- purpose varieties. Joanette Black is reported as a large yielder, with exceedingly short straw. It stools abundantly and for this reason very thin sowing is recom- mended on rich soils. Daubeney and Alaska have jiroved to be verv early varieties. Seed oats obtained from varieties sent from the college to the Missouri station 4 years ago were compared with seed from the same varieties grown continuously at the college. The Missouri seed produced the largest yield of grain per acre and the Ontario seed the heaviest grain per measured bushel. Continuous seed selection of Joanette oats for 9 years resulted in 1901 iri a yield of 44.4 bu. for large, plump seed, 28.5 bu. for light-weighing and light-colored seed, and 37 bu. per acre for hulled seed. The grain from large, plump seed weighed 5 lbs. more i)er measured bushel than that produced from light seed. Among the 6rowe. 1 bu. per acre, respectively. Huda I'esth, which has been grown for only 4 years, has an aver- age yield of 49.6 bu. It was noticed that among 100 varieties of winter wheat Imperial Amber, Egyptian Amber, Karly Genesee Giant, and Michigan Amber were almost free from injury by tlie ile.ssian fly. Turkey Red, grown in Ontario for 8 years, was little affected l>y the My, but the same variety obtained from Kansas in 1900 was con- siderably injured. Bisseli, (Jeneva, Turkey Red, Emporium, Amherst Isle, Imperial Amber, ReliaV)le, Arnold Hybrid, Red May, and McPherson were most rust resistant, and American Bronze, Helena, Silver Star, Early Genesee Giant, Early Red Claw- son, and Red ^■el\•et Chaff, the least rust resistant. The best avcn-age yields for sev- eral years from seeding on different dates were obtained from the grain sown on or before Septend>er 9. Drilling and broadcasting have given i)ractically equal results for 7 years. This season an experiment was begun with drilling one-half of the seed one way and drilling the other half crosswise. The cross drilling gave slightly better results than the common method. The results for 6 years show that cutting wheat after it has become very ripe gives the highest weight ])er measured Vtushel and the largest yield of grain and straw. In the average results for several years Mammoth winter rye gave the largest yield of grain per acre, surpassing the common rye by 5 bu. in 1898, ].} bu. in 1900, and 14 bu. in 1901. The 4 varieties of spring rye, Dakota Mannnoth, Prolific S}jring, Common, and Colorado (Tiant, yielded 38.3, 33.3, 32.6, and 15.6 bu., respectively, in 1901, and 41.8, 37.6, 35, and 25 bu. per acre, respectively, on an average for 4 years. The average results of 3 varieties of buckwheat grown for 6 years show that Japanese yielded 20.3, Silver Hull 16, and Common Grey 13.8 bu. of grain per acn-e. In the production of straw these varieties stood in the same order. The largest average yields per acre of peas grown for 7 years were obtained from White Wonder, New Zealand Field, Early Britain, Egyptian INhnnmy, New Zealand Brown, and Tall White Marrowfat. No varieties proof against the pea weevil have as yet been found. Grass peas, for a period of 7 years, have given an average yield of 25.7 bu. of grain and 2.2 tons of straw per acre. The average results for 7 years with the Egyptian or Chick pea {('ieer arhtinum) show that 35.6 l)u. of grain and 1 ton of straw were obtained per acre. The growing season in Ontario has been found too short for maturing cowpeas. Of 29 varieties of field beans grown for 5 successive years, Day Improved Leafless, White Wonder, Meer acre for 3 years. FIELD CROPS. 1035 Among the different niixtnrcs of peas and oats u. of Siljerian oats antl 1 bu. of Prussian Blue peas gave very satisfactory results. The average results for 5 years for the different mixtures undei- test were as follows: Enrl;/ varieties — Daubeney oats and Chancellor peas, 5.9 tons ; nicdluiu early varieties — Siberian oats and Prussian Blue peas, 6.9 tons; and late varieties — Mannnoth Cluster oats and Print^e Albert peas, 6.1 tons of green crop per acre. On an average the early varieties were cut 70 days, the medium early varieties 77 days, and the late varieties 84 days after seeding took j)lace. Pearly White Vienna kohl-rabi gave the largest yield jx-r acre in iHdl, and also in the average of 5 years. The resnlts for 7 years show that Dwarf Essex rape produced an average of 22.4 tons and Victoria 20.6 tons of green forage per acre. From the results of experi- ments carried on for 5 years, it was found that large rape seed yielded 70.4, medinm- sized seed 15, and small seed 12.4 tons of green fodder per acre. The average results of sowing rape on level and ridge land are somewhat in favor of ridging. Snbsoiling immediately before sowing produced no advantage. The results froTu j)lanting rape seed at different depths have varied in different years, but in general were in favor of shallow planting. The results with a number of leguminous crops and grasses grown for green fodders, hay, and pasture are reported. Field crops, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. (hi. and Expt. Farm lipt. 1901, pp 68, 64). — The culture of different field crops at the college in 1901 is briefly noted. Plant food trials, H. E. Stockbridge (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 2i^-36, fig. 1) . — Fertilizer tests with sweet potatoes, sugar cane, Irish potatoes, corn, cotton, and cassava are reported. Each crop received a series of fertilizer applications, includ- ing a standard application and multiples and fractional parts of the same. The check plats received no fertilizers. Street potatoes. — The experiment with sweet potatoes demonstrated that the normal application consisting of 200 lbs. acid phosphate, 204 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 66 lbs. nitrate of soda, and 80 lbs. sulphate of potash per acre was the most profitable formula. Sugar cane. — The standard formula ft)r sugar cane consisted of 50 lbs. each of acid phosphate and muriate of potash and 400 lbs. of cotton-seed meal per acre. Increas- ing this application had no material effect on the crop. Diminishing the proportion of phosphoric acid and of nitrogen reduced the nitrogen content of the cane and diminishing the proportion of i)otash reduced the yield. Potatoes. — In connection with the tests on Irish potatoes, a study was made of cot- ton-seed meal, castor pomace, and nitrate of soda as sources of nitrogen. Cotton- seed meal and castor pomace gave practically the same result, but the nitrate increased the yield over these 2 forms by 30 per cent. The standard application for potatoes consisted of 500 lbs. acid phosphate, 250 ll)s. cotton-seed meal, 125 lbs. nitrate of soda, and 200 lbs. sulphate of potash per acre. This application proved very effective on soil exhausted by tobacco culture and this result is considered a demonstration of the value of crop rotation. Cowpeas preceding the potatoes increased the yielil 40 per cent. Where only one-half of the normal application of phosphoric acid was applied a larger yield of potatoes was obtained than where the full normal api)lica- tion was used. A reduction of the normal application of j)otash to one-half dimin- ished the yield 40 per cent, representing a financial loss of $5.50 per acre. Corn.— In the tests with corn an application of 200 ll)s. acid phosi)hate, 125 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 75 \hs. nitrate of soda, and 100 lbs. muriate of i)otash was used an the standard. This application increased by one-half gave an increase in yield of 18 bu. per acre, but the result was the same when the application was diminished by one-half. This increase was the largest in the series of tests and the u.se of one- half the normal application was the most ])rofitable. 1036 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cotton. — Thp normal application in the experinientH with cotton consistefl of 187. S lbs. acid pliospliate, 137. o 1})!=. cotton-seeengal bean, velvet bean, horse l)ean, woolly pyrol, monkey pea, Bolkhos foriiiosHs, ]). <-nllmlu.t, Plui.^eohis Kniiinrrlii.^, ]'. hclrohi.'f, ami Ct/anopsis sp. are reported. Field experiments, F. B. Guthkie (A. M, pj). .'/US-oOJ). — This article reports tlie resuHs (.f vari- ety tests with oats, anil calls attention to the very promising results obtainei:ik {Join: Bd. A(p: [Lornlon], Jf { 1901), Xo. .f, jip. 438-441')- — This article discusses tillerinir, size of seeds, (luantity, germination, and change of seed, quality of the land, date of sowing, l)road casting, and drilling, and the los.ses which occiu' in seeding. Manures for a four-year rotation, D. A. (tilchkist (Jour. lid. Aijr. [Li>ihIi»i], 8 {1901), No. 3, pp. 324-3-^7). — An account is given of a four-year rotation and the use of fertilizers in connection with it. The fertilizers were applied at the iK'ginning of the rotation. The best financial results for the entire rotation were olitaineil fmni an apj)lication of 2 cwt. of nitrate of soda, and fi cwt. of basic slag per a<'re. Experiments -with potash fertilizers, ('l.\isen {Ltnuhr. WHuihl. Srlilixirhj- Ilohte'm, 51 {1901), Xo. .'f8, pp. 73G-739, jUj. 1). — In these exj)eriments oats, beets, and horse beans were grown in pots containing a heavy marsh soil. Potash was sup- plied to each crop in the form of kainit, 40 per cent jtotash salt, and sulphate of pot- ash. The use of kainit gave the largest increase in the yield of oats, ami the applica- tion of potash in general increased the |)roduction of grain as compare^, fnul IJa.st and West R'liHiKjK .Taint Ayr. ConncU, Pmnphlet 14, 1900, ])p. 12). — The results of the coojierative fertilizer tests on meadows conducted in 1900 rhowed that the most profitable pro- portions of commercial fertilizers were IJ cwt. ot nitrate of soda, 2 cwt. sujierphos- phate, and 8 cwt. oi kainit per acre. The annual or biennial use of Itarnyard manure for this purpose was also found profitable. Rotation of crops as a means of destroying weeds on meadow^s, ri.uiCH {Siu'lis. Liindir. Zl.^rhr., 49 {1901), No. 4.J, pp. 107. i, 1073).~\ brief account is given of the ways in which a rotation may be arranged with a view to destroying weeds on meadows. Cultivation by the use of deep-rooting plants, K. 11. Elliot {./our. lid. A(/r. [London], 8 {1901), No. 3, ]>ji. 313-3:^3). — This article discusses the value derived from the culture of deep-rooting i>lants, and dwells upon the necessity of conserving lunnus and restoring it to the soil. Seed corn and some varieties for Illinois, A. I). 8u.\mel {Breedertt' flitz., 40 {1901), No. 21, pp. 882-884, Jiy>^- 7). — This article discusses the growing of seed corn and enumerates the varieties of corn bred in Illinois. The occurrence of barren stalks is also liriefly considered. Corn crop tables of Standard Cattle Co., Ames, Nebr. {Auwk, Nehr.: SUunUtrd (Juttle Co., 1900, pp. 16). — These tables show the yields of corn, the estimated amounts of stover, and the cost of producing the crop on the lands of the company for the vears 1893-189*», inclusive. 1038 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cotton culture, R. J. Redding {Georgia Sl(t. Bid. 56, ]iji. lZ^l-154)- — These exper- iments are continued from previous years (E. S. R., 13, p. 40). In 1901, 26 varieties were tested. Peterkin, AVise, Schley, Pullnot, Culpepper, and Jones, given in the order of their value of total products, headed the list in profitable returns. Omitting Culpepper and Jones, they ranked in the same order in the production of lint cotton per acre. Mascot, the eaj-liest variety, produced a total crop vahied at $42.11 per acre and ranked thirteenth as to profitableness. The highest value of total crop in these experiments was 144.13 per acre. Sims Long Staple, tlie or.ly variety of upland long staple type grown in these tests, ranked twenty-fifth in the value of lint and seed produced. This season, unlike the results of the 7 previous years, the best half of the number of varieties had the smallest bolls and also the smallest seeds, still "it seems fair to conclude from the 8 years' record that large bolls, large seed, and a high percentage yield of lint are closely related with the greatest value of total product of lint and seed, and that these are all desirable qualities." Varietal notes and directions for selecting a variety and selecting seeds in the field are given. This season's results of the composite seed test were equally significant with those obtained in pi'evious years. Taking into consideration the results of distance experiments for this and the 2 previous seasons, the author concludes that on soils varying in productive capacity of from 1 to IJ bales per acre the best results will be obtained when the plants are placed 12 in. apart in rows 4 ft. wide. As in 1900, the results of the comparison between thorough and ordinary prepara- tion of the soil were inconclusive. The yield of plats which had received a prepara- tory plowing, subsoiling, and harrowing was a little smaller than the yield of the plats not given this extra preparation. A potash test on a certain soil showed that with o(i2 11 )s. of 14 per cent acid phos- phate, 189 ll)s. of cotton-seed meal, and 88 lbs. of nitrate of soda per atrre, at least 31.20 11)s. of muriate of potash would be required to produce a maxinmm yield of seed cotton. A nitrogen test with cotton-seed meal and nitrate of soda indicated that on the soil on which the test was made no nitrogen, or at most a very little, is required when 355 lbs. of 15 per cent acid phosphate and 28 lbs. of 50 per cent muri- ate of potash are applied per acre. The author believes that the soils of middle Georgia can be brought into such condition by a regular rotation of corn and cow- peas, small grain and cowpeas, and cotton that they will not require nitrogenous fertilizers. The weather conditions for a series of seasons are shown in the bulletin, and brief notes on cotton culture, together with fertilizer fornuilas for the crop, are given in an appendix. Experiment on cotton at the society's experimental farms at Mit-el-Diba and Ghizeh, G. P. Foaden [Jour. Khedir. Agr. Soc. and School Agr., 3 {1901), No. 6, pp. 24S-261, figs. 2). — Fertilizer and rotation experiments with cotton are reported. The results indicated that suitable applications of commercial fertilizers give profita- ble results. Superphosphate increased the yield satisfactorily and hastened maturit}', while nitrate of soda also increased the yield, but greatly delayed ripening, and pro- duced a crop somewhat inferior in quality. A mixture of superphosphate and nitro- gen gave the best results. The author recommends the use of 3 or 4 cwt. of super- phosphate and from 1^ to I5 cwt. of either nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia per acre. Potash alone did not give profitable returns. In rich soil where cotton was grown immediately after berseem the application of manures had very little effect. Cotton grown after crops requiring irrigation during the sumuier did not give very good yields. The use of suitable mixtures of manures was found to hasten the maturity of the cotton crop. Cotton cultivation in India, G. P. Foaden {.lour. Klicdii. Agr. Soc. . 5, pp. 205-J09) .—Th'xa article gives the quantities of i>Iant food withdrawn from the soil by the cotton jilant and cali, ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Farnwrs Bui. 147, jtj). .%\ fig.s. >^4). — This bulletin discusses the past and present winter forage condi- tions of the South, and l)rieHy reviews the forage resources of the region lor the winter months. A list of forage crops, including gras.ses, leguminous plants, and rape, is recommended as furnishing forage during tiie winter. I<:acli species is described and directions for its culture are given. Grasses ( A>?<; Zealand Dept. Agr. Rpt. 1901, ]>p. 159-163).— T\w kinds of grasses on trial at the Momohaki Experiment Station, New Zealand, with brief notes on their value, are given in a tal)le. Grass seeding (Rural Neir Yorker, 00 (1901), No. kfOS^, p. .',30).— A report on an experimental seeding of grass by the Clark method. 1040 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Grass seeded without grain {Riiral New Yorker, r,i) {1901), No.t. 2nfiS, p. 5S1; ^'68'J, j>j>. .')46,.',4i;). — A description of the Clark system of grass culture. Manila hemp culture in Manila, H. Austin [Neie Zealand Dejii. Ayr. Rpt. UtOl, pp. J94-.W0). — This is a report presenting infonnation on the hemp industry in the Philippine Islands. The culture and preparation of the plant is discussed and statistics on the industry from 1S90 to 1900, inclusive, are presented. New Zealand hemp (Phormium tenax) (New Zealaud Dept. Ayr. Rpt. 1901, pp. 389-294) .—'KeY'^)vi of the commissioner appointed to examine the machines and proc- esses submitted in competition for the V)onuses offered for the encouragement of the New Zealand hemp industry. Investigations upon the growth of hops, 1895-1901, A. 1). Hall {.Tour. Bd. Agr. [Ldiiddti], S {190J), No. 4, pp. 4f)9-469). — Growing hops upon string and wire gave better results than the use of poles, an4-lf>0'). — The tabulated result.s show that superphosphate, steamed l)one dust, and Thomas slag invariably gave the ))est results, while kainit diminished the yield. The different varieties tested are l)rieHy described. The influence of manuring on the chemical composition of potatoes, W. F. SuTHERST (Chem. Xcu:^, 84 {1901), Xn. J192, j,p. 258, 259) .—The chemical composition of potatoes grown on unmanured soil is compared with the comi)osition of tul)ers grown on soil which received 20 tons of barnyard manure or an application of 5 (-wt. of super])hosphate, 2 cwt. of muriate of potash, and 2 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia |)er acre. On account of insufficient data no definite conclusions are drawn. Rice culture in Japan, F. ^Iain [Juiir. Agr. Prut., n. sn-., 2 (1001), Xo. 50, pp. 761-76.3). — A general article on the rice industry of Japan. Culture experiments with Petkus rye in Sweden, S. Rhodin (DcuI. Lmii/ir. iVcsw, 28 (1901), A'o.s. 101, pp. 836, 837 ; 102, pp. 851, ^'■5^-').— These exi)eriments were carried on for 0 years. The results show that this variety of rye is ver\- resist- ant to unfavorable winter weather. The average weight of the rye for the entire period was 71 kg. per hectoliter, and the average proportion of grain to straw was as 55: 100. Cooperative tests showed that it was the best variety for many sections, but that in some localities the requirements of soil and climate for its successful culture could not l)e fultilled. The use of commercial fertilizers for rye in East Germany, (teklach (l)cid. Landw. Presse, 28 (1901), Xos. 74, pp- 623, 624; 75, pp. 629, 630; 76, pp. 641, 642).— This article presents observations and results of experiments on growing rye with commercial fertilizers in the eastern jirovinces of Germany. A cross between spelt and wheat, P. H. Stoll (Dent. Lundir. rrexse,28 (1901), XiK 101, i>. 840, Ji(/. 1). — A brie^' statement on the method of producing this cross, Avith a descrij^tion of its characters and qualities. Sug-ar beets, R. IlAmorKT (Ontario Agr. Col. er acre. No n)anure whatever was used on the check plats. These experiments were conducted for 4 consecutive years, and during that time ai, least 6 variet'es of seed were grown. The results for the different years are given ii tables and discussed. The beets obtained were all of high quality, the average being somewhat l>etter with the stable manure than with no manure or with commercial fertilizers. Stable manure did not induce an excessive growth of leaves as compared with commercial fertilizers. Sugar cane, G. J. B. Blekkink (Orgaaii. ]'er. Oudleer. Rijk.'f Landbomrschool, 13 {1901), No. 160, pp. 326, 227). — A discussion of methods practiced in sugar-cane cul- ture in Java. Sug-ar cane as a halophilous plant {Jour. Agr. Trop., 1 {1901), No. 5, pjy. 145, 146). — This article points out the fact that sugar cane can thrive on soils impregnated with salt. The sugar industry of Roumania {Milt. Bent. Landw. GeselL, 16 {1901), No. 49, Sup. 89, pp. 189, 750).— Statistics. Ihe culture of sulla in Southern Spain, de San-Beknardo {Jour. Agr. Prnt., n. .tfr., 2 {1901), No. 50, pp. 752-754) ■ — The culture of sulla is discussed and results of experiments are reported. A j)lat inoculated with soil from a field on which sulla had matured produced 45 times as much green fodder per hectare as a plat uninoculated. Results of experiments on SAvede growing, R. S. Seton ( Yorkshire Col., J^reds, avd Kn!ongberry, and Martin And)er were some of the less promising sorts in these tests. The INIealy wheat, grown at the Station for 1 1 years in succession, gave relatively the liighest average yield in the comparative tests. Observati last year show that under like conditions it does not shrivel worse than the other varieties. The results of the year show tliat a larger proportion of white wheats than of red wheats were shrivelled. Under normal conditions seeding at the rate of 8 to 10 pecks per acre gave a supe- rior quality with higher yields as compared with thinner seeding. Eight or nine pecks of seed per acre are reconnnended for the thinner and less fertile soils of the State and 5 or 6 pecks for the rich, alluvial, or very strong upland soils. Compara- tively late seeding gave the best results, but the author warns against d<>ferring seed- ing too long in order not to interfere with a good, strong, fall growth. P'rom the results of using different grades of seed it is concluded that either the ijuality of the seed does not influence the crop materially or that the variation in the (juality of the seed was not sufhciently marked. The California wheat industry, N. A. Cobb {Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, 12 {1901), Xo. 11, pp. 1.317-1S4S, figs. 43; Dept. Agr. New South Wales, Misc. Pub. 519, pp. 3J, figs. 4.i) .—T\ima,r\.\c\^. 106). — This manual is intended to meet the needs of students, amateurs, and beginners in horticulture. It discusses the leading principles and practices connected with the propagation, culture, and improvement of fruits, nuts, ornamental trees, shrubs, and some of the more common garden plants in the United States and Canada. The plan of the work provides that Part II, which is not yet jtublished, shall treat of systematic pomology. In the tliscussion of orchard fruits, subtropical fruits like the orange, lemon, pomelo, olive, fig, date j^alni, pine- apple, etc., are included. A chapter is devoted to the history, development, and culture of American grapes. Chapters are also devoted to raspberries and black- berries; strawVjerries; currants and gooseberries; promising wild fruits; nut trees; ornamental shade, lawn, and park trees; ornamental shrubs and vines; perennials and bulbs; vegetable and small fruit garden; and irrigation. The large number of subjects included has necessitated a rather brief treatment of each. Problems of heredity as a subject for horticultural investigation, W. B.\te- sox ( .lour. Roil. Ilorl. So<: [London], 2-5 (1900), No. 1-2, j>j>. -54-61). — Largely a review of the work of ^lendel and de Vries. The mechanism of hybridization and the production of races, A. (taitier (Rev. Vit., 16 (1901), Nos. 413, pp. 529-.534; 414, pp. 3.57-564; 415, pp. 585-590).^A. general review of this subject with particular reference to vines. The role of artificial pollination in horticulture, ForssAT(/oT. I'jirotl dill). Fuel material and boilers for greenhouse heating-, (). Prsiiike (Molhr'n Dcnl (,'(irt. Zt;/., Hi (1:h)1), Xu. 47, pp. ,-56™'-565).— Some data on the fuel valvK" of coke, stone coal, anf>. 64). — The antiior has i)rought together the results of a large number of experiments in fertilizing all the more usual garden crops, including cabbage, onions, lettuce, Brussels sprouts, cauliflowers, broccoli, asparagus, rhubarb, Jerusalem arti- chokes, strawberries, (Tlo])e artichokes, carrots, j)arsnips, spinach, beets, celery, and potatoes. The experiments, on the whole, bring out the fact that market gardeners fre(|uently jiay too large j)rices and use too large amounts of barnyard mamire in their gardening oj)erations. For some crops it wa-s found that conunercial fertilizers used alone were most economical, but that on the whole the best method of manur- ing was to I'ombine the use of a moderate iiuantity of l)arnyard mamire with the liberal use of commercial fertilizers. The artichoke, J. MATHiAri) ( Rir. Jlort. d 1'//., 3S {1001), Xo. II, p/,. ..'/o-JUl).— A paper on varieties, methods of culture, including care over winter, and the disea-^es and insects affecting. Forcing beans, R. Priebk {MoUer's Deal. Gnrl. Zl«j., Id {1901), No. 47, pp. 567-n70). — Directions are given for forcing Ijeans in the greenhouse. Seed ?> years old is preferred in this work. Cauliflower, H. H. Hime {Florida ,Sta. BiiL n9, pp. 4J,5-4-i'9, y>/.s. .^,Ji(j. /).— Full directions are given for the culture, fertilizing, and marketing of cauliflower in Florida, with an account of the chief insects affecting and methods for their control. Work at the station has shown that the cauliflower can l)e profitablj' grown in Florida. Varieties of the forcing type, like P^xtra Dwarf P^rfurt, Early Snowball, and Dry Weather, are considered most desirable. The seed used should be tlie best. Seed- ing the first week in August was found the earliest date at which a good stand of plants could be secured. About 6 months are required between the time the seed is sown to the maturity of the crop. At transplanting time the leaves should be cut back from one-half to one-third. In the station work, sufficient well-rotted stable manure is used to cover the ground 1 to li in. deep. This is supplementeil by a fertilizer mixture made up of 250 ll)s. nitrate of soda, 400 lbs. cotton-seed meal, 600 lbs. acitl phtjsphate, and 400 lbs. high grade sulphate of potash. The stable manure and half the commercial fertilizers are applied liroadcast -' to H weeks l)efore planting and thoroughly worked into the soil. The remain..' (1901), Xo. in, jip. 244, 245). — A jmper on this subject dealing with cultural methods and cost of growing. The cost of growing an acre of celery in Orange County, California, placing the rent of land at *30 per acre, is given 2^ $75. From an acre 1,000 to 1,500 dozen bunches are obtained, for which buyers pay from 10 to 18 cts. per dozen. Whitloof chicory and the formation of second-growth leaves, E. Caupiau.x {Ual. .\ls. J). — A popular simiuiary of the above l)ulletin. Melons, A. Pettiorkw {./our. lioij. Hurl. Soc. [hmdon'], J6 (lUOO), No. 1-^, jtp. l/S-/.'7, //'/••<. 4)- — The muskmelon is considered and directions given for its culture under glass. Commercial fertilizers for onions, W. 11. Jordan and K. A. Siuui.vk {New Turk State Sid. Bui. JOH, pp. '^65-274)- — It was believed that onion growers in the second judicial department of New York were using excessive amounts of conunercial ferti- lizers for their onion crop each year. Mxiieriments were therefore begun in 1897 to test this lielief. A complete commercial fertilizer mixture, analyzing 4 per cent nitrogen, 8 per cent phosi>horic acid, and 10 per cent jiotash, which is popular with onion growers of that section, was used; and 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 lbs. per acre, respectively, applied to different plats for 4 years in succession on one field and for one year on another. The soil upon which the experiment was conducted was especially suitable for onions, being black, peaty, and friable, with a water table about 2 ft. below. The average cost of the fertilizers used and the yield of onions per acre for the 4 years are shown in the following table: Cod of fertilizer.^ and average yield of oniouH per acre. Amount uf fortilizLT. Cost of fertilizers. Average yield. Increase from use of fertilizers. Cost of increase per barrel. Profits from use of fertilizers. Barreh. « 8.5.3 118.4 125. 2 132.0 134.4 Barrels. Cents. .'iOO lbs »5. 47 10.94 16.41 21. 87 33.1 39.9 46.7 49.1 16.6 27.4 35.1 44.5 8;i5.84 1 ,(H)0 1 bs 1..500 lbs 38.87 41.90 2,000 lbs 39.44 I Barrel = 1.50 lbs. The table shows that the jirofits from using the fertilizers were greatwt with the first 5(X) lbs. applied. In the opinion of the authors, considering the variations of market price of onions from year to year and the vicissitudes in growing, the use of more than 500 lbs. of fertilizers on the soils in question was attended by danger of financial loss. In the duplicate of the exi)eriment, carried out for a single season, there was no iiu-rea.se whatever from the use of fertilizers, the soil on which the experiment was conducted being well enough supplied with these elements from the manuring of jtreceding years. It is believed that this unnecessary use of manures on soils already rich in plant food illu.strates a connnon mistake of farmers engaged in intensive oper- ations. In this test i:^ [)er cent of the yield, when no fertilizer was aj)i)lied, was small i)ickle onions, .S percent when 500 l))s. was ai)plied, 1.9 per cent when 1,000 lbs. was applied, ^^.^ per cent when 1,500 lbs. was applieil, and 4.."! jier cent when 2,000 lbs. was ai.plie(l. Fertilizer problems, K. 11. Hali., \V. II. .Iokoan, ular summary of Bulletins 205 (see p. 1042) and 206 of the station, noted above. 1048 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Plantain cultivation in itc Assam Valley, B. C. B.vsr {Indian Agr., -26 {1901), No. 11, ]ij>. .34~-S4o]. — Thi8 article give?^ the characteristics of many culti- vated varieties of plantain, methods of culture and manuring in the Assam A^^lley, diseases and insects affecting, yield and prices, use as food, fodder, and alkali, and methods of preparation. The value of the plant from the standpoints of fiber, medi- cine, etc., is also discussed. Tomato culture, R. H. Pkice ( Texas Farm and Ranch, 20 {1901), Xo. 49, pp. 10, 11). — Tomato culture in Texas is dealt Avith. Dwarf Champion and Acme are the only varieties recommended. A hotbed is necessary for growing an early crop, and plants are put out from May 10 to 15. It is recommended to train the vine to one long stem and tie to stakes. Culture of truffles, F>. Zachakawkz {Rev. Yd., 16 {1901), Xox. 411, pp. 4^o-4SS; 412, ]ip. 51S-'>20). — ^lethod,! observed in France in planting, fertilizing, cultivating, and harvesting trufHes are described. Lessons in commercial fruit growing, ¥j. H. (/Joff {Madisim, Wixcuiitiin: rtii- versifi/ Cooperative As-^onation, 1902, pp. 221, JigK. 4S). — This is intended as a beginners' text-book for use in the c-lass room. The text is statetl concisely with the expi'ctation that it will be amplified by the instructor. Orchard and small fruits, nuts, grapes, and citrus fruits are considered in the work, and these are discussed topically from the standpoint of cultural range, propagation, planting, and care of the trees; the insects and diseases affecting them; and the harvesting, storage, and marketing of the fruit. Brief summaries follow the different sections and chapters, and sugges- tions are given for laboratory work. The final chai)ter is devoted to the business management of the fruit i)lantation. The work will l)e found a convenient guide to those giving instructitm along these lines. Fruits and shrubs, S. B. Greex ( Mlnne.-lum is considered a desirable fruit for locations having conditions similar to those at the station. Apples should be grown in rather closely planted small orchards, surrounded by windbreaks, or else in alternate rows with box elder. The most hardy varieties thus far tried are Hibernal, Patten Green- ing, Duchess, Peterson Charlamoff. Among the crabs, Minnesota, IMartha, Pride of Minneapolis, Transcendent, Virginia, and Sweet Russet are the best tried. Rasp- berries and strawberries should be heavily mulched with straw. Over strawberries the mulch should be at least 6 in. thick after it has settled down. This treatment will frequently prevent the formation of "nubbins." Fertilizing orchard trees, A. Wagner {Wiener lUu-f. (uirt. Zig., 2(! {1901), No. 10, p]). 345-352). — Tlie author discusses the use of various manures and artificial fer- tilizers for orchard trees, and gives suggestions for fertilizing tiiem in accordance with the number of square meters over which the roots of the tree extend. This is determined by adding from 1 to 3 meters to the diameter of the crown of the tree. The area in square meters of the circle thus formed is easily calculated. The amount of fertilizer to apply to each S(]uare meter is given for a number of fertilizers as fol- lows: (1) Liquid manure(vvith phosphoric acid or superphosphate), 5 liters in spring and summer; (2) liquid night soil (with wooil ashes or a potash salt), 3 to 4 liters in spring and summer; (3) compost, 10 kg. in fall, winter, or spring; (4) stable manure, 4^ kg. in fall, winter, or spring. HORTICULTURE. 1049 When artificial luannros are used tlie following ainonntH may be applied: (5) 'riiomas slag ((•oiitainiiii;; ]"> per cent citric acid soluble jdiosplioric acid), 40to00gni. in fall, winter, nr early spring; clilorid uf calcium, 20 to 'M) gm. in fall, winter, or early s])ring; nitrate of soda, 20 to TiO gm., one-half api>lied with the phosphate fer- tilizer and the other half in the spring; (6) superphosphate (containing 15 per cent water-, olubli' phosphoric acid), 30 to 50 gin. in winter or spring; chlorid of potash 20 to .SO gm. in winter or early spring, and nitrate of soda 20 to 50 gm., one-half to be api)lie«l with tlu- potash and i)hosphate and the other half in the spring. The chlorid of potash in mixtures 5 and (> above may be replaced l>y the cheajier 40 per cent jtotash salt, and in such case '2rt to .'55 gm. should be used. Fertilizer experiments with orchard trees, flowers, and vegetables, ('. H. Cl.\.\.ssex ( Vi'i-shui J'focfnt'in. Tuinhonv Zuid-IIolhmd, 1898, pp. ail). — The results are given of fertilizer exjjeriinents carried on with orchard fruits, rhododendrons, and hyacinths. Both barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers were used. Some data are also given on the results of variety tests with cucumbers an{>. 41-44) . — A discnssi<)n is given of the i)rincipals of fertilizing fruit trees, with specific recom- mendations based on the work of A. Wagner (.see p. 1048). The book of the apple, II. II. TnoM.\s {Londun and Xev York-: John Lour, 1902, ])jt. 112, }>h. 9, Ji(jx- 8). — This is the sixth volume of the series of Handbooks of Prac- tical (iardening, edited by II. Roberts. It deals primarily with apple culture in England, including descriptions of de.ssert and cooking varieties of apples most prom- inent there, and includes chapters by the editor on the history and cookery of apples and on the preparation of cider. English methods of apple culture are so different from those observed in this country that the book will l)e found of but little practical use to American orchardists. Bananas {Sliondxi \^Zp. 1080-1085). — Analytical data, including ash constituents, are re])ortearni- sotte. Eigs are not extensively grown in Texas, and their more general u.se is advo- cated. The folloVing varieties, mentioned in the order of their productiveness, have been successful on the station ground: Brown Turkey, Black Marseilles, White Mar- seilles, Brunswick, Violet de Bordeaux, Early Violet, Pitaieuse, Brown Marseilles, Negro I^argo, Grosse \'erte, antl Angelique. 1050 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Notes on plantations of caprifig- trees, G. Eisex {Pacific Rural Press, 62 {1901), No. 24, />. 'i72). — In Dfder ter season of caprifigs, the author advises the planting of several different kinds of eapritigs. The eai>ritig trees should also be grown in at least 2 different plantations as a guard against injury from frost and to insure a (;rop of capritigs when they are wanted. One of the plan- tations should be on low ground out of danger of severe frost. Caprifig trees should be planted close together and at various places about the fig orchard. The trees require no pruning, Tint should l)e headed low and encouraged to sucker- freely in order that there may be plenty of shade for the wasps. Caprifigs should ))e grown on their own roots and not grafted as standards on other fig stock, nor is it ailvisal)le to graft them on the limbs of Smyrna lig trees. Caprification in Algiers, Trabut (7?«;. Yd., 16 {1901), Nos. 413, pp. 501-504, fi{/s. .?; 41-', PI)- 5S7-54S,fi<. '--) and A. Zimmekmaxn {Meded. 'S Lands Plantentuin, 1901, No. 49, pp. 54, figs. 32). — The method followed by Mr. Butin Schaap in the grafting of coffee trees is descrit)ed and some notes added as to its practical applica- tion. The method is essentially as follows: The scions are cut out early in the morning and transported in closed baskets to the place of using. Here each scion is cut arrow shape below the first node, and placed in a simple split 3 cm. long, either in the terminal or second bud of the stock. The side leaves are removed, except 2 of the smaller uppermost ones of the scion. The graft is tied in place with woolen yarn, l)ut is neither waxed nor smeared over with otlier material. Both scion and wound are then covered over with a glass ])eaker. This preserves a constantly moist atmosphere about the scion and prevents its drying out. As soon as tlie scion and stock have grown together jjoth the glass and yarn are removed. Grafting coffee trees is of primary importance in districts where nemiatodes a^e abundant. These severely affect Arabian coffee varieties, but Liberian tree roots are seldom attacked. The Liberian trees are, therefore, used as stock for Arabian and other better sorts of coffee. Another advantage is the increased yields obtained from the Liberian trees when grafted with the Arabian, Maragogipe, or other improved varieties, while the quality of the Araltian coffee, etc., does not seem to l)e in any manner injuriously affected by growing on Liberian stock. It is suggested that this may point the way to the improvement of nonremunerative coffee ])lantations. The best trees for stocks are tiiose not less than 3 years old, and the graft is made on the central stem. Older trees that have grown too high may be cut off about 3 HORTICULTURE. 1051 feet from the frrouiid, and the strongest shoot that conies from the stum]) l)e used to graft on, the other shoots lu'ing removed. It is advised tliat the scion used should lie taken from licaUliy, \igorous (i-ycai'-old trees. Some revelations about the cultivation, the commerce, and the use of cof- fee, J. C. Alves 1)e Lima {Si/ntcaxe, N. V.: Mason Press, 1901, pp. 16, pi. 1, map 1). — Statistics of coffee production in Brazil and of the importation of coffee into the United States. A map is included showing the chief coffee zones of Brazil. On the composition of some common berries, J. A. ITummei, {Farm Students' Rev., 6 {1901), No. 8, p. 119). The author reports the composition of several varie- ties o*" currants, gooseberries, black and red raspberries, and strawberries. Strawberry packages, J. .M. Biissom {Rer. Ilort. {Pitris'], 7-i {1901), No. 20, pp. 470-472, Jujs. .'/). — The various packages used for marketing strawberries in the Paris market are described and illustrated. Preparation of dried raisins, Trabit {Bui. Ayr. ^-xujerie ct Tunisie, 7 {1901), No. 2, pp. 49.i-497, Jiij!<. -/) .—Sultana raisins are prepared in Algiers by first dipping them for about 2 seconds in a boiling lye solution made up of 500 gm. of caustic potash and 30 liters of water. After dipping, the grapes are spread out on trays and left in the sun 1 or 2 days. The trays are then piled up one on the other where the raisins dry without further care. Hazelnut culture, L. Schenz {Mijller's Dent. Gart. Ztf/., 16 (1901), No. 12, pp. 135, 1.16). — Brief notes on methods of hazelnut culture, with description of 37 varieties. Hazelnut culture, L. Schildknecht (3/o//«'r's DeH^ Gart. Zty., 16 {1901), No. 14, p. 162). — Soil, methods of culture, and cost and profits in hazelnut culture near Leipzig are noted. Generally the business has not proved very profitable. Vanilla: Its culture, preparation, and commerce, H. Lecomte and C. Chalot {La vanilliir; sa culture, preparation, et commerce de la ranille. Paris: C. Naud, 1902, pp. 2'28, fif/s. 28) . — This is a popular account of the culture of the vanilla tree, and of the preparation of the vanilla of commerce. The book opens with a botanical account of the plant, followed by botanical descriptions of the different species of vanilla and an account of the climatic and soil conditions necessary for its growth, ©irections are given for setting out a vanilla plantation, the care necessary to give it, and the means of combating insect and fungus pests. Methods of planting are dis- cussed, together with harvesting, packing, the chemistry of the plant, connnercial preparation of vanilla extract, adulterations of vanilla, and the i)roduction of vanilla in different countries. A bibliography of 58 papers on the subject is appended. Vanilla; culture in Mexico, R. Lopez v Parra {La vainilla; su cultivo y beneficio en la Republica Mexicanu y en el extranjero. Mexico: Imprenta " El monoijrama," 1900, pp. 69). Rubber culture in Venezuela, L. Morisse {ScI. Ainer. Sup., r>2 {1901), No. 1355, pp. 21724, 21725). — The methods of the Indians in gathering rubber in the Venezue- lan rubber forests are set forth, and an account given of the extent of the forests and of some experiments in pricking rubl)cr trees and gathering tlie product. During 15 days the author states he i)ricked 912 trees daily, securing 80 kg. of coagulated milk per day, from which 50 kg. of fine and ilry caoutchouc were .secured, worth 7 francs per kilogram. Gums and gum resins from Senegal and Soudan, J. Vuili.kt {.{(jr. Prat. Pays Cliaud, 1 {1901), No. 3, pp. 327-341)- — An account is given of the production and com- merce of gums and gum resins in Senegal and Soudan, with descriptions of the prin- cipal species of Acacia from which these gums are obtained, and of several other gum trees. History of the chrysanthemum, (i. E. IMcClure {Gardeniny, 10 {1901), No. 223, pp. 99-101). — A paper on this subject, read before the St. Louis Florists' Club, November 9, 1901. 1052 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Relative to the grafting of Clianthus dampierl, S. ^Mottep ( Rev. Hod. [Par/.s], 78 (UK) I], X(i. II. pp. /■'>>!. -•'•'7, Jig. 1 I. — Notes uii successful •rrafts made between C (Idiiijiii ri ami other s]>ecies of tlie uenus. Propagation and culture of choice dracaenas, A. Fkkv (Anu'r. (lard., 22 {1901), Ko. 365, p. . 9-16, figx. liiOi). — This work has lately under- KORKSTKY. 1053 front' an fxteiifiivt' revision mikIit the ilirection and ('0()]>eration of some of tlu' l)est •ranliiHTs of (Ternianv . It is urraniri-il ulphalM-tically with n-fcrrnre to plants cnlti- vatfil in the greenhouse ami <.'arclt'n, ami to misccilaneoiis hnrticultuial subjects. FORESTRY. The forest garden, S. 1'.. (Jukkn { Mimi>s,,tn Sin. linl. 72, pp. .30;1-321, fu/s. 10).— A report is given of forest investigations liegnn at Coteau farm, the ol)jeet l)eing to tleterniine the hanliness of trees, the kinds ap. 111-116). — There were 140 forest fires in the forest reservations of the State during the year; the area burned amounted to 1,(590 acres; and the tind)er destroyed was valued at $5,375. Outside the reserves, 100 square miles of timber land were burned over. The loss by counties is given, and the possible effect of the destruc- tion of the forest cover on evaporation is commented upon. The planting of exotic trees in southern Florida, J. (Jiffokd {Furrxtri/ and Irrig., p. llG-121, Jifjx. 4)- — Attention is called to the value of a number of exotic trees for planting in southern Florida. Among the trees suggested for such jilanting are mentioned the kukui nut {Alenrhes niolurranu), various species of eucalyi)tus, cajeput (MeUdeuca li'ncodendron), camphor trees, and cork oak. Tree planting in Maryland, A. Nkii-sox {ForeMrii (iiid Irri(i.,S {1902), No. 2, pp. 72-75, JiijH. .}). — An account is given of the carefully kept record of the tree plant- ing that has been conducted for 80 years at Priestford Farm, Harford County, Mary- land. Beginning in 1822 the farm had no timber of any consequence. At the pres- ent date it contains a wood lot of 40 acres and, in addition, has about 3,000 locust trees of various ages. All fencing material needed in the past tiO years has been pro- 1054 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. duced on the farm, and a large amount of posts and other material has been sold in the meantime. In the spring of 1822 there were planted a considerable number of yellow poplars, red oaks, white ash, maples, hemlocks, and catalpas; all but the catalpas coming from nearby woods. At the present time the maples average 33 in. in diam- eter, the poplars 48 in., hemlocks 36 in., white ash 38 in., catalpas 30 in., and red oaks 24 in. In the same year there were planted 4,000 chestnuts from which trees were grown, and at the present time there are 70 standing in the wood lot, 40 of them of the original planting, the remainder being second and third growth from stumps. The original trees average 30 in. in diameter, while the others average 15 in. in diameter. In 1826 a lane half a mile long was planted with yellow locust seed. The trees were allowed to grow for about 30 years before any cutting was done. In 1875 posts to the value of $500 were sold. In 1901 sales were made to the amount of about $800, and prior to 1875 no record was kept of any of the cuttings. Additional notes are given of different plantings from 1826 to 1898. Forestry in Massachusetts, W. H. Manning {Forestri/ and Irrig., S ( 1902), No. 2, pp. 80-83, figs. 2). — Attention is called to the fact that the first settlers of Massa- chusetts did not find an impenetraljle tangle of forests covering the State, but there were extensive openings where by fire and other means the forests had been destroyed. After the settlement of the country the woods were cut so rapidly that a scarcity of timber began as early as 1760. About 1792 the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture offered prizes for the most expeditious way of clearing lands in areas of not less than 20 acres. At the same time they conducted investigations to ascertain whether the growth of timber kept pace with the cutting. It was found that cutting so greatly exceeded the natural growth that a serious scarcity of firewood was threatened, and this led to a reversal of the former policy, and prizes were offered for forest plantations. The early plantations were made of hard wood jjrincipally, such as oaks and hickories, followed later by the white pine, and at a still later period with larches, Scotch pine, and Norway spruce. It was soon found that the foreign trees possessed no advantages over the native ones. During this time but little attention was given to the development of the existing forest growth. The attempts at reforestation are briefly traced and suggestions given for planting. At the present time the mixed forest growth has little or no value except for cord wood, and it is estimated that the production of cord wood amounts to about 1 cord per year per acre up to 30 or 40 years. In general the annual growth near towns increases in assessed value about $1 per acre up to the time of cutting. According to the author, the State census shows that farmers and other owners of wood lots throughout the State have secured a return of 5 jjer cent on the value of their wood lots. Maple plantations in Vermont, G. H. Myers {Forestry and Irrig., 8 {1902), No. S, pp. 123-126, figs. 3). — An account is given of plantings of maple trees in Vermont which were the result of the offering of prizes for the best plantations. A number of small plantations were made, 7 of which still remain, and were examined by the writer during the past summer. These plantations vary from \ to 15 acres. The methods of i^lanting and present condition are described. In general, the artificial plantations are reported in poor condition, and attention is called to the possible results of thinning the volunteer or natural growth as means for the ])roduction of sugar orchards. Forests of Alaska, B. E. Fernow {Forestry and Irrig., 8 {1902), No. 2, pp. 66-70, figs. 2). — The author describes the forests of Alaska, calling particular attention to their availability and uses. While conceding that the forests are of considerable extent, he doubts their value for the best quality of lumber, at least under the present conditions. Forestry in connection -writh the sand dunes of Queensland, A. J. Boyd {Queeiixland Agr. Jour., 10 {1902), No. 2, pp. 123-125, ph. 2, figs. 2).— A description is given of a number of sand dunes occurring along the shores of various parts of SEEDS^ — WEEDS. 1055 Queensland. Thene dunes are rai)i(lly encroachinji upon the land in certain places, and attention is railed to the desirability of chefkint: them by forest and other planting. It is stated that niarrani grass and Ipoinoa grow abundantly along the toast, and wherever these i)lants occur in thick growth the sand is (ixed. After the dune has been checked a i)rotection is afforded for forest operations, and it is recom- mended that jilantings should })e made of the cluster ])ine {Piiiiix iilnmtlrr) and the cypress pine, both of wlii<-h seem particularly adapted to the purpose. SEEDS WEEDS. Germination, of clover and grass seeds {Jour. lid. Ayr. [fAtiitlon], S {1903), No. 4, pp- -'ilO-^l^). — A re})ort is given of a series of experiments conducted at the Vienna Seed Testing Station in which the loss in germinating |)ower of clover and grass seed which had been stored for some years is shown. A number of varieties of clover and grass seed were tested for 5 vonseiutive years. The germination for the different tests is given, together with the average loss in germinative ability during the 4 years elapsing l)etween the first and last test. Red clover lost in this time 17.5 per cent of its germinative ability, alsike 79.4, white clover 32.4, alfalfa 23, tall oat grass 51.1, perennial rye 50.9, meadow fescue 40.5, timothy 9.4, orchard grass 7.3, redtop 44.8, and sheep fescue 70 per cent. The suggestion is made that if clover and grass seeds are to be kept for any length of time, care should be taken that only seed showing a high percentage of germination is selected, and it should be protected from moisture and kept at an even cool temj)erature. Germination of the seeds of some common cultivated plants after prolonged immersion in liquid air, A. I). Selhv (/>'»/. Torreij Hot. (_'luh, ,.'S {1901), Xo. 1.', pp. 675-679). — Seeds of the castor Ijean, yellow lupine, maize, flax, wheat, rye, cucumber, sensitive plant, serradella, and a few others, were submitted to prolonged innnersion in liquid air, after which they were placed to gerr.iinate between moist filter paper. Similar lots of seed were also planted in a greenhouse and the germina- tions in the two conditions are reported. The seeds were divided into 2 lots, one of which was suddenly brought into the liquid air, a portion of which remained (> hours and the remainder 12 hours. In the second series of exi)eriments, the introduction into the temperature of the liquid air was gradual. These seed remained 24 and 48 hours, respectively, after which they were germinated. With the exception of the seed of the maize, no apparent change occui-red as a result of the low temperature to which they were subjected. The kernels of maize cracked badly, showing that the hardened endosperm could not withstand the stress imposed. There was apparently no unfavorable effect on the germination of the seed that could be traced to the immersion. With sunflower, wheat, and rye the prolonged subjection of these seed to the temperature of —190° C. for 48 hours seemed to increase the protnjitness of the germination to some extent. Valvular torsion as a means of seed dispersal in Ricinus, K. ■\I. Wilcox {Ahs. III. Scii'ticf, n. .se.r., 1.5 {1903), No. 877, }i. 4''>tJ). — \n order to secure accm-ate data regarding the etliciency of valvular torsion for seed dispersal in the ciistor bean, the grf)und about a plant in the open field was divided into (juadrants and the surface frequently cultivated, so that seeds could not be blown about by the winds after fall- ing. The distances to which the seeds were thrown were measured from the ba.se of the plant and are shown in tabular form. The plant was 104 cm. in height and the inflorescence, at maturity, was 36 cm. in length. The greatest distance to which any seed was thrown was 325 cm. (alxjut IO5 ft. ) Report on mustard spraying, ]\I. W. Dohertv {Ontario Agr. Coh and Krpt. Farm Rpt. 1901, pp. 36-39). — During the past season the author conducted some dem- onstration experiments for the eradication of wild mustard by spraying with solutions 1056 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of copper sulphate. Fields^ of oats, wheat, and V)arley, which were infested with this weed, were sprayed during' the early summer and the results of the apjilications are given. The strength of solution used was 10 ll)s. of copper sulphate to 40 or 45 gal. of water, this amount of the herbicide being applied to each ai-re. After having sprayed over the fields, the owners were requested to give their opinion As to the results, and the letters received are given in the report. In all cases where the application was made while the mustard was young the weed was completely destroyed; where it had sent up flower stalks and was in a hardened condition less successful results were obtained. In some instances it was thought that the second spraying could have been applied with good results. The author believes that at an expense of about 80 cts. ])er acre it is practical)le to eradicate this weed from cereal fields, and if [persisted in for anum})er(>f years no further trouble need be apprehended. Report on the spraying of charlock and wild radish, J. R. Campbfjll ( YorJc- shire Col., Leeds, and East and West Ridings Joint Agr. Covuvil, GarfortJi Expts., 1899, Pamphlet 4, pp. 12, figs. .?). — A report is given of a number of experiments conducted with different strengths of iron sulphate and copper sulphate solutions for the destruction of charlock and wild radish. The efficiency of different machines for application is shown, and the influence of weather is indicated. The applications were made in fields of oats, barley, and spring wheat, some of which hail been seeded to clover and grasses. No permanent injury was noted to any of the crops, and when applied early enough the charlock was destroyed where tlie solution used contained not less than 2 percent copper sulphate or 10 per cent iron sulphate. The effect of these sprays on other plants was tested, and it was found that when sprayed with a 12 per cent solution of iron sulphate, peas and l)eans were somewhat dam- aged; carrots, parsnips, onions, and leek but slightly injured; lettuce, radish, and cress suffered considerably; mustard was completely killed; beets slightly damaged; while grass, cereals, and clover were practically uninjured. The action of the sprays on charlock is commented upon and the hypothesis advanced that the result is due to the presence in the cruciferous plants of substances which react chemically with the iron or copper salts to the injury of the plants. Summarizing his experiments, which included the spraying of 144 acres of infested grain crops, the author claims that the operation was completely successful only when plants were taken in their youngest stages. Bright, dry, calm weather is a necessary factor to success, and solutions should be applied at tlie rate of not less than 40 gal. i)er acre. One hundred Yorkshire weeds, \V. G. Smith ( Yorkshire Col., Leeds, and East and West Ridings Joint Agr. Council, Garforth E.rj)ts., 1899, I'amphlet 1'2, pp. 9). — A list is given of 100 weeds which are considered more or less troublesome. The common and botanical names are given and the duration of the plants and soils frequented are indicated. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on some plant diseases, H. H. Hume {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 86-96, figs. 3). — Descriptive notes are given of some diseases of cantaloupe, the lettuce drop, and strawl)erry leaf spot. The cantaloupe diseases described are the Macrosporimn blight, caused by Macrosporimn caciunerium, and a Sclerotium disease. The Macro- sporium attacks both the leaves and the vines, producing on the leaves yellowish spots which increase in size until the larger ones may attain a diameter of half an inch. The spots are well defined and after some time become more or less confluent, forming large, irregular, brownish areas on the leaves. The fruiting period of vines affected by this disease i^ materially shortened and the quality and flavor of fruit produced is decidedly inferior. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture, it is believed, will be efficient in protecting tlie plants from this disease, ami experiments are to be car- ried out during the coming season. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1057 Tlu- Sclemtinm disoase, which is due to an undeHcrihed species, has been very prev- alent, tlie funfrns attackin^r the fruit and vines, rpright-growinf; i)arts of plants are not affected, the disease seenii;i^ to attack those portions \u contact with the ground. Upon the fruit the attack is very noticeal)le, the first sign of the presence of the disease being a slight rotting on the underside of the melon, followed by the formation of a white fringe of fungus mycelium surrounding the whole fruit. This disease is difficult to control, but it is thought destroying affected i)lant8 and sj»raying the vines and ground with Bordeaux mixture will give relief. The lettuce drop has proved quite destructive in some localities. The immediate cause seems to be the fungus Sclerolhiia libcrtiava. ' The fungus is both an active and a facultative para.site and spreads with great rapidity. Owing to the lateness of its appearance, no experiments were conducted for its control, Imt subirrigation, removal of the diseaselants, ami spraying are suggested as possible remedies. The strawl)erry blight {Sphnirlld frdfjdri.r) exists on the strawberry i)lants through- out the year, so that there is no necessity for the production of winter spores. For the j)rotection of the j)lants thorough and repeated sprayings with fungicides are reconnnended. Marked differences are reported in the susceptibilty of different varieties, and a brief list is given of varieties which appear nearly free from disease any both fungi. In comparing the results obtained by hiscidtures he found that both fungi produce the same condition and that the density of planting influences to a great degree the gravity of the disease. When sown thickly the foot disease is of much greatt^r importance in causing the plants to lodge. Notes are given in conclusion on the germination of the spores of Oj)hiobolns grami)ii.f, and its perethecial stage is described. The downy mildew of grasses, V. Pe<;i,iox {Stnz. Sper. Agr. Ihd., 34 (1901), No. o-O, pp. '>0>;-'i.l.', plx. .y). — An extended study is given of Scleroxporo grdininicoln, a fungus nearly allied to Peronospora. The fungus was for a nundier of yeai-s only known as occurring upon sjjecies of Setaria, but the list ol host plants as given by the author includes wheat, oats, Areiid faliid, couch grass, canary grass, perennial rye grass, and reeatiii>; ari- descriht'd. Tl)e iliseases ari^ ^Trmpcd under tlic licadinjrs constitutional diseases, sucli as fasciation and ahnoniial growth; fungus diseases; diseases and injuries due to unfavoral)lo atinosplierie conditions; diseases attiMiding the curing of tol)acco; and nnclassiiied diseases, such as the mosaic disease, etc. A rust on cultivated lettuce, H. A. Ballou {Amer. Gard., 22 [1901), No. 366, p. 874)- — Notes tlie occurreme of Pucdnia preiinrdhin upon cultivated lettuce. When observed it was in the fecidial stage, and while common upon the wild lettuce it apparently has not been reported as occurring upon the cultivated species. The occurrence of the fungus upon this liost plant is attril)ute. IS9-J24, pb. 10). A review is given of the different fruit rots which have been observed on the apple in the State of Illinois. Among those mentioned are the fruit burn, which is caused by the scalding or sunburning of the apples, the l)rown rot, soft rot, fniit blotch due to a Phyllostiiia sp., the black rot, and a number of miscellaneous decays that are sometimes noticed. The fruit blotch is believed to be caused by an unde- scri]>ed fungus that somewhat resembles Phyllosticta limitata, but is distinct from that as well as related species. The principal portion of the bulletin is occupied with a discussion of bitter rot. This is pnjbably of widest distribution and occasions the most injury of any of the apple diseases, i^praying has been tried with more or less success for its prevention, and experiments are still being prosecuted along this line, and the results will be reported later. The appearance of the affected fruit and conditions affecting the development are described. So far the bitter rot is reported in Illinois as occurring only on the apple, although elsewhere it is known to attack the pear, peach, quince, and grape. The manner of infection and life history of the fungus are described at some length. The summer stage, which is the one commonly known as Gkro.'fpoi'hi in fnuiiijfnum, was investigated at considerable length by means of artificial cultures and artificial infections. It was found that the V)itter-rot fungus would develop on a variety of fruits if spores were introduced under the epidermis by means of a needle. In this way it was found possible to infect apples, pears, peaches, grapes, tomatoes, etc. The details of the artificial inoculations are given. While studying this stage the author discovered the permanent form of the fungus, which he calls the Gnomoniopsis stage. While occurring with considerable abundance in his culture media, this was observed but twice on apples, one of which was on an apple that had been inoculated with (Tl(posporium spores and kept for a considerable time in a moist chamber. Infection experiments were carried on in which the mature form of the fungus wa.s developed from the Glceosporium stage and the Ghcftsporium stage from the mature form, thus completing the life cycle of the fungus. In following the precedent gen- erally established for the naming of fungi — that they be named from their mature or permanent stage rather than from the summer stage — the author projHjses the name be changed to GtKnnoviop.v-tfriirtigi'nn, a technical er cent solution of Bordeaux iiiixturc is recommendi'd as a preventive treatment. Studies on the cause of grape-leaf perforations, H. Brizi (Sta:. S/xt. .(;//•. IlaL, 34 [1901), No. 8, pp. 774-788). — A disease of grape leaves, in which ragged perforations were made in the leaves, raafle its api)earance rather suddeidy in cen- tral Italy. Investigations by the author showed it was due to attacks of GUvo».por'mm ampelophtujniii which was frequently associated with the common grape anthracnose. 1060 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A root mold of coffee, A. Zimmermann {Teysmdunia, 12 {1901), No. 6, pp. 305-309, Jigs. 3). — A root disease of coffee that had lately killed a number of trees was studied and found to be caused by a fungus which though not in fruit was very characteristic in its habit. The fungus, which the author calls the black root mold of Java coffee, penetrates the cells of the inner bark and of the medullary rays, and ramifies into the cells near the medullary rays. The hyphpe are black when old, but the young tips are almost colorless and are covered with granules of lime. The fungus uses up the starch in the cells and eventually causes the leaves to turn yellow and fall. The death of the tree follows in time. — h. m. pieters. The "blorok" disease of Coffea arabica, A. Zimmermann {Tf'ijmndnmia, 12 {1901), X(i. 7-S, ]>!>. 41'>-429, fiij.i. 4 )■ — A disease of the leaves of the coffee tree known l)y the name of blorok disease has attracted much attention. The diseased leaves are characterized by a pale spotting or rather clouded effect, the upper surface of the dis- eased area losing the normal green color. In this area the cells of the epidermis are shrunken and yellow, and the neighboring cells are also yellowed. A similar condi- tion prevails on the lower surface. The diseased trees do not die at once, but are sickly for a time and eventually succumb. No parasites were found in the diseased cells, and the cause of the trouble has not yet been determined. It is thought that bacteria may he responsible for the disease. — h. m. pieters. Parasites of vanilla, E. BoRSACiE( AVr. Agr. Eennion, 7 {1901), Xo.4,pp- 142-149). — Notes on attacks of various insects and fungi upon vanilla. The principal injury seems due to attacks of Otlospora rmnllir. The different stages of the life history of the fungus and the effect produced upon the host plant are described. One striking effect is shown in the ash analysis of the stems and leaves, in which the potash and phosphoric acid are greatly reduced and the lime increased in the diseased plants. Growing' China asters, R. E. Smith {3fa.s.'Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 26, figs. 19). — After briefly describing the methods of cultivation of asters, the author considers in detail some of the diseases and injuries to which the garden asters are subject. One of the most common antl destructive diseases is that known as wilt or stem rot. This first appears soon after the plants are set out in the lied, and is generally prevalent throughout the season. If affected i)lants he examined they will be found to be badly rott(>d just at the surface of the ground, only the hard inner woody portions remaining. This, however, is the linal stage of the disease, and it may be noticed on careful examination earlier in the season when the normal color of the jilants becomes affected, and usually more on one side than on the other. The disease is due to a species of Fusarium, as yet not definitely determined, and it appears that it is contracted in the seed bed as a result of crowding and too nuich moisture. There ajipears to be no evive as occurring on the linden. In this case the infei'tion is appar- ently through v.'ounds, often at the base of the leaves. An enzym is associated with this fungus as in the former case, and is believed to be the principal cause of the injury. In both diseases the inycelia are the sources of injury, and from both of them the enzym has been separated. The mycelial filaments of the Tilia disease are colorless, devoid of partitions, and very thin and delicate; while those occurring in the disease of Negundos were brownish in color, septate, and occurred in consider- able masses. The enzym of the Tilia disease acts locally; that of the Negundo may give rise to infections at considerable distance from the point of inoculation. A disease of birch trees, R. Paulson {Essex Nat., 11 {1900), p. 273, figs. 8; abs. in Jour. Roy. Hurt. Soc. \_London'\, 26 {1901), No. 1, p. s-^^'j).— This disease, which is reported in Epping forestand elsewhere, completely destroys many of the trees. The disease is attributed to the fungus Meldnrorns hiUistoma. Hitherto this fungus has been considered to be a saprophyte, attacking only dead tissues, but the conclusion is arrived at that it occurs on the living branches, causing their death; however, as a rule, its perfect form is only found on dead branches. The course of the disease is said to be rapid. Pestalozzia hartigii in Ariege {Rev. Eaux et Forets, 40 {1901), No. 17, pp. 537- S39). — The occurrence of this fungus upon young beech seedlings is reported, and it is thought to be the first record of its occurrence in France. The fungus attacked the young trees in the nursery, causing a reddish-l)rown discoloration at tlie collar of the plant. The most seriiMis injury was done in nurseries situated at an elevation of about 1,350 meters. It is reported to have destroyed at least 80 i)er tent of seedlings in some localities. The leaf-cast disease of pine, E. Ebermayek {Allg. Forsl u. .hujd Ztg., 07 {1901), Sejil., pp. .W9-.il4). — A review is given of the various theories relative to the cause of leaf casting of pine trees, ])articular attention being given to the theories of excessive evaporation, frost injury, and attacks of the fungus LopJiodermium pinastri. 13U2— No. 11—02 5 1062 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Continued studies on the formation of the switches' broom rust (Puccinia arrhenatheri) on the barberry, J. Eriksson (A'. Landt. AknrJ. Handl. Tidslr., 39 {1900), Xo. .-,-6, pp. .346-360). On the organization of an international system of phytopathological exper- imentation, J. Eriksson (A'. Landt. Akad. Handl. Tidskr., .39 (1900), Xo. 5-6, pp. 361-368). ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the entomologist, H. A. Gossard {Florida Stu. Rpt. 1901, pji. 58-75). — The author continued the work of the inspection of nurseries, and reports that the nurseries within the State are carefully and effectively fumigated. The cottony cushion scale is no longer a serious enemy, ha\dng been largely destroyed by the Australian lady bug. The peach scale has also been checked by the attacks of the lady bugs. Notes are given on the haliits and life history of a number of pther scale insects and mealy bugs. San Jose scale is now reported from 25 different localities in the State. Injury to pecans is reported from Acrohasis caryic and Mineola jnglandis. The white fly was unusually abundant during the year, l)ut its numbers were much reduced by fungus diseases, especially the red and brown fungus. One orange grove, which has been infested for at least 10 years with this insect, seems not to have suf- fered severely. Good results are reported from the use of resin wash in combating this insect, and the author also recommends spraying during the winter with a 10 or 15 per cent mixture of kerosene in water. Fumigation experiments were made with the assistance of C. W. Woodworth. Several patterns of tents were used for covering trees in the orchards. Details are given of the management of these tents and the time required for fumigating trees. It was founil that a greater volume of gas was obtained when the sulphuric acid and water were mixed and used immediately than when the mixture was allowed to become cool. No serious injury was done to the foliage, whether fumigation was done at night, in cloudy weather, or in bright sun- shine. The white flj' was nearly exterminated by fumigation. It was also observed that lady bugs were not all destroyed during the process of fumigation, although many of them were stupefied, but later recovered from the effects of the gas. Brief notes are also presented on a number of miscellaneous insects. First report of the government entomologist, 1899-1900, C. Fullkr {Rpt. Govt. Ent., I>ept. Aijr. Xaial, 1899-1900, j)j>. 154, j>l.s. J5, Jir/s. -?.?).— This constitutes the report of the author as government entomologist for Natal, and contains, in addi- tion, a general discussion of insects and a special consideration of numerous notes on various plant diseases, weeds, etc. The plant diseases which receive most atten- tion are oat rust, "corn blight," barley blight, jiotato blight, and potato scab, as well as a number of fungus diseases of fruit trees and small fruits. A study was made of the biology of Striga coccinea. This weed was found to fix itself upon the roots of corn, from which it absorbed a portion of its nourishment. General directions are given for spraying orchard and garden crops, and for mak- ing a choice of spraying machinery and of insecticides. Formulas are given for the preparation of the most important insecticides. Directions are also presented for the application of hydrocyanic-acid gas in orchard fumigation. A popular classification of insects is given, and of the important insects which receive special consideration the following maj' be mentioned : Colias electra, injuring alfalfa; *S'e.e so slightly affected that they develop in the spring, or may perish, in which case the mites leave the buds and distribute themselves by crawling. It is believeil that the mites which are seen crawling aljout in early spring are all doomed to perish, and it is therefore not recommended that any insecticide treatment be given at that time. The period at which spraying is considered effective is a])out the last week in June. Brief biological and economic notes are given on Apion opncans, (hc'nthfrit, I'hile/la erurifcrarurn, carrot fly, and a number of forest and fruit tree insects, including CrypJialus t'dUc, X'lplnjdrla dromcdarius, Oribatu (irblciddrls, and Andriruit glandin )n . An account of the condition and virork of the laboratory of agricultural entomolog'y at the Royal High School of Agriculture in Portici from its foundation to 1901, A. Berlkse {Reldzionc ,< hi R. Scuola Siiperlore di Agricoltura in Portici. Rome: G. Bertero A Co., 1903, pp. 101,JlgK. 5). — The author gives an account of the collections of insects and books belonging to the institution. The apparatus and ecpiipment of the laboratory are described. A bibliography of the entomological publications from the laboratory from its foundation to 1901 is given. The insects which recpiired special investigation l)y the staff of the laboratory are briefly men- tioned. Among the important ones are Ccdopionus itcdicus, Portltesia dirysorrhtjca, Dactylopius citri. 1064 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Injurious insects, W. Lochhead {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm lipt. 1901, pp. lS-£^n, fig. 1) . — Brief notes are given on formulas for the preparation of Paris green, hellebore, insect powder, whale-oil soap, kerosene emulsion, and a t'oml)ination of Paris green and Bordeaux mixture. The insects which were especially injurious during the season 1901 were Hessian fly, apple-tree borers, plant lice, San Jose scale and other species of scale insects, as well as potato-stalk borer, rose chafer, asparagus beetle, and tussock moth. It is reported that the tussock moth is at pres- ent a less serious enemy of the shade trees than it was 8 or 4 years ago. Third report of the State entomolog'ist and pathologist on the San Jose scale, and the administration of the crop-pest laAvs of Virginia, W. B. Alwood {Rkhmond, Va.: C W. Sa>i)idert^, 1901, jip. ,5,S, /x'.v. 10, figx. 4,_>i>aj) 1) . — Brief notes are given on the history of the San Jose scale in Virginia. Cojnes are given of the various acts of the State legislature which have been passed regarding this insect and also of the rules and requirements for the government of the State entomologist and pathologist in enforcing the law. According to the most recent act of the State legis- lature the Board of Crop Pest Commissioners are authorized to inspect orchards and other premises, and are specifically charged with nursery inspection and the inspec- tion of nursery stock shipped into the State from outside sources. The author dis- cusses the problems connected with the inspection of imported nursery stock. It is urged that certificates of inspection should not be accepted unless they are issued from offices with which entomologists of known standing are connected. The author gives a statement of the requirements in the ordinarj- form of certificate of inspec- tion in Virginia. The question of the constitutionality of inspection laws is discussed and it is argued that State inspectors should not l)e asked to accept certificates with- out reference to the qualifications of the person who signs them. The San Jose scale is gradually becoming more widely distributed throughout the State. Wherever there is a city or large village in an infested county, the town prop- erty is usually found to be the center of greatest infestation. In general the local spread of the San Jose scale is still slight; in some instances, however, it has been of a serious nature. A list of States is given to which infested nursery stock lias Ijeen traced, and the dissemination of the scale by State nurseries and outside nurseries is presented in a talnilar form. The author discusses the general condition with regard to infestation by the San Jose scale in different States. The insect pests and plant diseases which are dealt with according to the Virginia inspection laws are San Jose scale, woolly aphis, peach yellows, black knot of plum and cherry, pear blight and twig blight of apple, and crown gall. A brief description is given of each one of these pests and the most effective remedies are suggested in each case. Especial attention is given to remedial measures against San Jose scale and the results of experiments extending over several years are summarized. It is concluded that kerosene furnishes the most relial>le remedy against the scale for use on hardy fruit trees and other jilants, in winter or summer. There is some danger in careless use of kerosene on peach trees and other stone fruits. Soap washes, when strong enough to 1)6 effective, are found to be more dangerous for summer work than kerosene and much more expensive. Directions are given for the preparation and application of kerosene sprays. It is urged that where only a few young trees or jilants are found infested in a given locality, these plants should be destroyed, since in this way the scale'may be destroyed for the particular locality. The author does not believe that the San Jose scale can be exterminated, but the methods in present use are sufficient to hold it in check. A list of the host plants of the San Jose scale are given and a detailed financial statement is appende to April 13, received no injury. Peach treas wliich were fumigated at the rate of 15 gm. per 100 cubic feet were not injured, while a number of trees exposed to the gas generated from 20 gm. per 100 cubic feet were slightly injured and the grass around the base of the trees was killed. The experiments demonstrated that it is unsafe to allow peach trees to be exposi-d to the action of hydroc!yanic-acid gas for a period of 12 hours, whatever weight of cyanid of potash i>er culjic foot was used. Vigorous trees, including peach, may be treated witii 2.1 oz. of cyanid per 100 cubic feet for not more than .'50 mimites, while the trees are dormant. Peach trees wliich are not vigorous may be injured l)y such treatment, but the injury is not usually i)ermanent. Peach trees in theorchard may be treated from 30 to 60 minutes with 1:J oz. cyanid per cubic foot, even after the buds begui to open. AValnut, chestnut, plums, and cherries will endure the same treatment as peach. With regard to the effect of the gas on scale insects the experiments showed that fumigation may be depended upon to exterminate the San Jose scale on orchard trees of medium size. Experiments were made to determine the best proportions in whicth to mix the cyanid, sulphuric acid, and water. It was found that a slight exi'ess of acid and from 2 to 4 times the usual quantity of water gave rapid and unifoi-m acti(jn and satisfactory results. The smaller the pieces of cyanid the more rapid is the chemical action, and where the cyanid is l)roken top finely the chemicals may be thrown out of tlie vessel in which they are contained by the violence of the reaction. It was found that in fumigating trees when the earth was moist about 50 per cent of the gas was absorbed by the soil. It is recommended that double the amoimt of cyanid generally used for nursery stock should be used in orchard work. The author gives a detailed description in connection with drawings and figures of a hexagonal box fumigator designed for use in orchards. The chief advantages of this fumigator are that it allows a rapid and accurate estimate of the cubic con- tents, it may be placed around a tree without being elevated over it, it contains a minimum amount of waste space, it can be stored in a comparatively small space, and it does not break off or rub the buds. The cost of fumigation varies so exceedingly, according to the style of fumigator used and other conditions, that it can not be stated except with qualifications. When 1 oz. of cyanid is used for every 100 cubic feet of space the cost is about 12i cts. jier tree when fumigated with tents, and 18 cts. when treated with a box fumigator. The Aphididae of North America, W. I). Hunter ( Iowa SUi. Bui. 60, pp. 01- 138). — In this Inilletin the author has compiled a list of titles of the literature on North American plant lice. A list of titles of general articles is given, followetl by a catalogue of the family Aphididje, arranged in a systematized manner with refer- ence to literature under each species. A host index of the Nortli .\merican species of Aphidid;e is also presented, and the l)ulletin is furnished with an index to the species of jilant lice which are discussed. The total number of genera recognized in the bulletin is 32, and of species 325. Familiar butterflies and moths, AV. F. Kirbv {Loiuhm, Paris, Ncir York, and Melbonnw: CaMill S- Cn., Limifcd, /HOI, pp. 144, pis. 18,JigH.4). — In tliis volume the author gives a general (U-scription of the appearance, life history, and habits of a number of conunon lepidoptera, including vari(jus families of butti-rllii's and moths. Brief dii'ections are giwn for the collection of butterfiies and moths, together witii notes on the occurrence of these insects in different seasons of tlu' year. \ mnui)er of species considered are of economic importance, and their food plants arc men- tioned. The plates illustrating the work are in color an, pp. in-lOi), ph. 4.) — Tilt' author gives an account of a trip tliioiiy;!) certain 1066 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, parts of Oregon for the purpose of determining the extent of infestation of apple orchards by the codling moth. With regard to the question of the number of broods, it is believed that there are only 2. The various statements which have been made to the effect that 3 or -4 broods occur are not based on breeding records, but simply on the fact that larvae and eggs may be found throughout a long season and that the different stages of the insect may ]je i)assed througli in a comparatively short time under favorable conditions. The insect is described in its different stages and an account is given of its life history. At Corvallis there appears to be no rela- tion between the time at which the apple trees bloom and the dates on which the moths emerge. Egg laying is delayed to a later date than that usually given in the Eastern States. The first eggs were observed out of doors on June 21 and deposition of eggs did not become general until June 28; the i)etals had fallen by April 28, or 2 months i^revious. Observations dunng the years 1898 to 1900 showed that while the blossoms fell at dates ranging from April 28 to May 10, the egg laying did not begin before the middle of June and did not become general before about June 25. In southern and eastern Oregon the egg laying may take place earlier. A compilation of the records of the evening temperature in the neighborhood of Corvallis disclosed the fact that the temperature rarely reaches 60° in the evening during the month of May. Oljservations indicate that the codling moths rarely deposit eggs when the evening temperature falls much below 60° F. The eggs were found by the author in orchards at all times from the latter part of June until Octo- ber 1, or later. They were found more commonly upon the fruit than upon the leaves. The length of the larval period was found to vary from 16 to 24 days. In breeding cages the moths of the first brood appeared on August 3, from larvae which had pupated on July 21, and the moths of the second brood emerged on May 29 of the following j^ear from eggs which had hatclied September 12. Notes are given on the various natural enemies of the codling moth, including fungus diseases, parasitic and predaceous insects, and birds. While large numbers of the larvae of the cotlling moth are destroyed l)y fungus disease, it is not believed that this fungus could be successfully used in an artificial way in controlling the pest. The most important help in the destruction of the codling moth is rendered by birds of various species. The greatest loss from the codling moth in the Willamette Valley and other parts of Oregon occurs after August 1. Spraying experiments were conducted for the pur- pose of determining the relative efficiency of early and late ajiplications. Four applications were made with Bordeaux mixture to which 1 lb. of Paris green was added for each 200 gal. The api)lications were made on May 13, June 11, June 25, and August 11. One or more of the ajiplications were omitted from scjme of the trees in order to determine which application was most important. These experi- ments showed that up to July 20 only 2 per cent of the apples were infested, whether they had been sprayed or not. The first application seemed to be valueless, and the second and third nearly so, while the fourth was apparently the only effective one. Similar ex]jeriments wero repeated for 1900, the applications being made May 7 to 14, June 22 to 27, July 26 to 28, and August 31 to September 1. In these experiments the least satisfactory results were ol>tained with Ben Davis, of which about 30i)er cent were wormy; Newtown pippins standing near them in the same orchard were almost absolutely free from codling moth, while the Baldwins were infested to the extent of about 1 or 2 per cent. Trees that were given the last 3 applications showed less than 5 per cent infestation, while those that were sprayed 4 times were infested to the extent of 3 per cent. It is believed that in order to prevent injury from codling moth as far as possible the fruit should be kept covered with a film of poison from the time when the earliest eggs are deposited until the middle of September. The author believes that the expense of banding is hardly necessary where spraying has been carefully done. ENTOMOLOGY. 1067 In an appendix to the bulletin E. L. Smith and J. D. Ohvell ^ive the results of insecticide work in their orchards. For a part of this i)ractical work arsenite of soda was used, wliilc on other trees a mixture of Paris green and l..iiid()ii purple was applied. Both of these orchardists have fotnid it possible to prevent to a large extent the injury of the codling Tnoth and therefore )>i'iieve that spraying for this purpose is profital)ie. It is stated that niucii of tlieir success has d('j)ended ujion spraying during the first or second week in September. The periodical cicada in 1902, W. I). IIuntek ( T. S. Dejit. Ayr., Dirlsiim of Entontuhxjii Ciir. /,-}, u. scr., j)j). 4, jitive notes on 2 cheap and convenient devices for use in beehives. Annual report of the Royal Sericultural Station at Padua {Ann. R. Staz. Bacol. I'adoca, 29 {1900), pp. 12,1, pi. 1). — This rejtort contains a number of articles relating to sericulture, among which the following may be mentioned: The work of the Royal Sericultural Station for the year 1900, E. Verson (pp. 5-11) ; The organi- zation of markets for silkworm cocoons in Italy, E. Verson (pp. 15-40 and 97-104); Armature of the prolegs of the silkworm larv;e, E. Verson (pp. 41-()5); A disease of spinners and rearers of the silkworm, E. Quajat (j>p. 66-70); Rapid and gradual incubation, E. (.2uajat (j)p. 77-84); Influence of the time of washing the eggs upon hatching in the spring, and upon accidental hatching in autumn, E. (^uajat (pji. 85- 89); Creohn in the silk industry, E. Verson (pp. 90-96). It was found that the vapor of creolin unifonnly exercises a poisonous influence on the eggs of the silk- worm. The mortality in the eggs may vary from 4 to 100 j>er cent, according to the length oi time during which they are exposed to creolin. .\ bibliography of literature relatnig to sericulture which appeared iu 1900 and 1901 is appended to the report. 1070 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. FOODS— NUTRITION. Report of the department coramittee appointed to inquire into the use of preservatives and coloring matters in the preservation and coloring of food {Lo)idon: Eyre <.t- SpoUiswoodn, 1901, pp. XXXVI {^407, figs. i'S). — This volume con- tains the detailed report of the British officia] committee on food preservatives ap- pointed in 1899, together with minutes of evidence and appendices reporting a number of special investigations, experiments, and discussions or summaries. A number of these have to do with such topics as the law and practice in certain foreign countries and the British colonies as to preservatives and coLjring matter in food; the use of preservatives in dairy and vegetable products, the use of preservatives and coloring matter in foods, drinks, and drugs; analyses of milk and other products with a view to detecting preservatives and coloring matters; analyses of commertdal preservatives; physiological experiments, and related topics. Regarding the use of preservatives and copper salts, the recommendations of the committee (which consisted of Herbert Maxwell, T. E. Thorpe, H. Timbrell Bulstrode, and F. W. Tunnicliffe) were as follows: " That the use of formaldehyde or formalin, or preparations thereof, in foods or drinks be absolutely j)rohibited, and that salicylic acid be not used in a greater pro- portion than 1 grain per pint in licjuid food and 1 grain per jiound in solid fooil. Its presence in all cases to be declared. "That the use of any preservative or coloring matter whatever in milk offered for sale in the United Kingdom be constituted an offense under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts. "That the only preservative which it shall be lawful to use in cream be boric acid or mixtures of boric acid and borax, and in amount not exceeding 0.25 per cent expressed as boric acid. The amount of such preservative to l)e notified by a label upon the vessel. "That the only preservative permitted to be used in butter and margarine be boric acid or mixtures of boric acid and borax, to be used in pi-oportions not exceeding 0.5 per cent expressed as boric acid. "That in the case of all dietetic preparations intended for the use of invalids or infants chemical preservatives of all kinds be prohibited. "That the use of copper salts in the so-called greening of preserved foods be prohibited." F. W. Tunnicliffe jiresented a minority report which was not averse to the reason- able use of copper salts for greening vegetables. Experiments upon the effect of boracic acid and formaJdehyde upon the live weight, groivth, and food assimilation of young sucking pigs, A. I>. Hall, H. S. Hamiiwnd, and F. W. Tunnicliffe (pp. 306-311, figs. 4). — Digestion and nitrogen metabolism experi- ments, in which boracic acid and formaldehyde were added to the rations of pigs, are reported. The authors' general conclusions follow: "The experiments conducted with boracic acid showed a negative result attending the administration of this substance, and a combinative examination of the feces of a boracised and normal pig showed no sensible difference in the amounts of fat, nitro- gen, and fiber digested in the 2 cases. Formalin gave similar results; the adminis- tration of formalin did not materially alter the rate of growtli. "Our experiments would show that the digestion of young, rapidly growing pigs, as reflected in their general health and increase in live weight, is not sensibly affected by the regular administration over a long period, of doses of boracic acid and formalin in much larger proportions than they are usually employed for the preservation of food." Report upon certain experiments made upon the extent to wliich the copper ingested with artificially coppered peas is absorbed and retained by tlie human body, F. W. Tunnicliffe (p. 312) . — Experiments with man on the effect of copper are reported, in which the FOODS NUTRITION. 1071 amounts eaten and exereted in tlie urine and feces were determined. Tlie ^reni-ral conclusions follow: "From our research, we regard the conclusion justifieii that copper, when in<,'ested in the form in which it occurs in carefully preserved peas, is for the most part voided directly with the feces, and differs, in so far as concerns its absorption and retention by the human body, from the ordinary salts of copper." Report on the injiuence of formic aldehyde npon (he metabolism of children, F. IT. 'Pnn- nicliffe and Otto Rosenheim (pp. 818-33(), fij^s. 10).— Abstracted from another i.uMica- tion [l\ S. R., 13, p. 774). Report on tlie influence of boric acid and borax upon the general vielaholism of children, F. W. Tunnicliffe and Otto Rosenheim (pp. 337-354, figs. 9).— The literature of the subject is reviewed and experiments on the effect of borax and boric acitl reported, in which the metabolism of nitrogen and phosphorus and the assimilation of fat were the special features studied. The conclusions which were drawn follow: " [As regards boric acid] small doses up to 1 gm. per diem, continued for some time, exert, in healthy or delicate children, no influence upon proteid metal)olism. The a.ssimilati()n of the proteid food was improved in one healthy child (B). The phos- phorus metabolism was unaffected in all cases. The assinulation of phosphorus was in all cases improved. The assimilation of fat was not affected. The body weight increased in all cases. The quantity of dry feces was not affected. Their nitrogen and phosphorus i)ercentage was slightly decreased. No inhibitory effect upon intestinal putrefaction could be demonstrated. "[As regards borax] continued doses of 1.5 gm. have no influence in healtliy or delicate children upon proteid metabolism. The proteid assimilation was unaf- fected in healthy children, slightly depressed in the delicate child. The phosphorus metabolism was not affected in healthy or delicate children. The assimilation of phosphorus was improved in all cases, the improvement being least marked in the case of the delicate child. The fat assimilation was improved in the case of one healthy child, and unaffected in the case of the others. The body weight was increased in all cases; the increase was most marked in the case of the delicate child. The weight of dry feces and their nitrogen phosphorus percentage remained unaltered. Borax tended rather to increase intestinal putrefaction. "[When given together] both boric acid and borax were quickly eliminated, no cumulative action being therefore probable. Neither boric acid nor 1)orax in any way affected tlie general health and well-being of the children." Digestibility of proteins, A. Jolles {Monatsh. ('hem., ^2 {1901), jip. 991-995; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Tnd., 21 {1902), No. 2, p.- 132). — The author has shown in earlier investigations that there are differences in the constitution of proteids, and that the constitution influences the portion of nitrogen which is converted into urea on oxidation. Experiments with man were undertaken to learn the comparative nutritive value of casein and fibrin, the former yielding about 73 per cent of its nitrogen as urea and the latter about 45 percent. In the ca.sein period 1«).7 per cent of the total nitrogen of the food was absorl)ed, and in the fibrin period 34.3 per cent. According to the author, therefore, the i)hysiologi(al nutritive value of the proteids as regards nitrogen depends on the amount of the urea forming groups. The hexone bases were apparently less completely utilized than (he nitrogenous bases, since they «'oul. 102-118).— (M samjiles of milk analyzed during the year, 8.5 per cent were found to be adulterated, the greater part by skinnmng or watering. 1072 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Added preservatives, either formaldehyde or borax, were found in 9 samples. One sample of cream was found to contain formaldehyde. Coflfee, A. L. WiNTON {Conneclicnt Stale Sia. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, irp. 1V.)-122). — Seven samples of coffee beans and 50 of coffee were examined, 5 of these (all ground coffee) were found to be adulterated. Jellies, jams, and preserves, A. L. Winton, A. W. Ogdkn, and C. L.\ngley ( Co)inedici(t State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pp. 122-134)- — Jellies and similar products and their process of manufacture are briefly described. Analyses of 66 samples are reported. Nineteen per cent of the samples were found to be pure, 51 per cent adul- terated, and 30 i)er cent inarkcil compound. Tomato catsup, chili sauce, and other sauces, A. L. Winton and A. W. Ogden {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pit- 2, pp. 135-144)- — During the year 106 samples were examined; 21 contained no added preservative, and 20 no artificial coloring matter. Creme de menthe, creme de violette, creme de rose, and other cordial^, A. L. Winton, A. W. Ogden, and Q. Lan(;lev {Coiuieettcat Stati' Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pp. I44-I4S)- — Of the 28 samples of cordials examined, all but 6 contained added coloring matter, 3 contained added vegetal)le dyes, and the others chemical colors. Vanilla extract, A. L. Winton and M. Silverman {Connecticut Slate Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pip. 149-162). — Of the 62 samples examined, 15 were found to be unadulterated. "Vanilla crystals," A. L. Winton and M. Silverman {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, 2jt. 2, pp. 162-163). — According to the authors, a flavoring material called "vanilla crystals" consisted of sugar with the addition of a small amount of vanillin and coumarin. Lemon extract, A. L. Winton and A. AV. Ogden {Connecticut Slate Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pp. 163-174)- — Fifty-one of the iSiS samples examined were found to l)e l)elow the standard; 4 samples were marked compound. Orange extract, A. L. Winton and A. W. Ogden {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, ])t. 2, pp. 175, 176). — Analyses of a number of samples are reported. Miscellaneous flavoring' extracts, A. L. Winton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pip. 177, 178). — A number of fruit flavoring extracts were examined. "Frostlene," A. W. Ogden {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, p. 179).— Three samples of this material for making icing, etc., were examined. The use of coal-tar dyes in foods, A. L. Winton ( Connecticut Stale Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, ]>p. 179-182). — A general discussion of the subject. The adulteration of tea with tea fruit, A. L. Winton {Connecticut State Sta. R]>t. 1901, pt. 2, p. 183, fig. 1). — Tea fruit was identified as an adulterant of tea. "Puregg," A. L. Winton and A. W. Ogden {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, p. 184)- — Judging by an examination this material consisted of desiccated eggs, with a small amount of coal-tar dye and salicylic acid. Fungicide, A. L. Winton and M. Silverman {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pp. 184, 185). — This material, which is recommended for preserving cider and sweet wines, contained, according to the authors, a large amount of sodium benzoate. "Hyper-samphire," A. L. Winton and M. Silverman {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 2, pp. 185, 186). — From an analysis of this material, which is sold for pre- serving eggs, "it appears that over two-tfiirds of the mixture consists of common salt, the remainder being free salicylic acid, sodium salicylate, and small amounts of sulphites, bisulphites, and sulphates. One and one-third ounces of a mixture of 3 parts of salicylic acid and 1 part of sodium bisulphate, costing not more than 15 cts., would have about the same value as 4 ozs. of hyper-samphire for use in the preserv- ing solution described." Spices, A. L. Winton and M. Silverman {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901, pi. 2, pp. 186-193). — Details of the examination of 216 samples of bulk spices are reported, of which 29 per cent were found to be adulterated. FOODS NUTKITION. 1073 Cream of tartar, A. W. Ocidkn ( Coiincdicitt Slate iSia. Rpl. luoi, jd.J.', pp. 7!>4, l!ir>). — The cxaiiiiiiutioM of 41 saiuples of oream of tartar is rei»ortt'(l. Macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, and noodles, A. L. Winton and A. AV. Ocden {Vnumrtirut SI, it,' Sl,i. lipl. luoi, pi. ..', pp. 7.w-,/o^)._Tlie. authors examined 8;{ samples of Italian pastes and noodles. The proximate composition is reported, as well as data repirdinj; tlie ))resence of added coloring matter, etc. Miscellaneous examinations, A. L. Winton, A. W. Ogden, and M. Sii.vkkman {Coniurticut Sidle Sla. lipl. I HOI, pi. 2, pp. 203-204). — Konut, said to l»e a eoeoanut product; cooking oil, consisting largely or entirely of cotton-seed oil, and a number of samples of butter, flour, l)aking powder, spices, etc., sent ])y ])rivate int. J, pjh ^.^./n, JJi!) . — Brief statements are made concerning the microscopic invi'stigations which tlu> author has undertaken with fruits. Food products examined for the dairy commissioner in the twelve months ending July 31, 1901 {Comwclicnl Stale Sla. Ii]>t. I'JOl, pi. 2, pp. 20S-207) .—liriei statements are made concerning the examination of a number of samples of butter, molasses, and vinegar. Meats and meat products at the Paris Exposition of 1900, H. E. Alvord ( r. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau, of Animal Iiidu.^lri/ Rpt. 1000, pp. 223-234).— ^^ descriptive article. Food grains of India, A. H. Ciiuucn {London: ('hrit'f notes are given on the use of tall millet, wheat, imported flour, beans, maize, and vermicelli by the Chinese in ]\Ianchuria. Further notice on milling qualities of ditferent varieties of wheat, E. H. GuRNEvand G. NoRRis(Jr/r. Gaz. NewSouth Wales, 12{190l), No. 2, pp. 1402-1425). — Continuing previous work (E. S. R., 11, p. 242), the authors give in tabular form details of the milling properties of 98 samples of wheat. Recent experiments with sweet potatoes ( Wesl Indian Bui., 2 {1900), No. 4, pp. 293-302). — Tests on drying and grinding sweet })otatoes are reported, as well as an analysis of the resulting sweet-potato flour. Peas, beans, vetches, and their milling products, \. Koeulkk {Laiidw. ]'ers. Slat., 55 {1901), No. 6, pp. 401-434, pis. 2). — An extended summary of investigations on this subject. New or little known oil-bearing seeds of the French colonies, E. IIeckel {Les groines grasses nourelles ,')U, peu, connues des eoloiiies/nmrais,:^. I', iris: A. ( 'hallamel, 1902, pp. IV+187,figs. 32). — Oil-bearing seeds are described and discusseil, and in many cases analytical data arc reported. Olive oil: Its source, production, character, and uses, V. Boeiim {London: F. Boelnn, 1901).— The subject is treated as follows: (1) Botanical origin, iiabitat, and character of the plant; (2) method of preparing the oil; (3) geograi)hical di.^tri- bution of the trees; (4) production and export of various countries; (5) cliemical and physical characters of the oils; ((5) jiests which attack the orchards; and (7) uses. Concerning the composition of sweet raisin wine, A. Sciinekgans {Arch. Pharm., 239 {1901), No. 8, pp. 58.9-591).— The composition of 3 sorts of raisin wine 1074 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. is reported. Two samples were made from Zante currants and the third from raisins from Asia Minor. Food and drugs, C. J. Higc41nson {London: Effingham WiLson ; rcr-. in. A)MlyM,27 {1902), Apr., p. 136). — A second edition, revised and enlarged, of this volmne which, according to the sub-title, is designed as a manual for solicitors, public analysts, inspectors) etc., and contains a consolidation of the various food acts of Great Britain. Handbook of hygiene, T. Weyl {Ilandhach duv Ilygitnif. Jena: Gustav Fisclter, 1901, Sup. 1, pp. 74 -f S6 -(- 85, Ji(jfi. 6, dgins. 17). — This volume contains 3 papers, viz. Notes on school hygiene and that of the profession of teaching, by L. Burgerstein; The hj'giene of labor in an atmosphere of compressed air, by P. 8ilberstern; and The hygiene of the alcohol question, by A. Delbriick. I Handbook of public health, laboratory -work, and food inspection, O. W. Andrews {London: Boillirn', TiitdaU li- Cox; Portiriitier d- Co., 1901, pp. ^92,Jig.'f. 74)- — This volume is divideratiqn(' dcV alimentation. Paria: Octave Doin, pp. XV-\'432). — The principal animal and vegetable foods are discussed, as well as condiments, beverages, diet, and related topics. A new edition. Report on dieting of pauper lunatics in asylums and lunatic -wards of poor- houses in Scotland, J. C. Dunlop ( dlu.^goir: .lames Iledderu-ii-l: it' Sons, 1902, pp. 98) . — A numljer of dietary studies are reported and discussed, and suggestions for improvement are offered ANIMAL PEODUCTION. The excretion of phosphoric acid by carnivora and herbivora, W. Berg- MANN {Arch. E.rper. Patlt. u. PharmakoL, 47 {1901), pp. 77-81; atis. in. Chem. Cerdbl., 1902, L, So. 3, pp. 219, 220) . — The author calls attention to the fact that dogs ordi- narily excrete phosphoric acid in the urine, but when calcium carbonate is fed they excrete the i)hospliorus in the feces. The author shows that if sodium phosphate is injected subcutaneously it is eliminated through the kidneys, even if calcium car- bonate is supplied in the food. The diminished amount of the phosphoric acid in the urine when the diet contains an abundance of calcium carbonate is regarded as due to the fact that it is not absorbed, and not to the excretion of absorbed phos- phoric acid through the intestine. In experiments with herbivora (sheep) the phosphoric acid subcutaneously injected was excreted in the feces. Glycerin phos- phoric acid when subcutaneously injected was excreted by a dog in the urine and by a sheep in the feces as inorganic phosphoric acid. Note on the cleavage of sugar from protein, J. Wohlgemuth {Berlin. Klin. Wchnschr., S7 {1900). pji. 74-5-749; <''<«. //* Ztschr. Untersuch. Nalir. ti. Genussmtl., 5 {1902), Xo. 6, p. 250). — A nuin})er of experiments are reported. The eflfect of sugar on the organism, P. Albertoxi {Centhl. Phgsiol., 15 {1901), pp. 457-459; Chem. Centbl., 1902, I, No. 1, p. 59). — Experiments with a dog showed that grape sugar increased the action of the heart. Data are recorded concerning the resorption of grape sugar in the intestines. Effect of sodium nitrate on the metabolism of dogs, E. Rost {Arh. K. Gesund- helt.^nmte, IS {1901), pp. 78-99; (lbs. in ZlseJir. Untersuch. Xaltr. u. Gemmmtl, 5 {1902) , No. 3, pp. 121, 122). — The effects f>f large, medium, and small doses of saltpeter were studied. Neither small nor large doses affected the general condition, appetite, or ANIMAL I'KODUCTTON. 1075 body weight. Siiiall dosi-s «li'>)- — in a digestion experiment with 2 steers the average foetlicients of digestihihty of green velvet-hean vines were as follows: Dry matter, (W.;^; i)rotein, 7:>..S; fat, 81. o; crude (iher, r>9.(>; and nitrogen-free extract, 82.4 per cent. The average coetiicients of digesti})ility of velvet-bean hay of poor (juality were as follows: Dry matter, 74.2; jirotein, 08.8; fat, 78.7; crude fiber, 78; nitrogien-free extract, 75.7; and ash, 20.4 per cent. The nutritive ratios of the digested portion in the 2 tests with green velvet-bean vines were 1 : 5.3 and 1:5.7. Wimilar values for the 2 tests with velvet-bean hay were 1:12 and 1: 11.4. Using the same coefficients of diges- tion obtained with the poor hay, it is calculated that the nutritive ratio of good velvet- bean hay cut when the pods were well formed would have a nutritive ratio of 1:6. The details of the experiment are reconled in both case§. Relative to the food value of the V)eans, it is stated that in many cases stock seem reluctant to eat the material at first, I»ut do so greedily upon becoming accustomed to it. The following table shows the composition of the beans and of the beans and 2H)ds: CoiiijKiKitioii of velvet heans. Bean Shelled and pod. bean. Per cent. Per cent. 12.28 11.46 17.13 22.69 4.61 6.60 14.2.5 7.56 47. 72 48. .53 4.01 3.16 Water Protein Fats ^ Cnid- fiber Nitrogen-free extract Ash Furze, whin, or gorse {Joitr. Agr. and Ind. South Australia, 5 {1901), No. 4, PP- 320, 321). — Notes on the feeding vahie and methods of feeding gorse. Feeding stuff inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett {Maine Sta. Bid. 80, pp. 41-64). — In compliance with the provisions of the State Feeding Stuff law, analyses have been made of a nuinijer of samples of cotton-seed meal, gluten meal of different brands, gluten feed, germ-oil meal, linseed meal of different brands, flaxseed meal, calf meal, animal meal, beef scrap and similar poultry feeds, commer- cial breakfast food by-products, and mixed feeds, bran, middlings, and red dog flonr. The results obtained are discussed, especial attention being given to condimental feeds and similar products. Pressing forage, M. Rincjelmann {Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 24 {1897-1'JOO) , No. 10, pp. 203-216). — Experiments are reported on the mechanical work required to compress alfalfa hay and straw of different sorts, as well as considerable data on related topics. American breeds of beef cattle, with remarks on pedigrees, (i. INl. Rommel ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Anivial hidu.^tr;/ Bid. 34, p- '>4, l>ls. ;.^;).— After a brief historical review of the sul)jectof cattle raising in America, the author discusses the cliaracteristics of the principal breeds and such related topics as pedigrei-s and herd- books. A list of the breeders' associations in the United States is included. Steer feeding, G. E. Day {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1901, pp. 56-58). — Two tests with steers are reported. In the first the comparative value of corn silage and roots are studied. For 147 days, 6 steers averaging some 1,110 lbs. each, gained 1,464 lbs. on a ration of silage, hay, and meal. Six similar animals during the same period gained 1,407 lbs. on a ration of roots (turnips and mangel- 1076 Exrp:RiMENT station record. wurzels), hay, and meal. The dry matter eaten per pound of gain in the 2 cases was 12.62 and 13.95 lbs., respectively. Both silage and roots were fed in the proportion of 4 lbs. to 1 of hay. The same grain ration was fed to both lots. According to the author, "The cost of producing a ton of silage was considerably less than that of a ton of mangels; and since silage contains, according to our estimates, twice as much dry matter as roots, the cost of producing a ton of dry matter was very much lower in the case of the corn crop. "Making every allowance for errors, for variations in conditions, and for the uncer- tainties of a single feeding experiment, we must still admit that silage compared with roots is a cheap and useful food for fattening steers. While roots may be more expensive than silage, we would be sorry to miss them from the bill of fare provided for our stock. They are very beneficial to the health of breeding stock, and are especially valuable for young animals." In the second test peas and corn were compared. Four steers, averaging about 1,120 lbs. each in weight, gained 1,160 lbs. in 35 weeks on a grain ration of pea meal. Four similar steers in the same time gained 1,254 lbs. on a ration of corn meal and 4 steers on a ration of corn and peas (1:1) gained 1,219 lbs. In addition to the grain all the steers were given like amounts of hay, silage, and roots. The 3 lots con- sumed 4.139, 3.823, and 3.901 lbs. of grain, respectively, per pound of gain. According to the author "in this experiment, corn maintains its reputation as a fat producer. When the main object is the production of fat, probably no single kind of grain excels corn. Peas may generally be depended upon to do better in combination with other grains than when fed singly. The close, heavy nature of pea meal renders it difficult to digest, and consequently it should be mixed with something of a lighter nature, such as oats or bran. Mixing corn meal with pea meal apparently improved the fattening value of the latter, although corn meal, in a somewhat less degree, possesses the ol)jectionable heavy nature of pea meal, and can not be regarded as an ideal substance to mix with it." This test was a continuation of previous work (E. 8. R., 13, p. 379). Steer feeding, H. E. Stockbridge {Florida iSta. Rpl. 1001, }>j). 35-43, pi. 1). — Using 4 lots of 4 steers each, the comparative merits of sweet potatoes and cassava roots were tested, and the relative value of corn meal and shelled corn. On a ration of 10 lbs. of pea- vine hay, 4 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, and 35 lbs. of sweet potatoes and costing 21.4 cts. jier head daily, lot 1 gained 496 lbs. in 70 days. On a ration containing 35 lbs. of cut cassava roots in addition to the same amount of pea-vine hay and cotton-seed meal, as above and costing 13.5 cts., lot 2 g-iined 576 lbs. On a ration of 20 lbs. crab-grass hay, 5 l))s. cotton-seed meal, and 5 lbs. of corn meal cost- ing 19.5 cts., lot 3 gained 542 lbs., and lot 4 on a ration containing the same amounts of crab-grass hay and cotton-.seed meal with 5 lbs. of shelled corn and costing 18.7 cts., gained 552 lbs. All the steers weighed about 450 lbs. each at the beginning of the test. As pointed out by the author, the greatest gain was made on the cassava ration, which was also much the cheapest. The importance of the cassava crop for stock feeding is insisted on, earlier work of the station being quoted (E. S. R., 12, p. 778). Cattle food substitutes, a warning- to feeders, L. A. Voorhees and J. P. Street {New Jrrsri/ Sins. 7>»/. 1.56, j)]). 7). — Analyses are reported of several commer- cial feeds which, judged by their composition, are very costly in proportion to their true feeding value. They were found to contain comparatively little protein and fat and a high percentage of carbohydrates. The authors note that each dollar expended per ton for standard feeds at present prices should secure 1 per cent pro- tein and 0.2 per cent fat. Wheat bran, it is calculated, would furnish many times as much protein and fully as much fat at much less cost than the carbohydrate feeds under discussio». ANIMAL PRODUrTlON. 1077 "The criticisin will be naturally made here that the purchaHer is notfjettiiif,' the car- bohydrates in this small tonna<:;e of hi<,'h-^'ra(h- feed that he should and would ^vt in the lower-jrrade goods. But comparisons of feeds in general with tlu^ standard feeds are usually made on the suj)[)osition that the object of th«' purchase is protein and fat. That the purchase of protein is the usual i)urpose of purchased feeds can hardly be denied, since materials of considerable i>rotein content are the only ones suitable a.s additions to the feeding materials of the farm. These usually comprise an abun- dance of carbohydrate feed to such an extent, indeed, that more native carbohy- drates of better (juality are often wasted on the farm by being used as bedding, etc., than are furnished by the feed substitutes under discussion. Materials, then, which are low in protein, and hence contain relatively large amounts of carlwhydrates, are useful only to those who raise nothing themselves — for example, city feeders of horses and stall-ferobably due to the individual animals rather than to their food. Judgment must lie withheld in respect to the use of locust-bean meal, owing to 2 of the l)ullocks fed on it being indisposed during part of the experiment, but there is nothing in the general results as regards the others, and the ultimate return from them, to warrant the belief that it would have shown better results than the ordinary feeding. 13U2— No. 11—02 6 1078 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "Lastly, it may be interesiting to note (as tlie question of feeding bullocks in boxes as against open yards has often lieen raised in i-onnection with the Woburn experi- ments) that the box-fed lot did quite as well as those in the yards." Ocean transportation of cattle and horses ( U. tS. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Itidiixir// Ujit. moo, jip. S7-!'0, pis. '!). — A l)rief descriptive article. Early feeding of mangels to sheep; and gorse as food for sheep, J. A. VoELCKER {Jour. Iloi/. Agr. >Soc. England, 6^' {1901), pp. 308-316). — Continuing earlier work on the value of mangel-wurzel and gorse for sheep (E. S. R., 11, p. 773), a test was l)egun with 4 lots of 12 sheep each, weighing on an average 111 lbs. Lots 1 and 4 were fed mangel-wurzels; lots 2 and 3 Swedish turnips; lots 1 and 2 gorse; and lots 3 and 4 meadow hay, while all the lots were given linseed cake. The feeds were analyzed. The test began November 9. Some of the sheep were fed February 15, others at intervals, the last on March 18. The average gain per head in the 4 lots was 35;}, 'i2j\, 33} and .39jV lbs. The author notes that mangel-wurzels gave better results than Swedish turnips, and that gorse W'as inferior to hay. " One pound of gorse did not replace \ 11). of hay chaff with any advantage." Experiments Awith swine, U. E. Day ( Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1901, pp. oS-6-2). — In the fii-st of the 2 tests reported the value of roots as part of a ration was studied with 2 lots of high-grade Yorkshire pigs, averaging 42 lbs. each in weight, and 2 lots of 5 similar animals averaging 55 lbs. each in weight. Lots 1 and 2 were fed barley and middlings, and lots 3 and 4 corn and middlings, lots 2 and 4 receiving an amount of raw jxilped mangel-wurzels in addition, equal in quantity to the grain ration. Early in the test the corn or barley and middlings were fed in the proportion of 2:1, latter in the proportion of 1 : 1, and at the close of the test in the proportion of 1 : 2. In 28 weeks the average daily gain per pig in the 4 lots was 0.639, 0.857, 0.677, and 0.757 lb., respectively. The corresponding dry matter eaten per pound of gain was 4.39, 3.80, 4.25, and 4.03 lbs. The pigs were slaughtered and the quality of the bacon judgeSf((. Rpt. I'.i0l,pi>. l>!-22, jU. '). — Statements an' made concerning steer-feeding tests not yet reixtrted in full. The author also briefly reports a test of the comparative gains made by 5 ra/.firback and (> I^uroc Jersey pigs, fed alike from birth until they were 14 months old. At this time the average live weight of the razorbacks was 214.4 lbs., and the Duroc Jersey 216.3 lbs.; the average dressed weight of the former 170.8, of the latter 1()4.2 lbs. "The native razorback animal produced on an average from the food con- sumed 6.4 lbs. more of marketable meat than his full-blooded rival, quite contrary to usual expectation." In discussing the comparative merits of native and blooded stock, the author calls attention to the fact that the l>looded pigs possess advantages, especially in the matter of early maturity, which make them especially valuable for crossing with native stock. '' It is an un(iuestioned fact, however, that the meat of the native is of incomparably superior quality, and that when properly handled and given suitable and adequate feed and attention the native crowds his blooded rival in the race, and can be made as profitable as he is hardy." Tankage as a food for pigs, C. S. Plumb and H. E. Van Norman {Indiana Sfa. Bui. 90, pp. J05-216). — Using 4 lots of 4 pigs each, weighing 58 lbs. on an average, the authors studied the value of tankage as a part of a ration. The tankage used was of the sort known as "crushed," and is generally sold as a fertilizer. Like all such material, it contained a high percentage of nitrogen and phosphorit- acid. Lots 1 and 4 were fed grain and tankage 10 : 1, the grain ration of the former consist- ing of corn meal and of the latter of corn meal and shorts 1:1. Lot 2 was fed corn meal and tankage 5:1, and lot 3 corn meal only. The feed was mixed with water to a thin slop. In the 127 days covered by the test the average daily gain of the 4 lots was 1.16, 1.23, 0.67, and 1.14 lbs. per head. The largest amount of grain, 15.75 lbs. per day, was consumed by lot 4; the smallest, 14 lbs. by lot 3; lots 1, 2, and 4 con- suming, respectively, 1.54, 2.98, and 1.57 lbs. of tankage daily. The cost of feed per pound of gain in the 4 lots was 3.8, 4, 5.2, and 3.6 cts., respectively. At the close of the test 2 pigs in each lot were slaughtered and the organs, etc., examined. The conclusion was drawn that as regards the carcass no differences were observed which could be attributed to the rations fed. According to the authors the condition of the pigs during the test was of much interest. The lots fed tankage had noticea1)ly silkier hair, and the appearance of the skin was fresher and mellowi-r than that of the corn-fed lot. In marked contrast to the others the corn-fed pigs did not eat with relish after the experiment was well started. That this was due to the corn ration was shown by a supplementary feeding test in which the 2 pigs remaining in lot 3 (the corn-fed lot) were put upon a ration of corn meal and tankage 5:1, and fed for a period of 49 days. After the tankage was added to the rations, the authors state that the condition of the pigs was markedly improved and the 2 jiigs gained on an average 1.79 and 1.3 l])s. per head daily. Separator skimmed milk as food for pigs, L. A. Clinton {Sew York Cariiell Sta. Hill. i:ni. i>i>. l.!7-l-'>i'>). — From 1S9S to 1901 the comparative merits of different j)roportions of grain and skim milk for iiroducing pork economically were studied. The first test was preceded by a preliminary i)eriod of 6 days' duration, durhig which 1080 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. raw and cooked potatoes were compared when fed with a corn-meal and skim-milk ration. Each of the 4 lots used contained 4 pigs each. In 2 lots the animals weighed on an average some 77 lbs. and in the remaining lots some 40 lbs. On cooked potatoes the heavier lot gained 1.4 lbs., the lighter lot 10.9 ll)s. On raw potatoes corresponding gains were 3.1 and 11.7 lbs. Considering the period as a whole, the total gain on a ration containing potatoes was 27.1 lbs., the feed required per pound of gain being 16.2 lbs. potatoes, 17.9 lbs. skim milk, and 1 lb. corn meal. "In view of the fact that potatoes, cooked or uncooked, are often used as a food for pigs, it may seem strange that such unfavorable results were secured in the present case. When, however, we study the weather conditions which prevailed while the experiment was in progress, and consider that the pen iji which the pigs were kept was somewhat damp and cold, the cause of the trouble is not difficult to locate." After feeding all the pigs on corn meal and skim milk until they were in good con- dition, they were again divided into 4 lots of 4 each. For 46 days lots 1 and 3 were fed gluten meal and skim milk and lots 2 and 4 corn meal and skim milk, the proportion of skim milk to grain in each case being about 3:1. At the beginning of the test the 4 lots weighed, respectively, 349, 362, 190, and 194 lljs. The total gains made were 214, 297.5, 157.5, and 219 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain being 2.7, 2.5, 2.4, and 1.9 cts. In the second test 9 lots of 4 pigs each were used. Lots 1 and 4 were fed skim milk and corn meal, 6:1; lots 2 and 5, skim milk and mixed grains, 6:1, the grain mixture consisting of 4 parts of corn meal to 1 part of wheat middlings; lots 3 and 6, skim milk and corn meal, 3 : 1, and lots 7, 8, and 9 the same rations, respectively, as lots 1, 2, and 3, with bone meal in addition in the proportion of 1 oz. per 100 lbs. live weight. At the beginning of the trial, which covered 45 days, the lots ranged from 197 lbs. in the case of lot 5 to 303 lbs. in case of lot 9. The total gain ranged from 207 lbs. with lot 9 to 275 lbs. with lot 8. The average cost of a pound of gain in all the lots was 2.9 cts. According to the author, gains were made most economically when the ration of grain to milk was about 1:3. In the third test, which was made with 8 lots of 4 pigs each and covered 65 days, the most economic gains, costing 2.7 cts. per pound, were made with lot 3, when corn meal and skim milk were fed in a proportion of 1:6.7. The most expensive gains, costing 3.9 cts. per pound, were made with lot 6, fed corn meal and skim milk, 1:2.3. The average gain ranged from 107 lbs. with lot 7 (fed grain to skim milk 1 : 6.8) to 133 1))S. with lot 3. The total weight of tlie 8 largest pigs at the beginning of the trial was 663 lbs. ; the total gain was 632, or 95 per cent of their weight at the beginning. At the beginning of the trial the 8 smallest pigs weighed 465 lbs., and gained 578 lbs., or 124 per cent of their weight at the beginning. In other words, the larger gains were made by the smaller pigs. "The most profitable returns from pigs are usually secured by turning them off when they reach a weight of from 150 to 175 lbs." The fourth test, which covered 74 days, was made with 6 lots of 6 pigs each, the ratio of grain to skim milk in the ration ranging from 1 :2.4 with lot 2 to 1 : 8.2 with lot 3. The grain ration consisted of corn meal or corn meal and wheat mid- dlings, 4 : 1. For a part of the test a ration of corn meal, beet-sugar molasses, and skim milk, 2:3:5, was fed to lot 2. After 3 days 2 of the pigs died, apparently from poisoning, as was shown by a post-mortem examination. Two pigs were added to the lot in place of these, and after the bad effects of the molasses had been overcome the lot was included in the test proper. Considering the test as a whole, the cheapest gains, costing 3.2 cts. per pound, were made on corn meal and skim milk, 1 : 2.5, with bone meal in addition, the most expensive gains costing 4.4 cts. per ponnd on corn meal and skim milk, 1 :6.6. The fifth test was made with 5 lots of 6 pigs each and covered 75 days. Lot 2 was ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1081 fed corn meal and skim milk, 1:3, the other lots grain and skim milk, 1:6, the grain ration consisting of corn, ext'ei)t in the ease of lots 4 and f), when corn meal and wheat middlings, 4:1, were fed. Lots 3 and 5 received some bone meal in addition to the other materials. All the lots were fed large amonnts from the start. The cheapest gain, costing 4 cts. per pound, was made )>>■ lot :>, the most exjjensive, costing 5.1 cts. per pound, by lot 5. In this and all the tests the live weight and dressed weight were compared. "Asa result of 5 yeai-s' work it is found that most economic returns are secured with skim milk when corn meal- is the grain used. The proportion of corn meal to skim milk may be varied without apparently affecting results. In no case shoihl the amount of skim milk fed be greater than the ))igs can (piickly and easily consume." The value of corn, skim milk, and whey for fattening swine, A. M. SouLE and J. R. Fain {Tenncxsee Slu. Bui., Vul. AT, No. J, pji. 16, J'kjs. G). — During a period of tiO days the possibility of feeding pigs under local conditions was tested with 3 lots of 3 and 1 lot of 2 grade animals. Lot 1 was fed corn meal mixed with water, lot 2 the same grain mixed with skim nulk. Lot 3 was fed skim milk and corn meal at first, and later whey, corn meal, and wheat meal. Lot 4 was fed skim milk, cowpea hay, and corn meal. The attempt was made to feed lot 3 some sor- ghum silage in addition to the ration noted, but as only .5 lbs. was eaten in 15 days, it was discontinued. At the beginning of the test all the pigs weighed some 145 lbs. each. In 60 days the average daily gain iter i)ig in the 4 lots was, res[)ectively, 1, 2.3, 2.2, and 2 lbs. The corresponding cost of a pound of gain was 3.9, 4.2, 3.4, and 5.2 cts. Lot 1 required 4.6 lbs. of grain per pound of gain. Lot 2 required 2.2 lbs. of grain and 11.2 lbs. of skim milk. Similar values for lot 3 were 1.7 lbs. corn meal, 0.4 lb. wheat meal, 2.5 lbs. skim milk, and 8.5 lbs. whey. Lot 4 required 2.9 lbs. of corn meal, 1 lb. chopped cowpea hay, and 12.5 lbs. of skim milk. As shown by slaughter tests the food had a marked effect on the carcass, the dressed weight in the 4 lots being 73.6, 78.5, 76.2, 77.4 per cent, respectively, of the live weight. Rating pork at 5.5 cts. per pound, the authors calculate that coi'u meal was worth 66.7 cts. per bushel and skim milk 28.3 cts. per hundred pounds. Accord- ing to the authors the exjieriments indicate that pig feeding can he made {)rotital)le on Tennessee farms, that ordinarily enough feed is wasted on the farm to fatten a number of pigs, " that intelligent methods of feeding bring a fair profit, and that the farmer sliould ordinarily iinish his own animals, as they will then l)ring the highest market prices." Market classes of horses, G. M. Rommkl {V. S. Depl. Agr., Btircax of .\rnmal InduMrtj Bui. 37, pp. 32, ]iU. 12). — The condition of the horse market in recent years and at the present time is sjxjken of. The author also discusses the general essentials of market horses, paying special attention to the different classes. Of these the more important are draft animals and harness and saddle horses. It is stated that the bulletin consists cliiefly of information gathered from breeding establishments, horse markets, and hunt cIuIjs. Report of manager of poultry department, W. R. CiK.vnAM ((hilorio Ayr. Col. and Expl. Funn Itpt. luoi, pp. 1 12-124, .fig>^- 20). — Brief statements are made con- cerning the j)oultry kept during the year at the Agricultural College, *he eggs pro- duced, and the chickens hatched. Feeding tests are also reported. On an average the eggs produced by 2 lots of 12 Barred Plymouth Rock hens during May, June, and Jul)' cost 6.32 cts. per dozen; those produced by the same number of .\ndalusians, 5.38 cts. per dozen. In each case a cock was kept with the hens, and l)oth lots were given the same care and were fed similar rations. Different grain rations were tested with chickens fed in coops for periods of 2 weeks. The following table sunnnarizes the results obtainetl. In the case of ration 1082 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. No. 2 the figures quoted represent the average of 2 trials, in all other cases of 3 trials, with lots contahiing 12 chickens each: Comparative merits of grain, rations for chickens. Rations. Ration No. 1: Corn meal, shorts, pearl oat dust, ani- mal meal, 5 : 4 : 1 ; 1 Ration No. 2: Corn meal, ground buckwheat, pearl oat dust, 2 : 2 : 1 Ration No. 3: Corn meal, ground buckwheat, pearl oat dust, 2:1:1 Ration No. 4: Corn meal, pearl oat dust, 2:1 Ration No. 5: Pearl oat dust Average weight of lot at beginning. Pounds. 47 48.3 47.5 48 48.2 Total gain in two weeks. Pounds. 11.5 15.8 11.7 9.3 12.8 Grain eaten per pound of gain, a Pounds. 3.3 2.6 3.4 4.3 3.0 Cost of a pound of gain. Cents. 3.91 3.46 4.61 6.75 4.84 a In every case an amount of milk j>ractieally equal to the grain was also eaten. According to the author, ration No. 1 was economical, but it was objectionable since it had a tendency to produce yellow flesh, which is regarded as undesirable in the best local markets. Ration No. 2 was regarded as the most palatable and pro- duced fine, white flesh at a moderate cost. Ration No. 3 was similar to No. 2, except that it contained more corn meal and hence was less suitable for warm weather. The author notes that it produced a somewhat cream-colored flesh. Ration No. 4 was regarded as the least satisfactory of all. On account of the excess of corn it was not palatable and was undesirable for warm-weather feeding. When oats are moderate in price, ration No. 5 is regarded as satisfactory. Tests were also made with chickens of different weights to learn the comparative merits of different methods of feeding. Each lot contained 12 chickens, the average weight of the chickens in the different lots ranging from 2.75 to 4.33 lbs. at tiie l)egin- ning of the trial. In 24 days the greatest gain, 22.75 lbs., was made by the lot fed in fattening crates for 2 weeks from a trougli and for 10 days with a cramming machine. These chickens averaged 4.33 lbs. each at the beginning of the trial. The cost of a pound of gain was 5.68 cts. and the selling price 11 cts. per pound. The smallest gain, 9.75 cts., was made by the lot fed in a pen, each chicken having a floor space of about 5 sq. ft. The average weight of the chickens in this lot at the beginning of the trial was 2.75 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain 7.78 cts., and the selling price 9 cts. per pound. Considering the results as a whole, the author concludes that chickens weighing 3.5 lbs. are most desirable for fattening purposes; that the practice of fat- tening in crates is to be commended, and that by using a cramming machine a chicken can be finished and given a finer appearance when dressed than when fed in the ordinary way. "It was also shown that the crated birds, and those fed by the machine in addition, were far more profitable than those fed loose. Some experiments have also been conducted where a supply of roots was added to the grain ration. The results thus far obtained seem to indicate that there is no advantage in feeding roots. Potatoes, however, give an extra amount of gain in flesh, and at a moderate cost may be regarded as an economical food." Brief statements are made concerning the ducks raised during the year. When 10 weeks old Pekin ducks dressed 5.5 lbs., Rouens 4.5 lbs., and Indian Runners 4 lbs. According to the author the Pekin ducks gain more rapidly than the others. The Rouen ducks are as large when mature, but grow more slowly. The Indian Runner ducks are a small breed, but lay remarkably well. A test was briefly reported on forcing young ducks from the seventh to the tenth week by feeding them with a cramming machine. According to the author this showed that a "duck will DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1083 eat as nmch of its own freo will as we wert' able to -rive it l>y the niaeliine. '{'he results iiiijrlit be very different with older ducks." Poultry west of the Rockies, F. R. Ci.kwkttk ( /.(« .Inyf/t-.sv Author, i:)0^,pp. l.'S, Jigs. 6).—\ treatise on poultry raising; with special reference to local conditions. The experience of a nuinln'r of individuals is included. Chinese incubators, G. D. Brili. {U. S. Dept. Ayr., Bureau of Animal Iiuliistr;/ Rpl. 1900, pp. 347-253, ph. 3, figs. 3).—iV descriptive article on incul»ators and the manau;einent of chickens and ducks in China. International live stock exposition of 1900 ( T. ,S'. Ihpt. Agr., Bureau of Ani- mal lnure milk supply is emphasized and a plan for the improvement of market milk some- what similar to one already in operation in several cities is fully outlined. "A res]ionsible bodj'- of citizens who are interested in an improved milk supply, and having the confidence of the community, should be organized as a milk (com- mission, to have full control of the work proposed. The commission should select and secure the advice and assistance of four experts — a veterinarian, a physician, a bacteriologist, and a chemist — all more or less familiar with the conditions and possi- bilities on dairy farms. The commission should send to each dairyman who supjdies milk to the city a circular naming all the i)articu]ar conditions which should l)e found on every farm where milk is produced for city use, and announcing that when any dairyman ncjtities the commission that he is fully conforming to the conditions specified, or endeavoring to do so, his dairy will be inspected; and, if it is found to comply in letter and spirit to all the requirements, his name will be placed upon an 'approved' list and he will receive an official indorsement in the form of a certifi- cate . . . which he can use in any proper manner to assist in securing new trade." The proposed measure is entirely voluntary on the part of the dairyman. The personnel and duties of the milk commission and other features of the plan are discussed and a set of requirements suitable for incorporation in an agreement between the dairyman and the commission is given. An account is also given of dairies under similar supervision in Philadelphia and New York City, circulars of information, forms of reports, etc., used in each case being given in appendixes. The author discusses under methods of purifying milk the removal of dirt and bac- teria by centrifugal separation and the use of filters, the prevention of bacterial growth by the use of antiseptics and cold, sterilization and pasteurization of milk, etc. "Upon the whole, the expediency of pasteurization as well as stc^rilization of milk, except in special and exceptional cases, may be considered doubtful." On the increase in the fat content of milk during the same milking, M. Skov (MdlkrritiiL, 14 {1901), No. 4S, pp. 7S9-794). — The evening milk from one cow in advan(;ed lactation was sepa.'ated into 13 portions and the morning milk into 17 portions, and the fat content of the different samples was determined. The former series of samples increased from 0.7 to 8.9 per (;ent, and the latter from 0.7 to 9.6 per cent. The author finds that the results of fat determinations in different portions of the same milking show 4 periods. In the first, consi.sting of 2 or 8 samples, the milk contains less than 1 per cent of fat. In the next 2 sami)les there is a sudden rise m the fat content. In the following 8 or 10 samples the fat content is (juite uniform, being somewhat above normal. In the last sample taken there is a sharp rise in the fat content of 4 or r-i per cent. Experiments with several fresh cows showed similar results, except that tlie third interval was .somewhat longer. Extremes of 0.8 jier 1084 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cent of fat in the first portion of a milking and IS per cent in the last jwrtion were repeatedly olwerved. Portions of the four different parts of the niilkings mentioned were coUeeted sei)a- rately until enough cream was secured tomake churnings, and the l)nttcrfat obtained in each case was examined by the Reichert and Iluebl methods, and for refractive index. The Reichert numbers found did not differ materially, and but small differ- ences were observed in the iodin absorption numbers and the refractive indexes for the 4 samples, the former being 38.4, 39.7, 39.2, and 38.2 forsamples 1 to4, respec- tively, and the latter 52.6, 53, 53, and 52.5. — f. w. woll. The dairy maid's book, N. Oedegaard (BudeHjogen. C'hrisiiania, Xortray, 190^, 2. I'd., pp. 00). — A prize essay on the feeding and handling of dairy stock, written especially for dairy maids {Budeier). — f. w. woll. Successful dairying, J. Klein ( Erfolgreiche MUchivirtschaft. Berlin: Pmd Parey, 1903, pp. 3.->S, Juj.^. 95). The liberation of volatile sulphid from milk on heating, L. F. Rettoer {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 6 {1902), No. 6, pp. 450-457).— The author finds, in confirma- tion of the observations of Niemann and Oppenheimer, that sulphid is given off on heating normal milk above 85° C. This is believed to be in all probability hydrogen sulphid, and to be due to the partial decomposition of the milk proteids. The amount of sulphur liberated was very small, l)ut was sufficient to be easily recognized by the blackening of lead acetate ])aper and lead acetate cotton as well as of the decoloration of dilute potassium permanganate solution. As might be expected from the low content of proteids, pure milk yielded much less of the volatile sulphid than whole milk, while skim milk when perfectly fresh gave off more sulphid. Alkalis and alkaline-reacting phosphates were found to facilitate this decomposition of the proteids, while acids and acid-reacting phosphates retarded it. Hence the amount of sulphid liberated depends largely on the reaction of the milk. ' ' What part this liberation of sulphid may take in rendering milk injurious is a question of practical significance. The reaction is in itself conclusive evidence that the milk suffers a change in composition. The important question arises: 'Does sterilization and pasteurization render it injurious for prolonged use?' There is some evidence that scurvy in infants results from the use of milk sterilized l)y boil- ing. May this result be connected with alterations in the proteids, permitting the liberation of volatile sul]>hid?" On the thermal death point of tubercle bacilli, B. Bang {Mdlkeritid., 14 {1901), No. 42, pp. 677-679). — Experiments were made with tuberculous milk heated in a closed metal vessel, through the cover of which a thermometer was inserted. The apparatus was kept in a deep water bath of constant temperature and shaken steadily so as to insure a uniform heating of all particles of milk. Tuberculous milk heated to 60° C. for 1 minute or less caused pnjnounced tul)erculosis by inoculation into the abdominal cavity of rabbits. Milk kept at 60° for 5 minutes also caused tuberculosis, but to a less extent. Heating for 15 minutes reduced the effect still more, only half the number of animals becondng tuberculous. Milk heated to 65° for a moment caused a rather slight, but still recognizable tuberculosis. On heating at 65° for 5 minutes the bacilli were killed. The same result followed heating for a moment to 70, 75, 80, and 85°. Feeding experiments with milk heated to 60° for 2 minutes gave negative results. In case of continuous pasteurization the author considers 80° the lowest safe tem- perature for destroying tubercle bacilli, and believes that the Danish pasteurization law maj' be modified without danger to allow j)asteurization at this tcmi)erature in creameries, the Storch color test (E. S. R., 10, j). 384) being used to ascertain whether the skim milk has actually been exposed to this temperature. — f. w. woll. Report of the professor of dairying, H. H. Dean {Ontario Ayr. Col. and E.vpt. Farm RpA. 1901, pp. 44-55).- — Experiments in cheese and butter making are reported and a record is given of the dairy herd for the year ended November 30, 1901. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1085 Experiments in the care of milk for cheese making led to the following conclu- sions: "Aeration of milk without cooling below 70° is not sniricient to prevent milk from i)econiing overripe during the night in hot weather. Cooling night's milk to a temperature below 70° is necessary in order to have the milk reacli the cheese factory in a condition suitable for the manufacture of good cheese. Cooling to 50° and the addition of a culture to control flavor has not yet proved entirely satisfactory." In each of 12 experiments during May and July from 600 to 1,500 lbs. of milk was divided into 2 lots, to one of which ^ oz. of rennet per 1,000 lbs. of milk was added at a temperature of m° and the curd cooked to 9.S°, and to the other lot 5 oz. of rennet per 1,000 ll)s. of nulk was added at a temperature of S2° and tlu' curd cooked to 94°. " The use of an extra amount of rennet and the adoption of lower tempera- tures than is customary for renneting and cooking gave an increased yield of cheese, but as cured in an cmlinary curing room it developed too much acid, and the quality was inferior. In the one trial where cheese was cured in cold storage, the quality of the cheese yvas equally good, and there w'as a gain in the amount of cheese produced equal to about 1^ lbs. per 1,000 lbs. milk." AVashing curds in experiments during 1901 caused a loss on an average of about 1 lb. of cured cheese per 100 ll)s. of curd. There was little difference in the quality of the cheese from washed and unwashed curds. In eacli of 16 experiments during May and June 2 cheeses were made from the same lot of milk, one of which was cured in a well-lighted room at an average tem- perature of 64.6° and an average percentage of moisture of 79.3, anrl the other in a dark room at an average temperature of 66° and a percentage of moisture of 76.4. There was little difference as regards loss of weight in curing, quality of cheese, and amount of mold between the cheese cured in the light and in the dark rooms. In a series of experiments cheeses were placed in cold storage at 40° fresh from the press and after being kept 1, 2, and 3 weeks in an ordinary curing room. One cheese in each experiment was also cured in the ordinary way at (55°. The details of the experiments are to be published later in bulletin form when the work is com- pleted. "We may anticipate these results by saying that, so far as the work has gone, it indicates that cheese may be cured at a temperature of 40°, in about 3 to 4 months' time, and that the quality of cheese cured in cold storage is superior to that cured at ordinary temperatures. The results also indicate that tlie sooner the cheeses are placed in cold storage after being made, esi^ecially in hot weather, the better the quality of the cheese, and the less loss by shrinkage." In experiments in butter making 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 jier cent of j)ure culture was added to the cream. The comparison showed that with 5 per cent of cultui-e the cream ripened in alxtut 15 hours and with 25 per cent in about 5 hours. The highest average score for flavor was obtained l)y ripening at a low temperature with the smallest amount of culture. Several different pure cultures were compared in another series of experiments. A culture prepared at the station with a mixture of whole milk, skim milk, and buttermilk gave no better results than one prepared with skim milk alone. Experiments to determine the effect of different methods of making butter upon the content of moisture and salt are briefly reported and summarized as follows: "There was very little difference in the average moisture and salt content of butters churned at temj)eratures between 44 and 5.S°. Butter churned into lumjts hatl the lowe.st moisture content, and that in tine grains the lowest salt content. The lots churned into the size f)f corn grains had Injth the highest moisture and highest salt content of any in the series. The moisture and salt content was about the same when washed with water at temperatures between 40 and 60°. The same is true of samples washed once and twice, other conditions being ecpial. liutters un.salted contained the least moisture and those salterl at the ratc^ of three-ciuarters of an ounce per pound of butter contained the most moisture. The salt content of the 1086 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. finished butter does not appear to liave any constant relation to the amount of salt added to the butter. On the average, more than half the salt applied to the butter passed off in the working. In some determinations of the moisture pressed out by working, it was found to contain from 23 to 24.5 per cent salt. . . . The butters made from unpasteurized milk had a higher pereentage of moisture than those made by pasteurizing at from 140 to 160°, less than the lots pasteurized at 186°, and about the same as those made by heating the milk to 195° before separating." Notes are given on tests of the "Virginia Cattle Food" and the Columbia air churn, on the milk supply of the college dairy, and on feeding exjieriments with calves. The average yearly production of the 19 cows in the dairy herd was 8,114 lbs. of milk and 283.44 lbs. of fat. The largest yield was 11,379 lbs. of milk and 380.06 lbs. of fat produced by a ]iure-bred Holstein. On the advantages of a lo-w ripening- temperature for cream in butter making-, L. F. Rosengren {Landtmannen, 12 {1901), No. 1, pp. 7-11). — The writer finds that cream may be ripened to advantage below 12° C. in 20 to 22 hours by the addition of 8 per cent of a pure-culture starter. The best arrangement as to tempera- ture of the cream during ripening is to start the ripening process at such a temperature that the cream at the end of the ripening period will have the right temperature for churning. A low ripening temperature was not found less favorable than a high temperature as regards the quality of the butter, while the clean and fresh odor in both ripening vat and churns obtained at the low temperature was very noticeable. It was observed in a number of trials that cream pasteurized at 85° C, and then cooled to 10° C. , afterwards increased 1 to 2° in temperature, irrespective of the room temperature. It is suggested that this increase may be due to a grad ual change taking place in the physical (-ondition of the butter fat, which is accompanied l)y liberation of heat. — F. w. woll. Experiments in butter making- and cheese making-, F. B. Linfield ( Utah Sta. Bui. 7.3, pj). .54, ]>!.'<. 3). — This is the first l)ulletin of the station dealing particu- larly with butter and cheese making and covers work extending over a number of years. Butter making (pp. 5-19). — Average data are given for some 80 tests of 6 makes of power seperators and 22 tests of 2 hand separators from which the conclusion is drawn that "all styles of separators will do close skimming if they are properly run." The tests of the power separators were made in various creameries throughout the State. Suggestions are given for getting the l)est results from a separator. The fat content of skim milk, buttermilk, and whey was determined by the Bab- cock test, using different kinds of bottles aud bj' chemical analysis. The ctimparison showed an average of 0.2 per cent more fat by chemical analysis than l)y the Babcock test with the dou))le-necked bottle. The results of 30 churning tests at creameries and 50 at the station are arranged according to the fat (-ontent of the cream and averaged. "These tests would appear to show that under average conditions, cream testing 30 per cent fat will churn more exhaustively than cream with a low per cent of fat." The results of experiments are noted as showing that the temperature of churning may vary considerably with satis- factory results. In 67 tests with cream showing an acidity of 0.4 to 0.64 per cent, the acidity seemed to have little or no effect upon the exhaustiveness of churning. A preliminary test of the quality of butter made from cows fed on alfalfa as compared with that from cows fed on corn fodder is reported. The Ijutter from cows fed on alfalfa had a higher color and a firmer body than the butter from cows fed on corn fodder. It had a pronounced and peculiar flavor which, however, was not (-onsidered objectionable to those accustomed to it. Method of making Cheddar cheeae (pp. 21-40).— The making of Cheddar cheese is dis- cussed at some length, the prmcipal object l)eing to call attention to points frequently overlooked bv cheese makers. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 1087 Experlmenffi in rhecKe makhuj (pp. 41-51). — Data are given for 165 trials showing the yield of cheese from milk containing from 3.4 to 4.8 per cent of fat. One hun- dred pomidsof milk testing 8.4 per cent of fat made 10.15 lbs. of green cheese, or 2.94 lbs. for each pound of fat in the milk, and 100 lbs. of milk testing 4.8 per cent of fat made 12.09 lbs. of green cheese, or 2.52 lbs. for each poimd of fat in the milk. On an average 100 lbs. of milk made W.'M lbs. of green cheese, or 2.77 ll)s. tor each ]Kmnd of fat in the milk. The loss in weight in cheese cnreercent. Determinations of the soluble nitrogen and the bacterial content of the samples for 112 days showed practically no influence upon the antiseptit; value of the cldoroform due to the different amounts of fat. The germ content was higher than in the preceding series of exi)eriments, l)ut several reasons for this are offered. In one series of experiments with whole milk a comparison was made of the effect of 15 per cent of ether, 3 per cent of chloroform, and a mixture of 2.9 per cent of ether and 2.1 per cent of chloroform upon the activity of enzyms. The increase in soluble nitrogen was more rapid where the ether was used, but the bacterial devel- opment, consisting almost entirely of one kind, was also greater. "This experience has made us slow to accei)t as trustworthy any results obtained with the use of ether, when the conditions are not constantly controlled by quantitative examination of the bacterial content." In another series of experiments a similar comparison was made of 4 per cent of chloroform and 0.1 per cent of formalin. The total soluble nitrogen at the end of 152 days averaged 45.62 percent in the formalin series and 60.63 i)er (ent in the chloroform series, showing a greater restraining inlluence of the formalin upon enzym action. The bacterial content in all cases was low. In connection with the last series of experiments the relation between bacteria in the udder and enzyms in the milk was investigated. Jt was lound in additional 1088 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. experiments that the number of bacteria in the stripping^ from different quarters varied greatly, tlie back right quarter showing usually above 500 per cubic centime- ter and the front left quarter less than 100. Determinations at intervals for 105 days showed a corresponding variation in the production of soluble nitrogenous products in the milk from the different quarters. "It may be held that the presence of these bacteria has merely stimulated the production of an extra amount of galactase, but many of these bacteria are able to bring about the liquefaction of gelatin, a fact which suggests that they have played a i)art in enzym formation within the udder. However, it is impossiljle to assign even an approximate value to the work per- formed by bacteria within the udder in the production of their enzyms until we understand the conditions which relate to the normal formation of galactase." Cheese was made from 125 lbs. of milk to which 3.5 lbs. of chloroform had been added, and was ripened under a bell jar in an atmosphere of chloroform. The cheese was found to contain 15 per cent of chloroform'. The composition of the cheese was compared at different intervals with that of a normal cheese cured under ordinary conditions, and with a cheese coated with paraffin to lessen the loss of moisture and make it in that respect similar to the chloroform cheese. The amounts of nitrogen rendered soluble in the 3 cheeses during 15 months after they were taken from the press were, respectively, 27.70, 38.66, and 44.14 per cent of the total nitro- gen. The ripening process in the chloroform cheese was proportionately much slower during the early portion of the period. In a similar experiment 0.2 j)er cent of lactic acid added to the milk increased the ripening process to a marked degree. At the end of 12 months cheese made with chloroform showed 22.60 per cent and cheese made with chloroform and lactic acid 31.65 per cent more soluble nitrogen than when fresh. In each of the above experiments the chloroform cheese was unsalted. In salted cheese made with chloroform and compared with the above the soluble nitrogen formed in 12 months was reduced from 22.60 to 17.20 per cent, and in the chloroform cheese made with lactic acid from 31.65 to 19.65 per cent, showing a restraining influence of salt upon the activity of enzyms. Data are given showing the character of the chemical changes taking place in normal and in chloroform cheese. The following comparison is given: "(1) In the normal cheese at the age of 1 month the amount of amids was 1.8 lbs. for each pound of albumoses and peptones. This ratio increased until at 9 months it was 8.7, nearly 5 times as great as at the end of 1 month. "(2) In the chloroform cheese the amount of amids was not quite one-fourth of the amount of albumoses and peptones at the age of 1 month. The relative amount slowly increased, until at the end of 9 months the amount of amids was nearly equal to that of albumoses and peptones. " (3) In the chloroform cheese no ammonia had aj^peared at the end of 9 months; in the normal cheese nearly 1 per cent of the total nitrogen was present as ammonia at the end of 1 month, and this amount steadily increased." The authors conclude that there is some agent at work in normal cheese which is not active in cheese made with chloroform, and state that their efforts are being directed to the identification of this agent. Conditions affecting- weight lost by cheese in curing, L. L. A"an Slyke {New YcyrJc State Sta. Bui. ^207, pp. 275-305, fig». 6). — A systematic study of this subject has been made at the station for the past 3 years. The curing rooms and the means of controlling temperature and moisture in use at the station are described, as is also the determination of atmospheric moisture by the hygrometer. The chief conditions affecting the loss of weight in cheese during curing, which for practical purposes may be considered as due entirely to the loss of moisture by evap- oration, as stated by the author, are (1) the percentage of moisture originally present in the cheese, (2) the texture of the cheese, (3) the temperature of the curing room, (4) the size and shape of the cheese, and (5) the proportion of water vapor present in the air of the curing room. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1089 Considorablt' ('xjn'tiiiuMital data coiuvriiinK these ronditions arc reported. !t was found that clieese cDiitainiii'j; tlie most water loses the most in weifiht. In one ex- periment clieese containini^ orifjinally 55 per cent of water lost 1H.8 per cent in 4 weeks, while cheese containing ;55 per centof water lost only 5. 7 per cent. Theniore open the textnre of tlu' cheese, the greater the loss of water hy evaporation. An increase in the loss of weitjht follows an increase in the temperature of the curing room. In one test reported cheese cured at 55° F. lost 8.1 per cent in weight in 6 months, while cheese cured at 70° under conditions similar in other respects lost 11.1 per cent. In another test cheese cured at 32° lost 3 per cent in weight in 5 weeks, wdiile chee-se cnred at 55° lost 4.H jier cent. Two cheeses 3 and 7 in. in height and uniform in diameter lost, respectively, 17 and 12.4 per cent of moisture in 6 months. Cheeses having diameters of 7 and 15 in. and approximately the same heigiitfl lost, respectively, 13.1 and 10.1 percent of moisture in 6 months when cured at 65°. The results show an increase in the loss of weight corresponding to a decrease in either height or diameter of the cheese. Cheese cured in an atmosphere saturated with moisture gained nearly 2 per cent in weight during 15 months, wliile cheese cured in a room containing 75 to 80° of moisture lost over 11 percent. Many other iliusi rations of the above points are given. The results are discussed in regard to their practical application to dairymen and consumers of cheese. The author considers that cheese should contain not less than 33 per cent of moisture at the time of consumption. In discussing the prevention of loss of moisture in curing cheese the advantages of central curing rooms are pointed out and the construction of special curing rooms in each cheese factory is considered, the description being based upon Wisconsin Station Bulletin 70 (E. S. R., 11, p, 186), from which illustrations are also taken. Some problems in clieese curing, F. H. Hall, L. L. Van Slyke, H. A. Hakd- iNCi, and E. B. Hart {Xcir York State Sta. Bnls. 203, 207, popnlared., pp. IH, ji(j. 1). — A popular summary of ])ulletins 203 and 207 of the station noted above. Assistance offered to creameries and cheese factories, F. C. Harklson {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1901, pp. 77-70). — Brief notes are given on difficulties which have arisen in cheese factories in different parts of the Province. These have included gassy fermentations, bad flavors, and pigment in cheese, a fishy flavor in butter, etc. Dairy products of the Paris Exposition of 1900, H. E. Alvord ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of A)ii))ial Industry Rpt. 1900, pip. 194-232, ph. 6, maps 7).- — A full descriptive account is given of the dairy exhibit at the Paris J^xposition, together with statistical data and other information concerning the dairy industry in the countries represented. A list of awards made to exhibitors of dairy products from the United States is appended. • VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. The historical development of the theory of animal diseases, W. Dikckkr- novv (Die Tlicorie der Thierkrankheiten in ihrer gesehichtUchen Eutirirkehnig. Berlin: August Ifirschwald, 1902, pp. 30). — This pamphlet contains an address delivered in the Veterinary High School at Berlin on the occasion of the recent celebrati(ri/ Rpt. 1900, }>p. 260, 261). — Brief notes on this Congress which was held in Paris from August 10 to 16, 1900. The work of the Congress was conducted in 8 sections devoted to parasitology and the biology of micro-organisms as applied to hygiene. Notes were given on papers which were presented on toxins in preserving meats, on yellow fever, and other subjects. Studies on the content of red blood corpuscles in the blood of domesticated animals, A. Stokcii {Inmuj. Diss., Vnir. Bern, 1901, pji. 52). — The author made an extended series of counts of the number of red blood corpuscles in a given quantity of blood, in the case of different animals. These studies were made by means of improved devices especially designed for this purpose. The average number found in a cubic millimeter of l^lood of different animals in different stages of life is given in tabular form. These statistics cover the different sexes as well as the different ages of domesticated animals. In general it was found that male animals have more red blood corpuscles than female animals. A general belief that new-born and young animals possess relatively more red blood corpuscles than mature animals waa not corroborated, as a whole, for the blood of sheep, goats, and hogs during the first few days of life contain fewer red blood corpuscles than later. The calf possesses a relatively larger number of red blood corpuscles than the mature ])eef animal. The occurrence of metachromatic granules in spore-bearing bacteria, and contributions to the knowledge of the Babes-Ernst corpuscles, E. Krom- PECHER {Centbl. Bakt. n. Par., 1. Aht., SO {1901), Nos. 10, pp. 385-395; 11, pp. 425-428, pis. 7). — In cultures of Bacillus anthracis, B. concentricum, and B. anthracoides on agar, potato, and gelatin, the author demonstrated the presence of granules which were stained bright red with carbol-methylene blue, and retained their color even when the staining solution was raised to a comparatively high temperature. First one granule appears in the central portion of the bacillus; after 2 days the color of the granule is gradually changed from a diffuse rose to an intensive red. Later other granules appear in the central portion of the bacillus, and these granules may considerably increase in number and persist after the cell body of the bacillus is gradually disintegrated. It is l^elieved that these granules are in some manner related to the formation of spores, for the reason that the granules appear among spore-bearing cultures, and that they show a decided resistance to the action of heat. The Babes-Ernst corpuscles may exist in the body of the bacillus at the same time with the granules which are described by the author, but the first-named corpuscles are easily distinguished from the granules by the position of the former in the periph- ery of the body of the bacillus. Babes-Ernst corpuscles were found in spore-bearing bacilli, in B. anthracis and B. alei. According to the author's observations, the Babes- Ernst corpuscles are not distinctly related to the degree of virulence of the bacilli. A classification of forms of hemorrhagic septicaemia, J. I>I(;nieres {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 15 {1901), No. 9, pp. 734-736). — The organisms which produce hemorrhagic septicemia are considered as having a number of characteristics in common. They are not stained by the Gram method, do not liquefy gelatin, and produce acute sep- VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1(191 ticjeniii-lesiony. Tlu-autliorclassilios tlic diseases wliiili .sliould heiiiclink'tl undt'itliiH term into tlie foUowiiif,' ^'r()ui)s: (1 ) The type of fowl cholt'ra wliirli is also coiiiMion to all birds and rabbits; (2) swine plajrue; (.S) hemorrhagic septicieniia of sheep; (4) rattle i)lagne; (a) tyi)hoid fever or iufhieiizaof liorses, inchidiiig its various forms and eomplieations, such as eontagious pleuro-pneumonia and pneumonia-enteritis, and (()) dog distemper. Animal parasitology, M. Ni:veu-Lemaire {Parasitologie unimale. I'aris: Societe iV Editions ,Sc'unllli(jiu:^, lUO-.^, jijt. JK', fu/s. SS). — The author gives a dist-ussion of the life history and habits of the Amccbw and other protozoa, as well as the various tape- worms, trematodes, round worms, nates, myriapods, and insects which are known to bi' constantly or occasionly parasitic in man. A large proportion of the species which are considered are also parasitic in various domesticateil animals. Eleven miscellaneous papers on animal parasites, C. W. 8tii,es, A. H.v.ssall, W. A. Fu-^NKLANO, and Louise Taylek ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau, of Animal Indus- try Bui. 35, pp. 61, pU. 5, fif/K. .3S). — This bulletin contains the following articles: Treatment of round wormn in lilieep, goats, and cattle ( pp. 7-14 ) .- — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 13, p. 593). The disinfection of kennels, pens, and yards by fire (p]). 15-17) . — It l)eing known that the burning of grass on the prairies is sufficient to disinfect pastures of {larasitic nematodes, it is recommended that pens and yards in zoological parks be periodically burned over at intervals of 10 to 30 days by means of a cyclone burner, such as was used Vjy the gypsy-moth commissions of Massachusetts. Brief notes are also given on FAmeria stiedx; species of Pjimeriella; on various par- asites; trematodes parasitic in the human eye; a case of vinegar nA infection in the human bladder; a number of parasitic worms of oriental distribution, which may possibly infest American soldiers in the Philippines; and spurious parasitism due to partially digested bananas. The protozoa as parasites and pathogenic organisms, considered from a biological standpoint, F. Doflein {Die Pvotozoen ah Parasiten and Krankheitser- reger nach biologischcn (Jesichlspunkten dargestellt. Jena: Gustav Fischer, 1901, pp. 274, figs. 220). — In this volume the author discusses the classification of protozoa, parasi- tism, the influence of parasitism upon the parasites, and protozoa as parasites. The greater part of the volume is occupied with a detailed discussion of special groups and species of protozoa which are concerned in producing diseases of animals and plants. Among the more important diseases which are discussed as due to the presence of protozoa are tsetse-fly disease, dourine, surra disease, blood dysentery of cattle, malaria of birds and of man, Texas fever, horse sickness, the pox disease of carp, and silkworm disease. The vokime includes a discussion of a large number of parasitic protozoa of less economic importance and gives details of the structure, life history, and parasitic habits of all species concerned. Full bibliographical refer- ences are given in connection with the different chapters. The Strongylidae in the fourth stomach of domesticated ruminants and the stomach-\7orm diseases, W. Stodter {Die Strongyliden in dem Lahmagen der geziihmten Wiederkduer and die Magenwurmseuche. Hamburg: A. Lefevre, 1901, pp. lOS, ph. 14). — This is an inaugural dissertation, and in it an attempt is made to give a syste- matic monograph of the genus Htrongylus. The author recognizes 7 species of this genus, viz, contortus, ostertagi, cnrticei, harkeri, retortwformis, oncophorus, and filicollis. In addition to the species of Strongylus. the author discusses (Esophagostomum renu- lo.vnn and Monadontus phlebotoinus. In a discussion of the systematic position of these species 10 names are considered, j)art of which are reduced to synonyms of the 9 species which are believed to b(! well defined. Detailed notes are given on the anatomical characters, life history, and injnriouseffects of each species. The prophy- lactic; and therapeutic treatment usually recommended for the various species is also discussed. Experiments were made on >S'. contortus, during which the conclu- 1092 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. sion was reached that this species is not viviparous. A l>it)Hography of 12H titles ia given. Researches on the attachment of certain TJncinariae to the walls of the intes- tines, A. Uiz'Ao {Atti. R. Accad. Lined. CI. Sri. Fis. M [1900), II, No. S, ])p. 107-115, figs. 2). — The author investigated the method of attachment and j)athological effects caused by Uncinaria racliata and V. cernva. He found that tlie first species produces a papilla in the walls of the intestines, at the expense of the submucous connective tissue. The hooks and chitinous teeth with which the worm is provided serve to lacerate the tissue of the intestinal wall. At the point of attachment a con- stant inflammatory reaction is produced, but this effect is not very marked or of great extension. The lesions produced by U. radiata are much more serious than those caused by V. cmuia. Pathological conditions found in meat inspection, D. E. Salmon ( U. >S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Aniinal Industry lipt. 1900, pp. ry2-6-2). — This is an article which was read at the meeting of the American Medical Association held in Atlantic City, N. J., June 5 to 8, 1900. Detailed notes are presented on a number of cattle, sheep, and hogs inspected by the Bureau of Animal Industry, the diseases which were discov- ered during this inspection, and the number of cases condemned. During the 2 years from July 1, 1897, to June 30, 1899, 8,831,927 cattle were inspected. Of this number 19,454 entire carcasses were condemned and 23,10(3 additional carcasses were condemned in part. During the same period 11,110,776 sheep were inspected and 8,394 carcasses were wholly condemned; also 44,841,779 hogs were inspected, and 106,555 carcasses wholly condemned. Of the whole number of cattle carcasses which were condemned 26 per cent were affected with actinomycosis and 36 per cent with tuberculosis; and of those cases in which only parts of the carcass were con- demned, 13 per cent were affected with actinomycosis and 1 per cent with tubercu- losis. The beef cattle which are sent to large abattoirs are remarkably free from tuberculosis, only 1 case in 1,500 or 2,000 being found by inspection for the 2 years. Brief notes are given on a number of other diseases found during inspectioTi. >Special mention may be made of pseudotuberculosis of sheep, nodular tfeniasis, and various animal i)arasites, such as the common tapeworms in their larvel and adult stages, the hydatid disease caused by echinococcus, and trichina. A practical guide to meat inspection, S. Stockman [Nnr York: Willinin. K. Jenkins, 1902, pp. 295, ph. 14, figs. 79) . — This volume, pul^lished as the fourth edition of the text-book of T. Walley, has been rewritten and somewhat enlarged Ijy the edi- tor. The subjects which are discussed in the book include the historical development of meat inspection, the method of inspection, general pathological conditions, post- mortem changes in meat, inflammatory conditions, diseases of the blood, ))acterial diseases, diseases caused ))y animal parasites, unclassed diseases, and food ])Oisoning in man. A brief bibliography of the literature of meat inspection is appended to the volume. Verminous diseases of cattle, sheep, and goats in Texas, C. AV. Stiles ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Animal Industry Rpt. 1900, ])p. 856-379). — An unusual outbreak of disease due to parasitic worms occurred in certain parts of Texas and an investiga- tion of the cause of the trouble was made by the author. The outbreak had already been studied to some extent by Dr. W. Folsetter, and his report on the circumstances of the outbreak, the post-mortem findings, and various treatments which were tried is included in the present article. It was found upon investigation that the cattle and sheep were attacked by a number of parasitic worms in the fourth stomach, intestines, and bronchial tubes, or in all of these organs at the same time. In cattle the fourth stomach was infested in a])out one-third of the cases with Strongylus con- torlus; in some cases hundreds of the parasites were found in a single stomach. S. ostertagi was found in all the cattle which were examined during the second investigation of the matter. This species is smaller than ul<>rlnii. No post-mortem exam- ination was made on *-((y».s' was found in consider- able numbers, while in sheep S. jilaria was found. The author gives a general discussion of the various lines of treatment which have been i>roposed by different authors for lungworms. From the experience of Drs. Folsetter and Knight as well as from that of the author, it is helieved that the value .of tracheal injections in the treatment of lungworms has lieen much overestimated. The use of gasoline exi)elled many intestinal worms hut apparently had no effect on lungworms. Turpentine and oil of cloves al.so gave negative results. In one instance a steer was kept under the influence of chloroform for f hour without produc- ing any effect upon tlie lungworms. In the treatment of intestinal worms various remedies have been recommended, including bluestone, gasoline, coal-tar creosote, thymol, and other substances. In experiments with coal-tar creosote it was found that if the liquid entered the lungs the animal died promptly. When administered carefully, as much as 63 oz. may be given to an adult sheep without fatal results. In the author's experiments sheep treated with this substance showed marked improvement within a few days after receiving a single dose. Tests were made with thymol to determine the proper size of dose to be administered and the effectiveness of the chemical. It was found that as much as 80 to 100 grains may be administered to a sheep and 240 grains to full-grown cattle without causing ill effects. In the author's experiments thymol was administered in solution in alcohol in doses of from 32 to 48 grains. Thymol ajipeared to be unusually effective in destroying intes- tinal worms, but was without effect on tapeworms. The experiments of Theobold indicate that thymol is also of great value in expelling round worms from hogs and horses. Brief notes are given on the various methods of drenching animals, on the life histories of the parasites mentioned, and on measures of preventing infestation by these worms. It is recommended that all affected animals should he immediately separated from the rest of the stock, that pure water should he furnished for drinking l)urposes, and that low, wet pastures should be properly drained in order to remove the conditions which are favorable for the development of the lung ami stoniaeh ^vorms. The cattle ticks (Ixodoidea) of the United States, D. K. Salmon and C. W. Stii.ks f r. S. Dept. Agr., Biuraaof Animal rnda.^trij Rpt. WOO, ]>p. 380-401, pis. Jo,jUjs. 1,'iJ). — The authors give detailed biological and economic notes on the species of cattle ticks Avhich are known to infest cattle in the United States and cm a number of other species which may at any time be imported from neighboring countries. Ixodoidea is accepted as the name of a superfamily containing 2 families, Argasidie and Ixodidte. An analytical table is given for the determination of the species belonging to these families. Thus far 8 species of ticks are reported as infesting cattle in the United States, vi/: Argas minialus, Ornithodoros mcgnini, BoopliUus anmdalus, Derinucentor reliculatus, D. eleclUK, Ixodes ricinus, I. tiexagouus, and AmUgoinma americuuuiii. A general account is given of the anatomy and life history (^f ticks in general. Kach of the 8 species mentioned is described in derail and notes are given on the habit*", life history, and distnlmtion (jf each sjiecies. A hihliography of literature relating to ticks is arranged in alphabetical order and appended to the paper. Texas fever, M. Fkancis {7\'.ias Sta. Bid. GS, pp. (io, Jigs. 10, chiui 1). — In order to oljtain good results from blood inoculation it is necessary to kee]) the cattle free 1302— No. li—0'2 7 1094 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. from ticks until they recover from inoculation fever. This may be accomplished ])y confining the animals in a small pasture in which it is known that the ticks are exterminated. The best time of the year for importing Northern cattle is between November and March, for the reason that the inoculation fever is less severe during cool weather. The most suitable subjects for inoculation are young cattle from 10 to 16 months of age. Sucking calves sometimes endure several inoculations without serious results, but weaned calves from 4 to 6 months of age (jften develop serious symptoms during inoculation fever and lose flesh and strength to an excessive degree. The practice of the author is to vaccinate cattle for blackleg inunediately on arrival; about 2 days later they are inoculated for Texas fever. The ))lood f(jr this jiurpose is usually taken from a 2-year-old immune animal carrying a reasonalile number of ticks. The first injection of blood should be small — from i to 2 c-c, or 1 cc. as a ■standard size. During the period of inoculation fever the animals should be well- fed on a nutritious diet. The inoculation fever appears after from '8 to 10 days and persists for from 4 to 8 days. The fever usually terminates about 20 days after inoculation. At this time the temperature may fall rapidly and may become sub- normal. Deaths frequently occur at this period if animals are neglected. When the temperature falls too low stimulants should be administered. A secondary period of fever may begin aliout 30 days after inoculation, and persist for 8 to 10 days. It is similar to the first and in calves may be as severe as the primary fever. A third period of fever may appear in from 37 to 46 days. Recovery usually takes place about 60 days after inoculation and animals should not be allowed to become infested with ticks before that time. If the inoculation fever is severe a second dose will not be necessary; the animals may simply be subjected to gradual infestation with ticks. Where second inoculation is resorted to it shoukl be made about 67 days after the first inoculation, and the size of dose should be about 1 cc. During 2 years 1,251 animals have been inoculated at the Texas Station, and of this number 116, or 9.21 per cent, died. This may be accepted as a fairly approximate estimate of the death rate. The greater part of the bulletin is occupied with a detailed history of the inoculation fever in various animals upon which experiments were made. Xiive stock sanitary service {Missouri Slate Bel. Agr. Rjit. 1900, pp. 24-30). r--^- brief account of the State veterinary law with reference to quarantine and control of contagious diseases of live stock. Especial attention is given to immunization of cattle against Texas fever, and to control of tuberculosis among cattle. Immunizing' pure-bred cattle against Texas fever for the Southern trade, J. W. CoNNAWAY {MiMoiiri state BiL Agr. Rpf. 1900, ]>p. ■?.%5-262).—Thv author gives a general account of the experiments in progress at the Missouri station in the improvement of practical methods for imnuinizing cattle against this disease^. Missouri quarantine proclamations [Missouri Stnte Bd. Agr. Ilpt. 1900, pp. ■371-3S0). — A statement of the regulations adopted in the State with reference to the control of Texas fever and tuljerculosis. The relation of bovine tuberculosis to that of man and its significance in the dairy herd, H. W\ Conn {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 23, jip. 1-8). — This article contains a general discussion of the present attitude of investigators concerning the relationship between human and bovine tuberculosis. As the result of Koch's investigations, it has become apparent that the danger of transmission of the disease from animals to man or from man to animals has perhaps been exaggerated. The seriousness of tuberculosis in dairying, however, is as great as ever, and it is urged that the precautions which have hitherto been taken in preventing the spread of the disease among dairy cows >ihouid not be abandoned. Transmission of tuberculosis, S. Bieler {Chron. Agr. Ca>iton ]'au(l, 14 {1901), No. 19, pp. 467-471). — This is a controversial article occasioned by Koch's announce- ment of the differences between bovine and human tuberculosis. The position is taken that it is highly improper to abandon the various sanitary methods which are VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1095 alreaily in operation for im'vt'ntinir the tran,«misf:ion of tuberculof^is from man to animals or animals to man. Summary of results of experiments with tuberculous cows, C. S. Phelps {Coivirdicut Storrx Sta. Jiiil. ^,i, jip. 9-^0). — The facts and (•iinclnsions contained in this article have been previously pnblished in essentially the same form. (¥.. S. R. 1?., ).. 99:;. •) The bacillus of tuberculosis, K. A. dk Schweinitz [V. S. Depl. Agr., Bureau of Ani)iial Iiahixlnj Jipt. H/00, jip. ^6::!-^80). — This paper was read l)efore the section of bacteriology and parasitology of the Thirteenth International Medical Congress held in Pf-ris August 4 to 10, 1900. The author gives a general discussion of the source of infection with tuberculosis, varieties of tubercle bacilli, distributi(jn and diagnosis of the disease, bovine tuberculosis, the relationship between bovine and human tuber- culosis, and the treatment of the disease. On the last-named subject the author mentions details concerning various forms of treatment which have reeentlj' been advised for controlling tuberculosis in man. The free distribution of blackleg vaccine, V. A. NoK(i.\.\Kn [V. S. Dept. Agr., Burenii uf Anhnul Lidiifftnj Rpt. i: 00, pp. 35-51, figs. 4)- — During the fiscal year 1900 the Bureau of Animal Industry prepared and distributed 1,076,150 doses of blackleg vaccine among 6,142 stockmen in 40 States and Territories. The region which is worst infected with blackleg is the area between the ]\Iissi.ssippi River and the Rocky Mountains, extending from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Among the Eastern States Virginia seems to be the only one in which the disease prevails to a serious extent. The disease has gradually increased in extent since stockmen began to improve native breeds and replace them with modern breeds of a less active nature and of a decreased resisting power to disease. Reports were received from 1,980 cattle owners, concerning 369,258 head of stock. The total amount of loss from vac- cination was 0.69 per cent, but allowing for mistakes in vaccination, the loss is esti- mated at 0.55 per cent. Quotations are given from a number of letters written l)y jirominent stockmen who used blackleg vaccine to a greater or less extent. The Thirteenth International Medical Congress, E. A. de Schweixitz {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Auunal Industry Rpt. 1000, pp. 254-359). — A brief report of the proceedings of this Congress which met in Paris in August, 1900. During the sessions of the Congress more than 6,000 physicians from different countries were present, and the United States was third on the list in the number of members. Brief notes are given on some of the more important papers which were read during the meetings; these include discussions of toxins and antitoxins, tuberculosis, and malaria. On the morphology of the anthrax bacillus, A. Hixterbekgek {Centhl. Ikikt. n. Par.. 1. Aht., SO {1001), Xo. 11, j)j>. 417-424, pi l,fi(l- !)■ — The author was able to demonstrate clearly the capsule of the anthrax bacillus, by means of the silver- staining method of Van Ermengem. The clear double contour lines of the capsule, Avhen treated in this manner, indicate that the capsule is to be considered an integral part of the bacillus and not a product of treatment by artificial methods. Besides the well-known capsule of the anthrax bacillus, the author described a much larger and broailer membrane, of less definite character. The latter membranes are not pro- duced l»y swelling of the capsule i)roper, l)ut seem to be a distinct part or organ of the body of the bacillus. An elaborate method was devised for the demonstration of threads connected with the body of the anthrax bacillus. AVhile it was not definitely determined by the author that these threads in all instances stand inorganic union with the bacillus, the evidence points in that direction, and it is suggested l)y the author that the threads should be called mycelia and treated as homologous with the mycelia, or vegetative portion of higher fungi. Does the anthrax bacillus form spores under strictly anaerobic condi- tions? R. Si.LPSKi ( ( •< nthl. linkt. u. Par., 1. Aht. ,30 (1901 ), Xo. 10, pp. 390-400, figs. 2).— The author givesadetailed description ol an apparatus for securing al)Solutely anaerobic 1096 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. conditions for making the cultures of bacteria. At first anthrax haciUus grew hixu- riantlyand formed spores in some cases. Upon examination, liowever, it was found that this was due to a defect to the apparatus, which had allowed oxygen to enter. After the defects were remedied no spores were formed. The anthrax bacilli which were cultivated under such conditions, grew out in long threads and showed a gran- ulur disintegration. Influence of alcohol on the natural immunity of pig-eons to anthrax and on the course of anthrax infection, 8. J. Goldberg {CenlU. Bakt. u. Par., 1. Abt., 30 {1901), Xos. IS, pp. 69G-700; 19, pp. 731-741)- — A critical review is given of the litera- ture relating to physiological and toxic effects of alcohol, especially as demonstrated in the treatment of diseases. In order to determine the influence of alcohol upon immunity to infectious diseases and upon the course of such diseases, the author tried experiments on pigeons in their relation to anthrax. The general results of the experiments may be summarized as follows: Pigeons, which are naturally immune to anthrax, succumbed to inoculation with anthrax as soon as moderate or large doses of brandy were administered. Chronic alcohol intoxication was found to cause a considerable decrease in the natural resisting power of pigeons toward anthrax. Small doses of alcohol given along with fatal doses of anthrax cuhure for the purpose of determining its possiljle therapeutic effect showed that alcohol has no true thera- peutic Value in the treatment of this disease and that many of the pigeons which were given alcohol died sooner than those wliich were not so treated. The geographical distribution of actinomycosis of cattle in Bavaria, J. MiTTELDORF {IiKiug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1901, jyp. SO, pi. i).— The author made a care- ful survey to determine the distribution and relative frequency of this disease in various parts of Bavaria. The distribution is discussed in connection with a map of 4 colors, showing localities in which cattle are infested to the extent of from' 0.01 to 0.09 per cent, from 0.1 to 0.9 per cent, from 1 to 2.9 per cent, and from 3 to 12 per cent, respectively. No differences were observed in susceptibility of native and pure ])red races of various sorts to the disease. The highest percentages of infestation are observed in moist, swampy localities. Of the 3,621 ca.ses of actinomycosis upon which notes are made in this dissertation, 75.5 per cent occurred in the head and neck, 23.3 in the tongue, 0.77 per cent in the abdomen, 0.05 per cent in the udder, 0.24 per cent in hogs, and 0.11 per cent in horses. Coli bacteria and the common bacteria of mammitis in cows, H. Streit {Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1901, pp. 4S). — The author made culture .studies of 12 races of coli bacteria and 9 of ordinary mammitis bacteria. The original cultures were obtained from a great variety of sources. Details are given concerning the culture of these different bacterial forms Irom various culture media. It was found during the author's investigations that the most frequent bacteria observed in mammitis of cows belong to the coii group. They occur in various forms which are peculiar to this group, the greatest number belonging to typical coli races. Other forms are found intermediate between these and aerobic forms. The character of different races undergoes important modifications by long-continued culture. By this means one form may be modified into a form which may be considered as belonging to another race. According to the author's investigations the bacteria of mammitis are frequently found in the intestines, and it is believed that they most frequently make their way into the udder from this point by means of the circulation and from the outside world through the milk openings. Spotted kidney in calves, K. Vaerst {Lkukj. Diss., Umv. Bern, 1901, pp. 21, Jigs. il').— The literature on the sul)ject is reviewed, in connection with a short bibliogra- phy. Tables are presented showing the weight, length, breadth, thickness, and number of spots in the kidneys showing this affection. Great differences of opinion have prevailed regarding the cause of spotted kidney, and the fitness of such kidneys for food. Experiments made by the author showed that no infectious material was VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 1097 contained in t^iu-h kidnoys, ami it is concluded that the white spots in these kidneys are embryonic tissue which has not undergone the usual nioditications. Affected kidneys are not only harudess, but tests indicate that the flavor of spijtted kidneys is better than that of normal kidneys. Salt sickness, H. E. STocKHiunGE (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 43-54, ph. 4). — For a number of years complaints were made of the prevalence of a disease known as "salt sickness" in various parts of the State. The subject was investigated by the author, in connection with W. E. French and J. E. Ennis. As the result of these investigations it was found that so-called salt sickness was not a disease, but merely a condition of starvation due to animals being confined on poor i)asture, consisting of dry wire grass and other inferior vegetation. When the animals Avere properly fed or changed to good range or pasture they uniforndy rei-overed. Lead ore in sugar-beet pulp, J. A. Widt.soe and L. A. Merrill ( Vlnli Stn. Bui. 74, pp. 5-5->J2). — Complaints having been made at the station concerning disease and death among cattle eating sugar-beet pulp, an investigation of the subject was made with the result that the trouble was found to be due to lead ore in the pulp. The freight cars in which tlie sugar-beet pul^j was shipped had been previously used for trans- porting lead ore and had not been cleaned. As a result sufficient quantities of ttie lead ore were shoveled out along with the pulp to cause the death of a number of cattle. The material which was found in the sugar-beet pulp proved on analysis to be mainly sulphid of lead with an admixture of sulphid of injn. A faint trace of rasenic was also present, but no copper or other poisonous metals were found. The symptoms of the animals poi-soned with these substances are descril)ed. Affected cattle first refused to drink, then withdrew from the herd and laid down with the head drawn toward the flank. Constipation was uniformly present. There was loss of control of the voluntary muscles and an increased quantity of saliva was observed. The mineral substances already mentioned were found lodged against the sides of the stomachs on post-mortem examination. Three ounces of lead ore were obtamed from a piece of the first stomach 6 in. square. The desirability of having freight cars cleaned before being loaded with sugar-beet pulp is suggested. As treatment for leap. 50i-.5a?).— Statistics are presented showing the great prevalence of sheep seal) in different parts of Germany since the year 1879. The methods which have been recommended for treating the disease are considered as defective in many par- ticulars. In general, 2 forms of treatment have Ijeen adopted — the hand treat- ment ])y smearnig insecticilace the bursa may be cut open and removed, in which case the wound will require dailv treatment for aljout 2 weeks. A bibliography of 62 titles is appended to the dissertation. The constant occurrence of pathogenic micro-organisms, especially the bacillus of swine erysipelas, in the tonsils of pigs, C. Baiekmeister [Inaag. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1901, pp. .58). — The author's studies were made largely upon mate- rial obtained while practic-ing meat inspection in the aliattoir at Hanover. It was fouird that the tonsils of pigs almost always contain pathogenic organisms, especially the bacillus of swine erysipelas. The organisms were for the most part found in the / ducts of the tonsilar glands and those of the soft palate. It was frequently observed that stiff portions of food, such as crushed and split grains, etc., had become inserted into the ducts of these glands or into the tissue of the tonsils, in some cases causing slight lesions. The penetration of these foreign bodies furnishes excellent condi- tions for pathogenic organisms to obtain a foothold in such locations. Inoculation experiments upon various experimental animals showed that the micro-organisms found in such places are pathogenic. The most interesting fact in connection with the bacillus of swine erysijielas is that this organism was found in a large })ercentage of the perfectly healthy pigs. Under ordinary circumstances it does not seem to spread from the tonsils so as to cause a general infection, but it is believed that its frequent occurrence there may account for many outbreaks of this disease which have been observed where the method of mfection could not be determined. VETERINARY SCIENCE AND PRACTICE. 10^9 Apoplectiform septicaemia in chickens, V. A. XoK(i.\AHD luid J. K. Mohlkr ( r. N. lki>t. A(jr., Bureau of Animal Indu^^lri/ liul. 36, pp. 24, ph- 4).— An acute and fatal t-hicken disease occurred ou a farm in Virginia and cauf-ed the death of about 200 l)irds. The authors made post-mortem examinations on thickens whidi had died of the disease. Hemorrhages were found in tiie sul)cutaneous and nniscniar tissue. .V blood-colored exudation was found in the body cavity. The Hvit was enlarged and covered with a iilastic exudate. The meninges of the brain were injected with blood and the cerebral ventricles contained a large amount of diccol- ored serum. Pullets seemed to be most sui^ceptible, hens next, and roosters and capons least. The disease in the latter assumed a less acute form. The period of incubation was not definitely determined, but the interval between infection and death appeared to be from 24 to 4S hours. In many cases death occurred so sud- denly that the preliminary symptoms were not observed. Where the course of the disease was longer the feathers became ruftled and the bird exhibited a state of extreme depression. Affected fowls lay down au-^^4)-—i'he i)urpo8e- of the investigation reported on in this article was to secure evidence on the question; (jf the effect of various bacteria in the alimentary tract of chickens. It was found that the species of bacteria and the relative prevalence of different species variedi exceedingly according to the amount and nature of the food from which chickens fed. The only species of bacteria which is considered by the author as constantly present in the alimentary tract of chickens is Baderium coli. When other bacteria are present in large nund)ers, this species may temporarily lose its importance, but after a short time it rapidly multiplies .so as to regain its usual importance.. 1100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The Brunswick chicken plague, Jess ( C'cn^W. Bait. u. Par., 1. Aht., S9 {1901), No. 19, pp. 755-757). — A disease whicli bore certain resemblances to fowl cholera, roup, and arsenic poisoning, was investigated by the author. It was found that affected birds exhibit the first symptoms of disease about 3 days after exposure to infec- tion. As a rule death occurred about 7 days after the beginning of the disease. A microscopic study of diseased fowls showed the presence of several pathogenic organisms, one of which appeared to l)e that of fowl cholera, while the others were distinct and were found in greatest alaindance in disea^ied patches which occurred in the throat. The author believes that the disease is therefore due to a mixed infec- tion. Attention is called to the necessity of exercising care in disinfecting poultry yards and l>uildings in order to prevent the spread of the disease. The diseases of the cat, J. W. Hill {Neiv York: William R. Jenkins, 1901, pp. 123, pis. 10). — In this vohmie the author has brought together a discussion of the symptoms, causes, and i-emedies for all of the diseases which commonly affect domesticated cats. Special chapters are devoted to diseases of the respiratory organs, diseases of the stomach, of the intestines, of the skin, of the ear, of the eye, mammary glands, and nervou"9 system. Tlie problems connected with abandoned cats, with the feeding and washing of cats in health, and the destruction or disinfec- tion of diseased cats are also discussed. One chapter is devoted to general diseases, infectious or otherwise; and accidents, together with their treatment, as well as poisons and the proper antidotes also receive due consideration. A method for simple determination of the value of chemical disinfectants, T. Paul {Entvurf zur einheitlichen Wertsbestimmuug clicmiscJier Desinfek(ion.smiileL Ber- lin: Julius Springer, 1901, pp. 54, figs. 8). — Especial attention is called to the desira- bility of simple methods for rapid determination of the real value of disinfectants which are proposed for jjractical u.se in the destruction of pathogenic organisms in houses and stables, after the occurrence of infectious diseases. As a rule the meth- ods proposed for such determination are considered defective, or as based upon inconclusive experiments. It is urged that experiments along this line should be conducted in a more uniform manner and with all factors under better control, in order that reliable results may be obtained. The virulence of the organisms to be used in the experiments must be carefully determined and care must also be exer- cised in an accurate determination of the solution in Mhich the organisms are placed, and the strength of the solution of the disinfectant. Studies on bacillol, F. P.\szott.\ {Immg. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1901, pp. 35). — From the numerous experiments conducted by tJ)e author, it was concluded that bacillol is soluble in water under all circumstances, and forms constant solutions. When bacillol is applied, in concentrated form, to the skin it is slightly caustic like lysol. It is considered a powerful antiseptic and deodorizer. It is to be obtained more cheaply than most other similar drugs. It should be administered in the same way as lysol or creolin. When given internally it causes a slight increase in salivation and an increased cardiac and respiratory action. In large doses it may cause motor paralysis or trembling. It is rapidly excreted hy means of the kidneys. Zoological materia medica. History of drugs ot animal origin, H. Beacre- CiMAU {Maliere medtcale zoologtqne. Htsloirt dts drogues (rorigme animale. Paris: C. Navd, 1901, pp. 396, figs:. 145).— The general anatomical characters of mammals are discussed, with special leleience to the stmctures whicli are concerned in the pro- duction of substances used lor medical purposes. In connection with the considera- tion of various species of mammals, reptiles, fishes, crustaceans, insects, worms, and sponges, the anatomical and chemical character ot the various drugs which are obtained from each species are mentioned and critically discussed. The work con- tains a valuable and (onvenient summary ot ttie present state of knowledge concern- ing various drugs of animal origin. TECHNOLOCIY. HOI Contagious diseases of animals in foreig-n countries, G. F. TnoMPsox ( f. ,S'. Ikpt. Ai\ ,,,>, .;.v.'-,;o,>)._Hriof statistical notes concerning the prevalence of diseases among (loim'stic animals in (ireat Britain, Swit- zerland. France, Swi'den. Denmark, Belginm. Netherlands, (iermanv, Norway, Hnngary. and Italy. The literature of veterinary science and related subjects, from April 1, 1889, to December 1, 1901, R. Schoetz [Die lAUeratur der Veterinarn'i^^emrhnjt nud renrandtcr (irhiete voin I. April 1889 zu 1. Dezemher, 1901. Berlin: Anthor, 1902, }yp. 112).— This bibliography includes a list of the books which have appeared on the subject of veterinary science from April 1, 1889, to December 1, 1901, a list of periodicals in which veterinary articles ajipear almost exclusively, and an ali)habet- ical list of the literature according to subjects. The first list of l)ooks is arranged alphabetically according to authors. TECHNOLOGY. Manufacture of chocolate, P. Zippereh [Dir Schokoladen-Fahrikation. Berlin: M. Kvai/n, 1901, 2. ed., pp. 306, ph. 2, figs. 9.9).— After a brief discussion of the geo- graphical distributioia of cocoa, appearance of the tree and fruit, cultivated varieties, commerc-ial importance of the industry, composition of cocoa beans and shells, and the food or other materials added to chocolate in its preparation, the author takes up at length and in great detail the manufacture of various cocoa preparations, giving many illustrations of the machinery used in the different processes. Following this, chapters are given on the preservation and packing of prepared cocoa, motive power, arrangement of manufacturing establishments, chemical and miscroscopical investi- gations of cocoa preparations, and laws relative to cocoa commerce. In the appendix analyses are given of 74 preparations, in which cocoa enters, and a bil)liography of 14 papers on cocoa and chocolate. The volume is intended more especially for the use of manufacturers, food chemists, and builders of cocoa manufacturing estal)lish- ments. Fruit growers' manual for canning fruit, etc. {Auburn, Cal: Hemloiv-Meriam Co., 1901, pp. 78) . — This i^ a concise manual giving estimates as to the cost of canning factories of various sizes, and recipes for the canning of fruits, vegetables, meats, fish, eggs, milk, etc. Improvements in sugar refining during the last twenty-five years, T. L. Patterson (.Jour. Soc Clieui. Ind., 20 \1901), Xo. 11, pp. 1088-1091). The manufacture of maize starch, G. Archbold [Jour. Soc. Clwm. Lid., 21 {1902), No. 1, pp. 4-9, fig. 1). The preparation of orange essence {Rev. Cult. Coloniales, 9 {1901), No. 82, pp. 85, 86). — A note on methods of preparation observed in Sicily. Some practical hints on cider making, R. N. Grenville {Jour. Ro;/. Agr. Soc. England, 62 {1.901), pp. 40-49). — The author reports the results of his experiments in cider making for a number of years. He strongly advises that cider pomace be strained through cotton cloths instead of through manila cloths or straw, as is com- monly done. Between every 4 cloths a wooden grating is placed, which helps to keep them in place and distribute the ])ressure. Cider has l>een very successfully filtered by the use of Lundey's German filter, using paper inilj) as a medunn. The cider seems to be in best condition for hottling when the sjjccific gravity ranges between 1.025 and 1.015. Cider making, F. Inooult {Semainc Agr., 21 {1901), Non. 1062, pp. 301, 302; 106S, pp. 310, 311). — The author presents in a popular manner the results of his WO years' experience m makmg cider. All thedetails, from gathering thelruit l>y hand to the cellar storage of the cider m bottles, are mduded. 1102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Normandy cider, Hertslet {Jour. Agr. and Lid. ,Souih Ausfralia, 5 {1901), No. 2, jyp. 124-128). — This is a general review of the cider industry in Normandy, with spe- cial reference to the methods pursued in the department of Calvados. Methods of gathering the apples, crushing them, pressing the pulp, fermentation, and storage of cider are briefly touched upon. Use of casein in clarifying- wines, A. Muntz {Dairy, 14 {1902), Xo. 158, pp. 41, 42). — In experiments by the author casein was used very satisfactorily in clarify- ing wines. Both white and red wines are reported as completely clarified by casein without any depreciation in quality. Casein is considered as having the advantage over similar products used for this purpose of not acting on the tannin. Other advantages are its purity, keeping properties, and low cost. Directions for using are given. The mannitic fermentation of wine, P. Schiprowitz {Anahjst, 27 {1902), Xo. 311, pp. 42-48).— An account is given of this sickness or disease of wine due to bac- teria, with analytical methods for the detection and estimation of mannitol. The expressed oil industry in the United States, K. Pietriskv {Oesterr. Chem. Ztg., 4 i^lOOl), Xo. 9, pp. 204-206). — A description of the production of cotton-seed, linseed, maize, peanut, castor, olive, and cocoanut oil in the country indicated. Some statistics are included. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Practical hints on the construction of drains, S. F. Moore {Drainage Joxir., 23 {1901), Xo.^. 7, pp. 179-183, Jigs. 3; 8, pp. 207-211, Jigs. 4; 9, pp. 237-240, figs. 5; 10, jjp. 268-272, Jigs. 2; 11, pp. 299-301, Jigs. 3; 12, pp. 324-326) .—This article gives directions and suggestions regarding the laying of tile on curves, cutting tile, surface inlets, location of inlets, lands most favorably situated for drainage, and testing tile. Results of irrigation in Wisconsin, G. H. Patch {Forestry and Irrig., 8 {1902), No. -5, pi). 198-202, figs. 4)- — An account of irrigation by means of canvas hose under the direction of Professor King, of the Wisconsin station. Water storage of Cache Creek, California, A. E. Chandler ( Water Saj/jily and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, Xo. 45, pp. 48, pis. 10, figs. 8). — This paper discusses the topography and physical features of the region studied, stream measurements, irrigation works, underground waters, tributaries to Cache Creek in Capay Valley, and the suitaliility of Clear Lake for storage purposes. Reconnoissances of Kern and Yuba rivers, California, F. H. Olmsted and M. Mansox ( Water Supply and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, Xo. 46, pp. 37, pis. 8, figs. 18). — This bulletin contains 2 papers. The first, by F. H. Olmsted, relates to the physical characteristics of the catchment area of the Kern River. "In this paper the author describes the drainage Ijasin and estimates the amount of water coming from it and the power available from a complete utilization of the various portions of the stream. He also discusses the utilization of this power in pumping for irrigation." The second paper, by ^I. Manson, relates to YuVm River, and "dis- cusses the physical conditions and storage possibilities of this stream, bringing out particularly the importance of preserving the forest cover on the upper catchment basin and, if possible, increasing this by artificial means, and shows by estimates the possible increase of available water through complete afforestation of the area." Operations at river stations, 1900 ( Wcder Supply and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, Xns. 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, pp. 575). — These bulletins contain data similar to those ])ublished in previous rei)orts ( E. S. K., 12, ]>. 897). Geology and water resources of Nez Perces County, Idaho, I. C. Rissell ( Weder Supply and Irng. Papers, U. S. Geol. Survey, Xos. 53, 54, pp- 141, pis. 10, fign. 14). — These papers discuss the geology, physiography, water supply, and economic geology of this region. They include also a bibliography of artesian waters and appendixes giving elevations in Nez Perces region and notes on Portland cement. AGRICl^LTURAL ENGINKP:RING. 1103 Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima Couniy, Washing-ton, G. O. Smith {Water SujijiIi/ , /,j). US, pis. 7,, tigs. S).—Th\i> in a continuation of studies reported by I. C. Russell in lS9:i and 1896 (E. S. R., 9, p. 737), and relates to the geography, geology, and water resources (surface and underground i. Methods of stream measurement ( ^\',tll r Suj,/,/;/ mul Jrrl(!, pp. 61, j>Is. lC^,jieen compiled from vari- ous reports and letters of instruction, and is intendeil ti> emluidy not only a descrip- tion of the operations, but in some cases nnnute directions which may assist the hydrographers and serve to increase the accuracy of results. It is designed not only to assist and guide the hydrographers employed by the Survey or working in coop- eration with it, but also to exhibit as nearly as possible the degree of accuracy of the operations and of the computations of results. Preliminary list of deep borings in the United States. Part I, Alabama- Montana, X. H. Dartox ( Wdtir Sii/,j,/ii mtd Irriij. I'ttprrx, V. S. (irol. Siirrnj, Xn. .',7, pp. ii(i\. — Tills is a iireliuiiiiary list of Ixtriiigs tn a depth of 40(1 ft. or more. Storage of water on Kings River, California, J. B. Lii'pincott ( Water Supply and Irrig. Papers, U. S. Geol. Surrey, Xo. 58, pp. 101, ph. .U, figs. 2). — This is a rejiort of investigations in which "the drainage basin of Kings River has been explored and preliminary surveys and estimates prepared suflScient to justify the statements that works can or can not be economically constructed at certain localities. . . . The situation on Kings River is to a certain extent typical of that along a nund)er of important streams of the AVest, and as a result of this investigation it is believed that the reclamable area can be greatly extended by the construction of storage works and also of power plants liy means of which, thi'ough electrical transmission, jtumps can be operated at small expense out on the l>road valleys." The hydrography of Colorado, A. L. Fellows {Forestry and Irrlg., S {190 :'), Xo. 5, pp. JOo-UO, figs. ,.' ). — A 1 )rief account of methods and results of water measurements. The silt problem in connection with irrigation storage reservoirs, J. C. Nacle ( Tm/*.'?. Texas Acad. Sn., i{1901), Xo. S, }>p. SS-40). — A brief discussion of this subject based on results of investigations carried out under the supervision of E. Mead, in charge of irrigation investigations of this Department, and reported in detail el-sewhere (E. S. R., 13, p. 999). Brack land in relation to irrigation and drainage {Ayr. ./our. ('ape dood Hojie, 20 { wo::!), Xit. 7, pp. 307-405). — This is a discussion of the nature and reclama- tion of alkali lands found in certain parts of South Africa. In the opinion of the author"the only and radical curefor brack land, and preventive of slow accunuilation of alkali ])y irrigation, is an adequate system of underdraining." Machinery at the general agricultural conference at Paris, M. Rixgel.m.xxn {.lour. Ayr. Prat., n. ser., 3 {1902), Xo-^. 17, pp. S37-841, .figs. 5; 18, pp. 574-^79, figs. 9; 19, pp. 002-606, figs. 11). — Brief descriptions with illustrations are given of seeding and tillage implements, harvesting machinery, motors and mills, and miscellaneous farm machinery displayed at the last agricultural conference at Paris. The German agricultural machinery industry at the beginning of the twentieth century, H. PrcHXEK ( ]'r(l/.-ji. .'8-.>0; 2, j,j>. 41-43).— A discussion of their rela- tive merits. Agricultural machines for peanuts, F. Maix {.Irjur. Ayr. Trop., 2 {1902), Xo. 10, pp. /C'.^-iO.:; I.— Discusses briefly the essential features of machines for harvesting, thrashing, and hulling ix-amits. Tests of rice hulling machines, M. ltiX(iELMAXN (.l.'/r. I'ral. I'ayx chaudx, l (1901), Xo. 3, pp. 28G-292). — Tests ol 3 different makes of rice huUers are reported. 1104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Test of a machine for preparing- fiber, M. Ringelmaxx (Agr. Prat. Pai/s Climtdx, 1 {1901), No. 3, ]>p. 293-301, figs. :?) . — -Tests of a machine invented l)y H.J. Boeken, Diiren, Germany, on leaves of Agave rigida var. ahUanu and Fourcroya giganten, and the stems of Musa paradisiaca are reported. Road improvement (Missouri Siate Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui, 1 (1902), No. 10, pp. 32, tigs. o). — Report of proceedings, inckiding abstracts of address dehveredat the tenth annual meeting of the Missouri Road Improvement Association. The subjects dis- cussed were dirt roads, road making in southeast Missouri, qualifications of road overseers, roads and rural mail delivery. Ventilation of farm stables, J. B. Reynolds {Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm Rpt. 1901, pp. 11-15, figs. 3). — A system of ventilation by means of pipes extending to the floor of the stable and terminating at the peak of the roof in revolving cowls is described. The pipes are so arranged that the air enters for the most part at the floor in front of the stalls, the foul air passing out by means of pipes leading from the ceiling of the stable to the roof of the ])arn. Cold storage, J. B. Reynolds {Ontario Agr. Col. and ExpA. Farm Rpt. 1901, pp. 6-11, figs. 3). — A brief report of the results obtained with the Hanrahan system of cold storage installed at the college (E. S. R., 13, p. 394) is given, attention being called especially to the importance of a good system of air circulation in order to prevent dripping and mold and to insure a supply of comparatively dry and pure cold air. MISCELLANEOUS. Agriculture, AV. P. Brooks {Springfield, Mass.: Tlie Home Correspondence ScJwol, 1901, vol. 1, pp. XVII ^199, figs. 55, map 1; vol. 2, pp. XXIV+ 201-541, figs. 119, mapl; vol. 3, pp. XXI-f o43-855, figs. 122). — This series of books was prepared for use in the correspondence course in agriculture offered ])y the Home Correspondence School of Springfield, Mass. They deal in simple language with the scientific princi- ples which underlie the various operations of a farm, and furnish " sources of practi- cal information permanently valuable for reference." Volume 1, entitled Soils and how to treat them, "treats of the composition and food of plants and tells from Avhat sources the necessary elements are derived. This serves as an introduction to the study of soils, which embraces a brief consideration of the action of the various agen- cies which have helped to form and to improve them. Especial attention is paid to the action of agencies which are no\v active; and the means which the farmer may take to promote such action are carefully pointed out. The peculiarities of the different classes of soil and their suitability to different crops are discussed. Then follows a careful study of soils in their relation to air, water, and heat. The chemis- try of soils, with especial reference to composition and the more important chemical changes which go on in them, is treated at length. Following this tlie various oper- ations which have for their object the amelioration of the soil are fully treated. This section includes a careful explanation of the objects, results, and methods of tillage and a description of the principal tillage implements. Drainage is treated at consid- erable length, as also is irrigation." Volume 2, entitled Manures, fertilizers, and farm crops, is intended for use in con- nection with volume 1 and deals with the composition, adaptations, and proper methods of use of manures and fertilizers. Green manuring and crop rotation are given special attention. Plant diseases and insect injuries are considered and the nature, uses, soil adaptation;?, and manuring of each important farm crop is discussed, with details as to planting, culture, and harvesting. The implements found most useful in connection with the culture of the various crops are briefly referred to. Volume 3, entitled Animal husbandry, discus.?es the general principles of stock feeding, breeds of cattle, horses, sheep, swine, poultry, the j)rinciples of animal breeding, feeds and feeding standards and related topics. MISCELLANEOUS. 1105 Tropical agriculture, 11. A. A. Nicholls {Xew York: The Macmillan Co., 1900, jip. A' A'/ I' olJ, fii/s. n;). — Tills work was written as a text-book on troiiical agri- culture for tlie West Indies, adapted for use in the colleges and higher schools of that colony. The tirst part of the work discusses soils, jilant life, manures, irriga- tion, tillage, pruning, budding, and grafting, and the principles of agriculture generally; while the second part is devoted to detailed cultural o[)erations for various tropical products, such as coffee, cacao, tea, sugar cane, fruits, spices, tobacco, drugs, dyes, and tropical cereals and other f(jod plants. P^special attention has been given to the details of the different cultural operations, the book being intendeil more parficularly as a guidi- for the young and inexperienced. Fourteenth Annual Report of Arkansas Station, 1901 (Arhnisnx ,Sll. 1901, pp. 57).— This incluiles the organization list of the station; a report of the director reviewing briefly the work and publications of the station during the year; a subject list of station bulletins; financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1900 antl 1901; and reports of the agriculturist, chemist, entomologist, and the botanist and horticulturist, giving the results of work noted elsewhere in this issue. Reprints of Bulletins 56-58 of the station on the following subjects are appended: The cottony cushion scale {Icerya purcltad) (E. S. R., 13, p. 472), top-working pecans (E. S. R., 13, p. 559), and pomelos (E. S. R., 13, p. 557). Fourteenth Annual Report of Louisiana Stations, 1901 [Luuiskina Stas. Ilpt. 1901, jjp. 12).-^\n account is given of the work at the Sugar Station at Audubon Park, the State Station at Baton Rouge, and the North Louisiana Station at Calhoun. The report also contains the organization lists of the stations and a financial state- ment for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. Seventeenth Annual Report of Maine Station, 1901 { Maine .SVa. li/it. 1901, pp. 200).-^1h\s is made up of reprints of Bulletins 70-78 of the station as follows: Oats as grain and fodder (E. S. R., 13, p. 240), feeding stuff inspection (E. S. R., 13, p. 270), fertilizer inspection (E. S. R., 13, p. 236), experiments with fungicides upon potatoes in 1900 (E. S. R., 13, p. 360), the manurial value of ashes, mucks, seaweed, and bone (E. S. R., 13, p. 332), analyses of miscellaneous food materials (E. 8. R., 13, p. 577), the horticultural status of the genus Vaccmium (E. S. R., 13, p. 648), ferti- lizer inspection ( E. S. R., 13, p. 6;>4), and finances, meteorology, index (E. S. R., 13, p. 1002). Twentieth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1901 {Ohio ,s/<(. /»///. 1901, pp. _YA7).— This includes the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901, a brief report of the director, and a list of acknowledgments. Thirteenth Annual Report of Texas Station, 1901 ( 7"('.i((.s- Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. //.i-/.>7).— This includes the organization li.-t of the station; a report on the publica- tions, organization, and work oi the station by the director; resolutions adopted by agricultural orgaiuzations in Texas concerning the station, departmental reports, a subject list of station bulletins, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1901. Seventeenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry, 1900 ( r. .V. Dept. Afjr., JUueua oj Annua/ //k/cs//// 7^. 1900, pp. (i4-', P^x- 9S, Ji p. 227 r HI). Imports and exports of animals and animal products, G. F. Thompson ( U. S. Dipt. Atjr., Bureau <>/ Auiuuil luduMnj Rpt. I[i00, jip. 535-556). — A statistical review for the year 1900. Agricultural returns for 1900 (London: Board of Agriculture, IDOl, pp. 41)- — Statistical tables showing acreage under crops and grass and number of horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs in the United Kingdom, with particulars for each county of Great Britain. The world's hop crop of 1901, G. E. Baldwi.v ( ('. S. Con.mlar Rpts., 67 (1901), Ko. 255, pp. 525, 5J6). — Tabulated statistics. Observations on agriculture and stock raising in Northern Mexico, T. vo.v Nathusu-s ( Deut. Lawlir. Prem\ 2S (1901) Xos. Sr , pp. 727, 723, figs. 4; 90, jtp. 751- 753; 93, pp 775, 776 jigs. j\. Agricultural conditions in France, Graxz (Z)t''<<. Landw. Presce, 28(1901), Nos. 73, pp. 615-617; 74, pp. 623, 624; 75, pp. 629, 630).— \ discussion from an economical point of view giving some statistics concerning the size of farms. Agricultural industry, F. Convert ( L indiiHrie agricole. Pans. J B. BaUbere & Son, 1901, pp. 444)- — An inventory ot the agricultural resources of France at the beginning of the twentieth century. It discusses climate, soil, population, cereal MISCELLANEOUS. 1107 crops, potatoes, sugar beets, oil-yiel(Hnh. 13, maps 5) . The management of an estate in Silesia, H. BtJTTNER (Mitt. Landir. Inst. I'nir. Breslaii, 1 (1901), X'. Dept. Agr., Library Bui. 37, pp. 362). — The catalogue includes the periodicals and other serial publications up to the end of the year 1900, exclusive of the publications of the United States Government and of the agricultural colleges and cxiicrimeiit stations. 1110 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Convention op Fakjieks' Institute Workers. — The American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers held a three-day session in Washington, D. C, June 24-26. About 70 members were present, including representatives from Canada and nearly all parts of the United States. Assistant Secretary J. H. Brigham, of this Department, delivered the address of welcome. The annual address of the president of the As.sociatioii, W. L. Amoss, dealt with the purposes of the convention, the improvement and possible unification of methods, and the general progress of farmers' institute work. Following his address five-minute reports ))y the different members were presented, showing the work of the various States and provinces during the jireceding year along farmers' institute lines. During one of the evening sessions of the association, Secretary Wilson delivered an address on the work of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and its relation to agricultural education, especially as calling attention to the need of it. Secretary Wilson insisted that agricultural education must begin with the child. He com- mended the plan observed in Missouri of summer meetings in which many teachers were given instruction in agriculture at the college. W. J. Spillman spoke on The farmers' institute worker and his methods. One of the essentials of an institute worker is that he be practical. It is not necessary, however, that he be a worker on the farm. The best man to send out in the begin- ning is a scientific man who is practical. Ability is worth more than experience. In the discussion of this subject, Mr. G. McKerrow stated that in Wisconsin they wanted a man that stood high morally in the community and who stood out promi- nently as the best corn, potato, or clover grower, or the best breeder, dairyman, or all-around farmer. Wisconsin also required that its institute workers keep in close touch with the work of the experiment stations and of this Department. Extensive use is made in that State of charts showing good forms of farm animals, buildings, and appliances, and models of these when possible. More can be taught in a few minutes from an object lesson than from a long talk. Feeding and fertilizer charts are also used. Prizes are offered at many of the institutes for certain farm products and these judged and criticised in the presence of the audience. Hon. John Hamilton stated that in Pennsylvania their ideal corps of institute workers consisted of (1) a good all- around scientific and practical man, (2) a man who thoroughly understood the scien- tific side of agriculture, and (3) a successful practical farmer of high moral standing actually engaged in farming. In presenting the subject of the farmers' institute as a factor in creating a desire for an agricultural education, Hon. John Hamilton, of Pennsylvania, stated that the need of such an institution must first be felt. Farmers' institutes can help in creating this desire by securing institute workers Avho are superior to the audience in the things they discuss. Thej' must then present superior matter in a sujjerior way. It was urged that abstracts of the latest bulletins should be read at farmers' institutes, and farmers encouraged to write for these publications. The great need of the i^resent is to create a desire in the child for agricultural education. Dr. E. B. Voorhees discussed the farmers' institute as a promoter of closer intimacy between farmers and experiment stations. He brought out the point that station work must be practical in order to inspire confidence in the farmer. Larger j^lats must be used— large enough to be called a crop. Station workers also often get ideas as to lines of work to follow at farmers' institutes. Director A. C. True, of the Oftice of Experiment Stations, discussed the subject of the farmers' institute as a medium for developing the mutual interests and relations of farmers and the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Doctor True urged the neces- sity of a permanent organization in this Department whose purj^ose should be to work to secure a more thorough organization of the farmers' institutes in the States and- Territories and of the pi-esent association of farmers' institute workers, so that it NOTES. 1111 might become in a real and true sense international, and ronstitnte a link l.ctwL'cn the Department and the farmers. Sneh an organization w ..nld act as a clearing house for the association. As it now is, mdy one meeting is licld cadi year. An agency is needed in the Department to work all the time. Such an agency would be a coop- erating one. It would collei't and publish information along farmers' institute lines, both in this country and abroad, furnish institute workers regularly with literature, advise and assist institute workers by reason of its l)roader outlook, and endeavoi- to establish the work in States where it is not now carried on. Such an organization could send out lecturers to the round-up institutes. AVork along the lines here indicated has already been l)egun in a small way. It is developing along the lines of the Office of Experiment Stations' work and is now l)eing supervised bv tliat Office. The subject of agricultural teaching in the pul)lic schools was disc-ussed by Prof. C. C. James and Dr. E. B. Voorhees. Instruction along agricultural lines should lie given teachers in the normal school. This teaching should deal with tlu' science and not the practice of agriculture. The normal school will train teachers in agriculture just as soon as there is a demand for such teachers. Farmers and farmers' organiza- tions should, therefore, create this demand and then see that agriculture is i)laceil on the programme of the rural school. Other papers read and discussed at the meeting were Teaching of domestic science in the rural districts in Virginia, by Miss Breed, and IMethods of teaching such sub- jects, by Miss Emma S. Jacobs; Livestock judging in Canada, by (i. C. Creelman; and Farmei-s' institutes by the railroads, by M. T. Richards. At the business session of the meeting. Prof. W. C. Latta was chosen president for the ensuing year and J. G. Lee vice-president. G. C. Creelman was reelected secretary-treasurer. It was decided to hold the next meeting in Toronto the last full week in June, 1903. The Washington meeting was the largest ever held by the association, ami counted one of the most jirofitable. Miscellaneous. — The Summer School of Chemistry and Biology at AVesleyan University opened auspiciously early in July. Thirty-seven persons were enrolled for the course, most of them teachers. They came from four State universities, one medical school, a considerable number of colleges, technical schools, high schools, and other institutions. The Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department will establish a wilil garden of native shrubs, herl)aceous plants, and annuals on the Monument grounds adjai-ent to the Department. These will be arranged for landscape effect rather than by orders, and, together with a collection of economic plants, which is to be established also, will constitute a modified form of the botanic garden. Prof. Charles F. Wheeler, of the ]Michigan Agricultural College and Experiment Station, has been appointed in the Bureau and will have charge of these economic gardens and collections. In addition to the above, Professor Wheeler will determine the distribution to be made of new kinds and varieties of seeds and plants introduced by the Bureau under the seed appropriation, and will work up some of the reports whic^h have ai'cumulated on the tests of these introduced ])lants at various places in the country. The Dairy Division of this Department has recently had made under its super- vision 200,000 lbs. of butter for the Xavy Department. This l)utter is for the officei-s' use and is the year's supply. It was made largely from jiasteurized cream, and was packed in 3-pound cans, without any preservative. The butter was made by a Kansas creamery. Butter similarly put up has kept well for a year and over, some cans recently opened being in good condition. E. E. Faville, who for three years i)ast has been superintendent of the National Farm School at Doylestown, Pa., has resigned his positii.m. 1112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. We note from a recent numljer of Scieitce that at the meeting of the Royal Society of Canada, Section of CTeological and Biological Sciences, in the latter part of May, Dr. William Saunders?, director of the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa and of the four branch farms connected with it, gave an interesting illustration of the prog- ress which is being made in introducing fruits and plants into the Northwest. A hardy Siberian apple, which beare a fruit little larger than an Ontario haw, has been crossed with the Ontario apple. The result was the production of a fruit about an inch in diameter. About 400 of these have been crossed, and last year there were 30 trees and this year there will be about 70 bearing fruit. The cross retains the hardiness of the Siberian apple, but the more it is crossed the nearer the product comes to the Ontario fruit. Results of experiments in crossing English and Ameri- can currants and gooseberries, plums, and cherries with hardier varieties of these plants have not in all cases been successful, but enough has been accomplished to show that hardy varieties of Ontario fruits may be proQuced in the Canadian Xorth- w^est. Through an oversight attention has not been called to the new scientific review devoted to dairy subjects, which was inaugurated late in 1901. The publication is a bimonthly of 24 pages, entitled Revue generale du lait. It is devoted exclusiveh' to scientific w^orks relating to milk and its products, and contains original articles as well as reviews. A classified bibliography is also given in each number. It is pul)- lished at Brussels under the direction of ^I. Henseval, director of the dairy station at Gemblous; H. Weigmann, director of the dairy station at Kiel; and L. Gedoelst, professer in the veterinary school at Cureghem-Brussels, and with the collaljoration of a numVjer of prominent investigators, including H. W. Conn and H. L. Russell in this country. The numbers thus far received indicate it to be a high-grade jour- nal which should prove of much value to specialists desiring to follow up the scien- tific contributions on milk and its products. A novel publication, and one which marks a new^ departure in the literature of science, is the Revue hibliographique den sciences naturelles pures et appliquees, the ini- tial numl^er of which appeared in April. The purpose of the review is to give lists of the titles of papers published in the principal French, German, English, Italian^ Swiss, and Spanish periodicals. The field covered is that of general biology, anstt- omy and physiology, zoology, botany, agriculture and the agronomic sciences, geology, mineralogy, and mining industry. The contents are arranged topically and by comitries, and each number contains an index and a list of the periodicals reviewed. Comments on the character of many of the papers sufhcient to give an idea of their scope are given by specialists. The review is published in the French language and will appear monthly. Judging from the first three numbers, agriculture and the sciences relating to it will receive a large amount of attention. This subject is subdivided into general articles and agronomy, arboriculture and horticulture, viticulture, zootechny, aviculture, apiculture, etc. The review should prove helpful in following up the current periodical literature, and as time goes by will become valuable as a means of looking up the fragmentary literature on any subject. A new edition (the fifth) of Dr. Adolf flayer's Lehrbuch der Agriltdiurchem'w is being issued, the first part, on the nutrition of plants, having been received. This, work, which has become one of the classics in agricultural literature, was first jiub- lished in 1870. The present edition, as indicated by the first part, is thoroughly revised and enlarged and brought up to date. One fault of the previous editions has been the lack of an index, which even the quite full table of contents does not take the place of in .so large a woi-k. The present edition, unfortunately, is open to the same objection. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XIII. INDEX OF NAMES. No. 1:^. Abbe, C, 625, »•». Abbot, H.L.,6l>4. Abbott,.!. W., 289. Achard,C.,691. Ackroyd,\V.,32,s. Adam.s, G. E., 740, 7ti3, 7C)7, 708. Adcrbold, R. , 258, 465, 658, 960. Adil-Bey, 893. Adlerz,G.,70. Aeby,J.,849. Ahorn,G. P.,7.52. Aigner-Albafi, L. von, 474. Aitken, A. P.,241,271. Albertoni,P.,1074. Albrocht,696. Albuquerque, J. P. d' , 1036. Aldrich,J.M.,69,S05. Alen,.J. E.,862. Alexander, W. H., 117, 425, 426. A]iflo,B.G.,260,4.>4. Allen, C.L., 452. Allen, E.W., 414. Allen, W. J., 365, 648, 661. Allen, W.M., 164. Allen, \V. P., 495. Alsop,W.K.,412. Altmann,G.,824. Alve-s de Lima, J. C, 10.51. Alvord,C.H.,496,905. Alvord, H. E., 176, 179, 283, 588, 690, 1073, 1089. Alwood,W. B., 299,411, 923, 1064. Amelung, G.52. Ames, J. W., 344, 1014. Amiradzibi, S., 478. Ammann,.!. F.,.560. Amoss,W.L.,1110. Anderson, A. P., 199. Anderson, J. T., 635. Anderson, L.,481, 1004. Ander.ssen,J.,424. Ander.s.son,,J.,971. Andouard, A.,235. Andreaseli,R.,913. Andrews, E.B., 199. Andrews, J. P., 746. Andrews, O.W., 1074. Andrews, W. H., 108, 935, 1068. Andrieu, 1'.. 157. Andrlik,K.,S16. Andrlik, V.,616. Annato, 0., 589. Annett, H. E., 373. Archbold, G., 1101. Armani, G.. 712. Arndt, K., 722. Arnold, C, 1015. Arnott, S., 958. Arnstadt, A., 131. Arribalzaga, A. L.. 671. Arsonval, d', 824. Arthur, J. C, 56, 57, 663, 760, 827, 862. Artus, M., 433. Ascoli, G., 977. Ashby, N. B., 176. Ashley, A. McC, 117. Ashmead, W. H., 770. Aso, K., 117, 417, .539, 717. A.ssarson, P., 543. Aston, B. C, 713. Atkin.son, G. F., 113, 468. Atkinson, .1., 236, 801. Atkinson, J. B., .561. Attema, J. J., 6.56. Atterberg, A., 942. Atwater, H. W. 74. Atwater, \V. O., 375, 704, 972, 973, 974. Atwood, H., 276, 277. Audibert, J. F., 882. Austen, E. E.,373. Austin, C. F., 51, 951. Austin, H., 1040. Austin, M., 297. Avery, J. D., jr., 281. Avery, S., 108, 294, 616. Ayers, P. W., lOW. Babeock, S. M., 21, 37, 87, 939, 988, 989. Bachelder, N. G., 89. Bachmann, H., 235, 639, 841, 946, 1030. Baden-Powell, R. S. S., 477. Baer, U. S., 988. Baer, W., 474. Baessler, 32. Bailey, F. M., 714. Bailey, L. H., 299, 3.54, 364, 400, 647, 847. Bailey, S. S., 795. Bailie, M., 463. Bail let, L., 890. Bain, S. M., 866. Baker, I. O., 289. Baker, .T. G., 6.52. Baker, R. S., 132. Balch, A. W., 89. Balch, E. S., 828. Baldwin, E. B., 118. Baldwin, G. E., 1106. Ball, C. R., 422, 941, 1039. Ball, E. D., 869. Ballon, H. A., 10.59. Bang, B., 392, 787, 1084. Banks, N., 267. Bannert, 1029. Barba, G., 596. Barbacc'i, O., 692. Barber, C. A., 867. Barber, J. H., 293. Barberio. A., .592. Barbour, E. H., 900. Barbut, M. G., 219. Barnes, .S. E., 297, 686. Barnes, W. H., 50. Barnstein, F., 16. Barr, G. H., 279. Barr, P., 141. Barrau, F. dc, 990. Barrett, O. W., 297. Barthcl, C, 886. Bartlett, A. K., 829. Bartlett, J. JI., 240, 270, 635, 1031, 1075. Bartos, 837. Baskerville, C, 1.5. Bass, E., 690. Ba.su, B. C, 1048. Bateson, W., 744, 1044. Battanchon, G., 761. Battey, A. H., 795. Bauenneister, C, 1098. Baumann, A., 235, 634, 1031. ni:! 1114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bauverd, C, 1028. Bayer & Co., F., 921. Beach, J. B., 248. Beach, S. A., 251, 299, liC.l, KMil. Beal, A. C, 294, 1108. Beal, P. E. L., 227. Beal, W. H., 396. Beal, W. J., 396. Beam, W., 713. Bean, J. F., 795. Bean, W. J., 460. Beans, H. T., 108, 432, 61(;. Beattie, R.- K., 620. Beattie, W. R., 870, 1045. Beau, M., 887. Beauregard, H., 1100. Beauverie, J., 113, 863. Beck, R., 63. Beckurts, H., 578. Becquerel, H., 834. Beddies, A., 434. Bedford, S. A., 228, 237,243, 252, 256, 270, 274, 278. Beers, W. D., 298. Bcger. C, 76. Behrens, J., 32. Behrens, T. H., 224, 421. Beijerinck, M. W., 114, 921, 1019. Beistle, C. P., 320. Beitter, 916. Bell, C. J., 284. Bellair, G., 139, 456. Bellier, E., 107. Bellier, J., 107. Benachi, E. A., 640. Benedict, F. G., 106, 87s, 972, 973. Bengtsson, S., 971. Bennett, R. L., 77, 840. Benson, A. H., 574. Ben.son, C, 734. Benterud, S. J., 781, 784. Bentley, W. A., 425, 828. Benton, H., 600. B6rard, de, 734. Bergey, D. H., 587. Bergmann, W., 1074. Berju, G., 221. Berkhout, A. H., 458. Berle.se, A., 265, 1063. Berlese, A. N.,258, 1006. Bernard, A., 617. Berndt, E., 186. Bernstein, A., 83. Berntrop, J. C, 916. Berry, J., 117. Berseh, W., 165. Bertainchaud, E., 328. Bertarelli, E., 476. Berthelot, M., 398. Bertrand, G., 139, 1017. Besana, C, 589. Bcssey, 0. E., 805. Bessey. E. A., 905, 920. Besson, A., 889. Bettels, J., 878. Bctten, C, 770. Bettink, H. W., 522. Beulaygue, N., 651. BcutenmuUcr, \V., 474. Bevan, E. J., 916. Bevier, I., 167. Beythien, A., 74, 165, 268. Biedenkopf, H., 241. Bieler, K., 417, 539. Bieler, S., 1094. Bielfeld, P., 975. Biffen, R. H., 760. Bigelow, W. I)., 75, 269, 374, 411, 526. Bing, H. J., 822. Bioletti, F. T., .50, 139, 372, 600, 747, 761, 768. Biourge, P., 573. - Bird, A. C. 698. Bisbee, H., 711. Bi.shop, W. H., 22S. Bitting, A. \V., 95, 96, 687, 884. Blackburn, J. E., 269, 675. Blacknall, O. W., 649. Blair, A. W., 1024. Blair, J. C, 1108. Blair, W. S., 243, 2.56. Blake, G. H., 887. Blanchard, R., 1068. Blandford, S. M., 117. Blankinship. J. \V., 6.58. Bleibtreu, M., 378. Blekkink, G. J. B., 1042. Blin, H., 882. Blix, M., 776. Bloch, C., 932. Blockey, F. A., 107, 1016 Blodgett, F. H., 295. Blodgett, J. H., 597. Blouin, R. E., 495, 846. Blunno, M., 595. Blyth, M. W., 280. Bodrtsh, H. L., 627, 720, 923. Bodin, E., 1021. Boehm, F., 1073. Boeken, H. J., 1104. Boekhout, F. W. J., 88, .582. Bogdan, V. S., 329. Bogdanow, E. A., 70. Biiggild, B.. 689, 784, 78.5. Boggs, A. A., 746. ' Boggs, E. M.,794. Bohsen, 279. Bolin, P., 819. Bolley, H. L., 21, 324, 341, 342 345, 358, 359, 361. Bommer, C, 861. Bonflme, P., 627, 946. Bonaparte, G., 224, 639. Bond, E. A., 795. Bond, F., 194. Bonebright, J. E., 426. Bongert, 719. Bonnet, A., 458, 661. Bonnin, L., 523. Bonsmann, 437. Bonsteel, J. A., 925. Booth, N. O., 295. i Boppe, L., 754. Bordage, E., 51, 1060. Bordct, J., 590, 788. Bornstein, K., 478. Bornstein, R., 625. Borntrager, H., 879. Borriglione, 768. Bos, J. Ritzema, 2.59, 265, 569, 1023. Bosc, F. .1., 94. Bosworth, A. W., ISO. Botteher, O., 331, 933. Boudarew, 332. Bourge.f, H., 975. Bourgos, J., 897. Bonrnaret, A., 115. Bourne, S. E., 10.52. Bourquelot, E.. 116. Bouska, F. W., 380. Boutilly, v., .51. Bovell, J. R., 1036. Boyce, S. S., 844. Boyd, A. J., 10.54. Bracci, F., 137. Bradley, J., 356. Brandenburg, F. H., 828. Braun, R., 821. Bray, W. L., 460. Bredig, G., 421. Breed, S. E., 1111. Breisacher, L., 73. Bremer, W., 581. Brettreich, F., 98. Breuer, A., 186. Breustedt, G., 419. Brewer, W. H., 806. Brian, A., 574. Brick, C., 875. Bridge, P., 995. Bridgeman, T., 956. Briem, H., 45, 640. Briggs, L. J., 233, 428, 926. Brigham, A. A., 776, 795, 900. Brigham, J. H., 519, 1110. Brill, G. D., 1083. Brillouin, M., 623. Brimhall, S. D., 187. Brinckerhoff, W. A., 89 Britcher, H. W., 199. Britton, N. L., 421. Britton, W. E., 134, 140, 1 13, 156, 198, 575, 776, 970. Brizi, U., 1059. Broadbent, A., 476, 577. Brockway, Z. R., 975. Broden, A., 376. Brodie, L. A., 146, 180, 470. Brooker, H., 804. Brooks, W. P., 332, 381, 1104. Brotm, W. Le R., 501, 600. Brown, A. M., 801. Brown, Edgar, .516, 905. Brown, Edward, 176. Brown, Enos, 859. Brown, H. T., 1018. Brown, H. W., 745. Brown, J. C, 295. Brown, J. H., 641. INDEX OF NAMES, 111 Brown, M. V., 82!>. Brown, T., 741. Brown, W., 251. Browne, C. A., jr., 3'JO, lOOS. Bruce, A., 531, 981. Bruce, ('. M., S81. Bruce, E. S., -158. Bruijning, F. F., jr., 40. Bnuior, C, 685. Bruner, L., 157, 472, 601, 8G9. Brunnich, J. C , 589, 977. Bruno, P., 790. Brunstein, A., 621. Brunton, F. , 551. Bryan, A. H., 17, 31, 32, 4.5. Bryant. A. P., 269, 603, 976. Bubak, F., 446, 567. Buchan, A., 828. Buchanan, J. L., 1108. Buckhout, W. A., 527. Buckley, S. S., 492. Budd, J. L., 454, 1044. Budrine, P., 437. Buffault. P., 861. Buffum, B. C, 890, U08. Biihring, L., 703. Bui.sson, J. M., 1051. Bulkeley, J. A., 603. Bull, C. P., 294. Bulstrode, H. T., 1070. Bunch, J. L.,90. Bunge, G. von., 477. Buntrock, A., 906. Bunyard, G., 248, 250. Burchard, O., 733. Burgerstein, A., 826. Burgerstein, L., 1074. Burgess, A. F., 904. Burkett, C. W., 296, 385, 681. Burnett, E. A., 199, 677. Burr, H. M., 577. Burr, R. H., 987. Burrage, S., 718. Burrows, A. T., 227. Burtis, F. C, 129, 581, 583, 584, 881. Burvenich, J., ,58, 139, 152. Buschmann, A., 171. Bii.'^gen, M., 825. Butel, 694. Butkewitsch, W. 116. Butler, T., 89, 296, 898. Biittner, H., 1107. Butz, G. C, .563, 7.51. Calamido, D., .887. Caldwell, J. K., 374. Calmette, A., 590. Caiuwe, P. de, 33. Calvo, J. B., 1050. Canierer,.W., 580. Cameron, F. K., 232, 329, 330, 409, 428, 918, 919, 927. Campbell, A. W., 795. Campbell, D. H., 602, 1017. Campbell, G., 17. Campbell, J. R., 1056. Co.mpbell, W. W., 899. Cautin, G.,68. Card, F. W., 458, 740, 754, 763, 7 7(;s. Cark-ton, M. A., 145, 213, 451. 7 737. Carlyle, W. L., 77, 7s, .so, si, '.I 979, 980, 981 . Carniody, P., 43, .')43. Carnn-Munteaunu, V.. 1036. Carol! , A., 46. Carpenter, G. H., 571. Carpenter, L. G., lis, 119, 1 194, 325. Carpenter, R. C, 375. Carpenter, T. M., 496, 1005. Carpiau.x, E., 842, 1045. Carr, O., 421. Carroll, J., 189. Carruthers, J. B., 961. Carruthers, W., 58, 567, 862. Carter, L. \V., 240. Carter, W. T., 1005. Carver, (}. W., 21. Gary, C. A., 789. Ca.sali, A., 721. Casparl, W., 478, 975. Castex, S., 1028. Castro, L.J', de., 1107. Catta, J. D., 762, 867. Cavalier, J., 710. Cay van, L. L., 319. Cazeaux-Cazalet, G., 662, 867. Cazeneuve, E., 616. 6erny, Z., 1016. Chalot, C, 737, 1051. Chamberlain, C. J., 425, 602. Chambliss, C. E.. 700. Chamot, E. M., 109. Chandler, A. E. (Cal.), 1102. Chandler, A. E. (England), * Chapais, J. C, 70. Chapelle, J., 356. Chapin, H. D., 688, 986. Chapman, A. C, 108. Chapman, H. H., 10.53. Charabot, E., 826. Charles, V. K., 7.54. Charlton, H. W., 105. Charron, A. T., 425. Chassevant, A., 322. Chatburn, G. R., 805 Chauvain, 095. Chauveau, A., .578. Chauzit, B., 365, 662. Cheesbrough, J. S., 753. Chefdebien, B. de, 2.52, 662. Chesnut, V. K., 283, 827. Chester, F. D., 71, 2:M, 2.53, i 285, 286, 287. Chevalier, A., 244. Chevalier, C. 260. Chick, H., 6,S6. Chifflot, 663. c;hifflot, J., 64. Chilcott, E. C, 679. Chittenden, F. II., 263, 265, ( 6(!(i, 670. Chittenden, II. M., 795. Chlopin, G. W., 476. Chodat, R., .Sfi. Cholodkovsky, N., 71. Chonia, 332. Chuard, E., 634, 867. Church, .\. H., 1073. Churchill, G. \V., 1042. Cipollina, 619. Claas.«en, C. H., 140, 1049. Clapp, H. L., 4.58. Chirac, C, C51. Clark, H. A., 903. Clark, H. \V., 829. Clark, J., 281. Clark, J. A., 511, 1107. Clark, J. F., 113, 621. Clark, J. W., 50. Clark, R. W., 684. Clark, W. B., 724. Clarke, F. \V., 498, 913, 1017. Clarke, W. H., 584. Clarke, W. T., 600, 765. Classen, A., 421. Claude, L., 6.55. Clausen, 443, .545, 1037. Clautrian, 621. Clayton, H. H., 22, .S2S, 829. Clayton, J., 356. Cleaves, D. L., 801. Cleveland, T., jr., 461. Clewelte, F. B., 1083. Cline, J. L., 624. Clinton, G. P., 260, 865, 1059. Clinton, L. A., 734, 1079. Clopatt, A., 578. CIo.se, C. P., 133, 293. Clothier, G. L., 461. Clothier, R. W., 198, 446, 480. Clowes, F., 1021. Clute, O., 806. Cobb, N. A., 549, 663, 1043. Cobbett, L., 190. Cockburn, J., 804. Coekerell, T. D. A., 32.5. Code, W. H., 999. Coffey, G. N., 925. Coflfin, F. C, 900. Cohenheim, A., 16. Cohnheim, O., 775, 880. Cole, S. VV., 522. Coleman, F., 643. Coleman, G. A., 473, 669. Col ling wood, H. \V.,299. Collins, G. N., 7.5.5. Collins, S. H., 524. Conant, \V. A., 780. Condeminal, 61. Condon, 7.50. Conger, N. B., 327, 828. Conklin, R. S., .561. Conn, H.W., 293, Vm. 623, 68,S, 704, 987, 1010,1094,1112. Connaway, J. W., 1094. Connell, J. H., 1005. Connold, E. T., 970. Conrad. II. S., 859. Connidi, II., 587. 1116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Convert, F., 1106. Cook, A. D., 296. Cook, A. E., 801. Cook, A. J., 72. Cook, E. T., 35V, 4.51, 849. Cook, O. F., 173, 248. 714, 74.5, 90.5. Cooke, A. W., 23.5. Cooke, H., 487. Cooke, W. W., 33, 325. Cooley, G. W., 795. Coomber, T., 749. Cooper, M., 477. Coote, G., 645. Cope, A. C, 489. Copeland, E. B., 110. Copeland, W. B., 114. Coquillett, D.W.,770. Corbett, L. C, 249, 298, 299, 3.52, 517. Corboz, F., 661. Cordley, A. B., 106.5. Coremans, 393. Cornett, L., 707. Cornu, M., 845. Correvon, H., 560. Casta, B. C. C. da, 1107. Cotton, W. E., 186. Cottrell, H. M., 242, 482, .543. 902. Coulson, T. E., 992. Coulter, J. M., 113. Coupan, G., 289. Coupin, H., 322, 620, 621, 826. Couremans, P., 493. Courmont, P., 90. Cousins, H. H., 577, 633, 878. Covert, J. C, 23, 52, 1042. Coville, F. v., 226. Crahay, N. I., 861. Craig, A. G., 618, Craig, J., 248, 299, 516, 9.51. Craig, J. A., 198. Craig, R. A., 96. Craigie, P. G., 405. Cranefield, F., 48, 918, 953, 9.57. Crawford, M., 649. Creasy, W. T.,79.5. Creelman, G. C, 1106, 1111. Creydt, 723. Crosby, D. J., 1106. Cross, C. F., 165, 916. Crump, W., 250. Cummings, M. B., 495, 8.53. Cureyras, G., 543. Currie, W. C, 941. Curtice, C, 793. Curtis, H. E., 124, 935. Dabert, 284. Dadant, C, 673. Dafert, F. W., 124, 133, 235, 616, 716. Dale, E., 469. Dalrymple, W. H., 487, 894. Damseaux, A., 340. Dangeard, P. A., 225, 662. Daniel, C, .546. Daniel, L., 52, 111. Daniels, E., 795. Danilewsky, B.. 92. Danysz, J., 92. Danziger, J. L., 915. Darboux, G., 1068. Darton, N. H.,1000, 1103. Darwin, F., 1017. Darwin, H., 434. Dauthenay, H., 53, 365, 867. Davenport, E., 275. David, E. J., 476. Davidson, J. D., 82. Davidson, B. J., 75. Davis, A. P., 1000. Davis, C. B., 616, 916. Davis, H. S., 802. Davis, K. C, 298, 1005. Davison, R. J., 795. Davy, J. B., 51, 560, 751. Dawson, M., 718. Day, CM., 191. Day, G. E., 340, 379, 880, 381, 1036, 1075, 1078. Dean, A., 134. Dean, G. A., 801. Dean, H. H., 279, 383, 886, 1084. Dean, J. E., 891. Dean, M. L., 452, 456^ Deane, H., 960. Dearborn, N., 719. Debrand, L., 90. Debruyker, C, 241. Deehambre, P., 697. DeDoes, J., 286. Dedyulin, A., 996. Defournel, H., 524, 616. Degrully, L., 762, 955. Deh^rain, P. P., 45, 143, 342, 633, 755, 845, 1014, 1040, 1043. Delachaux, E. A. S., 722. Delacroix, G., 148, 153, 366, 763. 864, 963, 966, 1057, 1058. Delaud, A. F., 998. Delbriick, A., 1074. DeMphine, S., 891. Delmer, 790. Demchiuski, N. A., 99,829. Demorlaine, J., 563. Demoussy, E., 143, 657, 755, 1018 Denaiffe, 643. Denby, C, 697. Dennen, C. A., 390. Dennis, J. S., 194. Dennison, C. H., 915. DeNobele, L., 258. Denton, A. A., 595. ! Descours-Desacres, 660. Desgrez, 167. Despeissis, A., 267. Devaux, H., 322, 716. Dewar, 890. Dewhirst, F., 84. Dickel, F., 373. Dickens, A., 198, 353, 950. Dickinson, S. C, "95. Dickson, A., 476. Dickson, D., 100. Dieckerhoff, \V., 1089 Dietericli, K., 268. Dietrich, T., 977. Dinwiddle, R. R., 89, 896. Di Paola, G., 24. Dixon, H. H., 462. Doane, C. F., 674, 895, 1020. Doane, R. VV., 470. Dodd, C. \V., 763. Dodge, R. E., 623. Doflein, F., 1091. Doherty, M. W., 63, 1023, 10.55. Dolabaratz, A., 750. Dollar, J. A. W., 695, 892. Donaldson, M. L., 472. Dorez, E., 436, 883. Dorn, C, 995. Dorner, H., 294. Dorsey, C. W., 924, 925. Dosch, H. E., 299. Doten, S. B., 68. Douglas, J., 251. Doyarenko, A., 534. Drew, G. A., 136, 162. Drouin de Bouville, R. de, 653. Drucher, K., 615. Druery, C. T., 356. Drury, W. D., 4,51. Dryden, J., 118. Duane, W., 421. Dubard, M., 825. Dubbers, H., 236, 347. Dubois, A., 445, 712. Dubois, R., 52, 558. Du Bois-Reymond, E., r8. Duclert, L., 978. Ducloux, E., 791. Ducomet, v., 762. Dudukalov, A., 94, 994. Dufour, H., 426. Dufour, J., 153, 372, 626. Dugast, J., 330. Duggar, B. M., 55, 528, 905. Duggar, J. F., 128, 129, 634, 1039. Dumas, L., 829, 1027. Dumont, J., 28. Dunlop, J. C, 773, 1074. Dunnicliff, A. A., 1036. Dupont, C, 633, 1040, 1043. Durdn, E. D., 957. Durand, E., 954. Dusserre, C, 359, 634. Dutton, J. E., 373. Duyk, 166, 222. Dyar, H. G., 670. Dye, J. H., 198. Dyer, B., 30, 724, 878, 927, 1045. Dykers, R., 446. Dymond, T. S., 632, 635. Eadie, J. H., 624. Earle, A. M., 9.58. Earle, F. S., 51, 135, 198, 245. Earle, H. S., 795. East, E. M., 294. Eberhardt, 20. Ebermayer, E., 1061. Eckhardt, T., 958. Kekliart. ('. F., 495, 834. Efklesi, V. H., 165, 198, CSC, tis? 689, 986. Edelmann, 785. Edingtoii, A., 490, 581. Edler, W., 37, 128, '.MS, 341, 346 441, 643, 707, 782. Edson, A. W., 146, 200. Edwards, C, 244. Effront, J., 920. Egan P. R., 675. Ehrhiirdt, J., 997. Ehrlich, B., 774. Ehrlich, F., 419. Eidam, E., 399. Eiler, I. A., 693. Eisen, G., 855, 1050. Ekholm, N., 1028. Eldridge, M. O., 795. Ellenberger, 1090. Elliot, R. H., 1037. Elliott, E. E., 802. EllLs, J. G. W., 356. Ellis, L. B., 139. Ellis, VV. T., 228. Elmanov, N. V., 490. Elsden, J. V., 1001. Emery, F. E., 496, 1108. Emery, S. M.,351. Emmerich, R., 166. Emmerling, A., 19, 416. Enderlein, (;., 473. Engelen, A. van, 321. Englehart, A. N., 124. Ennis, J. E., 1097. Eriksson, J., 63, 64, 145, 1062. Erismann, 878. Esten, W. M., 495, 688, 704, 987. Ettle, J., 248. Eustace, H. J., 296, 7.58, 759. Evans, C. T., 166. Evans, W. H., 905, 910. Ewart, J. C, 201, 275. Ewell, E. E., 412, 526. Exner, S., 378. FfES, H., 769. Fahrenholtz, F., 126. Fain, J. R., 36. 76, 1081. Fairchild, D. G., 396, 814. Fairfield, W. H., 547, 999. Fallot, B., 225. Fantechi, P., 867. Fan to, R., 267. Fapi, G., 784. Farneti, R., 259, 36.5. Farrand, T. A., 698. Farrer, W., 643, 659, 947, 1009. Farrington, E. H., 83, 84, 88, 179 985, 986, 990. Fascetti, G., 686, 589. Fassig, O. L.,828. Faurot, F. \V., 295. Faville, E. E., nil. Fedde, F., 827. Fee, W. T., 953. Feiel, I. L., 904. Felber, A., 1031. Il>fDEX OF NAMES. Fellows, A. !>., 1103. Fellows, G. E., 495. Felt, E. P., 155, 767, 8(i9, 870, 1067 Ferman, A., 15. Fernald, C. H., 367. Fernald, K. T., 367, 471, 517, 575 1068. Fernow, B. E., 604, 1054. Ferris, E. B., 903. Fethers, O. H., 1003. Fetisch, K., 856. Fields, J., 235. Filsinger, F., 17. 268. Fiadelow, J., 988. Finkelstein, J., 878. Fireman, P., 3. Fischer, A., 1006. Fischer, B., 476. Fischer, E., 603. Fischer, M., 331, 641 Fischer, P., 789. Fish, P. A., 89. Fisher, G. E., 64. Fisher, R. W., 1005. Fisher, W. R., 1027. Fiske, G. B., 949, 958. Fiske, W. F., 576, 869. Fitch, C. L., 105. Fixter, J., 261, 476. Fjord, N. J., 279. Flahaut, C, 752. Flammarion, C., 576, 627. Fletcher, J., 65, 253, 260, 299, 476. Fleurent, E., 878. Fleutiaux, E., 571,765. Flickinger, G. A., 297. Flint, G. W., 293. Floyd, M. L., 242, 499, 926, 946. Foaden, G. P., 544, 642, 941, 948, 1038, 1039. Fodor, J., 703. Foerster, O., 318. Folsetter, W., 1092. Fontaine, L., 144. Forbes, E. B., 471. Forbes, R. H., 342, 614, 641, 647, 795. Forbes, S. A., 1063. Forbush, E. H., 226. Ford, A. G., 1005. Ford, C. W., 1041. Forkert, C., 140. Forster, J., 74. Fortier, S., 194, 287, 395, 999 Foster, A. B., 903. Foster, A. D., 654. Foster, C, 299,956. Foster, L., 173, 174, 272, 398, 547 582. Foster, L. L., 398. Foth, J., 618. Foulerton, A. G. R., .595. Foussat, 1044. Fox, J. W.,289. Fraenckel, N., 700. Fraenkcl, C, 392. Franca, C., 792. 1117 Francais, K., 437. Francis, M., 1093. F'ranvois, F. de, 859. Frankland, W. A., 1091. Franklin, W. S., 625. Fraps, G. S., 122, 321, 410, 479, .515, 916. Fraser, W. J. , 883. Frear, W., 124, 330, 409, 414, 720, 838, 879, 977, 1031. Freeman, E. M., 620. Freeman, G. F., 293. Freeman, J. W., 626. French, W. E., 1097. French, VV. R., 995. Frentzel, J., 73, 478. Frerichs, G., 578, 619. Frers, C, 672. Fresenius, H., 417. Freudeureich, E. von, a5, 690. Frey, A., 10.52. Freyer, F., 617. Frichot, E., 847. Friedenthal, H., 880. I'riedrich, A., 847. Fricdrich, ,J., 142. Froggatt, W. W.,90, 156, 158, 470, 473, 474, 667, 668, 871, 876, 971. Frohner, 996. Frolich, G., 734. Frost, J., 887. Fruwirth, C, 21, 243, 323, 542, 656, 945. Fuller, A. C, 248. Fuller, C., 1062. Fuller, F. D., 781. Fuller, V. E., 780. Fulton, A. W., 484. Fulton, S. H., 294, 349 Fiirtli, O. von, 76. Pyles, T. VV., 64, 6.5. Gaertner, 393. Gage, S. De M., 1020. Gain, J. H., 199. Galavielle, 96. Gale, A. , 72, 576. Galli-Valerio, B., 72, 711, 1022. Galloway, B. T., 359, 513, 905. Gait, H., 17. Galtier, V., 391, 594, 692. Gannett, H., 697. Ganong, VV. F., 423. Garber, J. H., 990. Garcia, F., 552. Garcia, M. M., 344. Garcia Munoz, J. M., 722. Gardiner, H. C, 275. Gardner, F. D., 203, 329, 330, 432, 517, 905, 910, 925, 92(>. Gardner, H. VV., 268. Garfield, C. VV., 299. Garlichkov, G., 94. Garman, II., 325, 360, 363, 368, 518, 531. 571, 920, 968, 971. Garnctt, F. VV., 694. Garrigou, F., 437. Garriott, E. B., 828. 1118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Gastine, G., 769, 1024. Gatch, T. M., 601. Gaudenz, J. U., 374. Gautier, A., •ii'i, 322, 327, 1044. Gavillet, E., 1037. Gavoty, R., 572. Gawalowski, A., 833. Gedoelst, L., 1112. Gedroiz, K., 435. Geerkeus, A., 735. Geisroar, L. M., 240. Gemmell, R. C, 999. Genay, P., 733. Gengou, O., 590, 788. Gentil, L., 458. Georgeson, C. C, 125, 396. Georgs, N., 126, 441. Gerardin, L., 751. Gerber, C, 527, 715. Gerbidon, M., 543. Gerhardt, P., 655. Gerlach, M., 274, 437, 539, 1041. Gerland, K., 678. GiJrome, J., 652. Geschwind, L., 98, 526. Gianturco, E., 106. Gibault, G., 958. Gibbons, R., 80. Gibbs, W. D., 295. Gifford, J., 1053. Giglioli, I., 847. Gilbert, A. G., 277, 286. Gilbert, G. K., 117. Gilbert, J. H., 127, 401, 602, 704, 798. Gilchrist, D. A., 443, 1006, 1037. Gill, A. H., 915. Gill, F. N. G., 696. Gillern, H. von, 776. Gillette, C. P., 156, 868, 869. Gillette, H. P., 697. Gillot, H., 106. Gilruth, J. A., ISl, 896, 992. Giner, C, 341, 843. Ginestous, G., 627, 923. Girard, A. C, 173, 240. Girola, C. D., 941. Giseviua, 240. Giustiniani, E., 537, 728. Glage, F., 16, 675. Glaister, J., 726. Glover, A. .T., 294. Glover, G. H., 890. Goblc, F. C, 560. Godfrin, J., 422. Godlewski, E., 637. Goessmann, C. A., 108, 124, 332, 539, 730, 1031. Goethe, R., 746, 751. Goff, E. S., 17,18,39,47,50,51,246, 255, 615, 553, 905, 917, 949, 1048. Gold, T. S., 604. Goldberg, E., 712. Goldberg, S. J., 888, 1096. Goldflns, M., 424. Gonzdlez, D., 922. Gooch, F. A., 108. Goodell, H. H., 396, 508, 900. Goodfellow, 267. Gordon, J. S., 444. Gordon, P. R., 181. Goret, M., 656. Gorham, F. P., 287. Gorman, C. H., 248, 856. Gorrie, A., 279. Gossard, H. A., 472, 518, 870, 1062. Gott, 696. Gottheil, O., 622. Gouirand, G., 761. Gould, H. P., 138, 152, 160, 198. Gould, J., 1037. Goupil, P., 420, 821. Gowell, G. M., 981. Graftiau, 419, 433. Graham, W. R., 382, 1081. Grand, 451. Grandclement, 559. Grandeau, L., 33, 133, 1030. Grandjean, V., 543, 545. Granz, 1106. Gravelius, H., 899. Gravenhorst, E. B., 592. Gravereaux, J., 859. Gray, C. E., 295. Greathouse, C. H., 291. Green, E. C, 264. Green, J. R., 1020. Green, S. B., 299, 601, 1048, 1053. Greene, G. O., 950. Greene, W., 453. Greenwell, A., 1001. Greg, P. H., 634. Gregg, E. S., 298. Gregg, H., 887. Gr^goire, A., 802. Greig, R. B., 604. Greiner, T., 741. Grenville, R. N., 1101. Greshoff, M., 1019. Grettenberg, H. N., 915 Greverath, A., 1107. Grey, J. J., 624. Griessmayer, V., 17. Griffin, A., 244. Griffin, H. H., 128, 347, 362. Griffith, E. M., 461. Griffith, R. W., 525. Griffiths, D., 293, 731. Grimlcy, E., 733. Grimm, 123, 711. Grimm, M., 1022. Grindley, H. S., 166, 772. Gripenbcrg, R., 785. Grisdale, J. H., 237, 270, 272, 274, 275, 279. Grohmann, C, 81. Groot, W., 170. Gross, E., 341, 439. Grossmann, F., 1026. Grost, \V., 170. Grotenfelt, G., 1107. Grout, D. D., 990. Gruber, J., 898. Grueber, von, 236. Grundner, F., 63. Grunhagen, 0., 476. Grunsky, C. E., 794. Griiss, J., 424. Guardiola, E. L., 457. Gubler, U., 163, 876. Guenier, J., 762. Guercio, G. del, 21, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 264, 265, 266, 471, 572 573. Guerin, C, 590. Guerin, R., 228. Guerrieri, F., 378. Guignard, L., 620. Guillochon, 646. Guillon, J. M., 662, 761. Gulewitsch, W., 478. Gully, E., 418. Giintz, M., 1012. Guozdenovid, F., 661. Gurney, E. H., 1073. Guthrie, F. B., 109, 642, 675, 914, 1036. Guthrie, J. E., 295. Gutzeit, E., 885. Guyot, J., 792. GyArMs, J., 646. Haas, C, 593. Hadden, N. A., 65. Haecker, A. L., 174, 176. Haecker, T. L., 280, 683, 984. Hagemann, C, 688. Hagstriim, K., 266. Hajnal, 493. Haldane, J., 166, 417. Hale, A. C, 498. Hale, J. H., 745. Halencke, A., 480. Hall, A. D., 444, 544, 646, 906, 914, 1040, 1070. Hall, C. J. J. van, 1019. Hall, 0. W., 329. Hall, F. H., 41, 55, 59, 60, 66, 86, 122, 147, 148, 150, 365, 370, 760, 782, 970, 1047, 1089. Hall, M., 828, 829. Hall, R., 22. Hall, W. R., 251, 560, 654, 959. Halla, A., 616. Halphen, G., 616. Halsted, B. D., Ill, 347, 466, 616, 549, 715, 743, 751, 756. Hamburger, H. J., 378. Hamet, H., 651. Hamilton, 386. Hamilton, D. J., 604. Hamilton, J., 124, 795, 838, 1031, 1110. Hammar, S., 144. Hiimmerle, J., 825. Hammond, E. W., 386. Hammond, H. S., 1070. Hanamann, J., 123, 639. Hana.sch, F., 437. Hand, W. F., 730. Handlirsfh, A., 71. Haney, J. G., 77, 242, 801. INDEX OF NAMES. 1119 Hann, J., 92;?. Hanson, C, 681. Hansen, K. C., 113. Hansen, N. K., 340, •l.>i,.sr>'.), loil. Hansson, X., 177. Hanus, ,1., 822. Haiiusc'h, F.,639. Harcourt, R., 279, 399, -150, 1014, 1041. Harden, A., 223. Hardin, M. B., 332, 438. Harding, H. A., Sr>, 115, 1087. Hardy, P., 685. Hare, C. L., 407. Harlay, V., 527. Harper, C.,26C. Harrevelt, H. G. van, 94. Harrington, H. H., 1026. Harris, A. VV.. 29."), 507. Harris, C. D., 1014. Harris, I. F., 15, 1071. Harrison, C. M., 555. Harrison, F. C, 72, 386, 389, 392, 476,486,886, 1089. Harshberger, J. W., 112. Hart, E., 498. Hart, E. B., 296, 1087. Hart, J. H., 582, 858, 1050. Hartig, R., 499. Hartl, R., 284. Hart.shorne, J., 652. Hartwoll, B. L., 297, 713, 72.5. Haselhoff, E., 421. Hasliins, H. D., 1028. Hassall, A., 192, 287, 785, 1091. Hasselbring, H., 113, 294, 1046. Hasseiman, W., 1030. Hasterlilj. A., 1016. Hastings, E. G., 83, 91, 284, 298, 986, 989. Haupt, L. C, 795. Hauptmann, F., 286. Hawliins, E. M., 74. Hays, W. M., 514, 635, 844. Hayward, H., 779, 781. Haywood, J. K., 414, 972, lOKl. Headden, W. P., 43, 343, 830. Heaps, I. G., 795. Hebebrand, A., 913. Hebert, A., 826. Hebrant, G., 493. Hecke, L., 567. Heckel, E., 356, 1073. Hedin, S. G., 775. Hedriek, U. P., 51, 1004. Hefelmann, R., 108. Heidemann, ()., 667. Heiges, S. B., 99. Heil, C. F., 104.5. Heileman, W. IT., 124, 627. Heini, L., 693. Ileineman, H, N., 478. Heinsen, E., 963. Heinze, .5.50. HC'inzi'hnanii, G., 279. Hflgncni, I". A., 611. Hellstriini, K. K., 772. Helm, E., 179. Helme, N., 721. Hclmer, .1., 896. Helms, R., 3.58, 642. Ilonienway, H. D., 803. Ilomniing, A. W. L., 972. Hempcl, H., 74. Henipel, W., 17. Hemprich, C, 392. Henderson, C, 6.53. Henderson, L. P., 113 Hendriekx, F.,491. Henkel, 703. Hennings, P., 570. Henriet, H., 222. Henriques, V., 681. Henry, A. J., 227, 327, 828, 921. Henry, D. H., 297. Henry, E., 468, 528. Henry, L., 652. Henry, W. A., 79, 513, 519, 676, 90i 979, 980, 1003. Henry, Y., 733. Henseval, M., 282, 300, 1112. Henslow, G., 1017. Henziker, O. F., 296. Henzold, O., 822. Herbert, C. H., 2.51. Herbertson, A. J., 426. Ht-rissey, H., 116. Herr, A. M., 53, 651. Herrick, G. W., .571. Herrick, L. F., 390. Herrington, A., 356. Hertslet, 1102. Hertzog, A., 328. Herz, W., 615. Herzen, A., 167. Herzfeld, A., 222, .523, 642. Hess, 791. Hess, E. H., 199, 330, 449, 732, 733 Hess, R., 754. Hess, W. H., 232, 420. Hesse, R., 70. Heston, J. W., 200. Hettlinger, A., 620. Heuz(5, G., 37, 243, 340. Hexamer, P. M., 948. Ileyno, E. B. von, 283. Hickman, .J. F., 1042. Hicks, .7. F., 259. Higginson, C. J., 477, 1074. Hilder, F. F., 142. Hilgard, E. W., 833, 936, 1025. Hilger, A., 107. Hill, (J. G., 195. Hill, J. W., 1100. Hill, L. A., 903. Ilill, K. <:, 895. Hillniaini, P.. 729. Hills, .T. L., 124, 173, .540, 584, 585, 879, 900. Hiltner, L., 226, 434, 528. Hiltner, R. ,S., 418. Hinds, W. E., 666, 768, 971. Hine, .1. S., 1069. Hinklev, A. A., 972. Henricbson, W., 438. Hinterberger, A., 1095. Hirschfeld, F., 97.5. Hitchcock, A. S., 113, 442. Hitchcock, F. H., 98, 291, 494. Hitc, B. H., 236, 438. Hittcbor, K., 779. Hoagland, K., 675. Hf)ar(l, W. D., 1003. Hoare, E. VV., 492. Hober, R., 775. Hokson, J., 560. Hofbauer, L., 775. Hofr, J. H. van't, 438, 1032. HofTman, J., 0.53. HolTmann, M., 23. HolTmann, P., .584. HoflFmei.ster, C, 827. Hofman-Bang, N. O., 86. Hofmeister, V.. 400. Holdefleiss, P., ;i48. Holley, C. 1)., 698. Holmberg, E. A., 671. Holmes, E. S., jr., 548, 551, 799. Holmes, E. W., 23. Holmes, G. K., 291. Holmes, J. A., 795. Holmes, J. G., 831, 926. Holmes, M. B., 476. Holscher, 787. Holsinger, S. ,T., 9.59. Holtz, \V., 868. Holub, C. von, 991. Holway, E. W. D., 663. Homfray, I., 915. Hopkins, A. D., 671, 870, 1005 1067. Hopkins, A. G., 78. Hopkins, C. G., 409, 913. Hopkins, F. G., ,522. Hopkinson, J., 24. Hoppenstedt, 581. Horton, T., 697. Hosmer, R. S., 4.58. Hostetter, A. B., 589. Hotter, E., 320, 463, 1057. Hottcs, C. F., 294. Ilouard, C, 1068. Iloudaille, F., 625, 1024. Houghton, H. A., 293. Houston, D. F., 904. Howard, A., 466, 467, 964, 96.5. Howard, L. O., 07, 163, 266, 665, (66, 673, 764. Howard, W. H., 1043. Howard, \V. L., 295. Howe, O. C, 46. Howell, A. H., 5:J1. Hnberty, J., 563, 801. Hiid.son, .1., 353. HiifYcl, G., 141. Hufnagl, F., 142. Hughes, F., 632, 035. Hughes, J., 231, 1029. Hughes, O. .1. n., .588. Huizcnga, H. K., 673. Hulsjirt, {'. C, 741, 742. 1120 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hume, A. N., 294. Hume, H. H., •293. 5.37, 559, 1024, 1044, 1045, 105G. Hume, J. H. M., 143. Hummel, J. A., 1051. Hunger, F. W. T., 863, 1058. Hunt, T. F., 703. Hunter, W. D., 295, 472, 1065, 1067. Huntington, E., 426. Huntley, F. A., 849. Hunziker, O. F., 783. Huston, H. A., 17, 31, 32, 45, 408, 438, 846. Huteheon, D., 284. Hutchins, D. E., 142. Hutchinson, R., 477. Hutchinson, W. L., 233, 289. Hutchison, G. G., 976. Hutt, H. L., 348, 1044. Hutyra, F., 490, 1089. Hyams, C. W., 225. Ichon, E. F., 953. Iggulden, W., 134. Ikeda, K., 421. Ilott, C, 643. Imes, M., 295. Imes, W. E., 733. Indemans, W. G., 712 Ingle, H., 279. Inglis, E. M., 773. Ingoult, F., 1101. Irish, H. C, 643. Irving, W., 999. Isaachsen, H., 775. Issatsehenko, B., 1022 ludin, A., 1016. IwanofF, M., 226. Iwanoski, 361. Jablin-Gonnet, 588. Jablonowski, J., 227. Jackson, H. V., 640. Jacky, E., 153. Jacobitz, E., 894, 1018. Jacobs, E. S., 1111. Jaczewski, A. von, 260. Jaennicke, F., 460. Jaffa, M. E., 408, 481, 903, 974. Jahn, M., 522. Jamain, P., 456. James, C. C, 1111. Jamieson, T., 1028. Janda, F., 917. Jean, F., 107, 223, 1015. Jefferson, M. S. W., 117, 828. Jekyll, G., 751. Jenkins, E. H., 73, 133, 134, 138, 143, 730, 900, 947, 1071. Jenkins, W. H., 134. Jennings, W. S., 795. Jensen, C. A., 925, 926. Jensen, G. J. G., 195. Jensen, H., 360. Jensen, J., 459. Jensen, O., 387. Jenter, C. G., 121, 774, 781. Jess, 393, 595, 1100. Jobson, G. B., 591. Jochmann, G., 184. Joffre, J., 634. Johannesen, A., 784. Johansson, J. E., 580. John, G. M., 700. Johnson, G. A., 89. Johnson, S. W., 198. John.son, W. D., 1000. Johnson, W. G., 471, 1067. Johnston, C. T., 289, 399, 702, 999. Johnston, F. S., 294. Jolles, A., 173, 773, 1071. Jones, A. H., 269. Jones, C. H., 124, 173, .526, 540, 545, 549, 879. Jones, C. P., 595. Jones, I., 397. Jones, L. R., 146, 362, 511, 564, 565, 566, 567, 568. Jones, W. J., 32, 438. Jonsson, B., 766. .Toos, A., 590. Jopling, W., 89. Jordan, A. T., 738. Jordan, E. O., 623. Jordan, W. H., 41, 121, 396, 774, 781, 880, 1042, 1047. Judd, S. D., 227, 529. Juhlin-Dannfelt, H., 795. Jumelle, H., 1043. Jvirgens, 1022. Juritz, C. F., 119, 1026. Kahlenberg, L., 110. Kalkoff, 996. Kallmann, D., 1098. Kamerling, Z., 43, 146, 256, 1058. Kas, 592. Kasimirsky, P., 169. Kassner, C, 829. Kastle, J. H., 167, 1021. Kavitz, K., 94. Kayser, E., 596. Kearney, T. H., 714, 918. Kebaili, A., 732. Kedzie, R. C, 46, 540. Keen, A., 704. Keesling, H. G., 671. Keffer, C. A., 50, 51, 62, 950, 953. Keller, W.,946. Kellner, O., 331, 416,417, 603, 703, 776, 933, 977. Kellogg, J. W., 699. Kelly, W. H., 489. Kemp, 554. Kencaly, J., 624. Kennedy, W. J., 198, 584. Kent, F. L., 84. Kert^sz, C, 673. Kestner, F., 578. Khlopin, G. V., 723. Kiester, J., 719. Kilgore, B. W., 124, 164, 199, 236, 328, 438, 514, 1031. Kimball, H. H., 425, 426, 624. Kimberly, C. H., 904. King, F. H., 24, 27, 34, 38, 204, 229, 298, 394, 930, 931, 936, 940, 1102. King, G. B., 875. King, H., .563. Kinsley, A. T., 789, 801. Kinzel, W., 658. Kirby, W. F., 1065. Kirchner, W., 84, 451. Kirk, T. W., 67, 755. Kirkland, A. H., 870, 971. Kirsche, A., 442. Kiser, J. J., 2CT. Kitchen, J. M. W., 646. Kitt, M., 523, 712. Kitt, T., 393, 695. Kittlauss, K., 444, 445, 732. Klebahn, H., 145. Kleiber, A., 524. Klein, J., 1084. Klein, O., 478. Klengel, F., 829. Klenze, \V. von, 522. Klett, A., 92. Klimoff, J., 691. Kling, N., 480. Klingen, I., 98. Kloepfer, E., 32. Klucharov, A. V., 535. Knapp, S. A., 42, 196. Knapp, Mrs. S. A., 268. Knauthe, 882. Knieriem, W. von, 168, 171, 861 Knight, G. H., 1052. Knight, W. C, 832. Knisely, A. L., 640. Knoch, C., 688. Knorre, C. von, 916. Knosel, T., 1032. Knowles, M. E., 88. Knox, W. H., 294, 323. Kobus, J. D., 847, 864. Koch, B., 177. Koch, H., 714. Koch, M., 558. Koch, R., 490. Koebele, A., 968. Koerner, T., 421. Kohler, A. (Konigsberg), 1073. Kohler, A. (Mockern), 268. Kohnstamm, L., 915. Kohnstamm, P., 621. Konig, J., 417, 437, 581, 877, 975. Koning, C. J., 847. Koningsberger, J. C, 473. Koplanka, P., 560. Korean, G., 376. Kornauth, K., 22, 167. Kosehny, F., 651. Kossel, A., 913. Kossovieh, P. S., 235. Koster, S., 17. KosutAny, T., 164. Kotgen, P., 719. Kotow, P., 171. Kovessi, F., 457, 824, 917. Kowalski, J. de, 523. Kozhevnikov, G., 72. Krasilshchik, I. M., 70. Kraus, C, 640, 703. INDEX OF NAMES. 1121 Krausz. A., 99S. Kret&chDior, F.. 8lM. Kreusler, U., (503. KrichaufT, F. E. H. \V., f.iin. 9ri<). Krober, E., 320. Kruinpecher, E., 183, 1090. Knmfeld, M., 715. Krug, W. H., 410, 413, 4J0, xt^. Kriie;er, 695. Kriiger, F., 975, 976. Kruger, W., 424, 434. Kryeaibiehl, J., 882. Kiihling, O., 916. Kiihn, J.. 123. Kiihnaii, 392, 996. Kuhnert, 445, 543, 544, 640. Kuljabko, A., 478. Kunz, R., 524. Kuwana, S. I., 669. Kyle, E. J., 1108. La band, L., 717. Labat, A., 828. Laborde, J., 372, 768. Lachmann, A., 619. Ladd, E. F., 167, 326, 344, 346, 433, 443, 448. La Follette, R. M., 1003. Lagatu, H., 355, 1027. Lagerheim, G., 64, 71. Lahache, 899. Lajoux, H., 420. Lake, E. R., 456, 645, 854. Lamb, S. C, 248. Lambert, T., 634. Lambillion, L. J., 370. Lameris, J. F., 94. Lampa, S., 69, 967, 968. Lampadius, J. G. H., 142. Lamson, H. H., 346, 352, 390. Landauer, A., 880. Landmann, G., 392. Lane, A. C, 233. Lane, C. B., 128, 176, 778 Langdon, W. C, 594. Lange, L., 387, 790. Langer, L., 844. Langley, C, 74, 82, 1072. Langworthy, C. F., 106, 268, 476. Lantz, D. E., 1021. Laquerriere, A., 788. LarbaMtrier, A., 975, 1029. Larsen, B R., 732. Larsen, N. O., 694. Latchford, F. R., 352. Latta, W. C, 540, 843, 1111. Laurence, H. C, 617. Laurent, 97. Laurent, E., 144, 254. Laurent, J., 225. Lavall6e, R., 948. Laveran, A., 532,694. Laves, E., 651. Law, J., 491, 899. La Wall, C. H., 577. Lawes, J. B., 127, 704. Lawrence, J. R.. 445. Lawrence, W. T., 140, l.sj. Lawrow, D., 775. Laxa, ()., 921. Lazcnby, W. R.„;")0, 111. 'i-V.!, Uf2:i. Lea, A. M.,471. Lea, E. .1., 495. Leach, A. E., .578, 588. Lca.sk, A. R., 697. Leather, J. W., 734. Lebbin, G., 165, 267. Lebedefl, A., 61, 762. Lecliartier, G. V., 119. Leclainche, E., 93, 594. Le Clerc, J. A., 296, 411. Lecomte, H., 1051. LeComte, O., 712. Lecornet, M., 642. Ledoux, L., 614. Ledoux, P., 526. Ledoux-Lebard, 91. Lcdwidge, C, 372. Lcc, ,J. G., nil. Leenhouts, P., 82. Leent, F. H. van, 821. Leent, J. B. van, 91. Leffingwell, 50. Leffmann, H., 713. Lehmann (Wiirzburg), 877. Lehmann, F., 882. Lehmann, K. B., 73. Lehnert, E. H., 698. Lellmann, W., 997. Lemee, C, 21, 948. Lemmermann, O., 932. Lenormand, C, 1021. Leonard, N., 885. Leonard], G., 266, 370 Lepierre, C, 418. Leplae, E., 289. Lermat, H., 790. Lesage, 790. Lesieur, C, 493. Leslie, J., 544. Lester, F. E., 296, 958 Lesz, W., 9'2S. Leutsch, H., 284. Levene, P. A., 994. Levitzki, A., 327. Levy, N., 597. Lewis, L. L., 592. Leys, A., 617. L6z6, R., 16. Lichtenfelt, H., 578, 579. Liebermann, L., 703, 878. Lievre, A., 664. Liggett, W. M., 518, 1109. Lignieres J., 285, 492, 890, 894, 1090. Lilienthal, 640, 882. Liljhagen, G., 690. Lind, G., 1050. Lindau, G., 675. Lindet, L., 106, 915. Lindsey, .1. B.. 172, 176, 377, 3"«, 380, 385, 976. Linfield, F. B., 1086. Lingelshi'im. 691. Liiiliurt, %3. Lipman, .1. (J., 1027. Lippincott,.!. B., KHX), IKKi. Lippmann, E. (». vnn. Mil. Li.x.senko, K. J., 1029. Little, C. \., •2^M. Livcrsecge, J. F., 822. Lloyd, C. G., 1018. Lloyd, E. R.. MO. Lloyd, F. K., 112. Lloyd, . I. W., 13:1, 971, 1108. Lochhead, W., 04, (ii. 162. 358, 363, 367, 572, 972. 1057, lOtVl. Lode, A., 898. Loeffler, 1h8, 393. Loeper, M., 691. Loevenhart, A. .S., 167, 1021. Loew, O., 115, 630. Loewi, 0., 978. Loewy, A., 973. Logan, L., 523. Loges, G., 822. Lombard, A., 691. Lonay, A., 711. Long, D. X., 795. Longino, A. H., 795. Lookeren C'ampagne, (". .1. van, 133. Lopez y Parra, K., 10.51 Lorenz, 287. Lorenz, F., 107. Lorenz, N. von. 14. Lotzy, J. P., 602. Loughridge, R. H., 629. Louise, 688. Lounsberry, A., 622. Lounsbury, C. P., 152, 162, 870, 997. Lovcland, G. A., 805. Lowe, S., 176. Lowe, V. H., 6.5, 71, 369, 370, 968. Lowe, W. H., HH. Lowell, G., 1052. Lowrie, W., 801. Lucion, R., 61,5. Liidi, R.. 422. Ludwig, F., 868. Luebert, A. G., 711. Lugger, O., 66, 100. Liihrig, IL, 16, 322, 712. Luke, F. K., 53, 141. Lunde, H. P., 179. Liistner, G., 962. Lyle, E. P., jr., 722. Lyman, .1. D., 6.>l. Lyne, R. N., <>48. Lyon, F. W., 795. Lyon, T. L., 176, 4:15, 446. Lyttkens, A., 756. McAdie, A. G., 117, Us. McAlplne, A. N., 131. McBirney, 190. McCafTrey, ('. F., 711. McCaig, .1., 900. McCull, J. McL. tiO^I. McCarthy, D. J., 89. McCarthy, G., 268. 393. 876. 1122 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. McCarthy, J., •")95. McCaslin, D. S., 328. McClatchie, A. J., 350, Gt7, !)'.)'.). MfClelland, C. A., 900. MeClure, G. E., 1051. McConnell, T. F., 979. McCormack, H., 772. McCue, J. J., 176. McCulloch, C, 696, 791, 997. McDonnell, C. C.,42. McDonnell, H. B., 124, 438, 1031. McDowell, R. H., 44. McEachran, D., 892. McEIfresh, F. M., 296 McEvoy, W., 476. McFadden, B., 580. McFadyean, J., 92, 490, 591, 892. McFarland, B., 623. McFeetere, J. A., 279. McGill, A., 223. McGrew, T. F., 484, 777. McHenry, S. A., 644. McKay, G. L., 179, 282, 486, 987. McKeown, G. M., 639, 1036. McKerrow, G., 1110. McLaughlin, W. W., 200. McNally, J. C, 141. McReynolds, A. B., 54S, 1005. MacCartney, B. F., 573, 574. MacDonald, VV., 604. MacDougal, D. T., 109, 563, 602, 622. MacDougall, R. S., 262, 266. MacDowall, A. B., 426, 829, 1024. Macfadyen, A., 1020. Macgillivray, A. D., 770. Mach, E., 300. Machem, A. W., 795. Mackay, A., 228, 237,243, 256, 270, 274, 275,. 278. MacKay, A. H., 112. Mackel, X., 787. Mackenzie, A. D., 356. Mackenzie, D. F., 460. Mackenzie, W. L., 287, 493. Mackie, S. F., 117. Mackinlay, J., 297. Mackintosh, R. S., 601, 648. Macknight, T. M., 137. Macmillan, H. F., 142. Macoun, W. T., 237, 243, 265, 298, 353. Maercker, M., 206, 235. Mahrenholtz, A., 824. Mai, C, 267. Maiden, J. H., 620, 655, 960. Maige, A., 762, 867. Main, F., 1041, 1103. Mairs, T. I., 495, 1005. Maizieres, 235, 332, 635, 728, 935. Major, E. W., 683. Makepeace, F. A., 51. Mallett, G. B., 751. Mallevre, A., 884. Mally, C. \V., 661, 870. Mally, F. W., 157, 158,1005. Malone, J. S., 881. Malpeaux, L., 174, 436, 541, 542, 883, 1041. Malushitski, N., 427. Maneheron, 664. Mangin, L., 154. .570. Mann, H. H., 723, 749. Mannich, C, 596. Manning, W. H., 10-54. Mansfeld, M., 975. Man.son, M., 794, 1102. Marchal, E., 464, 565, 1017. Marcille, R., 820. Maring, D. T., 426, 627. Mark-Schnorf, F. R., 376. Markl, G., 1022. Marlatt, C. L., 163, 266, 368, 665, 869. Marpmann, G., 223. Marqui.see, L. E., 652. Marre, E., 658. Marsac, 788. Marsh, L. S., 712. Marshal, P., 874. Marshall, X. L., 715. Martelli, D., 933. Martin, E.,790. Martin, F. W., 185. Martin, G. C, 724. Martin, J. B., 984. Martin, J. R., 760. Martin, L., 269. Martin, O., 787. Martin, W. C, 700. Martin, W. J., 89. Martin-Claude, 577. Martinand, Y., 225. Martinet, 186. Martinet, G., 544, 545, 641. Marvin, C. F., 24, 118, 722, 827. Marx, C. D., 794. Mason, F. C, 393. Mason, J. W., 1.S5. Masser, A. M., 617. Massey, W. E. H., 400. Ma.ssey, W. F. , 47, 296, .560, 726, 774. Mastbaum, H., 713. Masterman, E. E., 658. Ma.sters, M. T., 960. Matheson, W. .!., 673. Mathews, C. W., 355, 1004. Mathews, F. S., 53. Mathiaud, J., 1045. Matruchot, L., 424, 603. Mattheisen, 995. Matthews, J. M., 525. Maurizio, A., 878. Mawson, T. H., 452. Maxwell, H., 1070. Maxwell, W., 193, 847. Maxwell-Lefroy, H., 70, 373, 767, 873. May, D. W., 406, 499, 630. Mayer, A., 543, 913. Mayer, C, 355, 956. Mayer, P., 325, 776. Mayet, V., 970. Maynard , S. T., 136, 162, 1004, 1068. Mayo, N. S., 295. Mazade, M., .52. Maz6, 603. Meacham, H A., 23. Mead, E., 192, 193, 51.^, 702, 791, 999, 1000, 1103. Meade, R. K., 820. Meaden, C. W., 582. Means, T. H., 538, 831, Medd, J. C, 804. Meech, L. W., 624. Meehan, T., 498. Meggitt, L., 1016, 1017 Meitzen, A., 1026. Melichar, L., 71. Melikov, P., 451. Mell, P. H., 848. Melnikow-Raswedenkow, N., 785. Meltzer, S. J., 991. Mendel, G., 744, 1044. Mendel, L. B., 878. Mentzel, C, 1015. Merriam, C. II., 227. Merrill, E. D., 224, .526, 703, 920. Merrill, L. A., 173, 174, 272, 1097. Merrill, L. H., 577. Mertens, V. E., 693. Me.snil, F., 532. Missineo, E., 887. Metcalf, H., 1108. Metzger, 788. Meyer, A., 116. Meyer. D., .532. Meyer, F. G., 591. Michelsen, H., 460, 1053. Michon, L., 225. Micko, K., 50. Middleton, T. H., 37, 17.5, 482, 483, 603, 1006. Migula, W., 114. Milani, A., 753. Milch, L., 434. Mill, H. R., 722, 829. MiUardet, A., 1006. Miller, CO., 576. Miller, H. B., 1073. Miller, H. K., 407, 1042, 1075. Miller, M. F., 699, 1001. Miller, N. H. ,J., 130. Millies-Lacroix, 754. Mills, J. \V., 9.52, 964. Milner, R. D., 900. Minangoin, M., 746. Minari, B., 399. Minas, M., 73. Mirande, M., 226. Mitchell, G. A., 743. Mitchell, H., 284. Mitscherlich, A., 833. Mitteldorf, J., 1096. Miyoshi, M., 965. Moeller, A., 892. Moffat, J. A., 65,474. Mohler, J. R., 1099. Mohr, C, 200. 422. 7.53. Mohr, E. C. J., 344. INDEX OF NAMES. 1128 Moir. E. M., 261. Molinari, de, 614. Moller E., 1031. MoUinrd, M., 424, 603. Mollison J. \V., 440. Momsen, C. 240. Monin, E. 1074. Monrad, J. H., 281. Montnnari, C, 821. Montcmartini, L., 258, 259. Monti, v., 1023. Mooers, C. A., 32. Moor, W. O., 478. Moore, C. C, 92V, 1014. Moore, F. W., 332. Moore, G. T., 602. Moore, J. S., 58(), 984. Moore, R. A., 36, 938, 962. Moore, S. F., 1102. Moore, V. A., 783. Moore, W. H., 795. Moore, W. L., 117, 922. Moreau, C, 4.56. Morel, C, 594. Moreland, W. H., 726. Moreno y Anda, M., 119. Morgan, A., 782. Morgan, H. A., 518, 6(>4. Morisse, L., 1051. Morkowine, N., 716. Morris, 1)., 803, 965. Morris, J. C, 108. Morris, O. M., 150, 553, 561, 845. 853. Morrison, A., 544. Morrison, W. K., 576, 690. Morse, E. W., 865. Morse, F. W., 374, 378, 6*1, 635, 719. Morse, J. E., 949. Morse, W. J., 200. Mortensen, M., 279, 588. Morton, J. S., 809. Mosier, J. G., 1108. Motschau, 332. Mottet, S., 1052. Mouillefert, P., 714. Moupy, L., 475. Miihle, K., 822. Mulford, W., 198. Miiller, 580. Miiller (Dresden), 641. Muller, A., 279. Muller, A., 893. Miiller, E., 378. Miiller, E. A., 7.53. Miiller, F., 973. Muller, J. A., 710. Miiller, R., 76. Miiller-Thnrgau, H., 18, 151. Mumford, F. B., 295. 905. Mumford, H. W., 902. Munk, J., 168. Mun.Hon, E. L., 477. Mnnson, L. S.. 374. Mnnson, W. M., 348, 648 Miintz, A., 74, :}30. Muntz, A., 1102. Murdoch, L. H., 117. Murphy, E. (;., 195. cyt;. Murphy, G. II., 132. Murphy, M., 697. Murray, J. A., 221. Murtfeldt, M. E., 371, 871. Mus.son, C. T., 433. Myers, E. C, 295. Myers, G. H., 105^1. Myers, H. C, 641. Myers, U. G., 623, 621. Nabokikh, V., 932. Nachtweh, A., 1103. Nagel, O., 879. Xagle, .r. C, 999, 1103. Nameche, L., 879. Nanninga, A. VV.. 823. Nash, C. W., 1023. Nathusius, T. von, 1106. Neal, .1. \V., 293. Neale, A. T., 42, 278. Needham, .1. G., 770. Nehrling, H., f,.52. NeiLson, A.. 1053. Nelson, A., 526. Nelson, ,1., 484, 778, 786. Nemee, B., 715. Nencki, M. von, 376. Xerking, J., 822. Nesbit, D. M., 134. Nesom, G. E., 489. Nestler, A., 524. Nettleton, E. S., 193. Neumann, P.. 919. Neumann, R. O., 878. Neveu-Lemaire, M., 1091. Newcomb, H. T., 901. Newcombe, F. C, 110. Newell, F. H., 515. 899, 1000. Newell, W., 700, 870. Newman, C. C, 52. Newman, C. L., 545, 843. Newman, J. S., 341, 517. Newport, H., 139, 354, 648. Newson, J. F., 999. Newstead, R., 370, 669, 968. Newton, C. R., 921, 1021. Nicholls, H. A. A., 143, 1105. Nichols, H. W., 232. Nicholson, H. H., 446. Nicholson, .1. F., 298, 1108. Nicolai, K. H., 921. Nicolas, J., 493. Nicoleano, G. N., 52, 372. Nicolle, M., 893. Nikaido, Y., 435. Nikitin, A., 165, 166. Nikolsky, 185. Niles, E. P., 96, 97, 161, 475. Nils.son, N. II., 815. Ni-sbet, J., 959. Nittis, J. de, 895. Noack, F., 258. Nobbe, F., 226, 416, 8f>2. Noble, N., 955. Noeard, E., 91, 184, 18.5, 1h9, 286, 592, 791. Noffray, 566. Noord< II. C. von, 675. .Nilrgaard, V. A., 183, 1.h,s, 1095, 1099. Norris. C. W., 720. •N'orri.s, (i., i(»7;{. Norton, J. B., noI. Norton, J. B. S., 295. Nourse, I). O., 978. Nove, H., .5'4. Noyes, W. A., 498. Nnesch, 791. Nultall, G. K. H., 67. Nye, T. ('., 71.5. Nyegaani, ('., 177. Ny.ssens, 614. Obrecht, K. <'.. 2'.i|. O'Callaghaii. .M. .\., I7'.i, •_»s2, .589 Oedegaard, N., iohi. Offer, J. K.. 47K. Ogden, A. W., 74, 82, 1072, 1073. Olds, H. W., 532. Olig, A., 878. Olmsted, V. E., 460. Olmsted, F. H., 1102. Ohvell, J. D., 1067. Onelli, C, 769. O'Reilly, .1. P., 1001. Ormcrod, E. A., 366. Orpet, E. O., 763. Ortiz, J. A., 266. Orton, \V. A., 55. Orzechowski, B., .522. Osborn, H., 69. 0.sborne, T. B., 17, .520, .521, 916. Osgood, W. H., .532. Oshida, T., 997. Osterspey, .!., 738. Ostrander, J. E., 23, 326, 627, 720, 923. Otis, I). H., 242, 279, 295, 482. Otto, R., 137, 5.54, 746, 956. Ouehakofl, \\. G., 191. Oudemans, C. A. J. A.. 962, 1061. Owens, J. E., 79.5. Pabst, A., 478. Pacottet, P., 5.59, f>.'>l, 662, 664. Paddock, W., 59 Pader, J., 695. Paepe, D. de, 61.5. Pacs.sler, J., 421, 525. Page, L. W., 289, .526. I'agnoul, A., 1.5, 108, 121. Paikert, A., 3. Pakes, \V. C. C., C,-£i. I'ala.he, .1. T., 10.50. Palladin, \V., 399. 4-£i. Pallrtdini, M., 107. Palmer, T. S., 227, 532, 720. 1023. Pamnicl, L. II., 114, -224, 359, 39fi. 443, 467. Pargiter, E. II., ii'.Xi. Park, \V. H., HI, 115, 178. Parker, E. \V., 799, 837, KiK. Parkes, A. E., 374. Parkin. J., 324. Pannenter, (J. F., 297. Parrott, P. J., 369, 370, 96«. 1124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Partheil. A., 589. Pashkevich, V. V., 453. Pas.serini, N., 115, 425, 437, 621 867. Pa.sson, M., 319, 821. Passy, P., 151. Paszotta, F., 590, 1100. Patch, G. H., 1102. Patersoii, J. W., 174. Paton, I). N., 773. Patrick, G. E., 321, 412. Patten, C. G., 453, 646. Patterson, F. W., 920. Patterson, R. W., 474, 668. Patterson, T. L., 1101. Patton, C. A., 1024. Patullo, A., 795. Paul, T., 166, HOC. Paull, C. L. F., 902. Paull, J. H., 946. Paulson, F., 139. Paulson, R., 1061. Pavillard, J., 827. Payne, C. H., 6.52. Payne, J. E., 128, 197. Peacock, R. W., 846, 947, 1036. Pear.son, L., 391, 589, 591. Pearson, R. A., 180, 990, 1083. Pease, D. R., 365. Pech, J., 355. Peck, S. S.,495. Peek, F. W., 845, 846. Peglion, v., 147, 965, 10.57. Peiper, E., 673. Peirce, G. J., 562. Pellet, H., 222, 614, 615, 713. Pemberthy, J., .592. Peneveyre, F., 370. Penhallow, D. P., 602. Penny, C. L., 223, 242, 278, 286. Pennywitt, H., 117. Pentland, G., 892. Pergande, T., 573, 667. Perkin, F. M., 421. Perkins, \V. R., 407. Pernter, J. M., 118, 427, 625, 722. Perroncito, E., 286, 592. Peschges, W., 589. Peschke, O., 1045. Peska, Z., 822. Peter, A.M., 124, 935. Petermann, A., 802, 833, 945, 1018, 1026. Peters, 694. Peters, A., 89, 284, 390. Peters, C. A., 294, 1015. Peters, E. T., 98, 291. Petersen, J., 279. Petersen, N., 781. Petersen, N. K., 787. Petersen, P. O., 179. Peterson, W. A., 660. Petersson, E., 783, 786. Petery, W. von, 563. Petit, A., 452. Petkow, N., 577. Petrov, P., 44. Pettee, C. H., 326. Pettenkofer, M. von, 906. Pettigrew, A., 1047. Pettit, J. H., 294. Pettit, R. H., 264. Petts, A., 3.52, 657. Pfeiflfer, T., 706, 726, 913, 932, 1016. Pfersdorff, F., 594. Pflaumer, C, 837. Pfliiger, E., 378, 775. Phelps, C. S., 132, 902, 922, 935, 936, 983, 993, 1096. Phelp.s, E. B., 1020. Philipp, K., 461. Philippar, P., 289. Philippe, E., 772. Plaz, A. M. dal, 293. Piccioli, L., 651. Pickel, J. M., 714. Pictet, A. 618. Piedzicki, S. von, 121. Pierce, N. B., 660. Pieters, A. J., 619, 754, 905. Pietrusky, K., 1102. Piffard, H. G., 589. Pillsbry, D. R., 880. Pillsbury, J. P., 750. Pilz, 860. Pinchot, G., 958. Pincot, R., 475. Piorkowskl, 393. Piper, C.V., 620. Pitra, J., 733. Pitsch, 0., 40. Pittuck, B. C, 644. Plagnes, L., 761. Plateau, F., 474. Pleissner, M., 322. Plohman, J., 169. Pluchet, E., 132. Plumaftdon, I. R., 626. Plumb, C. S., 1004, 1079. Plymen, F. J., 914. Pockels, F., 23, 425, 623. Poda, H., 282. Pollard, G. H., 278. Pollet, J., 861. Pollock, J. B., 111. Polslcy, F. A., 795. Pond, R. H., 110,199. Poole, H. W., 654. Popenoe, E. A., 198, 353, 860. Porter, H. C, 772. Possetto, G., 522. Potell, H., 1015. Potter, C. H., 139. Potter, M. C, 467, 864. Poujol, G., 789. Pound, C. J., 692, 994. Powell, G. H., 137, 245, 293, 1049. Powell, G. T., 299, 1006. Powers, Le G., 291. Pozzi-Escot, C, 116. Pozzi-Escot, M. E., 222. Pratt, A., 472. Prescott, A. B., 420. Prescott, S. C, 920. Prettner, M. , 895. Preyer, A., 116,1050. Prianishnikov, D. N., It), 631, 934 Price, O. VV., 143, 251. Price, R. H., 137, 802, 1048, 1049. Price, T. M., 674. Priebe, R., 1045. Proch^zka, B., 941. Proctor, H. R., 107, 823. Prosio, P., 712. Puchner, H., 319, 833, 1001, 1103. Pum, 50. Quaintance, A. L., 46, 53, 66, 198, 857, 871. Quajat, E., 163, 1069. Qulnn, G., 47, 246, 664, 871. Quirk, P., 543, 841. Rabe, 693. Rabus, 491. Radziewsky, A., 691. Radzikowski, C, 376. Raebiger, W., 92. Rahner, R., 1099. Rainford, E. H., 140, 153. Ramm, E., 240. Ramsay, W., 915. Ranck, E. M., 89. Randolph, H., 1108. Rane, F. W., 342, 348, 550, 852. Rankin, F. H., 1108. Rankin, J. M., 877. Ranson, F., 389. Ranwez, F., 1016. Rasetti, G. E., 977. Rasmussen, H. .1., 784. Ravaz, L., 458, 661. Ravenel, M. P., 89, 390, 591, 595, 792. Ravenscroft, B. C, 1045. Ravn, F. K., 565. Rawson, 829. Ray, J., 6.59, 863. Rayevski, A.. 92. Reach, F., 478, 776. Reakes, C. J., 992. Redding, R. J., 39, 40, 842, 1038. Redych, 170. Reed, J. H., 23. Reed, W., 189. Reed, W. M.. 999. Reeks, H. C, 592. Regenbogen, 1097. Regner, L. G. L., 993. Reh, L., 875. Reichard, C, 711. Reinhardt, F., •*77. Reiuliinder, 285. Remer, W., 399. Remington, J. S.. 165, 812. Remington, T. M., 812. RiSmond, 888. Remson, I., 498. Remy, L., 802. Rennie, W., sr.. 1107. Renoe, E., 117. Repp, J. J., 89, 492, 895. Rsttger, L. F., 1084. INDEX OF NAMES. 1121 Renter, 493. Reuter, E., 470, 968. Keychlcr, E., lOK!. Reynolds, J. B., 328,394, 1025, 1104. Rhodes, A., 699. Rhodes, C. K., 998. Rhodin, J. G. A., 438. Rhodin, S., 1041. Riec, C. J., 698. Rice, C. L., 23, 326, 627. Rice, G. D., 193, 269. Richards, E. H., S77. Richards, M. T., 1111. Richards, T. W., 711. Richardson, H. P., 29.'). Richcson, J. M., 600. Richet, C, 491. Riclimond, H. D.. 280, 885, 988. Richmond, S. O., 280. Ric6me, H., 109. Rideal, S., 418. Ridgvvay, R., 530. Riecher, L. T., 281. Riecke, R., 932, 1015. RieiTel, A., 899. Itieger, F., 915. Kiegler, E., 107, 914. Rigand, E., 589. Rigaux, F., 596. Riguier, 688. Riiber, C. N., 619, 821. Riiber, S. H. R., 821. Rijn, J. J. L. van, 386. Rikaehev, M., 428, 1025. Rimpau, W., 639, 641. Ringelmann, M., 697, 900, 1075. 1103, 1104. Ripper, M., 524. Risser, A. K., 880. Ritchie, J., 191. Ritter, C, 626. Ritter, E., 822. Rizzo, A., 1092. Robert, J. C, 994, 995. Roberto, J., 119, 229. Roberts, H., 949, 9-54, 958, 1049. Roberts, I. P., 396, 572. Robertson, J. W., 180. Robertson, R., 228, 237, 2.55, 270, 272, 274, 278, 279. Robin, A., 287. Robine, 524. Robinet, P., 576, 882. Robison, F. W., 698. Rodet, A., 96. Roe, W., 672. Roeding, G. C, 747. Roger, R., 1027. Rogers, L. A., 85,1108. Rohardt, W., 390,976. Rolet, A., 990. Rolfs, F. M., 148. Rolfs, P. H., 199,465,749. Roman, C, 1036. Romberg, E., 692. Romburgh, P. van, 141. Rommel, G. M., 1075,1081. Roper, D. C, 79S. Rorer, .'^. T., 113. Roschnowski, 170. Rose, J., 648. Rose, J. N., 113. Rose, L., 279. Ro.semann, R., ,578. Rosenbcrger, R. C, 94. Rosenfeld, A., 991. Ro.scnfeld, F., 481. Rosenfeld, G., 915. Rosengren, L. F., 1086. Rasenheim, O., 774,1071. Rosenquist, E., 478. Rosenstiehl, 229. Ross, CM., 795. Ross, D. W., 193,999. Ross, R., 1069. Rost, E., 1074. Rostruj), O., 7.50. Rotch, A. L., 623,626. Rothrock, J. T., 561. Rothschild,. H. de, 690,885,887. Rotschy, A., 618. Roubal, L., 1041. Rougier, L., 649,650. Rousseanx, E., 330. Rowland, S., 775. Rowlee, W. W., 325. Rowsome, H. R., 373,1069. Ruddick, J. A., 180,281,282,283. Rudolph, .T., 1052. Rudorf, 553. Ruffy, E., 374. Ruggeri, R., 712. Riimker, von, 441,642. Rumpf, T., 975. Riimpler, A., 221. Riimpler, T., 1052. Runyan, E. G., 618. Rushworth, W. A., 89,94. Russell, G. W., 229. Russell, H.L., 21,37,83,87,91,284, 690, 784, 939, 986, 988,989,1112. Russell, I. C, 722, 1102. Sabbatani, L., 178. Saint-Maur, du Pre de, 861. Sajo, K., 620, 755, 872, 873, 874. Salmon, D. E., 89, 185, 286, 786, 787, 983, 1092, 1093, 1097. Salomonsen, 783. Sammis, J. L., 166. SamojilofT, A., 1016. San Bernardo, de, 443, 1042. Sanders, F. W., 99. Sanderson, E. D., 70, 71, 261, 518, 668, 766, 872, 875. Sands, W. X., 551, 841. Sandsten, E. P.. 198. Sartori, A., 619. Sata, A., 94. Saner, 493. Sauget, A., 650. Saunders, D. A., 323, 639. Saunders, W.. 34, 237, 255, 291, 838, 1112. Saunders, \V. I)., m;. Sawjalow, \V. \V., 376. Saylor, C. F., 445. Scaralia, P.. 377. Schallcr, 824. Schanz, M., 445, 611. SclmpoN<"linikoir, 171. Schellenberger, O., 1010. Schenck, C. A., 959. Schenz, L., 10.51. Schidrowilz, 1'., 1102. Schilrtknecht, L., 1051. Schilling, Ky7. Schilling, R., 10.52. Schinipcr. A. F. W., 75. Sehlacht, 734. Schlcchtendal, I), von, 473. Schleichert, F., 226. Schleus.sner, .1., 3519. Schleyer, 729. Schloesing, T., 61, 329, 433, lo-jg. Schloesing, T., jr., 20. Schmatolla, O., 522. Schmeiss, O., 10-16. Schmid, A., 240, .577, 772, S79. Schmoldt, R., 732. Schneegans, A., 596, 1073. Schneider, A., 826. Schneider, X., 3.56, 644. Schueidewind, \V., 424, 434, 703. Schoch, E. P., 6.56. Schoetz, R., 1101. Schokalsky, J. de, 117. Schollander, E. G., 357. Schondorff, B., 880. Schone, A., 424, 823. Schott, 394. Schottelius, 983. Schou, R., 1107. Schoyen, W. M., 367. Schrader, E. von, 882. Schreiber, 96. Schreiber, C, 290, 342, 632, (KM, 726, 1029. Schrenk, H. von, 62, 1.54,260, 602, 660. Sehribaux, E., 40, 2.52, 451, 545. Schroder, R., 109. Schroeder, C, 787. Schroeder, E. C, 186. Schukovvski, 169. Schulte, A., 241. Schulten, A. de, 710. Schulz, E. E., 829. Schulz, H., 168. Schulz. O. E., 422. Schulze, B., 132, 416, 417, fvsl. Si^hulze, C, Ml. Schulze, E., 878, 919. Schumm, O., 615. Schiitz, E., 281. Schiitz, W., 493. Schuyler, J. !>., 194, 794. Scluvappach, A., WO, 754 Schwarz, E. A., 667. Schweinfurth, <;.. 746. Schweinltz, K. A. de, 178. 1.H.5, 191, 1090, 1095. 1126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Sclavo, A., 693. Scofield, C. S.,94.s. Scott, A., 894. Scott, W. M., 09, 869, 875. Scovell, M. A., 124, 935. Seribner, F. Lamson, 113, 224, 240, 304, 422, 443, 514, 526, 703, 939. Sealey, C, 197. Seaman, L. L., 578. Searle, A. B., 421, 823. Sebelien, J., 178, 179, 728, 936. Sebor, J., 16-5. Sedgwick, T. F., 898. Seeley, D. A., 828, 833. Seelhorst, C. von, 41,125,126,441, 541, 631, 723, 734. Segelcke, T. R., 279. Seibel, J. E., 249. Seidell, A., 409, 428. Seielstad, K.,781. Seignonret, A., 570. Seissl, J., 341. Seitler, E., 1015. Selby, A. D., 15.5, 257, 259, 344, 1014, 1055. Selfe, N., 697. SeliwanofF, T., 328, 332. Sellier, E., 112, 1030. Sempolovski, A., 130, 1040. S6n(5quier, R., 978. Sergeant, E., 485. Sestini, F., 1027. Seton, R. S., 1037, 1042. Settegast, H., 499. Seufiferheld, C, 751. Severin, S., 836. Seyboth, R., 426. Seyda, A., 613. Shamel, A. D., 240, 254, 1037, 1108. Sharp, D., 720. Sharpe, T. A., 228, 237, 243, 256. Shaw, G. W., 600, 1025. Shaw, R. H., 236, 916, 946, 986. Shaw, R. K., 75. Shaw, R. S., 270, 271, 273, 336, 676. Shaw, T., 495, 880. Shaw, W. R., 296. Shaw, W. T., 99, 296. Shear, C. L., 638. Sheldon, H. T., 267. Shenton, J. P., 420. Shepard, J. H., 823. Shepard, L. J., 600. Shepperd, A., 443. Shepperd, J. H., 336, 357, 426, 431. Sherman, F., jr., 470, 769. Sherman, I-I. C, 105, 375, 577, 916. Shinn, C. H., 251, 860, 952, 1108. Shipley, A. E., 67. Shiver, F. S.,446. Shutt, F. T., 105, 231, 233, 234, 236, 253, 267, 269, 282, 425, 433, 680, 683. Shuttleworth, A. E., 321, 340, 344, 378, 379, 399. Sibbald, H. G., 476. Sidersky, D., 318. Sieber, N., 376. Sicbrecht, H. A., 560. Siedamgrotzky, 998. Siegfeld, M., 223, 885. Silberstern, P., 1074. Silva, A. J. Ferreira, 107. Silva Telles, A. G. da, 1050. Silverman, M., 1071, 1072, 1073. Simons, 548. Simpson, C. B., 518, 665. Sirrine, F. A., 58, 147, 159, 518, 903, 1047, 1064. Sitensky, F., 642. Siv(5n, V. O., 579. Sivori, F., 994, 995. Sjollema, B., 221. Sjostedt, y., 266. Skillman, 555. Skinner, H., 70. Skinner, J. H., 37, 294, 540, 1108. Skinner, W. \V., 641. Skov, M., 1083. Slade, H. B., 29.5. Slawinski, R., 170. Slingerland, M. V., 68, 69, 369, 371, 511, 517, .572. Slos.son, E. E., 832. Slowtzoff, B., 978. Slupski, R., 1095. Smeyers, E., 587. Smith, A. L., 58. Smith, C. B., 292. Smith, C. D., 45, 290, .548, 877, 1004. Smith, D. T., 1000. Smith, E. E., .579, 1052. Smith, E. P., 63, 114, 154, 465, 466. Smith, E. G., 222. Smith, E. L., 1067. Smith, F. B., 911. Smith, G. A., 85, 86. Smith, G. O., 1103. Smith, G. W., 648. Smith, H. E., 31. Smith, H. R., 199. Smith, J. B., 161, 517, 763, 966. Smith, J. F., 108. Smith, J. G., 243, 422, 898. Smith, R. E., 357, 358, 363, 1060. Smith, R. G., 595, 623, 718, 921, 1021. Smith, R. H., 47.5. Smith, W. G., 92.5, 1056. Smythe, W. E., 696, 794. Snell, J. F., 105, 878, 915. Snow, F. J., 1025. Snyder, A. H., 472. Snyder, H., .546, 770. Sobolev, A., 71. Soderbaura, H. G., 713, 7.30, 836. Soelberg, T., 781. Sohnle, H., 695. Sokolov, N. N., 67. Sollied, P. R., 775, 977. Soltsien, P., 223. Somerville, W., 1.30, 175, 253, 483, 603. Sorauer, P., 732, 923, Soule, A. M., 36, 39, 75, 76, SO, 82, 546, 840, 978, 1081. Soul(?, F., 794. Source, L. M. de la, 17, 322. Southey, W. R., 189. South wick, J. M., 967. Soutter, W., 643. Specht, L., 107. Speir, J., 1037. Spencer, G. L., 799. Spencer, ,J., 200. Spieckermann, A., 581. Spiegler, A., 775. Spillman, W. J., 173, 499, 514, 676, 1110. Sprague, E. C, 167. Spragne, L. I'., 699. Sprague, M., 279. Sprenger, C., 751. Staes, G., 22, 159, 1023. Stager, R., 56. Stahl, E., .529. Stanek, v., 616. Stang, v., 594. Stannard, J. D., 289. Stanoi^witch, G. M., 328. Stedman, J. M., 968, 1068. Steel, T., 90. Steele, J., 791. Steglich, B., 253. Steiger, G., 1017. Steinbruck, C, 685. Steiner, R., 485. Steinitz, F., 481. Stellwaag, 703. Stenstrom, O., 886. Stephens, H. R., 576, 1069. Stetefeld, R., 1001. Steuart, W. M., 753. Stevens, F. L., 296. Stevenson, J., 722. Stewart, C. G., 418. Stewart, F. C, 55, 58, 148, 150, 758, 759. Stewart, J., 432. Stewart, J. D., 189, 791. Stewart, J. H., 236, 276, 277, 438. Sticker, A., 888. Stift, A., 57. Stiles, C. W., 192, 287, .593, 785, 1091, 1092, 1093. Stiles, E. P., 904. Stiles, H. P., 194. Stilson, L. D., 475. Stinson, J. T., 1.50, 552. Stockbridge, H. E., 1035, 1076, 1079, 1097. Stocking, W. A., jr., 495. Stockman, S., 1092. Stoddard, H. H., 484. StSdter, W.,1091. Stogia, G., 177. Stoklasa, J., 300, 542, 632, 733, 827. Stoll, P. H., 1041. Stolle, F., 222. Stone, G. E., 357, 358, 363, 1068, Stone, J. L., 342, 572. INJ)KX OK NAMES. n Stone, R.. 795. Stonehonso, J., 279. Stoiier, M. A. N., 75. Storch, A., 1090. Storch, v., 179, 279. Storio, J., 590. Stourbc, O., 99S. Stout, O. V. P., 999. Strada, F., 191. Strand, G. W., 657. Strasbnrgcr, J., 108. Stratton, R. W., 279. Streb.-l, M.,285. Streckcr, W., 195. Street, J. P., 615, 675, 727, 730, 1076. Streit, H., 1096. Stringfollow, H. M., 139. Strohmer, F., 74, 480. Strong, C. P., 399. Strong. G. W., 298. Stroscher, A., 578. Struve, J., 632. Strzyzowski, C, 711. Stniirt, W., 56, .57, 96, 254, 294, 761, 851. StubKs, \V. C, 32, 71, 196. Stubenrauoli, A. V., 294, 876, 9(^)2. Stuhlmann, F., 291. Sturgis,\V.C., 151,1.54. Stutzer, A., 1018. Sudendorf, E., 180. Sukhodski, N., 960. Summers, W. L., 635, 645, 923. Suringar, H., 146, 2.56. Sutherland, G., 799. Sutherst, W. P., 821, 956, 988, 1041. Sutton, G. L., 1036. Suzuki, IT., 61, 717, 866. Svoboda, H., 722, 975. Swan, C. H., 697. Swaving, A. J., 281. Swendsen, G. L., 999. Swezey, G. D., 805. Swingle, W. T., 248. Sylviac, 373. Symos, G. J., 827. Szell, L. von, 318. Tacke, B., 1037. Taft, L. R., 299, 452, 456, 849, 949, 1004. Tailleur, P., 1018. Tallack, J. C, 949, 1044. Tallerman, D., 1107. Tanfilycv, G. I., 434. Taschcnbcrg, O., 1067. Tassi, F., 224. Tayler, L., 190, 1091. Taylor, T. H., 297, 777, 979. Taylor, T. U., 194. Taylor, W. A., 2.50, 29.5. Tchistovitch, T., 90. Tedin, H., 819. Tci.ssercnc de Bort, L., 117. Ten Brocck, H. H., 828. Ten Eyck, A. M., 336, 340, 426, 431 . Tennant, J. T.,489. Tervet, J. N., 916. 7097— No. 12~()'2- Tliacli, ('. ('., KKil. Thntehor, K. W., 199, lis, 179,493, 613. Tlu'ile, F. ('.. .597. Thciler, A., .594, 1098. Theobald, F. V., 668, 770. Thiele, 10<>. Thiele, V., 760. Thierry, E., 493. Thiesen, M., 118. Thistleton-Dyer, \V. T.,;itil,8.59. Thomas, H. H., 1049. Thomas, M. B., 760. Thomasscu, 96, 891. Thompson, G. F., 776, 1101, 1106, Thompson, W., 420. Thompson, W. O., 512, 518, 703. Thoms, G., 31, 900. Thoms, H., 596, 618. Thomson, A., 919. Thom.son, G. S., 83, 180, 282, 484, .587, 885, 987, 990. Thomson, 11. M., 332, 381. Thomson, .1. P., 924. Thon, H., 591. Thornber, J. J., 293. Thornber, W. S., 346. Thornber, W. T., 679. Thome, C. E., 699. Thorpe, T. E., 1070. Tiemann, H.,»485. Tillinghast, J. A., 34, 484, 496. Tilson, P. S., 1026. Timberg, G., 795. Timpe, H., 16, 423. Tindal,-M., 722. Tin.sley, J. D., 99, 296, 430. Tise, F. G., 248. Tison, A., 827. Titus, E. S. G., 198. Todaro, F., 754, 7.56. Todd, A. M., 17. Todd, J. E., 924. Tollens, B., 207, 305, 424, 823,844. Tolman, L. M., 374, 915. Tolsky, A., 327. Tomartschenko, P., 523. Tompkins, D. A., 843. Toni, J. B. de, 1006. Tonzig, C, 588. Tortelli, M., 712. Toumey, .1. \V., 112, 251. Toussaint, W., 194. Towar, J. D., 343, 001, 801, 8:59. Tower, O. F., 773. Tower, W. L., 156, 158. Townsend, C. O., 152, 257, 462. Trabert, W., 427. Trabut, 112, 142, 543, 568, 641. 6-J7, 1050, 1051. Tracy, S. M.. 112, 332. Tracv.W.W., 324. Tracy,\V.\V., jr., 214, 948. Traina, R., 191. Trelea.se, W., 113,324,602. Treub, M., 1006. Trimble, R." E., lis. Trine, I). \V., IIKM. Tr((mi)e2, 709. 1024, 1067. Verney. L.. 688. Vernon, J. .1., 290, 4:«). Verson. E.. ua. 673, lOf.9. Very, F. W.. 021. Ves.««iit, P., 752. -3 1128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vestergaard, A. B., 750. Viala, P., 662. Vibrans, 545, G43, 936, 1031. Vidal, D., 152. Vieth, P., S4. Vilbouchevitch, J., 299, 957. Vilmorin, P. de, 46, 512. Villon, A. von, 168. Vincenheller, W. G., 49, 59. Vincent, V. H., 596. Vincent, W. A., 1107. Vind, A., ISO. Violle, J., 23. Vitek, E., 827. Vivian, A., 16, 32, 87, 236, 9H8, 989. Viviand-Morel, 860. Voelcker, J. A., 335, 1077, 1078. Voglino, P., 966. Voigt, A., 564. Voirin, V., 994. Voit, E., 579. Voorhees, E. B., 128, 176, 396, 435, 508, 515, 727, 742, 1110, 1111. Voorhees, L. A., 413, 675, 730, 771, 1076. Voorhees, S. B., 4.53. Vorderman, A. G., 1019. Vries, H. de, 324, 619, 1044. Vries, J. J. O. de, 88. Vrieze, K. de, 236. Vuillet, J., 1051. Vulte, H. T., 523. Wagner, A., 1048. Wagner, J., .526. Wagner, P., 235, 331, 437,635,639, 640, 838. Wait, C. E., 72. Waite, M. B., 246, 299. Waldo, F., 626. Waldron, C. B., 853. Waldron, G., 858. Waldron, L. R., 21. Walker, E., 48. 850, 871. Walker, P. H., 526. Wallace, R. W., 1052. Wallace-Taylor. A. J., 249. Waller, A. D., 461. Waller, O. L.,999. Walley, T., 1092. Walton, B. F., 699. Wanner, H., 714. Warburg, O., 9-57. Warburton, C, 475, 1063. Ward, A. R., 178,293, 600, 686, 687. Ward, C. W., 652. Ward, E. G., jr., 651, 901. Ward, H. B., 903. Ward, H. E., 294, 1108. Ward, H. W., 954. Ward, R. DeC, 829. Warner, L. H., 880. Washburn, F. L., 699. Washburn, J. H., 904. Wassilieff, N. J., 112, 323. Waters, H. J., 177, 515. Watkins, J. L., 290. Watkins, S. L., 644, Watrous, C. L., 298. Watrous, F. L., 128. Watson.G. C, 449,484, 732,733, 880. Watson, I. A., 89. Watson, O. M., 383, 1108. Watt, G., 166. Watts, F., 494, 841. Watts, H. M., 722. Waugh, r. A., 137, 299, 4.53, 554, 555, 5.56, 557, 568, 745, 853, 854. Wauters, J., 106, 522. Wauthy, G., 82. Wauthy, H., 82. Weathers, J., 52. Webber, H. J., Ill, .517, 719. Weber, F. C, 295, 1108. Weber, S., 977. Webster, E. H., 902. Webster, F. M., 64, 65, 72, 299, 475, 699, 870, 967, 971. Webster, J., 594. Wechsberg, F., .590. Wedemeyer, K., 500. Wedge, C, 653. Weed, C. M., 667, 719, 804, 873. Weeks, H. C, 67. Weems,J.B.,224,396,443,915,1015. Wehmer, C, 64. Weida, G. F., 198. Weigert, F., 438, 1032. Weigmann, H., 485, 1112. Weil, R., 116, 592, 889. Wein, E., 703. Weinzierl, T. von, 144. Weis, F., 116. Weisberg, J., 617. Weismann, A., 373. Weiss, B., 107. Weiss, ,T. E., 64, 962. Welinder, B., 814. Welmans, P., 106. Went, F. A. F. C, 703, 1018. Werenskiold, F. H., 774. Wesener, J. A., 917. We.ssel, W., 694. Wesser, W., 593. Westgate, J. M., 295, 442. Westh, T. C., 948. Weston, G. F., 279. Wetzke, T., 32. Weyl, T., 1074. Wheeler, C. F., 224, 2-59. 1111. Wheeler, H. J., 34, 480, 484, 512, 540, 713, 731. Wheeler, W. A., 620. Wheeler, W. P., 880. Wheler, E. J., 604. White, B. O., 124, 173, 526, 540, 545, 649, 879. White, C. A., 645. White, E. A., 905, 1047. White, H. C, 1109. White, W. N., 848. Whiteley, J., 252. Whitford, H. C, 199. Whitlock, R. H. 496. Whitney, M., 539, 633, 924. Whitson, A. R., 24, 27, 229, 29», 930, 931. Whitten, J. C, 29.5. Whittier, J. C, "^51. Wiancko, A. T., 398. Wiancko, T. A., 279. Wibbens, H., 587, 673. Wichert, M. von, i71. Wickson, E. J., ^51, 795. 1000. Widmann, O., 22. Widtsoe, J. A., 1097. . Wilcox, E. M., 150, 293, 565, 570, 575, 1055. Wilcox, E. v., 283. Wildeman, E. de, 1050. Wiley, H. W., 45, 224, 415, 445, 525, 526, 736. Wiley, S. W., 600. Wilfarth, H., 570, 1030. Wilkinson, W. P., .52, .558. Willard, J. T., 198, 446, 480, 543. Willey, D. A., 192. Williams, C. B., 917. Williams, G. W., 1069. Williams, H. E., 75. Williams, W. L., 88, 593. Willing, T. X., 463. Willis, E., 8.38. Willoughby, C. L., 179, 294. Wills, J. T., 829. Wilms, 723. Wilson, C. T. R., 425. Wilson, J., 603, 888, 905, 1108, 1109, 1110. Wilson, J. H., 371. Wilson, J. M., 194, 794, 999. WiLson, J. W., 904. Wilson, L. B., 187. Wimmenauer, 753. Wimmer, G., 1030. Winchester, J. F., 89. Windisch, K., 87, .596, 966. Windisch, R., 656. Wing, H. J., 294. Winkler, L. W., 418. Winklhofer, J., 421. Winston, G. T., 199. Winterstein, E., 1018. Winton, A. L., 17, 74, 75, 82, 1016, 1071, 1072, 1073. Wirschillo, W. A., 168. Wirth, T., 9.55. Wirthle, F., 107, 166, 822. Wislicenus, H., 713. Withers, J. W., 6.51. Withers, W. A., 122, 409, 446, 479, 512, 515. Withycombe, J., 54.S, 601, 679^ 680, 696. Wittmack, L., 651. Wittmann, C, 420. Wodarg, 1029. Wohlgemuth, \, 1074. Wohltmann, F., 533. Wolff, ,T., 17. Woll, F. W., 32, 44, 80, 81, 83, 946, 977, 985, 986, INDEX OF NAMP:S. 112'.) Wollny, E., 703. Wolpert, H., 376. Wood, A. F., 146, 670. Woodfock, A. R., 1022. Woodninn, A. G., 319. Woodrow, R. 8., 294. 902. Woods, C. I)., 236, 270, 332, 360. 577, 635, 900, 1031, 107.=i. Woodworth, C. W.,473, 963. Wooldridge, G. H., .593. Woolvertoii, L. A., 299, 353. Woo8ter, E. W., 249. Wooton, E. O., 296. Woy, R., 165, 523, 917. Wragge, C. L., 923. Wrampelmfyer, E., 26.s. Wron, n. B., 117. Wright, C, 555. Wright, .1. A.. 29X, 1005. Wright, ,1. A. C, 795. Wriglit, h., 4.S4. Wright, M. J., 373. Wright, R. I'., 130, 131, 243. Wurz, R., 975. Wiistenhiigeii, L., 45. Yakuvlyov, A. L., 436. Yanovchik, F., 22.5. Yoder, 1*. A., 99. Youl, J., 525. Young, A. G., 82. Yourewit.sch, 889. Zacharawifz, E.; 1048. Zacharia.s, E., 1006. Zahn, O., 776. Zaleski, W., 825. Zauardi, L., 17. Zaviiz, C. A., 3;{.s, lao, i[ass.." etc., after the entry, refer to the pnblieatioiis of the respective exy>eriment stations, and " L'. S. D. A." to those of this Department. Page. Abortion, enzootic 791 in cattle 593 notes 589 Acacia as affected by dry and humid air... 20 foliar organs 526 Acacia farnrisiana, notes 1052 Acetic acid bacteria, vitality and variation 113 in foreign conntries Hi6 Acherontia atropos, notes 367 Acid phosphates. (Six Superphosphates.) Acids, determination in tanning materials. 107 wines 617, 618 standard solutions, preparation... 820,913 volatile, determination in wines — 524 Acorns, analyses. Me 577 Aeridium piirpurijerum, notes 1063 Acrohasis caryx, notes, Fla 1062 Actinomyces, methods of staining 94 studies 693 Actlnomyco.sis, in Argentina 995 Bavaria 1096 New Zealand 992 leucocytosis in 691 lingual origin in cattle 186 observations 94, 284 organism, studies 693 outbreaks 489 treatment 995 U. S. D. A 197 M'idium f/ravcolens, inoculation experi- ments 63 pedatatum, notes 663 strobilium, inoculation experi- ments 469 notes 367 tubcrculatuvi, notes 146 ^opodium podayraria, notes 862 Aerobacter, new genus 114 Aerometer, description 619 jEsculus hippocaetaniim, nuixlynQS 651 Agarics, anatomical structure 422 Agaricus campestris, description, Ky 920 melleiis, enzyms in 621 Agave sisaliana, description 641 Agaves, culture in Algeria 39, 543, (>41 use in Mexico 441 Agglutination in infections of different de- grees ^^ mechanism of ^^ of Staphylococcus aureus 493 Page. Agricultural — b\iilding at Purdue University 612 for the Department of Agri- culture 205 chemical laboratory in St. Petersburg, report 1898 235 college at Tetchen-Liebwerd, report . . . 439 colleges in the United States. V. S.D.A. 98 statistics 101 relation to the proposed na- tional university 518 requirements for admission and cost of attendance, U. S.D.A. 290 conditions in eastern Colorado, Colo ... 195 the Pacific coast region. U.S.D.A 548 education, farm practice in 302 in .Vlgeria 697 Kngland 402, .500 Europe, America, and Australia 98 France C97 U. S. D. A 292 Ireland 503 Russia 803 the British West Indies. . 803 United States and Can- ada . . 911 new as- pects. 502 university extension work . 396 exhibits at the Paris Exposition 98 expftiment stations, (ifce Experiment stations.) exports, U.S.D.A 196 markets for, U. S. D. A 98 of the United States, distribu- tion, U.S.D.A 494 imports of the United States, sources. U.S.D.A 4M information, office in France 399 institutions in Egypt 396 inventions '^^9 investigations in Alaska, U. S. D. A 125 literature '012 machinery at the Paris Exposition 289 Ijearings in l'**^' exhibit 1103 industry in Germany 1 103 prices, U. S. D. A '^■>l 1131 1132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Agricultural — Continued. machinery, testing 1001 trials 697,795 meteorology in Mexico 722 Russia 708 organizations in France, U. S. D. A 290 physics, text-book 394 publications, new 99, 100, 900 resources and capabilities of Hawaii, U. S.D.A.. 196 PortoRico 196 statisticsin Belgium 901 Great Britain 291, 1106 trade of the United States, U. S. D. A . . . 291 Agriculture — and Horticulture, School at Briarcliff Manor 301,100.5 technical instruction in Ireland . . .503 apprenticeships in, at the Maryland Station 491 at Grignon 697 Bureau of Philippine Islands 304 Department of. (See United States De- partment of Agriculture.) Graduate School 303, 905, 1011, 1108 in Belgium 799 China 697 Denmark 948, 1107 Europe 905 Finland 1107 France 1106 Germany 98 India 1107 Japan 1107 Mexico 1106 New Zealand 697 Portugal 1107 Prussia 1026 Reunion 291 Tunis 732 the Colorado Delta, Cal 1025 Twelfth Census 291 methods of teaching, U. S. D. A 296 short courses in 518 .sub-Arctic 396 subtropical 98 teaching in colleges 494 treatise 1104,1107 tropical, text-book 1105 university extension work in 299 Agrilus areolatus, notes 571 Agromyza simplex, notes, N. Y. State 169 Agropyrum tenerum, notes, S. Dak 323 Agrostis suffusa, notes 668 vulgaris, notes, Kans 442 Agrostology, Division of, field work, U. S. D. A 638 publications, U. S. D.A 699 Agrotechny, syllabi of courses in, U. S. D. A. 396 Agrotis segetuni, notes 968 Air, ionization, U. S. D. A 425 liquid, effect on germination 1055 relation to plant growth 20, 726 Alabama Canebrake Station, notes 600, 698 College, notes . '. 198, 293, 600, 1004 Page. Alabama College Station, financial state- ment 97,1001 notes.... 198,293,600 report of direc- tor 97,1001 Tuskegee Station, notes 293 Alaska Stations, notes 397 Albinism in sweet corn Ill Albumin, synthesis by plants in the dark. . 109 Albuminoids, decomposition in seeds during germination 19, 323 separation by metallic salts. . 1016 Alcohol as a food 578 effect on immunity of pigeons to anthrax 1096 metabolism 578,878 peptic digestion 376 methyl, determination in vinegar. 524 Aldehydes, determination, volumetric method 524 AleurUes moluccana, planting in Florida . . . 1053 Aleurodes citri, notes, U. S. D. A 266, 870 respiration 473 greenhouse. Mass 367 spp., affecting strawberries, N. Y. Cornell 371 vapor ariorum, treatment. Conn. State 1.56 Aleuronat, digestibility 167 Alfalfa, analyses 977 N.J 774 as a fertilizer, U. S. D. A 599 substitute for clover 841 composition of ether ex tract 420 culture 543 N.J 128 culture experiments, Colo 33 Ind 37 Okla 129 Wis 938 in Nebraska 941 on muck land 733 fertilizer experiments 236 for cows 279 pigs, Mont 274 ^ Utah 273 sheep, Nebr 677 steers, Ariz 676 germination as affected by formal- dehyde 656 g^rowth on different soils 932 hay, analyses 977 digestibility 480 pressing 1075 insect affecting 572 notes, Kans 442 Ohio 1106 Tex 443 root tubercles 425 seed tests 564,756 seeding in the fall, Kans 543 silage, notes, U. S. D. A 98 soil inoculation experiments. Pa .. 733 Alinit, experiments 33, 340, 542, 640, 827, 841 Mich 840 Alkali, black, plants resistant to, U. S. D. A . . 919 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1188 I'HKl'. Alkali deposits in Wyoming, Wyo 832 incrustation, analyses, Ind 17 salts, rise 833 solution studies, U. S. D. A 42.S soils. (See Soils, alkali.) studies. Wash 627 weed, analyses, Cal 481 Alkalimeter, new form 916 Alkaloids, eflfecton the respinitionof plants. 716 in pukatea bark 713 tobacco 618 Tutu 713 Alligator pear, analyses. Me .^77 culture in Florida 716 notes 716 Allium cepa, transformations of albuminous substances 20 Al/orliiiianitida, notef^,G& 66 Almond bagworm, notes 574 Alsupliila pometaria, life history 768 Alum in bakingpowders, effect upon digesti- bility 579 Alumina, determination 408 Aluminum, condition in cultivated soils . . . 433 Alypiaoctomacidata, notes, Co\o 1.56 Amarantuf: albus, notes. Can 3.58 Amarylleie hybrids /.. 53 Amdanchier alnij'olia, notes,Can 244 American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers 907,1106,1110 Chemical Society meeting, Dec, 1901 498 Pomological Society meeting at Buffalo 298 Ammonia, determination, apparatus for 824 in air 108 water 418 in meteoric waters 721 sal ts, fertilizing value 331 Ammonite and dried blood, analyses, N. J.. 730 Ammonium chlorid, action on silicates 1017 magnesium phosphate precipi- tate, ignition 824 phosphate, decomposition 1030 phosphomolybdate, purifica- tion 613 sulphate. (.See Sulphate of ammonia.) Ammophiln sabulosa, notes 70 Ampelography, guide 52 Roumanian 52 Amphistoma conicum, notes 896 Analysis, methods. (See Feeding stuffs. Fer- tilizers, Foods, etc.) Avaxa armir/era, notes, Ky 368 tristis, notes, Ky 368 Andricun r/landium, notes 1063 Andropiigon ccmtortus, notes, U. S. D. A 732 halepensis, notes, Kans 442 leucopogon, notes, U. S. D. A 732 torreyanus, notes, U. S. D. A 732 Angiosperms, seed coats 6.56 Angora goats 483 U.S.D.A V"6 Angoumois grain moth, notes 573, 1068 N..1 764 Page. Anhydrite, formation io32 Animal diseases, contagious 284 control,l'..s. D. A 197 in Mis.s(>uri 1094 de.scrif)ti<)n and treatment 998 in foreign countries, V. S. D.A Isl.llOl New Zealand 992 the United States, U. S. D.A 1092 relation to public health . 990 theories concerning 10H9 treaties 490 {Srr (dm specific digeaKiy.) industry in .Vustralasia, U.S. D. A . . 1106 Porto Rico, U. S. D. A . . . 173 the United States 1003 meal, analyses. Me 107f> R.I 4«0 Vt 173 parasites, classification, Va 96 inTexas, U.S. D. A 1092 mites 266 notes 67S Oreg 696 U.S.D.A 192, 287 Va 97,161,475 papers on, U.S.D..\ 1091 treatise 1091 production, handbook 76 products, trade statistics, U. S. D. A.. 197,1106 Animals and plants, .symbio.sis 827 cruelty to 993 diseased, indemnity for 287, 998 regulation.^ concerning.. 89 regulations concerning, in foreigncities, U.S. D. A. 192 feeding and care 176, 880 Cal 481 labor, rest, and confinement 88 protection from flies 266 trade statistics, U. S. D. A 197, 1106 Animula, sp., notes 1062 Anisopleryx pometaria. ( See Cankerworm. ) Anisota scnatoria, notes, U. S. D. .\ 870 Anopheles macidipeiiiiis. eggs and Inrvje 67 in Paris 1068 notes, Ky 971 punctipcnnis, notes, Ky 971 Anoplognathus analis, notes 473 porosus, notes 473 Ant decapitating fly, notes 667 Anthomyia radicum, notes 65 Anthonomus grandis, investigations, U. S. D.A 158 notes 157, 474 signcUus, notes 967 Anthrax bacillus as affected by rat serum. 92 behavior in guinea pigs. 91 capsule, methfHl of stain- ing 92 disintegration in 1)1(mm1 out.side of the Uxly 1.S6 efTeet on pert)xid of hy- drogen 92 1134 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Antlirax bacillus immunizing experiments. 691 infection 691 morphology 1096 spore formation 592, 1096 spore formation in atmos- phere of nitrogen 894 spore formation under an- serobic conditions 92 staining 693 disease resembling 390 immunization of pigeons and guinea pigs 896 in Algeria 790 Hungary 1090 Louisiana 894 La 488 New Zealand 181,992 carnivorous animals 790 horses 92 pigeons as affected by alco- hol 1096 infection experiments 186 from handling horse- hair 894 leucocytosis in 691 occurrence and prevention, Miss. 994 outbreaks 284, 489, 490, 998 traceable to tannery re- fuse, Wis 91 post-mortem diagnosis 692 protective inoculation 691,896,1090 sanitary measures 287 serum, curative value 693 susceptibility of different races of sheep 186 symptomatic. (See Blackleg.) vaccine, preparation 592 use in Russia 92 virulence 590 virus as affected by turpentine. . . 692 Antimony sulphid, examination, Del 286 Antiopa butterfly caterpillars, notes, N. H . 667 notes 1067 Antiseptic surgery 89 therapeutics 89 Antivenines, notes 89 Ants, white, notes 1063 remedies 676 Apate monacha, notes 765 Apatite, use as a fertilizer 728 Aphelenchus coffcie, notes 164 Aphididce in North America, Iowa 1066 Aphionectria coccicola, notes 661 Aphis, black, notes, U. S. D. A 263 root, remedies 299 woolly, as a means of transmitting apple tree canker 660 notes 69,370,470,1063 Colo 166 remedies 673 Aphis cucumeris, notes, Okla 670 forbesi, notes, N.J 161 gossypii, notes, Ark 871 Ky 368 mali (See Apple aphis.) n. sp., notes, U. S. D. A 869 Page. Aphis padi, notes, Del 261 sorbi, notes, Del 261 Apiary experiments. Can 261, 373, 1069 Apiculture, development in New South Wales 72 manual 576 treatise 676 Apion apricans, notes 1063 Apocephalus jyergandei, n. sp., description.. 667 Apoplexy, parturient. {See Milk fever.) Apple aphis, notes 518, 763 Ala. College 951 Colo 156 Conn. State 166 N.J 967 U. S. D. A 869 remedies, Ala. College 136 bitter rot, notes. 111 1069 treatment, Mo. Fruit Sta- tion 160 bud borer, notes, Del 872 canker, notes, S. C 465 crown gall, notes, Ark 59 disease, notes, Ga ?. 54 diseases in western New York, N. Y. State 148 flea ■weevil, notes 1063 leaf miners, notes, N. Y. State 66 rust, notes, Okla 566 maggot, notes 69, 367 R.I 768 powdery mildew, notes 467 rots, notes. 111 1059 rust, notes, Ala. College 961 S.C 466 sawfly, notes 668 scab, notes 367 S.C 465 studies 258 111 865 treatment 961 Del 2.63 Mo. Fruit Station . . . 562 tree borer, round-headed, notes 69 borers, notes 472 Can 1064 canker, European, description . . 660 European, occurrence in America, N. Y. State . 60 investigations, N. Y. State 59 notes 151 Del 264 propagation 660 disease resembling black knot, Ky 671 twig blight, notes 151,517 borer, notes 472 Colo 156 Apples, aphis-resistant, Oreg 646 blossoming seasons 453 cold storage for 250, 664 , experiments, W.Va 260 composition during ripening 746 storage . 664, 746, 967 of different varieties . 554 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1135 Apples, oomposition of juices 577 wood 137 cross-brcrt, Can 244 crossing experiments 620 culture 901, 958 Ala. College 136 Mass 136 N. Dak 853 handbook 1049 in Addison County, Vt 853 Canada, Can 353 Michigan 299 New York 854 West Virginia, W. Va 352 duration of growth period in trees, Wis 48 effect of spraying in bloom, N. Y. State 364 Faineuse type, Vt 137 fertilizer experiments 646 N.J 739 flower development 653, 646 Wis 18,917 germination of pollen, Wis 949 grafting, Kans 950 hardy stocks for, Oreg 645 irrigation experiments, N. J 739 notes, Colo 195 nursery culture 746 pollination 746 Vt 554 experiments, Del 246 pruning, Tenn 950 root grafting 646 pruning, Mont 351 Tex 13S experiments 746 seedling 453 ■storage 955 N. H 352 varieties, Ala. College 136 Can 353 Kans 950 Mass 136 Mich 349 Mo. Fruit Station 552 Mont 351 Okia 553 W.Va 3.52 for Iowa 352 originated in Ohio 50 Apprenticeships in agriculture at the Mary- land Station 494 Apricot diseases, descriptions 365 in western New York.N. Y. State 148 root rot, notes 660 Apricots, canning 250 culture in Kansas 50 varieties, N. Mex 662 Okla 563 winter irrigation, Ariz 350 Aramigtisfulleri, notes, U. S. D. A 264 Aroroccrus, sp. , notes 765 Arborine, analyses, Can 267 Arccuthobium pusilluvi, notes, Mich 2.59 Page. Archil, detection in wine 223 Archippus butterfly, life liistory 65 Argas americanus, notes x76 I'.S.D. A 192 Va 175 ArgiircMiia conjugeUa, notes 9(W AriMida purpjtrca, notes, U. S. D. A 224 sp., notes, U. S. D. A 732 Arizona Station, financial statement 697 notes 293 report of director 697 Arkansas Station, financial statement 97, 1105 report of director 97, 1105 University, notes 11O8 Ai madillidium vulgare, notes, Ky 369 ArmiUaria mdlca, notes 861 Army po.st exchange .578 rations 675 in the Tropics 578 worm, beet, notes, Colo 1.56, 598 U.S.D.A 869 fall, notes 15.-, If.S.D.A 263,670 worms, notes 671 U.S.D.A 368 Arrhcnc.therum avenacetan, notes, Kans 442 elatius, reserve carbohy- drates in 527 Arrowroot, analyses 713 Arsenic, detection 108, 420, 916 in presence of .sulphites. . 108 determination IO8, 916, 1016 in organic matter. . . 711 Parisgreen. 108,414,616 in manufactured goods .578 Arsenites, analyses, Ma.ss 108 {See also Parisgreen.) Arsenoid, analyses, N. Y. State 108 Arsenoids, analyses, Mass 108 Artesian basin in South Dakota 328 water in Australia 924 wells in North Dakota 328 South Dakota 328, 924 remarkable 900 Artichokes, composition, Vt 549 culture 1045 for pigs. Can 275 varieties, S. Dak ^C A.scarides in pigs, Ark 897 Ascochyta catalpx, notes 224 viciie, notes 762 Ash analysis, importance 305 methods 207 apparatus for determination 713 R. 1 713 bark beetles, notes 366 constituents of plants 207, 305 determination in milk 16 plants, Can 321 preparation for analysis 410 Ashes, fertilizing value 8;{6 from .soft coal and sawdust, analyses, Ma.ss 730 wood. (See Wood ashes. ) Ashley, Alexander, notes, V S. I). A 425 Asparagin, investigations 173 USQ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Asparagin, nutritive value 481 Asparagus beetle, 1'2-spotted, notes 155 beetles, notes 65, 471, 872 Can 1064 culture 643,901,948 fertilizer experiments, N.J 738 irrigation experiments, N.J 738 pest, notes, N. Y. State 159 rust, notes, Can 364 Ind 57 S. C 465 treatment, N. J 758 N. Y. State 147 Aspartic acid, investigations 173 Asperella hystrix, notes, S. Dak 323 Aspidiotus, classification 266 technical study 767 ■Aspididtus nncylus, technical study 767 artieidattis, notes 767 aurantii, notes, U. S. D. A 266 caviellias, notes 875 destructor, notes 767 dictyospermi, notes 767 ficus, notes 767 U. S. D. A 266 forhesi, notes 767, 875 technical stud y 767 hederx, notes 767 U. S. D. A 266 hoivardi,. notes, U. S. L). A 869 oslreseformis, notes 874 technical study 767 perniciosus. {See San Jo.siJ scale. ) personattts, notes 767 spp., notes 160, 573 Aspleniums, culture 356 Association, Hvilan Control, report 1899-1900. 177 of Agricultural Experiment Sta- tions in Germany 416 American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Sta- tions 607,1005 American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Sta- tions, proceedings, U. S. D.A 396 American Entomologists, proceedings, U.S. D. A sii.s Farmers' Institute W o r k - ers 907,1110 Farmers' Institute Workers, U.S. D.A 1106 Investigators and Physicians in Germany, U. S. D. A . . . 425 Official Agricultural Chem- ists - 406 Official Agricultural Chem- ists, U. S. D. A 224 Official Agricultural Chem- ists, referees 701 Vejen Control, report 1899-1900. 177 Aster diseases, notes. Mass 1060 treatment, Mass 363 Asterocystis radicis, notes 254 Astcroma radiosum, notes 64 Asthenia of fowls, cause, Del 286 Page. Astragalus nuttallii, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Athalia spinara, notes 470 Atmosphere at Trappes, France, studies, " =■ D. A 117 chemlstryand meteorology of . 722 circulation, U. S. D. A 623 in the Arctic re- gions, U. S. D.A. 624 higher temperature of, I'. S. D.A 425 Atmospheric absorption, U. S. D. A 426 dust at Tunis 328 gases, combustible 327 humidity, charts, U. S. D. A . 118 hydrogen, origin 327 Atomic weights, notes 417, 498 Atriplex canescens, notes, U. S. D. A 731 halimoidcs, notes, S. Dak 323 hortrnsis, growth on different .soils. 932 sem ibaccata, notes, Kans 442 S. Dak 323 Atropin, effect on leucocytes 691 Augers for taking soil samples, N. Mex 430 Auroral light, notes, U. S. D. A 828 observations, U. S. D. A 118 Austin dam 194 Autumn haze, U. S. D. A 624 Aviculture, school in France 1006 Avocado pear. {See Alligator pear.) Aynsome Agricultural Experiment Station and Farm 505 Azoturia, cause 89 pathology 89 Babcock medal presentation, Wis 1003 test bottles, inspection, Wis 986 use, Ariz 598 and abuse 986 Bacillol, studies 590, 1100 Bacillus acidi lactici, source, Conn. Storrs . . 987 amylovorus, notes, Del 254 asterosporus, description 622 atrosepticus, description 1019 carotarum, description 622 carotovorus, notes 362 Vt 567 caulivoris, notes 864 cohserens, description 622 coU communis, action on carbohy- drates 223 isolation 114 notes 1020 eHenbachensis, description 622 fusiformis, description 622 graveolcns, description 622 icteroides, biological characters and pathogenesis 189 lactis viscosus, causing ropiness in milk 178 causing ropiness in milk, N.Y.Cornell. 686 w!e<70^/imitm,nitrogen assimilation. 827 mycoidcs, description 622 ?io6t7is,influence in cheese ripening . 690 petasites, description 622 j)umilus, description 622 pidre/acicns, preventive treatment. 659 TNDKX OF SUBJECTS. 1187 I'lige. Bacillus rumtnatus, description 622 simpfex, description 622 solmiacearuin, notes 154, 465, TCI, 863, 864, 1058 subtilis, description 622 studies 1019 (mchcipliilus, notes 154, 165 tuberculosis piscium, notes 91 tumrsccns, description t;22 typhoitiii<, fiction on carbohydrates . 22:? riilnatus, studies lOlu A', biological characters and path- ogenesis 189 Bacillus of Danysz for destroying rats 1022 involution forms 991 pathogenic to rats 1022 Bacon, firmness as affected by food, Can ... 381 Bacteria, action on carljohydrates 223 anaerobic, culture 115 as a cause of plant diseases 465 affected by intense cold 114 light 115 physical agents 1020 Babes-Ernst corpuscles in 1090 determination in water 623 and sew- age.... 1020 disintegration of cement 1021 effect on peroxid of hydrogen ... 92 fat formation by 94 growth in presence of chloroform and thymol 114 increased resistance in surface membrane on heated milk, Wis. 986 in ice 829 meat 675 milk 178, 587, 688, 783 Iowa 687 U. S.D. A 178 address on 784 and butter resembling tubercle bacilli 787 identification 281 source, N. Y. Cornell 783 putrid butter, Iowa 689 root tubercles of legumes 718 sewage 1021 soils 1028 denitrifying 632 descriptions 622 Sydney water supply 921 tonsils of pigs 1098 water, Del 234 intestinal, in chickens 983, 1099 metachromatic granules in 1090 nitrogen-assimilating in soils 919 penetration of intestinal wall by. 394 production of spores of uniform resistance 889 removal from sewage by filters . . 114 r61e in decomposition of manure. 836 Bacterial infection, theory of 691 Bacteroids, formation in artificial media .. 1018 in root tubercles 718 Bactcriologiiuil apparatus, N.J 787 Bacteriology, agricultural, treatise 62:5 Page. Bacteriology, chiiry, course in 783 techni(ino 889 usi' of steam in laboratory. . . 115 water, compendium 114 Bncterium accti, vitality and variation 113 riili as a catise of an infectious disease of liorscs 393 hiilziiifiianum, vitality and varia- tion 114 pastruriaiium, vitality and varia- tion Ill ;(«r((mon?.'Bcariar«m, description . 191 Bagasse, fuel value 596 use in paper making 597 Bagworms, notes 470, 574, 1062, 10C7 Baking powder, analyses, Conn. State 74 Idaho 494 Balance, physiological 1018 Ballo25 milk 690,887 rage. Bibliography of literature on— Conliiuicd. mosn by bacteria.. 542 fertilizing value 124, 331 manures, manufacture 634 Boneblack, analyses, Ohio 1014 dissolved, analyses. Mass 730 manufacture 634 Book lice, notes. Conn. State 156 Boots and shoes, American, in Denmark, U. S. D. A 197 Borax, effect on coagulation of milk 387 metabolism in children... 1071 Bordeaux mixture, preparation and use . . . 664 with linseed oil 64 Boric acid, determination 322 volumetric method 17 Page. Boric acid, effect on coagulation of milk. . . 387 metabolisminchildren 1071 pigs 1070 Borings, deep, in the United States 1103 Bostrychopsis jesuita, notes 668 Botanic garden as an aid to agriculture 324 Botanical survey of the Dismal Swamp re- gion, U. S. D. A 714 Botany, course in 396 Division of, publications, U. S. D. A 226 forest, publications in 1900 754 of Upper Peninsula Substation, Mich 224 on the farm 901 text-books 226, 421, 622, 827, 1017 Botflies, notes 90, 896, 1062 Del 262 remedies 593 respiratory organs 473 Botri/tis cinerea, notes 147, 153, 662 treatment 762 diospiri, n. sp., description 1059 do^iglasii, notes 569 tenella, as a parasite of cockchafers. 71 Bottle-brush grass, notes, S. Dak 323 Botys caffealis, notes 873 Bouteloua aristidoidcs, notes, U. S. D. A 732 bromoides, notes, U. S. D. A 732 curtipcndida, notes, U. S. D. A . 731, 732 criopoda, notes, U. S. D. A 731 oligostachya, notes, U. S. D. A.. 731,732 polystachya, notes, U. S. D. A .. 731,732 Brachystclma bingeri, notes 244 Bran, analyses 480 Can 269 Me 1075 Va 75 Brassica arvensis, notes, S. Dak 323 spp., .seed coats, U. S. D. .\ 754 Brazilian stink grass, notes 714 Bread, abnormal fermentation 165 and bread making 74 studies.U.S.D.A. 770 from Rus.sian famine district, anal- yses 878 leguminous 267 making, losses in, N. J 771 new process 165, 267 Schweitzer system 74 malted 267 Piedmont 476 rye, composition 165 sandy 476 slimy, bacteriological study 975 sorghum 878 Breadnut as a feeding stuff 378 Brewers' grains, dried, analyses, X. J 676,774 Va 75 production and feeding value . . . . 977 pentosans in 823 Brome grass and timothy, relative value, N.Dak 443 smooth, culture, Colo 138 experiments, Wis 938 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1141 Brome griiss, smooth, iiotrs, Kaiis 442 grasses for forage and i)asture X()2 in Wyoming, W yo rviti notes, S. Dak 323 Broniiis arvensis, notes, S. Da k 323 breviaristatus, notes, S. Ihi k 323 carlnatus Hncarig, notes, S. Dak 323 inermis. (See Brome grass, smooth . ) Jcalmii, notes, S. Dak 323 mojdmus, notes, S. Dak 323 lectorum, notes, S. Dak 32:5 unioloides, analyses 977 notes, Tex 413 Bronehitis, verminous, notes 489 Brontometer, notes, U. S. D. A 827 Broom corn, culture experiments, Miss ,540 varieties, Can 1034 Tenn 36 Brusiuia alicastnim as a feeding stuff 378 Broun, William Le Roy, biographical sketch 501 Brown-tail moth, notes 517, 575 U.S.D.A 870 Bnichus 2^isi, notes 159 spp. , notes 366 Brussels sprouts, culture 452 Buceulatrix canadensisella, notes, N. H 667 sp., notes. Mass 367 Buckwlicat as affected by soil fertility, X. J. 757 chlorin requirements 543 flour, inspection 74 gaseous exchange as affected bydiflerentformsof nitrogen. 20 Himalayan, notes 1073 middlings, feeding value, Vt. . . 585 production in Russia, U.S. D. A. 599 varieties, Can 1033 N. Dak 337 Budding in winter 139 Buffalo bur, description, Ind 862 carpet beetle, notes. Can 367 grass hay, digestibility 480 Bug death, analyses. Mass 108 N.Y. State 108 Bugs in Australia 971 injurious to cultivated plants, Minn. . 66 Bulb industry in California 251 Bulljs, culture, N. C 47 handbook 958 in North Carolina 560 replanting 859 Bumblebee, notes 267 Burbank, Luther, biographical sketch 860 Butter, adulteration with water 485 American, in Hawaii 281 analyses 223, 589, 713 Conn. State 1073 bacteria in, identification 280 Buffalo, analyses 577 cryoscopic distinction from mar- garin 589 Danish, uniformity in 588 detection of artificial coloring mat- ter in 915 digestibility 673 Dutch, composition 281, 386 effect on secretion of gastric juice . 168 I'aga Butter, cxliibils in Finland 784 experimental e.\r«>rt.s, V. S. 1). A .. 179 exports from Australia 282 Denmark 784 fat as affected by sesame cake 589 cleavage by micro-organisms... 1)21 determination of volatile insolu- ble acids 1016 food source, N. Y. State 781 j)hysical state in cream 280 studies 689 variations in volatile fatty acids. 84 fishy flavor in 179,589 C^an 10H9 for Chinese trade .588 making 179 Can 279 Cole process. Can 282 experiments 84 Can 384, 1085 Utah 1086 from pasteurized milk 485 Can. 886 notes 282 ripening of cream 1086 methods of analysis 522, 1016 mottles in 988 Norwegian, analyses 887 preservation 589 prize-winning, manufacture 588 putrid samples, Iowa 689 quality as affected by- aeration of milk 179 food, Mass 385 Vt 585 renovated , detection 412 U.S.D.A 321 scoring 688 sheep, analyses 577 storage in Belgium 282 substitute, digestibility 673 trade in Siberia 487 water content 84, 179, 987 U.S.D.A 599 as affected by .'■alt, Can 1085 yield as affected by salt 179 Butterflies, description 1065 in New Hampshire. N. H 576 notes, N. H 667 Biittermakers' Association, National Creamery, report 180 Buttermilk, analyses 689 Cabbage aphis, notes 65,1063 U.S.D.A 869 black rot, notes, U. S. D. A 466 brown rot, notes 465 bug, notes, U. S. D. A 870 butterfly, imported, notes 6.5, 471 notes 470,968 remedies 1.59 plusia, notes 470 Can 261 Conn. State :56 Ga 66 N.J 764 1142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Cabbage plusia, remedies, Ark 48 Plutella, notes, U. S. D. A 869 root maggot, notes. . . 65, 367, 470, 471 , 968 N.J 764 weevil, notes 968 worm, imported, notes, Ga 66 notes, N.J 764 Cabbages, culture 4o2 experiments, Oreg 645 fertilizer experiments 645 N.J 742 irrigation experiments, N.J 743 varieties, Mich 452 Okla 853 Cacao brown rot, notes 964, 965 butter, adulteration with cocoanut oil 522 canker, notes 962, 965 culture 354, 1050 diseases in Grenada 965 Java 260 the West Indies 964 drying 648 fermentation 116 hexenbesens, notes 259, 569, 965 hulls, determination in cacao prep- arations 17 thrips, notes 873 Cacwcia argyrospila, notes, Colo 156 U. S. D. A 870 cerasivorana, notes, N. H 667 obsoletana affecting strawberries, N. Y. Cornell 371 parallela, notes. Can 261 rosaccana, notes, Del 261 semiferana, notes, Colo 156 spp., notes, U. S. D. A 264 Caffein, determination 916 in tea S23 studies 166 Cajeput, planting in Florida 1053 Calamagrositis montanensis, notes, S. Dak . . . 323 Calamovilfa, notes, U. S. D. A 526 Calandra grnnaria, notes 367, 1068 oryzve, notes 367, 1068 spp. notes 573 Calceolaria hybrida, culture 901 Calcium carbid for the destruction of phyl- loxera 875 carbonate, analyses. Mass 730 determination in soils. 319, 320 solution studies, U. S. D. A 429 chlorid dessicator 917 effect on coagulation of milk 587 plant growth . . 335 seedling plants, U. S. D. A... 918 citrate, effect on coagulation 178 determination 1016 in water 418 fluorid, effect on plants . . .' 335 oxalate erystals.iunction in plants. 826 solubility in water 711 Page. Calcium oxid, effect on plants 335 phosphate, precipitated, fertilizing value 836 salts, effect on plants 532 separation from magnesium 711 sulphate, solution studies, U. S. D. A 429 Calendula stellata, growth on different soils. 932 Calf feed, analyses 582 Vt 879 meal, analyses. Me 1075 Vt 173 California Station, notes 293, 600, 902, 1004, 1108 University, notes 293,600,902,1004 Callirrhoe involucrata, notes 145 Calonectria flavida, notes 965 Cahptenus italicus, notes 1063 Calorimeter, bomb, use in oil analysis 105 Calospora vanUlx, notes 1060 Calves, diarrhea 790 digestion experiments, Md 674 feeding experiments 174, 482 Can 1086 lung disease 791 milk substitute for. Can 384 salt consumed by 77 skim milk for, Nebr 174 spotted kidney 94, 1096 white scour 791 Camomile, dog, notes 862 Camphor trees, planting in Florida 1053 Camponottis pennsylvanicus, parasitism 667 pictus, notes, U. S. D. A 666 Cancers in domestic animals 182 Cane sugar, determination in commercial glucose 713 industry in Australia 847 G uadeloupe 344 Louisiana 446 Mexico 446 presence in ferns 424 Cankerworm, fall, notes. Conn. State 156 Mass 367 notes 472, 96.S, 1063 U. S. D. A 870 remedies 671 Mich 849 N. H 873 Ohio 1106 Cannas, notes -"iS, 141 orchid-flowering, hi-story 751 Canned foods, tin in 374 Canning, manual 1101 Cantaloupes. (See Muskmelons.) Canteen system 578 Caoutchouc. [Sec Rubber. ) Capers leaf spot, notes 762 Capons and caponizing, S. C 383 Caprifigs, culture 1050 Caragaii a arborescens, new disease , . . . 260 Caragheen moss, carbohydrates in 165 Carbohydrates, effect on respiration of plants 423 in caragheen moss 165 hyacinth bulbs 324 reserve, in tall oat grass . . . 5'47 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1143 Page. Carbon l)isuli)lii(l as nn insecticide 162 U.S.D.A. 971 effect on plants 528 fumigation 1067 U.S.D.A 06C (lio.xid, action in sngar solutions saturated with lime 617 determination in air 417 ash of plants . 127 respired air 1016 diffusion 1018 excretion during work 580 in the air of incubators, R. I. 776 fixation by leaves 1018 monoxid, detection in blood and air 17 Carbonates, apparatus for determination . . . 319 Carbonizing dust, analyses, Conn. State 730 Cardtms aca ulii;, notes 862 inana/iHS, growth on different soils. 932 Carex laxiflura, notes, S. Dak 323 lupiilifornii!t, notes, S. Dak 323 pciinsi/lraiiica, notes, S. Dak 323 Carnation disease, notes 966 fairy ring, notes 570 Fusarium disease, notes 153, 154 leaf spot, notes 570 stem rot, notes 570 treatment, R. 1 763 stigmonose, notes 570 Carnations, benching 052 classiticatiou 2.51 crossing experiments 6.52 culture 53, 251, .560 with incandescent lights 6.52 fertilizer experiments in forc- ing. Conn. State 135 topping 651 Carneades ochrogastcr, notes, Can 261 tessellata, notes, Colo 1.56 Carnosin, analyses 478 Carob beans, culture and use 882 Carp feeding 882 Carpenter moth, notes, U. S. D. A 870 worm, notes, Nev 68 Carpet beetle, notes 65, 967 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.) Carpophilus dimidiatas, notes 471 Carrot fly, notes 263,571,1063 soft rot, Vt 567 white rot, investigations 362 Carrots, analyses, Can 269 fertilizer experiments 6-15, 936 jjlanting at different dates. Can — 238 varieties, Can 35, 839, 1034 Casein, coagulation by fungus cnzy m 1021 composition as affected by high tem- peratures 587 digestibility 167 loss in washing curds. Can 1014 use in clarifying wines 1102 Cassava convention at Brunswick, Ga 847 fertilizer experiments, Fla 1036 sweet, prus.sic acid in 513 7097— No. 12—02 4 Page. Cassava, varieties 841 Cassida ncbulosa affecting beets 265 notes 470,968 CastUloa elastica, culture 651, 858 in Guatemala 141 vitality of .seeds 765 Castor beans as affected by dry and liuniid air 20 culture experiments, Okhi 129 varieties JMl oil, production in the United States. 1102 pomace, analyses. Conn. State 730 Ma.ss 540 poisonous proper! ies 879 Cat diseases ilOO Catalase, investigations 115 Catalpa, notes 805 Catbirds, economic relationship, U. S. D. \ . . 227 Catch crops, notes 3-12, 1037 Caterpillars, extensive outbreak 158 tent, notes 472 Calhartus advena, notes 571 gemellatiis, notes 367 Catocala riduata, notes. Miss 571 Cattle, American breeds 880 U.S.D.A 1075 beef and dairy, conformation, U. S. D.A 978 breeding 881 "bush " disease 182 disease due to eating rotten sweet potatoes. La 488 diseases in Queensland 181 exportation, U. S. D. A 599 food substitutes, N.J 1076 foods, condimental, U.S.D.A 1002 Hereford' 881 immunity to glanders 895 immunization experiments, La 488 in Argentine Republic, U. S. 1). A . . . 197 Porto Rico, U. S. D. A 197 Texas, U. S. D. A 197 industry in Mexico, U. S. D. A 1105 inspection 591 and quarantine V"f 4 jaundice 791 Jersey, in Queensland 279 lungworms 694 nervous disease, due to poisoning. La 488 ocean transportation, U. S. D. .\ 1078 para.sites in Texas, U. S. D. A 1092 plague, occurrence 490, 998 preventive inoculation 9-1,994 studies 893 study of organism 94 poisoning by lead ore in sugar-beet pulp, Utah 1097 red, Danish 279 roundworms, treatment, U. S. D. A. . 593 Shorthorn 881 teeth as affected by age, Va 791 ticks, destruction 181 in New South Wales, U. S. D.A. 197 the United States, U.S. D.A. 1093 notes, Va 4,'b 1144 EXPERIMEISTT STATION RECORD. Page. Cattle ticks, .south3m, studies, U. S. D. A ... 186 trade, statistics, U. S. D. A 197 trans-Atlantic, U. S. D. A 196 tuberculosis, indemnity 390,788 Cauliflower mildew, notes 464 Cauliflowers, culture 452 Fla 1045 seed examination 564 varieties, S. Dak 346 Cecidomyia destructor. {See Hessian fly.) pyricola, notes 968 iritici, notes 968 Cedar apples, nomenclature 760 red, notes, IT. S. D. A 753 plantations 753 Cedrela toona, plantations 753 Celery blight, notes, Can 363 Md 257 treatment, Ark 48 culture 134,1045 Ark 48 U. S. D. A 599, 1045 and marketing 643 varieties, Ga 47 Cellulose, digestibility 378 method of dissolving 106 studies 916 Cement, disintegration by bacteria 1021 Cements, analyses 396 Cephaleurus mycoidea, notes 961 Cephus occidentalis, notes, U. S. D. A 368 pijgmxus, notes. Can 260 U. S. D.A 368 Ceratitis sp., notes 1062 Ceratoma trifurcata, notes, Ga 66 Cerceris labiata, notes 70 Cercospora apH, notes. Can 363 Md 257 treatment. Ark 48 capparidis, notes 762 cerasella, notes 960 cruenta, notes, X.J 466 Cercosporae of Macon County, Ala. Tus- kegee 21 Cereal diseases, treatment 760 food by-products, analyses 480 Mass 977 Me ... 270,1075 N.J 676 N.Y.State 774 R.I 480 "foot" disease 1057 rusts, notes 367 Okla 565 Swedish 145 smuts, notes, Okla 565 Cereals and legumes for meadows and pas- tures, Tenn S40 culture 511 experiments 128, 133 Can 237 in New Zealand 697 Saxony 132 Tunis 732 fertilizer experiments 37, 133 improvement 37 Page. Cereals, injury by frost 732 notes 1036 Iowa 224 sport varieties 732 (See also specific kinds.) Cerebro-spinal meningitis, notes 888 Ce.rococcus curticis, notes 668 ehrhorni, notes 668 qucrcus, notes 668 spp., notes 474 Ceroplastes cirripediformis, notes, U. S. D. A. 266 floridensis, notes, U. S. D. A 266 rusci, notes 160 simensis, notes 160 Cetonia inda, notes, N.J 764 Chxtochloa composita, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Chcdcophora liberta, notes, U. S. D. A 870 virginiensis, notes, U. S. D. A. . . 870 Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.) Charxas graminis, notes 307, 470, 968 Charas of western Lake Erie 620 Charbon. (See Anthrax.) Charrinia diplodiella, notes 762, 867 Chayote, description, U. S. D. A 745 Cheese, acid, cause and prevention 282 analyses 86, 589, 976 Cheddar, manufacture, Utah 1086 rusty spot in, N. Y. State . 85 sweet flavor in, N.Y.State. 85 testing 180 composition during ripening 988 curing rooms, description, Wis 88 improvement 180 factories, bacterial infection. Can 389,1089 in western Oregon, Oreg. 84 filled, statistics 990 U.S. D.A 180 flavors, production, Wis 989 Gruytre, manufacture 887 industry in New Zealand 283 loss in weight during curing, N. Y. State 1088 making 282 Can 279 experiments. Can 1085 Utah 1087 from pasteurized milk 485 washed curds, Can... 384 Wis... 989 loss of casein in washing curds, Can 1014 use of pure cultures 784 Neufchatel, bitter flavor in, N. Y. State 85 pinhole organism in 990 print, manufacture. Wis 990 production from milk of sheep and goats 784 ripening, U.S.D.A 1002 as affected by milk sugar. Wis 989 rennet, Wis 87 at different temperatures, N.Y.Stftte 86 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1145 Page. Cheese, ripeniuK at low teinperatures.Can. . 1086 Utali. 1087 Wis . . 988 cause 85, 80, 387, 486, 690 changes of fat in 87 experiments 784 Can 384 Iowa 486 in cold storage, Can 1085 studies, N. Y. State 1087 Roquefort, notes 990 soft, nuuiufacture in Minnesota 283 Cheimatohin brtiiiitita, notes 367 Chemical reactions, velocity 421 Chemistry, agricultural, application to farm. 396 exercises 824 influence 421 recent progress 713, 754, 913 text-book 913 treatise 1014 analytical methods 421, 613 animal, recent progress 913 biological, new journal 400 Bureau of, exhibit at Pan-Amer- ican Exposition, U. S. D. A 526 development 498, 913 dyeing and textile, new journal. 906 in relation to agriculture 109 inorganic, guide 824 organic, elementary treatise 106 physiological 880 recent progress . . . 913 table for use in q'uantitative anal- ysis 619 technical, instruction in 619 Chemotaxis, negative, in rabbits 792 Chermes abietcs, notes, U. S. D. A 869 Chernozem, analysis 433 Cherries, analyses, Ohio 1014 blossoming season 453 Compass, self-sterility 648 composition of juice 577 wood 137 culture in Kansas 50 duration of growth period in trees, Wis 48 fertilizer experiments, N.J 739 flower development. Wis 18 germination of pollen. Wis 949 hardy stocks for, Oreg 645 irrigation experiments, N. J 739 Montmorency 137 setting of fruit as affected by vigor of terminal bud, Wis 949 sour, varieties, Del 245 arieties, Ala. College 951 Mich 349 Mont 351 N. Mex 552 Okla 5.53 Cherry disea.se in Switzerland 661 notes 567 diseases in western New York, N. Y. State 119 fly, notes 873 Page Cherry, shot-hole fungus, notes, N. Y. State. 7.59 Chestnuts, analy.ses 651 cold storage exiieriment.s, W. Va. 250 culture in France ,52 Italian, analy.ses, Me 577 soils for 651 top grafting, Conn. State 140 varieties, Mich 349 Chickadees, biological relations 22 Chick-pea, notes, Kans 442 Chicken cholera bacillus, involution forms. 991 disease, Brun.swick .595, 1 100 tick, notes, U.S. D. A 192 Chickens, apoplectiform septiciemia in, U. S. D. A 1099 bacteria in alimentary tract . . 9K3, 1099 epizootic disease 998 feeding under sterile conditions. 983 mortality during incubation, R.I . 793 rations for, R. 1 777 vigor as affected by artificial iii- cul)ation and brooding, R. I . . 793, 794 (See also Poultry.) Chicory, composition as affected by second growth 842,1045 culture experiments, Oreg 645 fertilizer experiments 33 varieties 33 Chili sauce, analyses, Conn. State 1072 Chilocorus similis, notes, U. S. D. .\ 869 Chinch bug, false, notes, Okla 571 in Ohio, Ohio 1106 notes, U. S. D.A 368,870 Me 1002 Chincha, revision of genus, U. S. D. A 531 Chinese, dietary studies, U. S. D. A 974 Chionasjyis citri, notes, TJ. S. D. A 266 fur/urus. notes 470, 472, 767, 875, 967 ortholobia, notes, Colo 156 Chives, varieties, S. Dak 346 Chlorin, determination, eudiometric method 914 in water 222 wine 524 Chloris elegans, notes, U. S. D. .\ 732 Chloroform, antiseptic properties 114 Chlorophyll a.ssimilation 424 Chlorops ixnioijus, notes 470, 475 Chlorosis of fruit trees 365 physiological study 260 Chocolate, adulteration with cocoanut oil . 622 manufacture 1101 meal, analyses 74 Cholera, infection 691 Cholesterin, separation from fat 822 Chondrus crispus, carbohydrates in 165 Chops, analy.ses, R.I 480 C/wrtophaga viridi/asciata, notes, U. S. D. A . 665 Chrysanthemum rust, notes 153, 961 N.J 758 treatment 663 Chrysanthemums, history 1051 new varieties 63 recent literature on 652 varieties, Can 349 Cliri/snbolhriK c/uUcophana, notes 571 1146 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Chrysochus auratus, notes 155 Chrysopa, egg parasite 65 Chufas, notes, Tex 443 Churn, Columbia air. Can 1086 Churning in Norwegian creameries 781 Churns, comparison, Wis 84 Chytridiaceae, studies 422 Cicada, periodical , notes, Del 873 Mass 367 U.S.D.A 1067 Cicadula exitiosa, notes, Ga 66 Ciccr arietinum, notes, Kans 442 acuta vagans, poisoning by. Wash 180 Cider, clarification 596 fermentation 411 fruits, commercial value, in England. 647 making 596, 956, 1101, 1102 from washed fruits 454 methods of analysis 420 Cineraria stellata, notes 652 Cirrhosis of liver in horses and cattle 182 studies 992 Citrus fruits, collar rot, notes 661 culture, Cal 952 in Florida 746 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 266 protection from frost 23 ( .See also Oranges, Lemons, etc. ) City wastes, fertilizing value 836 Cladius pectinicornis, note.s, U. S. D. A 264 Cladosporium ccrasi, notes 960 herbarum, notes 961 Clam shells, analyses. Wis 916 Clastoptera xanthocephala, notes 667 Clariceps, spp., inoculation experiments ... 56 Clay, determination in soils 15 Clays, analyses 396 Clematis nematode disease 64 Clianth us dampieri, grafting 1052 Climate and corn, IT. S. D. A 117 crops, U. S. D. A 624, 828 as affected by small lakes, U. S. T). X 828 indicated by glaciers, U. S. D. A 425 effect on composition of sugar beets, U.S.D.A 736 of Belgium 723 Cascade Mountains 722 Great Britain 828 Harpoot, U. S. D. A 426 Idaho, U. S. D. A 117 Porto Rico, U. S. D. A 624 Spain 828 the Dismal Swamp region, U. S.D. A 714 Tunis 923 periodicity, U. S. D. A 828 permanence, U. S. D. A 118, 425 {See also Meteorology.) Climatological atlas of the Russian Empire . 1025 Climatology, applied, U. S. D. A 827 of Antigua, U. S. D. A 425 St. Kitts, U. S. D. A 426 the Philippine Islands 327 valley of Mexico 119 Page. Climbers, ornamental, notes 141 Can 244 Clisiocampa neustria, notes 575, 671 Clitocybe parasitica, n. sp., investigations, Okla 150 Clouds, cumulus, above columns of smoke, U. S.D. A 117 hailstorm 829 incandescent, U. S. D. A 827 reflection of light from fire, U. S. D. A 118 role in rain formation 626 Clove tree disease, notes 54 Clover, alsike, culture experiments, Ind... 37 for steers, Mont 676 notes, Kans 442 bothara, as a green manure 1029 , bur or spotted, notes, S. Dak 323 composition of ether extract 420 crimson, analyses, N. J 774 culture experiments, Ind. 37 Pa.. 732 notes, Kans 442 Tex 443 crude phosphate for 235 culture, Kans 442 curing '. 901 Egyptian, notes, S. Dak 323 fertilizer experiments 130, 235, 437, 439,444,639,640 Ind 541 fertilizing value of stubble and roots. Mass 333 for lambs, Mont 271 pigs, Oreg 680 steers, Mont 270 germination as affected by formal- dehyde 656 hay, shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 worm, notes. Conn. State 156 insects affecting 668 meal, analyses, Mass 977 red, culture experiments, Ind 37 development as affected by soil moisture and fertilizers 126 from different countries 733 notes, Kans 442 root borer, notes 65 seed, germination tests 1055 impurities in, Vt 664 production, N. Dak 358 quality in France 252 studies 544, 656 tests 564,756,862 sowing %vith nurse crops. Wis 36 varieties 439 Wis 938 weevil, notes 66 white, notes, Kans 442 Tex 443 worm, green, notes, U. S. D. A 665 Clovers, notes 544 Kans 442 Tex 443 Cloves, culture 648 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1147 Page. Cloves, proximate analysis 223 Club root, treatment 68, 257 Coal ashes, analyses, Ohio 1014 tar dyes, use in foods. Conn. State 1072 Cob meal, analyses, Mass 977 Cobalt salts, effect on higher plants 620 Coccida-, notes 370, 668 of the British Isles, monograph . . 968 CoccobaciUus miirium for destroying mice . . 21 Cochineal, determination in wine 107 Cochi/lis epiluiana, notes 70 Cockchafers, notes 71 CoOklebur seed, germination 658 Cockroaches, notes 967, 1063 remedies 474 Cocksfoot griuss, analyses 977 Cocoa, composition and digestibility 74 culture in West Indies 558 fiber content 268 palm, origin and distribution, U. S. D. A 714 Cocoanut butter, manufacture 100 cake, analyses 713 meal, analyses. Can 209 morjihology and histology of fruit. Conn. State 1010 oil, detection in butter 712 determination 522 in butter... 10(),1016 oleomarga- rine 100 production in the tTnited States 1102 preparation, analyses. Conn. State 1073 Codling moth in Idaho, U. S. D. A 665 life history, U. S. D. A 868 notes 65,09,267,307, 470, 472, 805, 871, 968, 1062 Can 367 Colo 156 Conn. State .'.... 156 Ga 66 N.J 967 Oreg 1065 remedies 64, 474, 518, 673, 971 Colo 699 Oreg 1066 Coffee, analyses 139 Conn. State 71, 1072 compounds, analyses, Conn. State.. 74 animal enemies 473 "blorok" di.sease, notes 1060 borer, notes 873 canker, notes 60 cla.s.sification of species 1050 culture in Jamaica 10-50 Liberia 51 Queensland 3.54, 648 Sao Paulo 1050 disbudding 139 diseases in Java '■^t'O fertilizer experiments 5.58 foxy '>^« grafting ^^^ insects affecting 571 Page. Coffee, picking 139 production in Brazil 1051 Costa Rica ia50 root disease, notes 1060 nematodes 1.54 pruning experiments 740 shading, U. S. I). A 248 substitutes 166 trade statistics, 1'. S. D. A 1002 tree, natural hybrid 61 Colaspidema atru7n , remedies 672 Cold .storage, effect on fruit industry, r. S. D. A 2.50 experiments. Can 394 for apples 250, 554 N. H a52 W. Va 2.50 chestnuts, W. Va 260 cgg.s 477 fruit 3.52 ripening cheese, Can 1085 Utah.... 1087 Wis 988 Hanrahan system 1104 houses, construction and u.se, W. Va 249 notes 250 Coleus, varieties, Can 349 Coli bacteria, studies 1096 C'olias electra, notes 1062 Colic in horses as affected by weather 695 Colletotrichzim falcat urn, notes 361 glaosporioidcs, notes 2.5s, 6()1 Colloidal metals, preparation and catalytic properties 421 Color charts, notes 53 Colorado College, notes 198 Station, financial statement 195 notes 198, 293 report of director 195 Colostrum milk, composition, Can 384 Colts, omphalitis in 695 Colza, culture 40 Comf rey , culture experiments :i3 Commerce, interstate, U. S. D. A 196 of the world, review, U. S. I). A. 1106 with Japan, T. S. D. A 196 Composts, formulas 936, 1029 Condensed milk, analy.ses 976 manufacture in Sweden.. 785 Condimental poultry foods, analyses, Conn. State 7.5,173 Condimental i>oultry foods, analyses, Ma.ss. 1?2 stock foods 480,1077 analyses. Can 269 Conn. State. 75,173 Mass.... 172 N.J .... 676 Va 75 Condition powders, analyses, Ma-ss 172 Conglutin, digestibility 167 Conifer diseases in New England, U. S. D. A. 62 hyl)ritls 9C0 seeds, analyses 878 Coniolhecium sociale, notes, N. Y. Stale 149 1148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Coiineoticnt College, notes 698, 801 State Station, financial state- ment 598 notes 198, 698 report of di- rector 900 Storrs College, notes 293, 902 Station, financial state- ment 1001 notes 293,495,902 report of di- rector .... 900, 1001 Copper arsenite, analyses. Mass 108 as a fungicide 64 effect on germination 755 metabolism in man 1070 sulphate, crystallized and powdered 664 effect on germination of wheat 657 for destroying weeds 144, 253, 359, 463, 658 for destroying weeds, Can . 253, 1056 for destroying weeds, N. Dak 358 for destroying weeds, Vt . . . 565 Copra cake for cows 484 Copris cumpestris, notes 770 cylindrica, notes 770 Cord grass, slender, notes, S. Dak 323 western, notes, S. Dak 323 wood, shrinkage duringstorage,Mich. 549 Cordials, analyses. Conn. State 1072 Cork oak leaf spot, notes 762 notes 753 planting in Florida 1053 production, U . S. D. A 1002 Corn, analyses, Conn. Storrs 976 Nebr 479 Ohio 1014 Alinit experiments 542 and cob meal, analyses, Conn. Storrs. 976 oat feeds, analyses, Vt 173, 879 oats, analyses, N. Y. State 774 Vt 173,879 bran, analyses, N. Y. State 774 breeding experiments 549 climatic studies, N. Dak 448 crop of Mexico, U. S. D. A 290 the world, U. S. D. A 1603 crossing, R. 1 740 culture 341 experiments 8-13 Ala. College 128 Ark 841 Colo 33 Ga 39,843 Ind 37 Iowa 237 Miss 640 Okla 129 S.C 341 for fodder, Can 1034 forage 443,841 in Egypt 941 Mexico 722 culture in Roumania 1036 Russia, U. S. D. A 1002 the United States 39 double fecundation 620 early varieties 643 effects of using immature seed. Wis. . 39 fertilizer experiments 33, 640, 843 Ala. College ... 129 Fla 1035 Ga 39,842 Ind 541,843 Mass 334 Ohio 340 S.C 341 fodder, analyses 480 Conn. Storrs 976 shredding 880 shrinkage during storage, Mich .549 for horses 882 germination as affected by formalde- hyde 656 growth on different soils 932 insects affecting 668 irrigation experiments. Wis 34, 936 loss of vigor from inbreeding Ill meal, analyses 480 Can 269 Mass 977 N.J 774 Va 75 methods of harvesting, Ga 39 notes, Kans 442 Tex 443 oil, production in the United States. . 1102 planting at different distances. Can. . 238 potash .salts for, Wis 27 production in Nebraska 1037 Russia, U. S. D. .\ 290 products, analyses, Ohio 1014 root louse, notes, Del 262 'system, Tenn 36 worm, western, notes, U. S. D. A. 870 rotation experiments, R.I 34 rust, notes, S.C 465 seed from different sources, Tenn 36 production in Illinois 1037 qualities. 111 240 selection, Ala. College 128 Ga 39 seeding experiments, N.J 733 shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 silage, analyses, Conn. Storrs 976 shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 smut, composition and physiological action, Ind % notes, Okla 565 S.C 465 stover, analyses. Conn. Storrs 976 varieties 240, 640, 841, 1037 Ala.College 128 Can 3.5,339,838,839,1034 Ga 39, 842 Iowa 236 .S.C 341 ITNTDKX OK SUHJKCTS. 114!:) Com, varieties, Tcnii 3t'. for Illinois, 111 'j-io whole and ground, for pif^s, Wis 9S() worm. (Sfie Bollwonn.) Corncobs, botanical study. Conn. Stiitf 17 a.sh analyses, Ind 17 Ohio 1014 Cornell Tni versity, notes -195, 099, SOI, 904 Cornstarch, manufacture 1101 Corona, lunar, notes, U. S. D. A 828 Cori'tui coniij, feeding habits 22. 1023 relationship to agriculture . . 227 /ru(/ilcgus, relationship to agriculture 227 Corynetbrix pseudotuberculogiH tnurlum spp., de.scription 719 Co!i>m» li(i)ii])frda, notes 367 Cotton boll rot, notes, S. C 46.5 weevil, Mexican, investiga- tions 1.57 weevil, Mexican, investiga- tions, U. S. D. A 158 cooperative soil tests, Ala. College . . 129 cost of production 1039 crop of India, U. S. D. A 290 the United States 798 r.S. D. A. 290, 798, 1002 culture 843, 941 experiments 1038 Ark 841 Ga 40, 1038 Miss 540 eultnre in Egj-pt 544, (539, 640, 733 Queensland 733 fertilizer experiments 1038, 1039 Fla 1036 Ga 40,1038 requirements 1039 hull ashes, analyses, Conn. State 730 Mass 540,730 industry in Japan, U. S. B. A 1002 insects affecting 668 production in India 1038 Russia 442 seed, analyses. La 32 hulls, analyses, Va 75 meal, analyses 480 Can 269 Conn. State 730 Conn. Storrs . . . 976 La 32 Mass 121, 540,730,977,1031 Me 270,1075 N. C 479 N.J 676, 774 N. Y. Slate 774 Va 75 Vt 173,526,879 decompo.sition by micro- organisms -■ 581 for pigs, Okla 5H3, 881 in j urious effects 879 oil, analy.ses 91-5 detection 712 Bechi test 915 I'uge. Cnllon sc.d oil, detection, Halpen test 223 mills 843 production in the United States 1102 I>roductsin the United ^tates.. 798 selection 440 uses 843 value, U. S. I). A 98 \arieties 440, 640, 841 Ga 40,1038 waste, analyses. Mass 124 wilt disease, notes, U. S. D. A 55 Coumarin, detection and determination ... 420 Country Life in America, new magazine. . . 400 Cover crops for orchards .50,248 Can 244 Mich 849 N. Y. Cornell 951 notes 1037 Cow stall, improveil, Ind 81 U.S.I). A 1002 Cowpea fodder, analyses. Conn. Storrs 976 hay, analyses 774 for pigs, Okla 584 stubble and vines, fertilizing value, Ark 844 Cowpeas, analyses 1036 Ala. College 1039 Ind 17 Xebr 479 and Kafir corn, analyses, X. J 774 as a green manure. Mass 334 substitute for clover 841 culture experiments, Ala. College. 1039 Ark 843 Ind 37 Mi.^s 540 Okla 129 Wis 938 notes, Tex 443 resistant to nematodes 517 root system, Tenn 36 soil inoculation experiments 439 varieties 439,841,1036 Ala. College 1039 Ark 843 Can 339 Tenn 36 Cows, abortions in college herd, N.J 786 alfalfa for 279 as affected by weather conditions, Ariz 685 dairy type, U. S. D. A 98 dehorning, Md 896 N.J 779 distillery grains for, Ma.s.« 377 wash for 279 economy of heavy grain feeding 80 feeding 685,984 and care 1084 Can 279 experiments.. 168, 171, 177,779, 884 Ala. College 684 Can 384 Itel 278 Minn 683 1150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Cows, feeding experiments, Miss 586, 984 N. J 176,778 Pa 779 Vt 584 for milk and butter produc- tion 484 forage crops for. Mass 176 Xebr 176 grooming, Vt 585 indi\iduality, R. 1 780 inspection 182 management 901 during gestation 685 normal temperatures, N.J 786 nutrition studies, N. Y. State 782 oil cakes for 586 production in Denmark 781 protein requirements, Minn 683 rations for, Conn. Storrs 983 R.I 484 soiling crops for, N.J 778, 779 testing, N.J 778 tests, Wis 81 , 986 watering. Pa 779 Vt 585 Crab apples, crossing experiments 454 varieties, Mich 349 Mont 351 VV.Va 352 louse, notes, Va '. 475 Crabro cajntosus, rearing 474 spp., notes 70 Cranberries, culture 456 flower formation, Wis 917 Cranberry bog, making 51 Cream, analyses 713 Conn. State 82,1071 and milk, payment for, at same fac- tory. Wis 84 of tartar, analyses. Conn. State ... 74, 1073 payment for, according to the yield of butter 887 physical state of fat in 280 ripening. Conn. Storrs 987 in butter making 1086 investigations 688 use of pure cultures 179, 987 ropiness, studies 687 N.Y.Cornell 686 tests, variations 485 Creameries, bacterial infection. Can 389,1089 cooperative in Denmark 180 in western Oregon, Oreg 84 Creepers, feeding habits 226 Creo.sote bush, resistance to alkali 330 Crimson clover. {See Clover, crimson.) Crioceris spp., notes 872 Crocus sativus, culture 859 Cronartium ribicolum, notes 464 Crop growing 726 production as affected by amount and distribution of water. Wis 34 records, N. Dak 426 reporting service of the Department of Agriculture, U. S. D. A 290 reports, U. S. D. A 196,290,599,798,1002 Page. Crop reports, foreign, IT. S. D. A 290 Crops in Argentina, II. S. D. A 599 . Denmark, U. S. D. A 599 France, U. S. D. A 599 Germany in 1901, U. S. D. A 798 Great Britain, U. S. D. A 599 Hungary, U. S. D. A 599 Ireland, U. S. D. A 1002 Manitoba, U. S. D. A 1002 Russia, U. S. D. A 98, 798, 1002 Crown gall, notes, Ky 571 on apple trees, notes, Ark 59 Crows, feeding habits 22, 226, 1023 relationship to agriculture 227 Crude fiber, determination 410 petroleum. (See Petroleum.) Cryphahts tilix, notes 1063 Cryptococcvsfagi, notes 861 Cryptolsemus montrouzieri, notes 67 Cryptorhynchus lapathi, notes 967, 971 U.S. D. A.... 870 Cryptosporium ccrasinum, notes, N. Y. State. 149 Cucaracha herb as an insecticide 474 Cuckoos, feeding habits 226 U. S. D. A 227 Cucumber beetle, spotted, notes, Ky 368 striped, notes. Ark 871 Del 262 Ga 66 Ky 368 diseases, notes, Ky 363 mildew, notes. Mass 363 thrips, notes, Ky 369 Cucumbers, breeding experiments 549 composition at different stages of growth .5.50 crossing experiments, N.J 743 culture at Znaim, Austria 644 in greenhouses 644 forcing 134 insects affecting, Ky 368 pollination 1046 spraying experiments, N.J 757 varieties 1049 Mich 452 S. Dak 346 Cucurbit wilt, notes 465 Cucurbita pepo, transformations of albumi- nous substances 20 Culex impiger, notes, Ky 971 pipiens in Paris 1068 pungens, notes, Ky 971 Culicidffi, monograph 770 notes, Va 97 Culture media for biochemie investiga- tions, U. S. D. A 191 Cupressse, genera 714 Currant anthracnose or leaf blight, descrip- tion and treatment, N. Y. State . 758 aphides, notes 574 borer, imported, notes, N. H 667 diseases in western New York. N. Y. State 149 gall mite, notes 669 black, notes 1063 plant lice, notes 873 IKdkx op subjects. 1151 I'lige. Ciirnint plant lii'e, notes, N. J 7(;:{ nist, notes i^i siiwfly, notes 3(J7 worms, notes 472 NJ 763 Currants, analyses 1051 Ohio 1014 culture, Mass 136 N. Dak 853 composition of juice 577 fertilizer experiments, X. .1 739 flower formation. Wis 917 irrigation experiments, N. ,T ... 739,742 varieties, Can 34S, 353, 1044 Colo 139 Mass 137 Mich 349 N.J 739 Pa 750 Current meter measurements 6% Cuseuta, destruction 252 in alfalfa lields 463 distribution as affected by soil 144 Cuseuta lupulifnrmis, germination of imma- ture seed 658 Cuscutas, investigations 226 Cutworm, climbing, notes, Colo 156 variegated, notes 470, 471 r. S. D. A 670 Cutworm.s, notes 65, 471, 1062 Can 261 Colo 156 U. S. D. A 263,368 Cyclamens, culture 560 Cycloconium oleaginum, treatment 661 Cyclones, eclipse and diurnal 22 Cyclopedia of American horticulture 847 Cylindrospurium padi, notes, N. Y. State 759 Cynodon dactylon, notes, Kans 442 Oyriopsis sp., analyses 1036 Cyperus esculenius, notes, Tex 443 Cyx)ress disease 62 Cyrtoncura cu'gia, notes, Ky 369 Cystoliths, function 826 Cytisus as affected by dry and humid air . . 20 Cytimis scoparius, notes, Kans 442 Cytospara acerina, n. sp., description 465 rubescens, notes 465 sp. , notes, N. Y. State 148 Dart ylis glomerata. (.See Orchard grass.) Ddcliftopiits bromelise, notes 473 cj. A 828 Kart iquakes in Montana, l'. S. I). A 425 Karthshine, variability, U. S. D. A 425 Earthworms, effect on soils in forests 834 Earwigs, notes 367 Ecdysis in insects, changes accompany- ing 156 Echinococcus, studies 785 Echinoderma, physiological experiments.. 775 Echinorhynchi in pigs, Ark 897 Eczema, acute facial, in sheep 182 in horses 996 Eddoes, notes 841 Edema, malignant, in horses 286 sheep, investigations 182 Edestin, derivative, Conn. State 520 reaction with acids and alkalis, Conn. State 520 Egg pastes, analyses 268, 772, 975 preparation, examination, Conn. State 1072 substitute, analyses. Conn. State 74 Eggplants, breeding experiments 549 spraying experiments, N. .1 757 varieties, S. Dak 346 Eggs, analyses. Me 577 Mont 276 and their uses as food,U. S. D. A 166 cold storage 477 export from Madeira, U. S. D. A 1106 Russia, U. S. D. A 1106 foreign markets for 176 in Great Britain, U.S.D.A 1106 iron content 584 loss during incubation, W. Va 277 of bees, investigations 373 preservation 683 Can 277, 383 Mont 276 R.I 776 storage in Belgium 282 substitutes, analyses. Me 577 Eglantine rust, attenuated cultures 863 Ef/ybolia vaillanttna, notes 1062 Elaphidion villosum, notes, U. S. I). A 264 Elbow boil of horses 1098 Electricity, effect on plants 661 Eleusine iiidica, notes, Kans 412 EUomirus barbiculmis, notes, U. S. 1). A 732 Ellenlnich estate, management 46 Elm iiphis, notes, Idaho 70 bark lou.se, notes 155, 1067 l)orer, notes 1067 leaf Iteetle, imported, notes 470,574 . Ma.ss 575 V. S. D. A . 870 notes l''"), lOtJ" Page. Kim K'af beetle, notes, TI. S. 1). A 870 scale, notes, C4 Entomologists of the Pacific Northwest, organization 804 Entomology, American, bibliography, U.S. D. A 2C7 economic, in Australia 156 Europe, N. J 764 treatise, N.J 763, 764 Entero-hepatitis of fowls, Del 287 R.I 793 Entilia sinuata, notes, U. S. I). A 666 Enzym, diastatic, in potatoes 116 fat splitting, .studies 167 new, investigations 115 Enzyms, descriptions 623 fungus, effect on milk 1021 in cheese ripening 387 studies, N. Y. State 1087 wood-destroying fungi 621 oxidizing 1021 proteolytic and protein coagulat- ing, in barley 116 in germinating seeds. 116 occurence in animals. 775 treatise 920 Eocene deposits in Maryland 724 Ephemerida, aquatic, species in the Adiron- dacks ""0 Ephcstki kuehniella, notes 367, 573 Epicampcs rigens, notes, U. S. D. .V 732 Epilachna borcalis, notes, Ky 368 Epithelioma, notes 992 Epitomist experipient station at Si)eneer, Ind 398 EpitrU hirtipennis, notes 766 subcrinita, notes 766 Equinoctial storms, U. S. D. .\ 828 Eragrostis abyssinnica, note.<*, S. Dak :f£i brownii, notes 544 lugeiu, notes, U. S. I). A 732 ncomejckana, notes, IT. S. D. A... 732 Erdmann reagent for detecting nitrites In water 15 ICrgot, notes 5(iC Ergotism in cattle 896 1154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Ergots, grass infesting, inoculation experi- ments 56 Erica diseases, notes 405 Erinose of the grape, notes, Cal 76S Eriocampa aduvibrata, notes 367 Eriocmilon septangulare, smuts affecting 260 EriocMoa punctata, notes, U. 8. D. A 732 Eriococcus artemisise; notes 669 Erythrina umbrosa, use in cacao culture 354 Eschscholtzia calif ornica, notes 1052 Essence producing plants in Algeria 1052 Ether extract from fodders, composition. . . 419 for forcing plants 53 Ethers, formation in plants 826 Eucalypts, hybridization 960 planting in Florida 1053 Eucalyptus globulus, notes 1052 Eucldiena luxuriajis, notes, Kans 442 Eudemis botrana, remedies 768 Euonymus rust, attenuated cultures 863 Euphorbia pulcherrima, culture 356 "Euphorimetry," notes... 707 Euproetis chrysorrhxa, notes 517, 575 U.S.D.A 870 Eupsalis minuta, notes, U.S.D.A 870 Eurotia lanata, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Euryaleferox, notes 1073 Eurycieon similis, notes 671 Euzophera semifuncralis, notes, Del 872 Evaporation of water by plants 225 underground, U. S. D. A 828 Evaporometer, new, description 428 observations 427 Evergreens, culture from seed G53 Everlasting grass, notes, U. S. D. A 732 Excrement, human, insect fauna 163 Exoascus deforvians, treatment, Mich 349 theobroime, notes 2.59, 569, %5 Exochomus nigromaculatus, notes 475 Exosmosis of diastases 225 Experiment field at Lauchstadt, results 799 Experiment station — agricultural-physiological, at Prague .. 299 at Gemblou.x, reorganization 802 Grange-over-Sands, England 505 Lobositz, report 639 Proskau, report 95G, 960 Rothamsted, report 798, 906, 935 Spencer, Ind 398 Victoria, Australia 909 Weihenstephan, report 962 chemical, at Riga, report 900 control, at Christiania, Nor- way, report 887 in Porto Rico, location 910 Spalato, report 661 of Valuiki, report 329 work, educational value, Ariz 697 in Canada, Can 291 Experiment stations — in Alaska, U. S. D. A 125 Belgium, work 290 foreign countries, list, U. S. D. A 98 work 812 Germany, Association of 416 condition and needs 417 Page. E.xperiment stations — Continued. in Hungary 3,4 New England, work 900 the United States and Canada 911 cooperation with the Department of Agriculture . . 811 organization lists, U.S.D.A 98 work and expendi- tures, U.S. D. A. 196 statistics 101, 396, 700 Office of, report 602 of the world 605 Experimental farm at Arlington 517 Wagga, report 639 farms in Bombay 440 Extract, determination in wines 617 Fagopyrum tatancum h imalaica, notes 1073 Farm buildings, suggestions regarding, U. S.D.A 195 management in Silesia 1107 products, shrinkage during storage, Mich 548 wages in the United States, U.S.D.A. 597 Farmers' Institutes in Pennsylvania, papers read at 901 Farmers' Institute Workers' Convention at Buffalo, U. S. D. A 1106 Farmers' Institute Workers' Convention at Washington 907, 1110 Farmers' reading course, Ariz 598 Farming, ideal standards 901 in America 197 ea.stern Colorado, Colo 197 Farms, number in the United States 291 Fat, changes in, during cheese ripening ... 87 determination in butter 282 condensed milk. Wis. 83 fodders 522 milk 16,712 mola.sses feeds 416 skim milk. Wis 83 of acidity in foods 822 extractor, multiple, Del 223 formation of sugar from 978 resorption 168, 775,880 in intestines 378 respiratory quotient and overfeeding. 378 separation of cholestrin 822 Fats, animal, composition 681 apparatus for determination of melt- ing point 105 assimilation 167 cooking, methods of analysis 1016 determination by the refractometer. . 223 of iodin monobromid number 822 volatile insoluble acids 1016 drying, in determining water content 616 methods of analysis 616 saponification nimiber 522 Fatty acids, volatil.e,determinaiion in butter 712 Fauna of Queen Charlotte Islands and Cook Inlet region, U. S. D. A 532 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1155 Paee, Feather grass, notes, U. S. D. A 732 Feeding experiments. {See aho Cows, Pigs, Sheep, etc.) stuffs, analyses 480, 879, 977 Conn. Storrs 976 Mass 172,976 Me 241 N.J 675,774 R. 1 480,713 Va 75 Vt 526 Wis 916,977 composition and digestibil- ity, Iowa 443 decomposition by micro- organisms .581 digestibility 480 inspection. Conn. State 172 Me 270,1075 N.Y. State 774 Vt 173 in North Caro- lina 164 law in Jamaica 236 laws. Me 1002 Wis 676,977 marketprices, analyses, N.J. 774 methods of analysis 320, 914 U.S.D.A. 420 {See also specific kinds.) Feeds, mixed. (See Mixed feeds.) Feldspar, use as a fertilizer 728 Fences on the farm 901 Ferment, oxidizing, in potatoes 1021 soluble, in seeds with horny en- dosperm 116 Fermentation, abnormal, of bread 165 of fruit juices 299 Ferments, inorganic 421 soluble, descriptions 623 Ferns, culture 3,56 Ferret plague bacillus, involution forms. . . 991 FvTiic oxid , effect on plant growth 335 Ferrohaemol, effect on iron content of eggs 584 Fertilizer experiments 32, 437, 936 Conn. Storrs 936 cooperative, in Ba- varia 236 cooperative, in Ger- many 705 methods of conduct- ing 726 formulas, use and abuse 332 law in Florida 439 Indiana 438 Jamaica 236 North Carolina 438 laws 124,1031 Ala. College 635 Me 2:«;, 1031 Mich 540 N.J 730 S. C SS-i W. Va 438 Wis 32, 236, 977 in Europe 439 Page. Fertilizer requirements of cultivated plants 637 soils, determina- tion 632 statistics 838 La 32 N.J 730 Fertilizers, ammoniacal, use on calcareous soils 728 analyses 396, 438, 635, 713, 1031 Ala. College 635 Conn. State 730 Ky 730,935 Mass ... 332, 539, 540, 730, 1031 Me 236,6:15 Mich 540 Mi.ss im N. H 635 N.Y. State 935 Ohio 1014 R. I 540,731 Vt .526,540 Wis 236,916,977 and valuation 124,236 N.J... 730 S. C. 332,438 W. Va 236, 438 application 331,1029 availability of nitrogen 615,932 effecton feeding value of turnips and hay 482 form and composition of barley 441 humus 236 soil moisture and tem- perature 631 experiments. {See also special crops. ) fish, statistics 235 for Tennessee 32 fraud in 726 home-mixed, Ariz 598 mixing 726 inspection 124, 2:36 Ky 124 La 32 Mass 124 , 332, 539, 1031 Me 236,635,1031 Mich MO N. H 635 N.J 730 Pa 838,1031 R. I 540, 713 Vt 124,540 Wis 32 in Indiana 438 Maryland 438,1031 NorthCarolina. 4:?8,1031 Ohio 936 methods of analy.si8 318,821,914 (.See also Phosplioric acid. Nitro- gen, Potash, etc.) mixed, analyses, Ma-^s 5-10 Ohio 1014 Vt 526 nitrification in soils 515 nitrogenous. (Sec Nitrogenous fertilizers.) 1156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Fertilizers, phosphatie. {See Phosphates.) potash. (See Potash.) residual effects 123, 1028 statistics 838 La 32 use 635,838,1029 Ala. College 635 Miss 234 Okla 235 ill Australia 635 the Alps 634 winter 437 valuation. La 32 (See also specific materials. ) Fescue, meadow, digestibility. Mass 380 notes, Kans 442 seed tests 802 sheep, seed examination 504 slender, notes, S. Dak 323 Festuca octofl.ora, notes, S. Dak 323 pratensis, notes, Kans 442 Fiber crops, culture experiments 440 machine for preparing 1104 plants, culture in China 445 Japan 641 Fickle midge, notes, U. S. D. A 264 Ficus elastica, culture 141 Field crops at Ontario Agricultural College, Can 340 cost of growing. Can 239 production in Germany. 1043 culture. Can 1035 and varieties, Mich . . 240 fertilizer experiments 133 (See also special crops.) peas. (See Peas.) Fig insects in California 667 Figs, canning 250 caprification 874, 1050 culture 1050 Tex 1049 and varieties, U. S. D. A 855 in pots 353 the vicinity of Smyrna 746 dried, production 647 drying 856 and packing 248 forcing under glass 137 grafting in summer 756 Smyrna, caprification 874 culture 746 in Australia 856 California 667, 769 the United States, U.S.D.A 266 fertilization 267 varieties, Ala. College 136 N. Mex 552 for drying 647 " Fikongo," notes 244 Filaria reticulata in horses 695 Filariasls in horses 695 Filbert disease, notes 965 Filberts, varieties, Mich 349 Filter funnels, new 917 papers, tests 421 Page. Filter washet, automatic 714 Filtering apparatus, automatic 421 Filters, efficiency in removing bacteria from water 1020 Finger-and-toe disease, treatment 257 Fish, analyses. Mass 1031 feeding 882 fertilizers, statistics 235 ground, analyses. Conn. State 730 Mass 730 N.J 730 preservation with olive oil 478 scrap, analyses. La 32 fertilizers, Wash 124 ground, analyses, Vt 526 Fjord, N. J., biography 279 Flasks, marking 917 Flat peas, analyses. Can 269 notes, Kans 442 Flavoring extracts, analyses. Conn. State.. 1072 Flax blight, notes 254 breeding 844 crop statistics, U. S. D. A 196, 1003 culture experiments 640 N. Dak 449 in Argentina 941 Belgium 544 Egypt 639 NewZealand 697 Queensland 129 fertilizer experiments 235 germination as affected by formalde- hyde 656 insects affecting 70 meal, Cleveland, digestibility, Mass.. 380 seeding experiments. Can 238 N. Dak 337 uneven ripening, N. Dak 341 varieties, Can 1033 N. Dak 337 wilt, notes, N. Dak 359 Flaxseed crop in 1901, U.S.D.A 798 meal, analyses 480 Me 1075 N.J., 676 Flea beetles, notes 155, 471 Cal 766 Fleas, notes 668, 967 remedies 474 Fleshings, analyses. Mass 124 Flies, remedies, U.S.D.A 599 transmission of disease by, U. S. D. A . 665 Flint, Earl, notes, U. S. D. A 118 Floats, analyses, R. 1 713 Floods, prevention as affected by forests. . . 752 Flora, insular, of Mississippi and Louisiana. 112 of Alabama, U. S. D. A 422 Queen Charlotte Islands and Cook Inlet region, U.S.D.A 532 the Northern States and Canada. . 421 Palouse region 620 Red River Valley 620 western Lake Erie 619 Floriculture, development in the United States 560 notes 901 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1157 rilBe. Floriculture, work at experiment stations. 53 Florida College, notes 397 Station, financial statement 1106 notes 397 report of director 1105 Flour beetle, confused, notes 673 bleaching 847 composition ()75 determination of value for baking purposes 878 feed, low grade, analyses. Can 269 from grain bleached with sulphur fumes (175 from Russian famine districts, analy- ses 87H Graham , r.nalyses. Mass 977 Hungarian, gluten content 164 methods of analysis 914 microscopical examination 165 moth, Mediterranean, notes 573 nutritive value, U. S. D. A 771 red dog, analyses. Me 1075 Flower buds, production as affected l)y food supply 040 bulbs, culture, N. C 47 handbook 958 in North Carolina. . . 560 replanting 859 formation in plants. Wis 917 Flowers at Canada Experimental Farms, Can 243 color in relation to visits of insects . 474 composition as affected by fertil- izers 956 culture in New Mexico, N. Mex . . . 958 development as affected by dark- ness 651 pollination by bees 299 subirrigation experiments,Wis 957 wild, of the Southern States 622 Flue ashes, fertilizing value 437 Flukes, notes, U. S. B. A 192 Fluorescein as an indicator 108 Flycatchers, feeding habits 226 Fodder crops, culture 130 plants, analyses 977 notes. Can 1035 Fodders, analyses. Conn. Storrs 976 Nebr 479 pressing 900 Fog, ammonia in 721 billows, U. S. D. A 117 effect on plants 1017 in New York Harbor, U. S. D. A 425 studies on Mount Tamalpais, U. S. J). A 117,118 Food, consumption as affected by — work 478 U.S.D.A 376 crops of Bulgaria, U. S. D. A 290 digestibility as affected by — mastication 877 work, U.S.D.A 72,375 effect on fat content of milk 782, 883 firmness of bacon, Can 381 metabolism 376 I'uge. Food, effect on (juality of Iiullcr, \'l 685 milk and butter, Mas.s 385 encyclopedia 877 fineness when chewed 37-1 in.spcction in Connecticut, Conn. State 73,74,1071 Illinois 2G9 Michigan 269 North Carolina 16-1 Ohio 675 Pennsylvania 675,976 manual 1074 progress in 578 laws affecting .Vmerican exports, U. S. DA 75 in Europe 439 nutrients, physiological valuation ... 775 nutritive value, U.S.D.A 974 preservation lea preservatives, analyses, Coini. State.. 1072 use, U. S. D..\ ,269 in Great Britain .. 1070 products, manual 477 preservation by cold storage, U.S.D.A 75 source of milk fat, N. Y. State 781 supply during the siege of Mafeking. 477 Foods, analyses. Conn. State 1073 U.S.D.A 166 and condiments, microscopical ex- amination 75 artificial experiments with 481 coal-tar dyes in, Conn. State 1072 condensed, analyses. Me 577 decomposition by micro-organisms. 681 digestion of 157 effect on secretion and composition of gastric j uice 167 function and u.so, U. S. D. A 476 grain, in Manchuria 1073 methods of analysis 410, 420, 713 U.S.D.A 420 microscopical examination 578 notes 73 preparation, notes 877 ofsamplesforanalysis. 417 singular, of the Filipinos 269 treatise 476, 477 vegetarian 580 Foot-anS-mouth disease, control 790 diagnosis 284, 493 in Germany 788 nature and treat- ment 692 note,s, U.S. D. A.. 183 occurrence. 489,490,998 occurrence in Hungary 1090 prevention 493 protective inocu- lation 188,393 treatment 790 Forage crops, analyses, Nebr 479 culture experiments 440 Ark.... 840 1158 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. Page. Forage crops, culture experiments, Can 237 in New Zealand G97 drought resistant, S. Dak 639 for cows 984 Kebr • 176 pigs, U.S.D.A 98 Texas, Tex 443 the South, U. S. D. A 1039 in France 37 notes.... 732,1036 Can 339 Okla 129 Pa 732 (See also special crops.) plants, cooperative experiments . . . 513 U.S.D.A 939 culture experiments 130 experiments at Highmore, U.S.D.A 240 for Kansas, Kans 442 native and introduced, S. Dak 323 short courses in 396 tests. Wis 938 (See also Grasses.) poisoning, notes 589 pressing 1075 Forecaster and the newspaper 722 Forecasts, fake, U. S. D. A 827 Forest conditions in Arizona 959 extension in the middle West, U. S. D. A 251 fire lines 861 fires, destructiveness 143 in Colorado 460,1053 Pennsylvania 561 proposed legislation in Gas- cony 754 fly, notes, Va 475 insects of Ontario 64 meteorology, observations 653 plantations, protection from snow storms 461 planting in Minnesota 654 New England 654 reservations. National 251,1006 State 251 tent caterpillar, notes 65, 155 Conn. State... 156 N.H 667 N.Y. State... 65 U.S.D.A.... 870 tree diseases, U. S. D. A 260 trees as wind-breaks, Colo 195 of Ohio 959 Forestry at Coteau Farm, ISIinn 1053 Bureau of, notes, U. S. D. .\ 599 student assistants in, U.S.D.A 958 dictionary of German and English terms 461 Experiment Station in Maria- brunn, report 142 Stations, Interna- tional Associa- tion 141 Page. Forestry in England 959 Europe, suggestions for Ameri- can students 143 Manitoba, Can 262 Massachusetts 1054 Minnesota 654 Nebraska 654 New Hampshire 461 Pennsylvania 561 Sweden 959 the British Colonies 251 Philippine Islands 655, 959 southern Appalachians, U. S. D. A 251 United States 9.58 laws in New York 461 national 142 notes 142 publications in 1900 754 students, position in Bureau of Forestry, U. S. D. A 958 working plan, U. S. D. A 458 Forests as affected by smoke and gas 527 conservation in Kentucky 561 destruction by Galveston storm 460 effect on rainfall 459, 653, 923 and temperature . 959 soil moisture and floods. . . 752 in Alaska 1054 Belgium 754 New South Wales 055 Queensland 1054 the Philippines 142, 655, 752 South 959 Washington 654 insects affecting 1067 U.S.D.A 870 management 460 and influence, R. I . . . 754 of Fontainebleau, France 252 relation to water supply, Colo 325 role of earthworms in soil cover . . . 834 upper limits on mountains 752 Fonnaldehyde, analyses, Ind 17 as a disinfectant 493 preservative of milk . . 82 detection 1015 determination 618, 822, 1015 in milk... 711,822 volumetric method . . . 107 effect on germination .. 656 germination of oats. Wis 918 metabolism in • children 774,1071 pigs 1070 for millet smut, Ind 56 oat smut 760 Can 255,256 III 254 Ind 254 Wis 255 potato scab, Wis 255 wheat smut, Ind 56 Formica snbsericea, notes, U.S.D.A 666 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 115U Page. Foul brood of bees 476 Mich 877 in Tunis 576 notes 374 studies, Can 72 treatment 72 Foundation in comb building-, V. S. 1>. A . . . 599 Fowl cholera affecting pigs 594 bacillus, effect on leucocytes in rabbits 792 Foxtail grass, notes, Kans 442 Freezing, effect on structure of leaves 424 Frinffilla raiebii, feeding habits 1023 Frost, ammonia in 721 fighting, U. S. D. A 117 injuries from, in Germany 923 to winter cereals 732 protection from 23, 452, 626, 722 by humus 1027 potash salts 1031 wind-breaks 653 popular queries, U. S. D. A 624 •' Frostlene," analyses, Conn. State 1072 Fruit buds, development, Ga 46 maturity, Mont 351 cold storage 352 di.sea.ses in western New York, N. Y. State 148 eating 74 fly, parasite of 267 growing in eastern Colorado, Colo . . . 197 industry as affected by cold storage, U.S.D.A 250 development 745 in Califorifla, U. S. D. A . . . . 799 juices, analyses 577 fermentation 299 premature falling 152 scale, European, notes 767 tablets, preparation 955 tree bark beetle, notes 65, 155 N. Y. State ... 65 borer, notes, Del 872 chlorosis 365 P\isicladiums, studies 258 root disease, notes 465 rot, investigations, Okla 150 trees as affected by kerosene, N. Y. State 370 fertilizers for 352 injury by rabbits, Ky 531 liming 729 protection, Oreg 645 pruning 50, 51 root pruning, Oreg 646 R.I 741 spraying in bloom 299 N.Y. State.. 364 sterility 139 washing in winter 673 Fruitarians, dietary studies, U. 8. D. A 974 Fruits, analyses 577 at Canada Experimental Farms, Can 243 Coteau Farm, Minn 1048 canning 1101 7097— No. 12—02 5 I'age. Fruit.s, cider, commercial value in Englmid. 617 culture 901, 956 and varieties, Mich 240 at Wye College 646 Kuide 1048 in Cape Colony 9,56 Uu.ssia 453 the Atlantic and Pacific Stiitcs 299 deterioration ,577 dried, glycerin content .577 dwarf culture 1050 experimental shipments from Can- ada 3,53 export trade 956 feeding value, Cal 481 fertilizers for 10^9 flower formation. Wis 917 for export 299 hardy, for the Northwest 1112 harvesting, storing, and marketing. 745 insects affecting 472 U.S.D.A 870 irrigation on the Pacific coast, U. S. D. A 1000 microscopic study, Conn. State 1073 orchard and small, nomenclature . . 251 culture 248 in France 646 Oklahoma, Okla. 553 fertilizer experiments . . 140^ 1049 fertilizers for 5.53, 746, 1048 varieties. Can 353 preservation 955 production of new varieties 646 protection from frost 722 of trees 1067 quality for marketing 299 seedling 454 setting as affected by different con- ditions. Wis 949 small, insects affecting 371 varieties. Can 353 washing 774 for cider making 454 Fuller's rose beetle, notes, U. S. D. A 264 Fumagine in greenhouses, treatment 570 Fumago citri, notes 661 Fumigating house, construction 875 Fumigation apparatus 162 experiments, Fla 1062 methods 1067 of nursery stock 972 ■\vith carbon bisulphid, U. S. D. A 666 hydrocyanic-acid gas . . . 162, 967, 1062 hydrocyanic -acid ga.s N.Y. State %9,1065 Fumigator, folding 518 for small trees, N. Y. State 71 U.S.D.A 599 Fungi, attenuated cultures 863 distribution by the wind 465 for distribution to experiment sta- tions, U. S. D. A 920 1160 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Fungi, germination of spores 528 in beet seed capsules 567 mold, decomposition of glucosids by 621 new species, descriptions 962 polymorphism as affected by me- dium 113 relation to weather, X.J 758 reproduction 225 timber-destroying, in New England, U. S. D. A 62 wood-destroying, N. Y. Cornell 468 enzyms in 621 Fungicides, analyses, Can 267 application in dry form, Can . . 267 composition and use,U. S. D. A. 972 effect on peach foliage 866 Conn. State. 151 methods of analysis 413 U. S.D.A.. 1016 preparation 570 and use 575, 664 Del 71 111 876 Mass 1068 N. Y. Cor- nell 372 Ohio 155 S.C 64 ( See also specific forms. ) Fungus diseases in Java 260 of cultivated plants 1057 resembling black rot 762 economic, in Java 10 '8 Fuiitumia elastica, culture 858 Furfurol, determination 320 Furze, feeding value 1075 for sheep 1078 notes, Kans 442 utilization 173, 240 Fasarium dianlhi, notes 153, 966 gemmiperda, n. sp., description... 960 sp., notes. Mass 1060 spp., parasitism 154 Fusicladium dcntriticum. {See Apple scab.) pirinum, studies 258 Fusoma disease, notes 469 Galactase in cheese ripening 388 Gall, effect on metabolism 880 Galls of auimal origin, classification 1068 vegetable, in England 970 Game laws U. S. D. A 532,720 officials and organizations con- cerned in protection, U. S. D. A. . . 1023 protection, officials and organiza- tions concerned, U. S. D. A 227 Gangrene, serum treatment 594 Garbage, fertilizing value 836 refuse, analyses, N.J 731 tankage, analyses, Conn. State... 730 Garden plants, practical guide 52 truck, charges for transportation, U.S. D. A 551 vegetable, cost and production, 111. 133 Gardening, books 849, 958 Page. (iardening, encyclopedia 1052 in America 1052 the South 848 market, fertilizers for 1045 ornamental 751 treatise 653 treatise 357, 451, 452, 741 under glass 726 U. S. D. A 1002 Gardens, American 1052 colonial, descriptions 958 ornamental, description 653 school 1052 Garget. (See Mammitis.) Gas, analysis 1016 lime, analyses, Mass 730 liquor, Leeds, analysis 235 Gases, atmospheric, combustible 327 effect on vegetation 527 Gastric juice, secretion and composition as affected by different foods. 167 secretion as affected by but- ter 168 studies 376 Gastromycetes, classification 1018 Gastrophilus equi, notes 90 Va 161 hsemorrhoidalis, notes, Va 161 7iasalis, notes, Va 161 salutaris, notes 90 Gastrophilus larva; in horses 792 remedies 593 Gelatin, digestibility 167 manufacture from bone 634 Gelechia operculella in California, Cal 765 solanella, notes 1062 Geography, popular errors in, U. S. D. A. . . 624 Geological survey of Canada, report 633 Geology of Maryland 724 the Black Hills 1000 Dismal Swamp region, U. S. D. A 714 Upper Peninsula Substation, Mich 224 Qeornys bursarius, destruction 1021 lutescens, destruction 1021 Georgia Station, financial statement 97, 900 notes 294 report of director, 97, 900 Geraniums, culture and preparation of es- sence 1052 poisonous effect on grasshop- pers 372 varieties. Can 348 Germ oil meal, analyses 480 Mass 977 Me 1075 N.Y. State 774 Germination of seeds as affected by — age 1055 bacteria 755 chemicals. Mass 357 copper solutions ... 755 sulphate 657 formaldehyde 656 Wis 918 IN1)P:X ok SlilUKCTS. lic.l Page. Gonniiiatioii of seeds as alTceted by — Con. hydrocyanic-acid gas, Md 462 liquid air 1055 siilpliurc acid 751 Germination, effect on pentosans in seeds . 424 in distilled water 143, 755 of fungus spores 528 seed plants 656 Gilbert, Sir Joseph Henry, biographical sketches 401, 602 Ginseng, culture 640, 1046 Glaciers as an index of climate, U. S. D. A. 425 Gladioli, varieties, Can 349 Glanders, diagnosis 594 immunity of cattle 895 leucocytosis 691 mallein tests 695 notes 284, 390, 890 occurrence 589, 998 in Hungarj- 1090 S.C 490 outbreaks, La 488, 489, 490 treatment 594 virus as affected by turpentine. . . 692 Gliadin, determination 878 Glceospariitni anpelophagum, notes 1059 coffeicolum, notes 224 ribis, description and treat- ment, N. Y. State 758 fructigcn um, notes 1059 treatment. Mo. Fruit Station... 150 Undemuthianum, notes 367 spegazzini, notes 258, 661 venetum, notes, N. Y. State 149 Glucose, digestibility 978 Glucosid iu beech seed during germina- tion 1018 Glucosids, decomposition by mold fungi 621 Glue, manufacture from bone 634 Gluten, determination of quality 878 feed, analyses 480 Conn. Storrs 976 Mass 977 Me 270, 577, 1075 N.J 676 N.Y. State 774 R. I 480 Vt 173,879 foods, so called 577 meal, analyses 480 Conn. Storrs 976 Mass 977 Me 270, 1075 N.J 676, 774 N.Y. State 774 R.I 480 Va 75 Vt 173, 879 protein, nutritive value 977 special, analyses, N. Y. State 774 Glycerin in dried fruits 577 Glycine h ispida, notes, Kans 442 Glycogen, determination 822 in meat 419 effect on j)eptic digestion 376 I'age. Glycogen, furiiiHtion from i>rotein 880 Glycuronic acid in beef blood 776 Glyo.xylic acid, chemistry of 522 Gnathocenis com utti.*, notes 471 Gnomonia criilliroftoma, notes GUI Gnomoniop^isj'rnctigcim, description iaS9 Goats, .\ngora, T. S. D. A 776 heartwatcr 996 parasites in Texas, U. S. D. A 1092 treatment for roundworms,!,'. S. D. A. 593 Goatskins, Cape Angora, U. S. D. A 1106 Goatsuckers, feeding habits 226 Gold compounds, effect on higher plants. . . 621 Goldsmith beetle, notes 967 Goniocotes abdominalis, notes, Va 475 Gonoiodes sti/ltfa-, notes, Va 475 Goose cholera, notes, R. I 793 grass, notes, Kans 142 Gooseberries, analyses 1051 Ohio 1014 canning 2.50 crossing experiments 454 culture, Colo 139 N. Dak 853 fertilizer experiments, N. J . . 739 flower formation, Wis 917 irrigation experiments, N. J . 739, 742 varieties. Can 348, ]044 Colo 139 Mich 349 N. J 739 Pa 7.50 Tenn 9.')3 Gooseberry diseases in western New York, N. Y. State 149 mildew, notes 568 rust, notes 367, 464 Gophers, destruction 1021 Gorgon fruit, notes 1073 Gorse, feeding value 1075 for sheep 1078 notes, Kans 442 utilization 173, 240 Gossyparia idmi, notes. Conn. State 156 Graduate School of Agriculture. 303, 905, 1011, 1108 notes 703 Grafting experiments 50 Grain aphis, notes 470,471 beetle, saw-toothed, notes 573 beetles, notes 155, .573 breeding 639 crop of Austria, U. S. D. A 290 France K)43 U.S. D. A 196 insects affecting 573, 668, 1068 lantern f\ y , notes 573 methods of handling 549 moth, notes 10()2 plant louse, notes, V. S. D. A 3t»,869 rations for cows, V t 5H-I root louse, notes IjkS rusts, notes. Can 1057 seeding 1037 Can 239 weevil, notes 1 )62 Grains in India 1*^73 1162 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Grains in Manchuria 1073 (Sec also Cereals and special crops.) Gram, green, notes, Kans 442 Grama grasses, notes, U. S. D. A 731, 732 Granary weevil, notes 573 Grape anthracnose, treatment 163 black rot fungus, conidial form 366 notes 61, 62, 867 Can 1057 treatment 662 California disease, cause 147 notes 152 chlorosis, prevention 662 diseases, fungicides for 570 in Santa Clara Valley, Cal . . 761 western New York, N. Y. State 149 notes 954, 1059 Ohio 259 remedies 570 resembling black rot 259, 762 downy mildew, notes 365, 661 erinose, notes, Cal 768 fruits. ( See Pomelos. ) g61ivure and lightning, comparative effects 661 cause 661, 662 gray rot, cause 153 notes 662 treatment 762 in.sects, new, notes 161 juice, effect on metabolism 73 leaf folder, notes, Ga 66 mildew, notes 61, 867, 962 N.J 757 treatment 662, 761, 867 powdery mildew, notes . . . 661, 761, 762, 966 primings as a feeding stuff 378 root rot, treatment 762 rot, treatment, Ohio 259 shelling, treatment 867 white rot, notes 661, 867 treatment 762 Grapes, American, improvement, U. S. D. A . 1002 analyses, Ga 46 Ohio 1014 crossing experiments 620 culture, Ala. College 51 Ky 355 Mass 136 Oreg 456 S.C 52 experiments 1049 handbook 954 in Germany 751 New South Wales 249 Russia 139 treatise 456, 457 effect of crossing on form of seed . . 751 fertilizer experiments 140, 249 flower formation. Wis 917 grafting experiments 139 French varieties on American stocks 649, 650 green vines 650 waxed paper bands for . . . 52 Page. Grapes, guide for recognition of species and varieties 52 hybrids, new 559 invertin in 225 manuring 355 maturity of vines 457, 458 pollination, artificial 559 preservation of fruit 559 pruning 3.55, 4.57, 458 Kniffin method 52 ringing, Ga 46 ripening of shoots 917 scale insects affecting 970 shield grafting 651 storage 955 subsoiling and trenching for 558 sulphuring 662 tendrils, origin and structure 954 thinning 651 topping experiments 140 training, Ga 47 varieties, Ala. College 51 Ga 46,857 Ky 355 Mich 349 Oreg 456 in Roumania 52 Graphiola phanicis, notes 570 Grass, downy mildew 1057 evaporation from 428 lands, fertilizer experiments 130 permanent, investigations of herbage 127 rotation experiments, R.I 34 seed , germination tests 1055 impurities in, Vt 564 soil test. Mass 333 Grasses, American, descriptions, U. S. D. A. 422 analyses 977 cooperative experiments,U.S.D. A. 939 culture, Kans 442 experiments 440 in New Zealand 697 ergots infesting 56 experimentsatHighmore,U.S.D.A. 240 fertilizer experiments 235, 1036 Mass 334 for lawns, tests, N.J 751 meadows and pastures 443 insects affecting 668 new or little known,notes,U.S.D. A . 113 notes 1036, 1039 Colo 195 Iowa 224 U.S.D.A 526 of Arizona, notes, U. S. D. A 224 Iowa, Iowa 443 South Carolina and Georgia, notes, U. S. D. A 113 seeding 543, 1039, 1040 short courses in 396 (See also specific kinds.) Grasshoppers. (See Locu-sts.) Gravimetric analysis, weighing precipi- tates 013 Grease wood, notes, U. S. D. A 731 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. nr,3 I'age. Grease wood, resistance to alkali 330 Great Lakes, meteorological chart, U. S. D. A 327 Greenhouse, book on 1044 construction 1045 handbook 949 heating 949, 1045 leaf tier, notes. Can 261 N.Y.Cornell. 372 r.S. D. A 203 pests, remedies 570 plants, fertilizing 134 use in summer, U.S. I). A 599 Green manuring experiments 436, 437, 726 Mass 334 in Jamaica 634 notes 1029 pea meal, analyses, Mass 977 Ground beetles, notes, N.J 763 Grubs injurious to strawberries 473 white, notes 65, 473 Can 261 U.S.D.A 264 remedies 162, 753 GryUotalpa vulgaris, remedies 162 Guano, analyses 933 Damaraland, analyses, R. I 713 tests 634 Guavas, cultivated 51 Guiac test for pasteurized and unpasteur- ized milk 16 Guignardia reniformis, notes 61 Guinea pigs, blood of fetus as affected by bacterial infection of mother. 889 immunizing against anthrax. . 895 infectious lung disease 191 Gums and gum resins in Senegal and Soudan 1051 Gymnosperms, seed coats 656 Gyranosporangium juniperinum, inoculation experiments 469 Gypsum, analyses, Can 236 formation 1032 production in Canada 633 theUnitedStates. 035,838 solubility in sodium chlorid so- lutions 329 solution studies, U. S. D. A 429 transformation into anhydrite . . . 438 Gypsy moth, extermination. Mass 472 notes 69, 155, 517, 967, 908 U.S.D.A 870 Hackberry leaf spot, notes 762 Hadena basilinea, notes 968 secalis, notes 170, ;t08 tritici, notes 908 Hxmatohia xcrrata. (See Horn fly. ) Hiematopiniix asini, notes, Va 175 eurysternus, notes, Va 175 phalanges ovis, notes, Va 475 piliferug, notes, Va 475 urinus, notes, Va 475 t'ituli, notes, Va 475 Ha;mogallol, effect on iron content of eggs. 584 Hail and .storms 626 Congress, International 626 Page. Hail damage, U. S. D. A ng formation 229 insurance, U. S. D. A 425 popular (lucries, U. S. D. A 624 prevention 328 by cannonading 23, 425, 427,625,722,1024 U.S.D.A. 828 in Italy 026 Switzerland 626 protection against 119, 229 congress in Italy 722 structure and formation, U. S. D. A... 118 Hailstorms on the St. Lawrence, U. S. D. A. 828 Hair manure, analyses, N.J 730 waste, analyses, Ma.ss 124 Halos, lunar, notes, U. S. D. A 828 Haltcrophora capitata, notes 668 Hamamelutes spinosus, life history, U. S. DA 573 Hammond's Slugshot, analyses, N. Y. State. 108 Hamsters, disease affecting 1022 Hares, Belgian, breeding experiments, R. I. 776 Harlequin cabbage bug, notes l')5, 470 Del 262 Ga 66 Okla 570 JIarpulus caligiriosus affecting strawberries, N. Y. Cornell 371 p€7insylvanicus affecting strawber- ries, N. Y. Cornell 371 Harrows, tests 900 Hartig, Robert, biographical note 499 Harvesters and thrashers, tests 900 Hawaii Federal Station, notes 495 Sugar Planter's Station, notes 495 Hawaiian Islands, agricultural conditions and capabilities, U. S. D. A 196 Hawks, feeding habits 226 Hawkwecd, orange, destruction, Vt 565 Hay, analyses, N. J 774 ash analyses 977 clover and timothy, analyses, Ohio .. 1014 digestibility 109 Mass 380 feeding value as affected by fertilizers. 482 mixed, analyses, Cal 481 Conn. Storrs 976 Norwegian, analyses 774 turners, trials 795 Haze in autumn, cause, U. S. D. A 624 Hazelnuts, culture 1051 Head louse, notes, Va 476 Heartwater in sheep and g(>at.s 996 Heat, killing, U. S. D. A 624 Hedges, notes 141 Iledynarum coronarium, bacteria in reots... 921 Ilcliothis dipiiaceits, notes 70 rhexiic, notes, U. S. I>. .\ 2G4 Uelminlhosporium carpophilum, notes, N. Y. State 149 spp., notes 1057 studies 565 Jlcmcrohius nervosum, notes .• 967 Ilcmilcia vaKtatri.r, notes 962 Hemiptera in .\ustra)iu 971 1164 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hemlock industry in Pennsylvania 562 Hemp, as iifTccted by environment, N. J 757 culture 844 in Manila 1040 New Zealand 1040 the Philippine Islands.. 544,734 Hen manure, analyses. Mass 124 Hens, digestion experiments 170 Herbage, mixed, chemical investigations . . 127 Herbicide, analysis. Can 253 Heredity, effect on fat content of milk 84 studies concerning 275, 1044 Hessian fly.notes... 65,67,470,471,475,518,805,967 Can 260,367,572,1064 Ky 968 N.J 764 N.Y.Cornell 572 U.S.D.A ....' 308,870 Heterodera radicicola affecting clematis 64 cotton, U. S. D.A 55 notes 154,867 Hevea braailiensis, culture 858 confusa, culture 858 Hexenbesens, notes 63, 259, 509, 1062 Hibiscus vUifolius, abnormal outgrowths ... 469 Hicklin, J. Brown, notes, U. S. D. A 118 Hickories, grafting 355 Hide powder, digestibility 167 tests 525 Hides, disinfection, U. S. D. A 197 foreign trade of the United States, U.S.D.A 798 Injury by branding, U. S. D. A 197 Highways of commerce, U. S. D. A 795 Hilaria cenchroides, notes, U. S. D. A 731 jamesei, notes, U. S. D. A 731 mutica, notes, U. S. D. A 731 sp., notes, U. S. D. A 732 Hippobosca equina, notes, Va 475 protection of animals from 260 Hog cholera bacillus, biological characters and pathogenesis. . 189 involution forms 991 Gruber's reaction 89 investigations, Ark 896 in Iowa, U. S. D. A 190,197 notes 589 occurrence in Hungary 1090 New Zealand . . 992 outbreaks 390, 489, 490 Ind 95 prevalence in North Carolina. 393 preventive inoculation 594 remedies, analyses, Del 286 Nebr 493 sanitary measures 287 serum treatment 393 treatment 96 Hogs. (See Pigs.) Holy grass, notes, S. Dak 323 Hominy chop, analyses 480 Ind 17 feed, analyses, N. J 774 Page. Hominy feed, analyses, Vt 173 meal, analyses, Mass 977 X.J 676,774 R.I 480 Honey, extracting 476 Jamaica, analyses 878 production, U. S. D. .A. 1003 relation to beeswax 475 Hop crop of Germany, U. S. D. A 1002 the world 1106 leaf spot, notes, S. C 465 Hoplia callipyge, notes, U.S.D.A 264 Hoplocampajulvicornis, notes 971 testudinea, notes 668 Hops, culture experiments 444, 449, 1040 Oreg 645 in Russia 130 fertilizer experiments 439, 544 fertilizers for 640 insects affecting 668 pruning 439 removal of vines after harvesting 341 translocation of material in plants . . 323 Jlordeum jmsillum, notes, S. Dak 323 Hormaphis hamamelidis, life history, U. S. D.A 573 Horn fl y , notes, N.J 764 Va 475 remedies. Miss 571 Horse beans, analyses 1036 culture experiments 341 germination as affected by formaldehyde 056 planting at different dis- tances. Can 238 potash fertilizers for 1037 proteids of 17 botflies, notes 1062 Del 262 chestnut meal as a food 773 chestnuts, analyses 651 meat as food in Germany, U. S. D. A . 1106 in Denmark, U. S. D. A 1106 nettle, description, Ind 862 rakes, trials 795 sickness, investigations 190 in South A frica 280, 694 trade of Canada, U. S. D. A 1003 theUnitedStates, U.S. D.A. 1003 Horses, American, in Switzerland, U.S.D.A. 1106 sale in England, U. S. D.A 197 army, sugar for 882 at Canada Experimental Farms, Can 275 barley for, U. S. D. A 599 breeding 80,584 in Belgium, U. S. D. A 1106 colic in, as affected by weather 695 contagious stomatitis affecting 594 corn for 882 crossing with zebras 275 digestion experiments 170 diseases of the sacral plexus 96 elbow boil 1098 feeding barley and pumpkins 584 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. IK');') Page. Horses, feeding experiments, X. H 681 Gastrophilus larva' in 792 industry in Switzerland 176 infectious disease due to Bacterium coli 393 inspection for militiiry service 993 lymphangitis 996 malaria of 1098 market classes. 111 275 U. S. I). A 1081 metabolism 275 ocean transportation, l'. S. I). A 1078 pneumonia of 897 saddle, notes 981 skin disease resembling tuberculosis 695 diseases due to rubbing of sad- dles 996 staggers in North ("arolina 898 surra disease 897 teeth as affected by age, Va 696, 791 irregularities, Va 997 Horticultural conditions in Minnesota 299 Inspectors, Society of 496 Horticulture, American, Cyclopedia of 849 manual 1044 educational status 458 in Japan 958 intensive, in California 860 library catalogue 958 progress in nineteenth cen- tury 350 school at Hartford, Conn 802 treatise 451, 1048 Hothouses, heating and ventilating 356 Hot waves, cause and effect, U. S. D. A 227 Houses, drainage and sanitary fitments 195 humidity in 805 numbering in rural districts, U. S. D. A 795 Human excrement, insect fauna 163 Humic acids, absorption of nitrogen by 534 Humus, absorption of monocalcium phos- phate 28 as affected by fertilizers 236 as a protection against frost 1027 conservation in soils 1037 content of soils, N. Dak 433 as affected by fer- tilizers 330 determination in soils 417 nitrogenous constituents 534 notes 1027 renewing in continuous corn cul- ture, Ind 843 Hungarian grass hay, analyses. Conn. Storrs. 976 seed, shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 Hurricanes in West Indies 23 Hyacinth bulbs, reserve carbohydrates in. . 324 genns, Wakker's, studies, U. S. D. A 63,466 Hyacinths, fertilizer experiments 140,1049 Hybridization, international conference... 905 methods 1044 of plants, experiments 744 Hyde, Gustavus A., note.s, l'. S. D. A 425 Page. Ili/dnum ennacmm, notes, Ind 827 Hydrangea diseases, notes 465 Hydra>if/m horlcn.tia. Jeanne d'Arc 53 Hydraulic problems, graphical solution ... 900 Hydrochloric acid, formation in animals, Conn. State 521 standard preparation . 820 Hydrocyanic-acid gas- as an insecticide, Del 262 U. S. D. A 870 diffusion, Del 262 effect on germination, Md 462 nursery stock 162 fumigation it;2, 967, ]0t;2, 1067 Fla 1062 N. Y. State 370, 969, 1065 experiments. Conn. State .. 156 Hydrogen, atmospheric, origin 327 peroxid as a milk preservative. 588, 686 decompiosition by ani- mal tissues and bac- teria 92 .wlphid apparatus 619, 714 formation by bacteria in drains 114 from heated milk 1084 preparation 421 Hydrography of Colorado 1103 the United States 899, 1000 Hydrology of the Sahara 899 Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.) Hydrosulphids, determination 222 Hygiene and Demography, International Congress, U. S. D. A 1090 handbook 1074 and laboratory manual. 73 military, treatise 477 on the farm 901 Hylemyia coarctata, notes 366, 475 Hylesintis crenatus, notes 366 frcu-ini, notes 366 piniperda , description 266 Hylu rgus pi» ipcrda, notes 571 Hymenoptera, new 770 predaceous, notes 70 Hymenopterous borers, rearing 474 Hyphie of Tilletia in wheat 324 Hypochnus solan i, notion 464 Hypodertna bovii<, life history 373 Uncalum, life history 373 Hyponameuta cagnagellus, notes 571 vnrahilU, notes 367 Ice caves and freezing wells, U. S. D. A 828 at Flagstaff, Ariz., U. S. D. A 117 notes, U.S. D. A 118,624 chemical and bacteriological studies. . . 829 cream, analyses. Conn. State 82 Icerya purehani. notes, Fla 472 U.S. D. A 266 Ichneumon flies, notes 667, 769 Ichneumon maurun, notes, Wash 470 Idaho College, notes 19S Stjition, linancial statement 494 notes 198, 294 report of director 494 1166 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Idaho University, notes 294 Ignition oven 824 Illinois College, not€s 294 Station, financial statement 195, 900 notes 902, 294, 1108 University, notes 902, 1108 Immunity, cause of 691 of plants to fungus diseases 863 Inbreeding, effect on vigor of corn Ill Incandescent lights, effect on carnations . . 652 Increment, incidental, fertilizing value 121 Incubators, carbon dioxid in contained air, R.I 776 Chinese, U. S. D. A 1083 construction and use 484 India rubber. (See Rubber. ) Indian wheat, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Indiana Station, financial statement 97, 900 notes 294 report of director 97,900 Indians, plants used by, U. S. D. A 827 Indicators, classification 526 in wine analysis 618 Indigo, artificial, preparation of 525 growing under glass 133 Indigofera tinctoria, iron compounds in 717 Industrial progress in North Carolina 494 Infant food by-product analyses. Mass 977 Insect fauna of human excrement 163 pests, law concerning. Conn. State . . 575 Insecticides, analyses 480 Can 267 Mass 108,1031 N. Y. State 108, 1068 application in dry form 972 Can.. 267 composition and use, U. S. D. A 972 effect on foliage. Mass 162 peach foliage, Md. . . 160 experiments, N.J 764 U. S. D. A 665 methods of analysis 413 U.S.D.A. 1016 preparation and use 575, 769, 1062, 1067 Can 1064 Del 71 111 876 Mass 1068 N.Y.Cor- nell . . . 372 Ohio 155 U.S.D.A. 163 (See also specific forms. ) Insects, accession catalogue, U.S.D.A 869 affecting the mistletoe 667 anatomy and physiology 70 aquatic, in the Adirondacks 770 as a culture medium for pathogenic bacteria 991 affected by drought, U. S. D. A. . 871 the weather, U. S. D. A 666 beneficial, action toward plants ... 64 exportation 72 Page. Insects, beneficial importation 475 notes 1069 changes accompanying ecdysis 156 collecting 967 and preserving, Okla . . . 575 coprophagous, notes 70 injurious and beneficial in New York, notes 155 in Canada, Can 261 Finland 470, 968 Italy 264 Oklahoma, Okla 570 notes 366,367, 571,667,967,1063,1067 N. H 667 U.S.D.A 664 remedies 264, 373 Del 71 to beets 265 cultivated plants 67 fruits 472 garden crops 471 muskmelons, Colo 348 pine trees 266 shade trees 574 small fruits 371 spruce trees, U.S. D..\. 671 staple crops 668 stored grain » 573 sugar beets 471 in the upper penin.sula, Mich 264 protection of plants from 71 simple eyes 70 {See also specific insects.) International Good Roads Congress, pro- ceedings, U. S. D. A 795 Intestines, penetration of wall by bacteria. 394 Inulin, effect on peptic digestion 376 Invertin in grapes 225 lodin, free, occurrence in nitrate of soda . . 616 monobromid, use in the analysis of fats and oils 822 number, determination 712 Iowa College, notes 198, 295, 397, 801, 902 Station, notes. . . 99, 198, 295, 397, 698, 801, 902 Ipomcea hederacea, notes, Kans 442 Iris disease, new, notes 1019 Iron, determination 408 organic, occurrence in plants 717 .sulphate, effect on plants 253 for destroying weeds 253, 359, 658, 729, 756, 1056 Irrigation canals, carrying capacities,Utah. 287 experiments, Wis 34 in New Jersey, X.J. 742 farming in the Southwest 192 organization 194 in California 1102 Colorado 289 Egypt 702, 899 humid regions 515 Idaho 193 India 696 Spain 289 the Colorado Delta 899 Hawaiian Island.s 193 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1107 Page. Irrigation in the Hawaiian islands V. S. D. \ .... 193 Northwest Territories 900 Philippine Islands 193 United States 6%, 899, 1007 U. S. D. A.. 1000 Wisconsin 1102 investigations, I'. S. D. A 999 in California .. 192 California, U. S. D. A . . . . 794 Mont 395 notes 193 laws, U. S. D. A 194 methods, U. S. D. A 289 national control 1000 of fruits on the Pacific coast, U. S.D.A 1000 orchards, Ariz 350 possibilities of the Lower Color- ado River 1000 practical, U. S. D. A 795 reservoirs, earthen 1000 water, conveyance 194 {See also Water.) Isariopsis griseola, notes. New Jersey 466 Isosoma grande, notes, U. S. D. A 368 Mtici, notes, U. S. D. A 368 Ixodes ricinus, notes, Va 475 Ixodoidea in the United States, U. S. D. A. 1093 Jadoo fiber, analyses. Mass 1031 Ohio 1014 Jams, analyses. Conn. State 1072 composition 374 Japanese persimmons, notes, Ala. College . 135 Jaundice, malignant, in dogs, transmission. 997 Jellies, analyses, Conn. State 1072 composition 374 Jigger flea, notes 1063 Johnson grass, description and uses, U. S. D. A 941 notes, Kans 442 JxmiperuH harhadensis, notes, U. S. D. A 753 virginiana, notes, U. S. D. A 753 Jute, pentosans in 823 waste ashes, analyses. Mass 124 Kafir com, analyses. Mass 977 Nebr 479 culture experiments, Okia 129 meal, digestibility 480 red, notes, Tex 443 stover, digestibility 480 varieties, Tenn 36 Kainit, analy.ses, Conn. State 730 La 32 N.J 731 field experiments 32 Kaki fruit, oxydase in 117 notes, Ala. College 135 Kale, culture 452 experiments, Oreg 645 notes, S. Dak 346 Kansas College, notes .... 198, 295, 398, 600, 801, 902 Station, financial statement 797 notes... 198,295,600,801,902,1108 Kentucky Station, notes 1004 Pat:... Kerosene, elTcct on fruit trees, N. Y. State . 370 U. S.D.A. . 665 oil, flashing point, Mont 275 Kidney, spotted, in calves io% worm, description, U. S. D. A 190 Kite experiments, U. S. D. A 425 Kites, u.se in meteorology 626 U.S. D. A 624,828 Knotwood, bushy, notes, S. Dak 323 Kohl-rabi bacterial disease 567 composition as affected by fertili- zers 956 culture 452 experiments, Iowa 237 varieties, Can 1035 S.Dak 346 Kukui nut. planting in Florida 1053 Lactic acid bacteria in milk, source. Conn. Storrs 987 r61e in cheese ripening 86 studies 783 determination in wines 524 valuation of commercial solu- tions 223 Lactose, determination 821 effect on cheese ripening. Wis 989 Lady beetles, exportation 72 importation 475 notes 368 Lambs. (See Sheep. ) Lampronia rnhiella, notes 367 Land grant colleges, address on 507 statistics, U. S. D. A .. 3% grants, use of funds from 204 plaster. (See Gj-psum.) Landolphia heuddoUi. latex 651 Lands, nonagricultural in Belgium, utiliza- tion 861 Landscape gardening, treatise 653 Lantern traps, notes 1067 Laphygma flavimaculata, notes, Colo 156 frugiperda, notes, U. S. D. A... 368,670 Lard, analyses 677 Conn. State 74 melting point. Ark 78 oil, analyses. Conn. State 74 notes 166 Larkspurs, poi.sonouseffectongra.s.shoppers. 372 Lasiocampa pi/ii, notes 3(>7 Lasioderma serricoiiie, notes 471 U. S. D. A 666 Lathyrus, analyses. Can 269 notes, Kans 442 Laihyrm saliva, growth on different soils. . . 932 notes, S. Dak 323 sylvrstrin wagneri, notes, Kans 442 Lauchstudt experiment fields, result-s 799 Laurel green, analyses. Mass 108 Lnv(nia aim, notes 366 Lrtwes, Sir John Bennett, biographical sketch 936 lawn gras.ses, tests, N. J 751 making in Iowa, Iowa 443 Lawns, seeding, Ohio 1106 Lead arsenite, analyses. Mass 108 Ohio 1014 1168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Lead arsenite, as an insecticide, Mass 472 Leaf erumpler, notes 472 Colo 156 footed plant bug, notes, Ga 66 hoppers, notes, Colo 156 U.S.D.A 666 scorching by the wind, Vt 568 Leather, foreign trade of the United States, U. S.D.A 798 industry in Japan, U. S. D. A 197 Russia, r. S. D. A 197 manufactures in Germany, U. S. D. A 197 Leaves, carbon fixation 1018 nitrogenous constituents 1018 Lecanium adenostomx, notes 669 ct/mbifnrme, notes 970 hcmisphsericiim, notes 767 U.S.D.A... 266 hesperidum, notes 767 U.S.D.A 266 longulum, notes 767 mangijerse, notes 767 nigrum, notes 767 ofea?, notes 767 U.S.D.A 266 phoradendri, notes 667 ribis, notes 571 spp., notes 875 Lecithin, chemical study 822 Legumes and cereals for meadows and pas- tures, Tenn 840 root tubercles. {See Root tuber- cles.) Leguminous plants, culture 541 notes 1036 Colo 195 relative weight of dif- ferent parts 542 (See also specific plants. ) seeds, as aflfected by sulphuric acid 754 Lemon extracts, analyses. Conn. State 1072 rot, notes, Cal 963 Lemons, protection of orchards from frost 626, 653 pruning 50 Lentils, proteids of 17 Leopard moth, notes 574 Lepiota morgani, description, Ky 920 Leptinotarsa decem-lineata, origin and distri- bution 158 Lepixiglossus opposUus, notes, Ky 368 phyllopus, notes, Ky 368 Leptomitus lacteus, clogging tile drains, N. Y. State 760 Leptosphxria herpotrichoides, notes 1057 vagabunda, description 1061 Leptus autumnalis, notes 266 Lespedeza striata, notes, Kans 442 Tex 443 Lettuce, culture experiments, Oreg 645 in Egypt 639 drop, notes, Fla 1056 fertilizer experiments 645 N.Y. State. 1046 Page. Lettuce, fertilizer exjaeriments in forcing. Conn. State .... 134 forcing experiments, X. Y. State. . 1046 rust, notes 1059 spraying experiments, N. J 757 varieties, Mich 452 Leucania unipuncta, notes 671 U.S.D.A 368 Leucin, assimilation by plants 919 Leucocytes in infectious diseases 691 rabbits as affected by fowl cholera bacilli 792 physiology of 691 Libocedrus decurrens disease 62 Lichens, removal from fruit trees 673 Light, effect on bacteria 115 inversion of .sucrose by acids 106 plants 109 colored, effect on silkworms 576 Lightning, ball, at sea, U. S. D. A 426 destruction of buildings by. Can 1025 loss of life by. Can 1025 U. S. D. A 921 Lilac disease, notes 1019 Lilacs, grafting 1052 monograph 652 Lilies, California native 560 culture in Japan 958 description and culture 751 Japanese, varieties 356 new C52 notes 1052 Lilium, auratum, origin 560 Lily of the valley disea.ses, notes 465 Lima-bean straw, analyses, Cal 481 Lime, air-slaked, analyses, R. I 718 analyses, N. J 731 and .sulphur dip, effect on wool, U.S.D.A 189 experiments, U.S.D.A 197 as a fertilizer, U. S. D. A 98 determination 821 in presence of iron . . . 615 soils 120,319,320 effect on different crops, U. S. D. A. . . 599 plants 532 function in soils 319 mixtures for destroying scale insects. Can 265 refuse, analyses. Conn. State 730 from gas works as a fertilizer. 235 relation to plant growth, U. S. D. A.. 630 removal from .soils as affected by dif- ferent salts, Hawaii 835 rock, analyses, Wis 916 Limekiln ashes, analyses. Conn. State 730 Mass 540, 1031 Limestone, analyses 396, 713 Ind 17 Ohio 1014 Limewater for preserving eggs 683 INUKX OF SUIUECTS. IU\) I'age. Liming experiments 32, 729 marsh soils 1031 notes 726 Lina ncripta, notes, Colo 156 Li7iaria nilrjarin, notes, X. Y. State 759 LinfU-n leaf spot, notes 762 Linseed eake, preservation 977 meal, analyses 480 Mass 124,977 Me 1075 N.J 676 N. Y. State 774 R.I 480 Va 75 Vt 173,879 oil, analytical constants 523 production in the United States 1102 Lipase, studies 167 Lipfunis polj/trapezius, notes, Va 475 sqwilkiiui, notes, Va 475 Liquid air, effect on germination 1055 Lithium chlorid, effect on plant growth . . . 335 Lithospermum arvense, notes, Can 358 Live stock at Ontario Agricultural College, Can 340 Exposition, International, U. S. D. A 1083 in Manitoba, U. S. D. A 1002 Michigan 80 Pennsylvania 901 the United States 1003 statistics, U. S. D. A 1106 Liver fluke, notes, Oreg 696 Lixus mastersi, notes 667 Locust-tree disease, notes 154 Locusts, dipterous parasite of 266 fungus disease, South African 575 diseases, U. S. D. A 604, 869 in Mississippi, U. S. D. A 664 notes ]5.=>, 472, 607, 1063 Can 261 Nebr 167 N. H 667 poisoning by larkspurs and gera- niums 372 remedies 672 Lophorateres 2iusillits, notes 571 Lophndcrmium pinastri, notes 1061 Lophoderus trifcrana, notes 155 Lotus americanug, notes, Kans 442 corniciUatug, notes, Kans 442 Louisiana rice experiment station, propo.sed 702 Stations, financial statement . 290,1105 University, notes 1004 LoxoBtege obliterans, notes, U. S. I). A 264 Lucern. (^'ee Alfalfa.) Lugger, Otto, biographical sketch 100 Lumpy jaw. (i'ce Actinomycosis.) Lung disease, infectious, in guinea pigs — 191 worms in cattle 694 pigs. Ark 897 sheep 694,896 Lupines as affected by dry and humid air.. 20 chemical study, Orcg MO I'age. Lui.iius culture 40,1040 experimenta 40 feeding value 1040 for green manuring 726, 1029' germination as affected by formal dehyde (k')«; notes, Kans 442 red, notes io40 soil inoculation experiments 342 varieties 34 1 white, albuminoids in seeds and seedlings 323 as a catch crop :U2 yellow, notes, S. Dak 323 LuphiKx (ilbiin, nitrogenous products of seed and embryo 112 notes, Kans 442 hirsutus, notes, Kans 442 luteug, notes, Kans 442 S. Dak 323 transformations of albumi- nous substances 19 Lupus in cattle 7,s7 Lyda spinning glands 71 Lymantria monarha, notes 967, 971 Lijmcrylon sericeiim, notes, U. S. D. A 870 Lymph-adenitis, ovine caseous, nature and importance, U. S. D. A 188 coagulation as affected by citrates. . 178 distribution of tetanus toxin and antitoxin by 3H9 Lymphangitis in horses 996 Lymphatic glands, infection 89 Lysimeter investigations, Hawaii 835 observations 427 Lysol for the treatment of milk fever 393 Macaroni, analyses, Conn. State 1073 wheats, U.S.D. A 451 Mace, adulteration, Conn. State 74 Mach,E.,note 300 Macrophoma vialomm, notes, N. Y. State ... 60, 148 Macrospwium cucumerium, notes 1056 Colo 362 Ga 54 tomato, notes 57 Madia elegam, growth on different soils 932 Maercker, Max, biographical sketch 206 Magnesia, determination in presence of iron 615 relation to plant growth, U. 8. I). A 630 Magnesium chlorid, effect on plants 2.')3 determination in preseiU'c of alkalis... 615 water 41.S oxalate, occlusion by calcium oxalate 711 pyrophosphate, purification ... 014 purity 416 salts, effect on plants 632 seedling plants, U.S.D.A 918 Magnetical nbservations at Bombay 426 Vienna 426 Maine Station, tinancial statement 2'.H.), 1002 1170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Maine Station, notes 199, 495, 600, 698, 903 report of director 290, 900, 1002 University, notes 295, 495 Maize. (See Corn.) Maladie du coit, outbreak in Nebraska, U. S. D. A 191 Malaria in liorses 1098 Mallein, diagnostic value 695, 890 distribution, U. S. D. A 197 use 89 Malic acid, determination in wine 107 Malt .sprouts, analyses, Mass 977 N.J 676 N. Y. State 774 Maltose manufacture, handbook 165 Mamestra brai-sicie, notes 367 ewingii, notes 158 Mammitis, bacteria in milk after recovery. 94 infectious, notes 489 nature and treatment .593 of cows, bacteria in 1096 tubercular, in goats 787 Man, digestion experiments 1071 metabolism experiments 973, 975 U. S. D. A.. 972 Mandarin spot diseases 568 Manganese, determination 916 oxid, effect on plant growth . . 335 Mange, notes 490 occurrence in Hungary 1090 treatment 696 Mangel-wurzel bacterial disease 567 disease, notes 760 Mangel-wurzels, analyses. Can 269 fertilizer experiments 440, .544, 1042 fertilizers for 1040 losses during storage 130 plantingat different dates. Can 238 varieties 1042 Can 3.5,839,1034 Mangoes, culture in Florida 746 notes 953 propagation 248 Manihot glaziovii, culture 858 Manila, normals for, U. S. D. A 118 Manioc flour, analyses 878 Manna, production by olive trees 112 Mannite in olives 527, 715 Mannitol, determination in wine 1102 Mannose, determination in sugar-cane pro- ducts 222 Manometer, description 563 Manure, decomposition as affected by bacteria 836 fermentation 633 goat, fertilizing value 933 liquid , analyses, Ohio 1014 spreader, test 195 (See ako Barnyard manure.) Manures, application 436 availability of nitrogen. 932 leached and unleached, N.J 436, 727 losses in, N. J 435 use 441 Page. Maple plantations in Vermont 1054 sirup, analyses, N. H 374 and sugar, U. S. D. A 98 woolly louse, notes 465 Marasmus sacchari, investigations 1058 Margarin, eryoscopic distinction from but- ter 589 detection in butter .589, 988 digestibility 673 methods of analysis 1016 Margaronia nitidalis, notes, Ga 871 Marguerite fly, notes, Mass 367 Market garden crops, fertilizers for.U.S.D. A. 98 gardening 726 Markets and marketing 1107 Marl, analyses. Can 236 Ma.ss 730 N.J 731 Vt 526 field experiments 32 Marls in Indiana, Ind 32 Marsh grass, analyses, Cal 481 lands, improvement 1027 salt, reclamation, U. S. D. A . 538 soils, analyses. Mass 730 in Germany 632 Marsonia juglandis, notes 762 Marsupials, destruction 181 Martins, biological relations 22 Maryland College, notes 295, 801 Station, financial .statement 598 notes 198, 295, 801 report of director 698 Masicera pachytyli, notes 667 Massachusetts College, notes 801 , 903, 1004 Station, financial .statement. 395 notes 600,801,1004 report of director. . . 900 Massel powder for the treatment of oat smut. Can 255, 256 Mastitis. (See Mammitis.) Materia medica, zoological HOC May beetles, notes 472, 967 Meadow grass, grove, notes, S. Dak 323 fescue, digestibility, Mass 380 notes, Kans 442 .seed tests 862 Meadows, cereals and legumes for, Tenn . . 840 fertilizer experiments 33, 37, 133, 236, 439, 440, 638, 639, 1037 fertilizers for 443, 543 management 340 of Denmark 948 Iowa, Iowa 443 seeding 543 Meal moth, notes 573 Mealy bug, attacking quince trees, notes, N.Y. State 66 Measurements, English v. metric sy.stem, U. S. D. A 118 Meat, aroma bacteria 675 canning 1101 chopped, preservation 578 decomposition 267 encyclopedia 877 extractive matter 478 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1171 I'tlgC. Meat, food value 267 handling and i>reserviuf,' 166 heat of eombustion 268 in Great Britain, U. S. D. A 1106 South Africa, U. S. I). A 1106 inspection in Germany,!'. S. I). A... 1106 slaughterhouses 182 the United States, U. S. D.A 1092 law of Germany, IT. S. Ii. A 75 practieal guide 1092 light anil dark, for invalids 478 losses in cooking, U. S. D. A 772 meal, analyses, Cal 481 for pigs 882 preparations, composition and value 578 preservation 976 preserved, occurrence of tin in 166 rations in the Tropics ^. . 675 salt, red color 166 tuberculous, condemnation 185 sale 788 Meats, analyses 268 at the Paris Exposition, U. S. D. A. . 1073 Mecyna polygonalis, notes 668 Media for bacteriological examination of water iind sewage 1020 Medicago maculata, notes, S. Dak 323 media, notes, Mich 840 gcdiva, analyses 977 notes, Kans 442 Medical Congress, International, U. S. D. A. 1095 Medicinal cattle and poultry foods, analy- .ses. Conn. State 75,173 Meehan, Thomas, biographical note 498 Melaleuca leucodendron, planting in Florida . 1053 ildampsora spp. , studies 145 Melanronis hiUistoma, notes 1061 Melanoplus atlanis, notes, Nebr 157 N. H 667 hivittatus, notes, Nebr 157 different ialis, notes, Nebr 157 femur-rubrum, notes, Nebr 157 Mdigethes seneus, notes 470, 968 MeliloHis alba, notes, Kans 442 Tex 443 Melilotus, monograph 422 Meliniti minutiflora, notes 714 Melolontha hippocastani, notes 71, 967 vulgaris, notes. 71,471,967 remedies.. 162 Melon aphis, notes, Ark 871 Ky 368 worm, notes. Ark 871 Ga 66 Ky 368 Melons, culture in pots 244 varieties 1049 Melting point of fate, apparatus for deter- mination 105 Mendel, G., biographical sketch 744 Meningitis, cerebro-.spinal, notes 888 tubercular, in cows 691 Menopon pallidum, notes, Va 475 Mercuric chlorid, effect on fungi 621 Mercury compounds, effect on higher plants 621 I'MK.-. Mercury, elTect on higher plants 716 metallic, absorption 880 Mcromi/za americana, notes, U. S. J). A 368 Merulius lachnjmans, enzy ms in 621 notes 468 Me/^ograptn polita, notes, Del 262 Me.squite grass, notes, U. S. D. A 731,732 Metabolism as affected liy alcohol .578 food 376 prolonged work. U. K. D. A 375 e.xperimcnts 775 with men 973, 975 r.S.D.A. 972 in children as affected by for- maldehyde 774 man 579 of nitrogen 678 as affected by — grape juice 73 muscular work, U. S. D. A . . . . 72 physics of 478 principles 73 Metals, colloidal, preparation and catalytic properties 421 effect on plants 110 fixation by cell walls of plants 716 Meteorological atlas of Argentina 722 charts of the Great Lakes, U. S. D. A 24,327,828 commission, proposed, U. S. D. A 624 Congress in Mexico, U. S. D.A 828 International, U.S. D.A 426 Institute of Prussia, U. S. D.A 118 journal, new 99 Meteorological observations — Can 228, 326 Colo 118 Conn. Storrs 922 Del 228 Fla 1024 Idaho 426 Mass 23, 326, 627, 720,923 Md 598 Me 228,922 Mich 23,240,828 N. Dak 326, 426 N. H 326 N. Y. State 923 Ohio 1024 Okla 598 Pa 720 R. I ^ 721 U.S. D.A 23,117,425,623,827.922 Utah 118 Va 92Si at Barbados 24 Bombay 426 Haro, Spain 24 •Fuvisy 627 Manila 327 1172 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Meteorological observations— Continued. in Africa 828 Alaska, U. S. D. A 624 Austria 228, 426 Belgium 33 East Africa 327 Great Britain 118 Guatemala 228, 923 Hertfordshire 24 Italy 24 Mauritius 627 Mexico 426 Northwest Territories 426, 440 Porto Rico, U. S. D. A 624 Prussia 828 Switzerland 426, 1024 Tunis 627 on beets 23 (See a^so Climate. Rain, Weather, etc.) Meteorological observatory at Blue Hill ... 626 C leveland, Ohio, U. S. D. A 624 observers, instructions, U. S. D. A 624 stations. Harvard's, U. S. D. A 118 in Russia 708 Meteorology, agricultural 228 application to agriculture . . . 118 forest 228 in Belgium, U. S. D. A 118 French Indo-China, U. S. D. A 426 Madagascar, U. S. D. A... 624 universities, U. S. D. A ... 426 popular errors in, U. S. D. A. 624 publications in 1900 754 text-book 923 treatise 625 U. S. D. A 118 work of council In Great Britain 828 Meteors in November, U. S. D. A 828 Meteorus indigator, notes, Wash 470 Methane, elimination in atmo.sphere 119 Methyl alcohol, determination in vinegar. . 624 Mice, bacillus pathogenic to 719 destruction 21, 22 Michigan College, notes 698, 801, 1004 Station, financial statement 97, 900 notes 601, 698, 801, 1004 report of director 97, 900 Upper Peninsula Experiment Station, establishment 290 Microbes, oligonitrophilous 921 Micro-chemical analysis 224 technique v 421 Micromycetes, new species 224 Micro-organisms, causing decomposition of foods 581 in soils and manures 434 Micro-polariscope for food examination. Conn. State , 17 Microsechium helleri as an in.secticide 474 Microsphxria grossularia:, notes 568 Page. Microtus terrestris, infestation and destruc- tion 21 Middlings, analyses 480 Me 1075 N.J 774 R.I 480 Va 75 Milk, aeration 82 as affecting quality of butter. 179 analyses 713, 976 Conn. State 82, 1071 and cream, payment for at same fac- tory. Wis 84 as affected by pasteurization 485 bacteria 688 address on 784 identification 281 source, N. Y. Cornell 783 studies 783 bacterial content 178 U.S.D.A 178 as affected by meth- ods of handling . . 587 bacteriological study, Iowa 687 bibliography 690, 887 care of. Can 279, 1085 for cheese making. Can 384 casein, analyses. Mass 1031 changes caussed by heating 178 coagulation as affected by — calcium chlorid 587 different substances 887 composition 81, 885 as affected by — high temperatures... 587 intervals between milkings. Can 279 atdifferent stages of milk- ing 685 condensed, analyses 976 manufacture in Sweden. . 785 control stations in Norway 781 cooked, digestibility, Md 674 cost of production, N.J 779 creaming as affected by heating. Can . 383 detection of nitrites in 522 digestibility, Md 674 duct, obstruction 285 fat content as affected by — food 782 N. Y. State 781 heredity 84 fever, etiology 392 notes 995 occurrence, S. C 490 treatment 392, 393, 492, 592, 593, 693, 895 Iowa 492 Md 492 Miss 995 Alter, notes, Can 386 fishy flavor, N. Y. State 85 food value 772 for cheese factories 282 creameries 281 germicidal action, N. Y. Cornell 783 INDEX OF SUBJPX'TS. 117a I'agf. Milk, liiindling 587 inspection, notes, U. S. D. A 1H3 liberation of volatile sulphids on heating 1074 methods of analysis 420, 688, 712 handling 83 molasses feed, notes 775 of Holsteiii and Jersey covVs, eom- panitive skimming qualities, Va 986 pure-bred cows, analyses, Wis 985 tuberculous cows, N. H 390 pasteurization 281 , 486, 885, 1084 experiments, Can 383 Wis 986 for butter making 485 Can. 8SG cheese making 485 in bottles 688 methods, N. .T 484 pasteurized, and unpasteurized, bac- terial content. Can 386 digestibility, Md 674 tests for 16,83 treatment 5S7 payment for according to the yield of butter 887 at factories 282 Can 279 Wis 84 powders, analyses. Conn. State 74 preservation by hydrogen peroxid . 588, 686 of samples 82, 712 preservatives 82, 281, 588 use, Ariz 598 production, investigations, Minn 683 profit in 685 purification, Iowa 686 quality as affected by food. Mass 385 relation of specific gravity, fat, and solids not fat 885 ropy, cause 178 studies 687 N.Y.Cornell 686 sampling 587 sanitary production 82 secretion as affected by water 177 physiology of, Ind 884 skimming in Norwegian creameries.. 781 solids, determination 16 sour, manipulation in butter making. 386 source of lactic acid bacteria in. Conn. Storrs 987 standards for purity 281 sterilization 784, 885 substitute for calves, Can 384 sugar, determination 821 effect on cheese ripening. Wis. 989 supply of cities 281 improvement, U. S. D. A 10S3 studies, Ind 687 Copenhagen, Can 386 New York 688 I'ago. Milk supply, pure, notes 986 test, Babeock, sources of error. Wis . . 8;$ u.-^e and abuse 986 bottles, testing, Wis 986 testing. Can 279 thermophore 6X8 tubercle bacilli in 588,892 variation in composition 279, 280 fat content 883, 886 during milk- ing 1083 volatile products 82 waste in handling and delivering, N.J 779 Milking, method 279 Military hygiene, treatise 477 Mill feed, analyses 480 Va 75 waste, analyses. Mass 1031 Millet, analy.ses, Nebr 479 Arizona, notes, U. S. D. .-V 731 barnyard, analyses, Mass 377 digestibility, Ma.ss 377 culture, Kans 442 experiments. Pa 732 for forage 841 Polish, notes 1073 production in Ru.ssia.U. S. D. A 390 smut, treatment, Ind 56 varieties 841, 1036 Can 1033 N. Dak 337 Tenn 36 Millets, notes, Ariz 598 Kans 442 S.Dak 323 Mincola juglandis notes, Fla 1062 Mineral resources of Canada 633 the United States 635 Minnesota College, notes 495, 601 , 699 Station, notes 495, 601, 699 Miscus cnmpestris, notes 70 Mississippi College, notes 609 Station, financial statement 598 notes 699,903 report of director 598 Missouri Fruit Station, financial statement. 598 notes 296,699 Station, notes 199, 295, 495, 801 University, notes 801 Mistletoe, distribution as affected by soil .. 144 dwarf, notes, Mich 259 insects affecting 667 Mites injurious to animals 266 field crops 265 Mixed feeds, analyses. Conn. Storrs 976 Mass 977 Me 270,1075 N.J 676 computing composition 977 fertilizers, analyses. Mass 540 Ohio 1014 Vt 526 Mock-orange vines, analyses, Cal 481 Modiola dccumbois, notes, S. Dak 323 1174 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Mohr, Charles, biographical sketch 200 Molasses, clarification for polarization 617 digestibility V7G feeds, digestibility 678, 776 methods of analysis 416 preservation and value 581 for farm animals 269 pigs 274 nitrogenous constituents 76 peat, analyses 879 refuse, fertilizing value 837 Mole cricket, remedies 162 Molluscs in the Upper Peninsula, Mich 264 Monetite, artificial preparation 710 Mongoose, destruction of birds by 719 Monilia disease, notes 962 Monilia cinerea, notes 465 fimicola, notes 148 fructigena, notes 140, 151, 258 Ga 53 treatment, Md 152 sitophiln, description 1018 occurrence 1019 Monkey pea, analyses 1036 Monochamus leuconotus, notes 1062 Monohammus confusor, notes, U. S. D. A 870 Monophadnus elongatulus, affecting roses. . . 473 Montana Station, financial statement 396 notes 1005 report of director 396 Moon, relation to rainfall 426, 829 thunderstorms 1024 vegetation, U. S. D. A 425 weather 829 U. S. D. A 118,624 Moorlands of Denmark 948 Moors, upland, potash salts for 235 Morning glory, leaf cutter, notes, U. S. D. A. 264 notes, Kans 442 Morphin, action on animals 791 Morton, J. Sterling, work as Secretary of Agriculture 809 Mosquitoes, hibernation 373 in Kentucky, Ky 971 Paris 1068 monograph 770 notes 474, 475 remedies 67,474,673,1069 resistance of larvse to cold 373 studies. Miss 571 treatise 673 Moss, caragheen or Irish, carbohydrates ... 165 removal from fruit trees 673 Moths, description 1065 Motors, alcohol, in Germany 289 Mottles in butter 988 Mouse typhus bacillus, involution forms. . . 991 Loffler's 22 Mowers, trials 795 Muck, analyses, Conn. State 730 Mass 540, 730 Vt 526 beds in Indiana, Ind 31 fertilizing value. Me 332 N.H 634 soils, improvement, Mich 839 Page. Mucor locusticida, notes 575 Mil CUV a idiKs, notes, Kans 442 Tex 443 Muhlenbergia ambigua, notes, S. Dak 323 graciUima, notes, U. S. D. A . . . 732 portcri, notes, U. S. D. A 732 Mulberry disease, investigations 61, 866 leaf curl 965 Mungo bean, feeding value 582 Murgantia histrionica. (See Harlequin cab- bage bug. ) Muriate of potash, analyses. Conn. State... 730 Mass 540,730 N.J 730 Ohio 1014 R.I 713 Vt 526 Miisa gilletii, notes 558 textilis, varieties cultivated in the Philippine Islands 734 Muscle, elementary composition and fuel value 108 heat, studies 776 Muscles of cold-blooded animals, proteids . 76 Mushroom diseases, studies 148 Mushrooms, edible and poisonous 113 identification and use, Idaho . 113 of North Carolina, N. C 225 poisonous and edible, Ky 920 popular guide 715 spiny or hedgehog, notes, Ind. 827 treatise 113 Muskmelon blight, notes, Colo 598 Ga 53 diseases, notes, Fla 1056 wilt, Colo 362 Muskmelons, clas.sification of American va- rieties, N.H 550 crossing experiments, R. I . . 741 culture experiments, Colo... 347 Idaho . 850 in winter 244 under glass 551 , 1047 fertilizer experiments, Ark . . 850 N. J.. 741 flower production, Colo 348 forcing 134 insects affecting, Ark 871 Colo 348 irrigation, Colo 347 notes, Colo 195 Rockyford, notes, Colo 347 transplanting. Ark 850 varieties, Ga 47 Idaho 851 winter 644 Mustard, Alinit experiments 542 as a catch crop 733 assimilation of plant food 539 wild, destruction 359 Vt 565 by spraying . 144, 253, 463, 658, 729, 756, Can. 253, 1065, 1056 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 117 Pagei Mustard, wild, notes, S. Dak 323 Mutton, composition and nutritive value.. 165 Myceliophtom Itttea, notes 148 Mycogone perniciosa, notes 1-18 Mycorrhiza, significance 529 Mycosphxrella rcrasella, notes 960 Icefgrcni, n. sp., description. . 258 notes 661 Myrtle warbler, food, X. H 719 ifytUag})is citricoln, notes 767 U. S. D. A 266 glovcri, notes, U. S. D. A 266 pomorum. (See Bark louse, oys- ter shell.) spp., notes 160 Myzus cerasi, notes 873 Okla 570 pergandii, notes 70 porosiis, notes, Del 262 riMs, notes 574, 873 Narcissus, culture 1052 in New Zealand 356 disease, new 465 National Beekeepers' Association, Meeting at Buffalo 299 Nature Study, notes 803, 901 summer school 905 Nazia aliena, notes, U. S. D. A 732 Nebraska Station, financial statement 494 notes 199, 295, 398, 495, 601 report of director 494 University, notes 199, 398, 903 Nectarines, culture in Kansas 50 Nectarophora destructor. {See Pea louse. ) lactucx, notes 70 pisi, notes 70 Nectria aquseductum, studies 868 bainii, notes 965 bidbicoln, n. sp., description 570 ditissima, description 660 notes 151, 861 occurrence in America, N. Y. State 60 propagation 660 sp., notes 962 theobromx, notes 965 Needle grass, western, notes, S. Dak 323 Negundo disease, notes 1061 Nematode disease of clematis 64 lily of the valley 465 phlox. Mass 363 tea, notes 867 Nematodes affecting coffee roots 154 cotton, U. S. D. A 55 destruction 570 fungus affecting 64 Nematospora coryli, notes 965 Nemattis ribesii, notes 967 Neocosmospora vasinjecta, notes, U. S. D. A. 55 Nepenthes, digestive secretion 621 Nerve diseases of horses 96 Nests, trap, for poultry, R.I '"" Neuroptera, aquatic species in the Adiron- dacks "70 New Hampshire College, notes 295, 903 Station, financialstatement 396 notes 295,903 7097— No. 12—02 6 I'age. New Iliuupshin.' Stjilion, report of vici-T 39G New Jersey Stations, financial statement. . . 797 notes 495 report of director 798 New Mexico College, notes 99, 296, 398 Station, financial sfilenients . 195 notes 99,199,296,398.601 reports of director . . . 195 New York Cornell Station, notes 296 State Station, financial state- ment 1001 notes 2%, 903, 1108 report of director. 396, 1002 Nickel salts, effect on higher plants 620 Nicotin, determination 618 solution as an insecticide 162 Night soils, fertilizing value 836 Nitragin experiments 226, 425, 640, 718 Can 239 Pa 733 Nitrate of soda, analyses. Conn. State 730 La 32 Mass 540,730 N.J 730 Ohio 1014 R.I 713 Vt 526 and sulphate of ammonia, relative fertilizing value. 235, 331,437,451 for early table beets, N. J. . 741 leguminous plants 541 oranges 749 injurious effects 33 perchlorate in 32, 711 regulation of trade in 235 Nitrates, decomposition in soils 632 determination in soils 821, 1027 water 616,820 development and distribution In soils, Wis 229,930 loss in soils by drainage 535 origin in cave earth 232 reduction in the presence of barn- yard manure, N. J 727 Nitric acid, determination in water 418 standard solution 820 nitrogen, determination in water... 222 Nitrification and denitrification 434 experiments, N. C 122 N.J 727 in soils,Can 231 as affected by moisture. 537 tempera- ture.Wis 931 investigations 535 studies, N. Dak 433 of fertilizers in soils 515 rate 409 .studies 1027 Nitrifying organi.sms in soils, studies, N. Dak -133 Nitrites, detection in milk 522 water 15 determination in soils 1027 1176 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Nitrogen, absorption by luimic acids 534 albuminoid, determination 16 apparatus for determination in nitrates 222 assimilation 1018 by algae 424 bacteria . . . 123, 827, 919 plants 434,539 available, determination in manure 932 compounds, formation in plants. 19 transformation i n soils 434 content of soils, N. Dak 433 determination .... 407, 417, 419, 821, 1015 apparatus for... 714,917 in nitrates 616 soils 1027 Kjeldahl method. 318 preparation of samples 1016 table for use in Kjeldahl meth- od. Wis 16 effect of different forms on gase- ous exchange of plants 20 nitric, determination in soils, Wis. 229 in cultivated soils. Wis 24 soils. Wis 229 organic, determination 321 of avail- ability. 615 effect on plants 919 transformation in Kjeldahl method of determination 616 Nitrogenous fertilizers — availability, N.J 727 comparison 436, 837, 937 in pot experiments, Conn. Storrs 935 Mass 333 N.J 436 on corn, N. J 742 sweet corn, N.J 742 effect on composition of crops, Conn. Storrs 976 relative values, N. C 122 use 1029 Nitrogenous manure, fermentation 633 matter in Pyrenees phos- phates 634 Nitrous acid, determination in water 418 Noctua c-nigrum, notes. Can 261 U. S. D. A 263 Noodles, analyses. Conn. State 1073 North Carolina College, notes 199,296,398,699 Station, financial statement. 97 notes 199,296,699 report of director. . . 97 North Dakota College, notes 199, 904 Station, financial statement. 396 notes 199 report of director ... 396 Nuclei in yeasts 827 Nuclein, digestibility 167 Nursery inspection 496, 769, 875 Page. Nursery inspection, Fla 1062 stock, fumigation 972 Ky 571 Nuthatches, economic relationship, U. S. D.A 227 Nutmeg disease, notes 54 Nutriments as sources of energy 478 Nutrition investigations — at Lake Erie College, U.S. D.A 167 the North Dakota Agricultural College, U. S. D. A 167 University of Illinois, U. S. D. A 166 Tennessee,U. S. D.A 72 in California, U.S.D.A 974 (See also Dietary, Food, Metabolism, etc.) Nutrition, principles of 73 U.S.D.A 974 studies, practical application . . . 269 Nuts, analyses 577 culture in the United States 651 malted, analyses, Me 577 Nymphsea, new hybrid 859 Xyi^r,, 962 straw, analyses 241 Conn. Storrs 976 composition of ether extraet — 120 Oats after different crops, Can 239 Alinit experiments 310, .t42 analyses 241 Me 241 Nebr 479 R.I 480 Oats and peas, analyses, N. .1 774 culture for fodder. Can 1035 as a cover crop for orchards, Mich S49 affected by soil moisture. . 844 catch and cover crops 1037 assimilation of plant food . . . 539 climatic studies, N. Dak 448 corn and bran, ground, anal- yses, Vt 173 culture experiments. Ark . . . .545 Can ... 340 Iowa . . 237 Mont . 336 for forage 443.841 in France 545 with peas, N.J 734 development as affected by soil moisture 125 digestibility 169 fertilizer constituents 942 experiments . 33,235,236, 440,639,720,836,844,1036 experiments, Can . . 239 Ind . . 541 Ohio. 340 germination as affected by formalin. Wis 918 growth on different soils 932 improvement 346 by seed selec- tion 40 pot experiments for determining available plant food, R. I 725 potash fertilizers for 1037 production In Russia, U. S. D. A 290 rolling 541 seed selection. Can 1032 seeding at different dates, Tenn 36 depths. Can .... 239 experiments 641 shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 soil inoculation experiments 542 varieties 131, 240, 241, 439, 440, 444, 545, 1037, 1040 Can ... 35,838,839,1032 Iowa 237 Mich 840 Miss MO N. Dak 337 Tenn 36,840 Wis 36, 938 water requirement, Mont 395 winter, acclimatization 734 Oberea himaculaUi, notes t>-' Oaieria dupar. (See Gypsy moth. ) I'ago. Odonala,ai|UHticspeclesinlhc.\dir(>iida(ks 770 (Eiiollnni iuiiiiirckiana, origin of new spe- cies r,i«j CEnothera, production of new .species 32 1 (Eaopliagostoma columbiaiium affecting slieep ■2H-1 (Etrus oris, notes 367. 896 Offal, destruction 97 Ohio Station, linancial statement 1105 notes tK)l, 699, 904 report of director 1105 University, notes 699 Oidica, infectious, diagnosis 493 Oidium, notes 661,966 treatment 761, 762 Oidium Inctis as a cause of fishy flavor in butter 179 ludwif/ii, studies 868 tuckeri, notes 962, 966 Oikcticus abbottii, notes 574 Oil cakes for cows 586, 984 meal, analyses, Ma.ss 977 Me 270 seeds, crop of India, U. S. D. A 599 yielding plants in Egypt 224, 639 Oils, absorption numbers 523 determination of iodin monobroniid number 822 drying in determining water content . 616 fatty, relation of heat of combustion to specific gravity 915 heat of combustion 105 methods of analysis 1016 temperature reaction with sulphuric acid 915 Oklahoma College, notes 296, 495, (H)l, 802 Station, financial stutemeut 598 notes.. 99,296,495,601,802,1005 report of director 598 Okra, varieties, S. Dak 346 Oleander leaf spot, notes 762 Oleo oil, statistics 990 U. S. D. A 180 Oleomargarine, analyses, Vt 526 detection 412 U.S. D. A 321 in butter 522 in France, U. S. D. A 1106 ingredients, U. S. U. A 1106 statistics 990 U. S. D.A 180 Oligonitrophilous microbes 921 Olive Cycloconium disca.se, treatment 661 fly, notes 160 remedies 574, 768 fumagine, treatment 152 oil, analyses. Conn. State 74 formation 527, 715 for preserving fish 478 production 1073 in A.sia Minor 747 the United States. . 1102 oils, adulteration 712 u.se of Bcchi test 915 pomace, analyses, Cal 481 trees, production of manna by 112 1178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. l^age. Olives, analyses 137 composition during rii)ening 1049 culture in Tunis 746 green, pickling, Cal 747, 748 pickling 50 respiration ." 527, 715 ripe, pickling, Cal 747 Omphalitis in colts 695 Oncidcres texana, notes, Miss . . 571 Onion bacterial rot, Ga 53 fly, notes 262 root maggot, notes 471 smut, notes, Ohio 2.57 sulphur-lime treatment, N. Y. State 58 thrips, notes 1063 Onions, Bermuda, culture in the Southern States 745 culture, Tex 644 experiments, Oreg 645 in West Indies 551 fertilizer experiments 134 Idaho 849 N.Y. State.. 1047 irrigation experiments, N.J 743 seed examination .564 soil test, Mass 334 varieties, Ga 47 Onobrychis sativa, notes, Kans 442 Ononis arvensis, notes 862 Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Union, meeting in 1901 497 Ontophaffus hirculus, notes 770 Oonpora scabies. {See Potato scab. ) Ophiobolus graminis, notes 1057 Ophionectria coccicola, description 258 Ophiuza lienardi, notes 1062 U. S. D. A 870 Ophthalmia, contagious in cattle 589 Opuntia, morphology of fruit 112 Opuntia arbuscula, notes, U. S. D. A 731 ficiis indica for cows 177 fulgida, notes, U. S. D. A 731 spinosior, notes, U. S. D. A 731 versicolor, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Orange, bitter, notes 1052 black scale, notes 568 dieback, cause 147 notes, Cal 964 diseases, descriptions 661 notes, Cal 964 essence, preparation 1101 extracts, analyses. Conn. State 1072 gummosis, description 661 notes, Cal 964 new variety ,50 root rot, treatment 661 rot, notes, Cal 963 scaly bark gum disease, notes, Cal. 964 tree diseases in Brazil 258 Oranges, analyses 455 artificial coloring .50 culture, Cal 952 in Cape of Good Hope 648 fertilizers for 454 fertilizing value, Cal 936 Page. Oranges, hybrid, notes, Ala. College 135 insects affecting 661 nitrate of soda for 749 renovation of old trees 648 varieties, Cal 952 (Orchard grass, analyses 977 notes, Kans 442 seed examination 564 silage, analyses, Cal 481 Orchards, cover crops for 50, 248 Can 244 Mich 849 N.Y. Cornell 951 fertilizer experiments 140, 1049 fertilizers for .553, 746, 1048 green manuring, Ariz 351 in New Mexico, N. Mex 652 Oklahoma, Okla 553 West Virginia 299 irrigation, Ariz 350 in winter, U. S. D. A. . 1002 management 248, 299 Kans 950 renovation in Ontario 298 trial, notes. Ark 49 Orchelimum agile, notes, U. S. D. A 665 Orchestes pallicornis, notes 1063 Orchid fungus disease, notes 570 Orchids, treatise 458 Oregon College, notes 296, 601 Station, financial statement 697 notes 296, 495, 601 report of director 697 Organic matter, decomposition in culti- vated soils 1027 determination in drink- ing water 222 nitrogen, determination of avail- ability 615 Oribata orbic^daris. notes 1063 Origin of species, experiments 324, 619 Ornamental gardening 751 plants, diseases affecting 763 for South Dakota, S. Dak 859 insects affecting, U. S. D.A 263 shrubs, notes, Mont 351 use, Pa 751 Ornithopus sativus, notes, Kans 442 S. Dak 323 Or7iix prunivorella, notes, N. Y. State 66 Orseille, determination in wine 107 Oryza sativa, notes 1073 Osage orange, notes 805 Oscinis frit, notes 470, 476, 1063 Osmotic pressure, effect on resistance of plants to cold 824 Ostrich farming in New Zealand 882 Oven for ignition .'. . . 824 Owlet moths, notes, U. S. D. A 263 Owls, feeding habits 226 Ox botfly, notes, Va 161 louse, notes 67 warble fly, notes, Va 161 O.xalic acid in organisms 619 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1179 Page. Oxidizing: ferments lO'jl Oxydase in kaki fruit 117 Oxydases In the higher plants 1 Ifi, 621 r61e in the preparation of tea 717 Oxygen, determination in respired air 1016 free, determination in water . . . 418, 915 Oyster shell bark louse, notes 69, 470, 472, 767, 875, %7 Conn. State. 156 remedies 298, 673 shells, analyses, La 32 Wis 916 Oysters, culture, N. J 778 Pachyncmatus e.rtcn)' ^^"^ bidbicota, notes 224 iiiyxie, n. sp., description 366 gubcircinata, notes, N. J ICd tilix, n. sp., notes 1061 Page. Phurbia ctpii ru m , note.s 262 Phosphate, Algerian, tests 2:i5 monocalcium, absurptiun by soils and hunnis 28 rock, analyses, Ohio 1014 Phosphates, alkaline, utility 1029 analyses, Mass 540 comparison 123,836,933,934 Ma.ss 333 on iinistard 331 determination in water 319,418 for clover 437 in Algeria and Tunis 9:55 production 332 in Canada 633 the United States... 6:55,837,838 Pyrenees, fertilizing value 634 -solubility in organic acids 821 soil .solutions 329 (.See also Superpho.sphates. ) Phosphatic slag, analyses, Mass 1031 Ohio 1014 as a source of phosphoric acid. Mass 332 manufacture and u.se '£ib notes, U. S. D. A 1002 tests 235 Phosphoric acid — as plant food in soil 1029 assimilation by plants 539 available, determination, U. S. D. A 1014 in soils 914 citrate in.soluble, determination 1014 citric acid soluble, determination in phosphatic slag 318 determination 407, 613, 614, 821 apparatus for 824 In organic substances — 915 phosphates "10 phosphatic slag 416 presence of iron 615 soils 120,418 superphosphates 614 Lorenz method 14 volumetric method 71'* excretion by animals 1074 in bone meal, fertilizing value 3;U of phosphorites, availability 2;i5 requirements cf soils, determination ... 30 solubility in soils 123 water soluble, determination in super- phosphates 318 Phosphorites as fertilizers 124, 2;}5 purification 1029 Phnmpteris coviptana, notes, N.J 161 Pliruginidium subcorticiitm, notes 64 Phyci>miiri!< nileng, notes 861 PlujUohiux (I ygailatttf. notes 367 Phi/llopnilia horticola, description 262 Phijllontirta armenieuUt, n. sp., description. . :«>5 nlwardniir, notes 224 Uicina, notes 762 iiaiciMi, n. sp., description 465 mlisbiiriiv, notes 224 yidan , notes 224 1182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Phylloxera, notes 67, 68, 266, 372 Cal 372 remedies 139, 875 Physalospora icoroninii, description 259 Physics, agricultural, text-book 394 Physiography of the Dismal Swamp region, U. S. D. A ''14 Physopus tenuicornis, notes 470 PJiytonomus punctatus, notes 65 I'hytopathological commission, sugges- tions concerning 64 Phytopathology, status of present knoAvl- edge 565 Plijjtophthora infestans, notes 464 Wash 146 treatment. Can 256 omnivora, notes 147, 965 Phytoptus oleivorus, notes, U. S. D. A 266 ribis, notes 366, 371, (169, 1063 sp., notes, U.S.!). A 869 vitis, notes, Cal 768 Pickle worm, notes. Ark 871 Ga 66, 871 Ky 368 Pie melon, analyses, Cal 481 Pieris brassicx, remedies 159 Pigeon grass, notes, S. Dak 323 weed, notes. Can 358 Pigeons, immunizing against anthrax 895 immunity to anthrax as affected by alcohol 1096 raising 278 Pigs, American breeds 880 cotton-seed meal for, Okla 583, 881 cowpea hay for, Okla 584 crops for, U. S. D. A 599 diseases : 95 feeding experiments. 79, 169, 172, 274, 275, 882 Ark 77 Can 274, 380,381,680,1078 Fla 1079 Ind 1079 Mont 273,336 N.Y.Cornell.... 1079 Okla 582,583 Oreg 680 Tenn 1081 Utah 272 Wis 78,79,979,980 food requirements for maintenance and gain, Wis 979 forage crops for, U. S. D. A 98 grazing 584 parasites. Ark 897 rape for, Wis 80, 981 rice meal for, U. S. D. A 1002 slop for, U. S. D. A .599 susceptibility to fowl cholera 594 test of breeds. Can 380 Pine, black, notes 563 disease resembling leaf cast 569 leaf east, notes 569, 1061 treatment 63 rust, notes 464 Scotch, red rot, notes 762 Page. Pine, white, leaf rust, inoculation experi- ments 469 notes 861 rust 63 wood ashes, analyses. Mass 730 Pineapple diseases, notes 661 mealy bug, notes 473 Pineapples, culture in Florida 248, 746 U. R. D. A... 749 Queensland 648 under glass 749 Pinus laricio, variety 563 utrobus, notes 861 Piroplasma cqui, studies 094 Pisum sativum, transformations of albumi- nous substances 19 Pith moth, notes 366 Plthecolobium saman , feeding value 582 Plague bacillus, involution forms resem- bling 991 Planchonia sp., notes 573 Plane trees 460 Plant breeding 726 establishments in Germany. 243 experiments 324 in Denmark 948 international conference . . 905 notes 316, 1044 station at Svalof, Sweden. 197, 814 studies, U. S. D. A 635 treatise 243 cells as affected by freezing, plasmo- lysis and wilting 424 disea.ses, atlas 763 bacterial 1.54, 465, 1019 bibliography, Conn. State... 1.54 due to Rhizoct(mia, N. Y. State 55 in Ohio, handbook, Ohio 155 international system of ex- perimentation 1062 investigations, N. J 756 notes .55, 962 Ohio 1106 preventive treatment 659 status of present knowledge. E65 treatment, Del 71 treatise 1057 {See also different host plant a.) food, available, determination in soils 221, 914, 927 food, available, determination in soils, R.I 725 food, available, study, U. S. D. A 1014 galls in England 970 of animal origin, classification . 1068 growth as affected by lime and mag- nesia, U.S.D.A 630 growth as affected by mechanical shock Ill growth as affected by soil moisture . . 631 " tertiary ash " 335 on different soils 932 histology, methods 425 insecticides, notes 474 INDEX OF SUBJECTi^. 1183 Page. Plant iiitnjduction, U. S. D. A 243 lice in North America, Iowa 10G5 notes 70, 472 Ariz 598 Can 10G4 remedies 673 movements 1017 I)arasites, notes 474 jiathology, progress in 20 years 359 I)h ysiology , text-book 022 treatise 423 selection 441 R.I 740 Plantar/o/astigiaia. notes, U. S. D. A 731 Plantains, culture in Assam 104S notes, U. S. D. A 731 Planting, fertilizing and yield tables 93C> Plants and animals, symbiosis 827 seeds, foreign, inventory, U. S. D. A 920 aquatic, relation to .solid substratum. 110 as affected by alkali soils, U. S. D. A. 918 carbon bisulphid .')28 light 109 mercury 71G metallic salts 322 metals 110 organic nitrogen com- ponnls 919 smoke and gas K7 water carriers 715 ash analysis. Can 321 constituents 207, 305 chlorophyll assimilation 424 collecting and preserving, Okla 575 composition as related to composi- tion of soil 638 crossing experiments 516 N.J 743 cultivated, fertilizer requirements . . 637 improvement 21 of Argentina, origin 21 deep rooting, culture 1037 distribution, Cal 751 economic, in French Guiana 1019 etiolated, development in light 109 fixation of metals by cell walls 716 for perfumery 3.56 forcing by ether 53 herbaceous, effect of annular decor- tication Ill ringing 52 hybridization experiments 744 immunity to fungus di.seases 863 injury by fog and smoke 1017 limits of variation in 112 means of protection against insects. 71 occurrence of organic iron com- pounds in 717 zinc in 717 of Nebraska, changes in nomencla- ture ^^'^ the Dismal Swamp region, U. S. D.A 714 western Lake Erie 619 origin of new species 324, 61 9 I'age. Plants, onuinicntal, disea-se.-* affecting 763 for South Uaknia, S. Dak 8.59 lioi.sonous to slock, Wa.xll 180 in Australia 620 Montana, r.S. D. A . 283 investigations.. 1 protection from frost 1.52 respiration as affected by — alkaloids 716 different siibstunees 423 resistance to cold as affected by o.s- iiiotic pressure 824 resistant to black alkali, U. S. D. A . . 919 ripening of steams as affected by water 828 tolerance of alkali , Wa.sh 024 transmission of stimuli in 715 transpiration, notes 826 troiiical and subtropical, culture .. . 1043 iLsed by Indians, U. S. D. A 827 variegated portions, stud it's 423 Plasmolysis, effect upon structure of leaves. 424 Plasmopara cuhensis, notes, Maxs 363 viticola, notes 365, 661 Platanus spp. , notes 460 Platkypena scabra, notes, U. S. I). A 665 Platinum catalysis, paralysis 421 compounds, effect on higher plants 621 Plecoptera, aquatic species in the Adiron- dacks 770 Pleospora, caraganx, n. sp., description 260 negundinis, de.scription 1061 Pleurisy and pneumonia, suppurative, in sheep 182 verminous, in pigs 992 Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious 181 diagnosis 285 in cattle 995 occurrence 489, 490, 998 Plum curculio, notes. . . 65, 67, 155, 470, 472, 805, 968 Ga 66 N.J 763,967 remedies, U. S. D. A 869 disease resembling black rot, notes . . 465 disea.ses in western New York, N. Y. State H9 gouger, notes 472 plant lice, notes, N. J 763 rot, treatment, Md 152 rust, notes 960 sawfly, notes 971 tree canker, notes, Vt 568 Plums, canning 250 crossing experiments 454 culture 453, 555 Kans 353 N. Dak 853 Vt 854 Wis 246 duration of growth perirxl in trees. Wis 48 fertilizer experiment.s. N.J 739 flower development. Win 18 1184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Plums, germination of pollen, Wis 949 irrigation experiments, N. J 739 myrobalan, monograph, Vt 557 native. Wis 246 pollination, Vt 556 propagation, Vt 555 root pruning, Tex 138 thinning experiments, N. Mex 552 varieties 453 Ala. College 136, 951 Ga 46 Kans 353 Mass 137 Mich 349 Mont 351 N. Mex 552 Okla 553 Oreg 645 Vt .S.W Wis 247 wall, pruning 557 Plusia gamma, notes 70, 367 verticillata, notes 158, 668 Plutclla cruciferarum, notes 10G3 Pneumonia in calves, Del 285 horses as caused by cold 897 protective inocula- tion 695 sheep 182 infectious in calves 493 occurrence in Hungary 1090 protective inoculation 285 (See also Pleuro-pneumonia.) Poa alsodss, notes, S. Dak 323 arachriifera, notes, Kans 442 compressa, notes, Kans 442 debilis, notes, S. Dak 323 n. sp., description, U. S. D. A 526 pratensis, notes, Kans 442 Poinsettia, culture 356 Poison parsnip in western Washington, Wash 180 Pokeberry, determination in wine 107 Polar expeditions, U. S. D. A 624 Pollen, vitality 620 Pollination, artificial, in horticulture 1044 Polygonum convolvulus, notes, S. Dak 323 ramosissimum, notes, S. Dak 323 tinctorium, iron compounds in. . 717 Polygraphus rufipcnnis, notes, U. S. D. A ... 672 Polyporei affecting conifers in New Eng- land, U. S. D. A 62 Polyporus borealis, notes, N. Y. Cornell 468 igniarius, notes, N. Y. Cornell.. . 468 pinicola, notes, N. Y. Cornell 468 rimosus, notes 154 spp., description, U. S. D. A 260 squamosus, enzyms in 621 suliihureus, notes, N. Y. Cornell.. 468 Pomelos, analyses, Fla 557 fertilizing constituents, Fla 558 notes, Fla 557 varieties 248 Pomologieal Society, American, meeting at Buffalo 298 Pomologist and beekeeper 299 Page. Pomology, progress 298 Pompilus, spp., notes 70 Poplar curculio, notes 971 leaf spot, notes 762 Picardy, notes 861 Poppy, golden, notes 1052 Populus alba, notes 861 Pork, composition and nutritive value 165 of fat 681 inspection in Germany, U. S. D. A... 785 making on the farm 484 production in Tunis 882 soft, investigations, Can 680 trichinons, use 785 Porthesia chrysorrhcea, notes 370, 671, 1063 Porthetria dispar. {See Gypsy moth.) Porto Rico, agricultural resources and capa- bilities 196 Station, notes 297, 602, 802 Portulaca oleracea, composition and use. Mass 378 Posts, preservation 751 Pot experiments, vegetation house for. Conn. State 134 Potash as a protection against frost 1031 available, determination, U. S. D. A. 1014 bulbs, new design 916 determination 407, 417, 615, 821 in .soils 120,221 fertilizers, comparison, Mass 333 statistics 33 use 539, 1030, 1031 requirements of plants 1030 soils, determination 30 salts as fertilizers 37 comparison 32, 937, 1030, 1037 consumption in 1900 235 effect on barley 733 black marsh soils. Wis. 27 plants 826 high grade, fertilizer experi- ments 634 on upland moors 235 production from feldspar 438 substitution by soda 1030 N. Y. State.... 121 Potassium carbonate, analyses, R. 1 713 chlorid, effect on plants 253 detection 109 by sodium picrate 711 determination, Adie and Wood method 15 in sea water 821 iodid, injections in mammary gland 493 perchlorate, injurious effect 336 sal ts, effect on rotation of sugars . 523 silicate as a fertilizer 336 Potato beetle, Colorado, importation into Europe 968 in Great Britain. 1007 notes 668 . Ga 66 Me 1002 origin and distri- bution 168 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1185 Page. Potato beetle, fa^se, notes, Gii 66 beetles, nc tes, X. .1 764 blight, notes 1062 treatment, Wash 146 bread for horses, U. 8. D. A 197 crop in the United States, U. S. D. A. 798 of Great Britain, U. S. D. A.... 599 diseases, bacterial . . . 360, 465, 761, 864, 1058 remedies, Me 360 Vt 566 Fusjvrium disease, notes, S. C 46'> mold, notes 464 pests, notes 158 rot, notes 464 Wash 146 treatment. Can 256 scab, notes 1062 treatment, K y 360 N.J 756 Vt 146 Wis 1255 stalk borer, notes. Can 1064 stem rot, notes 1019 worm in California, Cal 765 Potatoes, artificial propagation 641 composition as affected by ferti- lizers 1041 at different stages of growth, Vt - 545 cost of production in Germany . . . 1043 culture 901,945,1040,1041 experiments 444 Colo 33 Conn. Storrs 935 N. Dak 338 N.Y.Cornell 342, 734 Okla 844 in Illinois 641 enzyms in 116, 1021 failure, Colo 599 fertilizer experiments ... 33, 37, 235, 236, 440,444,445,641, 645, 1036, 1041 Can 239 Fla 1035 Mich 452 N.Y. State. 41 Ohio U2 requirements 637 food value, U. S. D. A 268 growth on different soils 932 improvement ■^•16 insects affecting '568 remedies. Me — 360 Irrigation experiments, X.J 743 Wis 34,936 methods of handling seed 545 notes, Colo 195 old, renovation 845 planting experiments. Can 238 production in Russia, l'. S. D. A. . 798 root fusion, N. Dak 342 rotation experiments, R. I 34 seed .selection 41,641.734 Can -'^ I'ajre. Potatoes, seed selection, X. Dak 342 storage 945 utilization 775 varieties 3:^, 240. 439, 440, 445, 54.5,641 , 732, 845, 94.5, 1 Wl Can 3.5,339,839,1034 Mich 452 N. Dak 338,342 X.H 342 Okla 844 Poultry, .Vnicrican breeds, T. S. D. .V 484 asthenia, cau.sc, Del 286 at Canada Kxperiraental Farms, Can 277,278 breeding 176, 982 care in winter .* 176 digestion experiments 170 disease, epidemic in Tyrol 898 diseases, Can 286 in Hawaii, Hawaii 898 entero-hepatitis or blackhead, Del. 287 R. 1 . 793 epizootic disca.se 998 experiments, Can 277, 1081 Mont 275 W. Va 276,277 feeding experiments. Can 382 Ma.ss 381 Me 981 foods, analyses 480 Cal 481 Can 1014 Mass 977 Me 1075 N. H 378 N.Y. State 774 R.I 480 Vt 173, 879 condimental, U. S. D. A 1002 foreign markets for 176 incubation experiments. Me 982 industry in Great Britain 176 U.S.D. A. 1106 marketing, r. S. D. A 1002 production 484 rai.siug in Belgium, U. S. D. A 1106 China, U.S. D.A 1083 notes 778, 901 treatise 1083 Rhode Island Reds, R.I 777 scaly leg, notes 475 tick, notes **^6 Va •>"o trap nests for, R. 1 777 Wyandotte breed, U. S. D. A 777 (See al^so Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Precipitates, indirect weighing in quantita- tive analyses ''13 Precipitation on mountains, theory of 23 Prairie dogs, destruction lO'-l U.S. D.A 227 grass, analyses 977 hay, digestibility *^ Preservatives in {oo<1s in Great Britain . . . 1070 milk 280,688 Preserves, analyses, Conn. State 74, 1072 1186 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Press bulletins, Ohio 1106 Prickly pears, destruction 863 for cows 177 removing spines 879 Primulas, Chinese, culture 560, 901 classification 560 Prionus laticollis, notes,U. S. D. A 870 Prisoners, dietary study 975 Prodenia commelinx, notes, U. S. D. A 263 eudiopta, notes, U. S. D. A 263 littoralis, notes 765 ornithogaUi, notes, U. S. D. A 263 Propolisin test 465 Prosopis pubescens, notes, U. S. D. A 731 vehdina, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Proteids, Adamkiewicz reaction 522 chemistry of 16 composition. Conn. State 521 digestion with papain 878 of horse beans 17 lentils 17 peas 17 vetch 17 peptic and tryptic, digestibility . . 775 studies. Conn. State 520 vegetable and animal, comparison 167 Protein, basic character. Conn. State 520 cleavage 478,880,1074 during fasting 579 digestibility 376, 579, 1071 as affected by gluco.se 978 metabolism as affected by alcohol 578, 878 metabolism as affected by pro- longed work 578 in man 579 plants 226,620,825 sheep 977 methods of study 977 nutritive value 733 of gluten, nutritive value 977 overfeeding 478 sulphur content. Conn. State 521 Protozoa, parasitic 1091 Prune root rot, notes 660 Prunes, analyses, U. S. D. A 855 culture in California 248 western Europe, U. S. D. A 854 protection from frost 248 stoneless 647 Primus besseyi, notes 454 Prussic acid in sweet cassava 543 PsammopMla spp., notes 70 Psen atratus, rearing 474 Pseudolecanium tokionis, notes 669 Pseudomonas campedrig, cultural charac- ters, U. S. D. A . 465 notes 154,465 destructans, studies 467, 468 hyacinthi, cultural characters, U.S.D.A 465 studies, U. S. D. A.. 63 iridis, n. sp. , description 1019 phaseoli, cultural characters, U.S.D.A 465 notes, N.J 466 Page. Pseiulomonas stewarti, cultur.-,l characters, U.S D.A 465 syringx, n. sp., description ... 1019 P.seudo-tubercle bacillus, involution forms. 991 Psila rosx, notes 263 Ptiorophora ciliata, notes 67 Ky 971 Psoroptes, spp., notes 266 Psychrometric tables, U. S. D. A 24 Psylla buxi, notes 571 mali, notes 367 Piiccinia nrrhenatheri, inoculation experi- ments 63 studies 1062 asparagi. {See Asparagus rust.) chrysanthemi. (See Chrysanthe- mum rust. ) effusa, notes 663 prenanthis, notes 1059 pruni, description 960 spp., hosts 145 studies 146 vexans, notes 145 violx, notes 663,961 Pidex avium, notes 67 fasciatus, notes 475 irritans, notes 475 serraticeps, notes 475 Pulvinaria ribesiss, notes 366 Pumpkins and barley for horses 584 for pigs. Can 274 varieties, Mich 452 S. Dak 346 Purdue Station, notes 1004 University, new agricultural build- ing 612 notes 294, 397, 1004 Purdy, Carl, biographical sketch 860 Purslane, composition and use. Mass 378 Putnam scale, notes 767 Colo 156 Pyrethrum, notes 575 Pyrol, woolly, analyses 1036 Pythium debaryanum, notes 147 Quail disease, notes 182 Quantitative analysis, tables for use in 619 weighing precipi- tates 613 Queen bees, notes 163, 476 Quercus xgylops, notes 142 sid)er, notes 753 Quince curculio, notes, N.J 763 diseases in western New York, N. Y. State 149 leaf spot, notes 762 Quinces, composition of juices 577 flower formation, "Wis 917 varieties, Mich 349 N. Mex 552 Quiscalus crassirostrus, introduction In the Island of St. Kitts 719 Rabbits, blood of fetus as affected by bac- terial infection of mother 889 destruction 227, 531 digestion experiments 170, 171, 978 injurious, notes 267 INDKX OF SUBJECTS. 11S7 Rabbits in Kentucky, Ky 531 Rabies, description 792 diagnosis K<), 493, 595 in dogs, clinical pathology 997 occurrence in Europe 997 inoculation of rabbits 997 nature and prevention 89 treatment, V. S. I). X ... 2.S(; notes .589 occurrence 390, 489, 490, 998 Ind 96 in Hungary 1090 serum therapy 96 treatment 792 virus, attenuation by lieat 191 Radiation, report on 23 Radish white mold, notes, N.J 757 Radishes, culture experiments, Greg 645 forcing experiments, Utah 134 varieties, Michigan 452 wild, destruction 359 by spraying. 6.58,1056 Ragwort, notes 862 Rain, ammonia in 721 formation 626 on mountain sloi)es, U. S. D.A 623 gages, records, U. S. D. A 828 of small fish, U. S. D. A 426 popular queries, U. S. D. A 624 red, mineral matter in 722 U.S. D.A 118 Rainfall and evaporation of Great Salt Lake, U.S.D.A 118 grazing, U. S. D. A 425 as affected by forests 4.59, 653, 959 distribution 426 U.S.D.A 118 during growing sea- son. Wis 936 during lunar phases 427 effect on commerce and politics. . 829 crops 327 soil temperatures 327 in Barbados, composition 923 Cape of Good Hope 923 Leeward Islands, U. S. D. A . . 117, 426 Queensland 923 relation to forests 923 Windward Islands, U. S. D.A. . . 117 on mountain slopes, U.S.D.A... 425 relation to mountains, U.S. D.A. 117 Raisins, drying 249 industry in California, U. S. D. .\.. 798 preparation 751 in Algeria 1051 Ramie congress at Paris 845 culture in China 445 Japan 641 Peru <>41 decorticating machines 241 Ranges and irrigation, Ariz 'WS improvement •'>43 in Arizona, U. S. D. .\ 731 management ''-'•'^ Rape as catch and cover crops 1037 Page. Ra[ic,Hssniiilation of |)l(Uil food 5;J9 caki', microscopic e.xiiniinatioii 417 composition at dilTcrcnl stages. Can.. 269 culture ex- peri men Is, Can 1035 Iowa 237 Okia 129 Wis 36,9:« for forage 841 fertilizer tests as for pigs. Can 275, 1078 VUxh 273 Wis KG, 981 germination as ufTected by formalde- hyde 656 notes, Kans 442 .seeding at different dates, Tenn 36 varieties 440 Can 10*5 Raspberries, analyses 10.51 Ohio 1014 composition of juices 577 culture, Colo 139 Mass 136 N. Dak 853 fertilizer experiments, N. J 739 R. I . . . . 740 flower formation, Wis 917 germination of pollen, Wis . .. 949 irrigation experiments, N. J. 739,742 pinching shoots, Wis 51,953 plant seU^ction, R. 1 740 varieties. Can 348, 1044 Colo 139 Mass 137 Mich 349 N.J 739 Pa 750 Tenn 953 Raspberry diseases in western New York, N. Y. State 149 Rat serum, effect on anthrax bacilli • 92 plague, investigation 531 occurrence in Auckland 993 Ration computer, mechanical. Wash 676 Rations computation 75 for armies in the Tropics 578 cows, Conn. Storrs 989 R.I 484 grain, for cows, Vt 584 Rats, bacillus pathogenic to 1022 destruction by the bacillus of Dany.sz 719,1022. Trypano.soma affecting WJ, 1022 Reading course for farmers, .Vriz 598 Reaping machines, development, U..'^. D. .\. 1001 Red clover. (.SV<' Clover, red.) spider, notes, Conn. State 156 remedies 673 two-spotted, notes. U.S.D.A... 263 water, notes 182 Redtop, notes, Kans 442 Redwood, coast, studies 662 mealy bug notes 473, 669 Reed grass, Montana, nolcs, S. I)ak 323 Referees of Association of Official AKrieriments, R.I 34 seeding experiments KJi smooth wild, notes, S. Dak 323 spring, varieties, Wis 36 straw, composition of ether extract ... 420 varieties 240, 439, 946 Can 339,1033 Tenn .. 810 Wis 938 Saccaton, notes, 1'. S. D. A 731 Sacchaline, culture experiments 33 Saccharin, detection 617 in foods 524 determination 822 Saccharomyces, nuclei in 827 Saccharcmycfstlu'obromie in cacao fermenta- tion 116 Safflower, culture in Egypt 639 Saffron, culture 859 Sainfoin for meadows ,545 notes, Kans 442 seed tests 862 Salicylic acid, detection in wine 107 determination in wine 17,713 Saliva, amylolitic action 975 Salix spp., in Iowa 422 Salsify, breeding experiments .549 crossing experiments, N. J 743 Salt, analyses. Wis 916 content of soils, determination 435 deposits, formation 438 determination in butter 105,522 Wis 16 effect on yield of butter 179 for cattle 77 mangel wurzels 1040 the destruction of weeds, Vt 565 grass, notes, U. S. D. A 731 production in Canada 633 the United States .... 635, 799 " Salt sickness," Fla 1097 Saltbush, Australian, in Arizona 698 notes, Ariz 697 Kans 442 Saltbushes, culture 846 notes . 1036 S.Dak 323 U. S. D. A 731 seeds, studies, U. S. D. A 755 Salts, alkali, solution studies, V. S. D. A . . . 428 effect on germicidal action of serum. 691 rotation of sugars 623 metallic, effect on plants 322 mineral, effect on production of root tubercles 1017 mixture, effect on root growth 18 soluble, determination In soils — Wis 229 U.S.D.A 233 1190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page Salts, soluble, in soils, Wis 24, 229 Saman pods and seeds, feeding value 582 San Jos6 scale, development of female, N. Y. State 369 in Connecticut, Conn 766 Indiana, Ind 69 Japan 669 U. S. D. A 869 Ontario 65 Virginia 1064 notes 65,69, 265, 266, 470, 472, 574, 668, 767, 805, 875, 967, 1064 Fla 1062 Mass 367 N.J 763, 764, 967 U. S. D. A 870 remedies 64, 69, 155, 497, 967, 1064 Ala. College 136 Can 261,265 Conn. State 766, 970 Del 262 Ky 571 Md 160 N.Y. State... 370,968,970 R. I 767 S. C 472 U. S. D. A 665 Sana, digestibility 673 Sand , absorption of carbon dioxid, U. S. D. A . 927 cherry, notes 454 dunes, fixation and reclamation 568 notes, U.S.D.A 425 of Germany, treatise 655 reclamation 1054 lucern, notes, Mich 840 Sandy soils, treatment, U. S. D. A 98 Sanitary fitments and drainage of houses . . 195 Saperda vestita, notes 65 Sapsuckers, biological relations 22 Sarcobatus vermiculatus, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Sarcopsylla penetrans, notes, Va 475 Sarcoptes mutans, notes 67 scabiei, notes, Va 475 spp., notes 266 Saskatoon, notes, Can 244 Saunders, W., biographical sketch, U. S. D.A. 290 Savnstana odorata, notes, S. Dak 323 Sawfiies, notes 770 U.S.D.A 368 Scabies, psoroptic, of cattle 88 sarcoptic, of horses 88 Scale, black, parasite of 267 cottony cushion, Fla 472, 1062 Forbes, notes 767, 875 insects in the Lesser Antilles, notes. . 767 New York, notes 767 injurious to citrus fruits 160 U.S.D.A. 266 sugar cane 573 notes 370, 1063 Fla 1062 remedies 265, 874 Can 265 San Jos6. (See San Jos6 scale.) scurfy, notes 69, 470 472, 767, 875, 967 Page. Scavenger beetles, habits 769 ScMstocerca americana, notes, U. S. D. A 665 obscura, notes, U. S. D. A 664, 665 ScMzoneura americana, notes, Idaho 70 ampelorhisa, notes 161 lanigera. (See Aphis, woolly.) School gardens io52 in Massachusetts 4.58 grounds, improvement, U. S. D. A . . . 560 Seiara inconstans, notes, U. S. D. A 264 Sclerospora gramin icola, studies 1 057 Sclerosioma pinguicola, description, U. S. D. A 190 Sclerostomum spp., notes 888 Sclerotinid libertiana, notes, Fla 1057 Scolytus pruni, notes 367 Scotch broom, notes, Kans 442 Scour in calves 791 Screw bean, notes, U. S. D. A 731 worm fly, notes, Va 475 Scurfy scale, notes 69, 470, 472, 767, 875, 967 Sea water as a fungicide 661 Seasonal forecasts for the Pacific Coast States, U. S. D. A 117 Seasons, warm and cold, relative duration, U.S.D.A 117,118 Seaweeds, analyses, Mass 1031 digestibility 977 feeding value 775, 977 fertilizing value, Me 332 N. H 332 Sedges, notes, S. Dak 323 Seed-cleaning machinery, trials 795 Seed Control Station at Eberswalde, Ger- many 300 Gratz, report 463 Hamburg, report. 564 Riga, report 900 Skara, report 144 Vienna, report. . . 144 stations in Denmark, report . 756 Sweden, report... 756 effect of .size on yield 37 industry in Germany 252 inspection laws 564 production, Ga 47 separators 144 testing at Modena, report 756 in Argentina 563 Germany 862 New South Wales 563 Pennsylvania 563 effect 755 tests, report 862 Seedlings, damping off 147 Seeds, adaptation to .soils 1028 and plants, foreign, inventory, U. S. D.A 422, 920 as affected by sulphuric acid 754 conifer, analyses , 878 dispersal 715 by valvular torsion 1055 distribution, Cal 751 force exerted in swelling 563 germinating, proteolytic enzyms in . 116 germination. (.Sw Germination.) IXOKX OK Sl'IUKCTS. IT.tl I 'age. Seeds. It'ftuminous, ci)nK'OUs oiiiliis|u'iins .. tiV; methods of testing 41(! oil-bearing-, notes 1073 standards for T.iC) vitality as affected by different con- ditions 4frJ sprouting, X. Dak 357 electrical method f.ir d^'ter- mining nn with horny endosperm, ferment in. . 116 .*ras.-< 332 fertilizing value. Can MO .Shad seale, notes, I'.S. I). .\ 731 Shade in cacao culture 3.54 coffee culture, (". S. I>. A 24S trees, fungi affecting, N. Y. Cornell . 46S insects affecting .")74 r.S. n.A K70 Iiroteelion, Conn. State 143 Shaker for mechanical aiuilysls of soils, N. Mex 4:M) Sheep, American breeds wo at Canada E.xperimental F'arms,Can . 272 bot fly, notes, Va 161 breeding experiments 379 "bush " disease 182 digestion experiments 169, 678, 776 Ca:i 380 .Mm.'s :i80 diseases 94 in Queenslatid 181 feeding experiments . 175.271,482,782,1078 Mont. ... 271,336.676 Nebr 677 Oreg 679 S. Dak 679 rtali 174 Wis 77, 978 Wyo .582 fertilizer, analyses, Ma.ss 1031 heart water 996 industry in Russia, U. S. D. A 1106 lungworms 694 manure, analyses. Mass 124 nodular disease, notes 284 of intestines. La ... 488 parasites, Oreg 6% in New Zealand 896 Texas, U. S. D. .\ 1092 pox, micro-organism 94 notes 286 occurreni'c 490, 998 in Hungary 1090 organism 189 protein metabolism 977 scab, control. I'. S. D. A 1097 in tJcrmany 1097 diagnosis 694 eradication in New Zealand, r. S. D. A 1106 mito, notes, Va 4"5 notes .'>89 outbreaks 489 prevalence, Ind 95 treatment 266, 78h, 99.5, 996 susceptibility of different races to anthrax W> teeth as affected by age, Va 791 119L> EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Sheep tick, notes, Va 475 treatment for roundworms, U. S. D. A 593 Shipstufl'. analyses 480 N.J 676 Va 75 Shoddy, preparation of samples foranalysis. 1016 Shorts, analyses, ^'a 75 Shrikes, economic relationship, U. S. D. A . 227 Shriver, Howard, notes, U. S. D. A 118 Shrubs at Cotean Farm, Minn 1048 •ornamental, at Canada Experimen- tal Farms, Can 243 notes, Mont 351 use. Pa 751 pruning 965 sterility 189 Silage, alfalfa, notes, U. S. D. A 98 analyses, Oreg 548 changes occurring in formation, Wis 37 corn, analyses. Conn. Storrs 976 shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 crops for 39 feeding value 39 formation, Wis 939 losses in making. Wis 38, 940 preparation, U. S. D. A 599 preparation, Oreg 548 sorghum, analyses. Can 1014 Silica in animal tissues 168 Silicates as affected by ammonium chlorid. 1017 Silkworm, anatomical study 673 cocoons, markets in Italy 1069 disease, notes 1069 eggs, hatching 1069 excrement, feeding value 977 glands in circulatory system 163 industry in Ontario, possibility . 65 larva-, armature of prolegs 1069 Silkworms, as affected by different rays of light 576 prolonging life in chrysalis stage 163 weight of eggs of pure and crossed races 103 Silo temperatures, N. H 346 Silos, construction , Oreg 548 use 901 Silpha opaca, notes 367 Silvanus cmsise, notes 1068 frumentarius, notes 571 surinanensis, notes 367, 471, 1068 Silver compounds, effect on higher plants . 621 Sirex gigas, notes 263 juvencus, notes 263 Sirup, sorghum, manufacture, U. S. D. A 595 Sirups, determination of degree, Baum6 . . . 524 Sisal industry 641 Sitodrepa panicea, notes 667 Sitones luieatus, notes 968 Sitotroga cerealella, notes 471 Size, manufacture from bone 634 Sizing paste, analyses, Mass 124 Skim milk, analyses. Conn. State 82 Page. Skim milk, digestibility, Md 674 food products 975 for calves, Nebr 174 pig.s, N. Y. Cornell 1079 Tenn 1081 titilization 589 Skin disease resembling tuberculosis 695 diseases in horses, notes 996 Skunks of the genus Chincha, U. S. D. A ... 531 Slag, (."^'ec Phosphatic slag.) Sleet, notes, r . S. D. A 425 Slimeflux, notes 960 of trees, studies 868 Sludge, analyses. Mass 832 fertilizing value. Can 340 Smerinthus quercus, notes 474 Smoke, effect on plants 1017 vegetation 527 Smut. {See Barley, Corn, Oats, Rye, Wheat. ) Snake poisons 89 worm, notes 155 Snapdragon anthracnose on toadflax, notes, N. Y. State 759 Snow accompanying thunderstorms in Ital v 1023 ammonia in 721 colored, U. S. D. A 827 crystals, notes, U. S. D. A 118 studies 828 U. S. D. A 425 Snowfall, water equivalent, U. S. D. A 425 Soap, analyses, Can 1014 resorption in intestines 378 Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science, proceedings 396 of Official Horticultural Inspectors. 496 Sod, evaporation from 428 Soda, disinfecting properties, Maryland ... 1020 substitution for potash 539, 1030 K.Y. State... 121 Sodium bromid, effect on plant growth 386 Sodium carbonate- analyses, R. 1 713 determination 615 formation in animals. Conn. State 621 l)y plants 330 U.S.D.A 919 Sodium chlorid — analyses, R. 1 713 determination in butter 622 Wis 16 meat 16 effect on plant growth 836 Sodium citrate, effect on coagulation 178 hydrate, determination 615 iodid, effect on plant growth 335 nitrate, effect on metabolism in dogs 1074 plants 253 for destroying weeds. ..... 359 freeiodinin 616 picrate for the detection of potas- sium 711 salts, effect on rotation of sugars . . 523 seedling plants, U. S.D.A 918 INDKX OK Sl'HJKCTS. 1U)3 Page. Sodium sulphite, effect on coiigulutiou of milk :W7 Soil bacteria, descriptions (-,22 fertility as affected by wheat eulttire, Minn rvlC maintenance 72t) r. S. 1). A 1002 measurement 707 inooilation, U. S. D. A 98 experiments 542 method 921 :aioisture, apparatus for determination, Nebr 435 as affected by fertilizers 631 conservation. Can 233 effect on development of oats and wheat 125 effect on development of rye grass and clover 12G effect on form and composi- tion of barley Wl effect on plant growth 631 observations, Colo 195 studies, N. Dak 431 N. Mex 430 relation to plant growth 726 solutions, nature and functions, U. S. D. A 232 relation to phosphatic ferti- lizers 329 studies, Colo 830 survey around Fresno. California, U. S. D.A 926 Imperial, California, U. S. D. A 831 Lancaster, Pennsylvania U.S. D.A 924 Santa Ana, California, U.S. D.A 926 from Raleigh to Newbern, North Carolina, U. S. D. A 925 in Salt Lake Valley, Utah 432 the Sevier Valley, Utah, U. S. D.A 926 Weber County, Utah, U. S. D.A 925 of Cecil, St. Mary, Calvert, and Kent counties, Maryland, U. S.D. A 925 Montgomery County, Ohio, U.S.D.A 925 Salt River Valley, Arizona, U.S.D.A 920 work of the Division of Soils, U.S.D.A 924 temperatures 426, 433, 627 Colo 121 N. Dak 426 U.S.D.A 833 apparatus for determina- tion, Nebr 4;!5 as affected by — color and moisture of .soil, Can 328 fertilizers t>31 rainfall 327 Page. Soil tenipiTutiires, determination s*l test.s, Mas-) 333 for determining available plant food, U.I 725 types estal>lished l)y the Division of Soil.s, U. S. I). A .539 work of the Department of Agriculture 203 Soiling crops for cows, N.J 77H, 779 Soils, absorption of monocalcium phos- phate 28 acid, liming, U. S. D. A 599 alkali, cla.ssification. U. S. D. A 232 effect on .seedling i)lants, U. S. D.A 918 methods of analysis 409 U.S.D.A. 430 nature and reclamation 1103 reclamation 329 studies. Wash 027, 628 analyses 31, 638, 642, 713, 932, 1036 Cal 1025 Can 233 Mass 124, 730, 1031 Tenn 1002 v. S. D. A 630 banana, of Jamaica 633 biological studies 434, 1009 black marsh, as affected by potash salts. Wis 27 studies, Wis 931 pocosin, improvement 1027 Bureau of, organization 204 calcareous, management 243 use of ammoniacal ferti- lizers on 728 classification 534 cohesiveness 121 composition as related to composition ofplants 638 shown by the plant... 632 cultivated, decomposition of organic matter in 1027 121 930 24 914 914 humus and carbon in nitrates in. Wis soluble .salts in. Wis determination of — available phosphoric acid plant food. dry matter 319 fertilizer require- ments 632,726 Divi-sion of, field operations, 1900, U. S. D.A 924 effect of drying on sugar beeta 632, 737 emission and absorption of heat 1028 evaporation from 427 exhaustion and abandonment, U. S. D.A t'33 fertilizer re(|nirements 32,614,726 determination 945 filter for use in analysis, I'. S. D. A... 927 for chestnuts 651 liumus content as afTected by fertili- zers 236,880 improvement. Ark 840 1194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'HgC. Soils, improvement, Conn. Storrs 935 incidental increment of plant food .. 121 in forests as aiTected by earthworms . 834 marsh, amilyses, Mass 730 fertilizer experiments 37 in Germany 632 liming 1031 of the Vendee 433 management 901 mechanical analysis, U. S. D. A 231! and physico-chemical analysis 121 methods of analysis 119, 408, 533, 711, 914 Md 2.S chemical investigation . . 221 mechanical analysis 833 sampling 409 muck, improvement, Mich 839 nitrification 535, 1027 Can 231 and dentrifica tion 537 studies, N. Dak 433 of Algeria, analyses 330 Belgium, analyses 723, 833, 1026 Brazil, analyses 633 Cape Colony, analyses 119 of Good Hope, analyses 1026 Denmark, types 948 Essex, analyses 632 Germany, studies 533 Hawaii, fertilizing constituents, Hawaii 834 Idaho, analyses and classification, Idaho 432 Madagascar, agricultural value 330 aluminum in 433 Maryland, analyses, Md 28 Minnesota, origin 329 Mississippi, plant food in, Miss 233 Northwest Territories, analyses 433 Prussia 1026 Rothamsted, investigations, U. S. D.A 927 the Campine, analyses 433 Canton of Redon, analy.ses 119 Colorado Delta, Cal 1025 Dismal Swamp region, U. S. D.A 714 Upper Peninsula, characteris- tics, Mich 233 organisms in 1028 origin and formation 434 peaty and marsh, improvement 1027 physical properties 833 investigation, U. S.D.A.. 233,927 plant growth on different types 932 poro.sity, N. Mex 430 salt content, determination 435 mar.sh, reclamation, U. S. D. A. 538 sandy, fertilizing 32 treatment, U. S. D. A 98 soluble salts in. Wis 229 surface, vertical movement 434 systematic investigation 328 tea, of Assam 723 Page. Soils, tobacco, in Texas, Tex 1026 valuation on basis of composition ... 31 washed, reclamation. Miss 234 wheat, of Rothamsted, chemical studies 724 phosphoric acid and potash contents 30 Solanin, formation in potatoes by bacteria. 116 S()/n»i(in caroUncnse, description, Ind 862 rostratum, description, Ind 862 Solar constant, U. S. D. A 624 Solutions, soil, nature, and functions, U. S. D.A 232 Soot, analyses, Conn. State 730 Sorghum, analyses, Nebr 479 culture. Del 43 Kans 442 experiments, Ind 37 Iowa 237 Miss 540 f( ir forage 841 for sheep, Xebr 677 improvement by seed selection, Del 42,242 notes, Kans 442 poi.soning of stock 992 root systems, Tenn 36 seed selection 440 .silage, analyses. Can 1014 sirup, manufacture, r. S. I). A .. 595 smut, notes, Okla 565 varieties 440, 1036 Can 1034 Tenn 36 Sorrel seed, analyses 713 South Carolina College, notes 199, 297, 700, 802 Station, financial state- ment 494,1002 notes 199, 297,496,700,1108 South Dakota College, notes 904 Station, financial statement. 697 notes 200, 904 Sows, spayed r. unspayed, feeding experi- ments, Utah 273 V. barrows, feeding experiments, Utah 273 Soy bean meal, digestibility 480 products, food value 166 beans, analyses, Conn. Storrs 976 Ind 17 as a substitute for clover 841 culture 546 and uses. Conn. Storrs.. 132 in Kansas, Kans 242 experiments, Ind 37 Iowa 237 Wis 938 fertilizing value of stubble and roots. Mass 333 for green manuring. Mass 334 germination as affected by for- maldehyde 656 notes, Kans 442 planting at different distances, Can 238 INDEX OF srH.IKCTS. 11^)5 Soy beans, root systems, Tonn 3(1 varieties S41 Wis 36 Spagrhetti, analyses, Conn. State 1073 Spanworms, notes, X. J 753 Sparrows, feeding habits •j2(> relation toatrrienltnre, r. S. I). A. .V29 Sparttna f/racili!'. notes, S. Dak 323 Spartina, North Ameriean speeies, P.s. D. A KO Spavin, etiology and treatment 89 Spe&r grass seeds, injnry to stoek 7yi weak, notes, .s. Dak 323 Specifie gravity of milk serum and fat, de- termination .S8,5 Spelt, cnlture experiments. Iowa 237 for sheep, S. Dak fi79 hybrid 1041 notes, S. Dak 323 Tenn !>)7 produetionin Itnssia. 1'. .s. D. A 599 varieties. X. Dak 337 Wis 3() Spn-r/ida arvenifis, notes, S. Dak 323 maxima, notes, Kans 4-12 Spermacoce his])irla seeds as a coffee substi- tute .K ICii Spermaphyta of Xorth Dakotri. N. Dak 21 Splurrclla fragan'H\ notes, Fla 10.')7 5p/i;(')-oj).<;.s ri/tlonia^, notes 7ti2 malonim, investigations. X. Y. State 59 notes, Del 25-J X.Y. .state .... 14.S Spltserotheca mali. notes 467, 9(!2 Spheiiaphorus obsniriLt, notes 1,59, 9(')S saef/iar/, notes 70 Spices, analyses. Conn. State 1072 Spiders in the Upper Peninsula, Mich 264 Spihffrapha ccra.ii, notes 873 Spinach, fertilizer experiments ti45 spraying experiments. X. .1 757 Spiraea as affected by dry and humid air. . . 20 Spittle insect, notes 667, 1063 Spleen, function in digestion 167 Sporobolim rri/ptandrux, notes, U. S. D. .V 731 strirtiis, notes, U. S. D. A 731 wrightii, notes, T. S. D. A 731 Sporotrich um (ilohuUferum. notes 10(>8 r. S. D. A .. 870 Spotted kidney in calves 91 Spraying apparatus, description. X. Y. State 147 n otes, Ma.ss 162 calendar 575 Ma.ss \W» X. Y. Cornell 372 Ohio 155 experiments. Mass 162 X. .1 750,966 fruit trees in blmmi 299 X.Y. State... 3(M methods. Ill 876 notes -174, 570. 769 Spruce forests of Canada 960 insects affecting, I'. S. D. .\ 671 Norway, finigus disease ('"S Page. SpriKT. nil rot, notes 762 t \v iir vine borer, notes, (ia f>6 Squashes, varieties, Mich 4.52 S. Dak 346 Stalilcs, disinfection 287 ventilation. Can HOl Staggers in horses in Xorth Carolina 898 sheep, outbreaks, notes 189 Standard time, notes, I". S. D. A 118 Stantious chlorid for determining nitric nitrogen in water 222 Staph i/loriircii.-' aiiriiii'. agglutination 493 Starch, determination 106 in cereals 915 hinnan feces 168 liver sjiusage 108 •ligestibility 580 formation in germinating liarley . . . 424 preparation from horse chestinits .. 165 Starches, microscopy of 17 Stars, shooting, V. S. D. .\ (124 Starters tor ripening cream 179 Stassfurt .salt deposits, formation 1032 .salts, statistics 33 Stations, (.svr Exjjeriment stations.) Steamship Riode .laneiro, wreck. I'.S. D. .\. 117 Steers, dehorning. Can 270 digesting experiments, Fla 1075 feeding experiments 174. 1077 Ariz 676 Can .... 270,379.1075 Fla 1076,1079 Mont.... 270,336,676 Okla 581. 58-2 Greg 679 Pa NHO Tenn 76 rtah 173 \ii 978 grazing, U. S. I). A 98 experiments. .\rk 840 SIcganojitiichit iiiiriroldiia. notes, Del 261,872 Strgowi/ia /iiKciata, notes, Ky 971 Steppe, <1etinition ■t:H Sterilizer, steam 115 Stiiimiiia briosiaiia. n. sp., description 366 Stimtili, transmi.s.sion in plants 715 Sli/ia ciirmata. notes, S. Dak 323 Stoi-k breeles. \Va.sh 173 plants poisonous to. in .\ustralia 020 Montana V. S. D A 283 poisoning by plants. Wash ISO sorghmn 992 raising in eastern Colorado, Colo 197 Mexico 1106 1196 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Stomach worm diseases 1091 worms in sheep, notes 896 notes, Oreg 696 treatment, U. S. D. A 593 Stomatitis aphthosa, infectious, diagnosis. . 493 contagious, in horses 594 Storch, v., biography 279 Storm wave, definition, U. S. D. A 827 Storms accompanied by snow in Italy 1023 and liail 626 as affected by cannonading 722 effect on trees 1053 equinoctial, U. S. D. A 828 in Oregon, U. S. D. A 426 relation to the moon 1024 of dust, U. S. D. A 118 the Hawaiian Islands, U. S. D. A . . 118 prevention 328, 625 Strangles in horses 182 Straw, analyses, N.J 774 pressing 1075 Strawberries, analyses 1051 Ohio 1014 bisexuality 51 composition of j ui ces 577 crossing experiments 454 Missouri Fruit Station 5.52 culture 249,901 Can 244 Mass 136 N. Dak 853 experiments, N.J 739 Pa 7.50 in Oswego, N. Y. Cor- nell 354 the South 649 fertilizer experiments 750 N.J 739 N.Y.Cor- nell... 354 flower development, Wis 18 germination of pollen. Wis . . . 949 insectsaffecting, N. Y. Cornell. 371 irrigation experiments, X.J .. 739 marketing 1051 new variety 953 resistance to frost, r. 8. U. A . . .599 varieties, Can 348, 1044 Fla 1044 Mass 137 Mich 456 N.J 739 Pa 7.50 Tenn 953 for Ohio 649 Strawberry bacterial disease, notes 966 leaf roller, N.J 161 spot, Fla 1056 root louse, notes, Del 261 N.J 161 j weevil, notes 967 U.S.D.A 870 I Stream measurements 696, 697, 1000, 1102, 1103 | Streams, pollution 723 I Page. Streams, relative veloeity in 1000 Street sweepings, fertilizing value 836 Streptococcas jjijogrnei'. i nfection 691 Streptothrix, infectious, in aiiimals .595 StreptothrU, spp. , descrijition 595 Slriga coceinea, notes 1062 String beans, culture. Can 244 titrungylus cenncornis in ca 1 vi^s 182 notes 896 contortus in sheep 694 notes 896 treatment, V. S. D. A . . . .593 filaria, notes 896 micrurus in cattle 694 ovis pulmonalig, notes 896 tentracanthiis in hor.-es 182 Strongylus, monograph 1091 Strontium, determination 1015 Structure of soils, determination. U. S. D. A. 233 Strychnin, effect on leucocytes 691 Stud farm •' Le Hara du Pin" 275 Subirrigation plant 289 Woodbridgc's system 194 Subsoil, importance and improvement 1027 Stibsoiling, notes 243 Sucrose, determination iu condensed milk. 821 inversion by acids as affected by light 106 Sugar. (Sccalgo Beetsugarand Canesugar.) analytical coefficients .523 as food 74, 978 beet bacterial disease 567 caterpillars, Colo 598 diseases 57, 760, 963 notes, Ohio 344 juice, determination of purity. 419 molasses, composition 416 pulp, analyses, Cal 481 feeding value, Can 378 lead ore in, Utah 1097 scab, notes 57 seed, germination tests, Ohio.. 344 beets, analyses, Ariz 342, 641, 697 Can 240,269,344 Colo 44 Kans 446 Mich 343 N. C 446 N. Dak 344 Ohio 344 U.S.D.A 445 Wis 44,946 apparatus for use in analysis. Wis 916 as affected by previous drying of soil 632,737 breeding 642 experiments 948 composition as affected by — environment, U. S. D. A.. 736 fertilizers, N. Y. State 1042 composition during ripening. 846 culture 132 Colo 343 Ind 846 Wis 946 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 11'. > I Sugar beeis, culturf, l>il>lioKni|iliy exporimeiils, I'airi;. IfS Ariz . M: '.(vll Can. 314 KMl Colo . . 33, 599 Iowa... ■237 Kans .. 44(i Mich .. ■MA N. C ... 446 N. liak. 344 Ni'br... 44(i Nov ... 44 Ohio... 344 Okla... l'J9 in England TiJO Egypt ti42, 1011 New Zealand (197 Ohio, Ohio llui Saxony 132 the United States. . 44(5 treatise 1041 reeent progrcns in 1142 fertilizer experiments. 37,44,344,1139 Idaho... 849 Ind .541 Mich.. 343,><39 Wis 44 for cows, Ariz (iSf) horses 882 pigs, Mont 274 insects affecting 471,668 losses during storage 130 meteorological and e.xperi- mental observations 23 methods of analysis 712 notes, Colo 195 on alkali soils, analyses 641 planting at different dirtes, Can 238 production in Nebraska 1041 protuberances, Ind 45 resistant to nematodes 570 seed production 446 soil study, Colo 43 soils for, Mich 343 sugar content as affected by structure 526 varieties 242, 642 Can 3.5,839,1034,1041 Colo 33 Mich 313 Wis 45,946 cane, analyses 946 as affected by salt 1042 bacteriosis 257 borer, life history 518 notes 1.59 convention at Brunswick, Ga . . 847 culture 446 experiments 440 Hawaii... 847 in Gi'adeloupe 344 .lava 1W2 TrinidaX moth borer, notes 70 refuse, use in paper making. . . S'.t" root disea-se 146 investigations 10.58 rot, notes 864 cleavage from protein 1074 colors manufacture, handbook 16.5 determination 412, .523 in beets 523 Nebr 418 molasses feeds 417 Swedish turnips.. 524 wine and beer 10% wines 617 Kjeldahl method 523 effect on action of heart 1074 food value 268, 477 formation from fat 978 industry in Germany 846 Ronmania 1042 invert, determination 222 making from sorghum, Del 42 manufacture 516 handbook 16.5 preparation from horse chestnuts .. 165 refining, progress in 1101 resorption 1074 substitution by alcohol .578 tables for use in determination 222 Sugars, rotation as alfected by .sjilts 52;i Sulla, bacteria in roots 921 culture in Spain 1042 Sulphate of ammonia — analyses, Mn.ss 540 N.J 730 Ohio 1014 R. 1 713 and nitrate of soda, comparison 23.5 relative fertilizing va 1 ue . . 331 value 437 value for wheat.. 451 effect on plants 253 succeeding crops 32 use ioao on calcareous .soils 728 Sulphate of potn.sh— analyses. Conn. State 7:10 Lji 32 .V. .1 731 K.I 713 Vt 526 and magnesia, analyses. Conn. State .. 730 Sulphids. determintttion 222 1198 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Sulphite solutions, use in ir.p.r.ufacture of fertilizers 1032 Sulphur as a fuugieiile f'-l. '''''2 determir.ation in plant ■ '.>lo soils 1J15 effect on grape mildew %(> fumes, effect on flour 075 in protein bodies, Conn. State 521 Sulphuric acid, effect on seeds 7.j4 f . ir the destruction of wevi".;-. Vt atjo Sun spots and the weather, U. S. D. A •)2(;, S28 relation to temperature 027 Sunflower, culture experiments, Pa 732 seeds, composition. N. H 378 varieties. Can 103-1 Sunflowers, culture S47 composition and uses, U.S.D.A 45 Sunshine in Colorado, Colo 598 measurement. V. S. D. A 827 recorder ^'05 recorders, care and management, U. S. D. A "22 Superphosphate, basic, preparation and us j . 234 Superphosphates, analyses. Conn. State 730 La 32 X. J -730 Ohio 1014 R.I 713 Vt 520 application 728 Surgery, antiseptic S9 Surinam cherry, analy.ses. Me 577 Surra disease in hor.-cs 897 Swallows, biological relations 22 feeding habit ; 226 Swedish turnips, feeding vr.lue as affected by f ert i lizers 492 fertilizer experiments 440, 446,1030,1042 losses during storage 130 methods of analysis 524 varieties 1042 Can 1034 Sweep powers, trials 795 Sweet clover, notes, Kans 442 corn, albini.sm Ill bacterial disease, V. S. D. A 466 crossing. R. I 740 experiments, X. J 743 fertilizer experiments, X. J 742 irrigation experiments, X.J... 743 seed examination 564 soaking seed. Can 244 varieties, Mich 4.52 S. Dak 346 peas, culture 901 notes 860 potato fiour, preparation 1073 potatoes, analyses, Ga 40 fertilizer experiments. Fla . 1035 .'s. C. 446 food value 268 irrigation experiments, X.J- 743 notes, V. S. D. A 134 Page. Sweet potatoes, storage experiments, S. C . . 447 for seed 134 varieties 841 Swifts, biological relations 22 Swine epizootics, prevention, U. S. I). A . . . 183 erysipelas bacilli in tonsils of pigs . . 1098 occurrence in Hungary. . . 1090 protective inoculation 788, 'J9i;, 1090 , plague bacillus, involution forms .. . 991 epidemics, Ind 95 investigations, Ark 897 in lov.a. I'. :'. D. A 190,197 occurrence in Hungary 1090 outbreaks in Xew Zealanfl . . serum treatment treatment Swiss chard, culture experiments, '"Teg. . . notes, S. Dak 490 181 393 96 645 346 spraying experiments, X. .r. . . 757 Symbiosis and symbiotic fermentation 1020 between plants and animals 827 Si/mbiofcs spp.. notes 266 Symptomatic anthrax. ( See Blackleg. ) Syringa. monograph 652 Si/riiiija ?'H?.70 )■/.<. grafting 1052 Tabanida'. catalogue 073 Tabantig. spp., protection of animals iro;:;. . 200 Tachina flies, notes 769 Tang, composition and dige; tibility 977 Tankage, analy.ses. Conn. State 730 La 32 Ma.ss 5 'n. 7"0. 1031 N.J 730 X Ohio 1014 R.I 540 Vt 526 for pigs, Ind 1079 Tannic acid, determination in tea 823 Tanniers, notes 841 Tannin, determination 107, 412. -Vio, 823 Tanning materials, methods of analysis. 421,1016 methods of analysis, U. S. D. A 618 relative value 525 Tapeworms, notes 475 toxin f^87 TapJi rina celtis. notes 762 Tartaric acid, determination In presence of oxalic acirei>aration of.. 717 root disease, notes 9til soils of Assiim 7J3 Teak forests in Siani .'«'>;> seed, germination experiments ti.57 Tain coufmria, notvs GiJS Tirimin spp., description 652 Teeth of sheep and cattle as afTected by age. Va ". '<-M horses as affected by age, ^■a. . . (i>U>, 7vil irregularities. Va 997 Teff, notes. S. Dak :Vi3 Temperature as affected by forests O.VJ diurnal variation at Tacubaya 119 of deep lakes. U. S. D. A ll.S Lake Ladoga, U.S. n. A.... 117 soils, detcrminatiim — Nebr 435 U.S.D.A 233 Temperatures, high, measurement 17, 714 Taicbrio vwlitnr, notes 471 , ."j71 Tcncbroides maiiriUmictis, notes .571 Tennessee Station, financial .statement... 9S, 1002 notes 297, 490, 904 Tent caterpillars, notes 575, 671 N. H 067 remedies, Mich 849 {Seeaho Forest tent cater- pillar.) Tcosinte, culture 737 notes, Kans 442 Termes castanc, notes 474 Tetanus, antitoxic treatment 590 bacillns, cnlture 90 demonstration in decom- posing bodies 390 In horses, infection by the alimen- tary tract 8S8 toxin and antitoxin, distribution by lymph 389 serum treatment 284 Teirnnyrhiia himacnhitus, notes, l'. S. I). .\ . . . 2G3 exsiccator, notes 368 fc.rmaculatu», notes, U.S. D. .\ . 2t)0 T(ir»i)ium riiin(iiiioj)trnnn. notes. I'. S. 1). X.. 672 Tettigomdra obliqua, notes .573 Texas College, notes G98, 490, 700, S02. 901, 1005, r 08 fever, in Argentina 192 Tunis 791 investigations, V. S. I). .V ISO nature and treatment , -\la. Col- lege TS9 occurrence, S. (' 489 protective inoculation, isl, nil, 1094 l.:i.... ISM .Mi> .. 995 Tex... 1093 studies S94 transmission "285 Station, (inancirtl statement :91, 1005 I'age. Texas Station notes 39s, 4'.I6, 700, S02, ;K>I, UK»5. 1 IWH riport of director 491.1105 Tliciii. detcrinination .521 «> Therapeutics, Hutisei>tic K9 veterinary, recent literature. .S'.iO Therapy. siTum s'i Thermometer for nu'asuring body tempera- ture 878 Thermometers, constrnction "22 T/iiclan'n hniticola, notes 147, 4C4 Thigmotropi.sm of roots 110 Thiosulphates, determination 222 Thistle. Rus.sian. as forage. Colo .599 notes. Mass 3.58 Thomas slag. (Src Phosphatic slag.) Thrashing machines, trials 795 T/iripn jj/)(/.«o;j»s, notes 571 Inbaci. notes, Ky 396 Thrush in cattle 493 Thunderstorm, phenomenon. V. S. D. .\ ... &£i Thyme, notes 1052 Thymol, antiseptic properties 114 Thyroid gland, liyi)ertroi)hy in animals ... 992 Ticks, notes 1063 Tile drains, clogging by fungus. N. Y. State. 760 Tilia disease, notes 1061 Tillering in grain breeding 639 Tilktia caricK, treatment 146 fa-tnin. investigations, X. Dak 361 hypha- in wheat 324 Timber, demand and supply 142 destruction by Galveston storm . . . 460 durability 655 fungi affecting. X. Y. Cornell 468 jireservation 143. 050 production in Xew Zealand and Australia 959 trees in the Philippine Islands 752 iitilization 460 {Sec (lino Wood.) Timothy and bnune gniss. relative value. N. Dak 443 culture. Kans 442 hay, shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 notes, Kans '. 442 seed, examination 564 Tin, determination in ])reserved meats Uk> presence in canned foods 374 Tiiica (jrmieUn, notes ;507. .57-1 pdUoncUa. note.s 968 Tincolii hism UirUti. notes 968 Tixchtrin mixlijullidln, notes. X. Y. .'^tate 66 Titaniinn oxid, elTect on plant growth 335 Titmice, i^coiiomie relationship, V . S. D. .V. 227 Toads, feeding habits, Ky 325 Tobacco, alkaloids 61S American, foreign imports 291 analyses, Tex 1026 an<) tobacco clust, analyses. Ma.ss. 124 ashes, analyses. Conn. Stale Tili culture 314,847 eX]ierimenls 440 1200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Tobacco, culture, experiments, Oreg 645 in Ireland 546, 642 under shade, Conn. State. 947 U.S.D.A... lUt! curing and fermentation — Conn. State 947 U.S.D.A 947 diseases 642 notes 1058 drying 344 exhibits at the Paris E.xposition, U.S.D.A 242 extract, analyses. Wis 916 fermentation (>42 flea beetle, notes 470 industry in France 1042 Italy 847 insects affecting 668 mosaic disease, cause 361 observations 146 smoke, composition 618 soils of Texas, Tex 1026 stems, analyses. Conn. State 730 Mass 730 Sumatra type, production in Con- necticut, Conn. State 133 varieties 440 Can 239 waste, fertilizing value 437 Tolypospormm eriocauli, n. sp., description. 260 Tomato bacterial blight, notes, S. C 465 disease, notes 863 Ind 57 black rot, notes 57 catsup, analyses, Conn. State 1072 disease, notes, Ga 54 rot, notes 464 scab, notes 464 Tomatoes, breeding experiments 549 canning 250 crossing experiments, N. J 743 culture, Idaho 850 experiments, Ind 47 Mich 849 N. H -348 . Oreg 645 S. Dak ... 346 in Texas 1048 dwarf, forcing, N. 11 852 effects of using immature seed. Wis 47 fertilizer experiments, Ind 47,8,51 hothouse, analyses, Ind 17 hybrid 348 irrigation experiments, N. J 743 liming experiments, N. C 47 notes, Colo 195 spraying experiments, N.J 757 storage 955 training 47, 645 variation in varieties 645 varieties, Can 348, 1044 Mich 452 X. H 348 S. Dak 346 Tumicus balsameus, notes, U. S. D. A 870 Page. Tomicus caUigrapl( lis. notes, U. S. D. A 870 Tonsils of pigs, bacteria in 1098 Tornado at Norfolk, Va., August (!, 1901, U. S. D. A 624 in New Jersey, August 24, 1901, U.S.D.A 624 Tornadoes, wind force in, V. P. D. .A. 624 Tortrix ainhiguella, remedies 372, 768 pilleriana, remedies 769 viridana. notes 967 Toxins, artificial modificiitions 191 Trachypogrm srriniduii. ik tes, U. S. D. A 732 Trade opportunities in Southern republics, U. S. D. A 196 statistics, U. S. D. A 599, 798 Tragacanthin, determination in cacao and chocolate 106 Ti-nmet€s dbUtii', notes, N. Y. Cornell 468 pinii, description, U. S. D. A 260 mdiciperda, notes 762 Transpiration of plants, notes 826 Transportation rates for agricultural prod- ucts, U. S. D. A 901 Tree leaf scorching by the wind, Vt 568 planting at Coteau Farm, Minn 1053 in Belgium 861 eastern Colorado, Colo... 197 Florida 1053 Germany 959 Maryland 1053 Minnesota 654 New England 664 Oklahoma, Okla 561 Russia 960 the United States 959 notes 860 Ariz 598 on school grounds, U. S. D. A . 560 seedlings, nitrate of soda for 860 protection from grubs 753 seeds, planting 657 slimeflux, studies 868 sprouts, structure 825 Trees as affected by carbon bisulphid 528 ice storms 1053 of the Southern States 622 pruning 955 root systems 825 Trefoil, bird's foot, notes, Kaiis 442 Triboliumferrugineum, notes 367, 461 Trichinosis in Germany, U. S. D. A 785 Trichius piger, notes, U. S. D. A 264 Trichodcctes asini, notes, Va 475 latus, notes, Va 475 scalar is, notes, Va 475 sphierocrphalus, notes, Va 475 subrostratus, notes, Va 475 Trichoptera, aquatic species in the Adiron- dacks 770 Trichosphnrria sacrhan', notes ; . . . 361, 466 TrifoJiiim nle.candrinum, notes, Kans 442 S. Dak 323 hijbridam. (See Clover, alsike.) incarnatum. {See Clover, crim- son.) medium, notes, Kaus 442 INDEX OF srn.iKrrs. liMil Trij'o/iiiin pratcnec. (Ac Clover, rod.) reflexum, notes, Knns iVl repens. (SVr Clover, white.) Trimrialn.Hroma ahutiiui, description t'>3 notes. Can Sti4 Tiioda mutica, notes, U. S. D. .V TA'l Tristeza in Argentina 492 Triliciiiii (lieoccum. notes, 8. Dak ;t':! Kpelta. (Sec Spelt.) viUoi3 Tromoidiitm holoserknim, notes '266 Troopships, dietaries for "269 Tropaalitm minus, gaseous exchange as af- fected by dilTerent forms of nitrogen 20 Truck farming in North Carolina '-M5 the United States. V. 8. D. A 2)0 Trucking industry in the United States, U. S. D. A 551 Truffles, culture in France 1048 Trypanosoma affecting rats 532 of rats, biology 1022 Tnjpda ludcns, notes 474 Trypsin, formation by the spleen 167 in cheese ripening 3SS Tubercle bacilli — agglutination 90 culture media 184, 392 destruction in milk 886 dissemination by cattle in coughing . . . 390 in milk 588,892 primary effect 590 relation to other acid-proof bacteria . . . 892 staining 893 studies 994 thermal death point 1084 Wis 83 virulence, investigation 183 Tiibereulina ma.eima, notes 469 Tuberculin, diagnostic value 491, 591,787,890,991,992,994 distribution, U. S. D. A 197 test for imported cattle, U. S. D.A 787 tests 390, 591, t>92 Colo 890 X. .T 786 notes 284 obstacles to enforcing reg- ulations 89 treatise -189 use 89 Tuberculosis, bibliograpliy 592, 788 bovine, control 284,391, 392,591,788,892 Can 392 U. S. D. A 787 in Missouri ... 1094 Sweden 993 generalii'ed form 591 investigations 182 in Wisconsin, Wis 284 legislation 185 notes 91 N.H 390 Ohio 1106 I 'age. Tulierculiisi-i. liovlne, iiccurrcnce in New Zealand 992 period of incubation. 184 prevalence in I'enn- sylvHiiia .589 relation to the ptibllc health, U.S. D.A... 7se iransmi.ssion by milk, t 'onn. StorKs <»i)3, 1095 t'ongcnilal 994 diagnosis S90 hiunan and bovine rela- tion 491,891,892 human ami bovine, relation Colo ,S90 Innnaii and bovine, relation Conn. Storrs 1094 human and bovine, transmis- .sion 1094 human and boviiu', transmis- sion to animals 89 human and bovine, transmis- sion to cattle 891 in calves 491 frogs 91 horses 491, 693, 787 New South Wales, U. S. D.A 197 Victoria 892 International Congress for consideration of, U. S. D. A. 185 notes 490 occurrence 998 of the udder in goats 787 paper on, U. S. D. A 1095 prevention 89 preventive measures, U. S. D.A 183 sennn diagnosis 692 suppression 490 transmission 185 treatment 392 investigation 183 with raw meat 491 strychnin 391 virus as alTected by turpen- tine 692 Tuberculous cattle, indemnity for 788 Tuberkulol for the treatment of tuberculo- sis 392 Tulips, cul ture -51 Tnnilileweed, notes. Can 358 Tinnors, malignant, histogenesis 493 Turkey gmit. Southern, notes, U. S. D. X ... 870 Turkeys, blackhead in K. I 793 Brunswick disea.se 595 Turnip bacterial di.sease 68 studies 467 club root, notes 864 t rcalmeiU, N. .1 "66 root nniggot, notes 471 Turnips, analy.-'cs. Can 269 as a catch crop "33 fertilizer e.KperimenUs 243. 1042 planting at different dates, Can . . 238 varieties 1W2 1202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Turnips, varieties, Can .35, 838, 839, 1043 Turpentine and rosin industry in the United States 735 effect on baeteria 69"2 Tussock moth, notes 65 Can '. 1064 white-marked, nott s 574. r67 Tylenclnis actitocaudatiis. notes 154 devastatrij:, notes 360 Typhoid bacilli, agglutination 590 immunizing exi)eriments. 691 infection 691 vitality in ice 114 Tryogen, influence in cheese ripening 690 Tyroghjph uf maliii!, notes 65 siro, notes 471 Tyrosin, assimilation by plants 919 Hex euroj)a:us, notes, Kans 442 utilization 240 Umbelliferseof North America, monograph, r.S.D.A 113 Uncinaria, attachment to intestinal wall . . 1092 rncintila spirnli!', notes 761 United States Department of Agriculture — appropriation for 1902-3 807 Bureau of Chemistry exhibit at the Pan- American Exposition, r. S. D. A 526 Forestry, notes, U. S. P. A 599 student assistants in, U.S. D.A .... 958 Soils, organization 204 cooperation with tlie e.xperiment sta- tions 811 Division of Agrostology, field work. V. S. D.A CioS publications, r.S.D.A 599 Botany, publications, U. S. D.A 226 Soils, field operations, 1900, r.S.D.A 924 executive reports 900 Library, serial publications in, r.S.D.-V. 1107 new building for 205 Office of Experiment Stations, report . . 602 University extension work in agricul- ture 299, 396 research at Washington, l". s. D.A 624 Uredinese, notes 145 of Minnesota . 620 I'redo miilieri, notes, N. Y. State 149 Urinary analysis in veterinary practice 89 Urine compound, new 478 properties 478 Uroci/stig ccpidii; notes, Ohio 257 Uromyces aiipiiuUculatus, notes, X.J 466 caryopliyllin us, notes 961 euphorbia; notes 145 Ustilago eriocatdi, n. sp. , description 260 Utah College, notes 99. 39S, 1005 Station, financial statement 195 notes 99, 200. 298, 398, 700, 1005 report of director 195 Page. Vaccinium, liorticultural status of genus. Me 648 Vanilla, culture 957, 1051 extracts, analyses. Conn. State 1072 identification and determination . 420 parasites, notes 1060 Vapor, aqueous, at low temperatures, pres- sure, U. S. D. A 118 tension, determination, V . S. D. A. 118 Variation, limits of, in plants 112 Variegation in plants, studies 423 Variety testing 732 Vegetable galls in England .'. . . 970 garden, cost and production. 111. 133 gardens, notes. Ariz 598 marrow, culture experiments, Oreg 64 5 oil trade, r. S. D. A 798 saps and juices, freezing point . . 9.56 sponge, pentosans in 823 Vegetables, analyses 577 at Canada Experimental Farms. Can 243 canning 1101 culture and varieties, Mich 240 experiments, S. Dak... 346 fertilizer experiments . . 849, 936, 1045 fertilizers for 347 food value 975 irrigation experiments, rtah . . 134 preservation 955 testing commercial varieties, r. S.D.A 244 transmission of pathogenic bac- teria by 975 varieties, S. Dak 346 (.See also specific kinds.) Vegetation house for pot experiments. Conn. State 134 of Cascade Mountains 722 Velvet beans, analyses 1036 Fla 1042,1075 culture, Fla 1042 digestibility, Fla 1075 notes, Kans 442 Tex 443 varieties 841 Ventilation of cooling rooms 785 Venttiria cerfls;. notes 960 Vermicelli, analyses. Conn. State 1073 Vermont Station, financial statement 598 notes 200. 298, 905 report of director .598,900 Vetch, analyses. Can 2G9 bitter, notes, S. Da k 323 feeding value 171 hairy, culture experiments, Midi .. 840 with cereals, Tenn . . 840 notes, S. Dak 323 leaf spot, notes 762 proteids of 17 varieties. Wis 9S< Vetches as a substitute for clover 841 culture experiments 40 Pa 732 INDEX OF Srn.IKCTS, ll>()H Vetchos i-ulture for fiira,i,'r Ml milling producis 1073 notes, Kans (42 vnrieties, Can ur.VA Veti'rinaryCongrcFs.Sovoi.tli IniiTnalional, r. S.B. A I,s:i ecUicatiou \s-> >[ei1ical Asso^•iilti(l; . AuiiTican, proceedings for 19C0 S.S medicine, relation t > jiublic liealth 8S text-book 83'J pharmacy and toxicology 998 progress in M icliigan 89 science, recent literature... 1090,1101 service in Hungary 10S9 therapeutics, recent literature . 590 work ill experiment stations... S9 Hungary 190 Vibrio dcnilri/icans, notes tViS Viciafaba as a catch crop 7:V2 fertilizer experiments 0 10 formation of nitrogenous c(nu- ponnds 19 transformations of albuminous substances 19 Viijua catjang, notes, Tex 443 Vinegar, analyses 97G fly, notes 71 manufacture 74 methods of analysis 4i;o Vineyards, condition in Santa Clara Valley, Cal 761 reconstructioTi 558 Violet diseases, notes 465 gallfly, notes, U. S. D. A •2()3 rusts in North America. ; 003 sawfly, notes, U. S. I). A 263 Violets, culture 356 forcing 1052 in.sects affecting, L'. S. I). A 263 " Virginia cattle food," test, Can 384, 1086 Virginia State Board of Agriculture Experi- ment Farm, notes 99 Station, financial statemejit 1002 notes 200 report of director 1002 Viscometer, new 1017 Viticulture, manual; 355 treatise . ; 456, 457 Volatile acids, determination in wines 524 Wages of farm labor in the United States, I'. S. D. A 597 Wagga Experimental Farm, report 639 Walking stick, notes, N. H 667 Walnut ashes, analyses. Mass 730 leaf spot, notes 762 nil, analyses 577 Walnuts, English, notes 140 grafting 355 Japan, notes, Ala. College 951 vcrieties, Mich 349 Warble flies, life history 373 Warblers, econcmiic relationship, U. S. D. A. 227 feeding habits 226 I'age. Washing powiiers, disinfecting properlies. Mtl Itr20 Washington College, notes .so2 station, linancial stutcinetit .. 196 notes 802 reports of director 19ti Water, analyses 6 ;;;, 71:5. 7v3 cm 1025 Can 2:54 Conn. State 31 , Idaho 494 Ind 17 analytical tables 821 artesian, in .\nstrulia 924 bacteriological studies, Del 2;l4 bacteriology, com|iendinni 114 capillary movement in soils, U. S. D. A 927 conveyance in irrigation 194 determination 111 Imtter 282 molasses feeds.. 410,417 oils, fats, and waxes t;iO .soils 319 Xebr 435 U. S. I». A.... 2;}3 of bacteria in 1020 hardness 322 nitrates in 016, S20 distilled for drinking, I'.S. I). .\ 98 drainage, fertilizing value 720 investigations 723 effect on milk secretion 177 ripening of woody stems . 824 evaporation by plants 225 from soil and water surfaces 427 filters, efficiency 1020 hemlock poisoning, Wash 180 hyacinth, notes 253 irrigation, anal.vses, Ariz 697 level of Great Salt Lake, U. S. D. A . 117 lily, new hybrid 859 lo.sses by .seepage and evaporation, Mont 395 methods of analysis 420, 1015 resources of California 1102 Idaho 1102 Washington 654,1103 the Black Hills 1000 seepage gains and los.ses, Colo 194 storage in California 1103 silt i)roblem 1103 supply asttfTeeted by forests. Colo.. 325' of Sydney, bacteriological study 921 towns in Ohio 1000 surface), evaporation from, Colo ... 119 underground, observations 627 well, use in irrigation, Ariz 598 Watermelon sirup, analyses, Idaho 494 Watermelons, cros,sing experimcnls, K.I... 741 irrigation exiK-rimenls, N.J. 743 Waters, mineral, analyses, Ohio 1011 industry 119 1204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Waters, mineral, of Spain 828 moorland, chlorin content 328 Waterspout at Norfolk, Va., August 6, 1901, U. S. D. A 024 Wax production, U. S. D. A 1003 Waxes, determination by the ref ractometer. 223 drying in determining water con- tent 616 methods of analysis 712 Weather Bureau exhibit at Pan-American Exposition, U.S. D. A. ■^6,627 men as instructors, U. S. D. A 117,118,425,827 observers, Instructions for, U.S.D.A 626 officials, convention, U. S. D. A 117,624 publications, U.S. D. A... 425 report of chief, U.S.D.A. 922 service in the Philippine Island.s, U. S. D. A 624 Station libraries, U. S. D.A 117 charts, notes, Tenn 98 control 625 effect on colic in horses 695 fungi, N.,) 758 insects, U. S. D. A 666 forecasts, amplification, U. S. D. A . . 227 distribution, U. S. D. A. . . 117 in Australia 24 long range, U. S. D. A . . . . 828 in distant regions, U.S.D.A 118 Hawaii, U. S. D. A 425 relation to the moon 829 the Yukon region, U. S. D. A . . 624 maps, classification and index, U. S. D. A 828 service in Martinique, U. S. D. A.. 828 Mexico 829 the Philippines, U. S. D.A 118 signs, U. S. D. A 828 types, U. S. D. A 828 Webworm, fall, notes 1067 Weed inspection in the Northwest Territo- ries 463 seeds in foreign seeds 564 planting at different depths, N. Dak 358 weevil, notes 667 Weeds, destruction 359 U.S.D.A 98 by chemicals 253 Can 253 Vt 565 spraying 359, 668 N.Dak 358 in meadows 658, 1037 distribution in Iowa 359 ir meadows, Iowa 443 Yorkshire 1056 notes 862 Can 358 of Montana, Mont 658 relative aggressiveness, N.J 756 (See disc specific pianis.) Page. Wells, artesian, in North and South Da- kota. 328,924 remarkable 900 frozen, notes, U. S. D. A. 624,828 temperature of water in, U. S. D. A 828 West Virginia Station, notes 298, 700, 1005 University, notes 298, 1005 Whale-oil soap, analyses. Can 267 use, N. Y. State 370 Wheat after different crops, Can 239 analyses 46 Can 239 Cal 481 Ohio 1014 aphis, notes, Colo 156 as affected by potash salts 826 assimilation of plant food 539 bi.scuit, shredded, Conn. State 74 bran, analyses. Conn. Storrs 976 Mass 977 N. J 676,774 R.I 480 Vt 173, 879 breeding, U. S. D. A 636 experiments 514, 948 bulb worms, notes, U. S. D. A 368 climatic studies, N. Dak 448 composition as affected by soil 329 cost of production in Germany 1043 crop of France 1043 India, U. S. D. A 290 Russia, U. S. D. A 196 the world, U. S. D. A 599 statistics, U.S.D.A 196 culture experiments. 440, 847, 947, 948, 1043 Can 340 Iowa 237 Miss 540 Mont 336 N.Dak 449 Ohio 1042 Wyo 547 in Australia 548 Roumania 1036 semiarid regions, U. S. D.A 243 damaged, analyses, R. 1 480 development as affected by soil moisture 125 effect on soil fertility, Minn 546 exports, U. S. D. A 798 feeding value 482 feeds, analyses, Vt 173, 879 fertilizer experiments 235,439,451, 548, 639, 642, 643, 738, 847,1008, 1036 Can 239 Ind 541 Ohio... 340 Tenn 647 requirements 637 fertilizers for, Ohio 1106 fodder, analyses, N. J 774 for farm animals 269 pastures, Okla 548 frozen, feeding value, Utah 174 INDEX OF snUKCTS. 1205 Wheiit. germination as adootod liy lojiptT sniphato tio7 grass, slender, notes, S. Dak 323 ground, analyses, Conn. Storrs 976 growing in the Pacific coast resion. r. S. D. A MS hairy, notes. S. Dak 323 hay feed, analyses. Mass 977 Hungarian, gluten content ItU hybrid 1041 improvement 840, m.s. 1043 in nitrogen coi\tenl. . . 451 industry in California iai3 insects affecting 608 leaf blight, notes, S. C 46.5 loose smut, treatment, Ind 56 middlings, analyses. Conn, .^torrs .. 976 Mass 977 Vt 173,879 midge, notes 475 U. S. D. A 368 methods of analysis 914 milling qualities 1073 nitrogen in individual heads. N. Dak 346 notes, Colo 196 offals, analyses, N. Y. .State 774 production in Michigan 46 Russia. U. S. D. A.... 1% products, analyses, Ohio 1014 rolling 541 Russian, analy.ses 451 rust, notes, S. C 465 resistant varieties 1008 treatment 760 sawfiy, notes 475 screenings, feeding value, Utah 174 seed selection 948 Can 1032 N. Dak 345 Tenn .547 storage 643 seeding at different depths. Can 239 experiments 336, 643 Mich 840 N. Dak 337 shrinkage during storage, Mich 548 smut, attenuated cultures 863 treatment 146, 336 Can 256 spring, varieties, Can. 35.239,838,839,1032 Tenn 36 Wis 36 stem sawfiy, notes. Can 260 stinking smut, Ariz 598 investigations. X . Dak 361 treatment 659 straw worms, notes, V. S. D. A 368 studies 847 trade statistics, I'. S. D. A 290 varieties 336, 439, 440, 643, 948, 1043 Can 3:«,450 Iowa '-237 Ky V37 Mich t*39 Page. \\ Ileal . viirici ies. Miss .Mo N. Dak -im Ohio 1042,1106 J''i 449 Tenn frjo Wyo .'>47 for (icmiany 94s in (Queensland 643 winter, varieties, Can J . . 103.S Wis 938 Wheats. Algerian dunim, l'. S. D. .\ 94,s American and Kuglisli. relative value 499 gluteiious. culture 643 macaroni. Can 1033 U.S. DA 4.51,737 Whey for pigs, Tenn io«l Whin, feeding value 1075 White ants, notes ,57.'>, iocs clover. (.S,r Clover, while.) flies, notes. Conn. Stat(> 156 fly affecting strawberries, N. Y. Cor- nell 371 notes, Fia lotvj U.S.D.A ,H70 grubs, notes (-,5, 470 Can 261 U. S. D. A 264 remedies 102, 753 Wild flowers of the Southern Stales 022 oat hay, analyses, Cal 481 Willow curculio, notes 971 weevil, imported, notes, V. S. D. .\. S70 Willows in Iowa 422 value in retaining embankments. . 325 Wilting, effect upon structure of leaves 424 Wind and temperature, U. S. D. A 425 cau.se of leaf scorching, Vt 568 popular queries, U. S. D. .V 624 Windbreaks as a jjrotection against frost. . 653 in prairie regions 461 trees for 6,54 Windmills, efhciency and use 195 Winds in New Mexico, U. S. D. .\ 623 Wine by-products, fertilizing value 437 coloring mailers in 107 determination of added water 322 diastase in 225 Madeira, analyses 596 making, notes 595 mannitic fermentation 1 102 quality as affected by fungicides 662 treatise 456 white, clouding 595 Wines, acidity 596 analyses 596 blueberry, comitosition during st»>r- age 957 dariflcalion 1102 lactic acid in 524 methods of analysis 420 quality a.s affected by content of phosphoric acid and potash 955 raLsiii. analy.ses 269,596,1073 Winter fat. notes, l'. S. D. A 731 Wireworms, notes 367 1206 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. WircwonriS, U. S. D. A 2(U Wisconsin station, financial statement .. 98,1002 notes 298,935 report of director 98, 1002 University, notes 298 Woburn Pot Culture Station, report 335 Wood ashes, analyses, Can 236 Conn. Statu 730 La 32 Mass 124, 332,540,730,1031 N.J 731 Ohio 1014 Vt 526 fertilizing value. Me 332 preservation 751, 862 pulp industry in Canada 862 ripening as affected by water 824 shrinkage during storage, Mich 549 tick, notes, Va 475 {See also Timber.) Woodpeckers, biological relations 22 economic relationship, U. S. D. A 227 feeding habits 226 Woods of New Zealand, dry distillation ... 713 Wool as affected by lime and sulphur dip, U. S. D. A 189 dust, preparation of samples for an- alysis 1016 import of Germany, V. S. D. .\ 197 Silesian, U. L-. I). A 197 waste, analyses, Can 236 Conn. State 730 Page. Wool waste, analyses, Mass 124 Woolly aphis. (See Aphis, woolly.) foot grass, notes, U. S. D. A 731 Work, effect upon digestion and metabo- lism, U. S. I). A 375 muscular, effect on digestibility of food and metabolism of hitrogen, U. S. D. A 72 Workhouses, dietaries for 269 Wrens, biological relations 22 feeding habits 226 Wyoming College, notes 496 Station, financial statement 1002 notes 496,700,1108 report of director 1002 Xenia in maize 620 Xiphydria dromcdariux. notes 1063 Xylan, behavior in nninial Ixidy 978 Yams, varieties 841 Yeasts, nuclei in 827 Ypsolophus pometcllus, notes, N. Y. Cornell. 68 Y'ucca fiber for protecting fruit trees, Oreg 645 Zamia, spermatogenesis and fecundation. U.S.D.A 719 Zanzibar carbon, notes, Conn. State 75 Zebras, crossing with horses 275 Zebu cattle in Trinidad 582 Zinc, determinatiim, volumetric method... 526 occurrence in plants 717 Zoology, bibliography 720 forest, publications in 1900 754 yearbook 325 Zuider Zee, reclamation 805 o U. S.DEPARTMENT , Dairy Bat - teriology; No. 26, Agricultural Experiment Stations: Their Objet'ts and Work; No. 2S,The Chemical , Composition of American Food Materials; No. 2'.t, Uietary Studies at the rniversllyof Teniie.ssee in 189.5; No. 31, Dietary Studies at the Cniversity of Missouri in IXD.'i; No, :«, Dietary Studies at Purdue' University in 189.5; No. 3;?, The Cotttm I'lant ; No. :^1, The Carbohydrates of Wheat, Mai/.e, Flour, and Bread; No. 35, Food and Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey in 1.H9.5 an> ^ •. aV ^/':, ^f?i r^ % v-h